∅- ⁓ a- (object pronoun) her; him | object pronoun | third person object (3.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • the default form is « ∅- » but will change to « a- » if the subject is also third person [∅-] and there is no ergative marker in the verb phrase • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱at | me [object] →  first person singular object (1s.O)

• haa | us [object] →  first person plural object (1p.O)

• i- | you [object] →  second person singular object (2s.O)

• yee | you all [object] →  second person plural object (2p.O)

• ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him →  third person object (3.O)

• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them (p) [object] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• ash | this person [object] →  third person proximal object (3prx.O)

• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] →  fourth person human object (4h.O)

• at | something [object] →  fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)

• aa- | one, some [object] →  partitive object (part.O)

• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self →  reflexive object (rflx.O)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] →  reciprocal object (recip.O)

∅- ¹ (classifier) | ∅ group classifier; (–d,∅,–i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group

–i verb modes

• act imperfective (+) | they-(s) is doing it; they-(s) does it

• imperfective (–) | they-(s) is not doing it; they-(s) does not do it

• progressive imperfective (+) | they-(s) is in the process of doing it

• perfective (–) | they-(s) didnʼt do it

• imperative | do it!

• perfective habitual (+) | they-(s) does it (every time)

• perfective habitual (–) | they-(s) hasnʼt done it yet

• future (+) | they-(s) will do it; it will happen

• future (–) | they-(s) wonʼt do it; they-(s) is not going to do it; it wonʼt happen

• hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it

• repetitive imperfective | they-(s) does it (regularly)

• potential decessive | they-(s) would have done it

• conditional | if/when they-(s) does it

+i verb modes

• state imperfective (+) | they-(s) is doing it; they-(s) does it

• perfective (+) | they-(s) did it

• potential (+) | they-(s) might do it

• potential (–) | they-(s) might not do it

• potential attributive | no way they-(s) can do it

∅ group

• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)

• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)

• da- | (+d,∅,–i)

• di- | (+d,∅,+i)

s group

• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)

• si- | (–d,∅,+i)

• s- | (+d,∅,–i)

• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)

l group

• la- | (–d,∅,–i)

• li- | (–d,∅,+i)

• l- | (+d,∅,–i)

• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)

sh group

• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)

• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)

• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)

• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)

∅- ² (subject pronoun) she; he | third person subject (3.S) • in a verb phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb • other subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱a- | i [subject] →  first person singular subject (1s.S)

• tu- | we [subject] →  first person plural subject (1p.S)

• i- | you [subject] →  second person singular subject (2s.S)

• yi- | you all [subject] →  second person plural subject (2p.S)

• ∅- | they-(s) [subject] →  third person subject (3.S)

• has + ∅- | they (p) [subject] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• du- | someone [subject] →  fourth person human subject (4h.S)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] →  reciprocal subject (recip.S)

∅ conjugation motion preverbs | these preverbs create motion verbs using the ∅ conjugation prefix

motion towards a terminus

• N-{t,x̱,de} | arriving at N; coming to N

• neil(t) ⁓ neilx̱ ⁓ neildé | moving inside; coming home

• N-xʼ + neil(t) | moving inside house at N

• haat ⁓ haax̱ ⁓ haa(n)dé | coming to our vicinity

• yóo-{t,x̱,de} | going away; going off somewhere

• kux ⁓ kuxx̱ ⁓ kúxde | moving aground; into shallow water

• ÿan ⁓ ÿax̱ ⁓ ÿánde | moving ashore; to rest; completing

• N-xʼ + ÿan | coming to rest at N

• N-náx̱ + ÿan | moving across N; to the other side of N

• ÿan + kʼi- | setting up; erecting

• ÿan + sha- | setting up; leaning against

motion toward area

• kei | moving up

• ux̱ + kei | moving out of control, blindly, amiss

• N-x̱ʼé-xʼ + kei | catching up with N

• yei | disembark, exit boat or other vehicle

• yeiḵ ⁓ yeeḵ | moving down to shore

• héeni + yeiḵ | moving down into water

• daaḵ | moving up from shore; back from open

• dáag̱i + daaḵ | moving farther up from shore

• ḵwáaḵx̱ + daaḵ | moving by mistake, wrongly

• daak | seaward; out into open; falling from sky

• ḵux̱ ⁓ ḵúx̱de [+d] | reverting; returning

• N-xʼ ḵux̱ [+d] | reverting to N; returning to N

motion confined to a location

• N-xʼ | coming near N

• N-ÿa | coming up to N

• N + gunaÿa- | separating from N

• N + jishá- | getting ahead of N

• gági | emerging; coming out into open

• dáagi | coming out of water

• héeni | going into water

• g̱unayéi ⁓ g̱unéi | beginning

• N-x̱ | moving in place at N; while stuck at N

• N-xʼ + ÿax̱ | turning over by N

• áa + ÿax̱ | turning over

• shú + ÿax̱ | turning over end by end

• ÿetx̱ | starting, taking off, picking up

oscillating motion

• yoo | moving back and forth; to and fro

• ÿan + yoo | moving up and down (from surface)

hanging

• N-x̱ sha-ÿa-oo | hanging up at N

• ÿax̱ + sha-ÿa-oo | hanging up

revertive motion

• a-ÿa-oo [+d] | reverting, turning back

• kei + a-ÿa-oo [+d] | escape, flee, run away

oblique unbounded motion

• N-x̱ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously along N

• N + daa-x̱ | circling around N

• N-dé + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously toward N

• hé-dé | moving over that way, aside, out of the way

• N-dáx̱ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously away from N

• N + jikaa-dáx̱ | getting out of Nʼs way

• N-náx̱ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously along, through N

• N-xʼ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously at N

• N + daséi-xʼ | exchanging places with N

• woosh + kaanáx̱ [+d] | gathering together, assembling

?

a- (subject pronoun) someone | fourth person human subject (4h.S) • in a verb phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb • used to indicate an unspecified person is the pronoun, and best translated as “someone” • as a subject in verbs, it translates to “the verb occurs,” as in « yoo duwasáakw » (it is called), « hít wududliyéx̱ » (a house was built), and « adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa » (dance paddle) • will make all ∅ classifiers –d and all non-∅ classifiers (s,l,sh) +d regardless of verb theme or mode • will appear as « a- » in the object position for motion verbs • other subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱a- | i [subject] →  first person singular subject (1s.S)

• tu- | we [subject] →  first person plural subject (1p.S)

• i- | you [subject] →  second person singular subject (2s.S)

• yi- | you all [subject] →  second person plural subject (2p.S)

• ∅- | they-(s) [subject] →  third person subject (3.S)

• has + ∅- | they (p) [subject] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• du- | someone [subject] →  fourth person human subject (4h.S)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] →  reciprocal subject (recip.S)

a- ⁓ ∅- (object pronoun) her/him [object]; her/him [object] | third person object (3.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • the default form is « ∅- » but will change to « a- » if the subject is also third person [∅-] and there is no ergative marker in the verb phrase • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱at | me [object] →  first person singular object (1s.O)

• haa | us [object] →  first person plural object (1p.O)

• i- | you [object] →  second person singular object (2s.O)

• yee | you all [object] →  second person plural object (2p.O)

• ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him →  third person object (3.O)

• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them (p) [object] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• ash | this person [object] →  third person proximal object (3prx.O)

• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] →  fourth person human object (4h.O)

• at | something [object] →  fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)

• aa- | one, some [object] →  partitive object (part.O)

• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self →  reflexive object (rflx.O)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] →  reciprocal object (recip.O)

a ¹ (possessive pronoun) its | third person nonhuman possessive (3N.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ | my →  first person singular possessive (1s.P)

• haa | our →  first person plural possessive (1p.P)

• i | your →  second person singular possessive (2s.P)

• yee | you allʼs →  second person plural possessive (2p.P)

• du | their →  third person human singular possessive (3Hs.P)

• has du ⁓ s du | their (p) →  third person plural possessive (3p.P)

• a | its →  third person nonhuman possessive (3N.P)

• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs →  third person proximal possessive (3prx.P)

• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs →  third person obviate possessive (3obv.P)

• ḵaa | someoneʼs →  fourth person human possessive (4h.P)

• at | somethingʼs →  fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.P)

• aa | oneʼs, someʼs →  partitive possessive (part.P)

• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs →  reflexive possessive (rflx.P)

• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs →  reciprocal possessive (recip.P)

a ² (possessive pronoun) her; his | their (a secondary character of a narrative or event) | third person obviate possessive (3obv.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ | my →  first person singular possessive (1s.P)

• haa | our →  first person plural possessive (1p.P)

• i | your →  second person singular possessive (2s.P)

• yee | you allʼs →  second person plural possessive (2p.P)

• du | their →  third person human singular possessive (3Hs.P)

• has du ⁓ s du | their (p) →  third person plural possessive (3p.P)

• a | its →  third person nonhuman possessive (3N.P)

• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs →  third person proximal possessive (3prx.P)

• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs →  third person obviate possessive (3obv.P)

• ḵaa | someoneʼs →  fourth person human possessive (4h.P)

• at | somethingʼs →  fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.P)

• aa | oneʼs, someʼs →  partitive possessive (part.P)

• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs →  reflexive possessive (rflx.P)

• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs →  reciprocal possessive (recip.P)

a dákx̱u (compound noun) food | steamed food | a + √dákw-x̱-u →  its-(3n.p) + √cooked-in-pit.repetitive.relational • (JL)

a daax̱ yaa dulsheech át (compound noun) banister; railing | "thing people go along touching around it" | a + daa-x̱ + yaa + du-l-√shee-ch + át →  its-(4n.P) + around/about.along/repeatedly + along + someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,l,–i).√touch.repetitive + thing-(4n.i) • (KE)

a déinde aa (compound noun) close ²; rest ²; vicinity | the one(s) in the vicinity of it; the rest of it/them (p) | a + déin-de + aa →  its-(3N.P) + vicinity.towards + one(s)-(part.i) • (KE)

a déinnáx̱ (preverb) right ² | the right way | a déinnáx̱ yéi nasní! →  do it the right way! • (JL)

a géit yaa nasgít (verbal noun) shenanigans | "violating it (law or custom)" | a + géi-t + yaa + na-s-√gít →  its-(3n.P) + against/opposing.at-(arrived) + along + (progressive).cl-(+d,s,–i).√acts-so • (SE)

a ít aa (compound noun) • variants: e ítde aa (C) • after | the following one; the next one | a + ít + aa →  its-(4n.P) + following + one(s)-(part.i) • (KE)

a ee- ⁓ a- (postpositional pronoun) her; him; to | to her/him (a non-main character of a narrative or event) | third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me →  first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)

• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us →  first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)

• i ee- | (to) you →  second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)

• yee ee- | (to) you all →  second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)

• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him →  third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)

• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them (p) →  third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it →  third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)

• ash ee- | (to) this person →  third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person →  third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)

• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone →  fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)

• at ee- | (to) something →  fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)

• aa ee- | (to) one, some →  partitive postpositional (part.PP)

• chush | (to) -selfʼs →  reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)

• woosh, wooch | (to) each other →  reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)

a ee- ⁓ aan (postpositional pronoun) it | (to) it | third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me →  first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)

• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us →  first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)

• i ee- | (to) you →  second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)

• yee ee- | (to) you all →  second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)

• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him →  third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)

• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them (p) →  third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it →  third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)

• ash ee- | (to) this person →  third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person →  third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)

• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone →  fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)

• at ee- | (to) something →  fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)

• aa ee- | (to) one, some →  partitive postpositional (part.PP)

• chush | (to) -selfʼs →  reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)

• woosh, wooch | (to) each other →  reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)

a eetí aa (phrase) next; following | the next one(s); the following one(s) | a eetí aa ḵutaan →  the following summer; next summer (GD) • a eetí aa haat ḵutootéeni →  the next time we visit (NR) • a + eet-í + aa →  its-(3n.p) + remains + one(s)-(part.i)

a jáḵwti (verbal noun) thing; beat up | beat up old thing | a + √jáḵw-t-i →  its-(3n.p) + √beat-up.repetitive.relational • (JL)

a káa ḵududziteeyi yoo x̱ʼatánk (compound noun) law; ordinance | words one lives by | a + ká + ḵu-du-dzi-√tee-yi + yoo + x̱ʼa-∅-√tán-k →  its-(3n.P) + on + areal.someone- (4h.S).cl-(+d,s,+i).√be.relational + along + mouth.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√communicate.repetitive • (KE)

a kachóox (compound noun) dough; clay | dough shaped with hands; clay shaped with hands; something shaped by hands and clay-like or dough-like; "its thing shaped by hand" | a + ka-∅-√chóox →  its-(3n.p) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√rub/massage • (JL)

a kagaadí (compound noun) • variants: hít kagaadí • rafter | a + ka-∅-√gaat-í →  its-(3n.p) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√rafter.relational • (JL)

a kagúḵxʼu (noun) • variants: góoḵ • egg | dried salmon eggs | usually dried in stomach or gunnysack strung in tree | a + ka-∅-√gúḵ-xʼ-u →  its-(3n.p) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dry-salmon-eggs.repetitive.relational • (JL)

a kaxóowu (compound noun) rock ¹; stone | big rock used as a weight | a + ka-∅-√xóow-u →  its-(3n.p) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√weigh-down-with-rocks.relational • (JL)

a kát dul.usʼku át (compound noun) • variants: a káa dul.usʼku át • washboard | "thing on which people wash" | ká-t + du-l-√.usʼ-k-u + át →  on.at-(arriving) + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√wash.repetitive.relational + thing-(4n.i) • (KE)

a kát sh is.éex̱ át (compound noun) crockpot; cooker | slow cooker | a + ká-t + sh + i-s-√.ée-x̱ + át →  its-(4n.p) + on.at-(arrived) + self-(rflx.O) + [peg vowel].cl-(+d,s,–i).√cook.repetitive + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

a kát sh kadultsex̱t át (compound noun) bicycle | "thing a person kicks themselves around on" | a + ká-t + sh + ka-du-l-√tsex̱-t + át →  its-(3n.P) + on.at-(arrived) + [reflexive] + hsf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√kick.repetitive + thing-(4n.i) • (KE)

a kát yadu.usʼgu át (compound noun) • variants: a kát yat.usʼkw át, a kát yadu.usʼgu sʼíxʼ • wash ²; basin | wash basin (for face); "thing on which the face is washed" | a + ká-t + ya-du-∅-√.usʼ-k-u + át →  its-(3n.p) + on.at-(arrived) vsf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√wash.repetitive.relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

a káxʼ yóok duwahéigi át (compound noun) stirrer; stirring stick | a + ká-xʼ + yóo-k + du-ÿa-√háa-k-i + át →  its-(3n.P) + on.at-(residing) + along.repetitive + someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,+i).√move-(small parts).repetitive.relational + thing-(4n.i) • (EM)

a káx̱ ash kudushx̱ʼílʼaa át (compound noun) slide ³ | slide (for playing) | (JM) • a + ka-x̱ + a-sh + ka-u-sh-√x̱ʼílʼ-aa + át →  somethingʼs-(4n.P) + on.at-(repeatedly) + it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.cl-(+d,sh,–i).√slip.one(s)-(part.i) + thing-(4n.i)

a káa dulséix̱ yagee (compound noun) • variants: a káa dulséix̱ yakyee • Sunday; day | "a day of rest" | a + káa + du-l-√sáa-x̱ + yagee →  its-(3n.p) + on + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i)-√rest.repetitive + day • (JL)

a káa dul.usʼku át (compound noun) washboard | "thing on which things are washed" | a + ká + du-l-√.usʼ-k-u + át →  its-(3n.P) + on + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√wash.repetitive.relational + thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: kát dul.usʼku át •

a káa kadusné át (compound noun) loom | a + káa + ka-du-s-√né + át →  its-(4n.P) + on + hsf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,s,–i).√weave-(yarns) + something-(4n.i)

a káa kadushxeedí dáanaa (compound noun) money; check | check (from a bank account)

a kinaa kashxeedí (compound noun) character; marking | high tone marker in writing | a + keenaa + ka-sh-√xeet-í →  its-(3h.P) + above + hsf.cl-(–d,sh,–i).√furrow.relational • (FS)

a náax̱ adux̱aa át (compound noun) oarlock | "thing through which a person oars" | originally two sturdy pegs or sticks inserted into sides of boat | a + náax̱ + a-du-∅-√x̱aa + át →  its-(3n.p) + ? + a-theme.someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√paddle + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

a siyeiḵ (compound noun) • variants: a sayeiḵ (T), a siyeix̱ • day; next | the next day | usually with a « -xʼ » relational suffix | (JL)

a tayee dusyeig̱í kashxeedí (compound noun) character; marking | underline of a character in writing | a + tayee + du-s-√yeiḵ-í + ka-sh-√xeet-í →  its-(3h.P) + underneath + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,s,–i).√mark-line.relational + hsf.cl-(–d,sh,–i).√furrow.relational • (FS)

a tayeex̱ nasyéḵ (compound noun) • variants: a tayeex̱ nasyíḵ • underline | "marking underneath it" | a + tayee-x̱ + na-s-√yéḵ →  its-(4n.p) + underneath-repeatedly/along + na-md.cl-(–d,s,–i).√mark • (FS)

a tuḵ akoogaanjí (compound noun) firefly | "its butt is always lit" | a + tuḵ + a-ka-ÿu-∅-ÿa-√gaan-ch-í →  its-(4n.P) + butt/bottom + them-(s)/it-(3.O).hsf.[perfective].they-(s)-(3.S).cl-(–d,∅,+i).√burn/light.[repeatedly].relational

a tóo at dultʼixʼx̱i át (compound noun) • variants: a tóo at iltʼixʼx̱ át • freezer | "thing that freezes something inside of it" | a + tóo + at + du-l-√tʼixʼ-x̱-i + át →  its-(4n.P) + inside + something-(4n.O) + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√freeze/harden.repetitive.relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

a tóo at is.atʼx̱i át (compound noun) refrigerator | "thing in which things are chilled" | a + tóo + at + i-s√.atʼ-x̱-i + át →  its-(3n.p) + inside + something-(4n.O) + peg-vowel.cl-(+d,s,–i).√cold.[repeatedly].relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

a tóo sh isxuk át (compound noun) dryer | "thing in which things dry themselves" | a + tóo + sh + i-s-√xuk + át →  its-(3n.p) + inside + self-(rflx.O) + peg-vowel.cl-(+d,s,–i).√dry + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

a tóo yoo kawdzigít (compound noun) experience | something a person has been through; "they-(s) fell through it" | a + tóo + yoo + ka-ÿu-dzi-√gít →  its-(3n.p) + inside + too/fro + hsf.pfv.cl-(+d,s,+i).√fall/occur • (GD, MD)

a tóonáx̱ héen naadaayi át (compound noun) pipe | pipe for carrying water; "thing through which water flows" | a + tóo-náx̱ + héen + na-∅-√daa-yi + át →  its-(3n.p) + inside.through/via + water + na-md.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√flow/run.relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

a tóonáx̱ kadusʼíḵsʼ át (compound noun) straw | "thing that somone draws through it by sucking" | a + tóo-náx̱ + ka-du-∅-√sʼíḵ-sʼ + át →  its-(4n.P) + inside.through + hsf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√draw-out-(by suction).repetitive + thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: kaxéesʼ •

a tóonáx̱ yoo x̱ʼadul.átgi át (compound noun) phone; telephone | "thing through which someone talks" | a + tú-náx̱ + yoo + x̱ʼa-du-l-√.át-k-i + át →  its(3n.P) + inside.through + along + mouth.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√communicate.repetitive.relational + thing-(4n.i) • (RD)

a wanáade aa (compound noun) excess; left ²; more; surplus | amount in excess of it or left over from it; surplus more than it

a x̱oo aa (compound noun) some | some of them (p) | a + x̱oo + aa →  its-(4n.P) + among + one(s)-(part.i) • (JL)

a x̱ʼéix̱ yei sheich katíx̱ʼaa (compound noun) padlock | "key that joins it at the mouth" | a + x̱ʼéi-x̱ + yei + sheich + katíx̱ʼaa →  its-(3n.p) + mouth.at-(repeatedly) + downward + ? + key • (JL)

a yáx̱ (particle) like: itʼs like that | often appears with « áwé » as in « a yáx̱ áwé! » (thatʼs what itʼs like!)

ach kooshx̱ʼílʼaa yeit (compound noun) • variants: ach koolx̱ʼílʼaa yeit • sled | sled (for recreational sledding); "the one(s) beneath to slide with” | áa-ch + ka-ÿu-sh-√x̱ʼílʼ-aa + yee-át →  something-(4n.i).erg-(inst) + hsf.[perfective].cl-(+d,sh,–i).√slip/slide.the-one(s)-(part.i) + beneath.thing-(4n.i) • (KE, JL)

adawóotl (verbal noun) ⑴ trouble; rush; hurry | conflict, war; trouble (between opposing factions); “s/he troubled/warred” | a-∅-da-√wóotl →  them-(s)/it-(3.O).they-(s)-(3.S).cl-(+d,∅,–i).√agitated/trouble/war || ⑵ conflict; war | (JL)

adawóotl yuwaa.át (compound noun) armor; breast | body armor; breastplate; "war abdoment thing" | a-∅-da-√wóotl + yuwaa-át →  them-(s)/it-(3.O).they-(s)-(3.S).cl-(+d,∅,–i).√agitated/trouble/war + abdoment.thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

adátxʼi (compound noun) • variants: atyátxʼi, atyétxʼi (T), adétxʼi (T), edétxʼi (C) • child | children; “somethingʼs children” | this could be translated as "somethingʼs children" but always refers to human children | (KE) • at + yát-xʼ-i →  [somethingʼs-(4n.P) + child.pos]

adátxʼi áa dultini yé (compound noun) daycare; preschool | "place where children are watched / cared for" | at-yát-xʼ-i + áa + du-l-√tin-i + yé →  somethingʼs-(4n.p).child.[plural].relational + place + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√see.relational + place • (NJ, WA)

adátxʼi daat yawustaag̱i ḵáa (compound noun) guardian at liedem | "protects & serves the children" | adátxʼi + daat + ya-ÿu-s-√taaḵ-i + ḵáa →  children + about + vsf.pfv.cl-(+d,s,–i)√care-for.relational + person-(4h.i) • (GD, MD)

adéli (verbal noun) • variants: at káx̱ adéli • guard ²; watchman | (JL) • a-∅-∅-√dél-i →  it-(4n.O).they-(s)-(3.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√protect.relational

adeendaa (borrowed noun) beaver | half-grown beaver | from an Athabascan language • young beaver old enough to leave home, or smaller beaver | (JL)

adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa (compound noun) paddle ²; dance ²; regalia | dance paddle | a-du-∅-√lʼeix̱ + a-∅-√x̱áa →  a-theme.someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dance + a-theme.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√paddle

ag̱anáa (interjection) oh no! | often used to express grief or regret; sometimes used for pretend grief | (KE)

akahéix̱i (verbal noun) • variants: táay kahéix̱i • farmer | "digger of it" | a-ka-∅-√háa-x̱-i →  it/her/him-(3.O).hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√move-small-parts.repetitive.relational • (JL)

akoolx̱éitlʼ (verbal noun) • variants: akoolx̱éetlʼ • fear | a-ka-ÿu-l-√x̱éitlʼ →  a-theme.hsf.pfv.cl-(+d,l,–i).√afraid • (JL)

akoo.éikw (verbal noun) whistle ² | the act or sound of whistling | a-ka-u-∅√.éikw →  a-theme.comparative.irr.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√whistle • (JL)

aldaawáa (noun) checkers; games played using string in the hands | (KE)

aldís (verbal noun) light; moon | moonlight | for some speakers in Carcross this can also mean "the moon" | a-l-√dís →  a-theme.cl-(+d,l,–i).√moon • aldís káaxʼ →  by moonlight • (JL)

algáaxʼw (verbal noun) • variants: gáaxʼw • riddle | (JL)

alg̱áḵ (verbal noun) gambling | gambling with gambling sticks that are tossed (g̱ag̱áḵ) | a-l-√g̱áḵ →  a-theme.cl-(+d,l,–i).√gamble-(with gambling sticks) • (JL)

alḵáa (verbal noun) • variants: at ilḵáa • stick game; gambling; bingo; game of chance | gambling | a-l-ḵáa →  a-theme.cl-(+d,l,–i).√gamble • (KE)

alḵáa xʼúxʼ (compound noun) cards | playing cards | a-l-√ḵáa + xʼúxʼ →  a-theme.cl-(+d,l,–i).√gamble + paper/membrane

altsʼíxaa (verbal noun) • variants: altsʼíxwaa, tsʼíxaa • sneeze | a-l-√tsʼíxaa →  a-theme.cl-(+d,l,–i).√sneeze • (JL)

alʼeix̱ (verbal noun) dance ² | a-∅-√lʼeix̱ →  a-theme.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dance • (KE)

alʼóon (verbal noun) hunt | a-∅-√lʼóon →  a-theme.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√hunt • (KE)

alʼóoni (verbal noun) hunter | a-∅-√lʼóon-i →  a-theme.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√hunt.relational • (KE)

anahoo (noun) rutabaga; turnip | (KE)

anax̱ ⑴ (particle) through; along | through it; along it | áa-náx̱ →  it.through/along • (KE) || ⑵ (preverb) | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded)

anax̱ daséigu yé (body part) blowhole | "place through which it breathes" | áa-náx̱ + da-√sáa-kw-u + yé →  there.through + cl-(+d,∅,–i).√breathe.repetitive.relational + place/way • (FI)

Ana.óot (borrowed noun) • variants: Giyaḵw, Gutéix̱ʼ • Aleut | from Sugpiaq aluʼuut: people/community | (JC, KE)

Anáaski (borrowed noun) • variants: Anásgi • Alaska | from Unangan Alaxsxi-x: object to which the action of the sea is directed | Bergsland, Knut (ed.) (1994). Aleut Dictionary: Unangam Tunudgusii. Alaska Native Language Center • (KE)

Anóoshi (borrowed noun) person; Russian | in early times of contact, white people were called « gusʼkʼiḵwáan » (people at the base of the clouds), and then often either « Anóoshi » (Russian) or « Waashdan Ḵwáan » (People of Boston) | (JL)

Anóoshi aaní (compound noun) Russia | "Russian land" | Anóoshi + aan-í →  Russian + land-(occupied).relational • (KE)

Anóoshi héeni (compound noun) vodka | "Russian water" | Anóoshi + héen-i →  Russian + water/river.[possessive]

asg̱eiwú (verbal noun) ⑴ fisher; seine | seine fisher | (JL) • variants: isg̱éiw sʼaatí, x̱áat isg̱éiwu • || ⑵ boat ¹ | seine boat | a-s-√g̱eiwú →  a-theme.cl-(+d,s,–i).√web/seine • (KE)

asḵuḵgu náakw (compound noun) • variants: isḵuḵgu náakw • medicine | cough medicine | the verb root for cough has been documented as √ḵooḵ and √kooḵ, and is presented here as √ḵooḵ | a-s-√ḵúḵ-kw-u + náakw →  a-theme.cl-(+d,s,–i).√cough.[repeatedly].relational + medicine (JL, NS) • (JL)

astʼeix̱í (verbal noun) fisher (troller) | "fishes with a hook" | a-s-√tʼeix̱-í →  a-theme.cl-(+d,s,–i).√fish-(with hook).relational • (KE)

asxʼaansháachʼi (compound noun) songbird | "green plant on the tip of the tree branch"; green songbird | perhaps warbler (Vermivora peregrina/celata) or western tanager (Piranga ludoviciana) | aas-xʼaan-sháachʼ-i →  tree.tip-(of branch).green-plant-that-grows-on-trees.relational • (KE, JL)

asxʼeit (verbal noun) • variants: asxʼeet (At,T) • hunting | (JL)

ash ¹ (independent pronoun) her; him | her/him (the main character of a narrative or event) | third person proximal independent (3prx.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • "proximate third person represents the topic of discourse, the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or the person ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: 38) • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱át | me →  first person singular independent (1s.i)

• uháan | us →  first person plural independent (1p.i)

• wa.é | you →  second person singular independent (2s.i)

• yeewháan | you all →  second person plural independent (2p.i)

• hú | they-(s) →  third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)

• hás | them (p) →  third person plural independent (3p.i)

• á | it →  third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)

• ash | this person →  third person proximal independent (3prx.i)

• á | that other person →  third person obviate independent (3obv.i)

• ḵáa | someone →  fourth person human independent (4h.i)

• át | something →  fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)

• aa | one, some →  partitive independent (part.i)

• chúsh | -self →  reflexive independent (rflx.i)

• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together →  reciprocal independent (recip.i)

ash ² (possessive pronoun) her; his | their (the main character of a narrative or event) | third person proximal possessive (3prx.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • "proximate third person represents the topic of discourse, the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or the person ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: 38) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ | my →  first person singular possessive (1s.P)

• haa | our →  first person plural possessive (1p.P)

• i | your →  second person singular possessive (2s.P)

• yee | you allʼs →  second person plural possessive (2p.P)

• du | their →  third person human singular possessive (3Hs.P)

• has du ⁓ s du | their (p) →  third person plural possessive (3p.P)

• a | its →  third person nonhuman possessive (3N.P)

• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs →  third person proximal possessive (3prx.P)

• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs →  third person obviate possessive (3obv.P)

• ḵaa | someoneʼs →  fourth person human possessive (4h.P)

• at | somethingʼs →  fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.P)

• aa | oneʼs, someʼs →  partitive possessive (part.P)

• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs →  reflexive possessive (rflx.P)

• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs →  reciprocal possessive (recip.P)

ash ³ (object pronoun) her; him | her/him (the main character of a narrative or event) | third person proximal object (3prx.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • "proximate third person represents the topic of discourse, the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or the person ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: 38) • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱at | me [object] →  first person singular object (1s.O)

• haa | us [object] →  first person plural object (1p.O)

• i- | you [object] →  second person singular object (2s.O)

• yee | you all [object] →  second person plural object (2p.O)

• ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him →  third person object (3.O)

• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them (p) [object] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• ash | this person [object] →  third person proximal object (3prx.O)

• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] →  fourth person human object (4h.O)

• at | something [object] →  fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)

• aa- | one, some [object] →  partitive object (part.O)

• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self →  reflexive object (rflx.O)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] →  reciprocal object (recip.O)

ash ee- (postpositional pronoun) her; him; to | to her/him (the main character of a narrative or event) | third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me →  first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)

• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us →  first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)

• i ee- | (to) you →  second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)

• yee ee- | (to) you all →  second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)

• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him →  third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)

• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them (p) →  third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it →  third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)

• ash ee- | (to) this person →  third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person →  third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)

• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone →  fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)

• at ee- | (to) something →  fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)

• aa ee- | (to) one, some →  partitive postpositional (part.PP)

• chush | (to) -selfʼs →  reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)

• woosh, wooch | (to) each other →  reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)

ash kadulyát yé (compound noun) playground | "the place people play" | a-sh + ka-du-l-√yát + yé →  it-[inst] + hsf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√child + place/way • (SE)

ash kudat’ájaa (compound noun) play ¹; swim | playing in the water (swimming); swimming (for fun) | a-sh + ka-u-da-√tʼách-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.cl-(+d,∅,–i).√slap.one(s)-(part.i) • (GD)

ash kushx̱ʼílʼaa (compound noun) play ¹; slide ³ | playing on slides; sliding | a-sh + ka-u-sh-√x̱ʼílʼ-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.cl-(+d,sh,–i).√slip.one(s)-(part.i) • (GD)

ash koolchʼéitʼaa (compound noun) play ¹; basketball | playing basketball | a-sh + ka-u-l-√chʼéitʼ-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.cl-(+d,sh,–i).√ball.one(s)-(part.i) • (SN)

ash koolg̱eig̱áchʼ (compound noun) play ¹; swing | play on swings | a-sh + ka-u-l-√g̱éiḵ-áchʼ →  it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.cl-(+d,l,–i).√swing.? • (SN)

ash koolg̱íx̱ʼjaa (compound noun) play ¹; violin | playing violin (or other similar stringed instrument with a bow) | a-sh + ka-u-l-√g̱íx̱ʼ-ch-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.cl-(+d,l,–i).√creak.habitual.one(s)-(part.i) • (SN)

ash koolkítsʼaa (compound noun) play ¹; seesaw | play on seesaw | a-sh + ka-u-l-√kítsʼ-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.cl-(+d,l,–i).√rock.one(s)-(part.i) • (SN)

ash koolkʼéinaa (compound noun) play ¹; jump; twirl | play at jumping or twirling round | a-sh + ka-u-l-√kʼéin-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.cl-(+d,l,–i).√jump.one(s)-(part.i) • (SN)

ash koolḵʼíshaa (compound noun) play ¹; baseball | playing baseball | a-sh + ka-u-l-√ḵʼish-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.cl-(+d,sh,–i).√bat.one(s)-(part.i) • (SN, JL)

ash kooltág̱aa (compound noun) billiards; pool (billiards) | playing pool, billiards | a-sh + ka-u-du-l-√táḵ-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√poke.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL)

ash kooltʼáaxʼaa (compound noun) play ¹; marbles | playing marbles | a-sh + ka-u-l-√tʼáaxʼ-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.cl-(+d,l,–i).√flick.one(s)-(part.i) • (SN)

ash koolyát (compound noun) play ¹ | playing (esp. active games) | a-sh + ka-u-l-√yát →  it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.cl-(+d,l,–i).√child • (SN)

ash koolyát saa (compound noun) nickname; name ² | nickname; "play name" | a-sh + ka-u-l-√yát + saa →  it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.cl-(+d,l,–i).√child + name • (EM)

ash koosḵúx̱aa (compound noun) play ¹; boat ² | playing boats (esp. toy boats) | a-sh + ka-u-s-√ḵúx̱-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive.irrealis.cl-(+d,s,–i).√go-(by boat or car).one(s)-(part.i) • (SN)

at ¹ (object pronoun) something | fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • used to indicate that an unspecified thing is the pronoun, and is best translated as "something" • as an object can signal the unidentified as in « at x̱waa.áx̱ » (i hear something), or can create special meanings as an object verbs, such as: « adaná » (they-(s) is drinking it) and « at daná » (they-(s) is drinking alcohol) • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱at | me [object] →  first person singular object (1s.O)

• haa | us [object] →  first person plural object (1p.O)

• i- | you [object] →  second person singular object (2s.O)

• yee | you all [object] →  second person plural object (2p.O)

• ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him →  third person object (3.O)

• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them (p) [object] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• ash | this person [object] →  third person proximal object (3prx.O)

• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] →  fourth person human object (4h.O)

• at | something [object] →  fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)

• aa- | one, some [object] →  partitive object (part.O)

• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self →  reflexive object (rflx.O)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] →  reciprocal object (recip.O)

at ² (possessive pronoun) somethingʼs | fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ | my →  first person singular possessive (1s.P)

• haa | our →  first person plural possessive (1p.P)

• i | your →  second person singular possessive (2s.P)

• yee | you allʼs →  second person plural possessive (2p.P)

• du | their →  third person human singular possessive (3Hs.P)

• has du ⁓ s du | their (p) →  third person plural possessive (3p.P)

• a | its →  third person nonhuman possessive (3N.P)

• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs →  third person proximal possessive (3prx.P)

• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs →  third person obviate possessive (3obv.P)

• ḵaa | someoneʼs →  fourth person human possessive (4h.P)

• at | somethingʼs →  fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.P)

• aa | oneʼs, someʼs →  partitive possessive (part.P)

• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs →  reflexive possessive (rflx.P)

• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs →  reciprocal possessive (recip.P)

at ashoowatán (verbal noun) mean ²; signify; denote; simile | mean something; signify something; denote something | (NR, NS) • at + a-shu-ÿu-ÿa-√tán →  something-(4n.O) + a-theme.end.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,+i).√tán

at áatʼláni (compound noun) • variants: átʼláni • food; drink ²; seafood | cold food; cold drink; raw seafood | at + √áatʼ-láni →  something-(4n.O) + √cold.[??] • (JL)

at chʼéx̱ʼdi (verbal noun) cursor | "points at something"; cursor (on computer) | at + ∅-√chʼéx̱ʼ-t-i →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√point • (HC, FS)

at danáayi (verbal noun) drunk ¹; drunkard | "drinking something" | at + da-√náa-yi →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(+d,∅,–i).√drink.relational • (KE)

at dáli (verbal noun) weight ²; pound ² | a certain measure of weight; pound (weight unit) | at + ∅-√dál-i →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√be-heavy.relational • (JL)

at daakayéx̱aa lítaa (compound noun) • variants: et daakeyéx̱aa lítaa • knife | curved carving knife (for making different leveled planes); "the one that planes around it" | at + daa-ka-∅-√yéx̱-aa + √lít-aa →  something-(4n.O) + around.hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).make/plan.one(s)-(part.i) + √slide.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL)

at daayí (compound noun) birch | "somethingʼs bark" | at + daayí →  somethingʼs-(4n.P) + bark • (KE)

at daayí ḵákw (compound noun) basket; birch | birch bark basket; "somethingʼs bark basket" | at + daayí + ḵákw →  somethingʼs-(4n.P) + bark + basket • (KE)

at daa.ideidí (compound noun) frame; shell | frame; its shell (as of a building); "thing of somethingʼs body" | at + daa.-it-át-í →  somethingʼs-(4n.p) + body/around.remnant.thing-(4n.i).relational • (JL)

at dultʼéexʼ (verbal noun) cast | cast (to help set a broken bone) | at + du-l-√tʼéexʼ →  something-(4n.O) + someone-(4n.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√frozen/hard • (JL)

at duxáshgu (verbal noun) tongue | "cut from something"; tongues cut out for an íx̱tʼ | in order to gain spiritual power, an íx̱tʼ would fast regularly, and if it were meant to be an animal would present itself and then die in front of the fasting íx̱tʼ, who would then cut the tongue and keep it in a pouch, thus gaining spiritual power by having that animal as a « yeik » (spirit helper) | (JL)

at gutu.ádi (compound noun) animal | animal in the woods; animal that walks on land | at + gú-tú-át-i →  somethingʼs-(4n.P) + base.inside.thing-(4n.i).relational

at gutú (landform) woods; bush ¹; brush ¹; underbrush; wilderness; forest | "inside the base of something" | (KE) • at + gú-tú →  somethingʼs-(4n.P) + base.inside • variants: at gatú (T), et getú (C) •

at ee- (postpositional pronoun) something | (to) something | fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me →  first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)

• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us →  first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)

• i ee- | (to) you →  second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)

• yee ee- | (to) you all →  second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)

• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him →  third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)

• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them (p) →  third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it →  third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)

• ash ee- | (to) this person →  third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person →  third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)

• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone →  fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)

• at ee- | (to) something →  fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)

• aa ee- | (to) one, some →  partitive postpositional (part.PP)

• chush | (to) -selfʼs →  reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)

• woosh, wooch | (to) each other →  reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)

at éewu (verbal noun) food | cooked food | at + ∅-√.ée(w)-u →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√cook.relational • (JL)

at kachʼáakʼu (verbal noun) carver | "carves something" | at + ka-∅-√chʼáakʼw-u →  something-(4n.O) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√carve-design/incise.relational • (KE)

at kahéeni (compound noun) juice | at + ka-héen-i →  somethingʼs-(4n.p) + on.water.(possessive) • (KE)

at kasayé (verbal noun) strange | something strange | at + ka-sa-√yé →  something-(4n.O) + hsf.cl-(–d,s,–i).√strange • (JL)

at katáxʼaa (verbal noun) pliers | "the one that something" | at + ka-√táxʼ-aa →  something-(4n.O) + hsf.√bite.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) • variants: kakatáxʼaa •

at katé (verbal noun) bullet | at + ka-∅-√té →  something-(4n.O) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√rock • (KE)

at kax̱útʼti (verbal noun) wood | wood chips (from adzing) | at + ka-∅-√x̱útʼ-t-i →  something-(4n.O) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√chop/chip.repetitive.relational • (JL)

at ka.áax̱u (verbal noun) wrapping | wrappings (for a present or something bundled and tied) | at + ka-∅-√.áax̱w-u →  something-(4n.O) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√bundle/wrap.relational • (JL)

at káx̱ adéli (verbal noun) • variants: adéli • guard ²; watchman | "protects something" | at + ká-x̱ + a-∅-√dél-i →  somethingʼs-(4n.P) + on.at-(repeatedly) + it/them-(s)-(3.O).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√protect.relational • (KE)

at kaawaxúkw (verbal noun) dried | dried thing, esp. food; "something was dried" | at + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√xúkw →  something-(4n.O) + hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,+i).√dry

at kaayí (verbal noun) wood | cord (of wood); "something measured" | literally, measure of something [i.e. firewood] | at + √kaay-í →  something-(4n.O) + √measure.relational • tléixʼ et kaayí →  one cord (of wood) (JL)

at kuna.áaḵw (compound noun) | at kuna.áag̱u plan; directions; commandment; suggestion | at + ka-u-na-∅-√.áaḵw →  something-(4h.O) + hsf.irr.na-md.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√command • (JL)

at kookeidí (compound noun) parable | "a thing that is measured against something" | at + ka-ÿu-∅-√kaay-át-i →  something-(4n.O) + compare.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√measure.something-(4n.i).relational • (NR, JL, KE)

at kʼé (verbal noun) good | good thing | at + ∅-√kʼé →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√good • (JL)

at layeix̱ sʼaatí (compound noun) carpenter | "master builder" | at + la-√yeix̱ + sʼaatí →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,l,–i).√make/use + boss/master • (KE)

at la.át (verbal noun) baggage; luggage; suitcase | things, stuff packed up for carrying | áa-t la.√.át ² →  there-around cl-(–d,l,–i).√carry-(personal belongings) • at la.át ashayalihéin →  he has many pieces of baggage (SN) • (KE)

at luxʼaaḵáawu (compound noun) troublemaker | "person at the point of something" | at + lú-xʼaa-ḵáa-wu →  somethingʼs-(4n.p) + noise/point.tip.someone-(4h.i).relational • (KE)

at nané (verbal noun) art | at na-∅-√né →  something.(4n.O) na.cn-cl.(∅)-√do/work

at natéeyi (verbal noun) hunter | at + na-∅-√tée-yi →  something-(4n.O) + na-cn.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√carry-(general/compact)?.relational • (JL)

at sag̱ahaayí (verbal noun) will; wish ² | will; wish(es); "something one wills to do" | that one wants to do or to have happen | at + sa-g̱a-∅-√haa-yí →  something-(4n.O) + voice.g̱a-md.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√willing.relational • (KE, JL)

at sax̱án (verbal noun) love | love (of things); love (of everything) | at + sa-√x̱án →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,s,–i).√love • (KE)

at sʼaan.ax̱w dzáas (compound noun) spear ² | spear which binds rope around a seal; "thonging that wraps up limbs" | this spear was invented by a small beaver in Basket Bay | at + sʼaan-∅-√.áx̱w + dzáas →  something-(4n.O) + limb.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√tie-up/wrap-up + thonging • (KE)

at sʼéilʼi (compound noun) rags (for cleaning or wiping) | "something torn"

at shax̱ishdi dzáas (compound noun) spear ² | spear for clubbing; "clubbing something on the head thonging" | at + sha-∅-√x̱ish-t-i + dzáas →  something + head.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√club.[repeatedly].relational + babiche/thonging • (KE)

at shí (verbal noun) singing; song; music | at + ∅-√shí →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√sing • (KE)

at shí ḵóok (compound noun) radio; phonograph; stereo; music box; ipod; music device | "song box" | at + ∅-√shí + ḵóok →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅-–i).√sing + box • (KE)

at sheexʼí (verbal noun) singer; choir | singers | at + ∅√shée-xʼ-i →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√sing.[plural].relational • (KE) • variants: et shéexʼi (C) •

at sheeyí (verbal noun) singer | at + ∅√shée-yi →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√sing.relational • (KE)

at shooḵ (verbal noun) laughter | at + ∅-shooḵ →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√laugh/smile • (KE)

at tugáni (compound noun) gunpowder | "burns something inside" | at + tu-∅-√gán-i →  something + inside.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√burn/light.relational • (KE)

at tux̱ʼwánsʼi (compound noun) buckshot | "something rotted to powder" | at + tu-∅-√x̱ʼwán-sʼ-i →  something + inside.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√rot-to-powder.repetitive.relational • (KE)

at tʼaa.éexʼi (verbal noun) town crier | "yells something to the landward side" | at + tʼáa-∅-√.éexʼ-i →  something-(4n.O) + landward-side.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√shout/call-out.relational (JL)

at tsʼíkʼwti (verbal noun) muscle; pincher | "pinches something"; muscle that opens and closes the shell of a shellfish | at + ∅-√tsʼíkʼw-t-i →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√pinch-repetitive.relational • (JL)

at uhéini (verbal noun) • variants: at uhéin • claim; property; crest ² | claimed property; that which is claimed or willed | particularly a crest or other totem claimed by a clan | at + wu-∅-√héin-i →  something-(4n.O) + pfv.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√claim.relational • (JL)

at wujaaḵw (verbal noun) accomplishment | "something that is fitting" | at + wu-∅-√jaaḵw →  something-(4n.O) + pfv.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√fitting

at wulyáaḵw (verbal noun) simile; comparison | at + wu-la-√yáaḵw →  something-(4n.O) + pfv.cl-(–d,l,–i).√compare/represent-as • (JL)

at wulyú (compound noun) speech | public speaking; "something declared publicly" | (NR, HC, DK) • at + ÿu-l-√yú →  something-(4h.O) + pfv.cl-(+d,l,–i).√declare/speak-publicly-(?) • variants: ḵaankageetxʼ yoo x̱ʼawditaaní •

at wuskú yís át ḵuwduwateen (compound noun) field trip | "traveling around for knowledge" | at + ÿu-sa-√kú + yís + aa-t + ḵu-ÿu-du-ÿa-√teen →  something-(4h.O) + pfv.cl-(–d,s,–i).√know + for-(benefit) + there.around + areal.pfv.someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,+i).√travel • (GD, MD)

at wuskóowu (verbal noun) person; elder | elder; knowledgeable person; wisdom bearer; "knows something" | at + ÿu-s-√kóo-wu →  something-(4n.O) + [perfective].cl-(+d,s,–i).√know.relational

at wooskú daakahídi (compound noun) • variants: ; áxʼ ḵaa ée at dultóow yé, sgóon, shgóon • school | "house around wisdom" | (KE) • at ÿu-s-√kú + daaká-hít-i →  something-(4n.O) + [perfective].cl-(+d,s,–i).√know + around-outside.house.relational

at xáshdi téel (compound noun) moccasin | "something cut up shoe" | (KE) • at + ∅-√xásh-t-i + téel →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√cut/saw.repetitive.relational + shoe • variants: keish téel (Y) •

at xáshdi xʼóow (compound noun) blanket | blanket sewn from scraps of hide; "something cut up blanket" | at + ∅-√xásh-t-i + xʼóow →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√cut/saw.repetitive.relational + blanket • (KE)

at xʼaan aaní (compound noun) fish camp; camp for drying fish | "something dried by smoke land" | at + ∅-√xʼaan + aan-i →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dry-by-smoking-(fish) + land-(inhabited).relational • (CG)

at xʼaan hídi (compound noun) • variants: et xʼaan hídi (C), sʼeiḵ hídi (T), sʼeiḵ daakahídi, sʼeiḵ daakéedi (C) • smokehouse | "something dried by smoke house" | at + ∅-√xʼaan + híd-i →  something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dry-by-smoking-(fish) + house.relational • (KE)

at x̱aagú shakee.át (compound noun) claw; headdress | claw headdress | at + x̱aagw-ú + shakée-át →  somethingʼs-(4n.P) + claw.relational + on-head.thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

at x̱ʼawóosʼ (verbal noun) • variants: ḵaa x̱ʼawóosʼ • question | at + x̱ʼa-∅-√wóosʼ →  something-(4n.O) + mouth.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√ask • (JL)

at x̱ʼéeshi (compound noun) fish: dryfish | thinly cut and dried fish • possibly from a neighboring Na-Dene Northern Athabascan language | (KE) • variants: at duwax̱ʼéeshi •

at yahaayí xʼúxʼ kshaxeet (compound noun) art | art; drawing; painting; "writing the image of something" | « ḵaa yahaayí kshaxeet » is the act of drawing, painting, and making non-sculptural art; « at yahaayí xʼúxʼ kshaxeet » is an artifact from drawing, painting, and making non-sculptural art | at+ yahaayí + xʼúxʼ ka-sha-√xeet →  somethingʼs-(4n.p) + image/shadow + paper/membrane + hsf.cl-(–d,sh,–i).√furrow/write • (GD)

at yana.á (verbal noun) fish ¹; run ⁴; migrate | fish run, migration | at + ya-na-∅-√.á →  something-(4n.O) + vsf.na-md.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√migrate-(of fish) • (KE)

at yawusḵá (verbal noun) promise | "something told" | at + ya-ÿu-sa-√ḵá →  something-(4n.O) + vsf.pfv.cl-(–d,s,–i).√say/tell • (JL)

at yátxʼi daa yoo at kooneik ḵáa (compound noun) advocate | court appointed special advocate; "doing on behalf of children" | at yátxʼi + daa + yoo + at + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√nei-k + ḵáa →  children + around/about + to/fro + something-(4n.O) + hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,+i).√do/work-on.repetitive + person-(4h.i) • (GD, MD)

at yáa awuné (verbal noun) • variants: yáa at wooné • respect | at + yáa + a-wu-∅-√né →  something-(4n.P) + along +  + a-theme.irrealis.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√respect

atkʼátskʼu (compound noun) child | adolescent | at-kʼátskʼu →  its-(4n.P).adolescent/small • (KE)

atxaayí (compound noun) centipede | (KE)

atx̱a át (compound noun) moth | "thing that eats something" | at-∅-√x̱a + át →  something-(4n.O).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√eat + thing-(4n.i) • (KE, JL) • variants: naa.át ax̱a át •

atx̱á (verbal noun) food; meal | "thing eaten" | át-√x̱á →  thing.√eat • (KE)

atx̱á daakahídi (compound noun) restaurant; tavern | "building around food" | atx̱á + daaka-hít-i →  food + around-outside.house.relational • (KE)

atx̱á jishagóon (compound noun) utensil; kitchen utensil | "food tool" | atx̱á + ji-shagóon →  food + hand.components/parts • (KE)

atx̱aaxʼí sáani (verbal noun) snacks | "little things eaten" | át-√x̱á-xʼ-i + sáani →  thing.√eat.[plural].[peg vowel].[diminutive] • (FW)

atyátxʼi (compound noun) children | “somethingʼs children” | this could be translated as "somethingʼs children" but always refers to human children. there has been debate about whether one « atyátxʼi » is human and « adátxʼi » is nonhuman but the consensus is that both were used for human children only | at + yát-xʼ-i →  [somethingʼs-(4n.P) + child.pos] • (KE) • variants: adátxʼi, atyétxʼi (T), adétxʼi (T), edétxʼi (C) •

atyátxʼi latíni (compound noun) babysitter | “watches children” | (KE) • at + yát-xʼ-i + la-√tín-i →  somethingʼs-(4h.P) + child.[plural].[possessive] + cl-(–d,l,–i).√see.relational

at.óow (verbal noun) possession; clan | sacred clan-owned item; "something bought" | used to denote something that is owned by a clan and cannot be claimed by an individual • things that can be at.óow are names, houses, stories, songs, land, the image of animals and the supernatural, and objects made with the images of those things • at.óow may be jointly claimed by multiple clans, but use of at.óow that is not claimed by your clan is inappropriate unless proper permissions have been given • the children, grandchildren, and close relatives of clans would often be dressed in some of the most valuable at.óow of a clan that recognizes the relationship publicly | at-∅-√.óow →  something-(4n.O).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√buy

at.óow latíni (compound noun) clan; caretaker | clan caretaker of at.óow | at-∅-√.óow + la-√tín-i →  something-(4n.O).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√buy + cl-(–d,l,–i).√see.relational

atskanée! (interjection) • variants: atsganée • scary! | (KE)

atsʼáts (noun) hawk; osprey | osprey; fish hawk; sea hawk | atsʼáts live on fish and build nests close to water

awliwás (verbal noun) dryfish, hard | "roasted dry fish" | a-ÿu-∅-li-√wás →  them-(s)/it-(3.O).[perfective].they-(s)-(3.S).cl-(–d,l,+i).√roast/scorch-(by fire) • (KE)

ax̱ (possessive pronoun) my | first person singular possessive pronoun (1s.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ | my →  first person singular possessive (1s.P)

• haa | our →  first person plural possessive (1p.P)

• i | your →  second person singular possessive (2s.P)

• yee | you allʼs →  second person plural possessive (2p.P)

• du | their →  third person human singular possessive (3Hs.P)

• has du ⁓ s du | their (p) →  third person plural possessive (3p.P)

• a | its →  third person nonhuman possessive (3N.P)

• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs →  third person proximal possessive (3prx.P)

• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs →  third person obviate possessive (3obv.P)

• ḵaa | someoneʼs →  fourth person human possessive (4h.P)

• at | somethingʼs →  fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.P)

• aa | oneʼs, someʼs →  partitive possessive (part.P)

• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs →  reflexive possessive (rflx.P)

• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs →  reciprocal possessive (recip.P)

ax̱ adée (interjection) oh goodness!

ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼé (kinship term) grandchild | my wonderful grandchild! | endearing term used when speaking lovingly to a grandchild | dachx̱án-√kʼé →  grandchild.√good/fine • (DK)

ax̱ ee- (postpositional pronoun) me | to me; with me | first person singular postpositional (1s.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱aat | (to) me →  first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)

• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us →  first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)

• i ee- | (to) you →  second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)

• yee ee- | (to) you all →  second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)

• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him →  third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)

• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them (p) →  third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it →  third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)

• ash ee- | (to) this person →  third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person →  third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)

• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone →  fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)

• at ee- | (to) something →  fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)

• aa ee- | (to) one, some →  partitive postpositional (part.PP)

• chush | (to) -selfʼs →  reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)

• woosh, wooch | (to) each other →  reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)

ax̱áa (verbal noun) paddle | “paddler” | a-∅-√x̱áa ² →  a-theme.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√paddle/row • (KE)

ayaheeyáa (compound noun) curlew | (KE)

ayáx̱ (particle) correct; right ² | often appears with « áwé » as in « ayáx̱ áwé » (thatʼs correct)

a.án (verbal noun) watch ¹; meditate; weather; navigate; forecast | watching the weather to forecast; watching the stars to navigate | a-∅-√án →  a-theme.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√observe/meditate

á ¹ (particle) | [focus particle] | this particle puts focus on the previous word or phrase. • it is often heard when giving someone a name, and the name is said and repeated while "killing money;" the name is said followed immediately by « á! »

á ² (independent pronoun) ⑴ it || ⑵ there; reason; place; then | that place, time, reason, fact | third person nonhuman independent (3N.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • common suffix combinations are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length | (JC, KE, JL)

• ách [áa-ch] | because of it; with it

• aag̱áa [áa-g̱áa] | after it; following it

• aadáx̱ / aax̱ [áa-dáx̱] | from it; after it [that time]

• aadé [áa-dé] | towards it

• aan [áa-n] | with it

• anax̱ [áa-náx̱] | through it; along it

• át [áa-t] | arriving at it; at it

• áwu [áa-wu] | located at it

• áxʼ [áa-xʼ] | residing at it; located at it

• áx̱ [áa-x̱] | moving along it; repeatedly at it

á ³ (independent pronoun) her; him | her/him (a secondary character of a narrative or event) | third person obviate independent (3obv.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • "proximate third person represents the topic of discourse, the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or the person ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: 38) | (JC, KE)

ách ¹ (particle) because; so; therefore | because of that; therefore; so | áa-ch →  it-because • (JL)

ách ² (particle) with it; using it | áa-ch →  it.with-(instrumental) • (JC)

ách at dusx̱a át (compound noun) • variants: aan at dusx̱a át, ájudusx̱a.aa • fork | “thing a person eats with” | áa-ch + at + du-s-√x̱a + át →  one(s)-(part.i).erg-(inst) + something-(4n.O) + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,s,–i).√eat + thing-(4n.i) • (KE)

ágé (particle) | [interrogative: marks yes/no questions] | this particle is used to turn any statement into a yes or no question • the placement of the particle is often determined by grammar, but at times is determined by what part of the phrase is being questioned | (KE) • variants: gé •

áhé (particle) this | this here (is) | á-hé →  [focus-particle].this • (KE)

ákhé (particle) is it this here? | á-gé-hé →  [focus-particle].[yes/no question].here • (KE)

ákyá (particle) is it this right here? | á-gé-yá →  [focus-particle].[yes/no question].right-here • (KE)

ákyú (particle) is it that way over there? | á-gé-yú →  [focus-particle].[yes/no question].way-over-there • (KE)

ákwé (particle) is it that there? | á-gé-wé →  [focus-particle].[yes/no question].there • (KE)

ánkʼw (noun) • variants: énkw (C) • brat; person | person who cries easily | (KE)

át ¹ (independent pronoun) something | fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • used to indicate that an unspecified thing is the pronoun; Like the fourth person human pronoun this one is often used as a placeholder in nouns and verbs. It alters a lot of words when used in a variety of forms. Keep an eye out for it as you build vocabulary, and you will see it is one of the most powerful words in Tlingit. For example: at.óow (sacred clan-owned item), at daná (they-(s) is drinking alcohol), and Daḵlʼaweidí [daḵ-lʼéiw-at-i] (Thing of the Inland Sand Bar – name of an Eagle-Killer Whale Clan). • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱át | me →  first person singular independent (1s.i)

• uháan | us →  first person plural independent (1p.i)

• wa.é | you →  second person singular independent (2s.i)

• yeewháan | you all →  second person plural independent (2p.i)

• hú | they-(s) →  third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)

• hás | them (p) →  third person plural independent (3p.i)

• á | it →  third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)

• ash | this person →  third person proximal independent (3prx.i)

• á | that other person →  third person obviate independent (3obv.i)

• ḵáa | someone →  fourth person human independent (4h.i)

• át | something →  fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)

• aa | one, some →  partitive independent (part.i)

• chúsh | -self →  reflexive independent (rflx.i)

• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together →  reciprocal independent (recip.i)

át ² (preverb) there; arriving | arriving there | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) | áa-t →  there.at-(arriving) • (JC)

át ³ (preverb) around | moving around | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded) | áa-t →  there.at-(moving around) • (JC)

át kanduḵʼíshji hockey; baseball | batter in baseball; hockey player; "bats it around” | áa-t + ka-na-du-∅-√ḵʼísh-ch-i →  there.at-(arrived) + hsf.na-cp.someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√bat.rep.rel]

át ḵukawu.aag̱ú (verbal noun) director; planner; commander | "orders people around"; "directs people" | (KE) • variants: át at kawu.aag̱ú, ét et kawu.aag̱ú (C), ét ḵukawu.aag̱ú (C) •

át sh kawdudziyéedi (verbal noun) accordion | "thing a person stretches apart" | át + sh + ka-ÿu-du-dzi-√yéet-i →  something-(4n.i) + self-(rflx.o) + hsf.pfv.someone-(4h.s).cl-(+d,s,+i).√stretch.relational • (GD, MD)

át wududziḵúx̱u át (borrowed noun) car; automobile | "thing that people drive around" | (KE) • áa-t + ÿu-du-dzi-√ḵúx̱-u + át →  there.at-(arrived) + pfv.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,s,+i).√go-(by boat or car).relational + thing-(4n.i) • variants: káa •

át wududzix̱óotʼi (compound noun) baggage; luggage; suitcase | luggage or briefcase on wheels | áa-t la.√.át ² →  there-around cl-(–d,l,–i).√carry-(personal belongings) • at la.át ashayalihéin →  he has many pieces of baggage (SN) • (FS)

át wulisʼéesi (verbal noun) kite | "blows around" | áa-t + ÿu-li-√sʼées-i →  there.around + pfv.cl-(–d,l,+i).√blown-(by wind).relational • (GD, MD)

át yana.á (verbal noun) migration | fish migration | áa-t + ya-na-∅-√.á →  there.at-(arrived) + vsf.na-cn.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√inspect/peer • (JL)

átdáx̱ ḵusahéix̱ át (compound noun) detergent; bleach | spot remover | át-dáx̱ ḵu-sa-√háa-x̱ át →  something.(4n.i)-from areal-cl.(s)-√move-in-mass-repeatedly something.(4n.i) • (JL)

átkʼ aheen (verbal noun) faith; belief; trust; religion | "they-(s) believes it" | át-kʼ + a-∅-√heen →  it-(4n.i).[locative] + a-theme.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√believe • (KE)

átkʼ aheení (verbal noun) believer | át-kʼ + a-∅-√heen →  it-(4n.i).[locative] + a-theme.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√believe.relational • (KE)

átx̱ sateeyí át (compound noun) thing; important | important thing; thereʼs something important in it | át-x̱ sa-√tee-yí + át →  thing-(4n.i).[locative] + cl-(–d,s,–i).√be.relational + thing-(4n.i) • (GB)

átʼiweit (compound noun) pot | cooking pot; "cooking thing" | at-.√ée(w)-u-át →  something-(4n.O).√cook.relational.thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

átʼláni (compound noun) slime | slime (inside clamshell); "raw seafood"; "cold food or drink" | √.áatʼ-láni →  √cold.[?] • (JL)

áwé (particle) that | that there (is) | this particle is used often in Tlingit oratory and conversation to signal a pause or that the speaker intends to speak or continue speaking | á-wé →  [focus-particle].that

áwu (particle) located; at | located at it | áa-wu →  it.located-at

áxʼ (particle) at; located | residing at it; located at it | áa-xʼ →  there.at-(residing or at rest)

áxʼ ḵaa ée at dultóow yé (compound noun) • variants: sgóon; shgóon; at wooskú daakahídi • school | “place where people are taught there” | (KE) • áa-x + ḵaa + ée + at + du-l-√tóow + yé →  there.at-(residing) + someoneʼs-(4h.P) + [empty base] + something-(4n.O) + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√teach + place

áx̱ ⑴ (particle) at | moving around at it; repeatedly arriving at | áa-x̱ →  there.at-(moving around or arriving repeatedly) || ⑵ (preverb) | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded)

áx̱ sh kalgan sʼeenáa (compound noun) light | electric light | aa-x̱ + sh + ka-l-√gan + sʼeenáa →  there.at-(repetitive) + self-(rflx.O) + hsf.cl-(+d,l,–i).√burn/light + light • (JL)

áyá (particle) this | this right here (is) | á-yá →  [focus-particle].this-right-here

áyú (particle) that | that way over there (is) | á-yá →  [focus-particle].that-way-over-here

aa- (object pronoun) one ²; some | partitive object (part.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱at | me [object] →  first person singular object (1s.O)

• haa | us [object] →  first person plural object (1p.O)

• i- | you [object] →  second person singular object (2s.O)

• yee | you all [object] →  second person plural object (2p.O)

• ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him →  third person object (3.O)

• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them (p) [object] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• ash | this person [object] →  third person proximal object (3prx.O)

• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] →  fourth person human object (4h.O)

• at | something [object] →  fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)

• aa- | one, some [object] →  partitive object (part.O)

• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self →  reflexive object (rflx.O)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] →  reciprocal object (recip.O)

aa ¹ (independent pronoun) one ²; some | partitive independent (part.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • used to refer to parts of a group or set, and can cover a wide range of meanings. In some cases, it can mean some general object, as in aadóo aayí sáyá? (whose thing is this?). In other cases, it can refer to a separated groups of things, as in daaḵw.aa sá? (which one of a group?). It often means the one or ones that perform a verb, and is used to create words in Tlingit. There are many of these, and you will see more as you study. Here are some examples: lítaa (knife; literally “the one that slides”), x̱út’aa (adze; literally “the one that chips out wood”), and ḵutlʼídaa (shovel; literally “the one that throws away a space”). • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱át | me →  first person singular independent (1s.i)

• uháan | us →  first person plural independent (1p.i)

• wa.é | you →  second person singular independent (2s.i)

• yeewháan | you all →  second person plural independent (2p.i)

• hú | they-(s) →  third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)

• hás | them (p) →  third person plural independent (3p.i)

• á | it →  third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)

• ash | this person →  third person proximal independent (3prx.i)

• á | that other person →  third person obviate independent (3obv.i)

• ḵáa | someone →  fourth person human independent (4h.i)

• át | something →  fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)

• aa | one, some →  partitive independent (part.i)

• chúsh | -self →  reflexive independent (rflx.i)

• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together →  reciprocal independent (recip.i)

aa ² (possessive pronoun) oneʼs; someʼs | partitive possessive (part.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ | my →  first person singular possessive (1s.P)

• haa | our →  first person plural possessive (1p.P)

• i | your →  second person singular possessive (2s.P)

• yee | you allʼs →  second person plural possessive (2p.P)

• du | their →  third person human singular possessive (3Hs.P)

• has du ⁓ s du | their (p) →  third person plural possessive (3p.P)

• a | its →  third person nonhuman possessive (3N.P)

• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs →  third person proximal possessive (3prx.P)

• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs →  third person obviate possessive (3obv.P)

• ḵaa | someoneʼs →  fourth person human possessive (4h.P)

• at | somethingʼs →  fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.P)

• aa | oneʼs, someʼs →  partitive possessive (part.P)

• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs →  reflexive possessive (rflx.P)

• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs →  reciprocal possessive (recip.P)

aa ee- (postpositional pronoun) one ²; some | (to) one; (to) one | partitive postpositional (part.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me →  first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)

• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us →  first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)

• i ee- | (to) you →  second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)

• yee ee- | (to) you all →  second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)

• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him →  third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)

• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them (p) →  third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it →  third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)

• ash ee- | (to) this person →  third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person →  third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)

• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone →  fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)

• at ee- | (to) something →  fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)

• aa ee- | (to) one, some →  partitive postpositional (part.PP)

• chush | (to) -selfʼs →  reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)

• woosh, wooch | (to) each other →  reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)

aa sá (question particle) • variants: aadóo sá • who; someone; somebody | when asking who is the subject of a verb, the ergative « -ch » often attaches to create « aadóoch » • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « aadóo sáyá » (who is this?), « aadóo sáwé? » (who is that?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | aadóo sá du jeewú? →  who has it? • aadóoch sá aawax̱áa? →  who ate it? • (JC,KE)

aaa (particle) • variants: aáa, áaa, aaá • yes | it is unclear whether the form used is dialect or personal preference; some forms may be influenced by the English "uh-huh"

aadáx̱ • variants: adax̱, aax̱ • ⑴ (particle) from; after; off | after it (that time); from it; off of it | áa-dáx̱ →  it.from • (KE, JC) || ⑵ (preverb) | for handling verbs, refers to lifting an object off of something, creating a ga-conjugation motion verb (upwards) • for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded) | (JC)

aadé (preverb) ⑴ towards it | this particle has special functions when used as a preverb that is not denoting direction for a motion verb; it can direct one verb concept to another, or change the function of the verb in combination with other preverbs, suffixes, and postverbs, as in the examples below | áa-dé →  it-towards • aadé awux̱aayi yé →  the way they-(s) ate it • tlél aadé ag̱waax̱aayi yé →  thereʼs no way they-(s) can eat it • x̱wasikóo aadé awux̱á →  i know they-(s) ate it || ⑵ | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded) | aadé woogoot →  they-(s) walked towards it • (JC)

aadé kdulxesʼ yé (verbal noun) garbage; dump ² | garbage dump; "place where people dump" | aa-dé + ka-du-l-√xáa-sʼ + yé →  there.towards + hsf.someone.cl-(+d,l,–i).√dump/pour.[in series] + place • (JL)

aadé [verb]-i yé (particle) | "the way the verb happened"; "how the verb happened"

aadóo sá (question particle) • variants: aa sá • who; someone; somebody | when asking who is the subject of a verb, the ergative « -ch » often attaches to create « aadóoch » • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « aadóo sáyá » (who is this?), « aadóo sáwé? » (who is that?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | aadóo sá du jeewú? →  who has it? • aadóoch sá aawax̱áa? →  who ate it? • (JC,KE)

aag̱áa (conjunction) then; after; following | at that time; after that; following that | used in speech to bridge events over time, or to move time forward in a narrative | (KE)

aag̱áa [verb]-i yé (particle) | "the time the verb happened"; "when the verb happened"

aahá (interjection) • variants: haahá • yes | yes (emphatic agreement) | (JL)

aakʼé– (adjective) good; fine | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun it modifies | aa-√kʼé →  one(s)-(part.O).√good/fine • (JC)

aan ⁓ a ee- (postpositional pronoun) it: (to) it | third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me →  first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)

• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us →  first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)

• i ee- | (to) you →  second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)

• yee ee- | (to) you all →  second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)

• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him →  third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)

• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them (p) →  third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it →  third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)

• ash ee- | (to) this person →  third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person →  third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)

• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone →  fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)

• at ee- | (to) something →  fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)

• aa ee- | (to) one, some →  partitive postpositional (part.PP)

• chush | (to) -selfʼs →  reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)

• woosh, wooch | (to) each other →  reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)

aan ⁴ (noun) ⑴ land ¹; town; village; settlement | inhabited or owned land | (KE) || ⑵ ship | large boats were originally referred to as floating towns, but not any longer

aan ⁵ (postpositional pronoun) with; means | with it; by means of it; taking it along | postpositional pronoun: a + een ⁓ aan • (KE)

aan at dusx̱a át (compound noun) • variants: ách at dusx̱a át, ájudusx̱a.aa • fork | “thing a person eats with” | a-ee-n + at + du-s-√x̱a + át →  its-(4n.P).[empty base].with + something-(4n.O) + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,s,–i).√eat + thing-(4n.i) • (KE)

aan da.usʼgu át (compound noun) • variants: aan du.usʼ aa washéen • machine | washer; washing machine; "thing to wash with" | a-ee-n + da-√.usʼ-kw-u + át →  its-(3n.p).[empty base].with + cl-(+d,∅,–i).√wash.repetitive.[relative] + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

aan duḵéisʼi át (compound noun) sewing | sewing machine | a-een + du-∅-√ḵáa-sʼ-i + át →  its-(4n.P) + someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√sew.series.relational + something-(4h.i)

aan duskʼix̱ʼti át (compound noun) hook ² | crochet hook | a-ee-n + du-s-√kʼix̱ʼ-t-i + át →  its-(3n.p).[empty-base].with + someone.cl-(+d,s,–i).√hook/gaff.[repeatedly].relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

aan dutasʼ át (compound noun) pestle | pestle or stone used for pulverizing bark; "the thing to pulverize bark with | a-ee-n + du-∅-√tasʼ + át →  its-(3n.p).[empty-base].with + someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√pulverize-tree-bark + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

aan duxasʼ át (compound noun) scraper | "the thing to scrape with" | a-ee-n + du-√xasʼ + át →  its-(3n.p).[empty-base].with + someone.√scrape + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

aan galaḵú (verbal noun) • variants: aan galḵú • flood ² | (KE) • aan + ga-la-√ḵú →  land-(inhabited) + con-pre.cl-(–d,l,–i).√flood

aan eeg̱ayáak (landform) beach | the beach, shore below the town | aan + eeg̱ayáak →  land-(inhabited) + downshore-from • (JL)

aan kaduskʼíx̱ʼti át (compound noun) | (A), aan duskʼíx̱ʼti át (T) hook ² | crochet hook; "thing a person hooks/gaffs with" | a-een + ka-du-s-√kʼíx̱ʼ-t-i + át →  it.with + hsf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,s,–i).√hook/gaff.repetitive.relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

aan kadusne át (compound noun) • variants: aan kedusne ét (C) • hook ²; needle ² | knitting needle; crocheting needle | a-ee-n + ka-du-s-√ne + át →  its-(3n.p).[empty-base].with + ksf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,s,–i).√knit/weave + thing-(4n.ind) • (JL)

aan kadusxitgu át (compound noun) brush ² | hairbrush; "thing to furrow with" | a-ee-n + ka-du-s-√xit-kw-u + át →  its-(3n.p).[empty-base].with + hsf.someone-(4n.S).cl-(+d,s,–i).√furrow/write.repetitive.relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

aan kadusxítʼkw át (compound noun) brush ² | clothes brush | a-ee-n + ka-du-s-√xitʼ-kw-u + át →  its.(3n.p)-[empty-base]-with + hsf-someone.(4n.S)-cl.(d,s).√sweep-repetitive-relational + thing.(4n.i) • (SN)

aan kadusʼíxʼw át (compound noun) glue | "thing something is glued with" | →  a-ee-n + ka-du-√sʼíxʼw + át its-(4n.P].[empty base].with + hsf.someone.√adhere-to + thing • (SE)

aan kadutʼix̱ʼ át (compound noun) • variants: aan kedutʼex̱ʼ át • pestle | pestle (for pounding); "thing to smash on" | a-ee-n + ka-du-∅-√tix̱ʼ + át →  its-(3n.p).[empty-base].with + hsf.someone-(4n.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√smash/pound + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

aan kanáagu (compound noun) avens | largeleaf avens; large-leaved avens; “medicine on the land" | WARNING: arnica increases body temperature when taken internally, externally it acts as an antiseptic • possibly arnica species, especially A. amplexicaulus, A. latifolia, A. gracilis | aan + ka-náakw-u →  land + on.medicine.relational • (KE, JL) ° (Geum macrophyllum Willd.) °

aan kayéx̱aa (compound noun) • variants: tʼáa keyéx̱aa • plane ² | plane for woodworking; "the one to whitlle with" | a-ee-n + ka-∅-√yéx̱-aa →  its-(3n.p).[empty-base].with + hsf.cl-(+–d,∅,–i).√make/construct/whittle.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL)

aan káxʼ duhoon nooch át (compound noun) trinket; merchandise | little things to sell | a-een + ká-xʼ + du-∅-√hóon + nooch + át →  its-(3n.P) + on.at-(residing) + someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√sell + always + thing-(4n.i) • (EM)

aan kwéiyi (compound noun) flag | “land marker" | (KE) • aan + √kwéi-yi →  land-(inhabited) + √mark.relational

aan kwéiyi tugáasʼi (compound noun) flagpole | “housepost in the flag” | (KE) • aan + √kwéi-yi + tu-gáasʼ-i →  land + √mark.relational + inside.housepost.relational

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aan ḵoo dultóowu at kuna.áaḵw curriculum | a-een + ḵaa-ee + ∅-du-l-√tóow-u + at + ka-u-na-∅-√áaḵw →  its-(3n.P).with + somoeneʼs-(4h.P).with + them-(s)/it.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).read/count/teach.relational + thing-(4n.O) + hsf-irrealis-na-cn-cl-(–d,∅,–i).-√try/plan/command • (FS)

aan ḵoo dultóowu át lesson | a-een + ḵaa-ee + ∅-du-l-√tóow-u + át →  its-(3n.P).with + somoeneʼs-(4h.P).with + them-(s)/it.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).read/count/teach.relational + thing-(4n.i) • (FS)

aan lingídi (compound noun) rich ²; person | rich woman; city person; "human of the land" | for example, the wife or sister of an « aanḵáawu » (rich man, king) | aan + lingít-i →  land-(inhabited) + human.relational

aan sʼaatí (compound noun) mayor | “master of the land” | aan + sʼaatí →  land + master • (KE)

aan shadux̱ishdi dzaas (compound noun) spear ² | spear for clubbing; "clubbing on the head with thonging" | (JL) • a-ee-n + sha-du-∅-√x̱ish-t-i + dzaas →  its-(4n.P].[empty base].with + head.someone-(4n.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√club.[repeatedly].relational + thonging

aan x̱ʼayee (landform) town; in | in a town; on the streets of a town; “beneath the mouth of town” | (KE) • aan + x̱ʼa-yee →  land + mouth/opening.beneath

aan yaduxasʼ át (verbal noun) • variants: aan yeduxesʼ ét; aan yaduxasʼ lítaa; aan yatxasʼ at; ḵaayaxásʼaa • razor | “thing a person shaves with” | (KE) • a-ee-n + ya-du-∅-√xasʼ + át →  somethingʼs-(4n.P).[empty base].with + vsf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√scrape + thing-(4n.i) • variants: aan yatxasʼ át •

aan yadu.usʼgu jig̱wéinaa (compound noun) cloth; face ¹; rag; wash ²; towel | washcloth, washrag for washing the face; "handtowel to wash the face with" | a-ee-n + ya-du-∅-√.usʼ-kw-u + ji-√g̱óo-n-aa →  its-[empty-base].with +vsf.someone-(4n.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√wash.[repeatedly].[relative] + hand.√wipe.(progressive).one(s)-(part.i)

aan yax̱ʼáak (landform) ⑴ water | area on the open water in front of the town, village || ⑵ between | between towns | aan + ya-x̱ʼáak →  land-(inhabited) + vsf.between

aan yádi (compound noun) • variants: aanyédi (C) • person | high class person; “child of the land” | used to refer to the high-caste people of a clan, often while visiting their (p) territory | (KE) • aan + yát-i →  [land + child.pos]

aan yátxʼi sáani (compound noun) • variants: aan yátxʼi, aan yétxʼi (C) • people ¹ | “little children of the land”; high class people; aristocrat | term of respect, often said to the people of a land where the speaker is visiting as a guest | (KE) • aan + yát-xʼi + sáani →  [land + child.plr.pos + little (used in plural diminutive)] • variants: aan yátxʼu sáani •

aanáx̱ tléiḵw (compound noun) • variants: tlaḵwtlénxʼ; wasʼxʼaan tléig̱u • salmonberry | aa-náx̱ + tléiḵw →  there.through/along + berry • (JL) ° (Rubus spectabilis) °

aandaat kanahík (verbal noun) • variants: aandaat kanaheek; aandaat kanahígi; aandaat kanahík; aandaat keneheek • monkey | "goes all over on the ship" | (KE, JL) • aan-daat + ka-na-∅-√hík →  land-(inhabited).about + hsf.ns-cp.[classifier].√run/jump(?) • variants: aandaat kanahígi (T), aandaat kanaheek (At), aandaat keneheek (C) • ° (Family Cebidae and Family Cercopithecidae) °

aandaat kanahík atx̱aayí (compound noun) banana | "monkey food" | aan-daat + ka-na-∅-√hík + at-√x̱á-yí →  land-(inhabited).about + hsf.ns-cp.[classifier].√run/jump(?) + something-(4n.O)-√eat.relational

aandaatóox (compound noun) bedbug | "stomps around the land" | aan-daa-√tóox →  land-(inhabited).around.√stamp-feet • (JL)

aandaayaagú (compound noun) rowboat | “boat around the land” | (KE) • aan-daa-yaakw-u →  land-(inhabited).around.canoe/boat.relational

Aangóon (placename) Angoon | “Village Isthmus” | aan + góon →  land/village + portage/passage-across-it/isthmus (KE, TT) • (KE, TT)

aankadushxit át (verbal noun) • variants: aan ḵukdushxit át • camera | “thing a person writes/photos/x-rays with” | a-ee-n + ka-du-sh-√xit + át →  somethingʼs-(4n.P).[empty base].with + hsf.someone-(4h.S).[classifier].√write thing-(4n.i) • (KE, SN)

aanká (landform) town | downtown; in town | aan-ká →  land-(inhabited).on • (JL)

aanḵáawu (compound noun) rich ²; chief; king | rich person; person of wealth; “person of the land” | plural form: aanḵáaxʼu | aan + ḵáa-wu →  [land + person.rel] • (KE)

aansaganeit (compound noun) firecracker | "thing that burns with it" | a-een-sa-√gan-i-át →  its-(3n.p).with.cl-(–d,s,–i).√burn/light.relational.thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

Aanshookahíttaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the House on the End of Town"; Origin: Prince of Wales | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration • Teiḵweidí Group | aan-shú-ká-hít-taan →  land-(inhabited).end.on.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)

Heinyaa Ḵwáan

• Aanshooká Hít | End of Town House

aantḵeení (compound noun) people ¹; crowd ² | townspeople; crowd or large group of people; “seated on the land” | (KE) • aan-t + √ḵee-n-i →  [land-(inhabited).at-(arrived) + √seated/situated.(stem-var).relational]

Aanx̱ʼaakhíttaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the House in the Middle of the Village"; Origin: Angoon | Raven/Crow Moiety • Lʼeeneidí Mirgration • Primary Crest: Dog Salmon • Secondary Crests: Raven, Eagle, Gull | aan-x̱ʼaak-hít-taan →  land-(inhabited).ravine.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)

Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan

• Aanx̱ʼaak Hít | Middle of Town House

• Yanxoon Hít | Logjam House

aas (noun) tree | in Sitka, « shéiyi » is often used for “tree” | (KE)

aas daax̱eeshí (compound noun) lichen | lichen which grows on spruce bark; "foam around the tree" | aas + daa-x̱eesh-í →  tree + around.foam.relational • (JL) ° (Stricta pulmonaria (L.) Bir.) °

aas dlágwaa (compound noun) • variants: dlágwaa • peavy | aas + √dlákw-aa →  tree + √scratch.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL)

aas hít (compound noun) cabin | log cabin | aas + hít →  tree + house • (JL)

aas jiseiyí (compound noun) • variants: aas seiyí (At) • tree; shelter | “in the shelter of the treeʼs arms”; the shelter of a tree | aas + ji-seiyí →  tree + hand/arm.shelter/area-below • (KE)

aas katláx̱di (plant part) branch; tree | dry tree branches (still on the tree); "moldy tree" | aas + ka-∅-√tláx̱-t-i →  tree + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√moldy.relational • (JL)

aas keg̱ítaa (plant part) needle ¹; pine; spruce | conifer needle (spruce, pine) | needles of conifer tree | aas + ka-g̱ítaa →  tree + on.tree-needles • (JL)

aas kʼóox̱ʼu (plant part) • variants: aasdaakʼóox̱ʼu • pitch | tree pitch | specifically tree pitch and not the metal lead or chewing gum | (JL)

aas kʼwátʼi rot ² | small red ball nested inside dry rot | looks like kidney pills; is kept for good luck

Aas Ḵwáani (compound noun) Tree People; forest; woods | "People of the Trees" | this term is used ceremonially, often when speaking to the spirits of the trees | (KE) • aas + ḵwáan-i →  [tree + people-of.rel]

aas ḵʼaluká (landform) timberline | "mouth of the ridge trees" | aas + ḵʼa-lu-ká →  tree + mouth.nose/point.on • (JL)

aas ḵʼíshaa (compound noun) knot ¹; puck | tree knot used for making puck; "tree bat (for hitting)" | aas + √ḵʼísh-aa →  tree + bat/hit-(with bat) • (JL)

aas seiyí (compound noun) • variants: aas jiseiyí • shelter; tree | the shelter of a tree | aas + seiyí →  tree + shelter • (JL)

aas tutlʼúkʼx̱u (compound noun) • variants: gantutlʼúkʼx̱u • worm | woodworm; "worm inside the tree" | aas + tu-tlʼúkʼx̱-u →  tree + inside.worm.relational

aas yádi (compound noun) • variants: aas yédi, asyádi • tree; sapling | “tree child” | (KE) • aas + yát-i →  [tree + child.pos]

aas yík (compound noun) tree | in the tree | aas + yík →  tree + in-(shallow container) • (JL)

aasdaacháni (compound noun) mistletoe | "odor around the tree" | ? | aas-daa-√chán-i →  tree.around.√stink/odor.relational • (JL)

aasdaag̱áadli (compound noun) fungus | bracket fungus; conks; tree fungus; “cracker around the tree” | originally just « g̱áatl », which now means "pilot bread" | (KE, JL) • aas + –daa + g̱áatl-i →  tree + around + cracker.relational ° (Polyporus applanatus) °

aasdaag̱oodlí (plant part) • variants: aasdaag̱údli • burl; tumor | burl, tumor in a tree | aas-daa-g̱ootl-í →  tree.around.bump.relational • (JL)

aasdaakʼóox̱ʼu (plant part) pitch | “pitch around the tree” | (KE) • aas + –daa + kʼóox̱ʼ-u →  [tree + around + pitch.rel]

aasdaakʼwátʼi mitten; ball; glove | decorative fur balls on mitten strings; "eggs around the tree" | aas-daa-kʼwátʼ-i →  tree.around.egg.relational • (JL)

aasdaasʼóosʼani (compound noun) • variants: aasdaasʼóosʼeni (C) • cone; spruce | spruce cone | (JL)

aasdaasheeyí (compound noun) • variants: sheey • branch; limb | limb, primary branch; "limb around a tree" | aas-daa-sheey-í →  tree.around.limb.relational

aasdaaxʼéesʼi (compound noun) burl; tumor | tumor in a tree, with branches growing from it; “tangled mound around the tree” | looks like aasdaag̱údli but itʼs branches | (JL) • aas-daa-√xʼéesʼ-i →  tree.around.√tangle.relational

aasgutug̱ayḵí (noun) • variants: kʼákw, aasgutuyikhéix̱waa, kóoshdaa yéigi • owl | barred owl | a spiritually powerful animal that is connected to the « kóoshdaa » (land otter) and is known by multiple names • seeing one can be a sign of something to come, and killing one has been known to drive one to suicide • the name « aasgutug̱ayḵí » (you all sit in the woods!) comes from the call of the owl • some speakers translate this, especially in the Yéil Ḵutláakw (Raven Cycles) as "hawk" • the name « kóoshdaa yéigi » (land otterʼs spirit helper) comes from a Kooshdaaḵáa story | (KE, GD, IdC, IC) ° (Strix varia) °

aasgutug̱ílʼi (compound noun) outcrop; rock ¹ | rock outcropping in forest, woods | (JL)

aasgutuyikhéix̱waa (noun) • variants: kʼákw, aasgutug̱ayḵí, kóoshdaa yéigi • owl | barred owl | a spiritually powerful animal that is connected to the « kóoshdaa » (land otter) and is known by multiple names • seeing one can be a sign of something to come, and killing one has been known to drive one to suicide • the name « aasgutug̱ayḵí » (you all sit in the woods!) comes from the call of the owl • some speakers translate this, especially in the Yéil Ḵutláakw (Raven Cycles) as "hawk" • the name « kóoshdaa yéigi » (land otterʼs spirit helper) comes from a Kooshdaaḵáa story | (KE, GD, IdC, IC) ° (Strix varia) °

aasgutuyiksháa (compound noun) spider | "women in the woods" | aas-gutú-yík-sháa →  tree.forest.in-(shallow container).women

aasgutuyik.ádi (compound noun) spider | "thing in the woods" | aas-gutú-yík-át-i →  tree.forest.in-(shallow container).thing-(4n.i).relational • DRJ

aasgutuyík (compound noun) noise; sound; tree; woods | aasgutuyík; sound or noise in the woods, forest, trees | aas-gutú-yík →  tree.forest.in-(shallow container) • (JL)

aasgutú (landform) • variants: aasgatú, aasgetú (C) • forest; woods; timber | forest; timbered area; "inside the base of the tree(s)" | (KE) • aas + gú-tú →  tree + base.inside

aaslʼixʼnáakw (compound noun) medicine | type of medicine; "broken tree medicine" | (JL) • aas-√lʼixʼ-náakw →  tree.√break-(stick-like object).medicine

aashát (noun) trout | steelhead trout | (JL) ° (Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii) °

–aat (kinship term) aunt | paternal aunt (opposite clan) | in Tlingit kinship, the term for a paternal aunt is used for all females of a fatherʼs clan who is in the same generation as the father. This term can also extend to any women of the opposite moiety who are of the fatherʼs generation as an expression of personal closeness. • can be used to show personal closeness with a female member of the opposite clan who is not necessarily the fatherʼs same clan | (KE)

aatagwéixʼi (compound noun) lily; pond | pond lily; "pokes out of the lake bottom" | áa-táa(k)-√góo-xʼ-i →  lake.bottom.√penetrate-(by poking).repetitive.relational • (JL) ° (Nuphar polysepalum) °

aatayádi • variants: aateyédi • bird; person | mythical bird or little person that lives in a lake; "lake bottom child" | looks like a snipe (séitaa) but bigger, has a needle-shaped beak • in the Tlʼanaxéedáḵw story, this bird was teased by young boys at Áakʼw, and then returned to pluck the eyes out of the villagers

–aatʼasháa (kinship term) • variants: aatʼesháa (C) • sibling; in-law | sibling-in-law (opposite gender & moiety) | opposite moiety & opposite gender • in Tlingit kinship, this would be the sisters of a maleʼs wife or the brothers of a femaleʼs husband • the proper respect and treatment of in-laws, especially in public, is a vital part of Tlingit culture | (JL, JC)

aatlein– (adjective) much; lots | a great amount | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | (JL)

aax̱ • variants: aadáx̱, adax̱ • ⑴ (particle) after | after it (that time) | áa-dáx̱ →  it.from • (KE) || ⑵ (preverb) from | from it | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded) | (JC) || ⑶ off | off of it | for carrying motion verbs, refers to lifting on object off of something, creating a ga-conjugation motion verb (upwards)

–aax̱gwalʼí (relational noun) strap ²; towline | towline of –; strap of – | string for tying bag, also might be « kagwálʼi / kagwálʼaa » | (JL)

aayádi (compound noun) • variants: aayátxʼi, x̱ʼéen yátxʼi • humpy; salmon | small humpy salmon; "lake child" | áa-yádi →  lake.child

áa ¹ (landform) lake | (KE)

áa ² (noun) ⑴ it; there; place; then | that thing, time, or place | refers to something that is already known or has recently been communicated || ⑵ reason; fact | that fact or reason | common suffix combinations are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length | (KE)

• ách [áa-ch] | because of it; with it

• aag̱áa [áa-g̱áa] | after it; following it

• aadáx̱ / aax̱ [áa-dáx̱] | from it; after it [that time]

• aadé [áa-dé] | towards it

• aan [áa-n] | with it

• anax̱ [áa-náx̱] | through it; along it

• át [áa-t] | arriving at it; at it

• áwu [áa-wu] | located at it

• áxʼ [áa-xʼ] | residing at it; located at it

• áx̱ [áa-x̱] | moving along it; repeatedly at it

áa ash kadulyádi yé (compound noun) park | park; playground; "place where people play" | áa + a-ch + ka-du-l-√yát-i + yé →  there + its-(3n.i).[instrumental] + hsf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√child + place • (SE)

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áa kagáaxu (compound noun) • variants: hinyikgáaxu • duck; goldeneye | goldeneye duck; "duck on the lake" | some speakers translate this is "duck up the river" | áa + ka-gáaxw-u →  lake + on.duck.relational • (JL) ° (Bucephala clangula/islandica?) °

áa ká (landform) lake | on the lake | áa + ká →  lake + on • (JL)

áa ḵuyadujee yé (verbal noun) jail | “the punishing people place” | (KE) • áa + ḵu-ya-du-∅-√jee + yé →  [there + someone-(4h.O).vsf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√awful/terrible + place]

áa sháak (landform) lake | head of a lake | áa + sháak →  lake + head-(of body of water) • (JL)

áa shú (landform) lake | lower end of the lake | especially but not necessarily the end of the head of the lake | áa + shú →  lake + end • (JL)

áa táak (landform) lake | bottom of lake | áa + táak →  lake + bottom-of/submerged-in • (JL)

áa tug̱úḵlʼi (compound noun) whitefish | mountain whitefish | (JL) • áa + tu-g̱úḵlʼ-i →  lake + inside.swan.relational ° (Prosopium williamsoni) °

Áa Tlein (region name) Atlin | "Big Lake" | (KE, TT)

Áa Tlein Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Atlin Area; "People of the Big Lake" | Included Communities: Atlin | (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)

Wolf/Eagle Clans

• Yanyeidí | People of Hemlock House; People of the Mainland

• Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar

Raven/Crow Clans

• Ishkeetaan | People of Deep Pool in the River House

• Kooḵhittaan | People of Cellar House

• Deisheetaan | People of the End of the Trail House

áa wát (landform) lake | mouth of lake | (JL) • áa + wát →  lake + mouth-(of body of water)

áa x̱ʼayaax̱ (landform) lake | lake side; lake shore; around the shore of the lake | áa + x̱ʼa-yaax̱ →  lake + mouth.along-edge • (JL)

áa yax̱ (preverb) turning over | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) | áa + ÿax̱ →  there + turning-over • (JC)

áa yaax̱ (landform) lake | lake side; lake shore; around the shore of the lake | áa + yaax̱ →  lake + along-edge • (JL)

áabíns (borrowed noun) • variants: áagúns, xʼáaxʼ • apple | from English "apple" | (JL)

áadaa (noun) spear ² | spear for fish and seal; "one that attacks" | (KE) • √.aat⁷-aa →  √attack.one(s)

áagadi (compound noun) basket | unfinished basket; "woven thing (out of bark)" | √.áak-át-i →  √weave-(bark).thing-(4n.i).relational • (JL)

Áakʼw (placename) Auke Lake | áa-kʼw →  lake.[diminutive] • (TT)

áakʼw (landform) lake | little lake | áa-kʼw →  lake.[diminutive] • (KE)

Áakʼw Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Áakʼw Area; "People of the Little Lake" | Included Communities: Auke Bay, southern Lynn Canal, Juneau area, and northern Admiralty Island | áa-kʼw + ḵwáan →  lake.[diminutive] + people-of (AH • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)

Wolf/Eagle Clans

• Wooshkeetaan | People of the Houses Facing Each Other

Raven/Crow Clans

• Yax̱tehittaan | People of the Big Dipper House

• Lʼeeneidí | People of Dog Salmon Creek

• Lʼuknax̱.ádi | People of Coho Community Bay

• G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor (Port Stewart in northern Behm Canal)

–áali (kinship term) grandparent | used in Southern Tlingit instead of –léelkʼw • requires a preceding noun to show the relationship, as in « ax̱ léelkʼw » (my grandparent); can be used without a pronoun when speaking directly with oneʼs grandparent • as with other kindship terms, can be used to show clan kinship and personal closeness | (JL)

áan (noun) trap ² | type of small fish trap | fish trap, smaller than « noow » | (JL)

áanjís (borrowed noun) • variants: áanjís daayí • oranges | from English “oranges”; áanjís daayí ("the peel is orange") | (KE)

áanjís kahéeni (compound noun) orange juice | áanjís + ka-héen-i →  orange(s) + hsf.water.relational • (KE) • variants: áanj kahéeni •

Áankich (borrowed noun) Anchorage | (KE) • borrowed placename, from English "Anchorage"

áatʼl (noun) pit | pit for aging eulachon grease; pit lined with skunk cabbage used for food storage | likely related to verb root √áatʼ (cold) • lined with canvas and covered so flies canʼt get in | (JL)

áatʼlani (noun) shell; slime | slime inside its shell (of shellfish) | « at áatʼlani » is "something precious" | (JL)

-ch ¹ (suffix) because | often appears as « ách áwé » (because of that) or « ách áyá » (because of this) | (KE)

-ch ² (suffix) | ergative marker | marks the subject of a transitive verb | (JC)

-ch ³ (suffix) | instrumental marker | used to mark a noun that is used as an instrument to perform the verb | tíx’x’i sáani x̱aat ách daa wdudzi.ax̱u wé yáanaa →  small strings of spruce roots tying the pack (Shaadaaxʼ, Haa Shuká 76–77) • (JC)

chál (noun) platform cache; house cache; shed | compare Eyak « jił » (platform cache; bunkbed) | (KE, JC) • variants: chíl (S, T) •

chál xook (compound noun) • variants: chíl xook • dry; fish ¹; frozen | fish air-dried in cold weather and allowed to freeze | softer and more tender than ordinary dried fish | chál + √xook →  cache + √dried • (JL)

chán (noun) smell: bad smell, odor; stench; odor: strong odor

–chaan (kinship term) mother-in-law | (KE)

Cháanwaan (borrowed noun) Chinese | from "China man" | (KE)

Cháanwaan héeni (compound noun) soy sauce | "Chinese personʼs water" • variants: kóoshdaa lóoxʼu •

cháasʼ (noun) salmon; humpy | pink salmon; humpy salmon | (KE) ° (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) °

cháash (noun) brush ¹; bough; branch | bough or branch with needles on it (especially of spruce) | used to sit or lie on, to keep meat, etc. off the ground, or to build temporary structures | (JL)

cháash hít (compound noun) house; hut | brush house | temporary shelter, often built while traveling or hunting, or for women in isolation for first menstruation or the birth of a child | (JL) • variants: (T), chashhít (At, T) •

cháashgaa (verbal noun) cup; can | from Russian "чашка" | (KE, JC) • variants: (Y), gúxʼaa •

cháatl (noun) halibut | (KE)

cháatl astʼeix̱í (compound noun) halibut fisher | cháatl + a-s-√tʼeix̱-í →  halibut + a-theme.cl-(–d,s,–i).√fish-with-hook.relational • (KE)

cháax̱ (noun) grebe | horned grebe or red-necked grebe | locally called helldiver | (KE) ° (Podiceps auritus/grisegena?) °

cháayoo (borrowed noun) tea | from Russian "чаю" (chayu) • variants: dée (T) •

chéx̱ʼi (noun) • variants: chéix̱ʼaa (C), chíx̱ʼi (T), chéex̱ʼi (At), chéex̱ʼaa (At) • shade; shadow | shadow(s) cast by landforms, etc. | (KE)