∅- ⁓ a- (object pronoun) them; her; him | object pronoun | third person object (3.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • the default form is « ∅- » but will change to « a- » if the subject is also third person [∅-] and there is no ergative marker in the verb phrase • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object (1s.O)
• haa | us [object] → first person plural object (1p.O)
• i- | you [object] → second person singular object (2s.O)
• yee | you all [object] → second person plural object (2p.O)
• ∅- ⁓ a- | them → third person object (3.O)
• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• ash | this person [object] → third person proximal object (3prx.O)
• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person human object (4h.O)
• at | something [object] → fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)
• aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (part.O)
• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → reciprocal object (recip.O)
∅- ¹ (classifier) | ∅ group classifier; (–d,∅,–i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
∅- ² (subject pronoun) they; she; he | third person subject (3.S) • in a verb phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb • other subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject (1s.S)
• tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject (1p.S)
• i- | you [subject] → second person singular subject (2s.S)
• yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural subject (2p.S)
• ∅- | they [subject] → third person subject (3.S)
• has + ∅- | they all [subject] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• du- | someone [subject] → fourth person human subject (4h.S)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] → reciprocal subject (recip.S)
∅ conjugation motion preverbs | these preverbs create motion verbs using the ∅ conjugation prefix
motion towards a terminus
• N-{t,x̱,de} | arriving at N; coming to N
• neil(t) ⁓ neilx̱ ⁓ neildé | moving inside; coming home
• N-xʼ + neil(t) | moving inside house at N
• haat ⁓ haax̱ ⁓ haa(n)dé | coming to our vicinity
• yóo-{t,x̱,de} | going away; going off somewhere
• kux ⁓ kuxx̱ ⁓ kúxde | moving aground; into shallow water
• ÿan ⁓ ÿax̱ ⁓ ÿánde | moving ashore; to rest; completing
• N-xʼ + ÿan | coming to rest at N
• N-náx̱ + ÿan | moving across N; to the other side of N
• ÿan + kʼi- | setting up; erecting
• ÿan + sha- | setting up; leaning against
motion toward area
• kei | moving up
• ux̱ + kei | moving out of control, blindly, amiss
• N-x̱ʼé-xʼ + kei | catching up with N
• yei | disembark, exit boat or other vehicle
• yeiḵ ⁓ yeeḵ | moving down to shore
• héeni + yeiḵ | moving down into water
• daaḵ | moving up from shore; back from open
• dáag̱i + daaḵ | moving farther up from shore
• ḵwáaḵx̱ + daaḵ | moving by mistake, wrongly
• daak | seaward; out into open; falling from sky
• ḵux̱ ⁓ ḵúx̱de [+d] | reverting; returning
• N-xʼ ḵux̱ [+d] | reverting to N; returning to N
motion confined to a location
• N-xʼ | coming near N
• N-ÿa | coming up to N
• N + gunaÿa- | separating from N
• N + jishá- | getting ahead of N
• gági | emerging; coming out into open
• dáagi | coming out of water
• héeni | going into water
• g̱unayéi ⁓ g̱unéi | beginning
• N-x̱ | moving in place at N; while stuck at N
• N-xʼ + ÿax̱ | turning over by N
• áa + ÿax̱ | turning over
• shú + ÿax̱ | turning over end by end
• ÿetx̱ | starting, taking off, picking up
oscillating motion
• yoo | moving back and forth; to and fro
• ÿan + yoo | moving up and down (from surface)
hanging
• N-x̱ sha-ÿa-oo | hanging up at N
• ÿax̱ + sha-ÿa-oo | hanging up
revertive motion
• a-ÿa-oo [+d] | reverting, turning back
• kei + a-ÿa-oo [+d] | escape, flee, run away
oblique unbounded motion
• N-x̱ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously along N
• N + daa-x̱ | circling around N
• N-dé + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously toward N
• hé-dé | moving over that way, aside, out of the way
• N-dáx̱ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously away from N
• N + jikaa-dáx̱ | getting out of Nʼs way
• N-náx̱ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously along, through N
• N-xʼ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously at N
• N + daséi-xʼ | exchanging places with N
• woosh + kaanáx̱ [+d] | gathering together, assembling
a- (subject pronoun) someone | fourth person human subject (4h.S) • in a verb phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb • used to indicate an unspecified person is the pronoun, and best translated as “someone” • as a subject in verbs, it translates to “the verb occurs,” as in « yoo duwasáakw » (it is called), « hít wududliyéx̱ » (a house was built), and « adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa » (dance paddle) • will make all ∅ classifiers –d and all non-∅ classifiers (s,l,sh) +d regardless of verb theme or mode • will appear as « a- » in the object position for motion verbs • other subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject (1s.S)
• tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject (1p.S)
• i- | you [subject] → second person singular subject (2s.S)
• yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural subject (2p.S)
• ∅- | they [subject] → third person subject (3.S)
• has + ∅- | they all [subject] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• du- | someone [subject] → fourth person human subject (4h.S)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] → reciprocal subject (recip.S)
a- ⁓ ∅- (object pronoun) them [object]; them [object] | third person object (3.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • the default form is « ∅- » but will change to « a- » if the subject is also third person [∅-] and there is no ergative marker in the verb phrase • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object (1s.O)
• haa | us [object] → first person plural object (1p.O)
• i- | you [object] → second person singular object (2s.O)
• yee | you all [object] → second person plural object (2p.O)
• ∅- ⁓ a- | them → third person object (3.O)
• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• ash | this person [object] → third person proximal object (3prx.O)
• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person human object (4h.O)
• at | something [object] → fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)
• aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (part.O)
• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → reciprocal object (recip.O)
a ¹ (relational pronoun) its | third person nonhuman possessive (3N.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
a ² (relational pronoun) her; his | their (a secondary character of a narrative or event) | third person obviate possessive (3obv.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
a dákx̱u (compound noun) food | steamed food | a + √dákw-x̱-u → its.(3n.r) + √cooked.in.pit-repetitive-relational • (JL)
a daax̱ yaa dulsheech át (compound noun) banister; railing; handrail | "thing people go along touching around it" | a + daa-x̱ + yaa + du-l-√shee-ch + át → its.(3n.r) + around/about-at.(repeatedly) + along + someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(l)-√touch-habitual + thing.(4n.i) • (KE)
a déinde.aa (compound noun) close ²; rest ²; vicinity | the one(s) in the vicinity of it; the rest of it/them all | a + déin-de-aa → its.(3N.r) + vicinity-towards-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
a déinnáx̱ (preverb) right ² | the right way | a déinnáx̱ yéi nasní! → do it the right way! • (JL)
a géit yaa nasgít (verbal noun) shenanigans | "violating it (law or custom)" | a + géi-t + yaa + na-s-√gít → its.(3n.r) + against/opposing-at.(arrived) + along + (progressive)-classifier.(d,s)-√acts.so • (SE)
a ít.aa (compound noun) • variants: e ítde.aa (C) • after | the following one; the next one | a + ít-aa → its.(4n.r) + following-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
a ee- ⁓ a- (postpositional pronoun) her; him; to | to them (a non-main character of a narrative or event) | third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
a ee- ⁓ aan (postpositional pronoun) it | (to) it | third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
a eetí.aa (phrase) next; following | the next one(s); the following one(s) | a eetí.aa ḵutaan → the following summer; next summer (GD) • a eetí.aa haat ḵutootéeni → the next time we visit (NR) • a + eet-í-aa → its.(3n.r) + remains-one(s).(part.i)
a jáḵwti (verbal noun) thing; beat up | beat up old thing | a + √jáḵw-t-i → its.(3n.r) + √beat.up-repetitive-relational • (JL)
a káa ḵududziteeyi yoo x̱ʼatánk (compound noun) law; ordinance | words one lives by | a + ká-∅ + ḵu-du-dzi-√tee-yi + yoo + x̱ʼa-∅-√tán-k → its.(3n.r) + on-at.(resting) + areal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s,i)-√be-attributive + along + mouth-clasifier.(∅)-√communicate-repetitive • (KE)
a kachóox (compound noun) dough; clay | dough shaped with hands; clay shaped with hands; something shaped by hands and clay-like or dough-like; "its thing shaped by hand" | a + ka-∅-√chóox → its.(3n.r) + horizontal-classifier.(∅)-√rub/massage • (JL)
a kagaadí (compound noun) • variants: hít kagaadí • rafter | a + ka-∅-√gaat-í → its.(3n.r) + horizontal-classifier.(∅)-√rafter-relational • (JL)
a kagúḵxʼu (noun) • variants: góoḵ • egg | dried salmon eggs | usually dried in stomach or gunnysack strung in tree | a + ka-∅-√gúḵ-xʼ-u → its.(3n.r) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√dry.salmon.eggs-repetitive-relational • (JL)
a kaxóowu (compound noun) rock ¹; stone | big rock used as a weight | a + ka-∅-√xóow-u → its.(3n.r) + horizontal-classifier.(∅)-√weigh.down.with.rocks-relational • (JL)
a kát dul.usʼku át (compound noun) • variants: a káa dul.usʼku át • washboard | "thing on which people wash" | ká-t + du-l-√.usʼ-k-u + át → on-at.(arriving) + someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,l)-√wash-repetitive-attributive + thing.(4n.i) • (KE)
a kát sh is.éex̱ át (compound noun) crockpot; cooker | slow cooker | a + ká-t + sh + i-s-√.ée-x̱ + át → its.(4n.r) + on-at.(arrived) + self.(rflx.O) + peg.vowel-classifier.(d,s)-√cook-repetitive + thing.(4n.i) • (JL)
a kát sh kadultsex̱t át (compound noun) bicycle | "thing a person kicks themselves around on" | a + ká-t + sh + ka-du-l-√tsex̱-t + át → its.(3n.r) + on-at.(arrived) + self.(rflx.O) + horizonal-someone.(4h.s)-classifier.(d,l)-√kick-repetitive + thing.(4n.i) • (KE)
a kát yadu.usʼgu át (compound noun) • variants: a kát yat.usʼkw át, a kát yadu.usʼgu sʼíxʼ • wash ²; basin | wash basin (for face); "thing on which the face is washed" | a + ká-t + ya-du-∅-√.usʼ-k-u + át → its.(3n.r) + on-at.(arrived) vertical-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(∅)-√wash-repetitive-attributive + thing.(4n.i) • (JL)
a káxʼ yoo kduwahéigi át (compound noun) stirrer; stirring stick | a + ká-xʼ + yoo ka-du-ÿa-√háa-k-i + át → its.(3n.r) + on-at.(residing) + to/fro + someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(∅,i)-√move.(small.parts)-repetitive-attributive + thing.(4n.i) • (EM)
a káx̱ ash kudushx̱ʼílʼaa át (compound noun) slide ³ | slide (for playing) | (JM) • a + ka-x̱ + a-sh + ka-u-sh-√x̱ʼílʼ-aa + át → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + on-at.(repeatedly) + its.(3n.r)-instrumental + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,sh)-√slip-one(s).(part.i) + thing.(4n.i)
a kaax̱ at sahéix̱ át (compound noun) bleach | a + ká-dáx̱ + at + sa-√háa-x̱ + át → its.(3n.r) + on-from + something.(4n.O) + cl.(s).√move.invisibly + thing.(4n.i) • (FS)
a káa dulséix̱ yagee (compound noun) • variants: a káa dulséix̱ yakyee • Sunday; day | "a day of rest" | a + káa + du-l-√sáa-x̱ + yagee → its.(3n.r) + on + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l,)-√rest-repetitive + day • (JL)
a káa dul.usʼku át (compound noun) washboard | "thing on which things are washed" | a + ká + du-l-√.usʼ-k-u + át → its.(3n.r) + on + someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,l)-√wash-repetitive-relational + thing.(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: kát dul.usʼku át •
a káa kadusné át (compound noun) loom | a + ká-∅ + ka-du-s-√né + át → its.(4n.r) + on-at.(resting) + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,s)-√weave.(yarns) + something.(4n.i)
a káa kadushxeedi dáanaa (compound noun) money; check | check (from a bank account) | a + ká + ka-du-sh-√xeet-i + dáanaa → its.(3n.r) + on + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,sh)-√furrow-attributive + money
a káa yei aḵeech át (compound noun) bench | a + ká-∅ + yei + a-∅-√ḵee-ch + át → its.(3n.r) + on-at.(residing) + downward + someone.(4h.O)-cl.(∅)-√sit.(plural)-repetitive + thing.(4n.i) • (FS)
a káa yei kaduxáshch tʼáa (compound noun) board; cutting | cutting board | a + ká-∅ + yei + ka-du-∅-√xásh-ch + tʼáa → its.(3n.r) + on-at.(residing) + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(∅)-√cut-repetitive + board
a kinaa kashxeedí (compound noun) character; marking | high tone marker in writing | a + keenaa + ka-sh-√xeet-í → its-(3h.r) + above + horizontal-clasifier.(sh)-√furrow-relational • (FS)
a náax̱ adux̱aa át (compound noun) oarlock | "thing through which a person oars" | originally two sturdy pegs or sticks inserted into sides of boat | a + náax̱ + a-du-∅-√x̱aa + át → its.(3n.r) + covering-at.(repeatedly) + a.theme-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√paddle + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
a siyeiḵ (compound noun) • variants: a sayeiḵ (T), a siyeix̱ • day; next | the next day | usually with a « -xʼ » relational suffix | (JL)
a tayee dusyeig̱í kashxeedí (compound noun) character; marking | underline of a character in writing | a + tayee + du-s-√yeiḵ-í + ka-sh-√xeet-í → its.(3h.r) + underneath + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s)-√mark.line-relational + horizontal-clasifier.(sh)-√furrow-relational • (FS)
a tayeex̱ nasyéḵ (compound noun) • variants: a tayeex̱ nasyíḵ • underline | "marking underneath it" | a + tayee-x̱ + na-s-√yéḵ → its.(4n.r) + underneath-at.(repeatedly) + na.con-clasifier.(s)-√mark • (FS)
a tuḵ akoogaanjí (compound noun) firefly | "its butt is always lit" | a + tuḵ + a-ka-ÿu-∅-ÿa-√gaan-ch-í → its.(4n.r) + butt/bottom + them/it.(3.O)-horizontal-perfective-they.(3.S)-classifier.(∅,i)-√burn/light-habitual-relational
a tóo at dultʼixʼx̱i át (compound noun) • variants: a tóo at iltʼixʼx̱ át • freezer | "thing that freezes something inside of it" | a + tú-∅+ at + du-l-√tʼixʼ-x̱-i + át → its.(4n.r) + inside-at.(resting) + something.(4n.O) + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l)-√freeze/harden-repetitive-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
a tóo at is.atʼx̱i át (compound noun) refrigerator | "thing in which things are chilled" | a + tú-∅ + at + i-s√.atʼ-x̱-i + át → its.(3n.r) + inside-at.(resting) + something.(4n.O) + peg.vowel-classifier.(d,s)-√cold-repetitive-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
a tóo sh isxuk át (compound noun) • variants: naa.át kaxóogu át • dryer | a + tú-∅ + sh + i-s-√xuk + át → its.(3n.r) + inside-at.(resting) + self.(rflx.O) + peg.vowel-classifier.(d,s)-√dry + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
a tóo yoo kawdzigít (compound noun) experience | something a person has been through; "they fell through it" | a + tú-∅ + yoo + ka-ÿu-dzi-√gít → its.(3n.r) + inside-at.(resting) + too/fro + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(d,s,i)-√fall/occur • (GD, MD)
a tóonáx̱ héen naadaayi át (compound noun) pipe | pipe for carrying water; "thing through which water flows" | a + tú-náx̱ + héen + na-∅-√daa-yi + át → its.(3n.r) + inside-through/via + water + na.con-classifier.(∅)-√flow/run-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
a tóonáx̱ kadusʼíḵsʼ át (compound noun) straw | "thing that somone draws through it by sucking" | a + tú-náx̱ + ka-du-∅-√sʼíḵ-sʼ + át → its.(4n.r) + inside-through + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√draw.out.by.suction)-repetitive + thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: kaxéesʼ •
a tóonáx̱ yaa andag̱wátʼ át (compound noun) tunnel | crawling tunnel (for play) | a + tú-náx̱ + yaa + a-na-da-√g̱wátʼ + át → its.(3n.r) + inside-through/along + along + someone.(4h.O)-na.cn-cl.(d,∅)-√crawl + thing.(4n.i)
a tóonáx̱ yoo x̱ʼadul.átgi át (compound noun) phone; telephone; microphone | "thing through which someone talks" | a + tú-náx̱ + yoo + x̱ʼa-du-l-√.át-k-i + át → its(3n.r) + inside-through + along + mouth-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l)-√communicate-repetitive-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (RD)
a wanáade aa (compound noun) excess; left ²; more; surplus | amount in excess of it or left over from it; surplus more than it
a x̱oo.aa (compound noun) some | some of them all | a + x̱oo-aa → its.(4n.r) + among-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
a x̱ʼéix̱ yei sheich katíx̱ʼaa (compound noun) padlock | "key that joins it at the mouth" | a + x̱ʼéi-x̱ + yei + √shaa-ch + katíx̱ʼaa → its.(3n.r) + mouth-at.(repeatedly) + downward + √marry-habitual + key • (JL)
a yáx̱ (particle) like: itʼs like that | often appears with « áwé » as in « a yáx̱ áwé! » (thatʼs what itʼs like!)
ach kooshx̱ʼílʼaa yeit (compound noun) • variants: ach koolx̱ʼílʼaa yeit • sled | sled (for recreational sledding); "the one(s) beneath to slide with” | áa-ch + ka-ÿu-sh-√x̱ʼílʼ-aa + yee-át → something-(4n.i).instrumental + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(d,sh)-√slip/slide-one(s).(part.i) + beneath-thing-(4n.i) • (KE, JL)
adawóotl (verbal noun) ⑴ trouble; rush; hurry | conflict, war; trouble (between opposing factions); “s/he troubled/warred” | a-∅-da-√wóotl → them/it.(3.O).they.(3.S)-classifier.(d,∅)-√agitated/trouble/war || ⑵ conflict; war | (JL)
adawóotl yuwaa.át (compound noun) armor; breast | body armor; breastplate; "war abdomen thing" | a-da-√wóotl + yuwaa-át → them/it.(3.O)-classifier.(d,∅)-√agitated/trouble/war + abdomen-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
adátxʼi (compound noun) • variants: atyátxʼi, atyétxʼi (T), adétxʼi (T), edétxʼi (C) • child | children; “somethingʼs children” | this could be translated as "somethingʼs children" but always refers to human children | (KE) • at + yát-xʼ-i → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + child-relational
adátxʼi áa dultin yé (compound noun) daycare; preschool | "place where children are watched / cared for" | at-yát-xʼ-i + áa + du-l-√tin-i + yé → somethingʼs.(4n.r)-child-plural-relational + there + someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,l)-√see + place • (NJ, WA)
adátxʼi daat yawustaag̱i ḵáa (compound noun) guardian at liedem | "protects & serves the children" | at-yát-xʼ-i + daat + ya-ÿu-s-√taaḵ-i + ḵáa → somethingʼs.(4n.r)-child-plural-relational + about + vertical-perfective-clasifier.(d,s)√care.for-relational + person.(4h.i) • (GD, MD)
adéli (verbal noun) • variants: at káx̱ adéli • guard ²; watchman | (JL) • a-∅-∅-√dél-i → it-(4n.O).they.(3.S)-classifier.(∅)-√protect-relational
adeendaa (borrowed noun) beaver | half-grown beaver | from an Athabascan language • young beaver old enough to leave home, or smaller beaver | (JL)
adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa (compound noun) paddle ²; dance ²; regalia | dance paddle | a-du-∅-√lʼeix̱ + a-∅-√x̱áa → a.theme-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√dance + a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√paddle
ag̱anáa (interjection) oh no! | often used to express grief or regret; sometimes used for pretend grief | (KE)
akahéix̱i (verbal noun) • variants: táay kahéix̱i • farmer | "digger of it" | a-ka-∅-√háa-x̱-i → it/them.(3.O)-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√move.small.parts-repetitive-relational • (JL)
akoolx̱éitlʼ (verbal noun) • variants: akoolx̱éetlʼ • fear | a-ka-u-l-√x̱éitlʼ → a.theme-horizontal-irrealis-clasifier.(d,l)-√afraid • (JL)
akoo.éikw (verbal noun) whistle | the act or sound of whistling | a-ka-u-∅√.éikw → a.theme-comparative-irrealis-clasifier.(∅)-√whistle • (JL)
aldaawáa (noun) ⑴ game | games played using string in the hands || ⑵ checkers | (KE)
aldís (verbal noun) light ¹; moon | moonlight | for some speakers in Carcross this can also mean "the moon" | a-l-√dís → a.theme-classifier.(d,l)-√moon • aldís káaxʼ → by moonlight • (JL)
al’eix̱tsaag̱áa (compound noun) dance ²; staff | large dance staff or paddle | al’eix̱-√tsaaḵ-áa → dance-√poke/prod-one(s).(part.i)
algáaxʼw (verbal noun) • variants: gáaxʼw • riddle | (JL)
alg̱áḵ (verbal noun) gambling | gambling with gambling sticks that are tossed (g̱ag̱áḵ) | a-l-√g̱áḵ → a.theme-classifier.(d,l)-√gamble.with.sticks • (JL)
alḵáa (verbal noun) • variants: at ilḵáa • ⑴ game; stick game | gambling; game of chance || ⑵ gambling; bingo | (KE) • a-l-√ḵáa → a.theme-classifier.(d,l)-√gamble
alḵáa kadug̱ích ḵóokxʼu sáani (compound noun) dice | a-l-√ḵáa + ka-du-∅-√g̱ích + ḵóok-xʼ-u + sáani → a.theme-classifier.(d,l)-√gamble + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(∅)-√throw.(plural.objects) + box-small-peg.vowel + small.plural (SaJ)
alḵáa xʼúxʼ (compound noun) cards | playing cards | a-l-√ḵáa + xʼúxʼ → a.theme-classifier.(d,l)-√gamble + paper/membrane
altsʼíxaa (verbal noun) • variants: altsʼíxwaa, tsʼíxaa • sneeze | a-l-√tsʼíxaa → a.theme-classifier.(d,l)-√sneeze • (JL)
alʼeix̱ (verbal noun) dance ² | a-∅-√lʼeix̱ → a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√dance • (KE)
alʼóon (verbal noun) hunt | a-∅-√lʼóon → a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√hunt • (KE)
alʼóoni (verbal noun) hunter | a-∅-√lʼóon-i → a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√hunt-relational • (KE)
anahoo (noun) rutabaga; turnip | (KE)
anax̱ ⑴ (particle) through; along | through it; along it | a-náx̱ → its.(3n.r)-through/along • (KE) || ⑵ (preverb) | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded)
anax̱ daséigu yé (body part) blowhole | "place through which it breathes" | a-náx̱ + da-√sáa-kw-u + yé → its.(3n.r)-through + clasifier.(d,∅)-√breathe-repetitive-relational + place/way • (FI)
Ana.óot (borrowed noun) • variants: Giyaḵw, Gutéix̱ʼ • Aleut | from Sugpiaq aluʼuut: people/community | (JC, KE)
Anáaski (borrowed noun) • variants: Anásgi • Alaska | from Unangan Alaxsxi-x: object to which the action of the sea is directed | Bergsland, Knut (ed.) (1994). Aleut Dictionary: Unangam Tunudgusii. Alaska Native Language Center • (KE)
Anóoshi (borrowed noun) person; Russian | in early times of contact, white people were called « gusʼkʼiḵwáan » (people at the base of the clouds), and then often either « Anóoshi » (Russian) or « Waashdan ḵwáan » (People of Boston) | (JL)
Anóoshi aaní (compound noun) Russia | "Russian land" | Anóoshi + aan-í → Russian + village/occupied.land-relational • (KE)
Anóoshi héeni (compound noun) vodka | "Russian water" | Anóoshi + héen-i → Russian + water/river-relational
asg̱eiwú (verbal noun) ⑴ fisher; seine | seine fisher | (JL) • variants: isg̱éiw sʼaatí, x̱áat isg̱éiwu • || ⑵ boat ¹ | seine boat | a-s-√g̱eiwú → a.theme-classifier.(d,s)-√web/seine • (KE)
asḵuḵgu náakw (compound noun) • variants: isḵuḵgu náakw • medicine | cough medicine | the verb root for cough has been documented as √ḵooḵ and √kooḵ, and is presented here as √ḵooḵ | a-s-√ḵúḵ-kw-u + náakw → a.theme-classifier.(d,s)-√cough-repetitive-attributive + medicine (JL, NS) • (JL)
astʼeix̱ tíxʼ (compound noun) fishing line | a-s-√tʼeix̱ + tíxʼ → a.theme + rope • (FS)
astʼeix̱í (verbal noun) fisher | fisher; troller | a-s-√tʼeix̱-í → a.theme-classifier.(d,s)-√fish.with.hook-relational • (KE)
asxʼaansháachʼi (compound noun) songbird | "green plant on the tip of the tree branch"; green songbird | perhaps warbler (Vermivora peregrina/celata) or western tanager (Piranga ludoviciana) | aas-xʼaan-sháachʼ-i → tree-tip.(of.branch)-green.plant.that.grows.on.trees-relational • (KE, JL)
asxʼeit (verbal noun) • variants: asxʼeet (At,T) • hunting | (JL) • a-s-√xʼeet → a.theme-classifier.(s)-√uproot
ash ¹ (independent pronoun) her; him | them (the main character of a narrative or event) | third person proximal independent (3prx.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • "proximate third person represents the topic of discourse, the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or the person ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: 38) • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i)
• uháan | us → first person plural independent (1p.i)
• wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i)
• yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i)
• hú | they → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)
• hás | them all → third person plural independent (3p.i)
• á | it → third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)
• ash | this person → third person proximal independent (3prx.i)
• á | that other person → third person obviate independent (3obv.i)
• ḵáa | someone → fourth person human independent (4h.i)
• át | something → fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)
• aa | one, some → partitive independent (part.i)
• chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i)
• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → reciprocal independent (recip.i)
ash ² (relational pronoun) her; his | their (the main character of a narrative or event) | third person proximal possessive (3prx.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • "proximate third person represents the topic of discourse, the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or the person ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: 38) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
ash ³ (object pronoun) her; him | them (the main character of a narrative or event) | third person proximal object (3prx.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • "proximate third person represents the topic of discourse, the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or the person ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: 38) • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object (1s.O)
• haa | us [object] → first person plural object (1p.O)
• i- | you [object] → second person singular object (2s.O)
• yee | you all [object] → second person plural object (2p.O)
• ∅- ⁓ a- | them → third person object (3.O)
• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• ash | this person [object] → third person proximal object (3prx.O)
• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person human object (4h.O)
• at | something [object] → fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)
• aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (part.O)
• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → reciprocal object (recip.O)
ash ee- (postpositional pronoun) her; him; to | to them (the main character of a narrative or event) | third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
ash kadulyát yé (compound noun) playground | "the place people play" | a-sh + ka-du-l-√yát + yé → it.(3n.i)-instrumental + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l)-√child + place/way • (SE)
ash kudat’ájaa (compound noun) play ¹; swim | playing in the water (swimming); swimming (for fun) | a-sh + ka-u-da-√tʼách-aa → it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,∅)-√slap-one(s).(part.i) • (GD)
ash kushx̱ʼílʼaa (compound noun) play ¹; slide ³ | playing on slides; sliding | a-sh + ka-u-sh-√x̱ʼílʼ-aa → it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,sh)-√slip-one(s).(part.i) • (GD)
ash koolchʼéitʼaa (compound noun) play ¹; basketball | playing basketball | a-sh + ka-u-l-√chʼéitʼ-aa → it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,sh)-√ball-one(s).(part.i) • (SN)
ash koolg̱eig̱áchʼ (compound noun) play ¹; swing | play on swings | a-sh + ka-u-l-√g̱éiḵ-áchʼ → it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√swing.? • (SN)
ash koolg̱íx̱ʼjaa (compound noun) play ¹; violin | playing violin (or other similar stringed instrument with a bow) | a-sh + ka-u-l-√g̱íx̱ʼ-ch-aa → it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√creak.habitual-one(s).(part.i) • (SN)
ash koolkítsʼaa (compound noun) play ¹; seesaw | play on seesaw | a-sh + ka-u-l-√kítsʼ-aa → it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√rock-one(s).(part.i) • (SN)
ash koolkʼéinaa (compound noun) play ¹; jump; twirl | play at jumping or twirling round | a-sh + ka-u-l-√kʼéin-aa → it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√jump-one(s).(part.i) • (SN)
ash koolḵʼíshaa (compound noun) play ¹; baseball | playing baseball | a-sh + ka-u-l-√ḵʼish-aa → it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,sh)-√bat-one(s).(part.i) • (SN, JL)
ash kooltág̱aa (compound noun) billiards; pool (billiards) | playing pool, billiards | a-sh + ka-u-du-l-√táḵ-aa → it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l)-√poke-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
ash kooltʼáaxʼaa (compound noun) play ¹; marbles | playing marbles | a-sh + ka-u-l-√tʼáaxʼ-aa → it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√flick-one(s).(part.i) • (SN)
ash koolyát (compound noun) play ¹ | playing (esp. active games) | a-sh + ka-u-l-√yát → it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√child • (SN)
ash koolyát saa (compound noun) nickname; name ² | nickname; "play name" | a-sh + ka-u-l-√yát + saa → it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√child + name • (EM)
ash koosḵúx̱aa (compound noun) play ¹; boat ² | playing boats (esp. toy boats) | a-sh + ka-u-s-√ḵúx̱-aa → it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,s)-√go-(by boat or car)-one(s).(part.i) • (SN)
at ¹ (object pronoun) something | fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • used to indicate that an unspecified thing is the pronoun, and is best translated as "something" • as an object can signal the unidentified as in « at x̱waa.áx̱ » (i hear something), or can create special meanings as an object verbs, such as: « adaná » (they are drinking it) and « at daná » (they are drinking alcohol) • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object (1s.O)
• haa | us [object] → first person plural object (1p.O)
• i- | you [object] → second person singular object (2s.O)
• yee | you all [object] → second person plural object (2p.O)
• ∅- ⁓ a- | them → third person object (3.O)
• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• ash | this person [object] → third person proximal object (3prx.O)
• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person human object (4h.O)
• at | something [object] → fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)
• aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (part.O)
• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → reciprocal object (recip.O)
at ² (relational pronoun) somethingʼs | fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
at ashoowatán (verbal noun) mean ²; signify; denote; simile | mean something; signify something; denote something | (NR, NS) • at + a-shu-ÿu-ÿa-√tán → something.(4n.O) + a.theme.end.perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√tán
at áatʼláni (compound noun) • variants: átʼláni • food; drink ²; seafood | cold food; cold drink; raw seafood | at + √áatʼ-láni → something.(4n.O) + √cold.[??] • (JL)
at chʼéx̱ʼdi (verbal noun) cursor | "points at something"; cursor (on computer) | at + ∅-√chʼéx̱ʼ-t-i → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√point • (HC, FS)
at danáayi (verbal noun) drunk ¹; drunkard | "drinking something" | at + da-√náa-yi → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(d,∅)-√drink-relational • (KE)
at dáli (verbal noun) weight ²; pound ² | a certain measure of weight; pound (weight unit) | at + ∅-√dál-i → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√be-heavy-relational • (JL)
at daakayéx̱aa lítaa (compound noun) • variants: et daakeyéx̱aa lítaa • knife | curved carving knife (for making different leveled planes); "the one that planes around it" | at + daa-ka-∅-√yéx̱-aa + √lít-aa → something.(4n.O) + around-horizontal-clasifier.(∅).make/plan-one(s).(part.i) + √slide-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
at daayí (compound noun) birch | "somethingʼs bark" | at + daayí → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + bark • (KE)
at daayí ḵákw (compound noun) basket; birch | birch bark basket; "somethingʼs bark basket" | at + daayí + ḵákw → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + bark + basket • (KE)
at daa.ideidí (compound noun) frame; shell | frame; its shell (as of a building); "thing of somethingʼs body" | at + daa.-it-át-í → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + body/around-remnant-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
at dultʼéexʼ (verbal noun) cast ² | cast (to help set a broken bone) | at + du-l-√tʼéexʼ → something.(4n.O) + someone.(4n.S)-classifier.(d,l)-√frozen/hard • (JL)
at duxáshgu (verbal noun) tongue | "cut from something"; tongues cut out for an íx̱tʼ | in order to gain spiritual power, an íx̱tʼ would fast regularly, and if it were meant to be an animal would present itself and then die in front of the fasting íx̱tʼ, who would then cut the tongue and keep it in a pouch, thus gaining spiritual power by having that animal as a « yeik » (spirit helper) | (JL)
At Gadax̱ít Dísi (compound noun) • variants: X̱aayáḵw Dísi, Dlix̱aayáx̱w Dísi • June; month | June; "breeding month" | when animals give birth (breed) | (NR)
At Gadax̱ít Yinaa Dísi (compound noun) May; month | May; "month before breeding" | before the animals give birth | (NR)
at gas.ee sʼaatí (compound noun) chef | at + ga-s-√ee + sʼaatí → something.(4n.O) + self.benefactive-cl.(d,s)-√cook + master • (FS)
At Gataa Dísi (compound noun) • variants: X̱áat Dísi • July; month | July; "fat month" | when the animals are fat | (NR)
at gutu.ádi (compound noun) animal | animal in the woods; animal that walks on land | at + gú-tú-át-i → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + base-inside-thing.(4n.i)-relational
at gutu.ádi déili (compound noun) shelter | animal shelter | at + gú-tú-át-i + déil-i → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + base-inside-thing.(4n.i)-relational + shelter-relational • (FS)
at gutú (landform) woods; bush ¹; brush ¹; underbrush; wilderness; forest | "inside the base of something" | (KE) • at + gú-tú → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + base-inside • variants: at gatú (T), et getú (C) •
at ee- (postpositional pronoun) something | (to) something | fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
at éewu (verbal noun) food | cooked food | at + ∅-√.ée(w)-u → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√cook-relational • (JL)
at kachʼáakʼu (verbal noun) carver | "carves something" | at + ka-∅-√chʼáakʼw-u → something.(4n.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√carve-design/incise-relational • (KE)
at kahéeni (compound noun) juice | at + ka-héen-i → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + on.water.(possessive) • (KE)
at kasayé (verbal noun) strange | something strange | at + ka-sa-√yé → something.(4n.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(s)-√strange • (JL)
at katáxʼaa (verbal noun) pliers | "the one that something" | at + ka-√táxʼ-aa → something.(4n.O) + horizontal-√bite-one(s).(part.i) • (KE) • variants: kakatáxʼaa •
at katé (verbal noun) bullet | at + ka-∅-√té → something.(4n.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√rock • (KE)
at kax̱útʼti (verbal noun) wood | wood chips (from adzing) | at + ka-∅-√x̱útʼ-t-i → something.(4n.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√chop/chip-repetitive-relational • (JL)
at ka.áax̱u (verbal noun) wrapping | wrappings (for a present or something bundled and tied) | at + ka-∅-√.áax̱w-u → something.(4n.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√bundle/wrap-relational • (JL)
at káx̱ adéli (verbal noun) • variants: adéli • guard ²; watchman | "protects something" | at + ká-x̱ + a-∅-√dél-i → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + on.at-(repeatedly) + it/them.(3.O)-classifier.(∅)-√protect-relational • (KE)
at kaawaxúkw (verbal noun) dried | dried thing, esp. food; "something was dried" | at + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√xúkw → something.(4n.O) + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√dry
at kaayí (verbal noun) wood | cord (of wood); "something measured" | literally, measure of something [i.e. firewood] | at + √kaay-í → something.(4n.O) + √measure-relational • tléixʼ et kaayí → one cord (of wood) (JL)
at kuna.áaḵw (compound noun) | at kuna.áag̱u plan; directions; commandment; suggestion | at + ka-u-na-∅-√.áaḵw → something-(4h.O) + horizontal-irrealis-na.con-classifier.(∅)-√command • (JL)
at kookeidí (compound noun) parable | "a thing that is measured against something" | at + ka-ÿu-∅-√kaay-át-i → something.(4n.O) + compare.perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√measure.something-(4n.i)-relational • (NR, JL, KE)
at kwéiyi (compound noun) cone | traffic cone; training cone | at + kwéiy-i → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + marker-relational
at kʼé (verbal noun) good | good thing | at + ∅-√kʼé → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√good • (JL)
at layeix̱ sʼaatí (compound noun) carpenter | "master builder" | at + la-√yeix̱ + sʼaatí → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(l)-√make/use + boss/master • (KE)
at la.át (verbal noun) baggage; luggage; suitcase | things, stuff packed up for carrying | áa-t la.√.át ² → there-around clasifier.(l)-√carry-(personal belongings) • at la.át ashayalihéin → he has many pieces of baggage (SN) • (KE)
at luxʼaaḵáawu (compound noun) troublemaker | "person at the point of something" | at + lú-xʼaa-ḵáa-wu → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + noise/point.tip.someone-(4h.i)-relational • (KE)
at nané (verbal noun) art | this phrase has been translated as "an iconic event" which refers to an event that results in a clan claiming an image for a crest | at na-∅-√né → something.(4n.O) na.cn-classifier.(∅)-√do/work
at natéeyi (verbal noun) hunter | at + na-∅-√tée-yi → something.(4n.O) + na-cn-classifier.(∅)-√carry-(general/compact)?-relational • (JL)
at sag̱ahaayí (verbal noun) will; wish ² | will; wish(es); "something one wills to do" | that one wants to do or to have happen | at + sa-g̱a-∅-√haa-yí → something.(4n.O) + voice.g̱a-md-classifier.(∅)-√willing-relational • (KE, JL)
at sax̱án (verbal noun) love | love (of things); love (of everything) | at + sa-√x̱án → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(s)-√love • (KE)
at sʼaan.ax̱w dzáas (compound noun) spear ² | spear which binds rope around a seal; "thonging that wraps up limbs" | this spear was invented by a small beaver in Basket Bay | at + sʼaan-∅-√.áx̱w + dzáas → something.(4n.O) + limb-classifier.(∅)-√tie-up/wrap-up + thonging • (KE)
at sʼéilʼi (compound noun) rag | rags (for cleaning or wiping)
at shax̱ishdi dzáas (compound noun) spear ² | spear for clubbing; "clubbing something on the head thonging" | at + sha-∅-√x̱ish-t-i + dzáas → something + head-classifier.(∅)-√club-repetitive-relational + babiche/thonging • (KE)
at shí (verbal noun) singing; song; music | at + ∅-√shí → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√sing • (KE)
at shí ḵóok (compound noun) radio; phonograph; stereo; music box; ipod; music device | "song box" | at + ∅-√shí + ḵóok → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅-–i)-√sing + box • (KE)
at sheexʼí (verbal noun) singer; choir | singers | at + ∅√shée-xʼ-i → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√sing.[plural]-relational • (KE) • variants: et shéexʼi (C) •
at sheeyí (verbal noun) singer | at + ∅√shée-yi → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√sing-relational • (KE)
at shooḵ (verbal noun) laughter | at + ∅-shooḵ → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√laugh/smile • (KE)
at tugáni (compound noun) gunpowder | "burns something inside" | at + tu-∅-√gán-i → something + inside-classifier.(∅)-√burn/light-relational • (KE)
at tux̱ʼwánsʼi (compound noun) buckshot | "something rotted to powder" | at + tu-∅-√x̱ʼwán-sʼ-i → something + inside-classifier.(∅)-√rot-to-powder-repetitive-relational • (KE)
at tʼaa.éexʼi (verbal noun) town crier | "yells something to the landward side" | at + tʼáa-∅-√.éexʼ-i → something.(4n.O) + landward-side-classifier.(∅)-√shout/call-out-relational (JL)
at tsʼíkʼwti (verbal noun) muscle; pincher | "pinches something"; muscle that opens and closes the shell of a shellfish | at + ∅-√tsʼíkʼw-t-i → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√pinch-repetitive-relational • (JL)
at uhéini (verbal noun) • variants: at uhéin • claim; property; crest ² | claimed property; that which is claimed or willed | particularly a crest or other totem claimed by a clan | at + wu-∅-√héin-i → something.(4n.O) + perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√claim-relational • (JL)
at wujaaḵw (verbal noun) accomplishment | "something that is fitting" | at + wu-∅-√jaaḵw → something.(4n.O) + perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√fitting
at wulyáaḵw (verbal noun) simile; comparison | at + wu-la-√yáaḵw → something.(4n.O) + perfective-clasifier.(l)-√compare/represent-as • (JL)
at wulyú (compound noun) speech | public speaking; "something declared publicly" | (NR, HC, DK) • at + ÿu-l-√yú → something-(4h.O) + perfective-clasifier.(d,l)-√declare/speak-publicly-(?) • variants: ḵaankageetxʼ yoo x̱ʼawditaaní •
at wuskú yís át ḵuwduwateen (compound noun) field trip | "traveling around for knowledge" | at + ÿu-sa-√kú + yís + aa-t + ḵu-ÿu-du-ÿa-√teen → something-(4h.O) + perfective-clasifier.(s)-√know + for-(benefit) + there.around + areal.perfective-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅,i)-√travel • (GD, MD)
at wuskóowu (verbal noun) person; elder | elder; knowledgeable person; wisdom bearer; "knows something" | at + ÿu-s-√kóo-wu → something.(4n.O) + perfective-clasifier.(d,s)-√know-relational
at wooskú daakahídi (compound noun) • variants: ; áxʼ ḵaa ée at dultóow yé, sgóon, shgóon • school | "house around wisdom" | (KE) • at ÿu-s-√kú + daaká-hít-i → something.(4n.O) + perfective-clasifier.(d,s)-√know + around-outside.house-relational
at xáshdi téel (compound noun) moccasin | "something cut up shoe" | (KE) • at + ∅-√xásh-t-i + téel → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√cut/saw-repetitive-relational + shoe • variants: keish téel (Y) •
at xáshdi xʼóow (compound noun) blanket | blanket sewn from scraps of hide; "something cut up blanket" | at + ∅-√xásh-t-i + xʼóow → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√cut/saw-repetitive-relational + blanket • (KE)
at xʼaan aaní (compound noun) fish camp; camp for drying fish | "something dried by smoke land" | at + ∅-√xʼaan + aan-i → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√dry-by-smoking-(fish) + land-(inhabited)-relational • (CG)
at xʼaan hídi (compound noun) • variants: et xʼaan hídi (C), sʼeiḵ hídi (T), sʼeiḵ daakahídi, sʼeiḵ daakéedi (C) • smokehouse | "something dried by smoke house" | at + ∅-√xʼaan + híd-i → something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√dry-by-smoking-(fish) + house-relational • (KE)
at x̱aagú shakee.át (compound noun) claw; headdress | claw headdress | at + x̱aagw-ú + shakée-át → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + claw-relational + on-head-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
at x̱ʼawóosʼ (verbal noun) • variants: ḵaa x̱ʼawóosʼ • question | at + x̱ʼa-∅-√wóosʼ → something.(4n.O) + mouth-classifier.(∅)-√ask • (JL)
at x̱ʼéeshi (compound noun) fish: dryfish | thinly cut and dried fish • possibly from a neighboring Na-Dene Northern Athabascan language | (KE) • variants: at duwax̱ʼéeshi •
at yahaayí xʼúxʼ kshaxeet (compound noun) art | art; drawing; painting; "writing the image of something" | « ḵaa yahaayí kshaxeet » is the act of drawing, painting, and making non-sculptural art; « at yahaayí xʼúxʼ kshaxeet » is an artifact from drawing, painting, and making non-sculptural art | at+ yahaayí + xʼúxʼ ka-sha-√xeet → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + image/shadow + paper/membrane + horizontal-clasifier.(sh)-√furrow/write • (GD)
at yana.á (verbal noun) fish ¹; run ⁴; migrate | fish run, migration | at + ya-na-∅-√.á → something.(4n.O) + vertical-na.con-classifier.(∅)-√migrate-(of fish) • (KE)
at yanáag̱u (verbal noun) bait | at + ya-∅-√náaḵw-u → something.(4n.o) + vertical-classifier.(∅)-√bait-relational • (GD)
at yawusḵá (verbal noun) promise | "something told" | at + ya-ÿu-sa-√ḵá → something.(4n.O) + vertical-perfective-clasifier.(s)-√say/tell • (JL)
at yátxʼi daa yoo at kooneik ḵáa (compound noun) advocate | court appointed special advocate; "doing on behalf of children" | at yátxʼi + daa + yoo + at + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√nei-k + ḵáa → children + around/about + to/fro + something.(4n.O) + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√do/work-on-repetitive + person.(4h.i) • (GD, MD)
at yáa awuné (verbal noun) • variants: yáa at wooné • respect | at + yáa + a-wu-∅-√né → something-(4n.r) + along + + a.theme.irrealis-classifier.(∅)-√respect
atkʼátskʼu (compound noun) child | adolescent | at-kʼátskʼu → its.(4n.r).adolescent/small • (KE)
atxaayí (compound noun) centipede | (KE)
atx̱a át (compound noun) moth | "thing that eats something" | at-∅-√x̱a + át → something.(4n.O)-classifier.(∅)-√eat + thing-(4n.i) • (KE, JL) • variants: naa.át ax̱a át •
atx̱á (verbal noun) food; meal | "thing eaten" | at-∅-√x̱á → something.(4n.O)-cl.(∅)-√eat • (KE)
atx̱á áxʼ yéi daadunéi yé (compound noun) counter | kitchen counter | atx̱á + á-xʼ + yéi + ∅-daa-du-∅-√néi + yé → food + its.(3n.i)-at.(residing) + thus + it/them.(3.O)-around-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(∅)-√do/happen + place
atx̱á daakahídi (compound noun) restaurant; tavern | "building around food" | atx̱á + daaka-hít-i → food + around-outside.house-relational • (KE)
atx̱á jishagóon (compound noun) utensil; kitchen utensil | "food tool" | atx̱á + ji-shagóon → food + hand.components/parts • (KE)
atx̱aaxʼí sáani (verbal noun) snacks | "little things eaten" | át-√x̱á-xʼ-i + sáani → thing-√eat.[plural].[peg vowel].[diminutive] • (FW)
atyátxʼi (compound noun) children | “somethingʼs children” | this could be translated as "somethingʼs children" but always refers to human children. there has been debate about whether one « atyátxʼi » is human and « adátxʼi » is nonhuman but the consensus is that both were used for human children only | at + yát-xʼ-i → [somethingʼs.(4n.r) + child.pos] • (KE) • variants: adátxʼi, atyétxʼi (T), adétxʼi (T), edétxʼi (C) •
atyátxʼi latíni (compound noun) babysitter | “watches children” | (KE) • at + yát-xʼ-i + la-√tín-i → somethingʼs-(4h.r) + child.[plural]-relational + clasifier.(l)-√see-relational
at.óow (verbal noun) possession; clan | sacred clan-owned item; "something bought" | used to denote something that is owned by a clan and cannot be claimed by an individual • things that can be at.óow are names, houses, stories, songs, land, the image of animals and the supernatural, and objects made with the images of those things • at.óow may be jointly claimed by multiple clans, but use of at.óow that is not claimed by your clan is inappropriate unless proper permissions have been given • the children, grandchildren, and close relatives of clans would often be dressed in some of the most valuable at.óow of a clan that recognizes the relationship publicly | at-∅-√.óow → something.(4n.O)-classifier.(∅)-√buy
at.óow latíni (compound noun) clan; caretaker | clan caretaker of at.óow | at-∅-√.óow + la-√tín-i → something.(4n.O)-classifier.(∅)-√buy + clasifier.(l)-√see-relational
atskanée! (interjection) • variants: atsganée • scary! | (KE)
atsʼáts (noun) hawk; osprey | osprey; fish hawk; sea hawk | atsʼáts live on fish and build nests close to water
awliwás (verbal noun) dryfish, hard | "roasted dry fish" | a-ÿu-∅-li-√wás → them/it.(3.O).perfective-they.(3.S)-classifier.(l,i)-√roast/scorch-(by fire) • (KE)
ax̱ (relational pronoun) my | first person singular possessive pronoun (1s.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
ax̱ adée (interjection) oh goodness!
ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼé (kinship term) grandchild | my wonderful grandchild! | endearing term used when speaking lovingly to a grandchild | dachx̱án-√kʼé → grandchild-√good/fine • (DK)
ax̱ ee- (postpositional pronoun) me | to me; with me | first person singular postpositional (1s.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱aat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
ax̱áa (verbal noun) paddle | “paddler” | a-∅-√x̱áa ² → a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√paddle/row • (KE)
ayaheeyáa (compound noun) curlew | (KE)
ayáx̱ (particle) correct; right ² | often appears with « áwé » as in « ayáx̱ áwé » (thatʼs correct)
a.án (verbal noun) watch ¹; meditate; weather; navigate; forecast | watching the weather to forecast; watching the stars to navigate | a-∅-√án → a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√observe/meditate
á ¹ (particle) | [focus particle] | this particle puts focus on the previous word or phrase. • it is often heard when giving someone a name, and the name is said and repeated while "killing money;" the name is said followed immediately by « á! »
á ² (independent pronoun) ⑴ it || ⑵ there; reason; place; then | that place, time, reason, fact | third person nonhuman independent (3N.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • common suffix combinations are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length | (JC, KE, JL)
• ách [áa-ch] | because of it; with it
• aag̱áa [áa-g̱áa] | after it; following it
• aadáx̱ / aax̱ [áa-dáx̱] | from it; after it [that time]
• aadé [áa-dé] | towards it
• aan [áa-n] | with it
• anax̱ [áa-náx̱] | through it; along it
• át [áa-t] | arriving at it; at it
• áwu [áa-wu] | located at it
• áxʼ [áa-xʼ] | residing at it; located at it
• áx̱ [áa-x̱] | moving along it; repeatedly at it
á ³ (independent pronoun) her; him | them (a secondary character of a narrative or event) | third person obviate independent (3obv.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • "proximate third person represents the topic of discourse, the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or the person ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: 38) | (JC, KE)
ách ¹ (particle) because; so; therefore | because of that; therefore; so | áa-ch → it-because • (JL)
ách ² (particle) with it; using it | áa-ch → it.with-(instrumental) • (JC)
ách at dusx̱a át (compound noun) • variants: aan at dusx̱a át, ájudusx̱a.aa • fork | “thing a person eats with” | áa-ch + at + du-s-√x̱a + át → one(s).(part.i).erg-(inst) + something.(4n.O) + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s)-√eat + thing-(4n.i) • (KE)
ágé (particle) | [interrogative: marks yes/no questions] | this particle is used to turn any statement into a yes or no question • the placement of the particle is often determined by grammar, but at times is determined by what part of the phrase is being questioned | (KE) • variants: gé •
áhé (particle) this | this here (is) | á-hé → focus.particle-here • (KE)
ákhé (particle) is it this here? | á-gé-hé → [focus-particle].[yes/no question].here • (KE)
ákyá (particle) is it this right here? | á-gé-yá → [focus-particle].[yes/no question].right-here • (KE)
ákyú (particle) is it that way over there? | á-gé-yú → [focus-particle].[yes/no question].way-over-there • (KE)
ákwé (particle) is it that there? | á-gé-wé → [focus-particle].[yes/no question].there • (KE)
ánkʼw (noun) • variants: énkw (C) • brat; person | person who cries easily | (KE)
át ¹ (independent pronoun) something | fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • used to indicate that an unspecified thing is the pronoun; Like the fourth person human pronoun this one is often used as a placeholder in nouns and verbs. It alters a lot of words when used in a variety of forms. Keep an eye out for it as you build vocabulary, and you will see it is one of the most powerful words in Tlingit. For example: at.óow (sacred clan-owned item), at daná (they are drinking alcohol), and Daḵlʼaweidí [daḵ-lʼéiw-at-i] (Thing of the Inland Sand Bar – name of an Eagle-Killer Whale Clan). • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i)
• uháan | us → first person plural independent (1p.i)
• wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i)
• yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i)
• hú | they → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)
• hás | them all → third person plural independent (3p.i)
• á | it → third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)
• ash | this person → third person proximal independent (3prx.i)
• á | that other person → third person obviate independent (3obv.i)
• ḵáa | someone → fourth person human independent (4h.i)
• át | something → fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)
• aa | one, some → partitive independent (part.i)
• chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i)
• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → reciprocal independent (recip.i)
át ² (preverb) there; arriving | arriving there | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) | áa-t → there.at-(arriving) • (JC)
át ³ (preverb) around | moving around | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded) | áa-t → there.at-(moving around) • (JC)
át amdliseenín néekw (compound noun) • variants: át awdliseenín néekw • COVID | áa-t + a-ÿu-dli-√seen-ín + néekw → there-at.(moving) + a.theme-perfective-classifier.(d,l,i)-√hide-decessive + sick/hurt • (SaJ)
át kanduḵʼíshji (compound noun) hockey; baseball | batter in baseball; hockey player; "bats it around” | áa-t + ka-na-du-∅-√ḵʼísh-ch-i → there-at.(arrived) + horizontal-na.con-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√bat.rep.rel]
át kawdliyeeji át (compound noun) birds | áa-t + ka-ÿu-dli-√yeech-i + át → there-at.(around) + horizontal-perfective-cl.(d,l,i)-√fly.(plural)-attributive + thing.(4n.i) • (FS)
át ḵukawu.aag̱ú (verbal noun) director; planner; commander | "orders people around"; "directs people" | (KE) • variants: át at kawu.aag̱ú, ét et kawu.aag̱ú (C), ét ḵukawu.aag̱ú (C) •
át ḵoowsix̱óotʼi át (compound noun) bus | á-t + ḵu-ÿu-si-√x̱óotʼ-i + át → it-at.(arrived) + someone.(4h.O)-perfective-cl.(s,i)-√drag/haul-attributive + thing.(4n.i) • (FS)
át ḵoowsix̱óotʼi ḵáa (compound noun) bus; driver | bus driver | áa-t + ḵu-ÿu-∅-si-√x̱óotʼ-i + ḵáa → there-around + people.(4h.O)-perfective-they.(3.S)-cl.(s,i)-√drag-attributive + person
át sh kawdudziyéedi (verbal noun) accordion | "thing a person stretches apart" | át + sh + ka-ÿu-du-dzi-√yéet-i → something-(4n.i) + self.(rflx.O) + horizontal-perfective-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s,i)-√stretch-relational • (GD, MD)
át wudiḵeeni yaakw (compound noun) airplane | áa-t + wu-di-√ḵeen-i + yaakw → there-at.(around) + perfective-classifier.(d,∅,i)-√fly-attributive + canoe
át wududziḵux̱u át 1 (borrowed noun) • variants: káa • car; automobile | "thing that people drive around" | (KE) • áa-t + ÿu-du-dzi-√ḵux̱-u + át → there-at.(arrived) + perfective-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,s,i)-√go.(by boat or car)-attributive + thing-(4n.i)
át wududziḵux̱u át 2 (compound noun) car | át wududziḵux̱u át → áa-t + ∅-ÿu-du-dzi-√ḵux̱-u + át there-around + it/them.(3.O)-perfective-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(d,z,i)-√drive.(car/boat)-attributive +thing.(4h.i) • (FS)
át wududzix̱óotʼi (compound noun) baggage; luggage; suitcase | luggage or briefcase on wheels | áa-t la.√.át ² → there-around clasifier.(l)-√carry-(personal belongings) • at la.át ashayalihéin → he has many pieces of baggage (SN) • (FS)
át wulisʼéesi (verbal noun) kite | "blows around" | áa-t + ÿu-li-√sʼées-i → there.around + perfective-clasifier.(l,i)-√blown-(by wind)-relational • (GD, MD)
át yana.á (verbal noun) migration | fish migration | áa-t + ya-na-∅-√.á → there-at.(arrived) + vertical-na-cn-classifier.(∅)-√inspect/peer • (JL)
átdáx̱ ḵusahéix̱ át (compound noun) detergent; bleach | spot remover | át-dáx̱ ḵu-sa-√háa-x̱ át → something.(4n.i)-from areal-classifier.(s)-√move-in-mass-repetitive something.(4n.i) • (JL)
átkʼ aheen (verbal noun) faith; belief; trust; religion | "they believes it" | át-kʼ + a-∅-√heen → it-(4n.i).[locative] + a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√believe • (KE)
átkʼ aheení (verbal noun) believer | át-kʼ + a-∅-√heen → it-(4n.i).[locative] + a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√believe-relational • (KE)
átxʼi sáani (compound noun) thing; knickknacks | át-xʼ-i + sáani → thing.(4n.i)-plural-peg.vowel + plural.small • (SN)
átx̱ sateeyí át (compound noun) thing; important | important thing; thereʼs something important in it | át-x̱ sa-√tee-yí + át → thing-(4n.i).[locative] + clasifier.(s)-√be-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (GB)
átʼiweit (compound noun) pot | cooking pot; "cooking thing" | at-.√ée(w)-u-át → something.(4n.O)-√cook-relational-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
átʼláni (compound noun) slime | slime (inside clamshell); "raw seafood"; "cold food or drink" | √.áatʼ-láni → √cold.[?] • (JL)
áwé (particle) that | that there (is) | this particle is used often in Tlingit oratory and conversation to signal a pause or that the speaker intends to speak or continue speaking | á-wé → focus.particle-there
áwu (particle) located; at | located at it | áa-wu → it.located-at
áxʼ (particle) at; located | residing at it; located at it | áa-xʼ → there.at-(residing or at rest)
áxʼ ḵaa ée at dultóow yé (compound noun) • variants: sgóon; shgóon; at wooskú daakahídi • school | “place where people are taught there” | (KE) • áa-x + ḵaa + ée + at + du-l-√tóow + yé → there.at-(residing) + someoneʼs-(4h.r) + [empty base] + something.(4n.O) + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l)-√teach + place
áxʼ woosh kaanáx̱ wuduwa.aadi yé (compound noun) hall; community | community hall; gathering center | á-xʼ + woosh + ká-náx̱ + ÿu-du-ÿa-√aat-i + yé → its.(3n.i)-at.(residing) + reciprocal + on-through + perfective-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(i,∅)-√go/walk.(plural)-attributive + place
áx̱ ⑴ (particle) at | moving around at it; repeatedly arriving at | áa-x̱ → there.at-(moving around or arriving repeatedly) || ⑵ (preverb) | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded)
áx̱ sh kalgan sʼeenáa (compound noun) light ¹ | electric light | aa-x̱ + sh + ka-l-√gan + sʼeenáa → there.at-(repetitive) + self.(rflx.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√burn/light + light • (JL)
áyá (particle) this | this right here (is) | á-yá → focus.particle-right.here
áyú (particle) that | that way over there (is) | á-yá → focus.particle]-over.yonder
aa- (object pronoun) one ²; some | partitive object (part.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object (1s.O)
• haa | us [object] → first person plural object (1p.O)
• i- | you [object] → second person singular object (2s.O)
• yee | you all [object] → second person plural object (2p.O)
• ∅- ⁓ a- | them → third person object (3.O)
• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• ash | this person [object] → third person proximal object (3prx.O)
• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person human object (4h.O)
• at | something [object] → fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)
• aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (part.O)
• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → reciprocal object (recip.O)
aa ¹ (independent pronoun) one ²; some | partitive independent (part.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • used to refer to parts of a group or set, and can cover a wide range of meanings. In some cases, it can mean some general object, as in aadóo aayí sáyá? (whose thing is this?). In other cases, it can refer to a separated groups of things, as in daaḵw.aa sá? (which one of a group?). It often means the one or ones that perform a verb, and is used to create words in Tlingit. There are many of these, and you will see more as you study. Here are some examples: lítaa (knife; literally “the one that slides”), x̱út’aa (adze; literally “the one that chips out wood”), and ḵutlʼídaa (shovel; literally “the one that throws away a space”). • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i)
• uháan | us → first person plural independent (1p.i)
• wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i)
• yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i)
• hú | they → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)
• hás | them all → third person plural independent (3p.i)
• á | it → third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)
• ash | this person → third person proximal independent (3prx.i)
• á | that other person → third person obviate independent (3obv.i)
• ḵáa | someone → fourth person human independent (4h.i)
• át | something → fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)
• aa | one, some → partitive independent (part.i)
• chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i)
• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → reciprocal independent (recip.i)
aa ² (relational pronoun) oneʼs; someʼs | partitive possessive (part.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
aa ee- (postpositional pronoun) one ²; some | (to) one; (to) one | partitive postpositional (part.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
aa sá (question particle) • variants: aadóo sá • who; someone; somebody | when asking who is the subject of a verb, the ergative « -ch » often attaches to create « aadóoch » • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « aadóo sáyá » (who is this?), « aadóo sáwé? » (who is that?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | aadóo sá du jeewú? → who has it? • aadóoch sá aawax̱áa? → who ate it? • (JC,KE)
aaa (particle) • variants: aáa, áaa, aaá • yes | it is unclear whether the form used is dialect or personal preference; some forms may be influenced by the English "uh-huh"
aadáx̱ • variants: adax̱, aax̱ • ⑴ (particle) from; after; off | after it (that time); from it; off of it | áa-dáx̱ → it.from • (KE, JC) || ⑵ (preverb) | for handling verbs, refers to lifting an object off of something, creating a ga-conjugation motion verb (upwards) • for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded) | (JC)
aadé (preverb) ⑴ towards it | this particle has special functions when used as a preverb that is not denoting direction for a motion verb; it can direct one verb concept to another, or change the function of the verb in combination with other preverbs, suffixes, and postverbs, as in the examples below | áa-dé → it-towards • aadé awux̱aayi yé → the way they ate it • tlél aadé ag̱waax̱aayi yé → thereʼs no way they can eat it • x̱wasikóo aadé awux̱á → i know they ate it || ⑵ | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded) | aadé woogoot → they walked towards it • (JC)
aadé kdulxesʼ yé (verbal noun) garbage; dump ² | garbage dump; "place where people dump" | aa-dé + ka-du-l-√xáa-sʼ + yé → there.towards + horizontal-someone-classifier.(d,l)-√dump/pour.[in series] + place • (JL)
aadé [verb]-i yé (particle) | "the way the verb happened"; "how the verb happened"
aadóo sá (question particle) • variants: aa sá • who; someone; somebody | when asking who is the subject of a verb, the ergative « -ch » often attaches to create « aadóoch » • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « aadóo sáyá » (who is this?), « aadóo sáwé? » (who is that?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | aadóo sá du jeewú? → who has it? • aadóoch sá aawax̱áa? → who ate it? • (JC,KE)
aag̱áa (conjunction) then; after; following | at that time; after that; following that | used in speech to bridge events over time, or to move time forward in a narrative | (KE)
aag̱áa [verb]-i yé (particle) | "the time the verb happened"; "when the verb happened"
aahá (interjection) • variants: haahá • yes | yes (emphatic agreement) | (JL)
aakʼé– (adjective) good; fine | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun it modifies | aa-√kʼé → one(s)-(part.O)-√good/fine • (JC)
aan ⁓ a ee- (postpositional pronoun) it: (to) it | third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
aan ⁴ (noun) ⑴ land ¹; town; village; settlement | inhabited or owned land | (KE) || ⑵ ship | large boats were originally referred to as floating towns, but not any longer
aan ⁵ (postpositional pronoun) with; means | with it; by means of it; taking it along | postpositional pronoun: a + een ⁓ aan • (KE)
aan at dusx̱a át (compound noun) • variants: ách at dusx̱a át, ájudusx̱a.aa • fork | “thing a person eats with” | a-ee-n + at + du-s-√x̱a + át → its.(4n.r).[empty base].with + something.(4n.O) + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s)-√eat + thing-(4n.i) • (KE)
aan da.usʼgu át (compound noun) • variants: aan du.usʼ aa washéen • machine | washer; washing machine; "thing to wash with" | a-ee-n + da-√.usʼ-kw-u + át → its.(3n.r).[empty base].with + clasifier.(d,∅)-√wash-repetitive.[relative] + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
aan duḵéisʼi át (compound noun) sewing | sewing machine | a-een + du-∅-√ḵáa-sʼ-i + át → its.(4n.r) + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√sew.series-relational + something-(4h.i)
aan duskʼix̱ʼti át (compound noun) hook ² | crochet hook | a-ee-n + du-s-√kʼix̱ʼ-t-i + át → its.(3n.r).[empty-base].with + someone-classifier.(d,s)-√hook/gaff-repetitive-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
aan dutasʼ át (compound noun) pestle | pestle or stone used for pulverizing bark; "the thing to pulverize bark with | a-ee-n + du-∅-√tasʼ + át → its.(3n.r).[empty-base].with + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√pulverize-tree-bark + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
aan duxasʼ át (compound noun) scraper | "the thing to scrape with" | a-ee-n + du-√xasʼ + át → its.(3n.r).[empty-base].with + someone-√scrape + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
aan galaḵú (verbal noun) • variants: aan galḵú • flood ² | (KE) • aan + ga-la-√ḵú → land-(inhabited) + con-pre-classifier.(l)-√flood
aan eeg̱ayáak (landform) beach | the beach, shore below the town | aan + eeg̱ayáak → land-(inhabited) + downshore-from • (JL)
aan kaduskʼíx̱ʼti át (compound noun) | (A), aan duskʼíx̱ʼti át (T), aan kaduskʼéx̱ʼt hook ² | crochet hook; "thing a person hooks/gaffs with" | a-een + ka-du-s-√kʼíx̱ʼ-t-i + át → it.with + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s)-√hook/gaff-repetitive-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
aan kadusne át (compound noun) • variants: aan kedusne ét (C) • hook ²; needle ² | knitting needle; crocheting needle | a-ee-n + ka-du-s-√ne + át → its.(3n.r).[empty-base].with + ksf-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s)-√knit/weave + thing-(4n.ind) • (JL)
aan kadusxitgu át (compound noun) • variants: aan shakdusyeix̱ át • brush ² | hairbrush; "thing to furrow with" | a-ee-n + ka-du-s-√xit-kw-u + át → its.(3n.r).[empty-base].with + horizontal-someone.(4n.S)-classifier.(d,s)-√furrow/write-repetitive-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
aan kadusxítʼkw át (compound noun) brush ² | clothes brush | a-ee-n + ka-du-s-√xitʼ-kw-u + át → its.(3n.r)-[empty-base]-with + horizontal-someone.(4n.S)-classifier.(d,s)-√sweep-repetitive-relational + thing.(4n.i) • (SN)
aan kadusʼíxʼw át (compound noun) glue | "thing something is glued with" | → a-ee-n + ka-du-√sʼíxʼw + át its-(4n.P].[empty base].with + hsf.someone.√adhere-to + thing • (SE)
aan kadutʼix̱ʼ át (compound noun) • variants: aan kedutʼex̱ʼ át • pestle | pestle (for pounding); "thing to smash on" | a-ee-n + ka-du-∅-√tix̱ʼ + át → its.(3n.r).[empty-base].with + horizontal-someone.(4n.S)-classifier.(∅)-√smash/pound + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
aan kanáagu (compound noun) avens | largeleaf avens; large-leaved avens; “medicine on the land" | WARNING: arnica increases body temperature when taken internally, externally it acts as an antiseptic • possibly arnica species, especially A. amplexicaulus, A. latifolia, A. gracilis | aan + ka-náakw-u → land + on.medicine-relational • (KE, JL) ° (Geum macrophyllum Willd.) °
aan kayéx̱aa (compound noun) • variants: tʼáa keyéx̱aa • plane ² | plane for woodworking; "the one to whitlle with" | a-ee-n + ka-∅-√yéx̱-aa → its.(3n.r).[empty-base].with + horizontal-clasifier.(+–d,∅)-√make/construct/whittle-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
aan káxʼ duhoon nooch át (compound noun) trinket; merchandise | little things to sell | a-een + ká-xʼ + du-∅-√hóon + nooch + át → its.(3n.r) + on.at-(residing) + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√sell + always + thing-(4n.i) • (EM)
aan kwéiyi (compound noun) flag | “land marker" | (KE) • aan + √kwéi-yi → land-(inhabited) + √mark-relational
aan kwéiyi tugáasʼi (compound noun) flagpole | “housepost in the flag” | (KE) • aan + √kwéi-yi + tu-gáasʼ-i → land + √mark-relational + inside.housepost-relational
aan ḵoo dultóowu at kuna.áaḵw curriculum | a-een + ḵaa-ee + ∅-du-l-√tóow-u + at + ka-u-na-∅-√áaḵw → its.(3n.r).with + somoeneʼs-(4h.r).with + them/it-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l).read/count/teach-relational + thing-(4n.O) + horizontal-irrealis-na-cn-clasifier.(∅).-√try/plan/command • (FS)
aan ḵoo dultóowu át lesson | a-een + ḵaa-ee + ∅-du-l-√tóow-u + át → its.(3n.r).with + somoeneʼs-(4h.r).with + them/it-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l).read/count/teach-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (FS)
aan lingídi (compound noun) rich ²; person | rich woman; city person; "human of the land" | for example, the wife or sister of an « aanḵáawu » (rich man, king) | aan + lingít-i → land-(inhabited) + human-relational
aan sʼaatí (compound noun) mayor | “master of the land” | aan + sʼaatí → land + master • (KE)
aan sh daadu.úsʼgu át (compound noun) bathtub | a-een + sh + daa-du-∅-√.úsʼ-kw-u + át → its.(3n.r) + self.(rflx.O) + body-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(∅)-√wash-repetitive-relational + thing.(4n.i) • (FS)
aan shadux̱ishdi dzaas (compound noun) spear ² | spear for clubbing; "clubbing on the head with thonging" | (JL) • a-ee-n + sha-du-∅-√x̱ish-t-i + dzaas → its-(4n.P].[empty base].with + head.someone.(4n.S)-classifier.(∅)-√club-repetitive-relational + thonging
aan shakdusyeix̱ át (compound noun) • variants: aan kadusxitgu át • brush ² | hairbrush | a-een + sha-ka-du-s-√yaa-x̱ + át → its.(3n.r)-with + head-horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(d,s)-√spread-repetitive + thing.(4n.i) • (FS)
aan x̱ʼayee (landform) town; in | in a town; on the streets of a town; “beneath the mouth of town” | (KE) • aan + x̱ʼa-yee → land + mouth/opening.beneath
aan yaduxasʼ át (verbal noun) • variants: aan yeduxesʼ ét; aan yaduxasʼ lítaa; aan yatxasʼ at; ḵaayaxásʼaa • razor | “thing a person shaves with” | (KE) • a-ee-n + ya-du-∅-√xasʼ + át → somethingʼs.(4n.r).[empty base].with + vsf-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√scrape + thing-(4n.i) • variants: aan yatxasʼ át •
aan yadu.usʼgu jig̱wéinaa (compound noun) cloth; face ¹; rag; wash ²; towel | washcloth, washrag for washing the face; "handtowel to wash the face with" | a-ee-n + ya-du-∅-√.usʼ-kw-u + ji-√g̱óo-n-aa → its-[empty-base].with +vertical-someone.(4n.S)-classifier.(∅)-√wash-repetitive.[relative] + hand-√wipe.(progressive)-one(s).(part.i)
aan yax̱ʼáak (landform) ⑴ water | area on the open water in front of the town, village || ⑵ between | between towns | aan + ya-x̱ʼáak → land-(inhabited) + vertical-between
aan yádi (compound noun) • variants: aanyédi (C) • person | high class person; “child of the land” | used to refer to the high-caste people of a clan, often while visiting them allʼs territory | (KE) • aan + yát-i → [land + child.pos]
aan yátxʼi sáani (compound noun) • variants: aan yátxʼi, aan yétxʼi (C) • people ¹ | “little children of the land”; high class people; aristocrat | term of respect, often said to the people of a land where the speaker is visiting as a guest | (KE) • aan + yát-xʼi + sáani → [land + child.plr.pos + little (used in plural diminutive)] • variants: aan yátxʼu sáani •
aanáx̱ tléiḵw (compound noun) • variants: tlaḵwtlénxʼ; wasʼxʼaan tléig̱u • salmonberry | aa-náx̱ + tléiḵw → there.through/along + berry • (JL) ° (Rubus spectabilis) °
aandaat kanahík (verbal noun) • variants: aandaat kanaheek; aandaat kanahígi; aandaat kanahík; aandaat keneheek • monkey | "goes all over on the ship" | (KE, JL) • aan-daat + ka-na-∅-√hík → land-(inhabited).about + horizontal-ns-cp.[classifier]-√run/jump(?) • variants: aandaat kanahígi (T), aandaat kanaheek (At), aandaat keneheek (C) • ° (Family Cebidae and Family Cercopithecidae) °
aandaat kanahík atx̱aayí (compound noun) banana | "monkey food" | aan-daat + ka-na-∅-√hík + at-√x̱á-yí → land-(inhabited).about + horizontal-ns-cp.[classifier]-√run/jump(?) + something.(4n.O)-√eat-relational
aandaatóox (compound noun) bedbug | "stomps around the land" | aan-daa-√tóox → land-(inhabited).around-√stamp-feet • (JL)
aandaayaagú (compound noun) rowboat | “boat around the land” | (KE) • aan-daa-yaakw-u → land-(inhabited).around-canoe/boat-relational
Aangóon (placename) Angoon | “Village Isthmus” | aan + góon → land/village + portage/passage-across-it/isthmus (KE, TT) • (KE, TT)
aankadushxit át (verbal noun) • variants: aan ḵukdushxit át • camera | “thing a person writes/photos/x-rays with” | a-ee-n + ka-du-sh-√xit + át → somethingʼs.(4n.r).[empty base].with + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-[classifier]-√write thing-(4n.i) • (KE, SN)
aanká (landform) town | downtown; in town | aan-ká → land-(inhabited).on • (JL)
aanḵáawu (compound noun) rich ²; chief; king | rich person; person of wealth; “person of the land” | plural form: aanḵáaxʼu | aan + ḵáa-wu → [land + person.rel] • (KE)
aansaganeit (compound noun) firecracker | "thing that burns with it" | a-een-sa-√gan-i-át → its.(3n.r).with-classifier.(s)-√burn/light-relational-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
Aanshookahíttaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the House on the End of Town"; Origin: Prince of Wales | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration • Teiḵweidí Group | aan-shú-ká-hít-taan → land-(inhabited).end.on.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Heinyaa Ḵwáan
• Aanshooká Hít | End of Town House
aantḵeení (compound noun) people ¹; crowd ² | townspeople; crowd or large group of people; “seated on the land” | (KE) • aan-t + √ḵee-n-i → [land-(inhabited).at-(arrived) + √seated/situated.(stem-var)-relational]
Aanx̱ʼaakhíttaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the House in the Middle of the Village"; Origin: Angoon | Raven/Crow Moiety • Lʼeeneidí Mirgration • Primary Crest: Dog Salmon • Secondary Crests: Raven, Eagle, Gull | aan-x̱ʼaak-hít-taan → land-(inhabited).ravine.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan
• Aanx̱ʼaak Hít | Middle of Town House
• Yanxoon Hít | Logjam House
aas (noun) tree | in Sitka, « shéiyi » is often used for “tree” | (KE)
aas daax̱eeshí (compound noun) lichen | lichen which grows on spruce bark; "foam around the tree" | aas + daa-x̱eesh-í → tree + around-foam-relational • (JL) ° (Stricta pulmonaria (L.) Bir.) °
aas dlágwaa (compound noun) • variants: dlágwaa • peavy | aas + √dlákw-aa → tree + √scratch-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
aas hít (compound noun) cabin | log cabin | aas + hít → tree + house • (JL)
aas jiseiyí (compound noun) • variants: aas seiyí (At) • tree; shelter | “in the shelter of the treeʼs arms”; the shelter of a tree | aas + ji-seiyí → tree + hand/arm.shelter/area-below • (KE)
aas katláx̱di (plant part) branch; tree | dry tree branches (still on the tree); "moldy tree" | aas + ka-∅-√tláx̱-t-i → tree + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√moldy-relational • (JL)
aas keg̱ítaa (plant part) needle ¹; pine; spruce | conifer needle (spruce, pine) | needles of conifer tree | aas + ka-g̱ítaa → tree + on.tree-needles • (JL)
aas kʼóox̱ʼu (plant part) • variants: aasdaakʼóox̱ʼu • pitch | tree pitch | specifically tree pitch and not the metal lead or chewing gum | (JL)
aas kʼwátʼi rot ² | small red ball nested inside dry rot | looks like kidney pills; is kept for good luck
Aas Ḵwáani (compound noun) Tree People; forest; woods | "People of the Trees" | this term is used ceremonially, often when speaking to the spirits of the trees | (KE) • aas + ḵwáan-i → [tree + people-of.rel]
aas ḵʼaluká (landform) timberline | "mouth of the ridge trees" | aas + ḵʼa-lu-ká → tree + mouth.nose/point.on • (JL)
aas ḵʼíshaa (compound noun) knot ¹; puck | tree knot used for making puck; "tree bat (for hitting)" | aas + √ḵʼísh-aa → tree + bat/hit-(with bat) • (JL)
aas seiyí (compound noun) • variants: aas jiseiyí • shelter; tree | the shelter of a tree | aas + seiyí → tree + shelter • (JL)
aas tutlʼúkʼx̱u (compound noun) • variants: gantutlʼúkʼx̱u • worm | woodworm; "worm inside the tree" | aas + tu-tlʼúkʼx̱-u → tree + inside.worm-relational
aas yádi (compound noun) • variants: aas yédi, asyádi • tree; sapling | “tree child” | (KE) • aas + yát-i → [tree + child.pos]
aas yík (compound noun) tree | in the tree | aas + yík → tree + in-(shallow container) • (JL)
aasdaacháni (compound noun) mistletoe | "odor around the tree" | ? | aas-daa-√chán-i → tree.around-√stink/odor-relational • (JL)
aasdaag̱áadli (compound noun) fungus | bracket fungus; conks; tree fungus; “cracker around the tree” | originally just « g̱áatl », which now means "pilot bread" | (KE, JL) • aas + –daa + g̱áatl-i → tree + around + cracker-relational ° (Polyporus applanatus) °
aasdaag̱oodlí (plant part) • variants: aasdaag̱údli • burl; tumor | burl, tumor in a tree | aas-daa-g̱ootl-í → tree.around-bump-relational • (JL)
aasdaakʼóox̱ʼu (plant part) pitch | “pitch around the tree” | (KE) • aas + –daa + kʼóox̱ʼ-u → [tree + around + pitch.rel]
aasdaakʼwátʼi mitten; ball; glove | decorative fur balls on mitten strings; "eggs around the tree" | aas-daa-kʼwátʼ-i → tree.around-egg-relational • (JL)
aasdaasʼóosʼani (compound noun) • variants: aasdaasʼóosʼeni (C) • cone; spruce | pine cone, spruce cone | (JL)
aasdaasheeyí (compound noun) • variants: sheey • branch; limb | limb, primary branch; "limb around a tree" | aas-daa-sheey-í → tree.around-limb-relational
aasdaaxʼéesʼi (compound noun) burl; tumor | tumor in a tree, with branches growing from it; “tangled mound around the tree” | looks like aasdaag̱údli but itʼs branches | (JL) • aas-daa-√xʼéesʼ-i → tree.around-√tangle-relational
aasgutug̱ayḵí (noun) • variants: kʼákw, aasgutuyikhéix̱waa, kóoshdaa yéigi • owl | barred owl | a spiritually powerful animal that is connected to the « kóoshdaa » (land otter) and is known by multiple names • seeing one can be a sign of something to come, and killing one has been known to drive one to suicide • the name « aasgutug̱ayḵí » (you all sit in the woods!) comes from the call of the owl • some speakers translate this, especially in the Yéil Ḵutláakw (Raven Cycles) as "hawk" • the name « kóoshdaa yéigi » (land otterʼs spirit helper) comes from a Kooshdaaḵáa story | (KE, GD, IdC, IC) ° (Strix varia) °
aasgutug̱ílʼi (compound noun) outcrop; rock ¹ | rock outcropping in forest, woods | (JL)
aasgutuyikhéix̱waa (noun) • variants: kʼákw, aasgutug̱ayḵí, kóoshdaa yéigi • owl | barred owl | a spiritually powerful animal that is connected to the « kóoshdaa » (land otter) and is known by multiple names • seeing one can be a sign of something to come, and killing one has been known to drive one to suicide • the name « aasgutug̱ayḵí » (you all sit in the woods!) comes from the call of the owl • some speakers translate this, especially in the Yéil Ḵutláakw (Raven Cycles) as "hawk" • the name « kóoshdaa yéigi » (land otterʼs spirit helper) comes from a Kooshdaaḵáa story | (KE, GD, IdC, IC) ° (Strix varia) °
aasgutuyiksháa (compound noun) ⑴ spider | "women in the woods" | aas-gutú-yík-sháa → tree.forest.in-(shallow container).women || ⑵ beetle ° Cychrus longicolli °
aasgutuyik.ádi (compound noun) spider | "thing in the woods" | aas-gutú-yík-át-i → tree.forest.in-(shallow container)-thing-(4n.i)-relational • DRJ
aasgutuyík (compound noun) noise; sound; tree; woods | aasgutuyík; sound or noise in the woods, forest, trees | aas-gutú-yík → tree.forest.in-(shallow container) • (JL)
aasgutú (landform) • variants: aasgatú, aasgetú (C) • forest; woods; timber | forest; timbered area; "inside the base of the tree(s)" | (KE) • aas + gú-tú → tree + base.inside
aaslʼixʼnáakw (compound noun) medicine | type of medicine; "broken tree medicine" | (JL) • aas-√lʼixʼ-náakw → tree-√break-(stick-like object).medicine
aasxʼí sáani chookán (compound noun)
aashát (noun) trout | steelhead trout | (JL) ° (Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii) °
–aat (kinship term) aunt | paternal aunt (opposite clan) | in Tlingit kinship, the term for a paternal aunt is used for all females of a fatherʼs clan who is in the same generation as the father. This term can also extend to any women of the opposite moiety who are of the fatherʼs generation as an expression of personal closeness. • can be used to show personal closeness with a female member of the opposite clan who is not necessarily the fatherʼs same clan | (KE)
aatagwéixʼi (compound noun) lily; pond | pond lily; "pokes out of the lake bottom" | áa-táa(k)-√góo-xʼ-i → lake.bottom-√penetrate-(by poking)-repetitive-relational • (JL) ° (Nuphar polysepalum) °
aatayádi • variants: aateyédi • bird; person | mythical bird or little person that lives in a lake; "lake bottom child" | looks like a snipe (séitaa) but bigger, has a needle-shaped beak • in the Tlʼanaxéedáḵw story, this bird was teased by young boys at Áakʼw, and then returned to pluck the eyes out of the villagers
aatx̱ kéi dushkʼéin tʼáa (compound noun) diving | diving board
–aatʼasháa (kinship term) • variants: aatʼesháa (C) • sibling; in-law | sibling-in-law (opposite gender & moiety) | opposite moiety & opposite gender • in Tlingit kinship, this would be the sisters of a maleʼs wife or the brothers of a femaleʼs husband • the proper respect and treatment of in-laws, especially in public, is a vital part of Tlingit culture | (JL, JC)
aatlein– (adjective) much; lots | a great amount | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | (JL)
aax̱ • variants: aadáx̱, adax̱ • ⑴ (particle) after | after it (that time) | áa-dáx̱ → it.from • (KE) || ⑵ (preverb) from | from it | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded) | (JC) || ⑶ off | off of it | for carrying motion verbs, refers to lifting on object off of something, creating a ga-conjugation motion verb (upwards)
–aax̱gwalʼí (relational noun) strap ²; towline | towline of –; strap of – | string for tying bag, also might be « kagwálʼi / kagwálʼaa » | (JL)
aayádi (compound noun) • variants: aayátxʼi, x̱ʼéen yátxʼi • humpy; salmon | small humpy salmon; "lake child" | áa-yádi → lake.child
áa ¹ (landform) lake | (KE)
áa ² (noun) ⑴ it; there; place; then | that thing, time, or place | refers to something that is already known or has recently been communicated || ⑵ reason; fact | that fact or reason | common suffix combinations are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length | (KE)
• ách [áa-ch] | because of it; with it
• aag̱áa [áa-g̱áa] | after it; following it
• aadáx̱ / aax̱ [áa-dáx̱] | from it; after it [that time]
• aadé [áa-dé] | towards it
• aan [áa-n] | with it
• anax̱ [áa-náx̱] | through it; along it
• át [áa-t] | arriving at it; at it
• áwu [áa-wu] | located at it
• áxʼ [áa-xʼ] | residing at it; located at it
• áx̱ [áa-x̱] | moving along it; repeatedly at it
áa ash kadulyádi yé (compound noun) park | park; playground; "place where people play" | áa + a-ch + ka-du-l-√yát-i + yé → there + its-(3n.i).[instrumental] + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l)-√child + place • (SE)
áa ashkadulyát eedí (compound noun) gymnasium | áa + ash-ka-du-l-√yát + eet-í → there + play-horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(d,l)-√child + remains-relational • (FS)
áa at dux̱á yé (compound noun) dining room | áa + at + du-∅-√x̱á + yé → there + something.(4.O) + someone.(4h.S)-cl.(∅)-√eat + place • (FS)
áa ax̱éixʼw yé (compound noun) bedroom | áa + a-∅-√x̱éixʼw + yé → there + someone.(4h.O)-cl.(∅)-√sleep.(plural) + place • (FS)
áa kagáaxu (compound noun) • variants: hinyikgáaxu • duck; goldeneye | goldeneye duck; "duck on the lake" | some speakers translate this is "duck up the river" | áa + ka-gáaxw-u → lake + on.duck-relational • (JL) ° (Bucephala clangula/islandica?) °
áa ká (landform) lake | on the lake | áa + ká → lake + on • (JL)
áa ḵuyadujee yé (verbal noun) jail | “the punishing people place” | (KE) • áa + ḵu-ya-du-∅-√jee + yé → [there + someone-(4h.O).vsf-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√awful/terrible + place]
áa sháak (landform) lake | head of a lake | áa + sháak → lake + head-(of body of water) • (JL)
áa shú (landform) lake | lower end of the lake | especially but not necessarily the end of the head of the lake | áa + shú → lake + end • (JL)
áa táak (landform) lake | bottom of lake | áa + táak → lake + bottom-of/submerged-in • (JL)
áa tug̱úḵlʼi (compound noun) whitefish | mountain whitefish | (JL) • áa + tu-g̱úḵlʼ-i → lake + inside.swan-relational ° (Prosopium williamsoni) °
Áa Tlein (region name) Atlin | "Big Lake" | (KE, TT)
Áa Tlein Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Atlin Area; "People of the Big Lake" | Included Communities: Atlin | (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Yanyeidí | People of Hemlock House; People of the Mainland
• Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar
Raven/Crow Clans
• Ishkeetaan | People of Deep Pool in the River House
• Kooḵhittaan | People of Cellar House
• Deisheetaan | People of the End of the Trail House
áa wát (landform) lake | mouth of lake | (JL) • áa + wát → lake + mouth-(of body of water)
áa x̱ʼayaax̱ (landform) lake | lake side; lake shore; around the shore of the lake | áa + x̱ʼa-yaax̱ → lake + mouth.along-edge • (JL)
áa yax̱ (preverb) turning over | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) | áa + ÿax̱ → there + turning-over • (JC)
áa yaax̱ (landform) lake | lake side; lake shore; around the shore of the lake | áa + yaax̱ → lake + along-edge • (JL)
áabíns (borrowed noun) • variants: áagúns, xʼáaxʼ • apple | from English "apple" | (JL)
áadaa (noun) spear ² | spear for fish and seal; "one that attacks" | (KE) • √.aat⁷-aa → √attack.one(s)
áagadi (compound noun) basket | unfinished basket; "woven thing (out of bark)" | √.áak-át-i → √weave-(bark)-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
Áakʼw (placename) Auke Lake | áa-kʼw → lake.[diminutive] • (TT)
áakʼw (landform) lake | little lake | áa-kʼw → lake.[diminutive] • (KE)
Áakʼw Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Áakʼw Area; "People of the Little Lake" | Included Communities: Auke Bay, southern Lynn Canal, Juneau area, and northern Admiralty Island | áa-kʼw + ḵwáan → lake.[diminutive] + people-of (AH • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Wooshkeetaan | People of the Houses Facing Each Other
Raven/Crow Clans
• Yax̱tehittaan | People of the Big Dipper House
• Lʼeeneidí | People of Dog Salmon Creek
• Lʼuknax̱.ádi | People of Coho Community Bay
• G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor (Port Stewart in northern Behm Canal)
–áali (kinship term) grandparent | used in Southern Tlingit instead of –léelkʼw • requires a preceding noun to show the relationship, as in « ax̱ léelkʼw » (my grandparent); can be used without a pronoun when speaking directly with oneʼs grandparent • as with other kindship terms, can be used to show clan kinship and personal closeness | (JL)
áan (noun) trap ² | type of small fish trap | fish trap, smaller than « noow » | (JL)
áanjís (borrowed noun) • variants: áanjís daayí • oranges | from English “oranges”; áanjís daayí ("the peel is orange") | (KE)
áanjís kahéeni (compound noun) orange juice | áanjís + ka-héen-i → orange(s) + horizontal-water-relational • (KE) • variants: áanj kahéeni •
Áankich (borrowed noun) Anchorage | (KE) • borrowed placename, from English "Anchorage"
áatʼl (noun) pit | pit for aging eulachon grease; pit lined with skunk cabbage used for food storage | likely related to verb root √áatʼ (cold) • lined with canvas and covered so flies canʼt get in | (JL)
áatʼlani (noun) shell; slime | slime inside its shell (of shellfish) | « at áatʼlani » is "something precious" | (JL)
-ch ¹ (suffix) because | often appears as « ách áwé » (because of that) or « ách áyá » (because of this) | (KE)
-ch ² (suffix) | ergative marker | marks the subject of a transitive verb | (JC)
-ch ³ (suffix) | instrumental marker | used to mark a noun that is used as an instrument to perform the verb | tíx’x’i sáani x̱aat ách daa wdudzi.ax̱u wé yáanaa → small strings of spruce roots tying the pack (Shaadaaxʼ, Haa Shuká 76–77) • (JC)
chál (noun) • variants: chíl (S, T) • cache; shed | platform cache; house cache | compare Eyak « jił » (platform cache; bunkbed) | (KE, JC)
chál xook (compound noun) • variants: chíl xook • dry; fish ¹; frozen | fish air-dried in cold weather and allowed to freeze | softer and more tender than ordinary dried fish | chál + √xook → cache + √dried • (JL)
chán (noun) smell: bad smell, odor; stench; odor: strong odor
–chaan (kinship term) mother-in-law | (KE)
Cháanwaan (borrowed noun) Chinese | from "China man" | (KE)
Cháanwaan héeni (compound noun) soy sauce | "Chinese personʼs water" • variants: kóoshdaa lóoxʼu •
cháasʼ (noun) salmon; humpy | pink salmon; humpy salmon | (KE) ° (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) °
cháash (noun) brush ¹; bough; branch | bough or branch with needles on it (especially of spruce) | used to sit or lie on, to keep meat, etc. off the ground, or to build temporary structures | (JL)
cháash hít (compound noun) house; hut | brush house | temporary shelter, often built while traveling or hunting, or for women in isolation for first menstruation or the birth of a child | (JL) • variants: (T), chashhít (At, T) •
cháashgaa (verbal noun) cup; can | from Russian "чашка" | (KE, JC) • variants: (Y), gúxʼaa •
cháatl (noun) halibut | (KE) ° (Hippoglossus stenolepis) °
cháatl astʼeix̱í (compound noun) halibut fisher | cháatl + a-s-√tʼeix̱-í → halibut + a.theme-classifier.(s)-√fish-with-hook-relational • (KE)
cháax̱ (noun) grebe | horned grebe or red-necked grebe | locally called helldiver | (KE) ° (Podiceps auritus/grisegena?) °
cháayoo (borrowed noun) tea | from Russian "чаю" (chayu) • variants: dée (T) •
chéx̱ʼi (noun) • variants: chéix̱ʼaa (C), chíx̱ʼi (T), chéex̱ʼi (At), chéex̱ʼaa (At) • shade; shadow | shadow(s) cast by landforms, etc. | (KE)
chéiwís (borrowed noun) cherries | from English "cherries" | (JC)
chich.uwaa (compound noun) shark | "looks like a porpoise"; porpoise-like shark | cheech-ÿu-ÿa-√yaa → porpoise.perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√look-like/resemble • (KE)
–chíg̱ayi (body part) foot ¹; paw | forefoot; front paw | (JL)
chíx̱ʼi (noun) • variants: (T), chéex̱ʼi (At), chéex̱ʼaa (At), chéx̱ʼi, chéix̱ʼaa (C) • shade; shadow(s) cast by landforms, etc. | (KE)
cheech (noun) porpoise | (KE) ° (Phocoenoides dalli) °
chkʼw (particle) | term of endearment, especially made to grandchildren | (DK) • variants: shkʼw •
chudéi (noun) cod | Pacific tomcod | (JL) ° (Microgadus proximus) °
chush (postpositional pronoun) self: (to) -selfʼs | reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
chush ⁓ sh- (relational pronoun) -selfʼs | reflexive possessive (rflx.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
chush wuskóowu (verbal noun) knowledge; identity | knowledge of the self; confidence in identity | chush + ÿu-s-√kóo-wu → self.(rflx.O) + perfective-clasifier.(d,s)-√know-relational • (FS)
chúsh (independent pronoun) -self | reflexive independent (rflx.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • signals reflexive properties, meaning that something is occuring to the self. In verbs, it occurs outside of the verb itself and is used in addition to other pronouns. When you study verbs more, you will see that this pushes verbs into middle voice (+D), which will make sense at a later date. For now, consider it as something like “to the self”, which makes more sense when seen with examples, such as: chush gudachx̱án (oneʼs own grandparent – achieved through clan lineage), sh tóog̱aa ditee (they are grateful; literally “s/he is okay inside”), and sh tóo altóow (s/he is studying it; literally “s/he is teaching inside themself-(s)”). • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i)
• uháan | us → first person plural independent (1p.i)
• wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i)
• yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i)
• hú | they → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)
• hás | them all → third person plural independent (3p.i)
• á | it → third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)
• ash | this person → third person proximal independent (3prx.i)
• á | that other person → third person obviate independent (3obv.i)
• ḵáa | someone → fourth person human independent (4h.i)
• át | something → fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)
• aa | one, some → partitive independent (part.i)
• chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i)
• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → reciprocal independent (recip.i)
Chookaneidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Grass River"; Origin: Glacier Bay | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Chookaneidí Group • Primary Crest: Brown Bear, Porpoise, Spirit Bear • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Eagle, Murrelet, Glacier, Iceberg, Lady in the Ice, Killer Whale | chookán-héen-át-í → grass.river/water-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Xunaa Ḵáawu
• Naanaa Hít | Upriver House
• Xáatl Hít | Iceberg House
• Xóots Sʼaag̱í Hít | Brown Bear Bones House
• Yan Wuliháshi Hít | Drifted Ashore House
• Aan Eeg̱ayaak Hít | On the Beach Below Town House
• Shuxʼaa X̱áay Hít | First Yellow-cedar House
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan
• Xáatl Hít | Iceberg House
• Aan Eeg̱ayaak Hít | On the Beach Below Town House
chookanyátxʼi (compound noun) • variants: chookenyátxʼi • grass | short grass
chookán (noun) • variants: chookén (C), chookwán (T) • grass | (JL) ° (Gramineae) °
chookán aaní (landform) • variants: chookén aaní • grass; prairie | grasslands
chookán ká jánwu goat | domestic goat | chookán + ká + jánwu → grass + on + mountain-goat • (MH)
chookán ḵʼáatlʼ (compound noun) sedge | "flat grass" | chookán + ḵʼáatlʼ → grass + flat • (JL)
choon (noun) wound ² | (JL)
chooneit (compound noun) arrow | In coastal Tlingit this refers to the most common type of arrow, used for wounding or killing | √choon-i-át → √wound-attributive-thing.(4n.i) • (JL)
chx̱ánkʼ (kinship term) grandchild | in Tlingit kinship, this term is used for biological grandchildren as well as people who are grandchildren of a clan • endearing term used when speaking directly to oneʼs grandchild | (KE)
chʼa (particle) very; just | this particle rarely appears on its own, but instead often interacts with other particles | (KE)
chʼa aadóo sá (particle) • variants: chʼa aa sá • whoever; anybody; anyone | chʼa + aadóo + sá → just + who + voice/name • (KE)
chʼa aan ¹ (particle) although; even though; however; nonetheless; yet | there are two particles that create a shift in an argument: « ḵu.aa » makes more of a gradual shift in thinking, and « chʼa aan » is more of an abrubt shift in argument | (KE)
chʼa aan ² (particle) with | just with it | chʼa + a-ee-n → just + its-(4n.i).[empty base].with
chʼa aanínáx̱ (particle) • variants: chʼa aanídáx̱, chʼa aan ḵúnáx̱ • kind ¹; gentle | do it with kindess!; do it gently! | (DK)
chʼa daa sá (particle) whatever; anything | chʼa + daa + sá → just + what + voice/name • (NR, JL)
chʼa daaḵw.aa sá (particle) • variants: chʼa daag̱u.aa sá, chʼa daatḵu.aa sá • any; one ²; which | any (certain one); whichever (one) | chʼa + daaḵw-aa + sá → just + which-one(s).(part.i) + voice/name • (NR, JL)
chʼa gútgeen sá (Y) (particle) • variants: chʼa gwátgeen sá • any; time ²; when | any time (in the future); whenever (in the future) | (JL, DA) • variants: chʼa gwátgeen sá •
chʼa gootʼá sá (particle) wherever; anywhere; anyplace | chʼa + goo-t-aa + sá → just + where.at-(arrived)-one(s).(part.i) + voice/name • (KE) • variants: chʼa gootʼé sá (C) •
chʼa gooxʼ sá (particle) wherever; anywhere; anyplace | chʼa + goo-xʼ + sá → just + where.at-(residing)-one(s).(part.i) + voice/name • (KE)
chʼa gwátgeen sá (particle) • variants: chʼa gútgeen sá (Y) • any; time ²; when; future | any time (in the future); whenever (in the future) | (JL) • variants: chʼa gwátgeen sá •
chʼa gwátk sá (particle) • variants: chʼa gútk sá (Y) • any; time ²; when; past | any time (in the past); whenever (in the past) | (JL)
chʼa g̱ég̱aa (adverb) nothing; success; vain | "the one that just swings back"; in vain; for nothing; without success | chʼa + √g̱éḵ.aa → just √swing-one(s).(part.i) • (JM, KE)
chʼa g̱unayé (particle) different; else; other; place; some; where | somewhere else; someplace else; a different place | appears with a suffix (chʼa g̱unayéixʼ, chʼa g̱unayéide)
chʼa g̱óot (particle) different; other | chʼa + g̱óo-t → just + different.at-(arrived) • (KE, JL)
chʼa g̱óot yéide (adverb) different | different directions; differently | chʼa + g̱óo-t + yé-de → just + different.at-(arrived) + way/manner.towards • (SaJ)
chʼa keetáanáx̱! (adverb) casually; tactfully | deliberately, carefully; taking oneʼs time | (KE) • chʼa + kee-√táa-náx̱ → just + upwards-√sleep(?).through
chʼa koogéiyi (adverb) any; careless; random; way | any old way; randomly; carelessly | chʼa + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√géi-yi → just + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√against/oppossing-relational • (JL)
chʼa kʼát (particle) at least; once in a while | "just at the base of it" | chʼa + kʼí-ká-t → just + base.on.at-(arrived) • (KE) • variants: chʼa kʼikát, chʼa kʼeekát (At,T) •
chʼa kʼikát (particle) • variants: chʼa kʼát, chʼa kʼeekát, chʼe kʼeekét • ago; barely; just; little; manage | just barely; barely managing (to do a little); just now; a little while ago; "just on the base of it" | chʼa + kʼí-ká-t → just + base.on.at-(arrived) • (KE) • chʼa kʼeekát at x̱waax̱áa → i managed to eat a little bit (JL) • chʼa kʼikát neil ayaawadlaaḵ → they managed to make it home (JL) • chʼe kʼeekét x̱wasiteen → i just saw them not long ago (JL)
chʼa ldakát át (particle) everything | every single thing | chʼa + ldakát + át → just + all + thing-(4n.i) • (KE)
chʼa ldakát ḵáa (particle) everybody | every single person | (KE) • chʼa + ldakát + ḵáa → just + all + person.(4h.i)
chʼa ldakát yé (particle) everywhere | every single place | chʼa + ldakát + yé → just + all + place • (KE)
chʼa neechx̱ (adverb) nothing; success; vain | in vain; for nothing; without success; "just along the beach" | chʼa + neech-x̱ → just + beach.along/at-(repeatedly) • (SE)
chʼa tlákw (particle) always; all the time; constantly | often used before repetitive forms of verbs to create "always {verb}" | (KE)
chʼa tleix̱ (particle) forever
chʼa wáa kugei sá (particle) • variants: chʼa máa kugei sá • any; amount | any amount; however many | | chʼa + wáa + ka-u-∅-√gei + sá → just + how + [comparitive].irrealis-clasifier.(∅)-√big/lots + voice/name • (NR, JL)
chʼa wáa sá (particle) however; any (old) way | | chʼa + wáa + sá → just + how + voice/name • (NR, JL)
chʼa wáa yateeyi aa sá (particle) any kind (of); whichever kind | | chʼa + wáa + ya-√tee-yi + sá → just + how + [comparitive].irr-√big/lots + voice/name • (NR, JL)
chʼa yákʼw (adverb) suddenly; immediately; right away | (KE) • variants: chʼa yáakʼw, chʼa yóokʼ •
chʼa yeisú (particle) finally; just; now | just now; finally | (JL)
chʼa yéi (particle) ordinary ; usual | (KE)
chʼa yéi googéinkʼ (particle) little | a little bit | chʼa + yéi + ka-u-∅-√géi(n)-kʼ → just + thus + comparitive-irrealis-cl.(∅)-√small-small
chʼa yéi yigoowáatlʼ (particle) time ²; while | a short time; a short while | can be used before a phrase to indicate that it occured for a short time | Chʼa yéi yigoowáatlʼ áwé chʼas xíxchʼ yáx̱ yoo x̱ʼayatánk. → She could only speak like a frog for a while. • (GD, MD)
chʼa yóokʼ (particle) • variants: chʼa yákʼw, chʼa yáakʼw • suddenly; immediately; right away | (KE)
chʼakʼyéisʼ (compound noun) eagle | immature eagle; "discolored eagle" | the head feathers are dark | chʼáakʼ-√yéisʼ → eagle.discolored/bruised • (KE) ° (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) ° ,
chʼaḵúx̱ (compound noun) • variants: chaḵúx̱, jaḵúx̱ • boat ¹; canoe | skin canoe | dzískʼu doogú chʼeḵúx̱ → moose skin canoe (JL)
chʼas (particle) just; only
–chʼáadu (body part) epidermis; hide ²; skin ¹ | outer layer of skin; outer layer of hide | used in reference to the entire layer of skin that can be squeezed into a fold between the fingers • especially of moose hide: a black layer that is scraped off in the tanning process • likely –chʼáat when intact on living thing | (JL)
chʼáagu– (adjective) old; ancient | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | (KE, JC)
chʼáakw (adverb) ⑴ ago; ancient; back ³; long; old; then | long ago; back then; back in those days; in the old days; in ancient times | most commonly translates as 'long ago' but in certain contexts, or when said before a verb (sometimes as « chʼáagudé») it translates as 'for a long time' • variants: chʼákw • || ⑵ time ² | for a long time | (JL)
chʼáakʼ (noun) eagle | bald eagle | « shaayáal, shaayakag̱ídi, gijook, ḵa dóol áwé chʼáakʼ x̱oonxʼí » – they all are members of the eagle family ° (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) °
chʼáakʼ eex̱í (compound noun) • variants: chʼáakʼ kichtu.eex̱í • butter | "eagle oil"; "eagle wing marrow" | chʼáakʼ + eex̱-í → eagle + oil.relatonal • chʼáakʼ + kich-tu-eex̱-í → eagle + wing.inside.oil.relatonal • (JL)
chʼáakʼ kichtu.eex̱í (compound noun) butter | chʼáakʼ + kích-tú-eex̱-í → eagle + wing-inside-oil-relational • (JL)
chʼáakʼ loowú ⑴ (compound noun) eagleʼs beak (alienated) || ⑵ (color) yellow | dark yellow
chʼáakʼ x̱aagú (compound noun) banana | chʼáakʼ + x̱aakw-u → eagle + claw • (JL)
chʼáalʼ ⑴ (noun) willow | (KE) ° (Salix sitchensis Sanson) ° || ⑵ (color) white | used to describe someoneʼs face when the color has gone out | (JM)
–chʼáatwu (body part) skin ¹ | surface of skin | (KE)
chʼeix̱ʼ (noun) • variants: chʼeex̱ʼ • thimbleberry; berry | (JL) ° (Rubus parviflorus) °
–chʼéix̱ʼi (body part) • variants: –chʼéex̱ʼi, –chʼíx̱ʼayi • finger | first finger; index finger | (KE)
chʼéix̱ʼw (noun) dirt; dirtiness; dust ¹ | dirt, dust (covering something, making it dirty) | (KE, JL)
chʼiyáash canoe | sea otter hunting canoe with an angular prow for breaking the waves; flat bottomed canoe
chʼeet (noun) murrelet; auklet | (KE)
chʼeetg̱áa (noun) skate | ocean creature related to the shark and the ray | (KE) ° (Family Raiidae) °
chʼéen (noun) ribbon; bow ² | (JL)
chʼéeni kwlayáatʼ (compound noun) • variants: chʼéeni kwleyáatʼ • gooseberry | "long pony tail" | chʼéen-i + ka-u-la-√yáatʼ → ribbon-relational + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(l)-√long (JL) ° (Ribes lacusfris) °
chʼu • variants: chʼoo • even; still | this particle rarely appears on its own, but instead often interacts with other particles | (JL, KE)
chʼu déix̱ (particle) both | (KE)
chʼu shóogu (particle) same | (KE)
chʼu tle (particle) then; time ² | just at that time | used before a verb to create "when {verb}" or "while {verb}" • will be used often to tie a series of actions together • often appears with the particle « chʼu » and becomes "just then" • use varies from speaker to speaker, and it can appear multiple times in one sentence, often to show the immediacy of a string of actions | Tle ḵúnáx̱ kʼidéin yan ax̱éixʼw áwé, ḵaa x̱oot wujikʼén wé át wé Áa Tayaadi. → When they all were fast asleep the Lake-bottom-child [a type of bird] came hopping among them all. (EN) • (KE)
chʼu wooch yáx̱ (phrase) same | the same way each time | the verb that follows should be in the perfective habitual form | chʼu + wooch + yáx̱ → just + together-(recip.i) + similar • (MD)
da- (classifier) | ∅ group classifier; (+d,∅,–i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
–dachóon (relational base) direct ¹; straight; towards | straight towards; directly towards | (KE)
–dachx̱án (kinship term) grandchild | in Tlingit kinship, this term is used for biological grandchildren as well as people who are grandchildren of a clan | (KE)
dagatgiyáa, dagwatgiyáa, dagutgiyáa, dag̱atgiyáa (noun) • variants: digitgiyáa • hummingbird | possibly a borrowed noun or a verbal noun | (JL) ° (Selasphorus rufus) °
dagákʼ (noun) salmon | small sockeye salmon
daginaa (independent base) • variants: diginaa • center; front; open ²; out; sea; room | outer part (toward the open, center of house, clearing, out to sea); front room | (JL)
–dagiygé (relational base) • variants: –dagikyé, –dagiyigé, –digeengé • middle | middle of | dagi-ÿá-gé → into-open.vertical-against/opposing • (KE)
dag̱a- (verb prefix) • variants: dax̱-, daḵ- • each of them all | pluralizes the subject of a subject intransitive verb or the object or a transitive or object intransitive verb • sometimes used for non-human plural objects and/or subjects
dag̱anḵú (compound noun) • variants: dax̱anḵú • afterlife | afterlife, happy hunting ground | daaḵ-aan-ḵu → inland-land.(inhabited)-areal
dag̱asáa (verbal noun) squid | dag̱a-∅-√sáa → distr-classifier.(∅)-√narrow [?]
dag̱inaa (independent base) • variants: dag̱anaa, dig̱inaa • back ²; inland; interior; room | back part (toward inland, toward the interior, away from the open); back room | (JL)
Dag̱istinaa (clan name) Clan | "Inland Channel Clan"; Origin: Blake Channel, Wrangell Island | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration • Dag̱istinaa Group • Primary Crest: Thunderbird • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Eagle, Shark, Sun | daaḵ-séet-i-naa → inland.channel.[peg vowel].clan/tribe/nation • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Jilḵáat Ḵwáan
• Xeitl Hít | Thunderbird House
• Shísʼg̱i Hít | Sapling House
G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan
Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan
• Xeitl Hít | Thunderbird House
-dahéen (suffix) number of times | (JL)
dahéesʼ (verbal noun) • variants: dahísʼxʼ • credit | dahéesʼ káa ḵudzitee → they live on credit • (JL)
dahooní (verbal noun) salesperson; shopkeeper; clerk | "seller" | da-√hoon-í → clasifier.(d,∅)-√sell-relational • (KE)
–dakádin (relational noun) direction; opposite; other; way | (facing) the opposite direction from it, the other way
–dakán (relational base) facing; away | facing away from
dakínde (independent base) • variants: dikínde, kínde • up; above | upward | kín-de → upwards.towards • (KE)
dakwyeit (compound noun) canoe; container | wooden container or canoe used for rendering
daḵéisʼ (verbal noun) sewing | da-√ḵáa-sʼ → clasifier.(d,∅)-√sew • (KE)
daḵka.ádi (compound noun) • variants: daaḵ ka.ádi • animal | animal in the woods; animal that walks on land | daaḵ-ká-át-i → inland.on-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
daḵká (compound noun) ⑴ back ²; inland; interior; woods | up in the woods; inland; back (away from the open, away from the waterʼs edge, inside) | daaḵ-ká → inland.on • (KE) || ⑵ inland; interior
Daḵlʼaweidí (clan name) Clan | "People of the Inland Sandbar"; Origin: Stikine River | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Killerwhale Migration, Daḵlʼaweidí Group • Primary Crests: Killerwhale, Eagle • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Dog Spirit, Octopus, Seal, Glacier, Iceberg, Flicker, Shark, Moth • female version can be Daḵlʼawsháa | daaḵ-lʼéiw-át-i → inland.sand.thing.[possession] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Taantʼá Ḵwáan
• Kéet Hít | Killerwhale House
• G̱ooch Hít | Wolf House
• Yasku Hít | Wasgo(?) House [from Haida]
• Kóon Hít | Flicker (Woodpecker) House
Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan
• Kéet Hít | Killerwhale House
• Yaa Ayanasnaḵ Kéet Hít | Killerwhale Chasing after It (Seal) House
• Kéet Oox̱ú Hít | Killerwhale Tooth House
Jilḵáat Ḵwáan
• Chʼeet Hít | Murrelet House
• Tleilú Hít | Moth House
• Kéet Gooshí Hít | Killerwhale Dorsal Fin House
• Kéet Ḵwáani Hít | Killerwhale People House
• Kéet Lʼóotʼi Hít | Killerwhale Tongue House
• Kéet Déx̱ʼi Hít | Killerwhale Backbone House
Áatlein Ḵwáan
Deisleen Ḵwáan
Taagish Ḵwáan
• Kéet Hít | Killerwhale House
daneit (compound noun) ⑴ grease; oil; box | grease, oil put away in a box || ⑵ box; container | large box for storing grease, oil | daa-∅-√né-át [?] → around/about-classifier.(∅)-√do/work-on-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
daṉeiyí (borrowed noun) trout | lake trout | the letter ṉ is a voiced L, as in the English word “lake”, which is a very rare sound in Tlingit, and probably means this is a word borrowed from a neighboring language
daséikw (verbal noun) • variants: x̱ʼaséikw • breath; life | da-√sáa-kw → clasifier.(d,∅)-√breathe/rest • du x̱ʼaséigu shoowaxeex → his/her life ended (JL)
–daséixʼ (relational noun) grasp; out; reach ² | out of their reach, grasp | du daséi uwaxíx → it landed out of his reach (JL)
–daséixʼán (compound noun) • variants: –daséixʼín, –daséixʼ • trade; take; turn ²; place | trading goods; trading places; taking turns | tlél gé aadé wé i Náaḵw Tlʼeeg̱í Wootsaag̱áa daséixʼán? → why not trade for your Octopus Tentacle Cane? (RZ) • i daséixʼán naḵagoot → iʼll go after youʼre done (JL) • du deséixʼ wudihaan → they got up and took their place • daséixʼ-án → out-of-reach.? • (JL)
datóow xʼúxʼ (compound noun) book | "paper/book to read" | da-√tóow + xʼúxʼ → clasifier.(d,∅)-√read/count + membrane
dawóotlʼ (verbal noun) fortitude; persistence | da-√wóotlʼ → cl.(d,∅)-√persistent • (GD)
dax̱ (preverb) • variants: dag̱a-, daḵ- • each of them all | pluralizes the subject of a subject intransitive verb or the object or a transitive or object intransitive verb • sometimes used for non-human plural objects and/or subjects
dax̱adooshú (number) seven | "someone extends [them allʼs hand] to the second one" | déix̱-aa-du-w-ÿa-√shú → two-one(s).(part.i)..someone.perfective-[classifer]-√extends • (CG)
dax̱adooshóonáx̱ (number) seven | seven people | used for counting people only | (KE)
dax̱áchxʼi (verbal noun) boat ¹ | tugboat | da-√x̱ách-xʼ-i → clasifier.(d,∅)-√tow.[plural]-relational • (JL)
dax̱dahéen two | twice; two times | (KE)
dax̱yeekaadé two | two different kinds, types; two different ways, directions | déix̱-yee-ká-dé → two.below.on.towards • (KE)
dayínde ¹ (preverb) • variants: diyínde, yínde • down; below | downward | (JL)
–dayéen (relational base) facing | (KE)
dágáa (particle) sure: for sure | (KE) • variants: sdágáa •
dákde (preverb) center; open ²; out; sea | out toward the open; out to sea; out into the center (of house, clearing)
dákde át (compound noun) east; wind ¹ | offshore east wind | daak-de + át → seaward-towards + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
dákdesaxʼaak (compound noun) mackerel | "swims underwater out to sea" | daak-de-sa-√xʼaak → seaward.towards-classifier.(s)-√swim-(underwater) • (KE)
dákwtasi (compound noun) • variants: dákwx̱utasi • ⑴ eulachon | mushy remains of rendered eulachon || ⑵ fertilizer | mushy remains of rendered eulachon | √dákw-tasi → √render-fat.sinew
–dáli (relational noun) weight ² | the weight of | usually in pounds | –√dál-i → √be-heavy-relational • (JL)
dáxw (noun) cranberry; berry; Lingonberry | (JL) ° (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) °
-dáx̱ (relational suffix) • variants: -tx̱, -x̱ • ⑴ from; out of || ⑵ since | since (that time) | contraction from « -dáx̱ » to « -tx̱ » is optional when the suffix attaches to an open noun • contraction to « -x̱ » occurs when attaching to « áa » (that place), which creates « aax̱ » (from there) • closed monosyllable Tlingit suffixes are high tone, and open monosyllable suffixes are opposite of the tone of the preceding vowel | (KE, JC)
dáx̱g̱aa (number) two | two by two | (KE)
dáx̱g̱aanáx̱ (number) two | people two by two | (KE)
dáx̱náx̱ (number) two | two people | used for counting people only | (KE)
–daa ¹ (body part) body | body; around the body | (JL)
–daa ² (relational base) around; about; concerning | (JL)
–daa ax̱áayi (body part) flippers | flippers (of fish); " body paddles" | daa + ax̱áa-yi → around/about/body + paddle-relational • (NR)
daa yaa ḵug̱átch (verbal noun) dizziness | daa + yaa + ḵu-∅-√g̱át-ch → around/about + along + areal-classifier.(∅)-√disoriented.[habitual] • (JL)
–daa yoo jikwli.átgi (verbal noun) attendant | daa + yoo + ji-ka-ÿu-li√.át-k-i → about + to/fro + hand-horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(l,i)-√communicate-repetitive-relational • (FD)
–daadleeyí (body part) flesh; corpse | daa-dleey-í → body-flesh-relational
daadzix̱aawu tlʼúkʼx̱ (compound noun) • variants: daadzix̱aawu tlʼúkʼ • caterpillar; centipede | daa-dzi-√x̱aaw-u + tlʼúkʼx̱ → body-classifier.(d,s,i)-√hairy-attributive + worm • (JL)
daak (independent base) ⑴ out; sea | out to sea (from the shore); out into the open (from the shadows) || ⑵ fall | for precipitation to fall || ⑶ on ¹ | onto fire
–daakahídi (compound noun) building | building around | daaká-hít-i → around-outside.house-relational • (JC)
–daakakʼátsʼi (compound noun) thorn | thorn(s); "sharps around it" | daa-ka-√kʼátsʼ-i → around-horizontal-√sharp-relational • (JL)
–daakaḵu.óowu (compound noun) family | extended family | daaká-ḵu.óow-u → around-outside-people.of-relational
–daakanóoxʼu (kinship term) ancestor | ancestor(s) of – (term of respect, usually referring to oneʼs motherʼs motherʼs father); "shell around the outside surface of –" | in Tlingit kinship, this is a clan from the opposite moiety, that is the motherʼs motherʼs fatherʼs clan • use of this term signifies a special ancestral relationship, often referred to as "protective outer shell" | daaká-nóoxʼ-u → around-outside.shell-relational • (KE)
–daakashú omen; sign | (something done) at its expense, to its detriment, portending ill for it; "the end around the outside surface of –" | daaká-shú → around-outisde.end • i dáanayi daakashóo x̱wsinee → i took a lot of money out of you to do that work; you gave me lots and now youʼre out of it • ax̱ ádi daakashú → my precious things • a daakashú yéi x̱at woonee → what the signs pointed to happened to me • du daakashú aawajoon → they had a bad dream about them • (JL)
–daaká (relational base) around; contain; enclose; outside | (around) the outside surface of it | the outside surface of an enclosure or object that has a continuous surface around it | a daaká nanéegwálʼ! → paint around it! (JL) • hít daaká → around the outside of a house (JL)
daakeit (compound noun) container | "thing around the outside" | daaká-át → around-outside-thing-(4n.i)
daaḵ (independent base) ⑴ inland; interior; woods | up in the woods (from the shore); inland | (JC, KE) || ⑵ back ² | back (from the open) || ⑶ off | off of fire
daaḵw.aa sá (question particle) • variants: daaḵu.aa sá, daag̱u.aa sá, daatḵu.aa sá • one ²; some; which | which (one); some (certain one) | determiners may be added to « sá » as in « daaḵw.aa sáyá » (which one is this?), « daaḵw.aa sáwé? » (which one is that?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) • some speakers differentiate between human (daaḵu.aa sá) and a non-human thing (daatḵu.aa sá) | daaḵw.aa sá i tuwáa sigóo? → which one of them all do you want? • daaḵw.aa naax̱ sá isitee? → which clan/moiety/tribe are you? • (JC,KE)
–daaleilí (body part) skin ¹ | "body flab"; wrinkled skin; flabby skin | (JL, KE) • daa-√leil-í → body-√flabby/wrinkled
–daanéegu (verbal noun) • variants: –daanóogu, –daanúgu • disease; sickness | sickness, disease (overall, throughout his/her body) | daa-∅-√néekw-u → around/body-classifier.(∅)-√sick/hurt-relational • (JL)
–daanóoxʼu (relational noun) shell | shell of a creature | daa-nóoxʼ-u → around/about-shell-relational
–daasʼaag̱í (body part) fin | pelvic fin (of fish)
–daashagóon (body part) body | body parts | daa-shagóon → body.components/parts • (KE)
–daat (relational noun) about; concerning | (JC) • a daat sh kalneek → (they are telling) a story about it/them
daat át (relational noun) concern; responsibility; business | ax̱ daat át áwé → itʼs my thing; itʼs my business • tlél i daat át áwé → itʼs none of your business • (JL)
daat g̱aa sá (question particle) purpose; some; what; why | why; going after what; waiting for what; for some purpose | this often translates to "for what purpose" or "going after what" • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « daat yís sáyá » (what is this for?), « daat yís sáwé? » (what is that for?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | daat g̱aa sá hóon daakahídidé yaa neegút? → what are you going to the store for? • (JC, JL)
daat káx̱ sá (question particle) purpose; what; why | why; for what purpose; for what | usually means for what (purpose), not why | (JL)
daa(t) sá (question particle) what | the most common form is « daa » • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « daa sáyá » (what is this?), « daa sáwé? » (what is that?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | daa sá i tuwáa sigóo? → what do you want? (NR) • daat eetéenáx̱ sá iyatee? → what do you need? (NR) • (JC,KE)
daat yís sá (question particle) reason; some; what; why | why; for what reason; for what benfit; for some reason | this often translates to "for what benefit" or "for what is it being given" • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « daat yís sáyá » (what is this for?), « daat yís sáwé? » (what is that for?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | haa, daat yís sáwé a káaxʼ x̱ʼeedagáxʼx̱ ag̱eeshaayít? → why do you pray to marry? (RZ, Dauenhauer, "Tracking ʼYuwaan Gagéetsʼ") • (JC, JL)
–daatéisʼi (body part) flab; flesh | soft, flabby flesh around it; its flab | du x̱eik daatéisʼi → flab around their upper arm • (JL)
–daateedí (relational noun) wake ²; wave ¹ | wake; the waves coming off it or generated by | daa-teet-í → around-wave-relational • yaakw daateedí → wake of a boat • (JL)
–daateeyí (relational noun) ceremony; dedication; feast; potlatch; ḵu.éexʼ | feast, potlatch in honor of; dedication ceremony and feast for | either a memorial feast or a feast where a person is elevated | hít/kootéeyaa daawduwatee → a house/totem pole was dedicated • du daateeyí → feast held for them because something is wrong with them • (JL)
–daatéetʼi (body part) leg; muscle; sinew | tough sinew around it; sinewy muscles on its leg | dzískʼu dleeyí/doogú daatéetʼi/daaleilí → little bits of sinew and other tough things around the meat/skin
daatḵu.aa sá (question particle) one ²; some; which | which (person/people); some (certain person/people)
–daatʼaawú (body part) fin | fins (of fish) | daa-tʼaaw-ú → body.feather-relational
daaw (noun) ⑴ kelp | ribbon kelp ° (Alaria marginata) ° || ⑵ kelp | ribbon kelp on which herring have spawned
daaw daa.aa (compound noun) egg; roe | herring eggs spawned on ribbon kelp | daaw + da-√.áa → ribbon.kelp + classifier.(d,∅)-√situated
–daaxwéiyi (relational noun) reproach; shame | reproach directed at; source of shame to | (JL)
daaxʼoon (number) four | (KE)
daaxʼoon yakyee (compound noun) • variants: daaxʼoon yagiyee, daaxʼoon yagee • Thursday; day | "fourth day" | daaxʼoon + yakyee → four + day • (JL)
daaxʼoondahéen (number) four | four times | (KE)
daaxʼoong̱áa (number) four | four at a time
daaxʼoong̱áanáx̱ (number) four | four (people) at a time
daaxʼoonínáx̱ (number) four | four people | used for counting people only | (KE)
daaxʼoonḵáa (number) eighty | from the old way of counting, today would be: nasʼgadooshú jinkaat
daaxʼoonyeeká (number) four | four groups, piles
–daax̱ g̱aléeyi (relational noun) height | height of an elevation, building, or compact structure | (JL)
daax̱ yaajikakdulilʼji át (compound noun) bannister; railing | bannister, railing | daa-x̱ + yaa-ji-ka-ka-du-∅-√lilʼ-ch-i + át → around/about-at.(repeatedly) + along-hand-comparitive-horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(∅)-√bunched.up-habitual-relational + thing.(4n.i) • (JL)
daayéisʼ (compound noun) ermine | weasel with brown fur ° (Mustela erminea) °
–daayí (plant part) bark ¹ | (KE)
daa.aax̱w (verbal noun) bundle | "tie around" | daa-∅-√.aax̱w → around/about-classifier.(∅)-√.bind/wrap • (JL)
–daa.it (body part) body | body; around the body | (KE)
–daa.itnagóowu (compound noun) actions | " body extends to it" | daa-it + na-∅-√góo-wu → body/around-ends + na.con-classifier.(∅)-√extend-relational • (JL)
daa.ittunéekw (compound noun) arthritis | "pain at the ends of the body" | daa.it-tú-néekw → body-(ends).inside.sick/hurt
–daa.itwéisʼi (body part) gland | daa.it-wéisʼ-i → body-(end).gland-relational • (KE)
–daa.itx̱ʼáak (body part) joints | joints; between the bones; "between body" | daa.it + x̱ʼáak → body-(ends) + between • (JL)
dáa (noun) ermine; weasel | (KE) ° (Mustela erminea) °
dáadzi (noun) firestone; iron pyrite | (KE)
–dáadzi (body part) testicles | (JM, JL)
dáag̱i (preverb) shore; beach | out of the water onto the beach, shore | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) | (KE, JC)
–dáali (body part) rumen; stomach; paunch | rumen, main stomach (of ruminant) | (JL)
dáanaa ⑴ (borrowed noun) dollar; silver dollar; silver; money; coin | from Chinook Jargon « dála » || ⑵ (color) silver | (KE)
dáanaa daaxʼ yéi jineiyí (compound noun) cashier | dáanaa + daa-xʼ + yéi + ji-∅-√nei-yí → money + around-at.(residing) + thus + hand-cl.(∅)-√do/happen-relational • (FS)
dáanaa katʼéex̱ʼi (compound noun) silversmith | "silver pounder" | dáanaa + ka-∅-√tʼéex̱ʼ-i → silver + horizontal-clasifier.(-d,∅,-i)-√smash/pound-relational • (KE) • variants: dáanaa tʼéex̱ʼi •
dáanaa la.aadí (compound noun) bank teller | "carrier of the money" | dáanaa + la-√.aat-í → money + clasifier.(l)-√carry-(baggage and personal items)-relational • (JL)
dáanaa sʼaatí (compound noun) rich ² | rich person; "money master" | dáanaa + sʼaatí → silver + master/boss • (KE)
dáanaa shoowú (compound noun) half dollar; fifty cents | dáanaa + shoowú → dollar + half-of • (KE)
dáanaa tʼéex̱ʼi (compound noun) silversmith | "silver pounder" | dáanaa + ka-∅-√tʼéex̱ʼ-i → silver + horizontal-clasifier.(-d,∅,-i)-√smash/pound-relational • (KE) • variants: dáanaa katʼéex̱ʼi •
dáanaa yélaa (verbal noun) money | counterfit money | dáanaa + √yél-aa → money/silver + √raven-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
dáasʼaa (verbal noun) snare | "the one that snares" | √dáasʼ-aa → √snare-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
dáat ¹ (noun) bloodshot | bloodshot part; bloodshot flesh
dáat ² (noun) jelly; jam; jello | "jiggle" | (JL)
dáax̱ (noun) canoe | canoe under construction | (KE)
dáa.uwáa (compound noun) ferret | dáa-uwáa → ermine-resembles • (FS)
de (particle) • variants: dei • already; now | already; by now | appears before verbs to create "already [verbed]" or "at the time of [verb]"
-de (relational suffix) to; toward; until; in the manner of | closed monosyllable Tlingit suffixes are high tone, and open monosyllable suffixes are opposite of the tone of the preceding vowel | (KE, JC)
de x̱waa (adverb) finally | dei x̱waa kut wudiḵeen → finally he flew away (BC)
desgwách (adverb) already | this adverb is often interpreted as "already" meaning that the verb has already begun to occur | (NR)
dei (landform) path; trail; road; street | (KE)
dei xʼayaax̱ (landform) trail ¹; path; road; street | side of the trail/path/road/street | dei + yaax̱ → trail/road + edge-of
dei yaax̱ (landform) trail ¹; path; road; street | side of the trail/path/road/street | dei + yaax̱ → trail/road + edge-of
dei yík (landform) bed ¹; trail ¹; path; road; street | on the trail/path/road/street; bed of the trail/path/road/street | dei + yík → trail/road + in-(shallow container)
Deikeenaa (compound noun) Haida | "way out to sea tribe" | (KE) • deikée-naa → out-to-sea.clan
deikée (independent base) open ²; out; sea | way out to sea; out in the open water | (JC)
Deikée G̱aanax̱.ádi (clan name) Clan | "Out to Sea People of Sheltered Harbor"; Origin: Xaakka.aan (empty clam shell town), Baker Island | Raven/Crow Moiety • G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi Group • Primary Crests: Raven | deikée + g̱aanáx̱-át-i → out-to-sea + sheltered-place.thing-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Heinyaa Ḵwáan
Deisleen (placename) Teslin | multiple interpretations of the name exist, including "hunting by moonlight" (BC), "trail on which people hid themselves" (GS), and a borrowed word from a neighboring Athabascan language
Deisleen Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Teslin Area; "People of Teslin" | Included Communities: Teslin • multiple interpretations of the name exist, including "hunting by moonlight" (BC), "trail on which people hid themselves" (GS), and a borrowed word from a neighboring Athabascan language | (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar
• Yanyeidí | People of Hemlock House; People of the Mainland
Raven/Crow Clans
• Ishkeetaan | People of Deep Pool in the River House
• Kooḵhittaan | People of Cellar House
• Deisheetaan | People of the End of the Trail House
deishgí (particle) endless | seemingly endless; no end to it | (BC)
Deisheetaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the End of the Trail House" | Raven/Crow Moiety • Deisheetaan Migration • Deisheetaan Group • Primary Crests: Beaver, Split Beaver (Teslin) • Secondary Crests: Raven, Dragonfly, Mosquito, White Frog, Sockeye, Hawk, Bullhead, Needlefish | dei-shú-hít-taan → road/trail.end.house.people-of-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan
• Dáanaa Hít | Silver House
• Deishú Hít | End of the Trail House
• Goon Hít | Spring (of water) House
• Shdéen Hít | Steel House
• Tuḵká Hít | Needlefish House
• Yéil Hít | Raven House
Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan
• Yéil Sʼaag̱í Hít | Raven’s Bones House
• Kaaḵáakʼw Hít | Basket/Arch House
Áatlein Ḵwáan
Deisleen Ḵwáan
Taagish Ḵwáan
• Deishú Hít | End of the Trail House
Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan
• Deishú Hít | End of the Trail House
Deishú (placename) Haines | "End of the Trail" | dei-shú → train/road.end • (KE)
deix̱kajíntin (preverb) both; hand ¹ | with both hands | (JL)
deix̱kax̱ʼoostín (preverb) both; foot ¹ | on both feet; with both feet | (JL)
déi (particle) now | often appears after verbs in the imperative form to put urgency or immediacy into the command | (KE)
déi áwé! (interjection) knock it off!; stop it!; thatʼs enough! | (KE)
déil ká (preverb) guard; watch | on watch; on guard | déil kát hán/áa → they stand/sit on guard
déili (landform) ⑴ shelter | shelter (from wind or weather) | déil ká → in the shelter || ⑵ harbor | √déil-i → √protect-relational • (JL)
–déin vicinity | (in) the area of or around, (in) the vicinity of | (JC, KE) • i déinnáx̱ aa i x̱oonxʼí → your kin that live by/with you • wé sʼigeidí déin gax̱too.áat → weʼll go around where the beaver are • (JL)
–déindáx̱.aa (compound noun) • variants: –déinde aa • close ²; rest ²; vicinity | the one(s) in the vicinity of it; the rest of it, them | haa déinde aa xʼúxʼ → the books in our immediate vicinity • daaḵw.aa a déindáx̱ atx̱á gí i tuwáa sigóo yix̱aayí? → what other food do you want to eat? (BC) • (JL) • déin-dáx̱-aa → vicinity-from-one(s).(part.i)
déis (particle) now; turn ² | now you | used by inland spekaers in many instances where coastal speakers would say « wa.é ḵu.aa? », and could often be interpreted as 'and you?' or 'your turn.' | déi-sí → now.maybe • (JC)
déisaa (verbal noun) juice; seaweed | juice of clam or fish (used as seasoning) | sprinkled on seaweed for flavor
déix̱ (number) two | (KE) • variants: déex̱ (Y,A,T) •
déix̱ x̱ʼasiteeyi tséek (compound noun) bark ¹; stick | forked stick with two prongs used for debarking roots
déix̱ yakyee (compound noun) • variants: déix̱ yagiyee, déix̱ yagee • Tuesday; day | "second day" | déix̱ + yakyee → two + day • (JL)
di- (classifier) | ∅ group classifier; (+d,∅,+i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
digitgiyáa (noun) hummingbird | possibly a borrowed noun or a verbal noun | (KE) • variants: dagatgiyáa •
dikínde (independent base) upwards | kín-de → upwards.towards • (KE) • variants: kínde •
dikée (independent base) above; heaven; sky; up | up; above; up in the sky, in heaven
Dikée Aanḵáawu (compound noun) • variants: Dikáanḵáawu, Haa Aanḵáawu • Deity; God; Lord; Creator | "person of the land above" | a post-contact term from Christianity | (KE) • dikée + aan-ḵáa-wu → above + land-(inhabited).person-relational
dikée g̱eiwú (compound noun) artificial intelligence | "high net" | dikée + g̱eiwú → above + net • (AB)
–dix̱ʼkatʼaawú (body part) • variants: dix̱ʼtʼaawú (T) • fin | anterior dorsal fin (of fish) | dix̱ʼ-ká-tʼaaw-ú → back.on.feather-relational • (JL)
–dix̱ʼtusʼaag̱í (body part) • variants: –díx̱ʼtú sʼaaḵx’í • back ¹; bone; spine | backbone; "bones inside the back" | díx̱ʼ-tú + sʼaaḵ-x’-í → back.inside + bone.[plural]-relational • (JL)
diyáa (compound noun) across; other; side ² | across (especially of body of water); the other side (especially of body of water) | (JL)
diyáanax̱.á (compound noun) across; area; other; side ² | area across (especially of body of water); on the other side (especially of body of water) | diyáa-náx̱-á → across/other-side.[focus] • (KE)
diyeegooleit (borrowed noun) kayak; boat ¹ | skin kayak | (dL)
Diyée Aanḵáawu (compound noun) Satan; Devil | "person of the land above" | a post-contact term from Christianity | (KE) • diyée + aan-ḵáa-wu → below + land-(inhabited).person-relational
dís (noun) ⑴ moon || ⑵ month | (KE)
dís shoowú (compound noun) • variants: dís kígi • half; moon | half moon
dís shoowú kayáa (compound noun) cresent | cresent shape | dís + shoowú + kayáa → moon + half + resembles • (FS)
Dís Tlein (compound noun) October; month | October; "big moon" | when animals are in their prime condition, wild fowl are abundant, and people return to winter villages with summer food supplies | (NR)
dís woox̱éiyi calendar | "moons passed" | dís + wu-∅-√x̱éi-yi → moon + perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√pass/overnight-relational
dís xʼúxʼu (compound noun) calendar | "moon paper" | dís + xʼúxʼ-u → moon/month + paper/membrane-relational • (RD)
dís x̱ʼusyee (compound noun) moon | moonbeam; "below the foot of the moon" | a beam of light from the moon | dís + x̱ʼus-yee → moon + foot.below
dís x̱ʼus.eetí (compound noun) beam ²; moon | moonbeam; "footprint of the moon" | where a moonbeam hits a surface, illuminating it | dís + x̱ʼus-eetí → moon + foot.remains/imprint
Dís Yádi ² (compound noun) • variants: Sʼaax̱ Dísi, Sʼax̱ Tláa Dísi • September; month | September; "small moon" | Seems to refer to weaning, when food is beginning to become scarce and we do with less | (NR)
–díx̱ʼ (body part) back ¹ | (KE)
–díx̱ʼi (relational noun) warp ² | warp of a weaving
deegáa (verbal noun) dipnet | "the one that dipnets for fish" | √deek-áa → √dip-for-fish-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
–deenáag̱u (verbal noun) bait | tʼeix̱ deenáag̱u (hook bait); g̱aatáa adeenáag̱u (trap bait) | dee-∅-√náaḵw-u → ?-classifier.(∅)-√bait-relational • (JL)
dée (T) (borrowed noun) tea | from English "tea" • variants: cháayoo •
déex̱ (number) two | (KE) • variants: (Y,A,T), déix̱ •
du (relational pronoun) their; her; his | third person singular possessive (3s.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
du- (subject pronoun) someone | fourth person human subject (4h.S) • in a verb phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb • used to indicate an unspecified person is the pronoun, and best translated as “someone” • as a subject in verbs, it translates to “the verb occurs,” as in « yoo duwasáakw » (it is called), « hít wududliyéx̱ » (a house was built), and « adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa » (dance paddle) • will make all ∅ classifiers –d and all non-∅ classifiers (s,l,sh) +d regardless of verb theme or mode • will appear as « a- » in the object position for motion verbs • other subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject (1s.S)
• tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject (1p.S)
• i- | you [subject] → second person singular subject (2s.S)
• yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural subject (2p.S)
• ∅- | they [subject] → third person subject (3.S)
• has + ∅- | they all [subject] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• du- | someone [subject] → fourth person human subject (4h.S)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] → reciprocal subject (recip.S)
du ee- ⁓ u- (postpositional pronoun) them; her; him | to them; with them | third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
du x̱ʼé x̱ánt atx̱aayí ḵu.éexʼ (compound noun) feast; ḵu.éexʼ | "inviting to the food next to her mouth"; feast following a seclusion ceremony | « ḵu.éexʼ » is the most appropriate term for a cultural gathering, often hosted by a clan or clans of the same moiety, with the guests being of the opposite moiety • there were many types of « ḵu.éexʼ », including « shaawát x̱áni ḵu.éexʼ » (wedding), « du x̱ʼé x̱ánt atx̱aayí ḵu.éexʼ » (feast for a young woman coming out of seclusion), and others; now there is primarily « ḵu.éexʼ » for the release of grief of clan members • not an appropriate term for activities that are not clan-hosted | du + x̱ʼé + x̱án-t + at-√x̱á-yi + ḵu-∅-√.éexʼ → their-(3s.r) mouth + beside.at-(arrived) + something.(4n.O)-√eat-relational + someone-(4h.O)-classifier.(∅)-√call-out/shout • (KE, MA, SE, FD)
dudlitáawchʼán (adjective) steal | it is tempting to steal | du-dli-√táaw-chʼán → someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l,i)-√steal.[adjective] • (JL)
dudli.óowchʼán (adjective) sold easily | du-dli-√.óow-chʼán → someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l,i)-√buy.[adjective] • (JL)
–dunóogu (verbal noun) taste; flavor | taste or flavor of – | du-∅-√nóok-u → someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√feel/taste-relational • (JL)
dusʼélʼ xʼúxʼu (compound noun) pull tabs; rippies | "paper someone tears" | du-∅-√sʼélʼ + xʼúxʼ-u → someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√tear + paper-relational • (LF) • variants: sʼélʼ alḵáa xʼúxʼ •
dutaxʼ g̱ánch (compound noun) tobacco | (plug of) chewing tobacco | du-∅-√táxʼ + g̱ánch → someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√chew/bite + tobacco • (JL)
duwuweit (compound noun) wealth; possessions | "thing that is bought" | du-∅-√.óow-u-át → someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√buy • (JL)
dúḵ (noun) ⑴ cottonwood | Black cottonwood ° (Poplus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa) ° || ⑵ poplar | Balsam poplar ° (Populus balsamifera subsp. balsamifera) ° || ⑶ canoe | canoe made from cottonwood | for inland speakers, « dúḵ » is used for canoe and « yaakw » for boat | (JL) • variants: yaakw dúḵ (T) •
dúḵlʼ (noun) • variants: túḵlʼ • spruce; hemlock | young spruce or hemlock | a sprouting sapling | (JL, RL)
dúsʼ (noun) soot | (KE)
dúsh (noun) tadpole; pollywog | (KE)
–doogú (relational noun) skin ¹; hide ² | used to describe a hide or skin that has been removed from an animal
–dook ¹ (body part) skin ¹; complexion | (KE)
–dook ² (relational base) close ²; next to; side ² | right close to; right next to; right alongside | ax̱ dookt awsixátʼ du káayaḵijeidí → they pulled their chair up alongside me • a dóokt/duktóot satéen → they are sitting back in there • ax̱ dook ét áa → they are sitting right close to me (JL)
–doonyaa (relational base) • variants: –doonaa, –doonyaax̱, –doonaax̱ • ⑴ under | next to skin || ⑵ clothing | under or inside clothes | du-niÿaa → self.area/direction • (JL, JC, KE)
doonyaax̱ kʼoodásʼ (noun) underwear | undershirt | doonyaa-x̱ + kʼoodásʼ → under.clothing-at.(along) + + shirt • (KE)
doonyaax̱ naa.át (compound noun) underwear; undergarment | doonyaa-x̱ + naa-át → under.clothing-at.(along) + upper.body-thing.(4n.i) • (MH)
doonyaax̱ tuḵʼatáal (noun) underwear | longjohns | doonyaa-x̱ + tuḵʼatáal → under.clothing-at.(along) + + pants • (JL)
doonyaax̱lʼaak (noun) petticoat; slip ² | doonyaa-x̱-lʼaak → under.clothing-at.(along)-dress • (KE)
dooóo (interjection) see how you are!; look what you did! | (KE) • often used for teasing, or when realizing one has done something silly • variants: duóo, dóooo •
dóol (noun) crane ² | sandhill crane | (KE) ° (Grus canadensis) °
–dóolʼ (body part) erection | erection | (JL)
dóosh (noun) cat | (KE) ° (Felis domestica) °
dóosh yádi (compound noun) kitten | dóosh + yát-i → cat + child-relational • (KE)
dóox (body part) • variants: –tási • sinew | sinew prepared for thread | –tási is raw sinew removed from the body, and dóox is sinew prepared for thread • made by splitting the sinew and then twisting it by rolling it with the hand | (JL)
dlagwáa (verbal noun) spear ²; harpoon | fish spear; harpoon for spearing salmon; "the one that scratches" | √dlakw-áa → √scratch-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
dlágwaa peavy | "the one that scratches" | √dlakw-áa → √scratch-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
–dlaakʼ (kinship term) sister | maleʼs sister | classification: female kinship term | in Tlingit kinship, this term is only used by males to refer to biological sisters and females of the same clan and generation who they all have a close relationship with • can be used with females of the same moiety but not the same clan to show close personal or clan relationships
dleit ⑴ (noun) snow ¹ || ⑵ (color) white; color ² | (KE)
dleit a káa kadushxitx̱ tʼáa (compound noun) dry erase board | dleit + a + ká-∅ + ka-du-sh-√xit-x̱ + tʼáa → snow/white + its.(3n.r) + on-at.residing + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(d,sh).√furrow/write-repetitive + board • (FS)
dleit aasxʼí sáani chookán (compound noun) cauliflower | dleit + aas-xʼ-í + sáani + chookán → snow/white + tree-plural-peg.vowel + small.plural + grasss • (FS)
dleit dzoonáa (T) (compound noun) snowball | "snow missile" | dleit + √dzoo-n-áa → snow + √hit-by-throwing.[progressive]-one(s).(part.i) • (JL) • variants: dleit kachúxwti (C), dleit kachíxwti (A) •
dleit eix̱í (compound noun) mayonnaise | "white oil" | dleit + eix̱-í → snow/white + oil/grease-relational • (LF, NL) • variants: dleit ḵaa eix̱í, kawdudlixágu kʼwátʼ ḵa eix̱ •
dleit g̱éedi (compound noun) • variants: dletg̱éedi • snow ¹; blizzard; storm | snowstorm; snow shower; blizzard | dleit + √g̱éed-i → snow + √heavily-precipitate • (KE)
dleit kachúxwti (C) (compound noun) • variants: dleit kachíxwti (A), dleit kachúxdi, dleit dzoonáa (T) • ball; snow ¹ | snowball; "snow packed" | dleit + ka-∅-√chúxw-t-i → snow + horizontal-clasifier.(∅-)-√rub/massage/shape-with-hands • (JL)
dleit kachóox (compound noun) snowball | "snow shaped by hand" | dleit + ka-∅-√chóox → snow/white + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√rub/massage • (JL)
dleit kadánjayi (T) (compound noun) snow ¹ | powder snow (blown in the wind) | dleit + ka-∅-√dán-ch-aa-yi → snow + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√dusty-repetitive-one(s).(part.i)-relational • (JL)
dleit kadushxit tʼáa yá whiteboard | "white board whose face is written on" | dleit + ka-du-sh-√xit + tʼáa + yá → snow/white + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,sh)-√poke-with-stick/write + board + face • variants: kadushxeet tʼáa yá •
dleit kakétsk (compound noun) • variants: dleit kakékwti, dleit kakéxwt • snow ¹ | dry granular snow; "loosely piled up snow" | dleit + ka-∅-√kéts-k → snow + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√loesely-piled-up-repetitive • (KE)
dleit kaltʼéexʼ (compound noun) • variants: dleit keltʼéexʼ (C) • snow ¹ | block of frozen snow | dleit + ka-l-√tʼéexʼ → snow + horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√frozen/hard • (JL)
dleit katlʼíxʼx̱i (compound noun) snow ¹ | snow crust | dleit + ka-l-√tʼíxʼ-x̱-i → snow + horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√frozen/hard-repetitive-relational • (JL)
dleit ka.óoxu (compound noun) snow ¹ | blowing snow
dleit kʼwátʼxʼ (compound noun) snow ¹ | "snow eggs"; round lumps of snow | dleit + kʼwátʼ-xʼ → snow + egg.[plural] • (JL)
dleit ḵaa eix̱í (compound noun) mayonnaise | "white personʼs oil" | dleit + ḵaa + eix̱-í → snow/white + personʼs-(4h.r) + oil/grease-relational • (LF, NL) • variants: dleit eix̱í, kawdudlixágu kʼwátʼ ḵa eix̱ •
dleit ḵaa tleig̱ú (compound noun) grape | "white personʼs berry" | dleit + ḵaa + tleiḵw-u → white/snow + personʼs-(4h.r) + berry/fruit-relational • (LT)
dleit ḵaa yéilʼi (compound noun) tomato | "white personʼs elderberry" | dleit + ḵaa + yéilʼ-i → snow/whie + person-(4h.r) + elderberry-relational • (RN)
dleit ḵaadí (compound noun) avalanche; slide ²; snow ¹ | snowslide; snow avalanche | dleit + ḵaadí → snow + rockslide/snowslide
dleit ḵáa (compound noun) person | euroamerican person or people; white person or people; european person or people | in early times of contact, white people were called « gusʼkʼiḵwáan » (people at the base of the clouds), and then often either « Anóoshi » (Russian) or « Waashdan ḵwáan » (People of Boston) | dleit + ḵáa → snow/white + person.(4h.i) • (JL)
dleit shakadzoo (compound noun) • variants: (At), dleit shakedzoo (C) • snow ¹; lump | lump of snow that has fallen off the branch of a tree; "snow head-missile" | dleit + sha-ka-∅-√dzoo → snow + head-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√hit-by-throwing • (JL)
dleit tin kawduwachooxú ḵáa (compound noun) snowman | "man made with snow shaped by hand" | dleit + tin + ka-ÿu-du-ÿa-√choox-ú + ḵáa → snow/white + with + horizontal-perfective-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅,i)-√massage/pat-by-hand-relational + someone-(4h.i) • (HC)
dleit tʼáa kát kooxéedaa (compound noun) marker | dry erase marker | dleit + tʼáa + ká-t + kooxéedaa → snow/white + board + on-at.(arriving) + pencil/pen • (FS)
dleit tléig̱u (compound noun) snowberry; berry | dleit + tléikw-u → snow + berry-relational • (KE) ° (Symphoricarpos albus) °
dleit tséegi (compound noun) • variants: dleit tutséegi • stick | snow stick; stick used to skewer a chunk of snow and melt it over the fire | dleit + tu-∅-√tséek-i → snow + inside-classifier.(∅)-√roast-on-stick-relational • (JL)
dleit xóots (compound noun) • variants: (T), hintaak xóodzi • bear ¹ | polar bear; "white brown-bear" | dleit + xóots → snow/white + brown-bear • (JL, KE)
dleit xwénaa (compound noun) scoop; shovel ² | snow scoop (made of wood); snow shovel; "the one that shovels out snow" | dleit + √xwén-aa → snow + spoon-out/shovel-out/dish-out-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
dleit xwéini (compound noun) snow blower | "snow dumper" | dleit + √xáa-n-i → snow + √pour/dump.[progessive]-relational • (KE)
dleit x̱ʼakée (compound noun) snow ¹; on ¹ | on top of the snow; "above the mouth of the snow" | dleit + x̱ʼá-kée → snow + mouth.above • (JL)
dleit yátxʼi (compound noun) • variants: dleit yétxʼi (C) • snow ¹ | fine snow; snow with tiny snowflakes; "snow children" | fine small starts in falltime when the fine snow falls | dleit + yát-xʼi → snow + child.[plural]-relational • (JL) • dleit yátxʼi daak wusitán → fine snow is falling (JL)
dleitl (noun) slack | slack (as in rope or line) | (JL)
dléigu (verbal noun) ⑴ pat | loving pat (like a grandparent would give to a child) | (JM) || ⑵ lullaby; song
dléikwaa shéeyi (compound noun) • variants: dléigu • lullaby | "the one that pats lovingly song" | (JM2) • √dléikw-aa + shí-yi → √loving-pat.one(s) + song-relational • variants: xáanaa tʼukanéiyi shéeyi •
dli- (classifier) | l group classifier; (+d,l,+i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
dlinkwát (adverb) • variants: dleewkát • carefully | (JC, JL)
–dleey (body part) • variants: –dleeÿ • ⑴ muscle || ⑵ flesh
dleey dáat (compound noun) bloodshot | bloodshot meat; bloodshot flesh | dleey + √dáat → flesh/meat + √brusied/bloodshot • (JL)
dleey kasʼúwaa (compound noun) meat chopper; cleaver | "the one that chops the meat" | dleey + ka-∅-√sʼúw-aa → flesh/meat + horizontal--clasifier.(∅)-√chop • (JL) • variants: (At,T), dleey kesʼúwaa (C) •
dleey katʼálʼti (T) (compound noun) meat patty | "flattened meat" | dleey + ka-∅-√tʼálʼ-t-i → flesh/meat + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√press-flat-repetitive-relational
dleey katʼátʼx̱i (verbal noun) • variants: dleey katʼálʼti • patty | meat patty | dleey + ka-∅-√tʼátʼ-x̱-i → meat + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√press/pat-repetitive-relational • (JL)
dleey kaxágwaa (compound noun) meat grinder | "the one to grind up meat on" | dleey + ka-∅-√xákw-aa → flesh/meat + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√grind-up • (JL) • variants: dleey kexágwaa (C) •
dleey kaxákwlʼi (compound noun) ground meat; hamburger | "whipped up meat" | dleey + ka-∅-√xákwlʼ-i → meat + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√whip-up-relational • variants: (T), dleey kexákwlʼi (C) •
dleey kax̱ʼwénaa (compound noun) • variants: x̱ʼwéinaa, x̱ʼwénaa tséek, dleey kex̱ʼwénaa (C) • barbecue ²; stick; spit ² | roasting stick (split so that the meat can be inserted; the end is then bound) | dleey + ka-√x̱ʼwén-aa → meat + horizontal-√roast-while-bound-[?]-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
dleey shísʼḵ (compound noun) meat | raw meat | dleey + shísʼḵ → meat + raw
dleey téix̱i (compound noun) meat | boiled meat | dleey + √táa-x̱-i → meat + √boil-repetitive-relational
dleey tséegi (compound noun) skewer; spit ² | spit, skewer, roasting stick, barbecue stick for meat | (JL) • dleey + √tséek-i → flesh/meat + √roast-on-stick-relational
dleey xook (compound noun) meat | dried meat | dleey + xook → meat + dried
dlóoḵ (noun) mucus; discharge; pus | dried mucus | (JL)
dlóotldáx̱ (compound noun) independently; oneself | on oneʼs own; independently; (all) by oneself | dlóotldáx̱ yéi jiné → they works independently • (JL)
–dlóox̱ʼu (A) (relational noun) point ² | point of (a projectile) | (JL)
dzagéiḵ (borrowed noun) weakling | « √geiḵ » is a verb root in Tlingit, but the « dza- » prefix suggests a borrowing from another Na-Dane language | (JL)
dzánti (noun) flounder | (KE) ° (Pleuronectidae) °
Dzántikʼi Héeni (placename) Gold Creek (in Juneau); Juneau | "River at the Base of Flounder Hill" | Dzánti is a hill where the river flows from, behind downtown Juneau, known now as Capitol Hill | dzánti-kʼi + héen-i → flounder.base-of + river/water-relational • (JM, KE)
dzaas (noun) thonging; babiche; string ¹ | leather thonging | (KE)
dzeit (noun) ⑴ ladder; stairs || ⑵ dock; pier; boardwalk | (KE)
dzeit shuyee (compound noun) • variants: dzeit shuwee • dock; bridge; warf | at the landing of a dock; bottom end of bridge, wharf; "below the end of the dock" | dzeit + shu-yee → ladder/stairs/dock + end.below • (JL)
dzi- (classifier) | s group classifier; (+d,s,+i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
dziyáagin (adverb) time ² | after a while; later on | (KE)
dziyáak (adverb) time ² | a while ago; earlier | (KE)
dzískʼw ¹ (noun) moose | (KE) ° (Alces alces gigas) °
dzískʼw ² (noun) • variants: tsískʼw, óondách (T), wesdzi (C), mesdzi (C) • owl | great horned owl; owl with ear tufts | (KE)
dzeenáa (verbal noun) ⑴ snare | snare to catch small animals by the leg; small snare forr halibut | √dzeen-áa → √snare?-one(s).(part.i) • (JL) || ⑵ dart; missile | √dzoon-aa
dzéexʼw (noun) clam | baby clams | (KE)
–dzúk (relational base) back ²; behind | at the back of; right behind | du dzúkt áa → they are sitting at their back
dzoonáa (verbal noun) missile | "the one that is thrown at (something)" | √dzoon-aa → √throw-at-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
dzóoxʼ (noun) clam | butter clam | (KE)
é! (interjection) check it out!; wow!; oh my! | used as an exclamation of pride, achievement, or wonder • (KE)
eix̱ (noun) • variants: eex̱ • oil; grease | (KE)
eix̱ kát sakwnéin (compound noun) bannock; fry bread | "bread on the oil/grease" | eix̱ + ká-t + sakwnéin → oil/grease + one.at-(moving around) + bread • (KE) • variants: eex̱ kát sakwnéin (Y,At,T) •
éiḵ • variants: éeḵ • ⑴ (landform) beach; waterside || ⑵ (independent base) shore; beach | down on the shore, beach | when used as a directional preverb, « neech » is used when the speaker is on the beach and « éiḵ / éeḵ » is used when the speaker is inland from the shoreline | (JC, JL, KE)
éilʼ ⑴ (landform) ocean || ⑵ (noun) salt water || ⑶ (noun) salt | (KE)
éilʼ héen • variants: éilʼ héeni • ⑴ (landform) ocean || ⑵ (compound noun) salt water | (BC) • éilʼ + héen-i → salt/ocean/salt.water + water/river/creek-relational
éilʼ kahéeni (compound noun) saltwater brine | "water from salt" | éilʼ-héen-i → salt/ocean/salt water.water/river/creek-relational • (KE)
éinaa (verbal noun) cache; rack | drying rack (for fish or meat); "the one that sits" | pole cache made of crossed poles, elevated; also something where you hang the meat, i.e. meat rack, fish rack; something you can stand on up there and fix your stuff up | √.áa-n-aa → √.sit/situate.[progressive]-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
éit (compound noun) thing; important | important thing | (JL)
éitsʼkʼ! (interjection) yum! | (KE)
éix̱ʼ (landform) slough | (KE)
ga conjugation motion preverbs | these preverbs create motion verbs using the ga conjugation prefix
initiatory motion
• [no preverb but general upward motion] | starting off, picking up, upward
• N-dáx̱ | starting off, picking up from N
• N+ítx̱ | following N
wrongly
• ḵut | going astray, getting lost
galg̱aaḵú (compound noun) wilderness; bush ² | ga-l-g̱aa-ḵú → horizontal-clasifier.(d,l).[?].areal • (JL, JC, KE) • variants: g̱walg̱aḵú (At), kalg̱aḵú (T), kalḵaaḵú •
galtáak • variants: ganaltáak • (compound noun) fire ¹ | in the fire | (JL) • gan-la-√taak → fire-classifier.(l)-√cavity
gan (noun) fire ¹
ganaswáan (borrowed noun) worker | from English "businessman" | (KE, JC)
gandaa (compound noun) around; fire ¹ | around the fire | gán-daa → fire/wood.around
gandaadagóogu (compound noun) woodpecker | "pecks around the wood" | gán-daa-da-√góok-u → wood.around-clasifier.(d,∅)-√peck-relational • (KE)
gandaasʼaají (compound noun) bee; hornet; wasp | "claims the wood" | gan-daa-∅-√sʼaa-ch-í → wood.around-clasifier.(∅)-√claim-(something to be destroyed)-repetitive-relational
gandaasʼaají háatlʼi (compound noun) honey ¹ | "bee poop" | gan-daa-∅-√sʼaa-ch-í + háatlʼ-i → wood.around-clasifier.(∅)-√claim-(something to be destroyed)-repetitive-relational + poop/mess-relational
gandaasʼaají kúdi (compound noun) beehive | "bee nest" | gan-daa-∅-√sʼaa-ch-í + kút-i → wood.around-clasifier.(∅)-√claim-(something to be destroyed)-repetitive-relational + nest-relational
gangook (compound noun) fire ¹; side ² | fireside; by the fire, facing the fire | especially, close to the sides of the logs where the fire is the hottest • close to the fire (as opposed to ganchʼóokʼ in the corner by the fire—the rest is crowded, so you take the corner, close to the end) | gán-gook → fire.near-(fire)
gangook tʼóosʼi (compound noun) fish ¹ | fish heads cooked on the ground, rocks, or logs around the fire | gan-gook + √tʼóosʼ-i → fire.around-(fire) + √roast-by-fire/toast-relational • (JL)
gangookg̱áx̱i (compound noun) • variants: gangukg̱áx̱i • fish ¹ | fish heads cooked on the ground, rocks, or logs around the fire | gan-gook-g̱áx̱-i → fire.around-fire-[?].[?]-relational • (JL)
ganigeidí (compound noun) • variants: gan yageit, ganyikyeidí • smoke | smoke spreaders; "against the fire" | layer of boards to protect foods in smokehouse from dry heat | gan-yík-yee-at-i → fire.in-(shallow container).below-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (KE, JC, DN)
gankasʼíxʼi (compound noun) • variants: gankaadé sʼíxʼ • ⑴ dead; dish | fire dish | dish used for offering food to the dead at ḵu.éexʼ • held by two or four members of the opposite clan, who hold them above their head while names from the host clan are called out in remembrance, often before the first meal • after calling out the names, the dish is burned completely as a spiritual offering | gan-ka-sʼíxʼ-i → fire.on.dish-relational • (JL) ⒜ gankasʼíxʼi; gankaadé sʼíxʼ | fire dish
ganká (compound noun) fire ¹ | on the fire, in the fire | especially, on the burning wood | gan-ka → fire.on • (JL)
gantutlʼúkʼx̱u (compound noun) • variants: aas tutlʼúkʼx̱u • worm | woodworm | gán-tú-tlʼúkʼx̱-u → wood.inside.worm-relational • (KE)
gantuxoogú (compound noun) firewood; wood | dry inner part of firewood; "dry inside the wood" | gán-tu-∅-√xook-ú → wood.inside-classifier.(∅)-√dry-relational • (KE)
gantuxʼúxʼu (compound noun) rot ² | dry rot (in decayed wood) | gan-tu-xʼúxʼ-u → fire.inside.fiber-relational
gantú (compound noun) fire ¹ | inside the fire | ganitóode kḵwagóot → iʼll go into the fire (when I die, from a song) • (JL) • gan-tú → fire.inside
ganyalʼóotʼ (compound noun) flame | "fire face tongue" | gan-yá-lʼóotʼ → fire.face.tongue • (KE)
gan.eetí (compound noun) burn ²; fire ¹; place | fireplace; place where there has been a fire and there is burnt residue | gan + eetí → fire + remains/imprint • (JL)
gawdáan (borrowed noun) horse | from Chinook Jargon « kəwdán » | (KE, JC)
gawdáan yádi (compound noun) colt | "horse child" | gawdáan + yát-i → horse + child-relational • (KE)
gági (preverb) open ²; out | from shadows into the open; out into the open (from shadows) | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) | (JC)
gán (noun) wood; firewood | firewood | (KE)
gán aan duxash xáshaa (compound noun) chainsaw; saw ² | chainsaw | gán + a-een + du-∅-√xash + √xaash-aa → firewood + its.(3n.r).with +someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√saw/cut + √saw/cut-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
gán kaḵásʼti (compound noun) kindling | gán + ka-∅-√ḵásʼ-t-i → firewood + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√crack/split-(wood)-repetitive-relational • (KE) • variants: gán yátxʼi •
gán katlʼáakʼ (compound noun) • variants: gén ketlʼáakʼ • wood | wet wood | gán + ka-∅-√tlʼáakʼ → wood + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√wet • (JL)
gán láx̱ʼi (compound noun) • variants: gén daaláx̱ʼi • wood; firewood | firewood that is wet, moist with tree sap (so that it doesnʼt burn well) | moist wood from the outer layers of the tree or down close to the base of the tree | gán + láx̱ʼi → wood + wet-outer-wood • (JL)
gán yátxʼi (compound noun) • variants: gán kaḵásʼti • kindling | gán + yát-xʼ-i → firewood + child.[plural]-relational • (JC)
gánde nagoodí (compound noun) poop ²; excrement | "walking outside" | « gánde nagoodí » is a euphemism, « háatlʼ » is the most common form, and « lʼílʼ » is the most direct & literal | (KE) • variants: lʼílʼ, háatlʼ •
gánde nagoot eedí (compound noun) • variants: gánde nagoot eetí • bathroom ² | gán-de + na-∅-√goot + eedi → outside/potty-towards + na.con-cl.(∅)-√walk/go + remains/room • (FS)
Gánti Yaakw Séedi (placename) Wrangell Narrows | "Steamboat Channel" | √gán-t-i + yaakw + séet-i → √burn/light-repetitiverelational + canoe/boat + channel-relational • (TT)
gántiyaakw boat: motor boat; boat: steamboat; boat: riverboat | "burnt boat" | √gán-t-i-yaakw → √burn/light-repetitive-relational.canoe/boat
gaan (noun) • variants: gaan ká, gaan woolí • smokehole | (JL)
–gaan (body part) • variants: –shegaan • fontanel | " smokehole" | the soft spot on a babyʼs head | (JL)
gaan ká (compound noun) • variants: gaan, gaan woolí • smokehole | √gaan + ká → √burn/light + on • (JL)
gaan woolí (compound noun) • variants: gaan, gaan ká • smokehole | √gaan + wool-í → √burn/light + hole-relational • (JL)
gaan x̱ʼaháadi (compound noun) smokehole | smokehole cover | gaan + x̱ʼa-√háat-i → smokehole + mouth.covering-relational • (KE)
gaan yéili smokehole | wind block for smokehole | boards above smokehole to shelter it from the wind, can be moved from side to side | gaan + yéil-i → smokehole + raven-relational
gaaw (noun) ⑴ drum || ⑵ clock; time ¹ || ⑶ bell | (KE) • variants: g̱ayéisʼ gaaw •
gaaw altínx̱ (compound noun) clock-watcher | gaaw + a-∅-la-√tín-x̱ → drum/clock/bell + them/it.(3.O).they.(3.S)-classifier.(l)-√see-repetitive • (KE)
gaaw daakexaagú (compound noun) • variants: gaaw kaxéeji, gaaw tukaxéeji • drum | drum frame | the wooden hoop over which the skin is stretched | gaaw + daa-ka-∅-√xaakw-u → drum + around-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√grind-relational • (JL)
gaaw gwálayi (compound noun) • variants: gaaw x̱íjaa, kagwáali • drum; stick | drumstick | gaaw + √gwál-aa-yi → drum + √beat/stab-one(s).(part.i)-relational • (JL)
gaaw gwáali (compound noun) drummer | gaaw + √gwáal-i → drum + √beat/stab-relational • (VD)
gaaw ítxʼ (compound noun) • variants: gaaw ít • late; after | after the appointed time; "after the drum" | gaaw + ít-xʼ → drum + after/following.at-(residing) • (KE)
gaaw kaxéeji (compound noun) • variants: gaaw tukaxéeji, gaaw daakexaagú • drum | drum frame | the wooden hoop over which the skin is stretched | gaaw + ka-∅-√xéech-i → drum + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√exert-relational • (JL)
Gaaw Tʼaḵ Aan (placename) Hoonah | "Village Beside the Drum" | gaaw + tʼaḵ + aan → drum + beside + land-(inhabited) • (TT) • variants: Xunaa (Xunniyaa) •
gaaw wutaan (compound noun) ḵu.éexʼ; ceremony | opening ceremonies of a ḵu.éexʼ; "Taking up the Drum" | from Dauenhauer (HTY 44): the first part, called « Ḵáa Eetí G̱áax̱i » (“The Cry for Someone”) is conducted by the hosts; it consists of speeches and four songs of mourning. The second part, « L Sʼaati Sháa G̱áax̱i (“The Widowʼs Cry,” literally “the cry for a leaderless woman”) is performed by the opposite moiety (the guests), who respond with a ceremony to remove the grief of the hosts. It, too, consists of speeches and songs. | gaaw + wu-∅-√taan → drum + perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√carry-(empty container) • (NR) • variants: G̱áax̱, G̱áax̱ Kát Anáḵ, Wudanaaḵ, Kei Gax̱dunáaḵ •
gaaw x̱ʼáak (compound noun) hour | "between the drum" | gaaw + x̱ʼáak → drum + between • (KE)
gaaw yáx̱ (compound noun) | "like the drum"; "according to the drum"; on time; in time | gaaw + yáx̱ → drum + like/according-to • (KE)
gaawáḵ (noun) serviceberry; saskatoonberry; berry | (KE) ° (Amelanchier florida/alnifolia) °
Gaawhíttaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the Drum House"; Origin: Dry Bay to Ahrnklin River and Yakutat | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration • Teiḵweidí Group | gaaw-hít-taan → drum.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan
• Gaaw Hít | Drum House (same as listed in Teiḵweidí)
–gaawú (relational noun) time | (the) time for | a gaawú áyá → itʼs time for it • atx̱á gaawú áyá → itʼs time to eat • (JL)
gáalʼ (noun) ⑴ clam || ⑵ cataract | (KE, JL)
gáan ¹ (independent base) outdoors; outside | (KE)
gáan ² (noun) menstrual; period | menstrual discharge; period | gáan aawa.oo → she had her period • (JL)
gáan aa yee (compound noun) building; house; room | in the spare room or outbuilding | gáan aa yee nayx̱éixʼw! → you all sleep in the other room/house! • (JL) • gáan + aa + yee → outside + one-(s)-(part.i) + inside-(building)
gáannax̱.á area; out; outside | area toward outdoors, outside | ach gáannax̱ g̱alayeix̱í du ya.áak, chashtuhít. → this is why a place is built outside, a place is prepared for people, a brush hut (SuJ) • shákw ḵu.aa, chʼas á áwé a xʼaakeidí gáannax̱.á áa yéi yatee → strawberries are the only fruit with seeds on the outside (GD, MD) • (JL)
gáasʼ (noun) housepost | often refers to carved posts in a clan house, or the four posts that hold the house up | (KE)
gáaxw (noun) duck | default type is likely a mallard ° (Anserinae) °
–gáaxw (relational noun) back ¹; blade; edge; knife; spine | back (of a knife or other blade); back edge, spine of it
gáaxʼu (noun) • variants: algáaxʼw • riddle | gáaxʼu yéi gax̱dusnéi → theyʼll act out a riddle (JM) • (JL)
gedéin (adverb) • variants: gidéin • greatly | √gei-déin → big/plentiful.[adverb] • (JL)
gé (particle) • variants: gí • | used to create a "yes or no" question | placement of « gé » grammatically depends on the sentence, but it often immediately follows what is being asked in the question • learners should consult fluent speakers for proper placement, and avoid always putting it at the end
–gé (relational base) against; opposing | (JL)
géxkw (noun) • variants: kéxkw, té géxkw • pumice | (JL)
géxtlʼ (noun) ⑴ pumice | (JC) || ⑵ aluminum | (KE)
–geinyaax̱ (relational noun) • variants: –genyaax̱ • instead; place; stead | in their place; taking their place; instead of them | du geinyaax̱ yei daaduné → a person is doing it it on their behalf, instead of them; a person does it on their behalf, instead of them • ax̱ geinyaax̱ yaawagút → they died instead of me (went in my place) • du genyaax̱ kawduwaḵaa → they were sent instead of them (JL)
–géit (preverb) against –; wrongly; improperly • variants: –géide •
gijook (noun) • variants: kijook • ⑴ eagle | golden eagle | (JC) ° (Aquila chrysaetos) ° || ⑵ hawk | mountain or yellow hawk | (JL) • kich-√yook → tail-(bird/fish)-√shake
Ginjichwáan (borrowed noun) Canadian; British | from English "King George Man" | (KE, JC) • variants: Ginjoochwáan, Kinguchwáan •
Ginjichwáan xʼóowu • variants: Kinguchwáan xʼóowu • blanket | Hudson Bay blanket; "Canadianʼs blanket" | Ginjichwáan + xʼóow-u → Canadian + blanket-relational • (KE)
gisʼóoḵ (noun) aurora borealis; northern lights | gisʼóoḵ woo.aat → the northern lights are out (JL)
gishoo (borrowed noun) pig | from Chinook Jargon « (li)košó », which borrows from French "le cochon" | (JC)
gishoo naasí (compound noun) sausage; hot dog | "pig intestines"
gishoo taayí (compound noun) bacon | "pig fat" | gishoo + taay-í → pig + fat-relational • (KE)
Giyaḵw (borrowed noun) Sugpiaq; Alutiiq; Chugach; Aleut | (JC, KE) • variants: Gutéix̱ʼ, Ana.óot •
gí (particle) perhaps; seem | it would seem | (KE)
gíwé (particle) possibly | the most common ways to express doubt in Tlingit are listed below: • variants: géwé, gíyú •
particles
• kwshé | probably (hopeful, likely)
• gíwé, géwé, gíyú | possibly
• shákdé | perhaps
• ḵashde | i thought
• gwál | maybe (doubtful)
verb
• yéi x̱waajée | i think so; i suspect it to be; i guess
–geení (body part) flippers; tail | tail flippers | (JC)
geesh (noun) kelp | bull kelp | (NR, MD) ° (Nereocystis luetkeana) °
geets (noun) rash; hives | (JL)
–géek (relational noun) stern | stern (of a boat) | (KE)
géewaa (borrowed noun) beer | from Russian "пиво" | (JC)
–gukáaxʼ (relational noun) clear; distinct; understand | (speaking) clearly, distinctly for them, so she/he can understand | (JL)
–gukdaa ear | outer ear | (JL)
gukkajaash (compound noun) • variants: gukkadzaas, gukkedzaas • earring | earring made of a strip of hide, worn by men | men used porcupine quills to keep pierced ear from growing shut | (JL)
guklʼéinxw (compound noun) • variants: guk tlʼéinx̱w, guk tlʼínx̱w • earring | "tied up ears"; long earrings made of yarn or hide dangling from the ears for yoo koonáḵk (sway dance)
gukshatú (relational noun) • variants: gukshitú, gukshutú • corner | (in) the corner
gukshí (compound noun) corner | (KE, JL) • variants: (At), gukshú •
gukshú (compound noun) • variants: gukshí, guksh • corner | (KE, JL)
–gukyikkʼóox̱ʼu (compound noun) earwax | "pitch in ear" | guk-yik-kʼóox̱ʼ-u → ear.in-(shallow container).pitch-relational • (KE)
gukyík dagéixʼi (compound noun) • variants: yatseeneit, xóots • bear ¹ | brown bear; grizzly bear | this is a term used for brown bear used by speakers who respect the bear so much that they all do not use its real name | ya-√tseen-i-át → guk-yík + da-√géi-xʼ-i ear-in.(shallow container) + cl(∅,d)-√big-plural-relational ° (Ursus arctos) °
guk.át (compound noun) • variants: guk.ádi, guk.édi (C) • earring | "ear thing"; earring | gúk.át → ear-thing-(4n.i) • (KE)
gunalchéesh! (interjection) (verbal noun) thank you! | "itʼs not easy to get for oneself" | (JL, KE)
gunáayei • variants: kunáayei, kóonayei • chipmunk | northwestern chipmunk ° (Eutamius amanus) °
–guntú (relational base) blanket; cover ²; nestle; under | under the covers, under the blanket with them; (sleeping) nestled against them | ax̱ guntóot táayin → he used to sleep under the covers with me (JL) • ax̱ guntóot tá → they are sleeping nestled in my embrace (JL) • guntóonáx̱ daak jiyeel.á déi → put your hands out (in peace?) (CJ)
gusʼkʼiḵwáan (compound noun) person | euroamerican person or people; white person or people; european person or people; "people at the base of the clouds" | in early times of contact, white people were called « gusʼkʼiḵwáan » (people at the base of the clouds), and then often either « Anóoshi » (Russian) or « Waashdan ḵwáan » (People of Boston) | góosʼ-kʼí-ḵwáan → cloud.base-of.people-of • (NR) • variants: gusʼkʼiyee ḵwáan •
gusʼkʼiḵwáan lʼoowú (compound noun) oak | "white manʼs piece of wood" | góosʼ-kʼí-ḵwáan + lʼoowú → cloud.base-of.people-of + piece-of-wood • (KE)
gusʼshú (compound noun) • variants: goosʼ shú, gusʼshuwee, gusʼshuyee • horizon | "end of the clouds" | góosʼ + shú → cloud + end • (KE)
gusʼx̱lugooḵ (compound noun) Raven ¹ | the bird that Raven turned into during the great flood; "pokes its beak into the cloud" | gusʼ-x̱-lu-∅-√gooḵ ² → cloud.at-(repeatedly).nose/point-classifier.(∅)-√push
gusʼyadóoli (compound noun) snipe; sandpiper | least sandpiper; "face of the cloud crane"
gusʼyé kindachooneidí (compound noun) pigeon; dove | "straight up (like an) arrow (to) the face of the clouds" | gusʼ-yá + kin-daa-√choon-át-i → cloud.face + upwards.around-√wound-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (KE) • variants: gusʼyá kindachooneidí •
Gutéix̱ʼ (borrowed noun) Sugpiaq; Alutiiq; Chugach; Aleut | (JC, KE) • variants: Giyaḵw, Ana.óot •
–guwateiyí (relational noun) • variants: –shuteiyi, tʼeix̱ teiyí • sinker | sinker (of net, fishing line) | (JL)
guwáatlʼ (verbal adjective) short | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | ka-u-∅-√ÿáatlʼ → comparitive-irrealis-clasifier.(∅)-√short
gu.aal (particle) hopefully | optative | often combines with a prohibitive mode of the verb, resulting in "i hope that it will [verb]" | gu.aal hél yéi oostínjiḵ → I hope he doesn’t see her (JC) • gu.aal kwshé yéi wuteeḵ → i hope that it will be (NR)
gu.áa! (interjection) | strong suprise; whoa! | (KE) • variants: gwáa! •
–gú (relational base) base; butt | base, bottom, butt end | (JC)
–gúgu (relational noun) antenna | antenna (of radio) | (KE)
–gúk (body part) ear | (KE)
–gúkg̱aa (relational noun) like ¹; pleasing; sound | pleasing to his/her ear; the way she/he likes it to sound | (JL)
gúnlʼ (noun) burl; growth | (JL)
gúnx̱aa (noun) abalone | (KE)
gúnx̱aa nóoxʼu (compound noun) shell; abalone | abalone shell
gút (borrowed noun) dime | from English "bit" | (KE, JC)
gúxʼaa (verbal noun) cup; can | "the one that dips up" | √gúxʼ-aa → √dip-up-one(s).(part.i) • (KE, JC) • variants: cháashgaa (Y) •
gúxʼaa át kanduḵʼíshji (compound noun) hockey | "batting the can around” | (SN) • √gúxʼaa + áa-t + ka-na-du-∅-√ḵʼísh-ch-i → [dipper-upper-one + there-at.(arrived) + horizontal-na.con-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√bat.rep.rel]
goo sá (question particle) where | rarely appears on its own, and most often contains a relational suffix indicating direction or location, creating combinations like « gooxʼ sá » (located [at rest] where?) and « goodé sá » (going towards where?) • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « gooxʼ sáyá » (where is this?), « gooxʼ sáwé? » (where is that) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | goosú wa.é? → where are you? • goodé sá yaa nagút? → where is they going? • (JC,KE)
gooch (landform) hill; mound; knoll | small hill | (KE)
goodásʼ (noun) shirt; tunic | (KE) • variants: kʼoodásʼ, kʼoodésʼ (C) •
goon (landform) spring ² | spring (of water) | (KE)
goonhéeni (compound noun) springwater | most Tlingit villages have a spring nearby • people who gather and prepare traditional medicines often prefer to use springwater instead of tap water | goon-héen-i → spring.water-relational
goosʼ shú (compound noun) horizon | "end of the clouds" | góosʼ + shú → cloud + end • (KE) • variants: gusʼshú •
–goosh (body part) thumb | (KE)
–gooshí (body part) fin; orca | dorsal fin (of killerwhale) | (lit. thumb)
gooshúg̱unáx̱ (number) nine | nine people | used for counting people only | (KE)
gooshúḵ (number) nine | "thumb is smiling" | goosh-wu-∅-√shooḵ → thumb-perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√smile/laugh (CG)
gootl • variants: g̱ootl • ⑴ (landform) bump; hump; mound || ⑵ (noun) lump | (JL)
–goowú (plant part) stump | stump, butt end (of tree or other plant)
goox̱ (noun) slave | (KE)
–góogu (relational noun) expert | expert at | √góok-u → √expertise/know-how-relational • (JL)
góoḵ (noun) • variants: a kagúḵxʼu • egg | dried salmon eggs | usually dried in stomach or gunnysack strung in tree | (JL)
góon ⑴ (noun) gold || ⑵ (color) gold
–góon (landform) isthmus; portage; passage | portage, passage across; isthmus | (KE)
–góos (body part) vagina; vulva | (JL)
góosʼ (noun) cloud; cloud cover; sky | cloudy sky | (KE)
gwatk sá (question particle) • variants: gutk sá (Y) • some; time ²; when; past | when (in the past); sometime (in the past) | used to talk about past times only • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « gwatk sáyá » (when [in the past] was this?), « gwatk sáwé? » (when [in the past] was that?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | gwatk sáwé haat iyagút? → when did you get here? • (JC,DA)
gwál (particle) maybe | maybe (doubtful) | the most common ways to express doubt in Tlingit are listed below:
particles
• kwshé | probably (hopeful, likely)
• gíwé, géwé, gíyú | possibly
• shákdéi | perhaps
• ḵashde | i thought
• gwál | maybe (doubtful)
verb
• yéi x̱waajée | i think so; i suspect it to be; i guess
gwálaa (verbal noun) dagger; machete; long knife | "the one that stabs" | √gwál-aa → √stab/beat-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
gwátgeen sá (question particle) • variants: gutgéen sá (Y) • some; time ²; when; future | when (in the future); sometime (in the future) | used to talk about future times only • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « gwatgéen sáyá » (when [in the future] is this?), « gwatgéen sáwé? » (when [in the future] is that?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | gwatgéen sáwé aadé gax̱too.áat? → when are we going there? • (JC,DA)
gwáa! (interjection) | strong suprise; whoa! | (KE) • variants: gu.áa! •
gwéil (noun) bag; sack | (KE)
–gwéinli (body part) • variants: –gwéinlʼi, –gwéinlani • hoof | (JL)
gwíngwin (borrowed noun) • variants: hintaak yaa ndaḵín gáaxw • penguin | from English "penguin" | (HC)
gwéechís (borrowed noun) peaches | from English "peaches" | (JC)
gwéens (borrowed noun) beans | from English "beans" | (MD)
g̱a conjugation motion preverbs | these preverbs create motion verbs using the g̱a conjugation prefix
downward motion
• [no preverb but general downward motion] | falling (intransitive uncontrolled themes), downward
• ÿaa | moving down
• yaax̱ | embarking, getting into boat/vehicle
• ÿanax̱ | moving down into ground
• N-x̱ | moving down along N
• héen-x̱ | moving into water
• káx̱ + sha- | falling over, prone
• N-náx̱ | moving down by way of, through N
g̱agaan (verbal noun) sun | "shines down" | g̱a-∅-√gaan → g̱a-conj-classifier.(∅)-√burn/light • (KE)
g̱agaan háatlʼi (compound noun) firestone; flint | firestone (pyrite)
g̱agaan kasʼúkwx̱u (compound noun) dried | sun dried | g̱agaan + ka-∅-√sʼúkw-x̱-u → sun + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√?-repetitive-relational • (KE)
g̱agaan tʼáx̱ʼi (compound noun) heat; sun | heat of the sun | g̱agaan + √tʼáx̱ʼ-i → sun + √give-heat.[relational} • (JL)
g̱agaan waḵdáanaa (compound noun) sunglasses | "sun eye money"; "sun eye coins" | g̱agaan + waaḵ + dáanaa → sun + eye + money/coin/dollar
g̱agaan x̱anyádi (compound noun) sundog | "children beside the sun" | g̱agaan + x̱án-yát-i → sun + beside.child-relational • (JL)
g̱agaan x̱ʼusyee (compound noun) beam ²; ray; sun | sunbeam; ray of sunlight; "below the foot of the sun" | more precisely, where the sunbeam hits a surface, illuminating it | g̱agaan + x̱ʼus-yee → sun + foot.below
g̱agaan x̱ʼus.eetí (compound noun) beam ²; ray; sun | in a sunbeam; in a ray of sunlight; "sunʼs footprint" | referring to the illuminated space where the sun light contacts a surface | g̱agaan + x̱ʼus-eetí → sun + foot.remains/imprint • g̱agaan x̱ʼus.eetí yíkt áa wé g̱áx̱ → the rabbit is sitting in the sunlight (BC)
g̱agaan x̱ʼoos (compound noun) beam ²; ray; sun | sunbeam; ray of sunlight; "foot of the sun" | a beam of sunlight, referring to the beam itself and not where it contacts anything | g̱agaan + x̱ʼoos → sun + foot
g̱ag̱áḵ (verbal noun) gambling; quoit | gambling sticks for tossing | g̱a-∅-√g̱áḵ → g̱a-md-classifier.(∅)-√gamble-(with gambling sticks) • (JL)
g̱alaḵú (landform) flood | (JL) • g̱a-la-√ḵú → g̱a-md-classifier.(l)-√flood
g̱alg̱aaḵu (landform) wilderness; bush ² | (KE) • variants: katḵaaḵú, g̱walg̱aḵú (At), kalg̱aḵú (T) •
g̱alnáatʼadi (compound noun) • variants: g̱alnáatʼani • bundle | things bundled up for carrying | g̱a-la-√náa-tʼ-át-i → g̱a-md-classifier.(l)-√take-(in bundles)-repetitive.thing-(4h.i)-repetitive • (JL)
g̱alsháatadi (compound noun) • variants: g̱alsháadadi, g̱alsháatedi (C) • captive | "captured thing" | g̱a-l-√sháat-át-i → g̱a-conj-classifier.(l)-√grab/catch/hold-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (KE)
g̱altulítaa (compound noun) • variants: ḵatltulítaa • knife | pocket knife; "inside the hip knife" | ḵaatl-tú-lítaa → hip.inside.knife • (KE)
g̱altú (compound noun) • variants: ḵatltú, g̱atltú • pocket | ḵaatl-tú → hip.inside • (JL, KE)
g̱altú a tóonáx̱ yoo x̱ʼadul.átgi át cell phone | "pocket thing through which someone talks" | ḵaatl-tú + a + tú-náx̱ + yoo + x̱ʼa-du-l-√.át-k-i + át → hip.inside + its(3n.r) + inside-through + along + mouth-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l)-√communicate-repetitive-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (RD) • variants: g̱altú kaxéesʼ •
g̱altú kaxéesʼ (verbal noun) cell phone | "pocket tangled" | ḵaatl-tú + ka-∅-√xéesʼ → hip.inside + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√tangled • (KE, JL) • variants: g̱altú a tóonáx̱ yoo x̱ʼadul.átgi át •
G̱alyáx̱ Kaagwaantaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the Burnt House at Kaliakh River"; Origin: Kaliakh River | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Kaagwaantaan Group • Primary Crests: Wolf, Beaver | Eyak: ɢałyax̣ → [Kaliakh River] • ka-ÿu-ÿa-√gaan-i-hít-taan → horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√burn/light-relational.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
G̱alyáx̱ Ḵwáan
G̱alyáx̱ Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Kaliakh River Area; "People of the Kaliakh River" | Included Communities: Kayak Island, Controller Bay, Katalla Bay | Eyak: ɢałyax̣ + ḵwáan → [Kaliakh River] + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• G̱alyáx̱ Kaagwaantaan | People of the Burnt House at Kaliakh River
• Jeeshḵweidí | People of the Red Paint
Raven/Crow Clans
• Kwáashkʼiḵwaan, Kʼinéix̱ Ḵwáan | Humpy Creek People, Point on Copper River People
• G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor
• Ḵooskʼeidí | People of Shg̱aadaayihéen (stream north of Mount Fairweather)
• Tuḵyeidí | People of of the Outlet
g̱aneix̱ (verbal noun) salvation; recovery | g̱a-∅-√neix̱ → g̱a-con-classifier.(∅)-√save/heal • (KE)
g̱angóosh headdress | headdress with ears on either side | (JL)
g̱anook (noun) petrel | this has been identified as "pelican" by some inland speakers, possibly because petrels are only on the coast | (KE)
–g̱atstusʼaag̱í (body part) • variants: –g̱atstusʼaaḵ • femur; thigh; bone | thighbone; femur | g̱áts-tóo-sʼaaḵ-i → thigh-inside-bone-relational
–g̱atsx̱ʼáak (body part) crotch | "between thighs"; "between rump" | (JL)
g̱ax̱laan (noun) blanket | blanket woven from twisted rabbit furs | g̱áx̱-laan → rabbit.?? • (JL)
G̱ayesʼhíttaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the Iron House"; Origin: Sitka | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Kaagwaantaan Group • Primary Crest: Brown Bear | g̱ayéisʼ-hít-taan → iron.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan
• G̱ayéisʼ Hít | Iron House
g̱ayéisʼ (compound noun) iron ¹; tin | "discolored copper" | eeḵ-√yéisʼ → copper.discolored • variants: iḵyéisʼ •
g̱ayéisʼ aan alshádi át magnet | g̱ayéisʼ + a-een + a-∅-l-√shát-i + át → iron/metal + its.(3n.r).with + them/it.(3.O).they.(3.S)-classifier.(l)-√grab/catch/hold + thing-(ind4.i) • (LT)
g̱ayéisʼ gaaw (compound noun) bell | "iron drum" | eeḵ-yéisʼ + gaaw → copper.discolored + drum • (JM) • variants: gaaw •
g̱ayéisʼ gúxʼaa (compound noun) can | tin can | g̱ayéisʼ + gúxʼaa → iron/tin + cup/can • (JL)
g̱ayéisʼ hít (compound noun) jail | "iron house" | eeḵ-yéisʼ + hít → copper.discolored + house • (KE) • variants: g̱iyéisʼ hít •
g̱ayéisʼ layeix̱í (compound noun) blacksmith | "iron maker" | eeḵ-yéisʼ + la-√yeix̱-í → copper.discolored + clasifier.(l)-√make/use-relational • (KE) • variants: g̱iyéisʼ layeix̱í, g̱iyéisʼ leyeix̱í (C) •
g̱ayéisʼ tíxʼ (compound noun) cable | "iron rope" | eeḵ-yéisʼ + tíxʼ → copper.discolored + rope • (KE) • variants: g̱iyéisʼ tíxʼ •
g̱ayéisʼ tʼéix̱ʼi blacksmith | "iron pounder" | eeḵ-yéisʼ + ∅-√tʼéix̱ʼ-i → copper.discolored + clasifier.(∅)-√pound-(with rock)-relational • (KE)
–g̱ádzi (body part) hindquarter; thigh | (JL)
g̱ákw (noun) ⑴ heartwood; tree | heartwood of tree; spine of tree | (KE, JL, GD, SuJ) || ⑵ hard; tough | dried and hard; stiff (as canvas, dry fish) | g̱ákw yáx̱ uwaxúk → dried bone-hard (JL) • g̱ákw yáx̱ yatee → it is very hard, tough (literally is like heartwood)
g̱ánch (noun) tobacco | tobacco; tobacco plant | (KE) ° (Nicotiana tobaccum) °
–g̱áts (body part) leg; thigh | thigh; upper leg | (JL)
g̱áx̱ (noun) rabbit | (KE)
-g̱aa (relational suffix) ⑴ after | going after | closed monosyllable Tlingit suffixes are high tone, and open monosyllable suffixes are opposite of the tone of the preceding vowel | (JC) || ⑵ wait ² | waiting for || ⑶ distributed | in the area of || ⑷ time ² | about the time of
g̱aa (adverb) sufficient; enough; acceptable; pleasant | (JC, KE) • g̱aa yatee → itʼs pleasing; itʼs acceptable • –tóog̱aa → pleasing to; enough for
g̱aaḵ (noun) lynx | (KE)
G̱aanax̱teidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Head of Sheltered Harbor"; Origin: Port Stewart in northern Behm Canal | Raven/Crow Moiety • G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi Group • Primary Crests: Raven, Frog, Woodworm • Secondary Crests: Whale, Strong Man and the Sea Lion, Mosquito, Beaver, Land Otter • female variation: G̱aanax̱sháa | g̱aanáx̱-tá-át-i → sheltered.place-head.of.bay-thing-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Jilḵáat Ḵwáan
• X̱ʼáakw Hít | Freshwater Marked Sockeye House
• Yáay Hít | Whale House
• X̱ʼaak Hít | Ravine House
• Ḵutísʼ Hít | Looking out (to Sea) House
• Xíxchʼi Hít | Frog House
• Ishká Hít | Atop the Fish Hole House
Taagish Ḵwáan
G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan
G̱aanax̱.ádi (clan name) Clan | "People of Sheltered Harbor"; "People through the Pleasant Bay"; Origin: Port Stewart in northern Behm Canal | Raven/Starfish (Raven/Crow Moiety) • G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi Group • Primary Crests: Raven, Starfish • Secondary Crests: Whale, Golden Eagle, Frog, Musk Ox | g̱aanáx̱-át-i → sheltered-place.thing-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, MH)
Taantʼá Ḵwáan
• Yan Wuliháshi Hít | Drifted Ashore House
• Yéil Hít | Raven House
• Sʼáx Hít | Starfish House
• Yéil Sʼaag̱í Hít | Raven’s Bones House
• Noow Hít | Fort House
• Gijook Hít | Golden Eagle House
• Xaas Hít | Buffalo House
• Taan Hít | Sea Lion House
• Ḵutísʼ Hít | Looking Out House
• Yáay Hít | Whale House
• Xʼaagóon Hít | Isthmus Point House
Heinyaa Ḵwáan
• Yan Wuliháshi Hít | Drifted Ashore House
• Yaaw Hít | Herring House
• Yáay Hít | Whale House
• Deishú Hít | End of the Trail House
• Shísʼḵ Noow Hít | Sapling Fort House
Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan
• Yan Wuliháshi Hít | Drifted Ashore House
• Yan Wuliháshi Hít 2 | Drifted Ashore House 2
Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan
• Ishká Hít | Atop the Fish Hole House
• Yan Wuliháshi Hít | Drifted Ashore House
• Yéil Hít | Raven House
Áakʼw Ḵwáan
• G̱aanax̱aa Hít | G̱aanax̱aa House
• Yéil Hít | Raven House
Galyáx̱ Ḵwáan
g̱aat (noun) salmon; sockeye | red salmon; sockeye salmon | (KE) ° (Oncorhynchus nerka) °
g̱aatáa (verbal noun) trap ² | "the one that traps" | especially a steel trap | √g̱aat-áa → √trap-one(s).(part.i)
g̱aatáa yéi daanéiyi (compound noun) trapper | "works on the trap" | √g̱aat-áa + yéi + daa-∅-√néi-yi → √trap-one(s).(part.i) + thus + around-clasifier.(∅)-√do/work-on-relational
g̱aax̱ (noun) crying; weeping | (JL)
g̱aax̱ daasheeyí (compound noun) song: cry song | g̱aax̱ + daa-shí-yí → cry + around-song-relational
g̱áach (noun) mat; doormat; rug | (KE)
g̱áatl (noun) ⑴ fungus | bracket fungus; conks; tree fungus | originally just « g̱áatl », which now means "pilot bread" | (KE, JL) ° (Polyporus applanatus) ° || ⑵ cracker | pilot bread; hard tack | (KE)
g̱áatl séek (compound noun) life jacket; personal flotation device | "cracker belt" | g̱áatl + séek → bracket-fungus/cracker + belt • (PM2)
g̱áaxʼw (noun) herring; roe; egg | herring eggs | (KE)
g̱áax̱ (noun) ḵu.éexʼ; ceremony | cry ceremonies of a ḵu.éexʼ; "Cry" | from Dauenhauer (HTY 44): the first part, called « Ḵáa Eetí G̱áax̱i » (“The Cry for Someone”) is conducted by the hosts; it consists of speeches and four songs of mourning. The second part, « L Sʼaati Sháa G̱áax̱i (“The Widowʼs Cry,” literally “the cry for a leaderless woman”) is performed by the opposite moiety (the guests), who respond with a ceremony to remove the grief of the hosts. It, too, consists of speeches and songs. | √g̱áax̱ → √cry • (NR) • variants: G̱áax̱ Kát Anáḵ, Gaaw Wutaan, Wudanaaḵ, Kei Gax̱dunáaḵ •
g̱áax̱ kát anáḵ (noun) ḵu.éexʼ; ceremony | "Standing on the Cry"; cry ceremonies of a ḵu.éexʼ | from Dauenhauer (HTY 44): the first part, called « Ḵáa Eetí G̱áax̱i » (“The Cry for Someone”) is conducted by the hosts; it consists of speeches and four songs of mourning. The second part, « L Sʼaati Sháa G̱áax̱i (“The Widowʼs Cry,” literally “the cry for a leaderless woman”) is performed by the opposite moiety (the guests), who respond with a ceremony to remove the grief of the hosts. It, too, consists of speeches and songs. | √g̱áax̱ + ká-t + a-∅-√náḵ → √cry + on.at-(arriving) + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√stand-(plural) • (NR) • variants: G̱áax̱, Gaaw Wutaan, Wudanaaḵ, Kei Gax̱dunáaḵ •
–g̱ei (relational base) between; enclose; in | enclosed within (the folds of) it, between the folds, covers, walls of it | for example, within a bag, hat, glove, net, walls of a fort; between the pages of a book | sʼáaxw g̱ei → inside hat • tsáaxʼ g̱ei → inside mittens, gloves • xʼúxʼ g̱ei → between pages, in a book • xʼóow g̱ei → between blanket and what it is covering • (JL, JC)
g̱eig̱áchʼ (verbal noun) swing; hammock | √g̱eiḵ-áchʼ → √swing.[?] • (KE) • variants: g̱eeg̱áchʼ (T) •
g̱eitlʼ (noun) mucus; phlegm | thick mucus, phlegm | g̱eitlʼ altóox̱ / g̱eitlʼ x̱ʼastoox̱ → they are spitting snot • (JL)
–g̱eiwú (relational noun) web | web (of spider)
g̱eiwú (compound noun) ⑴ net | fish net; seine net | g̱ei-wú → between-the-folds.is/are-at • (JL) || ⑵ webbing
g̱eiwú eetí (compound noun) ⑴ net | gillnet mark (on fish) || ⑵ net; site | fish net site | place where someone sets a fishing net | (JL)
g̱eiwú teiyí (compound noun) sinker; net | rock sinker(s) for a net | g̱ei-wú + té-yí → between-folds.at + rock-relational
g̱eiy (landform) bay ¹ | "in the folds of" | (JL, JC) • variants: g̱eey (T,Y,K) •
–g̱eiyí (relational noun) clam; mollusk | edible part (of a clam or other mollusk) | (JL)
g̱íḵs (noun) • variants: g̱íḵsaa (T), g̱íḵsi (At, T), g̱áḵsʼi • fish ¹ | roasted whole, strung up by its tail over the fire and twirled periodically | possibly derived from a verb stem √g̱eeḵs or a derived form of the verb stem √g̱ees (cook on a stick over open fire) | g̱éḵsináx̱/g̱éḵsaanáx̱ gax̱tusa.ée → weʼll cook it g̱éḵsaa-style • (JL, KE)
g̱ílʼ (landform) cliff | (KE)
g̱ílʼaa (verbal noun) grindstone | "the one that sharpens" | √g̱ílʼ-aa → √sharpen-one(s).(part.i) • (KE, JL)
g̱ítg̱aa (plant part) needle ¹ | conifer needle (spruce, pine) | (KE)
g̱íx̱ʼjaa (compound noun) violin; fiddle | "the one that creaks" | √g̱íx̱ʼ-ch-aa → √creak.[habitual]-one(s).(part.i) • (GD, MD)
g̱íx̱ʼjaa gaaw (compound noun) cello | "the one that creaks drum" | √g̱íx̱ʼ-ch-aa + gaaw → √creak.[habitual]-one(s).(part.i) + drum/time • (GD, MD)
g̱íx̱ʼjaa ḵóok (compound noun) organ ²; piano | "the one that creaks box" | √g̱íx̱ʼ-ch-aa + ḵóok → √creak.[habitual]-one(s).(part.i) + box • (KE)
g̱eey (landform) bay | "in the folds of" | (JL, JC) • variants: (T,Y,K), g̱eiy •
g̱eey kanax̱ ḵutéesʼ (compound noun) ratfish | "looking out over the bay" | g̱eey + ká-náx̱ + ḵu-∅-√téesʼ → bay + on.through/via + areal-classifier.(∅)-√stare/look-steadily • (KE)
g̱eey tá (landform) bay ¹ | head of the bay | g̱eey + tá → bay + head-(of bay) • (KE)
g̱éej.adi (compound noun) • variants: g̱éech.adi • tree; brush ¹ | windfall tree; dead tree(s) that has fallen; dead brush that has fallen; "fallen tree thing" | tree or brush that has fallen, broken by the wind or weather | √g̱éech-át-i → √fall-tree-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (KE)
g̱éel (landform) mountain; pass ²; saddle; gap | mountain pass; saddle of mountain; gap between mountain peaks | (JL)
g̱éel ká (landform) mountain; pass ²; saddle; gap | on the mountain pass; on the saddle of mountain; in the gap between mountain peaks | (JL)
g̱éelákʼw mountain; pass ²; saddle; gap | small mountain pass; small saddle of mountain; small gap between mountain peaks | (JL)
g̱éet (noun) rain squall; storm | (JL)
G̱unakadeit (compound noun) • variants: G̱unaakadeit • wolf; monster; sea | legendary sea wolf monster | a legendary sea wolf that was found in a lake by a man who trapped it, skinned it, and then wore its skin and brought food from the ocean to his village • in Haida, this story and creature is called « Wasgo » | g̱una-ká-daa-át → different.on.around-thing-(4n.i) • (DK)
G̱unanaa (compound noun) people ¹; Dene | Inland People (Dene); Athabaskan; "Other Tribes" | the relationship between Tlingit and neighboring inland Tribes is important and marked by trade songs called « G̱unanaa Sheeyí » | g̱una-naa → different.tribe/nation/clan • (KE)
G̱unax̱oo Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Dry Bay Area; "People Among the Athabascans" | Included Communities: Dry Bay, Alsek River, Tatshenshini River | g̱una-naa-x̱oo + ḵwáan → different.clan/tribe/nation.among + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Dag̱istinaa | Inland Channel Clan
Raven/Crow Clans
• Xʼatʼka.aayí | People on the Island
• Ḵooskʼeidí | People of Shg̱aadaayihéen (stream north of Mount Fairweather)
• Lʼuknax̱.ádi | People of Coho Community Bay
• Lukaax̱.ádi | People off the Point of It
g̱unayaḵwáan (compound noun) stranger; foreigner; outsider | "people of a different place" | (JC) • g̱una-ÿáa-ḵwáan → different.area.people-of
–g̱unayáade (relational noun) • variants: –g̱unayéide, –g̱uwanyáade (An), –g̱unáade (C) • different | differently from | g̱una-ÿáa-de → different.area.towards • (KE)
g̱una.át (compound noun) • variants: g̱uneit • different; other; some; strange; thing; monster; alien | something strange; a different type of being (supernatural or animal)
–g̱uneitkanaayí (kinship term) clan; in-law | members of opposite clan | (JL)
g̱unéi (adverb) • variants: g̱unayéi • beginning; starting | beginning to; starting to | (KE)
–g̱ushká (body part) lap | on the lap | g̱oosh-ká → lap-on • (KE)
g̱uwakaan (noun) • variants: ḵuwakaan (T, C), ḵuyakaan • ⑴ deer | Sitka black-tailed deer | (KE) ° (Odocoilens columbianus (sitkensis)) ° || ⑵ peacemaker | in Tlingit culture, a person may be brought in to mediate a situation between clans, and if successful will be referred to as that clanʼs « g̱uwakaan » • a person who successfully creates peace when called upon may receive a name which is « [noun] g̱uwakaan », which trasnlates to ʼ[noun] peacemakerʼ | (HJ, JM)
g̱uwakaan katísʼayi (compound noun) snow ¹; snowflake | large, light snowflakes; "causes deer to stare at it" | g̱uwakaan + ka-∅-√tísʼ-aa-yi → deer + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√stare-one(s).(part.i)-relational • (JL)
g̱uwakaan séegi (compound noun) moss | common club moss | g̱uwakaan séek-i → deer belt-relational • (dL) ° (Lycopodium clavatum) °
g̱uwakaanx̱ ḵuwusteeyí (compound noun) peace | peace ceremony | when two clans our groups make peace, this ceremony is used to do so, and it involves specific songs and dances and payments for the wrongdoing | g̱uwakaan-x̱ + ḵu-ÿu-s-√tee-yí → deer.locative + areal.perfective-clasifier.(d,s)-√be-relational • (KB)
g̱úḵlʼ (noun) swan | Whistling swan | (JL) ° (Cygnus columbianus Ord.) °
g̱útl (noun) arrow | blunt arrow for stunning | especially used for hunting birds such as grouse | (KE)
g̱ooch (noun) wolf | (KE)
g̱ootl • variants: gootl • ⑴ (landform) bump; hump; mound || ⑵ (noun) lump | (JL)
–g̱óosh (body part) lap | (JL)
–g̱óot (relational noun) lacking; without | (KE)
g̱wáalʼ (noun) fart | noisy fart | (NR)
g̱wéinaa (compound noun) towel; rag | "one that wipes" | √g̱óo-n-aa → √wipe.(progressive)-one(s).(part.i)
hadláa! (interjection) • variants: dláa, haadó (C, T) • good grief! | often used when teasing or joking, but at times with the intent of teaching humility • used in association with things exaggerated or overdone, including an overdressed person, too much food on a plate, or an exaggerated story | (KE, IC)
has ⁓ s (object pronoun, subject pronoun) them all; they all | third person pluralizer (3pl) • can pluralize the third person object, third person subject, or both • context often shows whether object or subject is being pluralized, or if both are being pluralized • the default form of the third person object (3.O) is « ∅- » but will change to « a- » if the subject is also third person [∅-] and there is no ergative marker in the verb phrase | (JC, KE)
• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl) + third person object (3.O)
• has + ∅- | they all [subject] → third person pluralizer (3pl) + third person subject (3.S)
has du ⁓ s du (relational pronoun) them allʼs | third person plural possessive (3p.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- (postpositional pronoun) them all | to them all; with them all | third person plural postpositional (3p.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
ha.é! (particle) ⑴ | exclamation toward someone who is putting on airs in order to impress others || ⑵ holy cow! | exclamation of mild surprise, usually said humorously | (KE)
háhákwshé (interjection) shocking | it is bone chilling | (MD)
hás (independent pronoun) them all | third person plural independent (3p.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i)
• uháan | us → first person plural independent (1p.i)
• wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i)
• yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i)
• hú | they → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)
• hás | them all → third person plural independent (3p.i)
• á | it → third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)
• ash | this person → third person proximal independent (3prx.i)
• á | that other person → third person obviate independent (3obv.i)
• ḵáa | someone → fourth person human independent (4h.i)
• át | something → fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)
• aa | one, some → partitive independent (part.i)
• chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i)
• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → reciprocal independent (recip.i)
–hás (kinship term) | pluralizes kinship terms | this term comes after most kinship terms to pluralize • a few kinship terms use the dimunitive plural « –yán », such as « –káani yán » ( in-laws), « –dachx̱ánxʼi yán » ( grandchildren) • the kinship term « –yádi » (child) tends to not take on a pluralizing term, but instead is « –yátxʼi » (children) | ax̱ éesh hás → my fatherʼs people • haa léelkʼw hás → our grandparents; our ancestors
haa ¹ (relational pronoun) our | first person plural possessive (1p.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
haa ² (object pronoun) us | first person plural object (1p.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object (1s.O)
• haa | us [object] → first person plural object (1p.O)
• i- | you [object] → second person singular object (2s.O)
• yee | you all [object] → second person plural object (2p.O)
• ∅- ⁓ a- | them → third person object (3.O)
• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• ash | this person [object] → third person proximal object (3prx.O)
• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person human object (4h.O)
• at | something [object] → fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)
• aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (part.O)
• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → reciprocal object (recip.O)
haa daaneidí (compound noun) elements (of nature); natural forces | "the thing that happens around us" | (JL) • variants: haa daane.ádi •
haa ee- ⁓ haan (postpositional pronoun) us | to us; with us | first person plural postpositional (1p.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
Haa Shagéinyaa (compound noun) Creator; God; Deity | the pre-contact term for the Creator | haa + sha-géi-nÿaa → our-(1p.r) + head.against.vicinity
Haa Shagóon (kinship term) ancestor; history | Our Ancestors; Our History; Where We Come From; Our Origins and History | in Tlingit kinship, the term Haa Shagóon is especially important and has been translated as "everything we have ever been, everything we are right now, and everything we are going to become"
Haa Shuká (kinship term) (kinship term) ancestor; history; descendant; crest ² | Our Ancestors; Our History; Our descendants; Our Clan Crest | haa + shú-ká → our-(1p.r) + end.on • (KE, ADH)
haadaadóoshi (compound noun) mountain lion; tiger; leopard; cat | man-eating cat; "cat around us" | haa-daa-dóosh-i → our-(1p.r).around/about.cat-relational • (KE, BC, JC, JL)
haadaag̱ooji (compound noun) ⑴ wolf | "wolf around us"; man-eating wolf | wolf living way out in the bush, they all will even eat people • prehistoric animal described in legend as large and slow-moving; put people in trance with its cry, then ate them all when it reached them all | haa-daa-g̱ooch-i → our-(1p.r).around/about.wolf-relational || ⑵ lion; tiger; leopard | (KE, BC, JC)
haahá (interjection) • variants: aahá • yes | yes (emphatic agreement) | (JL)
haahí (interjection) hand ² | hand it over! | there are specific handling verbs that change depending on the type of object, but this is a short form that is often used informally • using this phrase instead of a handling verb can be viewed as abrupt or rude if the speakers do not know each other very well
haa(n) (determiner) here; hither | this vicinity; this area | area around a person or group of people • common suffix combinations are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length | (JC, KE)
• haadé [haa+-dé], haandé [haan+-dé] | towards this vicinity
• haat [haa+-t] | arriving at this vicinity
• haax̱ [haa-x̱] | repeatedly arriving at this vicinity
haandé (interjection) • variants: haadé • hand ²; bring | bring it here!; hand it here!; "towards this vicinity" | there are specific handling verbs that change depending on the type of object, but this is a short form that is often used in « ḵu.éexʼ » when oneʼs name is called out to receive something from the hosts • using this phrase instead of a handling verb can be viewed as abrupt or rude outside of « ḵu.éexʼ »
haat (landform) current; tide ² | (KE)
haat kool (landform) whirlpool | tidal whirlpool | haat + kool → current + navel • (KE, JL)
haaw ¹ (noun) bough; branch | bough, branch with needles on it (especially of hemlock) | used to sit or lie on; on the coast also placed in water for herring to spawn on | (JL)
haaw ² (interjection) well ²; so | used when pausing to consider oneʼs next words, or to express agreement or acceptance, or to introduce the resumption of a narrative or a change of subject | (KE, JC)
haaw daa.aa (compound noun) egg; roe | herring eggs spawned on hemlock branches | haaw + da-√.áa → bough + classifier.(d,∅)-√situated
háakw (interjection) do your best!; no time to lose! | generally expresses a sense of urgency, but is also used to give encouragement | (JL)
háasʼ (noun) vomit | vomit; urge to vomit | (JL)
háatlʼ (compound noun) poop ²; excrement | "mess" | « gánde nagoodí » is a euphemism, « háatlʼ » is the most common form, and « lʼílʼ » is the most direct & literal | (JL, JC) • variants: lʼílʼ, gánde nagoodí •
hé (determiner) here | close, but not in immediate space • closer to the speaker than the listener • behind: right behind or in a nearby but somewhat unknown location • common suffix combinations are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length
• héidáx̱ / héitx̱ [hé+-dáx̱] | from here
• héide [hé+-dé] | towards here
• héináx̱ [hé+-náx̱] | through here
• héit [hé+-t] | arriving here; at that place here
• héidu [hé+-t+-wu] | here; located at that place right here
• héixʼ [hé+-xʼ] | residing here; at this place here
• héix̱ [hé+-x̱] | moving along here; repeatedly here
hél (particle) not • variants: tléil, tlél, lél, téil, tíl, l •
Heinyaa Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of Heinyaa (Middle of Prince of Wales Island); "People Across the Water"; "People Facing This Direction" | Included Communities: Klawock, Craig, Northern Price of Wales Island | hei + niÿaa + ḵwáan → here + facing + people-of • héen + niÿaa + ḵwáan → water.facing people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Shankweidí | People of Shankw Ialand
• Ḵaax̱ʼoos.hittaan | People of Personʼs Foot House
• Lḵuweidí | People of the Flood
Raven/Crow Clans
• G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor
• Deikée G̱aanax̱.ádi | Out to Sea People of Sheltered Harbor
• Kʼooxineidí | People of the Mink/Marten
• Taakw.aaneidí | People of the Winter Village
• Teeyeeneidí | People of the Yellow Cedar Bark Stream
• Teelʼhittaan | People of the Dog Salmon House
héix̱waa (noun) magic; charm; perform rites | magic, charm, or ceremonial rights performed to bring about desirable results | could involve ceremonies to ensure plentiful fish runs, and could also be things like tying pinecones to a babyʼs hands to make sure they all are good with them allʼs hands later, or to restore good weather • could be performed by people with knowledge of the ceremony and not only an íx̱tʼ | (JL)
hinkag̱áax̱i (compound noun) loon: red-throated loon; loon: arctic loon | "cries on the water" | héen-ka-√g̱áax̱-i → water-horizontal-√cry-relational • variants: yeekag̱áax̱i, yeekeg̱áax̱i (C) •
hinshaya.á (compound noun) iceberg | chunk of ice that slid off a glacier into water; "head poking vertically out of the water" | héen-sha-ya-∅-√.á → water.head.vsf-classifier.(∅)-√inspect/peer • (JL)
hintakxʼúxi (compound noun) • variants: hintaak x̱ʼoosí, hintakx̱ʼoosí • coral | héen-taak + xʼúx-i → water/river.in-(a cavity) + ?-relational • (KE)
hintakxʼwásʼg̱i (compound noun) duck; bufflehead | bufflehead duck; "numb in the water" | héen-taak-√xʼwásʼḵ-i → water/river.in-(a cavity)-√numb.[relational} • (KE) ° (Bucephala albeola) °
hintak.ádi (compound noun) animal | sea creature; animal that lives in the sea | including sea mammals, fish, and smaller forms of life | héen-táak-át-i → water.bottom-(of cavity)-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
hintayéeshi (compound noun) ⑴ seastar; starfish | sunflower sea star | héen-táak-yéesh-i → water.bottom-(of cavity).leech-relational • (JC) ° (Pyncnopodia) ° || ⑵ bug | diving water-bug with oval body, sparkly top, and sharp sides that cut, found in Paddyʼs Lake | (JL)
hintaak gishoowú (compound noun) hippopotamus | "big water horse" | héen-táak + gishoo-wu → water.botton-(cavity) + pig-relational • (FS)
hintaak waḵdáanaa (compound noun) goggles | swim goggles | héen-taak + waaḵ-dáanaa → water-in.(submergable) + eye-money • (FS)
hintaak xóodzi (compound noun) • variants: dleit xóots (T) • bear ¹ | polar bear; "white brown-bear" | héen-taak + xóots-i → water/river.in-(a cavity) + brown-bear-relational • (JL, KE) ° (Ursus maritimus) °
hintaak x̱ʼoosí (compound noun) • variants: hintakx̱ʼoosí, hintakxʼúxi • coral | héen-taak + xʼóos-i → water/river.in-(a cavity) + ?-relational • (KE)
hintaak yaa ndaḵín gáaxw (compound noun) • variants: gwíngwin • penguin | "duck flying through the water" | héen-táak + yaa + na-da-√ḵín + gáaxw → water.in-(body of water) + along + na.con-classifier.(d,∅)-√fly + duck • (NJ)
hintaakkanas.aatxʼi sáani (compound noun) • variants: hintaakkenes.aatxʼi sáani • creature; larva | tiny water creatures such as larvae | héen-táak-kanas.aat-xʼ-i + sáani → water.bottom-(of cavity).spider.plural-relational + diminutive-plural "little spiders in the water" • (JL)
hintaakḵwáan (compound noun) dweller; creature | water dwellers | this is what geese and swans call human beings | héen-táak-ḵwáan → water.bottom-(of cavity).people-of • (JL)
hintu.eejí (compound noun) boulder; reef; rock ¹ | underwater reef; large rock or boulder lying under the water | a hazard to navigation | héen-tóo-eech-í → water.inside.reef/rock-on-ocean-floor-relational • (JL)
hinyeit (compound noun) container; pail; water | water container; water pail; "thing below the water" | water pail made of birch bark, wood, or metal | héen-yee-át → water.below-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
hinyikgáaxu (compound noun) • variants: áa kagáaxu • duck; goldeneye | "duck in the water"; goldeneye duck | some speakers translate this is "duck up the river" | héen-yík-gáaxw-u → water.in-(shallow container).duck-relational • (JL) ° (Bucephala clangula/islandica?) °
hinyiklʼeix̱i (compound noun) dipper ²; ouzel | water ouzel; "dancer in the water" | héen-yík-√lʼeix̱-i → water.in-(shallow container)-√dance-relational • (KE) ° (Cinclus mexicanus) °
hin.eetí (landform) ⑴ erode; gully | dry creek bed; place where water has run off, eroding the soil || ⑵ watershed | dry watershed | héen-eetí → water/river.remnant • (JL)
hit ká (compound noun) roof | "on the house" | hít + ká → house + on • (KE)
hit wóoshdei yadukícht (compound noun) ceremony | house dedication ceremony; "dancing the house together" | hit + wóosh-de + ya-du-∅-√kích-t → house + together.towards + vsf-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√housewarming-party-repetitive • (NR)
hít (noun) house; building | (KE)
hít da.ideidí (compound noun) house timbers | "house body thing" | hít + daa-ít-át-i → house + around-following-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (KE)
hít daaháayi (compound noun) house skirting | hít + daa-∅-√háa-yi → house + around-clasifier.(∅)-√become-located-relational • (JL)
hít kagaadí (compound noun) • variants: hít kagaadí • rafter | house/building rafter | hít + ka-∅-√gaat-í → house/building + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√rafter-relational • (JL)
hít kaságu (compound noun) rafter; beam ¹ | large roof beam rafter | hít + ka-sákw?-u → house + horizontal-to-be?-relational • (KE)
hít katʼáayi (compound noun) shingles | "boarding on the house" | hít + ka-√tʼáay-i → house + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√board-relational
hít kaxʼúxʼu (compound noun) tarpaper; roof | bark roofing material; "paper on the house" | hít + ka-xʼúxʼ-u → house + on.membrane-relational • (KE)
hít sʼaatí (compound noun) clan; leader | leader of a clan house; "master of the house" | traditional leadership among the Tlingit involves the selection of speakers for the clan, the highest ranking of which are « hít sʼaatí » and « naa tláa »; the « hít sʼaatí » would often speak for the clan in ceremonies, although the « naa tláa » would often speak as well • decisions are often made communally by a clan, and the « hít sʼaatí » has the authority to carry out those decisions; among the « hít sʼaatí » of one clan, a determination is made on who the senior member is when the houses are standing together as a clan • the caretaking of « at.óow », including the giving of names and use of songs and stories is often the responsibility of the « hít sʼaatí » in consultation with other clan leaders • a clan selects « hít sʼaatí » and « naa tláa » internally and makes the appointment at « ḵu.éexʼ », often while bringing out new « at.óow », killing money, and at times granting a new name to the leader(s) being appointed | hít + sʼaatí → house + master/boss
hít shantú (compound noun) upstairs; attic | "in the head of the house" | hít + shán-tú → house + head.inside • (KE)
hít tayeegáasʼi (compound noun) joist; piling; post | piling, foundation post; floor joist | hít + tayee-gáasʼ-i → house + beneath.housepost-relational • (KE)
héen ⑴ (noun) water || ⑵ (landform) river; stream; creek | (KE)
héen agunatáani (compound noun) whitecaps | héen + a-ga-u-na-√táan-i → water + a.theme.ga-md.irrealis-na.con-√rough-(of water)-relational • (HJ)
héen gúxʼaa (compound noun) dipper; ladle ² | water dipper; "the one that dips up water" | héen + √gúxʼ-aa → water/river + √dip-up-one(s).(part.i)
héen kamlikúxu eetí (compound noun) • variants: héen kawlikúxu eetí • riverbed; river | dried up riverbed
héen kanadaayí (landform) ⑴ current | "water that is flowing on it" || ⑵ tide ² | tidal action | héen + ka-na-∅-√daa-yi → water/river + horizontal-[na-cn]-clasifier.(∅)-√flow-relational
héen kanax̱ kayáash (compound noun) bridge | héen + ká-náx̱ + kayáash → water + over.through/along + platform • (JL)
héen kasʼíx̱ʼaa (compound noun) hose | water hose; "the one that gushes water out like diarrhea" | héen + ka-∅-√sʼíx̱ʼ-aa → water + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√gush/diarrhea-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
héen sháak (landform) river; stream | head of river; head of stream | héen + shá-k → water/river + head.? • (KE)
héen shú (landform) • variants: hinshú (At) • water | end, edge of body of standing water | héen + shú → water/river + end • (KE)
Héen Taanáx̱ Kayaaní Dísi (compound noun) March; month | March; "underwater plant month" | when underwater plants begin to bud and sprout | (NR)
héen táak (landform) in; water; river | in the water, river (deep enough to submerge); "in the cavity of the water" | the difference between « héen táak » and« héen yík » seems to be whether one could submerge in the water • one speaker notes that « héen táak » is basically a cavity of water deeper than the knees • things that float on the water, including boats, are « héen yík » because they all are not supposed to submerge | héen + táak → water/river + bottom-(of a cavity) • (MH, KE)
héen wantú (landform) river | edge of river channel; "inside the edge of the water" | héen + wan-tú → water/river + edge.inside • (KE)
héen wát (landform) river; stream | mouth of a river, stream | héen + wát → water/river + mouth-(of body or form of water) • (KE)
héen x̱uká (landform) • variants: hinx̱uká, héen x̱ʼaká • water; river | "on the mouth of the water"; on top of the water; on top of the river | héen + x̱oo-ká → water/river + among.on • (KE, JL)
héen x̱ʼadánjayi (compound noun) spray; wave ¹ | spray from waves | héen + x̱ʼa-∅-√dán-ch-aa → water + mouth-classifier.(∅)-√pile-up-(snow or dust).(habitual)-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
héen x̱ʼaká (compound noun) • variants: héen x̱uká, hinx̱uká • water; river | mouth of the river; entrance of the water | héen + x̱ʼa-ká → water/river + mouth.on • (KE)
héen x̱ʼashú (landform) • variants: héen ḵʼashú (T) • water; river | near the water; "end of the mouth of the water" | héen + x̱ʼa-shú → water + mouth/opening.end • (GD)
héen x̱ʼayaax̱ (landform) shoreline; riverside | héen + x̱ʼa-yaa-x̱ → water/river + mouth.edge-?.at-(repeatedly) • (KE, JC)
héen yík (compound noun) water; river | in the water; in the river; "in the shallows of the water" | the difference between « héen táak » and« héen yík » seems to be whether one could submerge in the water • one speaker notes that « héen táak » is basically a cavity of water deeper than the knees • things that float on the water, including boats, are « héen yík » because they all are not supposed to submerge | héen + yík → water/river + in-(shallow container) • (MH, KE)
héenákʼw (landform) creek; stream | small creek, stream | héen-á-kʼw → water/river.[peg.vowel].[diminutive] • (KE)
héeni (preverb) water | going into water | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) | héen-i → water/river-relational • (JC, KE)
héenx̱ (preverb) water | going (down) into water | for motion verbs, creates a g̱a-conjugation motion verb (downward motion) | héen-x̱ → water/river.at-(repeatedly) • (JC, KE)
héenx̱ ḵuyala.aadí (compound noun) baptizer | "leading people into the water" | héen-x̱ + ḵu-ya-la-√.aat-í → water.at-(repeatedly) + someone-(4h.O).vsf-classifier.(∅)-√go-(plural, by walking)-relational • (JL)
héexw (noun) witchcraft; sorcery | witchcraft, sorcery often used to bring about harm to another | often using personal belongings to do so and to bring about illness or devastation | (JL)
hú (independent pronoun) they; she; he | third person human singular independent (3Hs.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i)
• uháan | us → first person plural independent (1p.i)
• wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i)
• yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i)
• hú | they → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)
• hás | them all → third person plural independent (3p.i)
• á | it → third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)
• ash | this person → third person proximal independent (3prx.i)
• á | that other person → third person obviate independent (3obv.i)
• ḵáa | someone → fourth person human independent (4h.i)
• át | something → fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)
• aa | one, some → partitive independent (part.i)
• chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i)
• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → reciprocal independent (recip.i)
hú! (interjection) ouch! | can be long and drawn out in times of intense physical or emotional suffering | (KE)
–húnx̱w (kinship term) brother | maleʼs older brother | classification: male kinship term | in Tlingit kinship, this term is only used by males to refer to biological brothers and males of the same clan and generation who they all have a close relationship with • can be used with males of the same moiety but not the same clan to show close personal or clan relationships
húsh! (interjection) shame on you! | (KE)
hoodí (verbal noun) boat ¹; canoe; outrigger; plank | planks put on the side of boat, canoe to stabilize it; outrigger | √hoot-i → √plank-boat-relational • (JL)
hoon (noun) • variants: hun • sell; sale; selling | to sell; for sale | (KE)
hoon daakahídi (compound noun) store ²; grocery | hoon + daaka-hít-i → selling + around-outside.house-relational
hoon daakeit (compound noun) cart; shopping | shopping cart | hoon + daaká-át → selling + around.outside-thing(4n.i)
hoon sʼaatí (compound noun) merchant; seller; storekeep | "boss of selling" | hoon + sʼaatí → selling + boss/master
hóochʼ (interjection) • variants: hóochkʼ • thatʼs all!; all gone!; no more! | in certain contexts, such as a story, this can mean that someone has died or something has been destroyed
hóochʼi aayí (compound noun) last ²; final | the last one; the final one | hóochʼ-i + aa-yí → gone/done-peg.vowel + one(s).(part.i)-relational
hóochʼeen yís (phrase) last ² | for the last time | hóochʼ-een-yís → gone/done-with-for
i (relational pronoun) you | your | second person singular possessive (2s.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
i- (subject pronoun) you | you [subject] | second person singular subject (2s.S) • in a verb phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb • other subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject (1s.S)
• tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject (1p.S)
• i- | you [subject] → second person singular subject (2s.S)
• yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural subject (2p.S)
• ∅- | they [subject] → third person subject (3.S)
• has + ∅- | they all [subject] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• du- | someone [subject] → fourth person human subject (4h.S)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] → reciprocal subject (recip.S)
i- ⁓ ee- (object pronoun) you | you [object] | second person singular object (2s.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object (1s.O)
• haa | us [object] → first person plural object (1p.O)
• i- | you [object] → second person singular object (2s.O)
• yee | you all [object] → second person plural object (2p.O)
• ∅- ⁓ a- | them → third person object (3.O)
• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• ash | this person [object] → third person proximal object (3prx.O)
• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person human object (4h.O)
• at | something [object] → fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)
• aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (part.O)
• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → reciprocal object (recip.O)
i ee- (postpositional pronoun) you | to you; with you | second person singular postpositional (2s.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
ihí! (interjection) donʼt!; stop it! • variants: ilí!, li! •
–iḵ (body part) foot ¹ | midfoot | from the ankle & talus to the toes, esp. the top of the foot | (JC)
–iḵká (body part) foot ¹ | top of foot; "top of midfoot" | iḵ.ká → midfoot.on
iḵkaa (compound noun) Ahtna; Copper River Dene | eeḵ-ká → copper.on
iḵkeit (compound noun) leggings; moccasin | woven dance leggings; top of moccasin; "thing on top of the midfoot" | iḵ-ká-át → midfoot.on-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
iḵnáachʼ (compound noun) brass
iḵyéisʼ (compound noun) iron ¹; tin | "discolored copper" | eeḵ-√yéisʼ → copper.discolored • variants: g̱ayéisʼ, g̱iyéisʼ •
ilí! (interjection) donʼt!; stop it! • variants: ihí!, li! •
ilí sʼé! (interjection) • variants: li sʼé!, ilí sʼá! • wait ¹ | wait!
isḵuḵgu náakw (compound noun) • variants: asḵuḵgu náakw • medicine | cough medicine | the verb root for cough has been documented as √ḵooḵ and √kooḵ, and is presented here as √ḵooḵ | i-s-√ḵúḵ-kw-u + náakw → peg.vowel-classifier.(d,s)-√cough-repetitive-relational + medicine (JL, NS) • (JL)
–isnéexʼi (verbal noun) • variants: –ḵusnéexʼi • smell ²; sense | sense of smell | i-s-√néexʼ-i → [peg vowel]-classifier.(d,s)-√smell/sniff-relational • (JL)
Ishkeetaan (clan name) Clan | "People of Deep Pool in the River House"; Origin: Tlákw.aan | Raven/Crow Moiety • G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi Group • Primary Crest: Frog • Secondary Crests: Raven, Sea Lion, Sun | ish-ka-hít-taan → fishing-hole.on.house.people • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Jilḵáat Ḵwáan
• Ishká Hít | Atop the Fish Hole House
Áatlein Ḵwáan
Deisleen Ḵwáan
Taagish Ḵwáan
Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan
ishḵeen (noun) cod; sablefish | black cod | (JL) ° (Anoplocoma fimbria) °
ixdáak (independent base) door; entrance | close to the door, entrance | ixdáaknáx̱ neil has uwa.át wé alʼeix̱í → the dancers came in by the entrance • (JL)
ixkée (independent base) downstream; south | way downstream | way down(stream), long ways down (not just south) | éex-kée → south.above/up • (JL)
ín (noun) flint
ín xʼeesháa (compound noun) bottle; jug | "flint bucket"
ín xʼeesháa tóo x̱ʼúx̱u (compound noun) fish: jarred fish | "fish flesh inside a bottle" | ín + xʼeesháa + tú + x̱ʼúx̱-u → flint + bucket + inside + fish-flesh-relational • (EM) • variants: ín xʼeesháa tóonáx̱ wududzi.eeyi x̱áat, ítʼch tóo x̱áat •
ín xʼeesháa tóonáx̱ wududzi.eeyi x̱áat (compound noun) fish: jarred fish | "cooked inside a bottle fish" | ín + xʼeesháa + tú-náx̱ + ÿu-du-dzi√.ee-yi + x̱áat → flint + bucket + inside-through + perfective-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s,i)-√cook-relational + fish/salmon • (LF, NL) • variants: ín xʼeesháa tóo x̱ʼúx̱u, ítʼch tóo x̱áat •
ísh (landform) creek; hole ¹; river; stream | fishing hole; hole in stream, river, creek
–ít (relational base) after; following | after –; followng –
–ítx̱ nagoodí (relational noun) disciple; follower | "walking after –" | ít-x̱ na-∅-√goot-í → following-at.(repeatedly) + na.con-classifier.(∅)-√walk/go.(singular)-relational • (JL)
–ítx̱ na.aadí (compound noun) • variants: –ítx̱ na.aatxʼí, –ítx̱ ne.aatxʼí (C) • disciple; follower | disciples; followers; "those walking after –" | ít-x̱ na-∅-√goot-í → following-at.(repeatedly) + na.con-classifier.(∅)-√walk/go.(plural)-relational
ítʼch (verbal noun) glass | glass (the substance); "sparkles" | from verb: ka-d+l-√ítʼch (state intransitive) → for something to sparkle, reflect light (KE)
ítʼch tóo x̱áat (compound noun) fish: jarred fish | "fish inside a glass" | ítʼch + tú + x̱áat → glass + inside + fish/salmon • (RD) • variants: ín xʼeesháa tóonáx̱ wududzi.eeyi x̱áat, ín xʼeesháa tóo x̱ʼúx̱u •
ítʼjaa (verbal noun) bottle | baby bottle
íxde (compound noun) south; downstream | (toward) downstream; southward | (JL) • éex-de → downstream.towards
íx̱tʼ (noun) medicine person; healer; shaman | healers in Tlingit culture are mostly people knowledgeable about which plants can help with particular ailments, but an « íx̱tʼ » is a person who communicates with spirit helpers (yéik) to gain insight from the spiritual world • can conduct powerful ceremonies to cure various ailments, see into other places or times, locate lost people, and more
íx̱tʼ x̱án ḵáawu (compound noun) medicine person; assistant | medicine personʼs assistant | an « íx̱tʼ » has a number of helpers, and his closes one was called by this term. • would assist the « íx̱tʼ », serve as an example in demonstrations of how ceremonies would be conducted, and watch over the « íx̱tʼ » during fasts for additional powers | íx̱tʼ + x̱án + ḵáa(w)-u → medicine-person + beside + someone-(4h.i)-relational • (dL)
íx̱tʼi daa yoo kooneik (compound noun) memorial ceremony for a shaman | "doing on behalf of the medicine person" | íx̱tʼ-i + daa + yoo + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√nei-k + ḵáa → medicine-person + around/about + to/fro + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√do/work-on-repetitive • (JL)
íx̱tʼi deiyí (compound noun) internet | íx̱tʼ-i + dei-yí → medicine-person.peg.vowel + road/path.relatiional • (KG)
–ee- (postpositional pronoun) | also known as the "empty base," this postpositional pronoun appears after a possessive pronouns and before a directional/relational suffix. Tlingit does not allow directional/relational suffixes on pronouns, so the empty base exists for that. The following examples used
directional/relational suffixes
• -de | to, toward; until; in the manner of
• -dáx̱ ⁓ -tx̱ ⁓ -x̱ | from, out of; since
• -t | (resting) at; coming to, arriving at; moving about
• -xʼ ⁓ -∅ | residing at; at (the scene of); at (the time of)
• -náx̱ | through; along, via; including the time of
• -wu ⁓ -u | is/are at
• -x̱ | (in prolonged contact) at; (repeatedly arriving) at; being, in the form of
• -n | (along) with; by means of; as soon as
examples using the suffix « -de »
• ax̱ eedé | towards me
• haa eedé | towards us
• i eedé | towards you
• yee eedé | towards you all
• du eedé | towards them
• has du eedé | towards them all
• a eedé | towards it
• ḵaa eedé | towards somebody, people
• at eedé | towards something
• ax̱ tláa eedé | towards my mother
• i éesh eedé | towards your father
examples using the suffix « -n »
• ax̱ een ⁓ x̱aan | with me
• haa een ⁓ haan | with us
• i een | with you
• yee een | with you all
• du een | with them
• has du een | with them all
• a een ⁓ aan | with it
• ḵaa een ⁓ ḵoon | with somebody, people
• at een | with something
• ax̱ tláa een | with my mother
• i éesh een | with your father
eech (landform) reef; rock ¹; boulder | large rock or boulder lying on the ocean floor | (KE)
eech kakwéiyi (compound noun) buoy | fixed buoy | eech ka-√kwei-yi → reef on-√mark.rel
eech kwéiyi (compound noun) buoy | floating buoy | eech + √kwei-yi → reef + √mark.rel • (JL)
–eeg̱ayáak beach; shore | the beach, shore below | (JL)
–eeg̱áa (preverb) wait; after; for | waiting for; going after; going for (to get) | when used with non-motion verbs, it translates to "waiting for" • when used with motion verbs, it translates to "going after" or "going for" | ee-g̱áa → [empty base].after/for
eeḵ (noun) copper
eeḵ háatlʼi (compound noun) verdigris; patina | patina formed on weathered copper | eeḵ + háatlʼ-i → copper + mess/excrement-relational
eeḵ lukaḵéesʼi (compound noun) sandpiper; snipe | "flood on the point of the beach" | (JL) ° (Capella gallinago) °
–een (relational base) • variants: –tin, –tín, –teen, –téen • with | –een is used with humans and –tin with non-human nouns, as in « ax̱ éesh een » and « wé keitl teen » | (KE, JC)
–een.aa (kinship term) kin; moiety | a person of the same moiety but not the same clan | een-aa → with-one
–een.aaxʼw (kinship term) family | "the ones with –" | een-aa-xʼw → with-one-plural • (GD)
eeshandéin (adverb) poor ²; suffer; pitiful | poorly; while suffering; pitifully | eesháan-déin → pitiful/poor-thing.[adverb]
eesháan (interjection) poor ²; pitiful | poor thing | this is often used for teasing, but can also be used to express extreme sadness or pity when showing empathy and compassion
eet (noun) room | back room, bedroom; curtained-off partition of house | eetdé netí! → take it to the back room! (JL)
eet ká (compound noun) room | (in the) back room, bedroom; "on the imprint/remains/imprint" | refers to a room separated from the main part of the house by a partition, providing privacy for a family or individual • possessed form: –eetí ká | eet + ká → imprint/remains + on • (JL)
–eetiḵín (relational noun) less | less than before | eetí-ḵín → remains.less-than • (JL)
–eetiyáanáx̱ (relational noun) more | more than before | eetí-yáanáx̱ → remains.more-than • (JL)
–eetí (relational base) ⑴ after; imprint ²; legacy; ruin ²; remains | (what is left) after it is gone; the place where it used to be; its imprint, ruins, legacy, remains | (JL) || ⑵ descendant; heir | one that they have left behind (as an heir); descendant of their clan, people | i éesh eetí áyá x̱át → iʼm a descendant of your fatherʼs clan (JL)
–eetí ḵáa (compound noun) • variants: –eetiḵáa • descendant; inherit; successor | descendant; successor; person who inherits their place | eetí + ḵáa → remains/imprint + person • (NR) • haa eetí ḵáaxʼu → our descendants
–eeteeyáx̱ (relational noun) • variants: –eetíyáx̱, –eeteeyiyáx̱, –eeteeyiyéx̱ • as; before; much | as much as before | eetí-yáx̱ → remains/imprint.like • (JL)
–eetéenáx̱ (relational noun) • variants: –eetínáx̱ • lacking; miss ¹; need; without | in need of it; missing it; having a hard time without it; "through the remains of" | eetí-náx̱ → remains/imprint.through/via/along • (JL)
eex̱ (noun) oil; grease • variants: (T,Y,S), eix̱ •
eex̱ kát sakwnein (compound noun) bannock; fry bread | "bread on the oil/grease" | (KE) • variants: (Y,At,T), eix̱ kát sakwnein •
eex̱ sʼíxʼi (compound noun) • variants: eix̱ sʼíxʼi • dish | grease dish | wooden dish used for eulachon or seal grease, often with carved designs | eex̱ + sʼíxʼ-i → grease/oil + dish-relational • (SN)
eey (landform) rapids | (KE)
ée! (interjection) yuck!; eeeew! • variants: éeee! •
éechʼ (noun) stone; brick; heavy | heavy stone, boulder; something compact and very heavy | éechʼ yáx̱ koodáal → itʼs as heavy as a lead brick (JL)
éedaa (noun) luminescence; phosphorescence | phosphorescence (sparks of light in ocean water); luminescence (on rotten wood) | éeda áa yéi ḵuwanóok → light reflected off the water (JL)
éeg̱i (preverb) beach; shore | from the woods onto the beach, shore | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus)
–éekʼ (kinship term) brother | femaleʼs brother | in Tlingit kinship, the term for a sibling is used for someone of the same clan who is in the same generation. Sibling kinship terms can extend to anyone of the same moiety in the same generation to express personal closeness. Note that this kinship term is only used by females, regardless of the age of the sibling.
éeḵ • variants: éiḵ • ⑴ (landform) beach; waterside || ⑵ (independent base) shore; beach | down on the shore, beach | when used as a directional preverb, « neech » is used when the speaker is on the beach and « éiḵ / éeḵ » is used when the speaker is inland from the shoreline | (JC, JL, KE)
éenaa (noun) ⑴ tongs; fork | tongs (used in cooking); split stick for pulling sinew through; forked stick || ⑵ scraper | scraper for scraping off bark from roots
–éenee (body part) • variants: –éenyee, –éeni (C) • armpit | (JL)
éenee chán náakw (compound noun) deodorant | éenee + chán + náakw → armpit + stink + medicine • (SaJ)
–éenee x̱aawú (body part) • variants: –éenyee x̱aawú, –éeni x̱aawú (C) • armpit; hair | armpit hair | éenee + x̱aawú → armpit + hair
éenwu (verbal noun) • variants: éenu (TC) • food | food taken home from a feast or dinner to which one was invited | .√éen-wu → √carry-(full container)-relational • (JL)
–éesh (kinship term) father | in Tlingit kinship, the term for a father is used for the birth father and also maleʼs of the fatherʼs clan who are in the same generation as the father as an expression of personal closeness. • direct form: éesh! • plural form: –éesh hás
éet (landform) ocean; halibut; sea floor | halibut site; halibut hole | (JL)
éet katlóox̱u (compound noun) bullhead | deepsea bullhead (edible); "bullhead on the sea floor" | éet-ka-tlóox̱-u → sea-floor.on.bullhead.rel • (JL)
éetkasʼáaw (noun) crab | king crab; "crab on the ocean floor" | (BF) • éet-ka-sʼáaw → sea-floor.on.crab
éex (independent base) downstream; south | (JL)
jaḵtawteetʼí (compound noun) murderer | √jaḵ-√taw-√teetʼ-í → kill.steal/sneak.tense-up-relational • (JL)
jam tléiḵw kanéegwálʼi
jáḵwti (verbal noun) body; corpse | corpse of one slain
jánwu (noun) • variants: jínwu (Y), jénu (C), jánu (T), Ján (C) • goat | mountain goat | (JL) ° (Oreamnos americanus columbiae) °
jánwu x̱aawú táxʼx̱i (compound noun) wool | wool of mountain goat; "mountain goat hair dentalia shells" | gathered from mountains, used to make Chilkat blankets | (JL) • jánwu + x̱aa-wú + táxʼx̱-i → mountain-goat + hair-relational + dentalium-shell-relational
–jáʼ (kinship term) • variants: –jáaʼ, –jáa, –jáʼ g̱eeg̱í • honey ² | honey! | familiar or affectionate term of address for oneʼs spouse | ax̱ jáʼ! → my honey! • (JL)
jaaḵúx̱ (noun) canoe: hide canoe (usually made from caribou skins) | (KE)
–jáag̱adi (relational noun) kill ²; hunt | kill(s) (from a successful hunt) | √jáaḵ-át-i → √kill.something-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
jáajee (noun) • variants: jáaji • snowshoe | (KE)
jelly tléiḵw kanéegwálʼi
–jeig̱í (body part) scale | scale (of fish) | (KE)
ji- (classifier) | sh group classifier; (+d,sh,+i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
jididáanaa ḵáa (compound noun) rich ² | rich person; "person that has lots of money" | ji-di-√dáanaa + ḵáa → hand-classifier.(d,∅,i)-√money + person.(4h.i) • (GD, JL)
–jigúnlʼi (body part) wrist | outer lump of wrist; " hand burl" | ji-gúnlʼ-i → hand/arm.burl-relational • (KE, JL)
jigwálaa (verbal noun) tombourine | "the one the hand beats" | ji-∅-√gwál-aa → hand-classifier.(∅)-√beat/stab/ring-one(s).(part.i) • (MD, GD)
–jig̱ei (body part) ⑴ arm; crook; embrace | crook of arm; in embrace of; "in the folds of arm" | ji-g̱ei → hand/arm.enclosed-within-(the folds of) || ⑵ bend ²; curve; inside; nestle | nestled in it; inside the bend, curve of it | (JL)
jig̱ei.át (compound noun) wrist guard | "in the folds of the arm thing" | ji-g̱ei-át → hand/arm.enclosed-within-(the folds of)-thing-(4n.i) • variants: jig̱ei.ét (C), jika.át •
jig̱wéinaa (compound noun) towel; rag | "one that wipes the hands"; handtowel | ji-√g̱óo-n-aa → hand-√wipe.(progressive)-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
jikag̱ayéisʼ (compound noun) • variants: jikag̱iyéisʼ (T), ḵaa jikag̱ayéisʼi, ḵaa jika.át • handcuffs | "iron on the hands" | ji-ka-eeḵ-yéisʼ → hand.on.copper.discolored • (JL)
jikaḵáasʼ (compound noun) • variants: jikeḵáasʼ • pole ¹; smokehouse | long smokehouse pole(s) | the fish are hung on smaller poles (sʼóosʼ) which are laid across these long poles | ji-ka-ḵáasʼ → hand/possession.on.stick • (JL)
jikawáach (compound noun) wristwatch | "watch on the hand" | ji-ka-wáach → hand.on.watch • (KE)
jikax̱ádaa (compound noun) rattle | paddle-shaped rattle, with the rattling noise made by dangling objects | ji-ka-∅-√x̱á-t-aa → hand-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√paddle-repetitive-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
jikax̱íjaa (compound noun) rattle | rattle (used by íx̱tʼ) | used by íx̱tʼ, who would place a board across them all and pound down repeatedly and quickly | ji-ka-∅-√x̱ích-aa → hand-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√club-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–jikayáanáx̱ (relational noun) more; too much | more than she/he can manage to do; too much for them to do | ji-ka-yáanáx̱ → hand.on.more-than • (JL)
jika.át (compound noun) wrist guard | "on the arm thing" | ji-ka-át → hand/arm.on-thing-(4n.i) • variants: jig̱ei.át, jig̱ei.ét (C) •
–jiká (body part) ⑴ wrist | back of the wrist; "on the hand" | ji-ká → hand.on || ⑵ available; way | getting in their way; coming their way (so that it is attainable) | du jikát uwaxíx → (something to use; understanding, words to say) came to them • du jikát uwaxíx → (words to say) came to him • i jikát x̱a.áa → Iʼm sitting in your way • sh jikáa yan dustéeych ḵutéesʼ → people set up lookout places (JL)
–jiklixʼéesʼ (body part) wrist | inner bump of the wrist; "tangle on the hand" | ji-ka-li-√xʼéesʼ → hand-horizontal-cl–(l,i)-√tangled/matted • (KE)
–jikóol (body part) • variants: –chkóol • hand ¹; wrist | back of hand, wrist | (JL) • ji-kóol → hand.back-of-hand?
Jilḵáat Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Chilkat Area; "People of the Fish Cache" | Included Communities: Klukwan, from just outside of Haines north to the Canadian Border | jíl-x̱áat + ḵwáan → cache.fish/salmon + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Kaagwaantaan | People of the Burnt House
• Dag̱istinaa | Inland Channel Clan
• Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar
Raven/Crow Clans
• G̱aanax̱teidí | People of Sheltered Harbor Rock
• Lukaax̱.ádi | People off the Point of It
• Noowshaka.aayí | People on Top of the Fort
• Naachʼuneidí | People of Naachʼu Héen
jinaháa (verbal noun) fate; taboo | the fate (usually a bad fate) that is sent to one, or to which one is drawn, as a result of oneʼs actions | in Tlingit, this is a terrible fate waiting to fall upon a person or people for violating custom, and it may take generations to arrive • often linked to lig̱aas | (KE)
jinduháayi xʼúxʼ daakahídi (compound noun) post office | "building around paper delivered by hand" | (JH) • jin-da-háa + xʼúxʼ + daa-ka-hít-i → hand.[classifier]-√move-imperceptably + xʼúxʼ + around-on.house.rel
jinkaadináx̱ (number) ten | ten people | jinkaat-i-náx̱ → ten-(peg vowel).through • (KE)
jinkaat (number) ten | "hands facing each other" | jín-kaat → hand(s).facing • (CG, KE)
jinkaat ḵa tléináx̱ (number) eleven | eleven people | jinkaat + ḵa + tléixʼ-náx̱ → ten + and + one-through • (KE)
jinkaat ḵa tléixʼ (number) eleven | jinkaat + ḵa + tléixʼ → ten + and + one • (KE)
–jintakyádi (body part) • variants: –jintaakyádi, –jintakyédi • hand ¹; palm | " palm child"; center of palm of hand | jín-táak-yát-i → hand(s).palm.child-relational • (KE)
–jintáak (body part) hand ¹ | palm of hand | jín-táak → hand(s).palm • (KE)
–jintú (relational base) grip | jín-tú → hand(s).inside • (KE)
jin.úsʼaa yeit (compound noun) • variants: jin.óosʼaa yeit • wash ²; basin | wash basin (for hands); "thing below the one that washes hands" | jin-√.úsʼ-aa + yee-át → hand-√wash-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–jiseiyí (relational base) shelter | shelter of – (especially a tree); "just below the hands of –" | ji-se-yí → hand(s).area-(in front of or just below)-relational • (KE, JL)
jishagóon (compound noun) tool | tool(s) | ji-shagóon → hand(s).parts/components/origin • (JL)
–jiwán (body part) hand ¹ | edge of hand | ji-wán → hand(s).edge • (JL)
jix̱an.át (compound noun) weapon | "thing beside the hand" | ji-x̱án + át → hand/possession.beside + thing-(part.i) • (JL)
–jix̱án (relational base) available; near | at hand (for him to work with), available; "beside the hand" | ji-x̱án → hand(s).beside • (JL)
–jiyagéix̱ (relational noun) interfere; ruin ¹; wreck | wrecking, ruining what she/he had done; interfering with their work, deeds | ji-ÿa-géi-x̱ → hand(s)-classifier.(∅,i).against/opposing.at-(repeatedly) • (JL)
–jiyáx̱ (relational noun) according to | according to the way – does it | ji-yáx̱ → hand(s).like • (KE)
–jiyís (compound noun) • variants: –jeeyís, –jís • for | for (to have or benefit from) | often used while giving gifts, in which case it means "this is for you to have"; but also used in combination with verbs like « haa jiyís yéi yaawaḵaa » ("they said it for us") | jee-yís → possession.for-(benefit) • (KE, JC)
–jiyee (relational base) ready ²; wait ² | ready, waiting for them to use; "below hand" | ji-yee → hand(s).below • (KE)
–jiyeet (relational noun) belabor; burden; suffer; weight ² | under the burden, weight of it; belabored or suffering from it (a burden, hardship); "under the hand of" | ji-yee-t → hand(s).below.at-(arrived) • a jiyeet x̱at wudzigít → it weighed heavy on me (JL) • yéi jiné jiyeet x̱at wudzigít → i got lots of work to do (JL)
–ji.een (relational noun) help; with; work ² | working with them; helping them work or do something | ji.een → hand(s).with • (JL)
–ji.eetí handiwork; artifact | "the remains/imprint of hands" | ji-eetí → hand(s).remains/imprint • (KE)
–jín (body part) hand ¹; paw | (KE)
jín du.úsʼgu yeit (compound noun) sink ² | bathroom sink; handwashing sink | jín + du-∅-√.úsʼ-kw-u + yee-át → hand + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√wash-repetitive-relational + below.thing
jín ḵutlʼídaa (compound noun) shovel | hand shovel | jín ḵutlʼídaa • (FS)
jínkax̱wáchʼaa (compound noun) sasquatch; bigfoot | (HJ)
jínwu (noun) goat: mountain goat | (KE) • variants: (Y), jánwu, jénu (C) •
–jís (compound noun) for – (to have or benefit from) | often used while giving gifts, in which case it means "this is for you to have"; but also used in combination with verbs like « haa jiyís yéi yaawaḵaa » ("they said it for us") | jee-yís → possession.for-(benefit) • (KE, JC) • variants: –jeeyís •
–jee (relational base) possession | in the possession of | in Tlingit, possession is a location, and often appears with a relational suffix, as shown below:
• jeedáx̱ [jee + -dáx̱] | from possession; given by –
• jeedé [jee + -dé] | towards possession
• jeenáx̱ [jee + -náx̱] | through possession
• jeet [jee + -t] | arriving at possession; at possession
• jeewú [jee + -wú] | located in possession
• jeexʼ [jee + -xʼ] | resting in possession; at possession
• jeex̱ [jee + -x̱] | moving along possession; repeatedly in possession
–jeeg̱áa (relational noun) adequate; enough | (big) enough for them to have or use; adequate for them; "adequate for possession" | jee-g̱áa → possession.adequate/pleasing • (KE)
Jeeshḵweidí (clan name) Clan | "People of the Red Paint"; Origin: Kaliakh River | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Kaagwaantaan Group • Primary Crests: Wolf, Beaver • subgroup of the G̱alyáx̱ Kaagwaantaan | Eyak: ji·šqe·t(yu·), Ahtna: Tsesyuu + át-i → [Red Ochre Clan] + thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
G̱alyáx̱ Ḵwáan
–jeeyís (compound noun) • variants: –jiyís, –jís • for | for (to have or benefit from) | often used while giving gifts, in which case it means "this is for you to have"; but also used in combination with verbs like « haa jiyís yéi yaawaḵaa » ("they said it for us") | jee-yís → possession.for-(benefit) • (KE, JC)
júx̱ʼaa (verbal noun) sling ²; atlatl | sling (for thowing objects); "the one that slings/flings" | This is the name of the stick that stays in one hand with attached string (dL369) . | √júx̱ʼ-aa → √sling/fling-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
joon (noun) dream
–kacháwli (kinship term) • variants: kanalchóolani • sweetheart | (KE) • ka-∅-√chóol-i → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√munch/roll-in-mouth-relational ,
kachʼákʼwaa (verbal noun) chisel | rounded carving chisel; "the one that carves designs" | ka-√chʼákʼw-aa → horizontal-√carve-design-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kadachʼáakʼw (verbal noun) carving | ka-da-√chʼáakʼw → horizontal-cl.(d,∅)-√carve • (FS)
kadalʼíxwaa (verbal noun) fog; ice | ice fog | ka-da-√lʼíxw-aa → horizontal-classifier.(d,∅)-√close.eyes-one(s).(part.i) • kadalʼíxwaa tóox̱ yaa naḵúx̱ → they are driving through ice fog (JL)
kadashátx̱i (verbal noun) baseball; catcher | catcher (in baseball) | ka-da-√shát-x̱-i → round-clasifier.(d,∅)-√grab/catch/hold-repetitive-relational • (JL)
kadax̱óotʼi (verbal noun) plank | plank maker (with adze) | ka-da-√x̱óotʼ-i → horizontal-clasifier.(d,∅)-√chop/chip-relational • (JL)
kadádzaa yeit (compound noun) • variants: kadádzaa yeit, katádzaa yeit • basket; berry; pan | basket or pan used to collect berries by knocking them all off the bush; "thing below the bouncing one(s)" | originally a container woven from roots, shaped like a dishpan, with handles | ka-√táts-aa + yee-át → horizontal-√strike-berries-from-branches-one(s).(part.i) + below-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
kadánjaa (verbal noun) ⑴ dust ¹ | ka-√dán-ch-aa → horizontal-√pile-up-(snow or dust).(habitual)-one(s).(part.i) || ⑵ pollen
kadásʼ (verbal noun) hail | ka-√dásʼ → horizontal-√hail • (JL, KE)
−kadáan (adjective) beautiful | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | (BC)
kadeiyak g̱eiwú (compound noun) net | gill net; "snagging net" | (BF)
–kadeiyí (body part) line; stripe | line, stripe running along the side of it (fish, from pectoral fin to tail) | along the belly, which helps determine where to cut it | a kadeiyí yóo naneech → the stripes on its side get to be like that • (JL)
kadéixʼ (verbal noun) shame; embarassment | ka-∅-√déixʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√shame • (KE, JL) • variants: kedéixʼ (C) •
kadidlákwt ḵóok (compound noun) guitar | ka-di-√dlákw-t + ḵóok → horizontal-clasifier.(d,∅,i)-√scratch-repetitive + box
–kadíx̱ʼi (plant part) • variants: tukadíx̱ʼi • heartwood; stem; wood; pith | stem (of plant); heartwood (of tree) | hard pieces that the needles grow out of it | ka-díx̱ʼ-i → on.back-relational • (pieces of) branches growing out of the stem • aas tukedéx̱ʼi / aas tuwásʼi → heartwood of tree (JL)
kaduheix̱.aa (verbal noun) currant; berry | northern redcurrant | ka-du-∅-√haa-x̱-aa → horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√move.small.parts-repetitive-one(s).(part.i) • (JL) ° (Ribes triste/sanguineum?) °
kadulg̱óok sʼeenáa (compound noun) • variants: kadulg̱úkx̱ sʼeenáa, ux̱ akagan sʼeenáa, yoo yakdudlig̱óokgu sʼeenáa • flashlight | "light someone clutches in them allʼs hand" | ka-du-l-√g̱óok + sʼeenáa d → horizontal-someone.[classifier]-√clutch-squeeze-(in hand)
kadushxit tʼáa yá (compound noun) chalkboard; blackboard | "board whose face is written on" | ka-du-sh-√xit + tʼáa + yá → horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,sh)-√poke-with-stick/write + board + face • (KE) • variants: kadushxeet tʼáa yá •
kadux̱ísht gaaw (compound noun) xylophone | drum someone beats upon | ka-du-∅-√x̱ísht + gaaw → horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√club-(repeatedly) + drum
kadux̱ʼal.aa (verbal noun) rutabaga; turnip | ka-du-∅-√x̱ʼál-aa → horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√crunch-(food)-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
kadu.uxx̱u át (compound noun) balloon | "round thing a person inflates" | ka-du-∅-√.ux-x̱-u + át → round-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√blow-repetitive-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (KE)
kadúkli (verbal noun) • variants: kadákwli • fish cleaned & hung to dry; fish partially dried & smoked, ready to eat right away | ka-∅-√dúkl-i → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√smoking-fish-(to be eaten right away)
kadútlx̱i (verbal noun) fish cleaned and hung to dry | "doubled up" | ka-∅-√dútl-x̱-i → horizontal-clasifier.(∅,–)-√doubled-up/crumpled-repetitive-relational
kadóoxʼ (verbal noun) knot ² | ka-∅-√dóoxʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√tie-knot • (JL)
kadlágwaa (verbal noun) hoe | garden hoe | ka-∅-√dlákw-aa → horizontal-cl.(∅)-√scratch-one(s).(part.i) • (FS)
kadli.ítʼji té (compound noun) diamond | ka-dli-√ítʼ-ch-i + té → horizontal-cl.(d,l,i)-√sparkle-repetitive-attributive + rock
kadziyíkg̱i yé (verbal noun) swamp; mud | swampy place; quicksand or deep mud hole | ka-dzi-√yík-k-i + yé → horizontal-clasifier.(d,s,i)-√sink/pulled-under-repetitive-relational + place • (SN)
kagán (verbal noun) light ¹ | ka-∅-√gán → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√light • (KE)
kagánaa (verbal noun) torch | "the one that burns" | ka-∅-√gán-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√burn/light-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–kagé ⑴ (relational base) meet; encounter | meeting, encountering, intercepting it; (arriving) at the same place or time as it | ḵaa géide woogoot → they met someone, went to meet someone • du kagéide nagú! → go meet them! • ka-gé → on.against/opposing • (JL) || ⑵ across | across from it | aan kagéi áa daak uwashóo wé dei → the trail coumes out across from the town (JL)
–kageidí • variants: –keidí • ⑴ (relational noun) side ¹ | side of – (a house or building) || ⑵ (body part) meat | slab of meat covering its rib cage | a layer of meat lying atop the rib cage, not including the meat attached to the ribs | ka-gei-át-i → on.against/opposing-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
kagwáali (verbal noun) • variants: gaaw gwálayi, gaaw x̱íjaa • drum; stick | drumstick | ka-∅-√gwál-i → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√beat/stab-relational • (FI)
kag̱aklʼeedí (compound noun) yarrow | "mouse tail" | kag̱ak-lʼeedí → mouse.tail • (KE)
kag̱ádaa (compound noun) cheesecloth; cloth; net; screen | cheesecloth, loose-woven cloth; netting, screen; "the one that splits" | ka-√g̱ád-aa → horizontal-√split/fall-apart-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kag̱áak (noun) • variants: kag̱ák • mouse; vole | deer mouse; field mouse | (JL) ° (Peromyscus maniculatus) °
kag̱ít (verbal noun) darkness | ka-∅-√g̱ít → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√dark • (KE)
kag̱eet (verbal noun) loon | common loon | ka-∅-√g̱eet → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√dark • (KE) ° (Gavia immer Brünnich) °
kag̱éexʼ kwéiyi (compound noun) line | free throw line | ka-∅-√g̱éexʼ + kwéiy-i → horizontal-cl.(∅)-√throw + marker-relational • (FS)
kag̱útlx̱i (verbal noun) berries | mashed berries | ka-∅-√g̱útl-x̱-i → horizontal-clasifier.(∅-)-√mash-with-hands-repetitive-relational • (KE)
–kaháadi (verbal noun) cover ² | covering; cover (over a large opening or something without an opening) | for example, over a pile of wood | ka-√háat-i → horizontal-√cover-relational • (JL)
–kaháakw (body part) ⑴ egg; roe | eggs of – (a fish); roe of – (a fish) || ⑵ kidney | kidney of – | (JL, KE)
kaháakw ítʼx̱i (compound noun) egg; roe | soaked fish eggs | kaháakw + √ítʼ-x̱-i → fish-eggs + √soak-repetitive.[relatiional] • (JL)
kaháakw kasʼeex (compound noun) • variants: kaháakw kasʼixx̱i • egg; roe | fermented fish eggs; stink eggs; "spoiled salmon eggs" | kaháakw ka-√sʼeex → salmon/fish-eggs + horizontal-√rot/spoil • (SN, JL)
–kaháani (verbal noun) fringe | fringe of cut hide on it | ka-∅-√háan-i → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√cut-fringe-relational • (JL)
kahénaa (verbal noun) digging tool | "the one that digs" | ka-∅-√háa-n-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√dig/plant.[progressive].one-(s)-(part.i) • (JL)
–kajeig̱í (body part) • variants: –kajeeg̱í (T) • scale | scale (of fish) | might be « –kajeeḵ » when on the fish | (KE)
kajúxaa (verbal noun) flywheel; wheelbarrow; wagon; hand truck; dolly; wheel ²; tire | "the one that rolls on" | ka-√júx-aa → horizontal-√roll/spin.one(s) • variants: koojúxaa (T,C), koojúxwaa (An) •
kajúxaa téeli (compound noun) roller skate | "the shoe that rolls" | (GD, MD) • ka-√júx-aa + téel-i → horizontal-√roll/spin.one(s) + shoe-relational • (GD, MD)
kajúxaa tʼáa (compound noun) skateboard | "the board that rolls" | ka-√júx-aa + tʼáa → horizontal-√roll/spin.one(s) + board • (GD, MD)
kakatáxʼaa (verbal noun) pliers | "the one that bites (with pieces coming together)" | ka-ka-√táxʼ-aa → (comparitive)-horizontal-√bite-one(s).(part.i) • (KE) • variants: at katáxʼaa •
kakatlaax̱ (verbal noun) blueberry; huckleberry; berry | blueberry, the lighter blue variety, frosted ° (Vaccinium ovalifolium ssp ?) °
kakéin (verbal noun) yarn | "becoming unraveled" | ka-√kéi-n → horizontal-[classifier]-√unravel/track.[progressive]
kakéin aan aksané át (compound noun) needle ² | crocheting needle; knitting needle | kakéin + a-een + a-ka-∅-sa-√né + át → yarn + its.(3n.r).with + they/it-(3.O)-horizontal-they.(3.S)-classifier.(s)-√knit/weave + something-(indh.i) • (KE)
kakéin kʼóodásʼ (compound noun) sweater | "yarn shirt" | ka-√kéi-n + kʼoodásʼ → horizontal-[classifier]-√unravel/track.[progressive] + shirt • (KE)
kaklahéen (verbal noun) • variants: kax̱lahéen, dleit ketlʼáakʼ • snow ¹; slush | wet snow; "water on it" | « kaneiḵ » is melting and slushy snow and « kaklahéen » is sleet or wet snow | ka-ka-la-√héen → (comparitive)-horizontal-clasifier.(l)-√watered • (KE)
kakúxaa (verbal noun) bailer | "the one who dries it up" | ka-√kúx-aa → horizontal-√dry-up-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
–kakóochʼi fern; fiddlehead | fiddlehead (of fern)
kakʼdakwéiy sʼaatí captain; person | person in charge; "boss on the base of the flag" | for some speakers and communities, this refers to captains in the navy | ka-kʼ-da-√kwéiy + sʼaatí → horizontal-base-√marker + boss/master • (KE) • variants: kakʼkakwéiy sʼaatí (At), kakʼkwéiy sʼaatí (TC) •
kakʼéx̱ʼaa (verbal noun) hook ² | crochet hook; "the one that hooks on it" | ka-√kʼéx̱ʼ-aa → horizontal-√hook/gaff-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–kakʼx̱aawú (body part) hair | bangs; "forehead hair" | káakʼ-x̱aawú → forehead.hair • (KE)
kaḵáshx̱i (verbal noun) berries | steamed berries put up in soft grease | ka-∅-√ḵásh-x̱-i → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√steam-berries-repetitive-relational • (KE)
kaláax̱ (verbal noun) dry; leaf; plant ¹; wood | dry dead plant, leaves, vegetation, wood | dúḵ kaláax̱ → dead dry cottonwood (JL)
kalchaneit (compound noun) mountain ash | "smelly thing" | ka-l-√chán-i-át → horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√stink-relational.thing-(4n.part) ° (Sorbus sitchensis) °
kalchaneit tléig̱u (compound noun) mountain ash | "smelly thing" | ka-l-√chán-i-át + tléiḵw-u → horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√stink-relational.thing-(4n.part) + berry-relational • (KE)
kaldaag̱ákw (verbal noun) naked | "lacking surrounding" | ka-l-√daa-g̱ákw → horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√around/body.lacking-(?) • (JC, KE)
kaldaag̱éináx̱ (adverb) slowly | ka-l-√daa-g̱éi-náx̱ → horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√around/about.?.through/along • (JL, JC, KE)
kaldáalʼi (verbal noun) typist | "imprints on" | ka-l-√dáalʼ-i → horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√imprint-relational • (KE)
kaldáanaaḵ (verbal noun) poor ¹; broke; penniless | without money | ka-l-√dáanaa-ḵ → horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√money.[prohibitive] • (KE, JC)
–kalé (adjective) fine; beautiful | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies
kalihéeni (compound noun) • variants: katsistléiḵw • watermelon | "moistener" | ka-li-√héen-i → horizontal-clasifier.(l,i)-√water/water-down-relational • (JL) • (HC)
kaliséḵʼu kooxéedaa (compound noun) • variants: kawdudliséḵʼu kooxéedaa • pencil | colored pencil | ka-li-√séḵʼw-u + ka-u-√xéet-aa → horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(l,i)-√dye/color-relational + round-irrealis-√make-furrow-one(s).(part.i) • (EM, HC)
kalisʼéexʼu (verbal adjective) sticky | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | ka-li-√sʼéexʼw-u → horizontal-clasifier.(l,i)-√stick-to-relational • (JL)
kalisʼéexʼu xʼúxʼ (compound noun) tape | "sticky paper" | ka-li-√sʼéexʼw-u + xʼúxʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(l,i)-√stick-to-relational + paper/membrane • (LT)
kalisʼooxú (verbal adjective) sour | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | ka-li-√sʼooxw-ú → horizontal-clasifier.(l,i)-√to-sour-relational • (JL)
kalisʼooxú tléiḵw (compound noun) • variants: kalisʼeexú tléiḵw • lemon | "soured fruit" | ka-li-√sʼóox-u + tléiḵw → horizontal-clasifier.(l,i)-√to-sour-relational + berry/fruit • (GD)
kalitsʼígwaa (verbal adjective) delicate matter; sensitive subject | used to describe things that must be spoken about carefully so as to not violate cultural laws, esepcially in regards to clan matters or activities that are dangerous or forbidden • verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | (JL)
kalixéelʼi (verbal adjective) troublesome; worrisome | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | ka-li-√xéelʼ-i → horizontal-clasifier.(l,i)-√trouble-relational
kali.óosʼshán (adjective) washes easily | its surface washes easily | ka-li-√.óosʼ-shán → horizontal-clasifier.(l,i)-√wash.[adjective] • (JL)
kalḵaaḵú (compound noun) wilderness; bush ² | ka-l-ḵaa-ḵú → horizontal-clasifier.(d,l).[?].areal • (JL, JC, KE) • variants: galg̱aaḵú, g̱walg̱aḵú (At), kalg̱aḵú (T) •
kalsʼakg̱áadli (compound noun) • variants: kalsʼakyóowu, kenelsʼaakÿóowu • mushroom | mushroom with flat top | kalsʼak-g̱áatl-i → squirrel.cracker-relational • (JL)
kalsʼak.uwaa (compound noun) • variants: kanalsʼáak.uwaa • squirrel | flying squirrel | (JL) ° (Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw)) °
kalsʼáak (verbal noun) squirrel: red squirrel | name seems to be a verbal noun, but the root is unclear—one possibility is √sʼaaḵ (√bony) which may have lost its uvular over time | ka-na-l-√sʼáak → horizontal-[na conj-pre]-classifier.(d,l)-√? • (KE) • variants: (T), kanalsʼáak •
kalsʼáaxwḵ (compound noun) bare; hat | bare-headed; hatless | without a hat or other head covering | ka-l-√sʼáaxw-ḵ → horizontal-classifier.(l)-√hat-prohibitive
kalsʼéesjaa (verbal noun) snow ¹; dust ¹ | snow cloud; dust cloud; "the one blown around" | ka-∅-√sʼées-ch-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√be-blown-around-[habitually]-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kaltálk (verbal noun) basket | berrying basket | ka-l-√tál-k → horizontal-clasifier.(l)-√flat-basket-repetitive • (KE) • variants: kaltásk •
kaltéelḵ (verbal noun) barefoot; shoeless | "without shoes" | ka-l-√téel-ḵ → horizontal-clasifier.(l)-√shoe(s).[prohibitive] • (KE, JC)
kaltlax̱eit (compound noun) • variants: kanaltsʼákw, kaneiltsʼákw (C), kaneiltsʼíkw (At), kaneiltsʼook (T) • currant; berry | trailing blackcurrant | ka-l-√tlax̱-yee-át → horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√mold.below-thing-(4n.i) • (JL) ° (Ribes glandulosum) °
kaltsáaxʼḵ (verbal noun) bare; mitten | bare-handed; without mittens | without mittens or other hand covering | ka-l-√tsáaxʼ-ḵ → horizontal-clasifier.(l)-√mitten.prohiitive
kalóoxʼjaa (verbal noun) drip ²; leak | "the one that urinates"; fast drip | ka-√lóoxʼ-ch-aa → horizontal-√urinate.[habitually]-one(s).(part.i) • (KE, JL)
–kalóoxʼshani (body part) • variants: –kulóoxʼsháni, –kelóoxʼsheni • bladder | "easy to pee on" | ka-∅-√lóoxʼ-shan-i → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√urinate.[intensive]-relational • (KE, JC)
kalóox̱jaa (verbal noun) drip ²; leak | "the one that drips fast" | ka-√lóox̱-ch-aa → horizontal-√drip-fast.[habitually]-one(s).(part.i) • (KE, JL)
–kalyáasʼi (verbal noun) • variants: –kanalyáasʼi • stride; steps ¹ | ka-l-√yáasʼ-i → horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√move-feet-relational • (JL)
–kalʼeiyí (relational noun) sediment | ka-∅-√lʼei(y)-í → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√?-relational • (JL)
–kanalchóolani (kinship term) lover | "going along munching with"; lover (in an affair outside of marriage or a relationship) | ka-na-l-√chóol-a-een-i → horizontal-na.con-classifier.(l,i)-√much/roll-in-mouth.its.(3n.r).with-relational • (JL)
kanalsʼáak (compound noun) • variants: kalsʼáak (T), kenelsʼáak (C) • squirrel | red squirrel | name seems to be a verbal noun, but the root is unclear—one possibility is √sʼaaḵ (√bony) which may have lost its uvular over time • one speaker recorded it as « ḵanalsʼáaḵ » | ka-na-l-√sʼáak → horizontal-[na conj-pre]-classifier.(d,l)-√? • (KE) ° (Tamiascurus hudsonicus) °
kanaltsʼákw (compound noun) • variants: kanaltsʼákw, kaneiltsʼákw (C), kaneiltsʼíkw (At), kaneiltsʼook (T), kaltlax̱eit • currant; berry | trailing blackcurrant | ka-l-√tlax̱-yee-át → horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√mold.below-thing-(4n.i) • (JL) ° (Ribes glandulosum) °
Kanasnoow (placename) Killisnoo | "Windbreak Fort" | (TT)
kanas.aat (compound noun) • variants: at kanas.aadí, kanas.aadí • insect; spider | crawling insect; "crawling creature" | ka-na-s√.aat-í → horizontal-[na-conj].s-(s)-√walk/go-(plural)-relational • (KE)
kanashú (verbal noun) drunkenness; inebriation; giddiness | ka-na-∅-√shú → horizontal-[na-conj]-classifier.(∅)-√suffer • (KE)
kanatʼá (verbal noun) blueberry; huckleberry; berry | Alaska blueberry; "ripe" | locally called blueberry | ka-na-∅-√tʼá → round-na-cn-classifier.(∅)-√ripe • (JL) ° (Vaccinium ovalifolium) °
kanatʼá kahéeni (compound noun) ⑴ blueberry; juice | blueberry juice; | ka-na-∅-√tʼá + ka-héen-i → round-na-cn-classifier.(∅)-√ripe + on.water-relational • (KE) || ⑵ (color) purple
kanágaa (verbal noun) stretcher; form | form for shaping; "the one that shapes" | ka-√nák-aa → horizontal-√form/shape-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kanálx̱i (verbal noun) berries | steamed berries; "steamed" | green cranberries on the branch, covered with thimbleberry branches, dipped in hot water, and baked (formerly underground) | ka-∅-√nál-x̱-i → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√steam-repetitive-relational • (KE)
kanaadaayi héen (compound noun) • variants: naadaayi héen, x̱áat héeni • river; stream; creek | ka-na-ÿa-√daa-yi + héen → horizontal-na.con-clasifier.(∅,i)-√flow-attributive + water/river
kandashú (landform) • variants: ḵukandashu • ledge | ledge running along or up a rock face; a way to get up the cliff; "extends along it" | ka-n-da-√shú → areal-horizontal-na.con-classifier.(d,∅)-√extends • (JL)
kaneiḵ • variants: kaneeḵ • (verbal noun) ice; slush; snow ¹ | slush ice; loose snow or ice on top of water (as on a river or lake) | « kaneiḵ » is melting and slushy snow and « kaklahéen » is sleet or wet snow | ka-∅-√neiḵ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√get-slushy • (JL)
kaneilx̱ʼú (compound noun) bamboo | "home barbecue stick" | ka-neil-x̱ʼú → on.home.forked-barbecue-stick • (JL)
kanéist (borrowed noun) cross | from Russian "кресть" | (JC)
kanéegwálʼ (verbal noun) berries; pudding; gravy | pudding dish made with berries and salmon eggs; "painting" | made by boiling the berries or berry juice (usually high/lowbush cranberries, crowberries) with flour, eaten with sugar and sometimes milk added • the verb root √néegwálʼ is likely related to the process of cooking and stirring jelly-like substances, and the the « -gwálʼ » ending is believed to be onomatopoeia | ka-∅-√néegwálʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√paint • (KE, JL)
kantáḵw (verbal noun) lupine | WARNING: some lupine species contain toxic alkaloids—be certain of species before use. | ka-na-∅-√táḵw → horizontal-[na-conj]-classifier.(∅)-√? • variants: kentáḵw •
kanóoxʼ (compound noun) turtle | "shell on it" | ka-nóoxʼ → on.shell • (KE) • variants: tanóoxʼ, tadanóox’ •
kasanka.át (compound noun) corset | ka-san-ka-át → horizontal-waist.on-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
kasan.át (compound noun) armor | wooden slat armor | according to Emmons: consisting of a number of small wooden rods laced together with horizontal bands of fine sinew thread or two-stranded twisted cord of mountain goat wool | ka-san-át → horizontal-waist-thing-(4n.i) • (JL, GE)
–kasán (body part) body; torso; waist | (JL)
kasáyjaa (verbal noun) heat; perspiration | "the one that prespires" | ka-∅-√sáy-ch-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√prespire.[habitual].[relaltional] • (JL)
kaséḵʼx̱u (verbal noun) dye | ka-∅-√séiḵʼw-u → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√stain/dye-relational • (KE)
–kaséiḵʼu (verbal noun) color ¹ | ka-∅-√séiḵʼw-u → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√stain/dye-relational • (KE)
kaséiḵʼw (verbal noun) ⑴ cord; dance ² | neck cord used in dances | ka-∅-√séiḵʼw-u → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√stain/dye || ⑵ neck; ring ²; rope | neck ring made of red cedar bark | worn by dancers and people in charge of potlatches | (JL)
kaséix̱jaa (verbal noun) • variants: kaséex̱jaa • drizzle; rain | drizzle, misty rain; spray or drops of moisture in air | too fine to be considered real rain, thus not commionly used with the __ daak wusitán verb • also moisture from paddlewheel of steamboat | ka-∅-√séix̱-ch-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√mist.habitual-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
kasg̱aax̱ (verbal noun) moan; mourn; wail | mourning, wailing, loud weeping or crying; wail, groan, moan | ka-s-√g̱aax̱ → horizontal-clasifier.(d,s)-√cry
kasiyaayi héen (compound noun) liquor; booze; alcoholic beverage | "crazy water" | ka-si-√yaayi + héen → horizontal-clasifier.(s,i)-√crazy
kasiyeyidéin (adverb) strangely | ka-si-√yéi-yi-déin → horizontal-clasifier.(s,i)-√strange-relational.[adverb] • (JL)
kasiyéiyi (verbal adjective) strange | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | ka-si-√yéi-yi → horizontal-clasifier.(s,i)-√strange-relational • (JL)
kasiyéiyi g̱ánch (compound noun) marijuana | "strange tobacco" | ka-si-√yéi-yi + g̱ánch → horizontal-clasifier.(s,i)-√strange-relational + tobacco • (KE)
kasné (verbal noun) knitting; crocheting | ka-s-√né → horizontal-clasifier.(d,s)-√work-on/do • (KE)
kastʼáatʼ (verbal noun) ⑴ cotton | "pat out in hands" | ka-s-√tʼáatʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(d,s)-√pat-out-in-hands • (KE, JL) || ⑵ blanket; quilt | patchwork blanket, crazy quilt
kastʼáatʼ xʼóow (compound noun) blanket; quilt | cotton blanket; "pat out in hands blanket" | ka-s-√tʼáatʼ + xʼóow → horizontal-clasifier.(d,s)-√pat-out-in-hands + blanket • (KE)
kasʼísjaa (compound noun) wind ripples; snowdrift | "the one that blows around" | ka-∅-√sʼís-ch-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√blow-around-habitual-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–kasʼeex (adjective) aged; ferment; rotten | aged (of food); fermented (of food) | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | ka-√sʼeex → horizontal-√aged/rotten • (JL)
kasʼéesjaa (verbal noun) drift ²; snow ¹ | blowing snow, drifting snow; blowing snowdrift | ka-∅-√sʼées-ch-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√windblown.[habitual]-one(s).(part.i) • héen kesʼísjaa → water spraying/splashing/drifting (JL) • dleit kesʼísjaa → snowdrift (JL)
kasʼéet (verbal noun) screw ² | "ties" | ka-∅-√sʼéet → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√tie • (KE)
kasʼéet daakégwaa (compound noun) • variants: kasʼéet kakéigwaa; kasʼéet kag̱úkwaa; kasʼéet kagwádlaa; kasʼéet kag̱éigwaa • wrench | "the one(s) that unravel the screw" | (JL) • ka-√sʼéet + daa-√ké-kw-aa → horizontal-√tie/screw + around-√unravel/track-repetitive.one(s)
kasʼéet kagwádlaa (compound noun) • variants: kasʼéet kag̱úkwaa; kasʼéet kakéigwaa; kasʼéet daakégwaa; kasʼéet kag̱éigwaa • wrench | "the one that bends the screw" | ka-∅-√sʼéet + ka-√gwátl-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√tie + horizontal-√fold-up/bend/hunch-up-one(s).(part.i)
kasʼéet kag̱éigwaa (compound noun) • variants: kasʼéet kagwádlaa; kasʼéet kakéigwaa; kasʼéet daakégwaa, kasʼéet kag̱úkwaa • wrench | "the one that undoes the screw" | ka-∅-√sʼéet + ka-√kéi-kw-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√tie + horizontal-√track/undo/untagle-repetitive-one(s).(part.i)
kasʼéet kag̱úkwaa (compound noun) • variants: kasʼéet kagwádlaa; kasʼéet kakéigwaa; kasʼéet daakégwaa; kasʼéet kag̱éigwaa • wrench | "the one that squeezes the screw" | ka-∅-√sʼéet + ka-√gwátl-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√tie + horizontal-√clutch/squeeze-(in hand)-one(s).(part.i)
kasʼéet katíx̱ʼaa (compound noun) screwdriver | "the one that twists the screw" | ka-∅-√sʼéet + ka-√tíx̱ʼ-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√tie + horizontal-√wring/twist/wind-one(s).(part.i)
kasʼúgwaa yeit (compound noun) • variants: kasʼígwaa yeit (At), kax̱gáani yeit, kax̱gántʼi yeit • pan; fry | frying pan; skillet; "thing below the one that fries" | ka-√sʼúk-aa + yee-át → horizontal-√fry-crisp-one(s).(part.i) + below-thing-(4n.i) • (KE)
kasʼúkx̱u (verbal adjective) fried; toasted | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | ka-∅-√sʼúk-x̱-u → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√fry-crisp-repetitive-relational
kasʼúkx̱u sakwnéin (compound noun) toast | "toasted bread" | ka-∅-√sʼúk-x̱-u + sakwnéin → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√toast/fry-crisp-repetitive-relational + bread • (TV)
kasʼúwaa (verbal noun) chopper | "the one that chops" | ka-√sʼúw-aa → horizontal-√chop-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kashéix̱ʼ (verbal noun) praise; glory | ka-∅-√shéix̱ʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√praise/glorify • (TE)
kashísʼi (verbal noun) cheese; egg | fermented salmon eggs that harden to a cheese; indian cheese; stink cheese | ka-∅-√shísʼ-i → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√squeeze-out-guts-relational • (SN)
kashéekʼw (verbal noun) ⑴ cramps || ⑵ electricity | (KE, JL) • variants: (An), kashóokʼ •
kashéekʼw gwéil (compound noun) heating pad | "electric bag" | ka-∅-√shéekʼw + gwéil → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√cramp + bag • (KE) • variants: (An), kashóokʼ gwéil •
kashéex̱ʼ (verbal noun) praise; glorification | ka-∅-√shéex̱ʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√praise • (KE)
kashóokʼ (verbal noun) ⑴ cramps || ⑵ electricity | (KE, JL) • variants: kashéekʼw (An) •
kashóokʼ daaxʼ yéi jineiyí (compound noun) electrician | kashóokʼ + daa-xʼ + yéi + ji-∅-√nei-yí → electricity + around-at.(residing) + thus + hand-cl.(∅)-√do/happen-relational • (FS) • 13.5
kashóokʼ gwéil (compound noun) heating pad | "electric bag" | ka-∅-√shóokʼ + gwéil → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√cramp + bag • (KE) • variants: kashéekʼw gwéil (An) •
kashóokʼ ḵáa (compound noun) • variants: kashéekʼw ḵáa • robot | "electric person" | kashóokʼ + ḵáa → electricity/cramps + person.(4h.i) • (GD, MD)
kashóokʼ tlag̱eiyí (compound noun) computer | "electric brain" | ka-∅-√shóokʼ + tla-g̱ei-yí → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√cramp + head.between-folds-relational
kashóokʼ yoo x̱ʼatánk (compound noun) email | "electric language" | ka-∅-√shóokʼ + yoo + x̱ʼa-∅-√tán-k → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√cramp + along + mouth-classifier.(∅)-√communicate-repetitive • (KE)
kashxeedí (verbal noun) writer; scribe; secretary | ka-sh-√xeet-í → horizontal-clasifier.(d,sh)-√make-furrow-relational • (KE)
kashxeet (verbal noun) • variants: keshxéet sʼísaa • ⑴ calico; cloth | cloth with print design | ka-sh-√xeet → horizontal-clasifier.(d,sh)-√furrow • (JL) || ⑵ print ² | print design
Katakw.ádi (clan name) Clan | "People of Wilson Cove" | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Chookaneidí Group | katakw-át-i → [Wilson Cove]-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan
• X̱áay Hít | Yellow-cedar House
katáx̱ (verbal noun) • variants: ḵukatáx̱ • dew; rain | dew; fallen raindrops on grass | ka-∅-√táx̱ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√moisture-on-ground • (JL)
–katáagu (verbal noun) age | age (in years); "the years on them" | ka-táakw-u → on.winter/year-relational • (KE)
katéx̱ʼdéin (adverb) crookedly | ka-∅-√téx̱ʼ-déin → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√twist.[adverb] • (JL)
katéix̱ (verbal noun) boiled; soup; porridge | boiled food | ka-√táa-x̱ → horizontal-√boil-(food)-repetitive • (KE)
katíx̱ʼaa (verbal noun) key | "the one that twists" | ka-√tíx̱ʼ-aa → horizontal-√twist/wring/wind-one(s).(part.i) • (KE) • variants: katʼéx̱ʼaa (C) •
katíx̱ʼaa eetí (verbal noun) keyhole | "the remains/imprint of the one that twists" | ka-√tíx̱ʼ-aa + eetí → horizontal-√twist/wring/wind-one(s).(part.i) + remains/imprint • (JL)
katíx̱ʼaa sʼaatí (verbal noun) keymaster; jailer; watchman | night watchman; "the master of the one that twists" | ka-√tíx̱ʼ-aa + sʼaatí → horizontal-√twist/wring/wind-one(s).(part.i) + boss/master • (KE)
katóok (landform) • variants: tatóok • cave | ka-tóo-k → on.inside.? • (KE)
katʼákx̱i (verbal noun) food; berries; seaweed | "pressed into cakes"; half-dried and/or compressed food, esp. berries or seaweed | ka-∅-√tʼák-x̱-i → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√dented/press-into-cakes-repetitive-relational • (KE)
katʼáx̱ʼjaa (verbal noun) ember (that popped out of a fire) | "the one(s) that crackle" | ka-∅-√tʼáx̱ʼ-ch-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√pop/crackle.[habitual]-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–katʼaawú (body part) fin | anal fin (of fish) | ka-tʼaaw-ú → on.feather-relational • (JL)
katʼéx̱ʼaa (verbal noun) • variants: katʼíx̱ʼaa • pestle; pounder | pounder (for meat or grease) | ka-∅-√tʼéx̱ʼ-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√pound-(with instrument)-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
katʼéx̱ʼaa yeit (verbal noun) • variants: katʼíx̱ʼaa yeit • mortar | mortar for pounding; "thing below the one that pounds" | ka-∅-√tʼéx̱ʼ-aa + yee-át → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√pound-(with instrument)-one(s).(part.i) + below-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
katʼíshaa (verbal noun) needle ² | three-cornered needle for sewing skin or leather; "the one that stretches hide" | ka-∅-√tʼísh-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√stretch-skin-(on frame)-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
katʼéexʼ (verbal noun) tobacco | (plug of) chewing tobacco | ka-∅-√tʼéexʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√frozen/hard • (JL)
–katʼóot (relational base) ⑴ half; part; up | partway up; halfway up (the inside of a vessel, container or containment); "up on the side" || ⑵ waist | the middle of their body; their waist area | (JL)
katlʼáakʼ (verbal noun) ⑴ mica | "becomes wet" || ⑵ purple; gold | gold-rust; flecked with gold or rust | ka-∅-√tlʼáakʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√become-wet • (KE) • katlʼáakʼ yáx̱ yatee → it is gold-rust colored (literally, is the color of mica)
katlʼúḵjaa (verbal noun) drip ²; leak | drip; leak with dripping; "the one that drips slowly (drop by drop)" | ka-∅-√tlʼúḵ-ch-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√drip-(drop by drop).[habitually]-one(s).(part.i) • (KE, JL)
katsistléiḵw (compound noun) • variants: kalihéeni • watermelon | "buoy berry" | katsees-tléiḵw → buoy.berry • (JL)
katsees (verbal noun) float ²; buoy | float (of net, fishing line); buoy | ka-∅-√tsees → ksf-classifier.(∅)-√afloat • (JL)
katsóowaa (verbal noun) stick | planting stick | ka-∅-√tsóow-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√push-forward-(plural sticklike objects)-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kawáat (body part) growth; lump; tumor | lump in the flesh | either from a growth or from a blow to the body (e.g. from hitting hand with hammer) | ka-∅-√wáat → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√grow-up • (JL)
kawdudlidálʼi sʼísaa (compound noun) cloth | machine-printed cloth | ka-ÿu-du-dli-√dálʼ-i + sʼísaa → horizontal-perfective-someone.(4h.S)-cl(d,l,i)-√imprint/mark-relational + cloth • (SN)
kawdudliséḵʼu kooxéedaa (compound noun) • variants: kaliséḵʼu kooxéedaa • pencil | colored pencil | ka-du-dli-√séḵʼw-u + ka-u-√xéet-aa → horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(d,l,i)-√dye/color-relational + round-irrealis-√make-furrow-one(s).(part.i) • (FS)
kawdudlitʼóos'i sakwnéin (compound noun) toast ² | ka-ÿu-du-dli-√tʼóos'-i + sakwnéin → horizontal-perfective-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,l,i)-√roast-attributive + bread
kawdudlixágu eix̱ (compound noun) shortening | ka-ÿu-du-dli-√xákw-u + eix̱ → horizontal-perfective-someone.(4n.S)-classifier.(d,l,i)-√grind/beat-relational + oil • (FS)
kawdudlixágu kʼwátʼ (compound noun) egg | scrambled eggs; "beaten eggs" | ka-ÿu-du-dli-√xákw-u + kʼwátʼ → horizontal-perfective-someone.(4n.S)-classifier.(d,l,i)-√grind/beat • (EM, FS)
kawdudlixágu kʼwátʼ ḵa eix̱ (compound noun) mayonnaise | "beaten eggs and oil" | ka-ÿu-du-dli-√xákw-u + kʼwátʼ + eix̱ → horizontal-perfective-someone.(4n.S)-classifier.(d,l,i)-√grind/beat + oild/grease • (EM, FS) • variants: dleit eix̱í, dleit ḵaa eix̱í •
kawdzitíx̱ʼi tu.úxsʼayeit (compound noun) saxaphone | "twisted thing below to blow in" | ka-ÿu-dzi-√tíx̱ʼ-i + tu-∅-√.úx-sʼ-a-yee-át → horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(d,s,i)-√twist/crooked-relational + inside-classifier.(∅)-√blow.[series].[peg vowel].below-thing-(4n.i) • (GD, MD)
kawóot (compound noun) bead ² | bead(s) | (KE)
kawóot ka.íshaa (compound noun) needle ² | fine needle for stringing beads; "the one that strings beads" | kawóot + ka-√.ísh-aa → bead(s) + horizontal-√string-objects-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kawóot ka.íshx̱i (compound noun) bead ² | strung up beads | kawóot + ka-∅-√.ísh-x̱-i → bead(s) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√string-beads-repetitive-relational • (JL)
kawóotʼ daḵéisʼi (compound noun) beading | kawóotʼ + da-√ḵáa-sʼ-i → bead(s) + cl.(d,∅)-√sew-in.series-relational • (FS)
kaxágwaa /"the one to grinds it up"/ (verbal noun) pestle | ka-√xákw-aa → horizontal-√grind-up-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
kaxágwaa yeit (compound noun) mortar | mortar for grinding; “thing below the one that pounds” | ka-√xákw-aa + yee-át → horizontal-√grind-up-one(s).(part.i) + below-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
kaxílʼaa (verbal noun) scrubber; eraser | "the one that rubs it off" | ka-√xílʼ-aa → horizontal-√rub-off-one(s).(part.i) • (KE, JL)
kaxéelʼ (verbal noun) trouble; conflict | ka-∅-√xéelʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√troubled • (KE)
kaxéesʼ (verbal noun) ⑴ wire | "tangled" || ⑵ phone; telephone | ka-∅-√xéesʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√tangled • (KE, JL) • variants: a tóonáx̱ yoo x̱ʼadul.átgi át •
kaxóogu xʼúxʼu (compound noun) dryer | dryer sheet | ka-∅-xóok-u + xʼúxʼ-u → horizontal-cl.(∅)-√dry + paper-relational
kaxwaan (verbal noun) frost | ka-∅-√xwaan → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√frost • (KE)
kaxwénaa (verbal noun) ⑴ dipper ¹; scoop; ladle ²; brailer bag | "the one that spoons out"; "the one that dishes out"; "the one that shovels out" | ka-√xwén-aa → horizontal-√spoon-out/shovel-out/dish-out-one(s).(part.i) • (JL) || ⑵ net | brail net
kaxweitl (verbal noun) itch; rash; sore | ka-∅-√xweitl → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√itch • (KE)
kaxwéix̱ (verbal noun) cranberry; berry | high bush cranberry | (KE) ° (Viburnum edule) °
kaxʼásʼaa (verbal noun) saw ² | rip saw; double-handled saw for sawing lumber; "the one that saws thin" | ka-√xʼásʼ-aa → horizontal-√slice/saw-thin-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kaxʼásʼti (verbal noun) lumber | "sawed thin" | ka-√xʼásʼ-t-i → horizontal-√slice/saw-thin.one(s)-repetitive-relational • (JL, KE)
kaxʼásʼti daakahídi (verbal noun) sawmill | "house around sawing thin" | ka-√xʼásʼ-t-i + daaká-hít-i → horizontal-√slice/saw-thin.one(s)-repetitive-relational + around-outisde.house-relational • (KE)
kaxʼáasjaa (verbal noun) drip ²; leak; trickle | trickle of water; steady drip or leak | a little water running down, like waterfall | ka-√xʼáas-ch-aa → horizontal-√cascading-water.[habitually]-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
kaxʼóo (verbal noun) • variants: kaxʼwéisʼ • peg | ka-∅-√xʼóo → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√peg/nail • (JL)
kaxʼwéisʼ (verbal noun) • variants: kaxʼóo • peg | ka-∅-√xʼóo-sʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√peg/nail.[in-series] • (JL)
kax̱átʼaa (verbal noun) paddle | "the one that is springy on it"; small paddles used for a game | ka-√x̱átʼ-aa → horizontal-√springy-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
kax̱gáani yeit (compound noun) pan: frying pan; skillet | "thing below burning" | ka-g̱a-∅-√gáan-i + yee-át → on.[g̱a-mode]-classifier.(∅)-√burn/light-relational + below-thing-(4n.i) • variants: kasʼúgwaa yeit, kasʼígwaa yeit (At) •
kax̱itjaa (compound noun) ⑴ drizzle; mist | ka-∅-√x̱it-ch-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√drizzle.habitual-one(s).(part.i) • (JL) || ⑵ noise; rattle; sound; gambling | rattling of sticks in stick gambling game
–kax̱yee (relational noun) ceiling | ká-x̱-yee → on.at-(repeatedly).below • (KE)
kax̱ʼakdéin • variants: kex̱ʼakdéin • ⑴ askew; crooked; diagonal | crooked; askew; diagonally | kex̱ʼakdéin kaawa.aa → tree grew crooked (JL) || ⑵ dishonest | (speaking) dishonestly, deceitfully | kex̱ʼakdéin yoo x̱ʼayaténk → they talks crooked
kax̱ʼátʼ (verbal noun) berries | green, unripe berry | ka-√x̱ʼátʼ → horizontal-√unripe-(of berry) • tsu dax̱ kedlix̱ʼátʼ wé tléiḵw → the berries are green yet (JL)
kax̱ʼílʼaa (verbal noun) iron ² | iron (for ironing) | ka-∅-√x̱ʼílʼ-aa → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√slippery-one(s).(part.i)
kax̱ʼees (verbal noun) urine | strong urine smell | ka-√x̱ʼees → horizontal-√smell-like-urine • kax̱ʼees (yáx̱) dzinéexʼ → it smells like urrine (JL) • kax̱ʼees du éedáx̱ dzinéexʼ → there is a strong urine smell from them (JL)
–kayageeyí (relational noun) birthday | ka-yagee-yí → horizontal-day-relational • (SN)
–kayádi (verbal noun) • variants: –keyédi (C) • fetus; child | fetus, unborn child of; "child on –" | ka-∅-√yát-i → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√child-relational
–kayaa (relational noun) ⑴ like ²; measure; quite; shadow; similar | something sort of like; something not measuring up to; where one expects something to be; "resembling"; a sort of (something); a pale shadow of (something great or excellent) | du keyaadé x̱waagoot → i went to where i thought he would be (JL) || ⑵ facsimile; copy ² | (KE, JL) • ka-∅-√yaa ⁶ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√resemble
kayaaní ⑴ (verbal noun) leaf; vegetation; plant ¹; herbs; herbiage | (JL) || ⑵ (color) green ¹; color ² | on the coast this is light green (coior of most leaves), and in the interior this could be any shade of green
kayaaní kadánjaa (compound noun) pollen | "the plant one that piles up" | kayaaní + ka-√dán-ch-aa → plant + horizontal-√pile-up-(snow or dust).(habitual)-one(s).(part.i)
–kayáanáx̱ (relational noun) more; too much | more than she/he can manage; too much for them | ka-yáanáx̱ → on.more-than • (JL)
kayáash (verbal noun) platform; porch | ka-√yáash → horizontal-√platform • (KE)
Kayáashkiditaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the House above the Platform"; Origin: Lower Stikine | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Killer Whale Migration • Naanya.aayí Group • Primary Crest: Killer Whale • Secondary Crest: Wolf | ka-√yáash-ka-hít-i-taan → horizontal-√make-platform.on.house-relational.people-of-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan
• Kayaashká Hít | Platform House
• Kéet Hít | Killerwhale House
kayeix̱í (verbal noun) • variants: kayeix̱tag̱ú, kayeix̱tág̱u • wood | wood shavings; wood chips | used for tinder | ka-∅-√yeix̱ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√make/build • (JL) • variants: kayeix̱, kayeix̱tag̱ú (At, T), kayeix̱tág̱u (C) •
kayeix̱tag̱ú (verbal noun) wood | wood chips; wood shavings | (KE, JL) • variants: (At, T), kayeix̱tág̱u (C), kayeix̱í •
–kayéik (relational noun) noise; sound | sound, noise of (something whose identity is known) | ḵáa dzískʼw a kayéik dáḵde duwa.áx̱ch → the sound of a bull moose can be heard back there (JL) • (JL)
kayéilʼ (verbal noun) peace; calm | ka-∅-√yéilʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√calm • (KE)
kayéisʼ (verbal noun) ⑴ bruise; skin ¹ | discoloration of the skin || ⑵ dye | ka-∅-√yéisʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√discolor/bruise • (JL)
–kayís (adverb) for | for (a day, week; a dish) | often used in a verbal phrase to specify what the verb is being done for, which would be the noun that preceeds « –kayís » | ká-yís → on.for-(benefit) • sánde kayís → for Sunday • sʼíxʼ kayís → for the plate • sʼíxʼ keyís yéi x̱wsinee → i made it for the plate • du séekʼ yageeyí yís → for their daughterʼs birthday • (JL)
ka.át (compound noun) covering | "on it thing" | ka-át → on-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
–ka.aasí (relational noun) mast | mast (of a boat); " tree on it" | ka-aas-í → on.tree-relational
–ká (relational base) in; on ¹; surface; top ¹ | the (horizontal) surface of; on; on top of; in (a dish; a path) | commonly written as "hsf" in Tlingit glossing. • common suffix combinations are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length • usually translating as on, but also referring to in a dish, pan, cup, and to in the path, road
• –kaadáx̱ / –kaax̱ [ká+-dáx̱] | from the top of –
• –kaadé [ká+-dé] | over –; towards the top of –; along the top of –
• –kaanáx̱ / –kanax̱ [ká+-náx̱] | through the top of –; along the top of –
• –kát [ká+-t] | arriving on –; on –
• –káwu [ká+-wu] | located on –
• –káxʼ / –káa [ká+-xʼ] | residing on –; located on –
• –káx̱ [ká+-x̱] | moving along on; repeatedly on –
–kádi (noun) spear ² | head of – (a spear) | (KE)
kánaa (verbal noun) flag | "the one that dances in return" | √kán-aa → √dance-(in return)-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
kát goot (verbal noun) diarrhea | to have diarrhea; "it comes over" | ká-t √goot → on.at-(arrive) • (NL, GD)
káts ⑴ (noun) lime; shell | lime (alkaline); pounded shell | (JL) || ⑵ (noun) excrement; poop ² | white excrement from a bird || ⑶ (color) white
–káx̱ (relational noun) for | for the protection or benefit of
káx̱ aduwésʼ xʼúxʼ (compound noun) catalog | ká-x̱ + a-du-∅-√wú-sʼ + xʼúxʼ → on.at-(repeatedly) + a.theme-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√send/order-in.series + book/paper • (SN)
káx̱gántʼi (compound noun) food | fried food; roasted food | ká-g̱a-∅-√gán-tʼ-i → horizontal-g̱a-md-classifier.(∅)-√burn/light-repetitive-relational
–káx̱i (plant part) sap; phloem | edible thick liquid on the surface of the wood under the inner bark | (KE) • et káx̱i x̱oodé ḵwagóot → iʼll go collect sap (JL)
kaagéináx̱ (adverb) quietly; silently | √kʼátlʼ-k-i-náx̱ → √silent-repetitive.[peg vowel].through/via • (JC, JL) • variants: kʼátlʼgeenáx̱ •
Kaagwaantaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the Burnt House"; Origin: Glacier Bay | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Kaagwaantaan Group • Primary Crest: Wolf or Brown Bear • Secondary Crests: Eagle, Murrelet, Noble Killer Whale, Beaver (Yakutat), Storm Petrel, Halibut, Star | ka-ÿu-ÿa-√gaan-i-hít-taan → horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√burn/light-relational.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan
• Kaawagáni Hít | Burnt House
• Aanyádi Hít | Nobleman House
• Eech Hít | Reef House
• Chʼáakʼ Hít | Eagle House
• Chʼáakʼ Kúdi Hít | Eagle Nest House
• Chʼeet Hít | Murrelet House
• Cháatl Hít | Halibut House
• Déix̱ X̱ʼawool Hít | Two Door House
• G̱ayéisʼ Hít | Iron House
• G̱ooch Hít | Wolf House
• Ḵutx̱.ayanahá Hít | Star House
• Heenká Hít | On The Water House
• Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House
• Ḵuháada Hít | Fish-chasing Stick House
Jilḵáat Ḵwáan
• G̱ooch Hít | Wolf House
• Kéet Hít | Killerwhale House
• Ligooshí Hít | Dorsal-finned House
Lḵoot Ḵwáan
• Kaawagáni Hít | Burnt House
• Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House
• Chʼáakʼ Hít | Eagle House
• Gaaw Hít | Drum House
Xunaa Ḵáawu
• Xóots Kúdi Hít | Brown Bear Nest House
G̱unax̱oo Ḵwáan
Kaasx̱ʼagweidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Ḵaasx̱ʼéikw"; Origin: small bay between G̱eisa.aan (Kasaan) and Ḵaachx̱aana.áakʼw (Wrangell), originally Haida | Raven/Crow Moiety • Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group • Primary Crests: Thunderbird, Frogʼs Den, Sea Lion | (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan
• Xeitl Hít | Thunderbird House
• Tlʼaadéin Hít | Sideways House
• Xíxchʼi X̱aayí Hít | Frog’s Den House
• Taan Hít | Sea Lion House
kaat (noun) basket | long, flat loosely woven basket for pressing out herring oil | (KE)
kaawayík (compound noun) • variants: wooyík • off; oblivion; perdition; void; space | off somewhere; off in space | kaawa-yík → unknown-elsewhere.in (JC, JL)
kaawayík yaagú (compound noun) • variants: woosh kát kawdliyeejí aa • airplane | "boat off in space" | kaawayík + yaakw-ú → off-in-space + boat/canoe-relational • (SN)
kaay (noun) • variants: káay • ⑴ measuring stick; measuring device || ⑵ mile; measurement | (KE, JL)
–kaayí (verbal noun) measure; model; pattern; template | " measurement"; pattern, model, template for; measure of; measurement for | kaay-í → measure/measurement/mile-relational • (JL)
káa (borrowed noun) car; automobile | from English "car" | (KE) • variants: át wududziḵúx̱u át •
káa dulséix̱ át (compound noun) couch; sofa | káa + du-l-√sáa-x̱ + át → on + someone.(4h.S)-cl(d,l)-√rest/breathe/name-repetitive + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
káa x̱exʼwx̱ yeit (compound noun) bed ² | "thing below on which people sleep" | ká + √x̱éxʼw-x̱ + yee-át → on + √sleep-(plural)-repetitive + below-thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: káa x̱ex̱xʼu yeit •
–káak (kinship term) uncle | maternal uncle | in Tlingit kinship, the term for a maternal uncle is used for all males of a motherʼs clan who are in the same generation as the father • can be used to show personal closeness with a male member of the same moiety who is not necessarily the motherʼs same clan | (KE)
–káakʼ (body part) forehead; head ¹ | (KE)
–káalkʼw (kinship term) niece; nephew | paternal niece; paternal nephew | in Tlingit kinship, the term for a paternal niece/nephew is used for members of an opposite and related clan who are one generation down and are not the children of the speaker • can be used to show personal closeness with a child of the opposite moiety whose clan is not closely related to the speaker | (KE)
–káani (kinship term) sibling; in-law | sibling-in-law; opposite clan member | opposite moiety & same gender • in traditional Tlingit kinship, this would be the brothers of a maleʼs wife or the sisters of a femaleʼs husband • the proper respect and treatment of in-laws, especially in public, is a vital part of Tlingit culture | (JL, JC)
káast (noun) barrel | (KE)
káast yáx̱ kaaxát (compound noun) cylinder | káast + yáx̱ + kaaxát → barrel + like + resembles • (FS)
káasʼ (noun) algae | ocean algae | green ocean scum | (KE)
káatʼ (noun) ⑴ stick | sharpened stick (for digging up clams, roots, etc.); clam jerk || ⑵ fork | gardening fork || ⑶ pick ²; pickaxe | pick
káaxwei (borrowed noun) coffee | from Russian "кофе" | (JC, KE) • variants: káxwei •
káaxwei a káa dustʼeix̱ át (compound noun) coffee | coffee maker | káaxwei + a + ká-∅ + ∅-du-s-√tʼaa-x̱ + át → coffee + its.(3n.O) + on-at.(residing) + them/it.(3.O)-someone.(4n.S)-cl.(d,s)-√warm/hot-repetitive + thing.(4n.i)
káaxʼ (noun) ⑴ grouse; hen | spruce grouse, spruce hen | for some speakers this commonly refers to chicken, and « Lingít káaxʼi» is used for 'spruce grouse' ° (Canachites canadensis) ° || ⑵ chicken | chicken ° (Gallus gallus domesticus) °
káayag̱ijeit (compound noun) chair | "thing to sit on" | ká-ÿa-√ḵí-ch.át → horizontal-cl-√sit-(plural)-repetitive-thing-(4n.i) • (JC, JL, KE) • variants: káayaḵijeit, ḵáakejeit (C) •
kéexʼ duseix̱ (compound noun) tone | high tone (of a vowel in Tlingit) | kée-xʼ + du-∅-√saa-x̱ → up.at-(residing) + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√breath-repetitive • (JL)
ketllóoxʼu ⑴ (compound noun) dog urine || ⑵ (color) yellow | bright yellow | (KE)
ketlyátxʼi (compound noun) catkin; pussywillow | willow catkins; "puppies" | keitl-yát-xʼ-i → dog.child.plural-relational • (JL)
kélʼtʼ (noun) ash; ashes | (KE)
kéxkw (noun) pumice | (JL) • variants: géxkw •
kei (preverb) up | appears when talking about upward motion, but also for certain modes (progressive imperfective, future, repetitive imperfective) of ga-conjugation verbs • for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) • variants: kéi •
kei dulḵáchx̱i sakwnéin (compound noun) bread; dough | yeast bread; raising bread; rising dough | kei + du-l-√ḵách-x̱-i + sakwnéin → upwards + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l)-√swell/rise-repetitive-relational + bread • (EM)
kei gax̱dunáaḵ (compound noun) ḵu.éexʼ; ceremony | opening ceremonies of a ḵu.éexʼ; "people will stand" | from Dauenhauer (HTY 44): the first part, called « Ḵáa Eetí G̱áax̱i » (“The Cry for Someone”) is conducted by the hosts; it consists of speeches and four songs of mourning. The second part, « L Sʼaati Sháa G̱áax̱i (“The Widowʼs Cry,” literally “the cry for a leaderless woman”) is performed by the opposite moiety (the guests), who respond with a ceremony to remove the grief of the hosts. It, too, consists of speeches and songs. | kei + ga-u-g̱a-du-∅-√náaḵ → upward + ga-md.irrealis-g̱a-md-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√stand-(plural) • (NR) • variants: Wudanaaḵ, Gaaw Wutaan, G̱áax̱, G̱áax̱ Kát Anáḵ •
kei kdug̱íxʼch tsaag̱álʼ kayáa (compound noun) dart | throwing darts (for game) | kei + ka-du-∅-√g̱íxʼ-ch + tsaag̱álʼ + kayáa → upwards + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(∅).√throw.(compact.object)-repetitive + spear + resembles • (FS)
–keidí • variants: –kageidí • ⑴ (relational noun) side ¹ | side of – (a house or building) || ⑵ (body part) meat | slab of meat covering its rib cage | a layer of meat lying atop the rib cage, not including the meat attached to the ribs | ka-gei-át-i → on.against/opposing-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
–keigú (body part) lungs | (KE)
keijín (number) five | "hand up" | kei-jín → upwards.hand/arm • (KE)
keijín yakyee (compound noun) • variants: keijín yagiyee, keijín yagee • day; Friday | keijín + yakyee → five + day
keijínínáx̱ (number) five | five people | used for counting people only | (KE)
keish téel (compound noun) • variants: at xáshti téel • moccasin | (GD)
keishísh (compound noun) alder | alnus alder; beach alder; mountain alder | (KE)
keit (noun) apron | apron worn by íx̱tʼ while making medicine, or worn while fighting | made of a square piece of skin, worn around the hips and tied at the back • also used for imitating a íx̱tʼ or his kin | (JL)
keitl (noun) dog | (KE)
keitl x̱ʼayeidí dog; dish | dog dish | keitl + x̱ʼa-yee-át-í → dog + mouth.below-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
kéi (preverb) up | appears when talking about upward motion, but also for certain modes (progressive imperfective, future, repetitive imperfective) of ga-conjugation verbs • for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) • variants: kei •
kéi daḵinji sʼáaxw (compound noun) umbrella | "hat that flies up" | kéi + da-√ḵin-ch-i + sʼáaxw → upwards + clasifier.(d,∅)-√fly-(singular).[habitually]-relational + hat • (KE)
kéidladi (noun) seagull; gull | (KE)
–kéilkʼ (kinship term) niece; nephew | maternal niece; maternal nephew | in Tlingit kinship, the term for a maternal niece/nephew is used for members of an moiety and the same or related clan who are one generation down • can be used to show personal closeness with a child of the same moiety whose clan is not closely related to the speaker | (KE)
kéilʼ (noun) dandruff | (JL)
kéitʼu (borrowed noun) pick ²; pickaxe; axe | pick, prying tool | from Haida « kitʼáaw » (spear) | (JL)
kéiwu (noun) neck; ring ²; rope | neck ring made of red cedar bark rope | worn by dancers and people in charge of potlatches | (JL)
Kichx̱áan (placename) Ketchikan | "Near the Wing" | kích-x̱án (TT)
kichx̱.anagaat (compound noun) rainbow | "at the wing that is a rafter" | (KE, JL) • kích-x̱-a-na-∅-√gaat → wing.at-(repeatedly).a.theme.na-cn-classifier.(∅)-√rafter(s)
kichyát (compound noun) tern | "wing child" | kích-yát → wing.child • (KE)
kijook (noun) hawk ¹ | (KE) • variants: gijook (At, T) •
Kiks.ádi (clan name) Clan | "People of Helm Bay"; Origin: Helm Bay in western Behm Canal | Raven/Crow Moiety • Kiks.ádi Mirgration • Primary Crest: Frog • Secondary Crests: Raven, Sun, Herring, Herring Rock, Owl, Sea Lion, Woodworm, Bullhead, Snail | Kíks.át-i → [Helm Bay]-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Saanyaa Ḵwáan
• Wéix̱ʼ Hít | Bullhead House
• Yéil Hít | Raven House
• Xíxchʼ Hít | Frog House
Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan
• G̱agaan Hít | Sun House
• Táax̱ʼ Hít | Snail House
• Xíxchʼi Hít | Frog House
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan
• Atuwaxiji Hít | Strong House
• G̱agaan Hít | Sun House
• Kax̱átjaa Hít | Jumping Herring House
• Noowtú Hít | Inside the Fort House
• Noow Daganyaa Hít | Outside the Fort House
• Sʼé Hít | Clay House
• Shdéen Hít | Steel House
• Tináa Hít | Copper Shield House
• Xʼaaká Hít | On the Point House
–kikyádi (kinship term) twin | their twin | kik-yát-i → side-of-torso.child-relational • (JL)
kinaa kʼoodásʼ (compound noun) shirt | overshirt; button-up shirt; "above shirt" | kinaa + kʼoodásʼ → above + shirt
kinaak.át (compound noun) • variants: kinaa.át, kinaa.ét (C) • coat; jacket | "above thing" | kinaak-át → above-thing-(4n.i)
kinaa.át (compound noun) coat; coat: overcoat; jacket | "above thing" | kinaak-át → above-thing-(4n.i) • variants: kinaa.ét (C), kinaak.át •
–kináak (relational base) above | (KE)
kindachooneit (compound noun) • variants: kindechooneit • duck; mallard | mallard duck; "straight up like an arrow" | kín-de-√choon-i-át → upwards.towards-√wound-relational-thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • named so because it flies straight up when alarmed ° (Anas platyrhynchos) °
kindachooneit at kaladoodlí (compound noun) duck decoy | duck decoy (for hunting); "mallard duck lure" | kindachooneit + at + ka-la-√doodl-í → mallard-duck + something.(4n.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(l)-√entice-relational • (GD)
kindachóon (independent base) up | straight up
kindaatóog̱in– (adjective) upside down | "butt up" | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | kin-daa-tóoḵ-een → upwards.around-butt.with • (CM)
kindaatóog̱in sʼín (compound noun) triangle | "upside down carrot" | kin-daa-tóoḵ-een + sʼín → upwards.around-butt.with + carrot
Kinguchwáan xʼóowu blanket: Hudson Bay blanket | "Canadianʼs blanket" | Ginjichwáan + xʼóow-u → Canadian + blanket-relational • (KE) • variants: Ginjichwáan xʼóowu •
kitwú (compound noun) killerwhale | white killerwhale | kéet-wú → orca.white
–kiyshakanóoxʼu (body part) • variants: –keey shakanóoxʼu, –kiyshekenóoxʼu (C) • knee | kneecap; "shell on the head of the knee" | keey + shá-ká-nóoxʼ-u → knee + head.on.shell-relational
–kiyshá (body part) knee | end of the knee; "head of the knee" | keey-shá → knee.head • (KE)
kích (noun) • variants: keech • excrement; poop ² | fecal material; contents of intestines | (JL)
–kích (body part) • variants: –kíji • wing
kích ya.eit (compound noun) hook ² | halibut hook; "thing below the tinder" | kích + yee-át → dry/crumbly/tinder(?) + below-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
–kígi (relational noun) ⑴ one ²; side ¹ | half of (something cut or broken in half); one side of (a symmetrical object) | (JL) || ⑵ side ¹; torso | one of the two symmetrical halves of the torso, especially of butchered animal or cut fish
–kík (body part) ⑴ side ¹; half; torso | one side of torso | one of the two symmetrical halves of the torso | (JL) || ⑵ (relational base) alongside; side ²; catch up | alongside it; catching up with it
–kíknáx̱ (relational noun) add; along; side ²; with | in addition to it; along with it; to the side of it; besides that | « a kíknáx̱ » can be used to link two verbs together, meaning someone did one verb while doing the other, such was whistling while walking | kík-náx̱ → side-of-torso.through/along • a kíknáx̱ yen x̱waatée → i put it to one side of it • (JL)
kíkʼi aa (kinship term) younger one | "the one that is a younger sibling (of the same gender)" | in Tlingit kinship, the term « –kéekʼ » is only used to refer to younger members of the same clan, gender, and generation, or to younger members of the same moiety who have a close clan or personal relationship | kéekʼ-i-aa → younger-sibling-(same gender).[peg vowel]-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kínde (independent base) • variants: dakínde, dikínde • up; above | upward | kín-de → upwards.towards • (KE)
kítʼaa crowbar; pry; stick | stick or tool for prying; crowbar; prybar; "the one that pries up" | √kítʼ-aa → √become-jammed/pry-up-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kítʼjaa (verbal noun) latch | "the one who always pries up" | √kítʼ-ch-aa → √pry-up.[habitual]-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–keegí (body part) afterbirth ; placenta | placenta, afterbirth | the possessor is the child, not the mother • was traditionally buried after the birth | (JL)
–keek (relational base) along; side ² | along with them; at his/her side | du keekx̱ shakax̱wdlig̱úts → i tagged along with him (JL) • chush keekxʼ yidiyaa → you packed it along with you (JL) • du kíknáx̱ yaa nagút → is coming up alongside him (JL) • du keeknáx̱ kei uwagút → caught up with him (JL)
–keeká (relational base) across; face ²; side ² | across from it; on the other side facing it | i tláa ḵa i éesh has du keekáa g̱ayḵí has du dayéen → sit across from your parents facing them all (said to children) (JL) • naná keeká aya.óo tá → sleep lives across the river from death (proverb) (JL)
–keekán (relational base) look ²; observe ²; vantage | where one can look at it, observe it, check on it; vantage point for it | (JL) • a kaakánt hán → they are standing there watching it/them (JL) • du keedénde negú! → go see/check on them! (JL)
keewáa (independent base) • variants: keewa.áa • heaven; sky | high in the sky; in heaven | Mildred Sparks said of this word, "man from clouds; if anythingʼs going to happen theyʼll hear it" | (JL)
keewáa ḵáa dzúnaa (compound noun) meteor | "missiles thrown at people from above" | (HJ) • keewáa ḵaa ∅-√dzú-n-aa → up-in-sky + someone-(4h.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√throw-stones/hit-with-missiles.cond.the-one(s).(part.i)
keewáa ḵáa dzúneiyi (compound noun) meteorite | "belonging to the missiles thrown at people from above" | (HJ) • kée-waa + ḵaa + ∅-√dzú-n-aa-yi → up-in-sky + someone-(4h.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√throw-stones/hit-with-missiles.cond.the-one(s).(part.i)-relational
keewáa ḵáawu (compound noun) heaven; people ¹; person | person, people up in heaven | "resting place of those who have died by violence of accident, including slain warriors and those who have been murdered” (HTY) • northern lights are sometimes referred to as Keewaḵáawu—the people of Keewa.áa | keewáa + ḵáa-wu → high-in-sky + person.(4h.i)-relational • (JL, NR, HJ)
Keewáa Ḵáawu Kʼichéix̱ʼi (compound noun) • variants: ḵude kdagoot • eclipse | "heavenly being’s shadow" | keewáa + ḵáa-wu + kʼi-chéix̱ʼ–i → high-in-sky + person.(4h.i)-relational + base/trunk.shadow-relational • (HJ)
keewáa ḵáawu yahaayí autism; disabled; people; person | person with mental disabilities; "image of the heavenly people" | keewáa + ḵáa-wu + ya-√haa-yí → high-in-sky + person.(4h.i)-relational + clasifier.(∅,i)-√move-(imperceptably)-relational • (NR)
–keey (body part) knee | (KE)
–keey shakanóoxʼu (body part) • variants: –kiyshakanóoxʼu, –kiyshekenóoxʼu (C) • knee | kneecap; "shell on the head of the knee" | keey + shá-ká-nóoxʼ-u → knee + head.on.shell-relational • variants: –keey shakanóoxʼu, –keey shakanóoxʼu, –kiyshakunóoxʼu (At), –kiyshekenóoxʼu (C) •
kéech (noun) seaweed | seaweed sp. | very smelly, long like né. | (JL)
–kéekʼ (kinship term) ⑴ sister | femaleʼs younger sister | classification: female kinship term | in Tlingit kinship, this term is only used by females to refer to biological sisters and females of the same clan and generation who they all have a close relationship with • can be used with females of the same moiety but not the same clan to show close personal or clan relationships || ⑵ brother | maleʼs younger brother | classification: male kinship term | in Tlingit kinship, this term is only used by males to refer to biological brothers and males of the same clan and generation who they all have a close relationship with • can be used with males of the same moiety but not the same clan to show close personal or clan relationships
kéel (noun) auklet; murrelet | (KE)
kées (noun) bracelet | (KE)
kéet (noun) whale; orca | killer whale | (KE) ° (Grampus orca) °
Kudatankahídi (compound noun) • variants: Kadatankahídi • repository; supernatural; fish ¹ | Repository of All Fish; Fish Jumping House | a house that was far out to sea that contained all of the fish, and Raven dragged it to shore with an octopus tentacle cane
kudáal (verbal noun) weight ² | ka-u-∅-√dáal → comparitive-irrealis-clasifier.(∅)-√be-heavy • (JL)
kudikélʼkw (verbal adjective) untie | easy to untie | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | ka-ÿu-di-√kélʼ-kw → horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(d,∅,i)-√take-apart-repetitive • (JL)
kudzidéin (adverb) amazingly; wonderfully; tremendously | √koodzi-déin → √amazing/wonderful/tremendous.[adverb] • (IdC, PK)
–kugeiyí (relational noun) amount; size | size of an ordinary object; amount of a supply, resource, burden, etc. | size of burden, importance, etc., extent of volume or surface | ka-u-∅-√géi-yi → comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(∅)-√big/many-relational • (JL)
–kug̱adlaaní (verbal noun) depth | of a body of water or other mass substance, such as snow • according to Shtoowuḵáa: depth, comprehensive, not liberal | ka-u-g̱a-∅-√dlaan-i → comparitive-irrealis-g̱a.cn-classifier.(∅)-√deep-relational • (JL, LS)
kuhaankée (verbal noun) orphan | "not adopted" | ka-u-∅-√haan-k-í → horizontal-irrealis-clasifier.(∅)-√adopt/raise-repetitive-relational • (JC, JL, KE) • variants: kuhaantí •
kuhaantí (verbal noun) orphan | "not adopted" | ka-u-∅-√haan-t-í → horizontal-irrealis-clasifier.(∅)-√adopt/raise-repetitive-relational • (JC, JL, KE) • variants: kuhaankée •
kulitéesʼshán (adjective) watch ¹; stare | interesting to watch; interesting to stare at | ka-wu-li-√téesʼ-shán → horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(l,i)-√stare.[adjective] • (JL)
kulix̱éitlʼshán (verbal adjective) dangerous; scary | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | ka-ÿu-li-√x̱éitlʼ-shan → horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(l,i)-√afraid.[adjective]
ḵulnúks’ s’aatí (compound noun) midwife | ḵu-∅-l-√núk-s’ + s’aatí → someone.(4h.O)-they.(3.S)-cl.(l)-√feel-in.series
kunaayeilʼeedí (compound noun) foxtail | (JL)
kunkahóotlʼ (verbal noun) • variants: kahóotlʼ • pleats; ruffles | ruffles at bottom of dress, etc. | ka-∅-√hóotlʼ → horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√wrinkle • (JL)
kusakaak (verbal adjective) thick | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | ka-u-sa-√kaak → comparative.irrealis-clasifier.(s)-√thick • (KE)
kutlá (verbal adjective) stout | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | ka-u-√tlá → comparitive-irr-√stout • (KE)
kutsʼeen (compound noun) mouse; rat | (KE)
kutsʼeen atx̱aayí (compound noun) cheese | kutsʼeen + at-∅-√x̱aa-yí → mouse + something.(4n.O)-cl.(∅)-√eat-relational
kuwáachʼ (verbal adjective) short | too short | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | ka-u-∅-√ÿáachʼ → comparitive-irrealis-clasifier.(∅)-√too-short
kuwáatʼ (verbal adjective) long | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | ka-u-√ÿáatʼ → comparative.irr-√long • (KE)
kux (preverb) aground; into shallow water | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) | (KE, JC)
kúḵdlaa (verbal noun) bubble | large bubbles (esp. from whale); "the one(s) that make large bubbles (usually by moving in mass)" | kúḵ-tla → √rush-(in boiling mass)/make-bubbles-(large bubbles).[habitually]-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
kúḵjaa (verbal noun) bubble; drip ² | fast drip with bubbles; "the one(s) that make large bubbles (usually by moving in mass)" | kúḵ-ch-aa → √rush-(in boiling mass)/make-bubbles-(large bubbles).[habitually]-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
kút (noun) nest ¹ | nest (of a bird or animal) | (JL)
koochʼéitʼaa (compound noun) ⑴ ball || ⑵ basketball | ka-u-√chʼéitʼ-aa → round-irrealis-√play.with.ball-one(s).(part.i)
koochʼéitʼaa át kadultáḵji (compound noun) billiards; pool ¹ | billiards | koochʼéitʼaa + áa-t + ka-du-l-√táḵ-ch-i → ball + there-at.(arriving) + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,l)-√poke/spear-habitual-relational
koochʼéitʼaa át kanduḵʼíshji (compound noun) baseball | "batting the ball around" | koochʼéitʼaa + áa-t + ka-na-du-∅-√ḵʼísh-ch-i → ball + there-at.(arrived) + horizontal-na.con-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(∅)-√bat-repetitive-relaitional
koochʼéitʼaa g̱eiwú (compound noun) basketball | basketball net | koochʼéitʼaa + g̱ei-wú → ball + between.folds-is/are.at
koochʼéitʼaa ḵágu (compound noun) basketball | basketball hoop | koochʼéitʼaa + ḵákw-u → ball + basket-relational
koochʼéitʼaa tʼáayi (compound noun) backboard; basketball | backboard (in basketball) | koochʼéitʼaa + tʼáa-yi → ball + there-at.(arriving) + board-relational • (FS)
koogéinaa (verbal noun) sash; ANB sash; ANS sash | sash (worn over shoulder) | ka-u-∅-√gáa-n-aa → round-irrealis-classifier.(∅)-√slack.(of tide).[progressive]-one(s).(part.i)
koojúxaa (verbal noun) • variants: (T,C), koojúxwaa (An), kajúxaa • flywheel; wheelbarrow; wagon; hand truck; dolly (hand truck) | "the one that rolls on" | ka-u.√júx-aa → round-irrealis-√roll/spin-one(s).(part.i)
–kooká (relational base) imitate; line; parallel; point ³; remind | along the same lines as; to the point of; reminding of; paralleling, imitating | as when one uses a parable, simile, or example to explain or clarify | (JC) • a kookanax̱ kei akawliník → they told a story along the same lines as/reminiscent of it • a kookáxʼ kadunéek/x̱ʼaduwóosʼ → a person tells/asks it with that point in mind • a kooká áyá a daa kei tuwditán → they thought of something reminding him of it • (JL)
–kookeidí (relational noun) parable; metaphor; saying | metaphor, saying, parable based on it | most often said with the nonhuman third person possessive pronoun: a kookeidí | (JL)
kookítʼaa (verbal noun) shovel ² | "the one who pries it up" | ka-ÿu-∅-√kítʼ-aa → horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√pry-up-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
kookítsʼaa (verbal noun) • variants: kookéetsʼaa • seesaw; teeter-totter | "the one that rocks" | ka-ÿu-ÿa-√kítsʼ-aa → horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√tip/rock-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kookʼénaa (verbal noun) flea; grasshopper; sandhopper | sand flea; "one that jumps around" | (JL) • ka-ÿu-√kʼén-aa → horizontal-perfective-√jump-one(s).(part.i) ,
kooḵénaa (verbal noun) • variants: kooḵánaa (T) • messenger; angel | "the one who tells it" | ka-ÿu-ÿa-√ḵáa-n-aa → horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√say/tell-progressive-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
Kooḵhittaan (clan name) • variants: Ko̱oḵhittaan • Clan | "People of Cellar House"; Origin: Seenáa (in Snettisham) | Raven/Crow Moiety • G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi Group • Primary Crest: Raven (with children) • Secondary Crests: Musk Ox | Kóoḵ-hít-taan → cellar/pit.house.people-of-(house) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan
Áatlein Ḵwáan
• Xaas Hít | Bison/Cattle House
Deisleen Ḵwáan Taagish Ḵwáan
kooḵʼíshaa (verbal noun) • variants: ḵʼíshaa • ⑴ bat ²; stick; hockey; baseball | hockey stick; baseball bat || ⑵ stick | pole, stick used for bracing | ka-u-√ḵʼish-aa → round-irrealis-√hit.ball-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–kool (body part) navel; bellybutton | (KE)
kooléix̱ʼwaa (verbal noun) walrus | "the one who paints it red" | ka-ÿu-ÿa-√léix̱ʼw-aa → horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√paint-red-one(s).(part.i)
kooshdaaḵáa (compound noun) person; monster | land otter person | a person who has been lured by the « kóoshdaa » to run with them all and become trapped between being human and a land otter, a state that requires powerful ceremonies to fully return from | kóoshdaa-ḵáa → land-otter.person.(4h.i) • (KE)
kootánaa (compound noun) paddle | paddle used for stirring or moving eulachon while rendering in canoe; "the one that is bent" | ka-u-∅-√tán-aa → comparitive-irrealis-clasifier.(∅)-√bent-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
kootéeyaa (verbal noun) totem pole | "cylindrical one that is chiseled" | ka-u-√téey-aa → round-irrealis-√chisel.(with flat chisel)-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kootʼáaxʼaa (verbal noun) ⑴ marbles | "the round one that is flicked (with finger or thumb)" | ka.u.√tʼáaxʼ-aa → round-irrealis-√flick-one(s).(part.i) • (JL) || ⑵ inch
kootʼéx̱ʼ (verbal noun) petroglyph | ka-ÿu-ÿa-√tʼéx̱ʼ → horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√hammer • (TT)
kootlʼéitʼaa (verbal noun) pigeon; seagull | sea pigeon; small white seagull; "the one that grasps onto it (something round)" | ka-u-√tlʼéitʼ-aa → round-irrealis-√grasp.tightly-one(s).(part.i) • (JL) ° (Family Alcidae) °
koow (noun) gumboot; chiton | lady slipper | (KE) ° (Cryptochiton stelleri) °
–koowú (body part) tail | tail (of bird or fish) | tail for a something other than a bird or fish is « –lʼeedí » | (KE)
kooxáashaa pattern; piece | pattern piece | as for a moccasin or a quilt
kooxídaa (compound noun) hook ² | spear with a long pole and detachable gaff
kooxéedaa (compound noun) pencil; pen; marker; brush ²; target | "the cylindrical one that writes (makes furrows)" | ka-u-√xéet-aa → round-irrealis-√make/furrow-one(s).(part.i)
kooxéelʼaa (verbal noun) confusion; mess; tangle | tangle; mess, clutter, confusion; "the ones that are troubled" | ka-ÿu-∅-√xéelʼ-aa → horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√trouble-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
kooyéix̱ (verbal noun) jay; camprobber | gray jay
Kooyu Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Kuiu Island Area; "People of the Stomach" | Included Communities: Kuiu Island, Port Conclusion, Armstrong Bay | kooyú + ḵwáan → stomach + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Naasteidí | People of the Nass River Rock
Raven/Crow Clans
• Kooyu.eidí | People of Kooyú
Kooyu.eidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Kooyú"; Origin: Kooyú | Raven/Crow Moiety | kooyú-át-i → stomach-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Kooyu Ḵwáan
• X̱ík Hít | Puffin House
• Ḵutx̱.ayanahá Hít | Star House
kóochʼ (noun) fart | noiseless fart | (NR)
–kóog̱u (body part) • variants: –lakʼichʼkóog̱u • skull | pit at base of their skull
kóoḵ (noun) ⑴ cellar; hole ¹ | pit; hole dug in the ground; cellar || ⑵ house; pit | housepit | (JL)
kóoḵxʼu saaní (compound noun) blocks | toy blocks | kóoḵ-xʼ-u + saaní → box-plural-peg.vowel + plural.small • (FS)
kóon (noun) flicker | northern flicker | (KE) ° (Colaptes auratus) °
–kóon (relational noun) edge; hem; rim | hem, bottom edge (of coat, dress, shirt); rim (of hat) | possessing noun can be a noun that is a garment (kʼoodásʼ, sʼáaxw, etc.) or a possessing noun (ax̱, du, etc.) | (KE)
kóoshdaa (compound noun) otter | land otter, river otter | one of the most spiritually powerful animals in Tlingit, with special connections to the « íx̱tʼ » and the spiritual realm according to « Haa Shagóon » • known to lure people into running with them all and becoming a « kóoshdaaḵáa » (land otter person), but also to communicate with an « íx̱tʼ » to solve a community problem and to gather around the village when a spiritual ceremony is occurring | kóosh-daa → in.around • (KE) ° (Lutra canadensis) °
kóoshdaa lóoxʼu (compound noun) ⑴ soy sauce | "land otter urine" | a humorous name for soy sauce, mostly used by older speakers | kóoshdaa + lóoxʼ-u → land-otter + urine-relational • variants: Cháanwaan héeni • || ⑵ liquor; booze; alcoholic beverage • variants: (C), náaw •
kóoshdaa náagu (compound noun) liniment; peppermint | "land otterʼs medicine" | the relationship between an animal and « náakw » can mean one of two things: 1) the animal showed us how to use that medicine; 2) that medicine repels that animal | kóoshdaa + náakw-u → land-otter + medicine-relational • (KE)
kóoshdaa yéigi (noun) • variants: kʼákw, aasgutug̱ayḵí, aasgutuyikhéix̱waa • owl | barred owl | a spiritually powerful animal that is connected to the « kóoshdaa » (land otter) and is known by multiple names • seeing one can be a sign of something to come, and killing one has been known to drive one to suicide • the name « aasgutug̱ayḵí » (you all sit in the woods!) comes from the call of the owl • some speakers translate this, especially in the Yéil Ḵutláakw (Raven Cycles) as "hawk" • the name « kóoshdaa yéigi » (land otterʼs spirit helper) comes from a Kooshdaaḵáa story | (KE, GD, IdC, IC) ° (Strix varia) °
kóotlʼ (noun) fart | short, high pitched fart | (NR)
kóox (noun) ⑴ lily; rice | Kamchatka lily root; rice | sometimes the native rice of Southeast Alaska is called « Lingít kóoxu » (Tlingit rice) and the name « kóox » is given out to white or brown rice ° (Fritillaria camschatcensis) ° || ⑵ rice | the original name for white rice is « woon » (maggots) is rarely used but is tied to the Tlingit perspective of early contact with Russians and seeing white rice for the first time | (KE)
kóox̱ʼ (noun) wild celery; cow parsnip | dried yaana.eit (wild celery) stalks
kwás (noun) ⑴ urine | urine (aged) | historically, the aged urine of high class peoples that was used for medicine, washing, and mixing paints | (JL) || ⑵ toilet; bathroom ² | chamberpot; honeybucket; bedpan | this was a box near the door in pre-contact times where high-caste peoples could urinate without going outside
kwaan (noun) small pox | (KE)
Kwáashkʼiḵwáan (clan name) • variants: Kʼinéix̱ Ḵwáan • Clan | "Humpy Creek People"; Origin: Copper River | Raven/Crow Moiety • Ahtna/Eyak Descended • Primary Crests: Mt. St. Elias, Moon, North Star, Humpy • Secondary Crests: Owl, Raven | Kwáashkʼ-i-ḵwáan → Eyak: Humpback-Salmon-Creek.[peg vowel].people-of • Kʼinéix̱ + ḵwáan → Ahtna: Copper-River + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan
• Aanyuwaa Hít | In Front of Town House
• Tsiskʼw Hít | Owl House
• Dís Hít | Moon House
• Yéil Sʼaag̱í Hít | Raven’s Bones House
• Noow Hít | Fort House
• Shaa Hít | Mountain House (Yasʼéitʼaa Shaa – Mount Saint Elias)
kwéiy (noun) mark ²; sign | marker; mark, sign | something that identifies where something is located or who it belongs to | (JL)
–kwéiyi (body part) ⑴ fin | posterior dorsal fin | might be anterior dorsal fin | kwéiy-i → marker-relational || ⑵ buoy; mark ² | buoy to mark the end of it (net) | g̱eiwú kwéiyi → buoy at end of fish net • (JL)
kwshé (particle) probably | the most common ways to express doubt in Tlingit are listed below:
particles
• kwshé | probably (hopeful, likely)
• gíwé, géwé, gíyú | possibly
• shákdé | perhaps
• ḵashde | i thought
• gwál | maybe (doubtful)
verb
• yéi x̱waajée | i think so; i suspect it to be; i guess
-kʼ (suffix) | diminutive marker; cute and loved | used to indicate a small noun, but does not specify juvenile • cannot combine with plural marker, so plural form is N-xʼi sáani (many small Nʼs) • used in kinship terms and certain phrases (gunalchéeshikʼ) to indicate affection | (NR)
kʼákw (noun) • variants: aasgutug̱ayḵí, aasgutuyikhéix̱waa, kóoshdaa yéigi • owl | barred owl | a spiritually powerful animal that is connected to the « kóoshdaa » (land otter) and is known by multiple names • seeing one can be a sign of something to come, and killing one has been known to drive one to suicide • the name « aasgutug̱ayḵí » (you all sit in the woods!) comes from the call of the owl • some speakers translate this, especially in the Yéil Ḵutláakw (Raven Cycles) as "hawk" • the name « kóoshdaa yéigi » (land otterʼs spirit helper) comes from a Kooshdaaḵáa story | (KE, GD, IdC, IC) ° (Strix varia) °
kʼátlʼgeenáx̱ (adverb) • variants: kalkʼátlʼgeenáx̱ • quietly; silently | √kʼátlʼ-k-i-náx̱ → √silent-repetitive.[peg vowel].through/via • (JL) • variants: kaagéináx̱ •
–kʼátskʼu (adjective) • variants: –kʼwátskʼu • ⑴ adolescent || ⑵ smaller | a smaller than usual version of a noun • postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | (JC)
kʼaagán (compound noun) stickleback | "too small fire" | √kʼaa-√gán → √too-small-√burn/light • (KE)
kʼáatlʼ (noun) silence | (JL)
kʼe (particle) should | this is a particle that can appear before a verb to communicate the concept of "should" which could soften a command or that something should be a certain way • this particle can combine with others to create special meaning, as shown below | kʼe {command} óosh → if only {command} • kʼe {verb} óosh → as if {verb}
kʼé (noun) goodness | (JL)
kʼéx̱ʼaa (verbal noun) • variants: kʼíx̱ʼaa • hook ² | gaff hook; grappling hook | √kʼíx̱ʼ-aa → √hook/gaff-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kʼeiljáa (verbal noun) • variants: kʼeeljáa • wind ¹; chinook; south; storm | chinook wind; south wind; storm (especially while at sea) | √kʼeel-ch-aa → √storm?-[habitual]-one(s).(part.i) • (KE, JL, GD)
kʼeit (compound noun) salmonberry | young salmonberry bush shoots (edible); "base thing" | kʼí-át → base/trunk-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
–kʼidaaká (relational noun) next to; neighboring | next door to; "on around the base of –" | kʼí-daa-ká → base/rump.around-on • (KE)
kʼidaaká aa (relational noun) neighbor | "the one on around the base of" | kʼí-daa-ká + aa → base/rump.around-on + one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
kʼidaaḵwáani (relational noun) neighbor | neighbors; "the people around the base of" | kʼí-daa-ḵwáan-i → base/rump.around-people-of-relational • (KE)
kʼidaa.at (compound noun) • variants: kʼideit, kʼúlʼdaa.át • skirt (clothing); apron (smaller, worn above the hips) | "thing around the base of the spine" | (FS, JL) • kʼí-daa-át → base/trunk.around-thing-(4n.i)
kʼideit (compound noun) • variants: kʼúlʼdaa.át • skirt; apron | smaller apron, worn around the hips | often painted or woven, with clan crest like a naaxein | (FS, JL) • kʼi-daa-át → rump.around-thing-(4n.i)
kʼidéin (adverb) well ¹; carefully | √ʼkʼéi-déin → √good/fine.[adverb] • (KE)
–kʼiḵlʼán (body part) palate; mouth ¹ | (KE)
kʼinashú (noun) pneumonia | might be a borrowed noun, or possibly a compound with the root √shóo (suffer) | (JL)
kʼinchéiyi (compound noun) rose | wild rose; Sitka rose ° (Rosa nutkana) °
kʼinchéiyi tléig̱u (compound noun) rosehip | "wild rose berries" | kʼinchéiyi + tléiḵw-u → wild-rose + berry-relational • (KE)
Kʼinéix̱ Ḵwáan (clan name) • variants: Kwáashkʼiḵwáan • Clan: Mt. St. Elias, Moon, North Star, Humpy (Raven/Crow Moiety) | "Humpy Creek People"; Origin: Copper River | Ahtna/Eyak Descended • Primary Crests: Mt. St. Elias, Moon, North Star, Humpy • Secondary Crests: Owl, Raven | Kwáashkʼ-i-ḵwáan → Eyak: Humpback-Salmon-Creek.[peg vowel].people-of • Kʼinéix̱ + ḵwáan → Ahtna: Copper-River + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan
• Aanyuwaa Hít | In Front of Town House
• Tsiskʼw Hít | Owl House
• Dís Hít | Moon House
• Yéil Sʼaag̱í Hít | Raven’s Bones House
• Noow Hít | Fort House
• Shaa Hít | Mountain House (Yasʼéitʼaa Shaa – Mount Saint Elias)
kʼisáani (compound noun) boy; man | "little tree trunks"; boys, young men | plural of both yadakʼwátskʼu and yadákʼw | kʼí-sáani → trunk/base/hip.[diminutive-plural] • (JL, NR)
–kʼisʼaag̱í (body part) hip; pelvis; bone | side pelvic bones; innominate bones | (JL) • kʼí-sʼaaḵ-í → rump-bone-relational
–kʼishataag̱aní (compound noun) • variants: kʼishetaag̱áni (C) • quill | quills on rear end of it (porcupine); "pokes with the head of the rump" | kʼí-shá-√taaḵ-a-ee-n-í → hip/trunk.head-√poke.its.(3n.r).[empty base].with-relational
–kʼiyee (relational base) base; foot ²; back ²; rear; behind; shelter | near the base of –; at the foot of –; the back of – (a house); rear of – (a house); behind – (a house); under the shelter of – (a standing object or structure); "below the base of –" | kʼí-yee → trunk/base.under • (KE)
–kʼí ⑴ (body part) butt; rump | rump; the flesh around his/her hips || ⑵ (relational base) base; foot ²; trunk | the base or foot of it (a standing object); trunk of a tree or large plant | (JL)
kʼínkʼ (noun) fish head: fermented fish head; fish head: stink heads | a traditional Tlingit food made by fermenting salmon heads, often made by either: 1) burying near the tideline at low tide in a pit lined with « x̱ʼáalʼ » (skunk cabbage leaves) and left for 10–12 days, or 2) placed in a wooden barrel filled with water with rock salt on top and left for 7 days in a cool place • heads may be roasted or smoked after fermenting • dog salmon heads have been reported as the most favored type of salmon for « kʼínkʼ » | (KE, HS, LS)
kʼeeljáa (verbal noun) ⑴ wind ¹ | chinook wind; south wind | √kʼeel-ch-aa → √storm?-[habitual]-one(s).(part.i) • (KE, JL, GD) • variants: kʼeiljáa • || ⑵ storm | storm (especially while at sea)
–kʼeeyí (plant part) base; stem; trunk | base (of tree or other plant); the lower part of its trunk or stem | (KE) • (close to) bottom of tree, from about 1ʼ down
kʼéetsʼan (noun) false azalea (fruitless bush) | (KE)
kʼulʼkaskéxkw (compound noun) beetle | "porous on the tailbone" | kʼulʼ-ka-s-√kéxkw → tailbone-horizontal-clasifier.(d,s)-√light/porous • (KE)
kʼuwaaní (compound noun) • variants: kʼiwaaní • deer cabbage; lily | deer cabbage; wild lily-of-the-valley | (JL) ° (Maianthemum dilatatum) °
kʼúntsʼ (noun) • variants: kʼwántsʼ (K) • potato
–kʼúntsʼi testicles | " potatoes" | of animal, esp. moose or caribou • variants: –kʼwíntsʼi (K) •
kʼúxjaa (verbal noun) knocking; bump; hit; noise; sound | bumping, knocking sound; loud sound heard in the distance; "the one that always knocks" | including the sound of a paddle hitting water, and sound of trees rubbing together | √kʼúx-ch-aa → √knock.[habitual]-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
kʼoodásʼ (noun) • variants: kʼoodésʼ (C), goodásʼ • shirt; tunic | (KE)
Kʼooxineidí (clan name) Clan | "People of the Mink/Marten Creek"; Origin: Stream on north shore of Port Saint Nicholas | Raven/Crow • G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi Group • Primary Crest: Mink/Marten • Secondary Crests: Raven, Whale, Frog • « kʼóox » is "marten" in most places except Prince of Wales, where it is « mink » | kʼóox-héenn-át-í → marten/mink.river/water-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Heinyaa Ḵwáan
• Kʼóox Hít | Mink/Marten House
–kʼóochʼ (relational noun) butt; snowshoe | rear end, butt (of snowshoe) | the projection at the rear | (JL)
–kʼóolʼ ⑴ (body part) backside; rump; tailbone | tailbone, bottom of his/her spine || ⑵ fish hopper; net | fish hopper (of seine net spanning a river) | fish hopper in middle of anóoshi g̱eiwú (Russian-style seine net) | (JL)
–kʼóolʼi (relational noun) crumb; drop ² | crumbs of it; last drops of it; last little bit of it | (JL)
kʼóox (noun) marten | occassionally, there is some fluidity with some speakers between « nukshiyáan/lukshiyáan » (mink) and kʼóox (marten), and they all might translate either word as either animal | (JL) ° (Martes americana actuosa) °
kʼóox dísi (compound noun) Venus | "martenʼs moon" | kʼóox + dís-i → marten + moon-relational
kʼóox̱ʼ ⑴ (plant part) pitch; resin; pine tar || ⑵ (noun) gum || ⑶ lead ¹
kʼóox̱ʼ létlʼk (compound noun) soft lead | kʼóox̱ʼ + létlʼk → pitch + soft • (KE)
kʼóox̱ʼ tíxʼi (compound noun) lead ¹; line | lead line (of net) | kʼóox̱ʼ + tíxʼ-i → pitch + rope-relational • (KE)
kʼwálx̱ (noun) fern | fiddlehead fern (with edible rhizome) | (KE) ° (Dryopteris austriaca) °
kʼwántsʼ (noun) • variants: (K), kʼúntsʼ • potato
kʼwátʼ (noun) egg | bird eggs | (KE)
–kʼwátʼ (body part) ⑴ testicles | " eggs" | (KE) || ⑵ (adjective) round; egg-shaped | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects • often used to describe a spherical or round shape, which likely is related to the yoke of an egg | (JC, MH)
kʼwátʼ yáx̱ kaxát (verbal noun) circle | shaped like a circle | kʼwátʼ + yáx̱ + ka-ÿa-√xát → egg + like + horizontal-cl.(i,∅)-√shaped/resemble • (FS)
–kʼwátskʼu (adjective) ⑴ adolescent || ⑵ smaller | a smaller than usual version of a noun • postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies • variants: –kʼátskʼu •
ḵa (particle) and | (KE)
ḵachgu (interjection) well ²; what do you know; here it was | (GD)
ḵachoo (particle) or; actually; in fact; contrary to what was thought | (KE)
Ḵakʼweidí (clan name) Clan | "People of the Little Basket (Basket Bay)" | Raven/Crow Moiety • G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi Group • Primary Crest: Beaver | ḵakw-kʼ-át-í → basket.[diminutive]-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan
• Kaaḵáakʼw Hít | Basket/Arch House
ḵashde (particle) thought | i thought | (KE)
ḵateeyí (adverb) wonder | itʼs a wonder; no one knows how; despite the odds | (MD, GD) • tlákw yan kawashóo ax̱ kéilkʼ … ḵateeyí hú sh daa awdzidáḵ → my nephew was always drunk … itʼs a wonder how he sobered up (GD)
ḵatltulítaa • variants: g̱altulítaa • knife | pocket knife; "inside the hip knife" | ḵaatl-tú-lítaa → hip.inside.knife • (KE)
ḵatltú (compound noun) pocket | "inside the hip" | ḵaatl-tú → hip.inside • (JL, KE) • variants: g̱atltú, g̱altú •
–ḵatlyá (body part) flank; side ¹ | flank, side of body between the ribs and the hip; "face of the flank/hip" | ḵaatl-yá → flank.face
ḵájaa (verbal noun) kelp | kelp island; kelp ball; "the one that swells up" | an island made by a solidifed cluster of « sú » (giant kelp) and « géesh » (bull kelp) • used by « kóoshdaa » as a « yáakw » (boat/canoe) that may look like an actual canoe or boat to someone stranded on an island | √ḵách-aa → √swell-up-one(s).(part.i)
ḵákw (noun) basket | (KE)
ḵaa (relational pronoun) someoneʼs; personʼs; peopleʼs | fourth person human possessive (4h.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
ḵaa– (adjective) male | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | (JC)
ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- (object pronoun) someone; people ² | fourth person human object (4h.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • used to indicate an unspecified person is the pronoun, and best translated as “someone” • as an object, it translates as “the verb happens to people” as in « ḵusix̱án » (love of people) and « ḵusax̱waa.áx̱ » (i heard a person) • learners need to spot the difference between the contracted form « ḵu- » and the areal verb prefix, which is identical • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object (1s.O)
• haa | us [object] → first person plural object (1p.O)
• i- | you [object] → second person singular object (2s.O)
• yee | you all [object] → second person plural object (2p.O)
• ∅- ⁓ a- | them → third person object (3.O)
• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• ash | this person [object] → third person proximal object (3prx.O)
• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person human object (4h.O)
• at | something [object] → fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)
• aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (part.O)
• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → reciprocal object (recip.O)
ḵaa at oohéini (compound noun) possession; claim | something claimed by someone | ḵaa + at + ÿu-∅-√héin-i → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + something.(4n.O) + perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√claim-relational
ḵaa daa lʼeix̱í (compound noun) butterfly | "dances around people" | monarch butterfly | ḵaa + daa + √lʼeix̱-i → personʼs-(4h.r) + around/about + √dance-relational • (NR, HC)
ḵaa daa yaséix̱i (compound noun) doctor | "heals a personʼs body" | ḵaa + daa + ya-√séix̱-i → personʼs-(4h.r) + around/body + clasifier.(∅,i)-√heal/cure-relational • (KE)
ḵaa daa yoo jikool.átgi (compound noun) servant | "serves around people" | ḵaa + daa + yoo + ji-ka-wu-la-√.át-k-i → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + around/about + to/fro + hand-horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(l)-√walk/go-(plural)-repetitive.[relative] • (JL)
ḵaa daag̱wéinaa (compound noun) towel | body towel; "one that wipes a personʼs body" | ḵaa + daa-√g̱óo-n-aa → personʼs-(4h.r) + body-√wipe.(progressive)-one(s).(part.i)
ḵaa daakeidí (compound noun) coffin; casket | "personʼs container" | ḵaa + daaka-át-í → personʼs-(4h.r) + around-outside-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (KE)
ḵaa daakeidí tlaax̱í (compound noun) • variants: ḵaa daakeidí yatlaax̱í, ḵaataaḵéetíi ÿátlʼaaxí • butterfly | "mold on a personʼs coffin" | The name is thought to have been started because the scales on the wing have a moldy appearance, and the wings are squarish like a board or box. | ḵaa + daaka-át-í + tlaax̱-í → personʼs-(4h.r) + around-outside-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (NR) ° (Superfamily Papilionoidea) °
ḵaa goosh (compound noun) thumb; measurement | thumb length | about two inches
ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon (postpositional pronoun) someone; people ² | (to) someone; (to) people | fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
ḵaa jila.aadí (compound noun) police officer | "leads people by the hand" | ḵaa + ji-la-√aat-í → people-(4h.O) + hand-classifier.(l)-√walk/go-relational • (SaJ)
ḵaa ji.eetí (compound noun) handiwork; artifact | "remnant of someoneʼs hands" | ḵaa + ji-eetí → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + hand.remains • (KE)
ḵaa jín kajág̱u (compound noun) artist | "person with fitting hands" | ḵaa + jín + ka-∅-√jáḵw-u → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + hand(s)/arm(s) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√fitting/neat-relational • (EM)
ḵaa jín lidléigoo (verbal noun) handshake | "to pat a personʼs hand" | ḵaa + jín + li-√dléigoo • from verb: O-(?)-S-l-√dléigoo(?) – for S to pat, pet O (pat, pet, gesture to express affection) • (JM)
ḵaa jín x̱ooneisʼí (noun) lotion | hand lotion | ḵaa + jin x̱oo-∅-√naa-sʼ-i → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + hand + among-classifier.(∅).(√grease/rub/apply-lotion.[in series]-relational • (JL)
ḵaa jee eetxʼí (compound noun) evidence | ḵaa + jee + eet-xʼ-í → personʼs.(4h.r) + possession + remains-plural-relational • (RZ)
ḵaa kanax̱ḵáa snob; person | person who considers themself better than others; "person over people" | ḵaa + ká-náx̱-ḵáa → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + on.through/along.person-(4n.i) • (KE)
ḵaa káx̱ yoo x̱ʼatángi (compound noun) lawyer | ḵaa + ká-x̱ + yoo + x̱ʼa-∅-√tán-k-i → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + on.at-(repeatedly) + to/fro + mouth-classifier.(∅)-√communicate-repetitive-relational • (KE)
ḵaa ḵu.áx̱ji (verbal noun) ⑴ hearing | "person's hearing (aid)" || ⑵ interpreter | (SH) • ḵaa + ḵu-∅-√.áx̱-ch-i → someoneʼs.(4h.r) + someone.(4h.O)-classifier.(∅)-√hear-rep-rel • (JL)
ḵaa naawuweidí (compound noun) payment; peace | payment for death | in a peace ceremony, a payment is often required to compensate for death | ḵaa + naa-wu-át-i → personʼs-(4h.r) + death-relational-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (KM)
ḵaa sʼaatí (compound noun) boss | boss of people | ḵaa + sʼaatí → personʼs-(4h.r) + master/boss • (KE)
ḵaa shaksayéigu (compound noun) comb | "combs a persons hair" | ḵaa + sha-ka-sa-√yáa-kw-u → someone-(4h.O) + head.on-classifier.(s)-√spread-out-repetitive-relational • (KE)
ḵaa shaksayíḵsʼi (compound noun) hair pendant | "bites on a personʼs head" | ḵaa + sha-ka-sa-√yíḵ-sʼ-i → someone-(4h.O) + head-horizontal-clasifier.(s)-√bite-(of animal).[serial]-relational • (KE)
ḵaa shax̱aawú yéi daanéiyi (compound noun) hairdresser | ḵaa + shá-x̱aawú +yéi - daa-∅-√néi-yi → personʼs.(4h.r) + head-hair + thus + around-cl.(∅)-√do/happen-relational • (FS)
ḵaa sháade háni (compound noun) • variants: ḵaa sháade héni (C) • leader | “stands towards the head of the people”; clan leader | often used to refer to someone who represents an entire community, and not just one particular clan | ḵaa + shá-de + √hán-i → personʼs.(4h.r) + head-towards + √stand.(singular)-relational • (KE)
ḵaa sháade náḵxʼi (compound noun) leader | community leader; clan leader; "they all stand towards the head of the people" | ḵaa + shá-de + √náḵ-xʼ-i → personʼs-(4h.r) + head-towards + √stand.(plural)-plural-relational
ḵaa shukaadé ḵáa (kinship term) clan | oldest member of a clan (male or female) | ḵaa + shuká-dé + ḵáa → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + ahead-of/in-front-of.towards + someone-(4h.i)
ḵaa toowú latʼaa (compound noun) comfort | "warm a personʼs spirit" | ḵaa + tú-wú + la-√tʼaa → personʼs-(4h.r) + inside.is/are-at + clasifier.(l)-√hot • (KE)
ḵaa oox̱ aan dul.úsʼkw át (compound noun) toothbrush | "thing a person washes them allʼs teeth with" | ḵaa + oox̱ + a-ee-n + du-l-√.óosʼ-k + át → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + tooth/teeth + its.(4n.r).[empty base].with + someone.(4h.S)-[classifier]-√wash-repetitive + thing • (JM)
ḵaa oox̱ daa yoo ahéix̱ dentist | "personʼs tooth polisher" | ḵaa + oox̱ + daa + yoo + a-∅-∅-√háa-x̱ → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + tooth + around + along + them/it.(3.O).they.(3.S)-classifier.(∅)-√move-(many small parts)-repetitive • (SaJ) • variants: ḵaa oox̱ layeix̱í, ḵaa oox̱ yéi daanéiyi •
ḵaa oox̱ layeix̱í (compound noun) • variants: ḵaa oox̱ yéi daanéiyi, ḵaa oox̱ daa yoo ahéix̱, ḵaa oox̱ yéeshi • dentist | "makes peopleʼs teeth" | ḵaa + oox̱ + la-√yeix̱-í → personʼs-(4h.r) + tooth + clasifier.(l)-√make/use-relational • (KE)
ḵaa oox̱ úsʼayi (compound noun) • variants: toothpaste • toothpaste | ḵaa + oox̱ + √.úsʼ-aa-yi → personʼs.(4h.r) + tooth/teeth + √wash-one(s).(part.i)-relational • (JL)
ḵaa oox̱ yéi daanéiyi (compound noun) • variants: ḵaa oox̱ layeix̱í, ḵaa oox̱ daa yoo ahéix̱, ḵaa oox̱ yéeshi • dentist | "works on peopleʼs teeth" | ḵaa + oox̱ + yéi + daa-∅-√néi-yi → personʼs-(4h.r) + tooth + thus + clasifier.(∅)-√do/work-on-relational • (KE)
ḵaa oox̱ yéeshi (compound noun) • variants: ḵaa oox̱ layeix̱í, ḵaa oox̱ daa yoo ahéix̱,ḵaa oox̱ yéi daanéiyi • dentist | "puller of peopleʼs teeth" | ḵaa + oox̱ + ∅-√yéesh-yi → personʼs.(4h.r) + tooth + classifier.(∅)-√pull.(light object) • (JL)
ḵaa x̱ʼawóosʼ (verbal noun) • variants: at x̱ʼawóosʼ • question | ḵaa + x̱ʼa-∅-√wóosʼ → someone-(4h.O) + mouth-classifier.(∅)-√ask • (JL)
ḵaa x̱ʼa.eetí (compound noun) left ²; food | food scraps; "imprint/remains of a personʼs mouth" | ḵaa + x̱ʼa-eetí → personʼs-(4h.r) + mouth.remains/imprint • (KE)
ḵaa x̱ʼéi wdudlilúk (compound noun) communion | "people ʼs mouth sipping" | ḵaa + x̱ʼéi + wu-du-dli-√lúk → personʼs-(4h.r) + mouth + perfective-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l,i)-√sip • (JL)
ḵaa x̱ʼéidáx̱ kashxeedí stenographer; secretary | "writes from the mouths of people" | ḵaa + x̱ʼé-dáx̱ + ka-sh-√xeet-í → personʼs-(4h.r) + mouth.from + horizontal-clasifier.(d,sh)-√make-furrow-relational • (KE)
ḵaa x̱ʼéit yawoos.á (verbal noun) kiss ² | a kiss | (SN)
ḵaa x̱ʼustayee.ádi (compound noun) footstool | ḵaa + x̱ʼoos-tayee-át-i → personʼs-(4h.r) + (foot.under-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
ḵaa x̱ʼustaakkagwádlayi (compound noun) skates | roller skates | ḵaa + x̱ʼus-taak-ka-∅-√gwátl-aa-yi → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + foot.palm-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√roll/bend-one(s).(part.i)-relational • (JL)
ḵaa x̱ʼoos (compound noun) • variants: ḵaa x̱ʼoos kaayí • foot ¹; measurement | one foot in measurement; "personʼs foot" | ḵaa + x̱ʼoos → personʼs-(4h.r) + foot • (KE)
ḵaa x̱ʼoos deiyí (compound noun) path; walkway | foot path | ḵaa + x̱ʼoos + dei-yí → personʼs-(4h.r) + foot + road/trail-relational • (KE)
ḵaa yadaaneisʼí (noun) lotion; cream | face cream; face lotion | ḵaa + ya-da-√naa-sʼ-i → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + vsf-classifier.(d,∅).(√grease/rub/apply-lotion.[in series]-relational • (JL)
ḵaa yahaayí (compound noun) photograph ² | photograph (of a person); "personʼs image" | ḵaa + ya-√haa-yí → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + clasifier.(∅,i)-√move-(imperceptably)-relational • (KE)
ḵaa yahaayí kshaxeet (compound noun) art | art; drawing; painting; "writing the image of a person" | « ḵaa yahaayí kshaxeet » is the act of drawing, painting, and making non-sculptural art in the likeness of a person; « at yahaayí xʼúxʼ kshaxeet » is the act of drawing, painting, and making non-sculptural art in the likeness of something other than a person | ḵaa + yahaayí + ka-sha-√xeet → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + image/shadow + horizontal-clasifier.(sh)-√furrow/write • (GD)
ḵaa yatʼéináx̱ (compound noun) back ²; secret; view | in secret (where nobody can see); away from peopleʼs view | ḵaa + ya-tʼéi-náx̱ → someoneʼs-(4h.r) + face.behind.through/along • (KE)
Ḵaachx̱aana.áakʼw (placename) Wrangell | “Little Lake of Ḵaachx̱an” | Ḵaachx̱aana-áakʼw → [personʼs name] + lake.diminutive
Ḵaach.ádi (clan name) Clan | "People of Pybus Bay"; Origin: Pybus Bay, Admiralty Island | Raven/Crow Moiety • Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group • Primary Crests: Raven, Fresh Water Sockeye • Secondary Crests: Hummingbird, Frog, Daxana Heen, , Land Otter, Halibut, Whale | ḵáach-át-i → [Pybus Bay]-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan
• Náalx̱ Hít | Big Halibut House
• Xíxchʼi Hít | Frog House
• Alḵáa Hít | Gambling House
• G̱aach Hít | Mat House
• Kaawdliyaayi Hít | Lowered House
• Yáay Hít | Whale House
Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan
• X̱ʼáakw Hít | Freshwater Marked Sockeye House
• Ḵutísʼ Hít | Looking (out to Sea) House
ḵaadaaneisʼí (noun) lotion | body lotion | ḵaa-daa-∅-√naa-sʼ-i → someoneʼs-(4h.r).body-classifier.(∅).(√grease/rub/apply-lotion.[in series]-relational • (JL)
ḵaadaaxaashí (compound noun) surgeon | "cuts a personʼs body" | ḵaa-daa-∅-√xaash-í → someone-(4h.O).around/body-classifier.(∅)-√cut-relational • (KE)
ḵaaḵwx̱daagané (adverb) • variants: ḵaaḵx̱daagané, ḵaaḵwx̱dagán • accident ²; mistake; wrong | wrongly by accident; unfortunate mistake | ḵaaḵwx̱-dagán-é → wrong.[?] • (JL)
ḵaanaawú tlʼátgi (compound noun) | "personʼs death land"; graveyard | ḵaa-naa-wú + tlʼátk-i → personʼs-(4h.r)-√die-relational + earth/land-relational • (KE)
ḵaankageetxʼ (compound noun) • variants: ḵaankak.eetxʼ (T), ḵaankʼegeexʼ (C), x̱ʼangageetxʼ • public | in public (in front of people); at a ḵu.éexʼ (in front of people); at a feast (in front of people) | ḵaa-ee-n-ka-∅-√geet-xʼ → someone-(4h.O).[empty base].with-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√act-thus.at-(residing) • (JL)
ḵaankageetxʼ yoo x̱ʼawditaaní (compound noun) • variants: ḵaankageetxʼ yoo x̱ʼatángi • speech | public speaking | (NR, HC, DK) • ḵaa-ee-n-ka-∅-√geet-xʼ + yoo + x̱ʼa-ÿu-∅-di-√taan-í → someone-(4h.O).[empty base].with-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√act-thus.at-(residing) + along + mouth.perfective-they.(3.S)-classifier.(d,∅,i)-√communicate-relational • variants: at wulyú •
ḵaashashx̱áaw (compound noun) dragonfly | "hairy headed person" | ḵaa-sha-sh-√x̱áaw → someone-(4h.O).head-classifier.(d,sh)-√hairy • (KE)
ḵaashaxáshaa (compound noun) • variants: ḵaashexéshaa • scissors | "the one who cuts hair" | ḵaa-sha-√xásh-aa → someoneʼs-(4h.r).head-√cut-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
ḵaatoowú (compound noun) chickadee | "personʼs spirit/thoughts/feelings" | the name refers to the belief that when a chickadee suddenly starts singing in the forest, someone elsewhere is thinking of the hearer, and this belief is also found in some Dene (Athabaskan) groups in Alaska where the chickadee has a similar name | ḵaa-tú-wú → personʼs-(4h.r).inside.is/are-at • (KE) • variants: ḵaatookʼú •
–ḵaatl (body part) flank; side ¹ | flank, side of belly | place that moves while an animal is breathing | (JL)
ḵaax̱ (noun) merganser | common merganser | (KE) ° (Mergus merganser) °
ḵaax̱ʼusxʼáan (compound noun) mosquito | mosquito eater; "angry legs" | ḵaa-x̱ʼus + xʼáan → personʼs-(4h.r).feet/legs + anger (HJ) • (HJ)
Ḵaax̱ʼúseedeetaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the Footprints House" | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Yanyeidí Migration • Primary Crest: Wolf • Secondary Crests: Killer whale, Sockeye | ḵaa-x̱ʼoos-eetí–hít-taan → someoneʼs-(4h.r).foot/leg.remains/imprint.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan
Ḵaax̱ʼoos.híttaan (clan name) Clan | "People of Personʼs Foot House" | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration • Dag̱istinaa Group • Primary Crest: Owl • Secondary Crests: Sockeye, Eagle, Footprint | ḵaa-x̱ʼoos-hít-taan → someoneʼs-(4h.r).foot/leg.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Heinyaa ḵwáan
• ḵaa X̱ʼoos Hít | Personʼs Foot House
• Tsískʼw Hít | Great Horned Owl House
ḵaayaku.óotʼi (compound noun) button | "personʼs octopus sucker" | ḵaa-ya-ka-u-∅-√.óotʼ-i → someoneʼs-(4h.r)-horizontal-round-irrealis-clasifier.(∅)-√suck/hold-on-(by suction)-relational • (RD, KE) • variants: (At), ḵaayuka.óotʼi (T), yaka.óotʼ, yooka.óotʼ •
ḵaayaxásʼaa (verbal noun) • variants: aan yaduxasʼ át; aan yaduxasʼ lítaa; aan yatxasʼ at • razor | “thing that shaves people” | (JL) • a-ee-n + ya-du-∅-√xasʼ + át → someone-(4h.O) + vsf-classifier.(∅)-√scrape + thing-(4n.i) • variants: aan yatxasʼ át •
ḵaayaakw (borrowed noun) kayak; boat ¹ | (dL)
ḵaayuka.óotʼi button ¹ | "manmade sucker (as in from octopus)" | ḵaa-yoo-ka-∅-√.óotʼi → personʼs-(4h.r).along-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√suction-(adhere by)-relational • (KE) • variants: ḵaayaka.óotʼi, yooka.óotʼ, yaka.óotʼ •
ḵaayuka.óotʼi xʼoow (compound noun) button blanket | "sucker (as in from octopus)" | ḵaa-yoo-ka-∅-√.óotʼi + xʼoow → personʼs-(4h.r).along-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√suction-(adhere by)-relational + blanket • (KE) • variants: ḵaayaka.óotʼi xʼoow, yooka.óotʼ xʼoow, yaka.óotʼ xʼoow •
ḵáa (independent pronoun) someone; person; people ² | fourth person human independent (4h.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • used to indicate an unspecified person is the pronoun. Eggleston and others have referred to it as the fourth person because of some of its unique features. It functions as a placeholder in non-verbal pronouns, such as ḵaa tláa (a personʼs mother) oodzikaayi ḵáa (lazy person). It can mean any one of these things: a person, a male person, or people. As a subject in verbs, it alters the meaning of the verb to plainly state that the verb occurs. For example: yoo duwasáakw (it is called), hít wududliyéx̱ (a house was built), and adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa (dance paddle). • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i)
• uháan | us → first person plural independent (1p.i)
• wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i)
• yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i)
• hú | they → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)
• hás | them all → third person plural independent (3p.i)
• á | it → third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)
• ash | this person → third person proximal independent (3prx.i)
• á | that other person → third person obviate independent (3obv.i)
• ḵáa | someone → fourth person human independent (4h.i)
• át | something → fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)
• aa | one, some → partitive independent (part.i)
• chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i)
• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → reciprocal independent (recip.i)
ḵáa shaan (compound noun) man | old man | the basic stages of growth for a male in Tlingit are « tʼukanéiyi » (baby), « yadakʼwátskʼu » (boy), « yadákʼw » (adolescent male) « yées ḵáa » (young man), « yanwáat » (adult, elder), « ḵáa sháan » (old man) • for some speakers, « yanwáat » is an elder, and for others it is an adult and « at wuskóowu » is an elder | ḵáa + shaan → man + old
ḵáa yík yanéekw (compound noun) sickness | intestinal infection; digestive illness; "sick inside a person" | ḵáa + yík + ya-√néekw → personʼs-(4h.r) + in-(shallow container) + clasifier.(∅,i)-√sick • (KM)
ḵáadí (noun) • variants: teḵáadi, taḵáadi • slide ² | landslide; gravel slide | (JL)
ḵáasʼ (noun) ⑴ stick; splinter | (KE, JL) || ⑵ crack; wood; splinter | crack (in wood); split wood || ⑶ match • variants: ux̱ganḵáasʼ •
–ḵáash (body part) hip; pelvis | (KE)
–ḵáawu (kinship term) boyfriend; husband | ḵáa-wu → man-relational
ḵáaxʼw (noun) men | ḵáa-xʼw → man.[plural] • (KE)
ḵéichʼálʼ (verbal noun) • variants: ḵéechʼálʼ (T), ḵéinaa • seam | "sewer" | √ḵáa-chʼálʼ → √sew.[??] • (JL)
ḵéinaa (verbal noun) • variants: ḵéichʼálʼ, ḵéechʼálʼ (T) • seam | "the one that sews" | √ḵáa-n-aa → √sew.[progressive]-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
ḵílaa (verbal noun) ⑴ plate; platter | platter, large flat (wooden) plate or container • variants: tʼaaḵilaa, sʼíxʼ táal • || ⑵ pan | stovepan; roasting pan; long container for baking bread | (JL) • variants: stoox tuḵílaa •
ḵín (noun) brant | black brant | (JL) ° (Branta nigricans) °
ḵeex̱ʼé (compound noun) • variants: ḵeix̱ʼé, ḵee.ax̱ʼé, ḵei.ax̱ʼé • dawn | crack of dawn | ḵee-x̱ʼé → daybreak.mouth • ḵee.ax̱ʼé → early in the morning (JL)
ḵee.á (verbal noun) • variants: ḵei.á • dawn | dawn, daybreak | (JL) • ḵee-√á → daybreak-√pour-forth
ḵéechʼ (noun) scab | (KE)
ḵéedu (verbal noun) • variants: ḵéet, saḵéet, sʼigeidí ḵéedi • dam | beaver dam | √ḵeet-u → √dam-up.is/are-at (NR) • (JL)
ḵéesʼ (landform) flood ¹; tide ² | (KE)
ḵéesʼ shuwee (landform) • variants: ḵéesʼ shuyee • tide ² | high tide line | ḵéesʼ + shu-ÿee → flood/tide + end.below • (JL)
ḵéet (verbal noun) • variants: ḵéedu, saḵéet, sʼigeidí ḵéedi • dam | beaver dam | √ḵeet-u → √dam-up.is/are-at (NR) • (JL)
ḵéetʼ (noun) pus; discharge; sore; wound ² | wound or sore that discharges pus; pus or discharge (from a sore, wound) | (KE)
Ḵéex̱ʼ (placename) • variants: L X̱éx'x̱u Aan • Kake | "Mouth of the Dawn"; "Village That Never Sleeps" | ḵée-x̱ʼé → dawn.mouth • l + √x̱éx'w-x̱-u + aan → not + √sleep-(plural)-repetitive/relational + village
Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | Included Communities: Kake, Stephens Passage, Frederick Sound; People of the the Kake Area; "People of the the Mouth of the Dawn" | ḵée-x̱ʼe + ḵwáan → dawn.mouth + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Tsaagweidí | People of the Harbor Seal Ice Floes
• Wooshkeetaan | People of the Houses On Top of Each Other
• Shangukeidí | People of Shankw
• Nees.ádi | People of Nees
• Wasʼineidí | People of Sea Lice Creek
Raven/Crow Clans
• Ḵaach.ádi | People of Pybus Bay
• Suḵteeneidí | People of the Wide Steam in the Grass
• Teeyineidí | People of the Yellow Cedar Bark Stream
• Ḵʼalchaneidí | People of the Bad Smelling Stream
ḵudé (preverb) oblivion | into oblivion | ḵu-de → areal.towards • (JL)
ḵudé kdagoot (verbal noun) eclipse | "came upon oblivion" | ḵu-de + ka-da-√goot → areal.towards + horizontal-clasifier.(d,∅)-√walk/go • (JL)
ḵudziteeyi át (compound noun) • variants: (At), ḵustín át • giant | "thing that exists" | ḵu-dzi-√tee-yi + át → areal-classifier.(d,s,i)-√be-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (EN)
ḵugóosʼ (verbal noun) cloud | ḵu-∅-√góosʼ → areal-classifier.(∅)-√cloud • (JL)
ḵugwáasʼ (verbal noun) fog | ḵu-∅-√gwáasʼ → areal-classifier.(∅)-√fog • (JL)
ḵug̱entáak (landform) bay ¹ | head of bay | ḵu-g̱eiy-n-táak → areal.bay.?.in-(cavity) • (JL)
Ḵukahaa Dís November; month | November; "digging/scratching month" | when bears dig and prepare their winter dens | (NR)
ḵukahín (verbal noun) • variants: ḵukahin • anger; temper; grumpy | petulance; irritation; crankiness | ḵukahint wanuk | ḵukahínt uwanúk → they are acting petulant, irritated, cranky (JL) • ḵukahín yáx̱ yatee → they donʼt want to do it; they are grumpy about it • ḵukahint wanuk → is trying to get mad (JL)
ḵukajá (verbal noun) directions | ḵu-ka-∅-√já → areal-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√advise/direct • (JL)
ḵukandashú (landform) • variants: kandashu • ledge | ledge running along or up a rock face; a way to get up the cliff; "extends along a space" | ḵu-ka-n-da-√shú → areal-horizontal-na.con-classifier.(d,∅)-√extends • (JL)
ḵukatáx̱ (verbal noun) • variants: katáx̱ • dew; rain | dew; fallen raindrops on grass | ḵu-ka-∅-√táx̱ → areal-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√moisture-on-ground • (JL)
ḵulagaaw (verbal noun) fight; war; conflict | ḵu-la-gaaw → areal-classifier.(l)-√move-noisily • (JL)
ḵulagaaw tlein (compound noun) war | world war | ḵu-la-gaaw + tlein → areal-classifier.(l)-√move-noisily + big • (WS)
ḵulitéesʼshan (adjective) interesting; watch ¹ | interesting to watch; interesting to stare at | ḵu-li-√téesʼ-shan → areal-classifier.(l,i)-√stare/look steadily.[adjective] • (JL)
ḵultuyáx̱ (adverb) falsely | (SJ, GD, MD)
ḵunag̱eiy (landform) • variants: ḵunag̱eey • cove; bight | (KE)
ḵunáakw daakahídi (compound noun) • variants: náakw daakahídi • hospital | ḵu-∅-√náakw + daaká-hít-i → people.(4h.O)-classifier.(∅)-√medicine + around-outside-house-relational • (JL)
–ḵunóogu (verbal noun) • variants: –ḵoonóogu • actions; habit; doings | ḵu-∅-nóok-ú → areal-classifier.(∅)-√behave/do-relational • (JL)
ḵusax̱aḵwáan (compound noun) cannibals; man-eaters | often refers to the cannibal in the « Táaxʼaa » story • use of « ḵwáan » to describe this may be linked to a loss of humanity or origin once a person eats another person | ḵu-sa-√x̱a-ḵwáan → someone-(4h.O)-classifier.(s)-√eat.people-of • (JC)
ḵusax̱án (verbal noun) love | love of people | ḵu-sa-√x̱án → someone-(4h.O)-classifier.(s)-√love • (KE)
ḵusa.áatʼ (verbal noun) cold | cold weather | ḵu-sa√.áatʼ → areal-classifier.(s)-√cold • (KE) • variants: ḵuse.áatʼ (C) •
ḵusa.áatʼ néekw (compound noun) cold ² | chest cold | ḵu-sa-√.áatʼ + néekw → someone-(4h.O)-classifier.(s)-√cold + sick • (KE)
–ḵusnéexʼi (verbal noun) • variants: –isnéexʼi • smell ²; sense | sense of smell | ḵu-s-√néexʼ-i → areal-classifier.(d,s)-√smell/sniff-relational • (JL)
ḵustí (verbal noun) life | way of living; existence | ḵu-s-√tí → areal-classifier.(d,s)-√be • (JL)
ḵustín– (adjective) giant; monstrous | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | ḵu-s-√tí-in → areal-classifier.(d,s)-√be.[decessive] • (JC)
ḵustín át (compound noun) • variants: ḵudziteeyi át (At) • giant | "thing that used to exist" | ḵu-s-√tí-in + át → areal-classifier.(d,s)-√be.[decessive] + thing-(4n.i) • (EN)
ḵusteeyí át kayaa (compound noun) puppet | "thing that imitates life" | ḵu-s-√tee-y-í + át + ka-√yaa → areal-classifier.(d,2)-√be-relational + thing-(4n.i) + horizontal-√resemble • (DK)
ḵus.ookʼ (verbal noun) toy; plaything | ḵu-s-√.ookʼ → areal-classifier.(d,s)-√play-(quietly) • (KE)
ḵushtuyáx̱ (adverb) regardless; doesnʼt matter | it doesnʼt matter | (JC)
ḵut (preverb) astray; lost | going astray; getting lost | for motion verbs, creates a ga-conjugation motion verb (upward) | ḵu-t → areal.at-(arrived) • (KE, JC)
ḵutaan (verbal noun) summer | "fish jumping" | ḵu-√taan → areal-√jump-(of fish) • (KE, DK)
ḵutí (verbal noun) weather | ḵu-√tí → areal-√be • (KE)
ḵutx̱.ayanahá (verbal noun) • variants: ḵutx̱.ayanaháa, ḵutx̱.anaháa, ḵudax̱.anaháa, ḵutx̱ʼanaháa • star | "moves there too much (to count)"; star(s) | ḵu-dáx̱-áa-yaa-na-√há → areal.from.there.along.na-conj-√move-(imperceptibly) • (KE, JC, PM)
ḵutx̱.ayanahá x̱ooxʼ yaagú (compound noun) spaceship | ḵu-dáx̱-a-ÿa-na-∅-√há + x̱oo-xʼ + yaakw-ú → areal-from-a.theme-vertical-na.con-cl.(∅)-√move.invisibly + among-at.residing + canoe-relational • (FS)
ḵutlʼídaa (verbal noun) shovel ² | "the one that throws things away" | ḵu-√tlʼít-aa → areal-√throw-away-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
ḵutlʼkw (noun) mud | (KE)
ḵuwakaan (noun) • variants: (T,C), g̱uwakaan • ⑴ deer | (KE) || ⑵ peacemaker | in Tlingit culture, a person may be brought in to mediate a situation between clans, and if successful will be referred to as that clanʼs « g̱uwakaan » • a person who successfully creates peace when called upon may receive a name which is « [noun] g̱uwakaan », which trasnlates to ʼ[noun] peacemakerʼ | (HJ, JM)
ḵuxaak (verbal noun) dry weather; clear day | ḵu-√xaak → areal-√dry/crisp • (KE)
ḵux̱ (preverb) returning; reverting | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) • results in a +d classifier • changes to high tone in « ḵúx̱de »
ḵux̱ dakʼóolʼeen (adverb) • variants: ḵux̱ dakʼóolʼin • backwards | "backing with the tailbone" | ḵux̱ + da-√kʼóolʼ-een → [return/revert] + clasifier.(d,∅)-√tailbone.with
ḵux̱deinú (landform) eddy; whirlpool | "at the returning vicinity" | ḵux̱-déin-ú → return.vicinity.is/are-at • (JL)
ḵuyalakánxʼ (verbal noun) peace; dance ² | to dance a peace ceremony | (AA)
ḵuyalatíni (verbal noun) jury | ḵu-ya-∅-la-√tín-i → someone-(4h.O).vertical-they.(3.S)-classifier.(l)-√watch-relational • (KE)
ḵuyawdahaayí (verbal noun) movie; show ² | "faces moving through a space"; television show | ḵu-ÿa-ÿu-da-√haa-yí → areal.vertical-perfective-clasifier.(d,∅)-√move-(imperceptably)-relational • (JL)
ḵuyawdahaayí sʼíxʼ (compound noun) DVD; video | DVD disc | ḵu-ÿa-ÿu-da-√haa-yí + sʼíxʼ → areal.vertical-perfective-clasifier.(d,∅)-√move-(imperceptably)-relational + dish • (FS)
ḵuyawdahaayí sʼíxʼ ḵóok (compound noun) DVD; video | DVD Player | ḵu-ÿa-ÿu-da-√haa-yí + sʼíxʼ + ḵóok → areal.vertical-perfective-clasifier.(d,∅)-√move-(imperceptably)-relational + dish + box • (FS)
ḵuyáx̱ (particle) | correct according to the space | this particle would be used to correct something to the way it is expected, like if a bird only flew straight up and needed to be told to fly horizontally, as in Katherine Millsʼ version of Raven & the Whale | (KM)
Ḵuyeiḵʼádi (clan name) Clan | "People of Excursion Inlet"; Origin: Excursion Inlet | Raven/Crow Moiety • Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group | Ḵu-√yeiḵʼ-át-i → [Excursion Inlet]-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
ḵu.áx̱ (verbal noun) ⑴ hearing; sense | sense of hearing || ⑵ hearing aid | ḵu-∅-√.áx̱ → someone-(4h.O)-classifier.(∅)-√hear • (JL)
ḵu.áx̱ch (verbal noun) hearing | "able to hear people" | ḵu-∅-√.áx̱-ch → someone-(4h.O)-classifier.(∅)-√hear.[habitual] • (KE)
ḵu.áx̱ji (verbal noun) hearing aid | "people hearer" | ḵu-∅-√.áx̱-ch-i → someone-(4h.O)-classifier.(∅)-√hear.[habitual].[relative] • (KE)
ḵu.aa (particle) • variants: ḵu.a, ḵwa • although; however | when speakers are talking quickly they all will often use « ḵwa » • can be used in oratory to call attention to the subject of a sentence or section of oratory • there are two particles that create a shift in an argument: « ḵu.aa » makes more of a gradual shift in thinking, and « chʼa aan » is more of an abrubt shift in argument
ḵu.eení (verbal noun) murderer | "slaughters people" | ḵu-∅-√.een-í → someone-(4h.O)-classifier.(∅)-√kill-(plura) • (KE)
ḵu.éexʼ (verbal noun) potlatch; feast; party | "inviting people" | this is the most appropriate term for a cultural gathering, often hosted by a clan or clans of the same moiety, with the guests being of the opposite moiety • there were many types of « ḵu.éexʼ », including « shaawát x̱áni ḵu.éexʼ » (wedding), « du x̱ʼé x̱ánt atx̱aayí ḵu.éexʼ » (feast for a young woman coming out of seclusion), and others; now there is primarily « ḵu.éexʼ » for the release of grief of clan members • not an appropriate term for activities that are not clan-hosted | ḵu-∅-√.éexʼ → someone-(4h.O)-classifier.(∅)-√call-out/shout • (KE, MA, SE, FD)
ḵu.oo (verbal noun) people ¹; community | ḵu-∅-√.oo → areal-classifier.(∅)-√live-at/remain • (KE)
ḵú (landform) cove; bight; bay ¹ | small bay | (FW, JC)
ḵúdáx̱ (adverb) • variants: ḵútx̱ • too much; excessive | ḵu-dáx̱ → areal.from
ḵúnáx̱ (adverb) really; actually; very | appears in front of the verb or phrase it is modifying | ḵú-náx̱ → areal.through/via
ḵúnáx̱– (adjective) very; actual; real | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | ḵú-náx̱ → areal.through/via
ḵútx̱ • variants: ḵúdáx̱ • (adjective) too much; excessive | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | ḵu-dáx̱ → areal.from
ḵoo sh kadáan á (interjection) tormenting distress; wretchedness | used when hearing terrible news that will cause torment for many people | (MD, JL)
ḵoona.áx̱jaa (verbal noun) echo | "the one(s) that sound off in an area" | ḵu-na-∅-√.áx̱-ch-aa → areal.na.con-classifier.(∅)-√hear/sound-off.habitual-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
Ḵooskʼeidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Ḵooskʼ"; Origin: Shg̱aadaayihéen (stream north of Mount Fairweather) | Raven/Crow Moiety • Lʼuknax̱.ádi Migration • Primary Crest: Raven • Secondary Crests: Coho, Musk Ox, Mouse | ḵooskʼ-át-í → [ḵooskʼ]-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan
• Xaas Hít | Bison/Cattle House
Xunaa Ḵáawu
• Xunaa Ḵáawu | Bison/Cattle House
G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan
• Xaas Hít | Bison/Cattle House
Ḵooshkadáan á! (interjection) oh no! | used when hearing terrible news as a negative expression | (MD)
–ḵoowú (relational noun) den; lair | den, lair (of animal, underground) | (JL)
ḵóo lidóolʼshán (adjective) erection | it gives men erections | ḵáa-ee + li-√dóolʼ-shán → someoneʼs-(4h.r)-[empty base] + clasifier.(l,i)-√get-erection.[adjective] • (JL)
ḵóok (noun) ⑴ box || ⑵ four; rectangle; square | four-sided, square, rectangular (object) | ḵóok yáx̱ yatee → it is four-sided, square, literally, is like a box • (JL)
ḵóok yax̱ʼéelʼi (compound noun) television | "scary things on a box" | ḵóok + ya-√x̱ʼéelʼ-i → box + clasifier.(∅,i)-√fear • (EM)
Ḵóokhíttaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the Box House"; Origin: Sitka | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Kaagwaantaan Group • Primary Crest: Brown Bear • Secondary Crests: Eagle, Shark, Box | ḵóok-hít-taan → box.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan
• Ḵóok Hít | Box House
• Tóosʼ Hít | Shark House
• Ḵutísʼ Hít | Looking Out House
• Tlʼaadéin Hít | Sideways House
ḵwa (particle) • variants: ḵu.aa, ḵu.a • although; however | when speakers are talking quickly they all will often use « ḵwa » • can be used in oratory to call attention to the subject of a sentence or section of oratory • there are two particles that create a shift in an argument: « ḵu.aa » makes more of a gradual shift in thinking, and « chʼa aan » is more of an abrubt shift in argument
ḵwáaḵt (daaḵ) (preverb) • variants: ḵáaḵwt (daaḵ) • wrong; mistake; error | wrongly; mistakenly; in error | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb
–ḵwáan (relational noun) people ¹; territory | people of; person of; traditional territory of | there are 21 recorded traditional territories of the Lingít, and these are at the heart of the way that Lingít associates the relationship between peoples, clans, and lands • a clan, clan house, and clan names all belong to a specific area, and the name of the –ḵwáan is represented by a specific placename • a person belongs to a clan house, and a clan house belongs in a specific –ḵwáan, therefore a person can be from a specific region without ever physically being in that area • the use of –ḵwáan specifies an ancestral tie to a place, whereas –ḵu.oo would refer to anyone who is residing in a given place
–ḵwáani (relational noun) spirit | the spirit(s) of (a non-human animate or inanimate) | one of four ways to refer to the spirit of something in tlingit. « –toowú » is the spirit/thoughts/hopes/intentions/feelings of a person; « -yéik » is a spirit that returns after death to assist an íx̱tʼ and can be human or non-human; « –yakg̱wahéiyag̱u » is the living spirit inside of all things (human, nonhuman, inanimate) that senses and feels the world around them all; « –ḵwáani » is a ceremonial address used to speak to the spirits of non-humans and to talk to them all as humans
Ḵʼalchaneidí (clan name) Clan | "People of the Pungent Mouth"; Origin: Mudflats on Duncan Canal just west of Wrangell Narrows | Raven/Crow Moiety • Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group | ḵʼa-l-√chán-át-i → mouth-classifier.(d,l)-√stink-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan
ḵʼalkátsk (verbal noun) clam | razor clam | ḵʼa-l-√kátsk → mouth-classifier.(d,l)-√calcium/white
ḵʼalux̱útʼaa sʼáaxw (compound noun) hat; cap | visor hat worn by Sugpiaq & Unangan people of Southcentral & Southwestern Alaska; cap (with a brim), baseball cap; "end of nose adze hat" | ḵʼa-lu-√x̱útʼ-aa + sʼáaxw → mouth-nose-chip/chop-one(s).(part.i) + hat (AH, JC) • (AHa)
ḵʼanashgidéi ḵáa (compound noun) poor ¹; person | poor person | ḵʼa-na-sh-√gi-déi + ḵáa → mouth.na-cn-pre-classifier.(d,sh)-√?-towards • (KE)
ḵʼanáax̱án (borrowed noun) fence | from Chinook Jargon « qʼəláχən » which borrows from Salishan | (JC)
ḵʼanáax̱án g̱eiy yard | yard; lawn | ḵʼanáax̱án + g̱eiy → fence + between-folds
ḵʼanoox̱ (compound noun) labret; lip; plug ² | small labret, lip plug | ḵʼa-noox̱ → mouth.colon • (KE, JL)
ḵʼanoox̱ eetí (compound noun) labret hole | "remains of the mouth (intestinal) hole" | ḵʼa-noox̱ → mouth.colon • (KE, JL)
–ḵʼanoox̱ú (body part) whiskers; beard | "mouth (intestinal) hole"; whiskers, beard (of fish) | whisker-like projections below the jaw • if a person touches the ḵʼanoox̱ú on a ling cod, it will bring bad weather | ḵʼa-noox̱-u → mouth.colon-relational • (KE, JL)
ḵʼateil (compound noun) ⑴ pitcher ¹; jug || ⑵ gallon | (JL)
ḵʼatx̱áan (borrowed noun) homosexual; queer; two-spirited; non-binary | this term used to refer to a male who took on the role and sexuality of a femaie, but went through a transformation to become a derogatory term that was often translated as "coward"
ḵʼaakanéi (compound noun) dish | deep dish; "working on a thin, flat surface" | often used for grease • large container (as big as a bathtub) for soaking hides in tanning water | ḵʼaatlʼ-ka-√néi → thin/flat-horizontal-√do/work-on • (JL)
ḵʼaan (noun) dolphin | (KE)
ḵʼáachʼ (noun) seaweed | red seaweed; ribbon seaweed | (KE) ° (Palmeria palmata) °
–ḵʼáatlʼ (adjective) flat | thin and flat | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun that it affects | (JC)
ḵʼeikaxétlʼk (verbal noun) • variants: ḵʼeikaxítlʼk • Jacobs berries; bunchberry; berry | ḵʼa-ka-∅-√xétlʼk → mouth.perfective-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√drool?-repetitive • (KE, JL) ° (Cornus canadensis L.) °
ḵʼeikaxwéin (verbal noun) flower ²; blossom | ḵʼa-ka-∅-√xwéin → mouth-horizontal-cl(∅)-√blossom/flower • (KE)
ḵʼeikaxwéin tlʼeig̱í (verbal noun) • variants: ḵʼeikaxwéin tlʼeeg̱í • flower ²; petal | flower petal | ḵʼa-ka-∅-√xwéin + tlʼeiḵ-i → mouth-horizontal-cl(∅)-√blossom/flower + finger-relational
ḵʼeildaháakʼu (verbal noun) pretending; make-believe | ḵʼe-l-da-√háakʼu → mouth.?-classifier.(d,∅)-√pretend • (KE, JL)
ḵʼeish tóowu (compound noun) baseball; umpire | umpire (in baseball); "batting the ball is inside" | √ḵʼeish + tóo-wu → bat-(ball) + inside.at • (JL)
ḵʼeishkaháagu (compound noun) • variants: ḵʼeishkeháagu (C) • cranberry; berry | bog cranberry; low bush cranberry | ḵʼeish-kaháakw-u → ?.salmon-eggs/kidney • (JL) ° (Oxycoccus microcarpus) °
ḵʼéikʼw (noun) cut ²; wound ² | (KE)
ḵʼéiḵʼw (noun) kittiwake | black legged kittiwake | locally called "sea pigeon"
ḵʼíshaa • variants: kooḵʼíshaa • ⑴ bat ²; stick; hockey; baseball | hockey stick; baseball bat || ⑵ bone; flesh | fleshing tool made of bone | √ḵʼísh-aa → √hit-(ball)-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
ḵʼwátl (noun) pot | cooking pot | (KE)
ḵʼwátl wáalʼi at x̱ʼa.áx̱ch (compound noun) English: broken English | "sounds like a broken cooking pot" | this is how speakers of Tlingit would describe a first language Tlingit speaker who struggles to speak English | (GD)
l- (classifier) | l group classifier; (+d,l,–i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
l akoolx̱éitlʼ (verbal noun) fearlessness | "without fear" | tléil + a-ka-ÿu-l-√x̱éitlʼ → not + a.theme-horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(d,l)-√afraid • (JL)
l ḵool.áx̱ji (verbal noun) person | deaf person; "does not hear people" | l + ḵu-u-l-√.áx̱-ch-i → not + someone-(4h.O).irrealis-clasifier.(l)-√hear.[habitual]-relational • (KE)
l ḵooshtéeni (verbal noun) ⑴ person | blind person; "cannot see" | l + ḵu-u-sh-√téen-i → not + areal.irrealis-clasifier.(d,∅)-√see-relational • (KE) || ⑵ blindness | used with a possessive pronoun | du l ḵooshtéeni → their blindness (KE)
l sʼaatí shaawát (compound noun) widow | female widow; "masterless woman" | (NR)
l uldzéedéin (adverb) easily | l + u-l-√dzée-déin → not + irrealis-clasifier.(l)-√hard/difficult-adverb • (GD)
L Ulitoogu Ḵaa Yakg̱wahéiyagu (compound noun) spirit; supernatural | Holy Spirit | Christian Holy Spirit | l + u-li-√took-u + ḵaa + yakg̱wahéiyagu → not + irrealis-clasifier.(l)-√potent/rancid-relational + someoneʼs-(4h.r) + spirit • (KE)
l ultukdéin (adverb) cleanly; purely | l ultukdéin has sh iltínx̱ → they all kept themselves clean (SN) • l + u-la-√tuk-déin → not + irrealis-clasifier.(l)-√too-strong
l ultukdéin kawdudziháayi atx̱á (compound noun) food; organic | organic food; natural food; "food that is grown purely" | tlél + u-l-√tuk-déin + ka-ÿu-du-dzi-√háa-yi + at-√x̱á → not + irrealis-clasifier.(l)-√too-strong-(of food).adverb + horizontal-perfective-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s,i)-√move-(as mass)-relational + something.(4n.O)-√eat
l ushikʼéiyi (verbal adjective) bad; evil; wicked | l + u-shi-√kʼéi-yi → not + irrealis-clasifier.(sh,i)-√good/fine-relational
l ushkʼedéin (adverb) evil; badly | with evil intention; badly (behavior) | l + u-sh-√kʼé-déin → not + irrealis-clasifier.(sh)-√good/fine.[adjective] • (JM, GD)
l ushkʼé (verbal noun) evil; badness; sin | l + u-sh-√kʼé → not + irrealis-clasifier.(sh)-√good/fine • (KE)
l uwatʼíxʼi át (compound noun) soft; thing | a soft thing | l + u-ÿu-∅-√tʼíxʼ-i + át → not + irrealis-perfective-classifier.(∅)-√hard/frozen-attributive + thing.(4n.i) • (SN)
l uwaxwachgi néekw (compound noun) • variants: l uwaxwachgi nóok, l uxwachgi néekw • paralysis; polio | "inflexible skin sickness" | l + u-ÿa-√xwach-k-i + néekw → not + irrealis-clasifier.(∅,i)-√soften-skin-repetitive-relational + sickness • (KE)
l yaa ḵoojigeyi héen (compound noun) alcohol; liquor | liquor; booze; alcoholic beverage; "foolish water" | l + yaa + ḵu-u-ji-√ge-yi + héen → not + along + areal.irrealis.classifier-(d,sh,i)-√intelligence-relational + water
l yaa ḵooshgé (verbal noun) foolishness; recklessness | "without intelligence" | l + yaa + ḵu-u-sh-√gé → not + along + areal.irrealis-clasifier.(d,sh)-√understand/comprehend • (KE)
l yáa at ulḵʼédéin (adverb) disrespectfully | (KE)
l yoo ḵʼeishtángi (verbal noun) person | mute person; "doesnʼt speak" | l + yoo + ḵʼa-u-sh-√tán⁵-k-i → not + to/fro + mouth.irrealis-clasifier.(d,sh)-√communicate • (KE)
la- (classifier) | l group classifier; (–d,l,–i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
ladax̱áa (compound noun) collar | neck collar for war helmet | la-daa-x̱áa → neck-around-war/war.party
lagaaw (verbal noun) noise; loud | loud noise | la-√gaaw → clasifier.(l)-√loud • (KE)
lagaawdéin (adverb) loudly | la-√gaaw-déin → clasifier.(l)-√loud-[adverb]
lag̱wán (verbal noun) bow ²; hair | bow (of hair) | hair tied into a bow | la-√g̱wán → clasifier.(l)-√tie-(into bow or slipknot) • (JL)
–laká (body part) mouth ¹ | inside of mouth | la-ká → neck.on • (KE, JL)
–lakʼichʼkóog̱u (body part) skull | pit at the base of skull | (KE) • la-kʼéechʼ-kóoḵ-u → neck.?.pit/cellar-relational
–lakʼéechʼ (body part) head ¹; nape; neck; occiput | occiput; nape of neck; back of head | la-kʼéechʼ → neck.? • (JL)
laḵdíxʼ (compound noun) box | bentwood box full of food; "plugged bentwood box" | laḵt-√díxʼ → bentwood-box-√plug • (EmM, WM)
lanáalx̱ (verbal noun) wealth; prosperity; riches | la-√náalx̱ → clasifier.(l)-√wealth • (KE)
latseen (verbal noun) strength; power | la-√tseen → clasifier.(l)-√strong
Lawáak (placename) Klawock | Named after « Lawá », the man who founded Klawock | (TT)
lawúx̱ ⑴ (noun) seagull | immature seagull • variants: kéidladi yéisʼ • || ⑵ (color) gray; color ² | (KE)
–lawyadaadookxʼú sáani (body part) foreskin; penis | láaw-yá-daa-dook-xʼ-ú + sáani → penis-face-around-skin-plural-peg.vowel + plural.small • (KM)
lax̱éitl (verbal noun) luck | good luck
lax̱ʼyeit (compound noun) grass | beach grass; "thing below the heron" | láx̱ʼ-yee-át → heron.below-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
−layatʼakwsʼaag̱í (body part) bone; collar | collarbone | la-ya-√tʼákw-sʼaaḵ-i → neck-classifier.(∅,i)-√dented-bone-relational • (JL)
–layatʼákw (body part) collar; esophagus | depression along the sides of their esophagus extending down behind the collarbone | la-ya-√tʼákw → neck-classifier.(∅,i)-√dented • (JL)
la.ooxʼú (compound noun) ḵu.éexʼ; gift | gifts distributed at a feast | (JL)
–lá (body part) | this body part is not really used on its own, but instead as compounds, such as « –laká » (in the mouth, lit. on the neck) and « –leitóox̱ » (throat, lit. in the neck) neck; head ¹ | neck; back of head
láḵdi xʼeesháa (compound noun) bucket | bentwood bucket | láḵt-i + xʼeesháa
láḵt (noun) box | bentwood box | (KE)
láx̱ʼ (noun) heron | Great Blue Heron | (KE) ° (Ardea herodias) °
láx̱ʼ loowú (compound noun) blueberry; berry | swamp blueberry; "heronʼs beak" | name derives from the similar gray-bluish color of the heronʼs beak | (KE)
–láx̱ʼi (plant part) bark ¹; sap; sapwood | sapwood; sappy inner bark (of a tree) | (KE)
laag̱ák (noun) grass | eel grass | (JL)
laaḵʼásk (noun) seaweed | black seaweed | (KE) ° (Porphyra) °
laaxw (noun) famine; starvation | (KE)
laax̱ (noun) cedar | western red cedar | (KE) ° (Thuya plicata) °
Laax̱aayík Teiḵweidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Payne Island at Laax̱aayík (In the Glacier)"; Origin: North Side of Prince of Wales Island, Laax̱aayík | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration • Teiḵweidí Group • Primary Crest: Brown Bear | łaʼx̣aʼ + yík → Eyak: glacier + in-(shallow container) • teiḵw-át-í → payne-island-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan
–laayig̱águ (body part) finger | ring finger | (KE) • la-yee-g̱ákw-u → neck.below.hard-wood-relational
láak (noun) fillet | fish fillet (half a fish, deboned) | (JL)
–láaw (body part) penis; testicles | general term for both penis and testicles | (KE)
láax̱ (noun) tree | dead dry tree, still standing | (KE)
ldakát (particle) all; every | (KE)
ldakát át (particle) everything | chʼa + ldakát + át → all + thing-(4n.i)
ldakát ḵáa (particle) everybody | everyone | ldakát + ḵáa → all + person.(4h.i)
ldakát yé (particle) everywhere | ldakát + yé → all + place • (KE)
lé (T) membrane | (JL)
lékwaa (compound noun) spirit | fighting spirit | (KE)
lél not • variants: hél, tléil, tlél, téil, tíl, l •
–létlʼk (adjective) soft; pliable | soft (of a solid mass) | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun that it affects | (JL, KE, JC)
–leikachóox̱ʼu (body part) windipe; pharynx | la-ká-√chóox̱ʼ-u → neck.on-√roll-(fat)-relational • (KE)
leil (noun) flab | (JL)
–leilí (body part) ⑴ flab; limp ² | flabby | (JL) || ⑵ scrotum; testicles
leilú (noun) • variants: tleilú • butterfly; moth; (NR, KE)
leineit sʼíx (compound noun) • variants: leeneit sʼíx̱ • bowl | horn bowl | oftened carved from moutnain goat or mountain sheep horn | lein-i-át + shál → tide-flats-relational-thing-(4n.i) + spoon • (JL)
leineit shál (compound noun) • variants: leeneit shál • spoon ¹ | horn spoon | oftened carved from moutnain goat or mountain sheep horn | lein-i-át + shál → tide-flats-relational-thing-(4n.i) + spoon • (KE)
leineit shál yaakw (compound noun) boat ¹ | gill net boat | (BF) • leineit + shál + yaakw → sheephorn + spoon + canoe/boat
–leitóox̱ (body part) throat | la-tú-x̱ → neck.inside.at-(along/repetitive) • (KE)
leiyís (noun) fir | (JL) ° (Abies lasiocarpa) °
–leiyoowú (body part) esophagus | la-yoow-u
léikwaa (noun) bread: Easter bread; bread: communion bread | (KE)
léiḵʼw (noun) snapper; rockfish | locally called red snapper or yellow eye | (KE) ° (Sebastodes ruberrimus) °
léin (landform) tide flats | related to the verb root √láa (melt; thaw; dissolve; for tide to recede), as in « yánde yaa naléin » (the tide is going out) | (KE)
léitʼ ¹ (noun) • variants: léetʼ, shaayaléetʼi • lily | wild lily-of-the-valley | (JL) ° (Maianthemum dilatus) °
léitʼ ² • variants: léetʼ ² • basket | roots or vines used in basket decoration | (JL)
léix̱ʼw ⑴ ochre | red ochre | was often worn || ⑵ (noun) paint ¹ | face paint || ⑶ (color) red | crimson red; rouge | (KE)
li! (interjection) donʼt!; stop it! • variants: ilí!, ihí! •
li- (classifier) | l group classifier; (–d,l,+i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
lichʼéix̱ʼu (verbal adjective) dirty; filthy | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | li-√chʼéix̱ʼw-u → clasifier.(l,i)-√dirt-relational • (JL)
–lidíx̱ʼ (body part) • variants: –lúdíx̱ʼ • back ¹; neck | back of neck; (upper) neck | can refer to whole upper neck, but specifically means back of neck | lá-díx̱ʼ → neck.back • (JL)
lidíx̱ʼwáatʼ (compound noun) giraffe | "long neck" | lidíx̱ʼ-√wáatʼ → back-of-neck.long • (LT)
lig̱aas (verbal noun) taboo; spiritual violation | a cultural violation that will often result in a terrible fate upon the person committing the act, or that personʼs family, clan, or community | li-√g̱aas → clasifier.(l,i)-√forbidden • (JL)
linéisʼchʼán (adjective) grease; lotion | is easily greased; rubs easily (like applying lotion) | li-√néisʼ-chʼán → clasifier.(l,i)-√grease/rub/apply-lotion.[ajdective] • (JL)
linéitlchʼán (adjective) fat ² | gets fat easily | li-√néitl-chʼán → clasifier.(l,i)-√get-fat.[adjective] • (JL)
lingitʼaaní (landform) • variants: ltʼaaní • world | the world | used to refer to the entire world | lingit-aan-í → tlingit-village/inhabited.land-relational
lingitʼaaní tuḵwáani (compound noun) people ¹; humanity | people of the world | used to refer to the all the people in the world | lingit-aan-í + tú-ḵwáan-i → tlingit-land-(inhabited)-relational + inside.people-of-relational
lingít (noun) ⑴ human being || ⑵ Tlingit | when speaking Tlingit, the noun « lingít » often refers to a person or a Tlingit person, but generally has less political meaning than when using "Tlingit" while speaking English
lingít– (adjective) Tlingit; traditional | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects
Lingít Aaní (compound noun) Tlingit Land; Tlingit Territory | used to refer to land that has traditionally been inhabited by Tlingit people | lingít + aan-í → tlingit + land-(inhabited)-relational
Lingít kashxeedí yahaaxʼú (compound noun) formline | Northwest Coast formline design | Lingít + ka-sh-√xeet-í + yahaa-xʼ-ú → Lingít + horizontal-cl.(d,sh)-√furrow-relational + picture/image-plural-relational • (FS)
lingít kʼúntsʼi (compound noun) hemlock | water hemlock; "Tlingit potato" | (KE) ° (Cicuta douglasii/mackenzieana?) °
lingít shákw (compound noun) strawberry | native strawberry
lingít xʼáaxʼi (compound noun) crabapple | lingít + xʼáaxʼ-i → tlingit + apple-relational • (KE)
linukdzi dleit (compound noun) sugar | li-√nukts-i + dleit → clasifier.(l,i)-√sweet + snow • (JL)
linukdzi lʼéiw (compound noun) sugar | li-√nukts-i + lʼéiw → clasifier.(l,i)-√sweet + sand • (JL)
linúkdzi át gas.ee sʼaatí (compound noun) baker | li-núktsi + át + ga-s-√.ee + sʼaatí → classifier.(l,i)-√sweet-attributive + thing.(4n.i) + self.benefactive-classifier.(d,s)-√cook + master • (FS)
linúkdzi g̱áatl (compound noun) cookie | li-núktsi + g̱áatl → classifier.(l,i)-√sweet-attributive + cracker
linúkdzi sakwnéin (compound noun) bread; cake ² | sweet bread | li-núktsi + sakwnéin → classifier.(l,i)-√sweet-attributive + bread
lisʼaag̱í (verbal adjective) boney | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | li-√sʼaaḵ-í → clasifier.(l,i)-√bone-relational • (JL)
lisʼaag̱í ḵáa (compound noun) person; ambitious | "boney person"; ambitious person | li-√sʼaaḵ-í + ḵáa → clasifier.(l,i)-√bone-relational + person.(4h.i) • (SN)
lishoog̱u (verbal adjective) funny; comical; laughable | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | li-√shooḵ-u → clasifier.(l,i)-√laugh/smile-relational • (JL)
–litkagoodlí (body part) • variants: –litkegoodlí (C) • fin | anterior dorsal fin hump (of salmon) | leet-ká-gootl-í → back-(of fish).on.hump/bump-relational • (JL)
–litkatʼaawú (body part) fin | dorsal fin (of fish) | leet-ká-tʼaaw-ú → back-(of fish).on.feather-relational • (JL) • variants: –litketʼaawú (C) •
–litká ⑴ (landform) crest ¹; ridge | on the crest, ridge, backbone of it (hill, ridge, point) | leet-ká → back-(of fish).on • (JL) || ⑵ (body part) back ¹ | (on) the back of it (fish)
lit.isdúk (compound noun) bass | black bass | leet-.is-dúk → back.whistle?.skin • (KE)
litʼáaychʼán (adjective) heat: is quick/easy to heat up | li-√tʼáa(y)-chʼán → clasifier.(l,i)-√hot/warm.[adjective]
litʼoojí (verbal adjective) sting; smarts | stings (like nettles or thorns); smarts (with sharp pain or discomfort) | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | li-√tʼooch-í → clasifier.(l,i)-√stings/smarts-relational • (JL)
litlʼéiláḵw lítaa (compound noun) knife; fillet | fillet knife | li-√tlʼéil-áḵw + lítaa → cl..(l,i)-√milt/semen-remove + knife • (FS)
litlʼeeg̱i tsáaxʼ (compound noun) • variants: litlʼeig̱i tsáaxʼ, ḵaa tlʼeig̱í tsáaxʼ, tlʼeḵketsáaxʼ. • glove | li-√tlʼeeḵ-i + tsáaxʼ → clasifier.(l,i)-√finger-relational + mitten • (JL)
liwáalʼshán (adjective) • variants: liwáalʼsháni • breaks easily | li-√wáalʼ-shán → clasifier.(l,i)-√break-(generally).[adjective] • (JL)
liwáaschʼán (adjective) roast | nice to roast | li-√wáas-chʼán → clasifier.(l,i)-√roast/scorch-(by fire).[adjective] • (JL)
liyóox̱ʼshán (adjective) soak | itʼs nice to soak (in water) | li-√yóox̱ʼ-shán → clasifier.(l,i)-√become-soaked.[adjective] • (JL)
li.oox̱u tseenx̱ʼé tlein (compound noun) alligator; crocodile | "big toothy lizard" | li-√.oox̱-u + tseenx̱ʼé + tlein → clasifier.(l,i)-√tooth-relational + lizard + large
li.óosʼshán (adjective) washes easily | li-√.óosʼ-shán → clasifier.(l,i)-√wash.[adjective] • (JL)
li.óoshchʼán (adjective) • variants: li.óoshshán • sulks easily | li-√.óosh-chʼán → clasifier.(l,i)-√sulk • (JL)
lítaa (verbal noun) knife | "the one that slides" | √lít-aa → √slide-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
lítaa eetí (compound noun) wound ² | "remains of the knife"; knife wound | √lít-aa + eetí → √slide-one(s).(part.i) + remains • (KE)
lítaa ḵʼáatlʼ (compound noun) knife | table knife; butter knife | √lít-aa + ḵʼáatlʼ → √slide-one(s).(part.i) + flat • (JL)
–leedí (body part) fin | anterior dorsal fin (of fish) | (JL)
–leet (body part) back ¹ | back (of fish) | (JL)
–léelkʼw (kinship term) grandparent | requires a preceding noun to show the relationship, as in « ax̱ léelkʼw » (my grandparent); can be used without a pronoun when speaking directly with oneʼs grandparent • as with other kindship terms, can be used to show clan kinship and personal closeness • plural: –léelkʼu hás, –léelkʼu hés | (KE)
léetʼ ¹ (noun) • variants: léetʼ, shaayaléetʼi • lily | wild lily-of-the-valley | (JL) ° (Maianthemum dilatus) °
léetʼ ² (noun) • variants: léitʼ ² • basket | roots or vines used in basket decoration | (JL)
lkʼóox̱ʼeit (compound noun) fir; balsam | balsam fir | Has liquid pitch pustules under outer bark • used as a medicinal plant ° (Abies lasiocarpa) °
Lḵuweidi (clan name) Clan | "People of the Flood" | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration • Dag̱istinaa Group | l-ḵoo-át-i → clasifier.(l)-√flood/vomit-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Heinyaa Ḵwáan
Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan
Lḵoot Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Chilkoot Area; "People of the Lake That Puked" | Included Communities: Haines, Chilkoot, Skagway, Dyea, Chilkoot Trail, Lynn Canal | l-√ḵóo-t + ḵwáan → clasifier.(d,l)-√flood/vomit + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Shangukeidí | People of Shankw
• Kaagwaantaan | People of the Burnt House
Raven/Crow Clans
• Lukaax̱.ádi | People off the Point of It
Lḵʼayáakʼw X̱ʼus.eetí (compound noun) Milky Way | "footprints of Lḵʼayáakʼw" | Lḵʼayáakʼw + x̱ʼoos-eetí → Lḵʼayáakʼw + foot.remains • (KE)
Ltu.áa (placename) Lituya Bay | "Lake inside the Point (nostril)" | lú-tú-áa → noise/point.inside.lake • (TT)
lugán (compound noun) ⑴ oystercatcher | "fire nose" || ⑵ tufted puffin | lú-√gán → nose/point-√light/burn • (GD, KE)
–lugúntsʼi (body part) nose | nostrils | lú-gúntsʼ-i → nose.?-relational • (JL)
–lugóochʼ (body part) nose | lobe of nostril | lú-kʼóochʼ → nose.hind-end • (JL)
–lugóon (body part) nose | bridge of their nose
lug̱eitlʼ (body part) ⑴ snot | lú-g̱éitlʼ → nose.mucus-(wet) • (KE) || ⑵ (noun) turkey
lug̱wéinaa (compound noun) handkerchief; tissue | "one that wipes a nose" | « xʼúxʼ lug̱wéinaa » can be used to differentiate a cloth hankerchief and a paper tissue | lu-√g̱óo-n-aa → nose-√wipe.(progressive)-one(s).(part.i)
–lukatíxʼi (relational noun) • variants: yaakw sheketíxʼi • bowstay | "rope on the nose of –" | lú-ká-tíxʼ-i → nose/point.on.rope-relational • (KE)
lukatʼíshaa (compound noun) needle ² | leather needle; "the one that stretches skin on the point" | lú-ká-√tʼísh-aa → nose/point.on-√stretch-skin-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
–luká (relational base) ⑴ bow ³; ridge | along the ridge of it (hill); (on the) bow of it (boat) | táx̱gi lukáx̱ daak uwashóo → (trail) goes down the hill (JL) || ⑵ bow ³ | (on the) bow of (a boat) || ⑶ nose | bridge of their nose
–lukaax̱ (relational noun) impel; compel; hurry | set into immediate action because of it; compelled, impelled by it; in a hurry, starting right now | (JM, JL) • ax̱ toowú lukaax̱ at kaawanáa → i was hoping they all would and then they all did (JL)
Lukaax̱.ádi (clan name) Clan | "People off the Point of It"; Origin: Duncan Canal | Raven/Crow Moiety • Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group • Primary Crest: Sockeye • Secondary Crests: Raven, White Raven, Kingfisher, Mt. Fairweather, Devilʼs Thumb Mtn., Land Otter, Mt. Ripinsky, Hummingbird | lú-ká-x̱-át-i → noise/point.on.along/repeatedly-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) • Lukaax̱sháa → Women of the Lukaax̱.ádi clan
Lḵoot Ḵwáan
• Yéil Hít | Raven House
• Yéil Kíji Hít | Raven’s Wing House
• Yéil Kúdi Hít | Raven’s Nest House
• Shaa Hít | Mountain House
• Kóoshdaa Hít | Land Otter House
• G̱eisán Hít | Mount Ripinsky House
Jilḵáat Ḵwáan
• Déix̱ X̱ʼaháadi Hít | Two Door House
Xunaa Ḵáawu
G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan
• Shaká Hít | Prow House
lukshiyáan (noun) • variants: nukshiyáan • mink | occassionally, there is some fluidity with some speakers between « nukshiyáan/lukshiyáan » (mink) and kʼóox (marten), and they all might translate either word as either animal | (KE)
lunás nose ring | lú-nás → nose.? • (KE)
–lunáa (relational base) end ²; over ¹; point ² | over or along the point of; at or near the end (of a pointed object, point of land) of; "in the area of the point of –" | « du lunáa » could be interpreted as ʼalmost sitting on top of her/himʼ | lú-niÿaa → nose/point.area • wéix̱ naashuwu aas lunáat áa → is sitting on the end of the tree sticking out there (JL)
–lututúḵlʼi (body part) nose | nose cartilage | lú-tú-túḵlʼ-i → nose.inside.cartlidge-relational • (KE)
–lutuxʼúxʼu (body part) nose; membrane | nasal membrane | lú-tʼáaḵ → nose.beside • (JL)
–lutú (body part) nose; nostril | inside of their nose, nostril | lú.tú → nose/point.inside • (KE, JL)
–lutʼaaḵ (body part) nose | side of nose | lú-tʼáaḵ → nose.beside • (JL)
–luxʼaa (relational noun) troublemaker | instigator, cause (of trouble) | lú-xʼaa → noise/tip.point • (KE)
luyaxʼaan (body part) nose; beak | tip of nose; tip of beak | (JL)
lu.áadaa (compound noun) snipe | Wilson snipe; "the one that spears fish with its beak" | lu-√.áat-aa → nose/beak-√spear-fish.one-(s)-(part.i) • (JL) ° (Gallinago delicata Ord.) °
–lú (body part) ⑴ nose || ⑵ beak || ⑶ (landform) point ² | point (of land) || ⑷ (noun) point ² | point (of a long thin pointed object)
lookanáa person | person who acts crazy or possesssed | member of a secret society whose trademark is acting bestial and eating dogs | (JL)
loon (noun) bark ¹ | dry woody outer bark | (KE)
lóol (noun) ⑴ fireweed ° (Epilobium angustifolium) ° || ⑵ (color) pink; purple | dark pink; light purple | (KE)
lóotʼ (noun) eel | (JL)
–lóoxʼu (body part) urine | (KE)
l.uljíni (verbal noun) vest; shirt | "without arms"; sleeveless shirt or top | l-u-l-√jín-i → not-irrealis-clasifier.(l)-√arm/hand-relational • (KE)
lʼag̱akáx̱ (compound noun) wind ¹; west | (wind blowing) from the west; "putting the hemlock branches on it" | √lʼaaḵ-a-ká-x̱ → √put-hemlock-branches-down-(for herring spawn).its-(3m.r).on.at-(repeatedly) • lʼag̱akáx̱ wuduwanúk → the west wind is blowing (JL)
lʼawshaa (landform) • variants: lʼewshaa (C) • bank; cutbank | sand hill | lʼéiw-shaa → sand.mountain • (JL)
lʼax̱keit (compound noun) dance ²; mask; regalia | dance mask | √lʼeix̱-ká-át → √dance.on-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
lʼákwti (verbal noun) tree | dry-fallen tree | √lʼákw-t-i → √[??]-repetitive-relational • (KE)
lʼátʼaa (verbal noun) tongs; tweezers; clamps | "the one that carries with tongs"; tongs; tweezers; clamps | √lʼátʼ-aa → √carry-(with tongs)-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–lʼaa (body part) ⑴ breast | (KE) || ⑵ bottle; milk | milk; baby bottle
lʼaa kaháadi (compound noun) • variants: lʼaa ka.át, lʼaa daakagwéil • bra | lʼaa + ka-∅-√háat-i → breast + horizontal-classifier.(∅)-√cover-relational • (JL)
–lʼaa shakadóoxʼu (body part) nipple | lʼaa + sha-ka-dóoxʼ-u → breast + head.on.shell-relational • (JL)
–lʼaa tʼáax̱ʼu (body part) nipple | lʼaa + tʼáax̱ʼw-u → breast + wart-relational • (JL)
–lʼaa yexʼaan (body part) nipple | lʼaa + ya-xʼaan → breast + face.point • (JL)
lʼaak (noun) dress ² | (KE)
lʼaakeidí bra | lʼaa-daaká-át-i → breast-around.outside-thing.(4h.i)-relational
lʼáaḵw (noun) boat ¹; canoe | canoe, big flat bowed canoe or old worn out canoe | (JL)
lʼáax̱ʼ ⑴ (color) gray | grayish | referring to blond hair or grayish hair with white tips • may also refer to light blue/green || ⑵ (noun) blond | blond (hair) | (KE)
lʼewshaa (landform) • variants: lʼawshaa • bank; cutbank | sand hill | lʼéiw-shaa → sand.mountain • (JL)
lʼex̱daa.ádi (compound noun) regalia; dance ² | dance regalia | lʼeix̱-daa-át-i → dance-around-thing.(4n.ind)-relational
lʼéx̱ʼkw (noun) • variants: lʼáx̱ʼkw, tlʼéx̱ʼkw • soil ¹; dirt | (JL)
lʼeiwú (noun) • variants: lʼoowú, lʼeewú • wood | wood; piece of wood; wood chip | lʼeewú ax̱ (jín) tóode yamdlig̱eech → i got a sliver (in my hand) (JL)
lʼeix (noun) aluminum | (JL)
lʼeix̱ (noun) dance ² | (JL)
lʼéiw (noun) ⑴ sand ¹ || ⑵ gravel | (KE)
lʼéiw xʼaayí (landform) sand point | lʼéiw + xʼaa-yí → sand + point-relational • (KE)
lʼéiw yátxʼi (compound noun) • variants: lʼéiw yátsxʼi, lʼéiw yétsxʼi • sand ¹; gravel | fine sand or gravel; "sand children" | lʼéiw + yát-xʼ-i → sand + child.[plural]-relational • (JL)
–lʼíli (body part) • variants: –tlʼíli, –kʼóotlʼi • penis | (KE)
lʼílʼ (compound noun) poop ²; excrement | "mess" | « gánde nagoodí » is a euphemism, « háatlʼ » is the most common form, and « lʼílʼ » is the most direct & literal | (JL) • variants: háatlʼ, gánde nagoodí •
lʼíxʼjaa (verbal noun) noise; snap; sound | sound of breaking twigs, branches, brush | √lʼíxʼ-ch-aa → √break-(stick-like object).habitual-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–lʼeedí (body part) tail | tail (of animal) | tail for a bird or fish is « –koowú » | (KE)
Lʼeeneidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Dog Salmon Creek" | Raven/Crow Moiety • Lʼeeneidí Mirgration • Primary Crest: Dog Salmon • Secondary Crests: Raven, Gull, Big Dipper, Mountain Goat, Lady of the Lake | téelʼ-héen-át-i → dog-salmon.water/river/creek.thing-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Áakʼw Ḵwáan
• G̱aatáa Hít | Trap House
• Téelʼ Hít | Dog Salmon House
Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan
• Téelʼ Hít | Dog Salmon House
• Téelʼ Yádi Hít | Dog Salmon Child House
lʼée (noun) ⑴ wool || ⑵ blanket | wool blanket | wool blankets are one of the most cherished items collected and given away at ḵu.éexʼ
lʼée ḵʼáatlʼ (compound noun) felt | "flat wool" | lʼée + ḵʼáatlʼ → wool + flat • (JL)
lʼée xʼwán (compound noun) socks | "wool boots" | lʼée + xʼwán → wool + boots • (KE)
Lʼuknax̱.ádi (clan name) Clan | "People of Coho Bay"; Origin: Deep Bay | Raven/Crow Moiety • Lʼuknax̱.ádi Migration • Primary Crest: Coho • Secondary Crests: Raven, Frog (Dry Bay), Octopus, Sea Lion, Whale | lʼugunáx̱-át-i → coho-clan-community-(Deep Bay).thing-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan
• Daginaa Hít | Out in the Ocean Salmon Box House
• Ḵutá Hít | Sleep House
• Lʼook Hít Tlein | Big Coho House
• Lʼook Hít Yádi | Little Coho House
• Shgataayí Hít | Yakutat Creek House
• Taan Hít | Sea Lion House
• Xinaa Hít | House at Lower End of Town
• Xinaa Hít 2 | House at Lower End of Town 2
• Xíxchʼi Hít | Frog House
• Yáay Hít | Whale House
Áakʼw Ḵwáan
• Lʼook Hít | Coho House
G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan
• Dleit Xíxchʼi Hít | White Frog House
Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan
• Shaa Hít | Mountain House (Mount Fairweather)
• Daginaa Hít | Out in the Ocean Salmon Box House
• Eech Hít | Reef House
• Eech Hít 2 | Reef House 2
lʼutʼtláaḵ (compound noun) snake | "arrow tongue" | lʼóotʼ-tláaḵ → tongue-arrow • (KE)
Lʼux̱ʼeidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Herring Spawn in Water" | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration • Teiḵweidí Group | √lóox̱ʼʼ-át-í → √spawn-(in water, especially herring)-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan
lʼook (noun) salmon; coho | silver salmon; coho salmon | (KE) ° (Oncorhynchus kisutch) °
lʼoowú (noun) • variants: lʼeiwú, lʼeewú • wood | wood; piece of wood; wood chip | lʼeewú ax̱ (jín) tóode yamdlig̱eech → i got a sliver (in my hand) (JL)
lʼoowú táḵl (compound noun) mallet; hammer ¹ | wooden hammer, mallet | lʼoowú + táḵl → wood + hammer • (KE)
–lʼóotʼ (body part) tongue | (KE)
–lʼóotʼ kʼí (body part) tongue | root, back of tongue | (JL)
–lʼóotʼ tayee (body part) • variants: –lʼóotʼ teyee (C) • tongue | area below tongue | (JL)
–lʼóotʼ tayee gwéili (body part) tongue | two bits of flesh hanging down from the sides of tongue | (JL)
–lʼóotʼ tayeetláag̱i (body part) • variants: –lʼóotʼ teyeetláag̱i (C) • tongue | frenum | vee-shaped ridge connecting the base of the tongue to the bottom of the mouth | (JL)
–lʼóotʼ wán (body part) tongue | side of tongue | (JL)
–lʼóotʼ xʼaan (body part) • variants: –lʼóotʼ yaxʼaan, –lʼóotʼ yexʼaan (C) • tongue; tip | tip of tongue | (JL)
lʼóox̱ʼ (noun) ⑴ murky; silt | silty (water); murky (water) || ⑵ gray | lʼóox̱ʼ yáx̱ yatee → it is silty, murky (literally, is the color of glacial silt) • (JL)
lʼóox̱ʼ eetí óosʼkw (compound noun) storm | stormy weather shortly after herring spawn | lʼóox̱ʼ + eetí + √óosʼkw → milt + remains + √wash-repetitive • (HJ)
maanxʼas (particle) or | (BC)
máa sá (question particle) • variants: wáa sá • how | fluent speakers often translate this as "what" because the question particle "how" functions differently in Tlingit, as in « wáa sá at woonéi? » (how did it happen?) which functions more like "what happened?" • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « wáa sáyá » (how is this?), « wáa sáwé? » (how is that?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | wáa sá iyatee? → how are you? • wáa sá haa toowú yakʼéi → how very good we feel • (JC,KE)
mesdzi (C) (noun) owl: great horned owl; owl with ear tufts • variants: wesdzi (C), tsískʼw, óondách (T) •
na conjugation motion preverbs | these preverbs create motion verbs using the na conjugation prefix
unbounded directed motion
• [no preverb] | moving along, lateral, horizontal
• N-dé | moving toward N
• gándé | to the bathroom; go urinate, pee; go defecate, poop
• N-x̱ | moving along N
• N-dáx̱ | moving away from N
• N-náx̱ | moving by way of, through N
• N-náḵ | leaving N behind
• N-g̱áa | going for (to obtain) N
• yux̱ | moving out of house
• N-xʼ + yux̱ | moving out of house at N
unbounded undirected motion
• N-t | moving around N
• N áa | moving around N
Nadashaa Héeni (placename) • variants: Natasahéeni, Natʼasahéen • Carcross | "Water Flowing from Mountain"; "Whitefish River"
nadashée (verbal noun) help; helper | na-da-√shée → na-cn-classifier.(d,∅)-√help • (JL)
nadáakw (borrowed noun) table | from Chinook Jargon « lətáp » which borrows from French "la table" | (JC)
nadáakw kasʼísayi (compound noun) table | (thin) tablecloth | especially made of cotton cloth
nahéin (borrowed noun) stick game | from Chinook Jargon « lahál » which borrows from Salishan | (JC)
nahéesʼadi (compound noun) debt | "borrowing thing" | na-√héesʼ-át-i → na.con-√borrow/loan • (JL)
nakwnéit (borrowed noun) priest; preacher; minister ² | from Chinook Jargon « ləplét » which borrows from French "le prêtre" | (JC)
nakwsʼaatí (compound noun) witch | "master of medicine" | a witch in Tlingit is a person who practices spiritual energies that are often designed to harm others • the « nakwsʼaatí » can take animal forms, imitate animals, and invade the consciousness of people by utilizing spiritual magic and knowledge of plants and other medicines • ceremonies exist to determine if a person is a witch, and they all were conducted by an « íx̱tʼ »—if the accused were a witch, they all would begin shaking uncontrollably
nalháashadi (compound noun) • variants: naháashadi • log; wood | driftlog, driftwood; "floating thing" | log or wood that has recently fallen in the water and is still drifting | na-l-√háash-át-i → na.con-classifier.(l)-√drift/float-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (KE)
nana.aaní (compound noun) ⑴ death | the land of death | naná-aan-í → death.land-(inhabited)-relational • (JL) || ⑵ depression | a deep depression, a mental state akin to death | nana.aaní yei kg̱washx̱éen du toowú → he will sink into a deep depression (JL)
naná (verbal noun) death | this can also refer to an area upriver | na-∅-√ná → na.con-classifier.(∅)-√die • (JL, MH)
nandachóon (independent base) landward; upstream; straight | straight upstream; straight towads the head of a body of water | nandachóon kuḵadatʼéek → i am going to paddle straight up the bay (SN)
nasʼgadooshú (number) eight | "someone extends [them allʼs hand] to the third one" | nasʼk-aa-du-w-ÿa-√shú → one-one(s).(part.i)-someone.(4h.S)-perfective-[classifer]-√extends
nasʼgadooshú jinkaat (number) eighty | the old way of counting would be: daaxʼoonḵáa
nasʼgadooshóonáx̱ (number) eight | eight people | used for counting people only | (KE)
nasʼgidahéen (number) three | three times | (KE)
nasʼgináx̱ (number) three | three people | used for counting people only | (KE)
–nashoowú (kinship term) relative | relative of –; "extending to –" | na-∅-√shoo(w)-ú → na-cn-classifier.(∅)-√extend-relational • (JL)
nawéin (borrowed noun) oats | from Chinook Jargon « ləwén » which borrows from French "lʼavoine" | (JC)
–náḵ (relational noun) away; from; leave | away from it, leaving it behind | (JC, KE)
násʼgig̱áa (number) three | three at a time; three by three | (KE)
násʼk (number) three | (KE)
násʼk jinkaat (number) thirty | "three tens" | násʼk + jinkaat → three + ten • (KE)
násʼk jinkaat ḵa tléixʼ (number) thirty one | "three tens and one" | násʼk + jinkaat + ḵa + tléixʼ → three + ten + and + one • (KE)
násʼk yakyee (compound noun) • variants: násʼk yagiyee, násʼk yagee • Wednesday; day | násʼk + yakyee → three + day • (JL)
náxw (noun) hook ² | halibut hook | (KE)
-náx̱ (suffix) number of people | used for counting people only • closed monosyllable Tlingit suffixes are high tone, and open monosyllable suffixes are opposite of the tone of the preceding vowel
náx̱ (landform) bay ¹; valley | sheltered bay; fjord | usually only found in placenames or in compound nouns | (JC)
-náx̱ ¹ (relational suffix) through; along; via; including the time of | closed monosyllable Tlingit suffixes are high tone, and open monosyllable suffixes are opposite of the tone of the preceding vowel | (KE, JC)
naa (noun) ⑴ people ¹ | band of people | (KE) || ⑵ nation; tribe || ⑶ moiety; clan
–naa (body part) body | upper body | (MH)
naa káani (compound noun) clan; feast; master; potlatch | member of opposite clan commissioned to conduct a ḵu.éexʼ; master of ceremonies for a ḵu.éexʼ ; "in law of the clan" | A person of the guest moiety who is related by marriage to the hosts. A naa káani may be male or female. The naa káani helps to invite the other guests, and serves as "master of ceremonies" at the ceremonial. He or she also helps with the distribution of gifts. (HTY 53) | naa + káani → clan + in-law • (KE, RN)
naa sháade háni (compound noun) leader; clan | clan leader; "stands towards the head of the clan" | often used to refer to someone who can represent an entire clan and not just them allʼs clan house | naa + shá-de + √hán-i → clan/tribe/moiety + head.towards + √stand-relational
naa shuklag̱eeyí (compound noun) party | "beautiful to the clan"; the life of the party | naa + shu-ka-la-√g̱ee-yí → clan + end-horizontal-clasifier.(l)-√fancy/beautiful-relational • (KE)
naa tláa (compound noun) clan; leader | traditional leadership among the Tlingit involves the selection of speakers for the clan, the highest ranking of which are « hít sʼaatí » and « naa tláa »; the « hít sʼaatí » would often speak for the clan in ceremonies, although the « naa tláa » would often speak as well • decisions are often made communally by a clan, and the « hít sʼaatí » has the authority to carry out those decisions; among the « hít sʼaatí » of one clan, a determination is made on who the senior member is when the houses are standing together as a clan • the caretaking of « at.óow », including the giving of names and use of songs and stories is often the responsibility of the « hít sʼaatí » in consultation with other clan leaders • a clan selects « hít sʼaatí » and « naa tláa » internally and makes the appointment at « ḵu.éexʼ », often while bringing out new « at.óow », killing money, and at times granting a new name to the leader(s) being appointed | naa + tláa → clan + mother
Naachʼuneidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Naachʼu Héen"; Origin: A creek in Whitewater Bay | Raven/Crow Moiety • Deisheetaan Migration • Deisheetaan Group | naachʼu-héen-át-í → naachʼu.river/water.-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan
Jilḵáat Ḵwáan
naadaayi héen (compound noun) • variants: kanaadaayi héen, x̱áat héeni • river; stream; creek | "flowing water" | na-ÿa-√daa-yi + héen → na-cn-clasifier.(∅,i)-√flow-relational + water/river
naag̱asʼéi (borrowed noun) fox | red fox | (JL)
naakée (independent base) upstream; north | naa-kée → north.above/up • (KE)
naaḵw (noun) wood | rotten wood; punky wood | used for tanning hides | (KE, NR)
Naanya.aayí (clan name) Clan | "People of the Upper River"; Origin: Shtaxʼhéen | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Killer Whale Migration • Naanya.aayí Group • Primary Crests: White Bear, Killer Whale • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Brown Bear, Marmot, Mudshark (Dogfish), Sea Monster, Mountain Goat | naa-niya-aa-yí → upriver.area-one(s).(part.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan
• Xʼátgu Hít | Dogfish House
• Xʼátgu Naasí Hít | Dogfish Intestines House
• Ḵóok Hít | Box House
• Hít Tlein | Big House
• Tatóok Hít | Cave House
• Chéx̱ʼi Hít | Shadow House
• Aanshooká Hít | End of Town House
naanyaa kanatʼaayí (compound noun) huckleberry; blueberry | "northern blueberry" | naa-nÿaa + kanatʼá-yí → upstream/north.area + blueberry-relational • (KE)
naasa.áa (borrowed noun) box | womanʼs tool box | from Eyak « la•saʼah » and Ahtna « nazʼaayi » | (JL)
–naasí (body part) ⑴ guts; intestines | (KE) || ⑵ sausage
Naasteidí (clan name) Clan | "People of the Nass River Rock"; Origin: Nass River | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Killer Whale Migration • Daḵlʼaweidí Group • Primary Crest: Flicker • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Eagle, Murrelet | naas-té-át-í → intestine.rock-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Heinyaa Ḵwáan
Kooyu Ḵwáan
• Chʼeet Hít | Murrelet House
• Kóon Hít | Flicker (Woodpecker) House
• Deikeenoow Hít | Far Out Fort House
–naawuweidí (compound noun) insurance; price; claim | price paid for death; crest claimed after the loss of life; life insurance
naawú (compound noun) corpse; body | dead body | √naa-wu → √die.is/are-at • (JL)
naaxein (compound noun) Chilkat blanket | "spawned out white on the upper body" | náa-xein → upper-body.spawned-out-salmon • (KE, JL)
naa.át (compound noun) clothes; clothing; garment | "covering thing"; "draping thing" | √naa-át → draped-over/covering-thing-(4n.i) • (KE)
naa.át a tóo kaduchákx̱ át (compound noun) dresser | naa.át + a + tú-∅ + ka-du-∅-√chák-x̱ + át → clothes + its.(3.r)-at.(residing) + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(∅)-√stack/pack-repetitive + something.(4n.i)
naa.át ax̱a át (compound noun) moth | "thing that eats clothing" | naa.át + a-∅-∅-√x̱a + át → clothing + them.it-(3.O).they.(3.S)-classifier.(∅)-√eat + thing-(4n.i) • (KE, JL) • variants: atx̱a át •
naa.át aan shayax̱duteex̱ át (compound noun) hanger | clothers hanger
naa.át áa shayax̱duteex̱ yé (compound noun) closet | naa.át + áa + sha-ya-g̱a-du-∅-√tee³-x̱ + yé → clothes + there + head-vertical-g̱a.md-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(∅)-√hang-repetitive + place • (FS)
naa.át kaxítʼaa (compound noun) brush ² | clothes brush; "the one that sweeps the clothes" | naa.át + ka-∅-√xítʼ-aa → clothes + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√sweep-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
naa.át kaxóogu át (compound noun) • variants: a tóo sh isxuk át • dryer | naa.át + ka-∅-√xóok-u + át → clothes + horizontal-cl.(∅)-√dry + thing-(4n.i) • (FS)
–náa (relational noun) cover ²; over ¹ | (draped) over it, covering it | (JL)
náakw (noun) medicine | can refer to physical or spiritual medicine, and in compound words could mean the medicine of an animal (beacuse it taught Tlingit people how to use it) or it could be something that repels that particular animal
náaḵw (noun) octopus
náaḵw tlʼeig̱i gwéil (compound noun) • variants: náaḵw tlʼeeg̱i gwéil • , • variants: tl’éiḵ gwéili • bag | octopus bag | náaḵw + tlʼeiḵ-i + gwéil → octopus + finger + bag
náalx̱ (noun) ⑴ wealth; riches || ⑵ halibut | large halibut
náaw (borrowed noun) • variants: naaw • liquor; booze; alcohol; alcoholic beverage | from the English "rum" | (KE)
náaw éesh (compound noun) alcoholic | "father of the booze" | náaw + éesh → alcohol + father • (KE)
náaw sʼaatí (compound noun) alcoholic | "boss of the booze" | náaw + sʼaatí → alcohol + boss/master • (KE)
náax̱ ag̱ataan (compound noun) trap ² | fish trap made of sharpened sticks; "let fish jump on death" | náa-x̱ + a-g̱a-∅-√taan → death.at-(repeatedly) + a.theme.g̱a-md-classifier.(∅)-√jump-(of fish) • (JL)
náayadi (compound noun) salmon | half-dried smoked salmon | √náa(y)-át-i → √grease/rub/apply-lotion-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
né (noun) ⑴ seaweed | hairy seaweed on which herring spawn | (KE) || ⑵ grass | hairy grass
né daa.aa (compound noun) egg; roe | herring eggs spawned on hairy seaweed | né + da-√.áa → hairy.seaweed + classifier.(d,∅)-√situated
néx̱ʼw (noun) • variants: nax̱ʼw, náx̱kʼw • cloudberry; berry | sometimes called salmonberry in interior | (JL) ° (Rubus chamaemorus) °
neigóon (noun) berry; nagoonberry; wineberry | the word nagoon in nagoonberry is one of the few borrowings from Tlingit into English | (KE) • (JL) ° (Rubus arcticus) °
neil ⑴ (noun) home || ⑵ (preverb) inside; homeward; into building | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (terminal) • when used as a directional preverb, « neil » is used when the speaker is inside a building and « yee » is used when the speaker is outside of the building | (KE, JC)
neil yee táaxʼayi (compound noun) housefly | "mosquito in the home" | neil + yee + táaxʼaa-yi → home + inside-(building) + mosquito-relational • (KE)
neildé shí (compound noun) song; dance ² | entrance song (song sung while entering where one is to perform) | neil-dé + shí → inside-building.towards + song
neilyeetéeli (compound noun) slippers | "in the home shoes" | neil-yee-téel-i → home.inside-(building).shoe(s)-relational • (KE)
neistʼeyáa (borrowed noun) currant | red currant | from Tagish
neisʼ (noun) grease; liniment; lotion; oil | oil, grease (for coating skin or rubbing); lotion; liniment | ḵaa yadaaneisʼí → face cream • ḵaa jín x̱ooneisʼí → hand lotion • ḵaadaaneisʼí → body lotion • √naa-sʼ → √grease/rub/apply-lotion.[in series] • (JL)
neisʼ kooxéedaa (compound noun) pencil; crayon | neisʼ + ka-u-√xéet-aa → lotion + round-irrealis-√make-furrow-one(s).(part.i) • (HC)
neitl (noun) • variants: neetl (T) • obesity | (JL)
neixeenté (compound noun) • variants: neixinté • rock ¹ | bluish rock (used to make paint); Celandonite | a mineral used to make a blue-green paint for Northwest Coast design and carving • breaking this mineral incurs the anger of the sea spirits, resulting in rough seas, so it is very hard to obtain | (JL, GE)
Neix̱.ádi (clan name) Clan | "People of the Naha Bay"; Origin: Naha Bay, western Behm Canal | Neix̱.ádi Moiety • Neix̱.ádi Group • Primary Crests: Eagle, Beaver, Halibut, King Crab, Giant Clam | Neix̱-át-i → [Naha Bay]-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Saanyaa Ḵwáan
• Chʼáakʼ Hít | Eagle House
• Chʼáakʼ X̱ʼoosí Hít | Eagle Foot House
• Sʼigeidí X̱aayí Hít | Beaver Lodge House
• Chʼáakʼ Kúdi Hít | Eagle Nest House
• Chʼáakʼ Koowú Hít | Eagle Fan-Tail House
• Cháatl Hít | Halibut House
• X̱eetʼ Hít | Giant Clam House
• Xʼéix̱ Hít | King Crab House
• Ḵéedu Hít | Beaver Dam House
néilʼ (noun) basket | basket of woven red cedar bark; square basket made of « woot » (sheet of cedar bark) | (KE)
–néixʼi (relational noun) • variants: –néixʼt, –néxʼt • inheritance; possession | inheritance; possessions of deceased given to him at a feast | √náa-xʼ-i → √inherit.[plural]-relational • (KE)
néix̱ʼ (noun) • variants: néex̱ʼ • marble | (KE)
niksʼaatí (compound noun) • variants: neek sʼaatí (T), neek shatlʼéḵxʼu, neek shetlʼéḵxʼu (C) • gossiper; rumormonger | "master of telling" | neek-sʼaatí → tell-master/boss • (KE)
nisdaat (compound noun) night | last night | (KE)
niyaháat (compound noun) • variants: yinaaháat • armor; breastplate | body armor | armor made of hard dry skin | nÿaa-√háat → side-down-below-√cover • (JL)
–niyaa (relational base) • variants: –yinaa, –x̱ʼanaa • block; protect ²; shield; way | in the way of; keeping away; protecting, shielding, screening from; blocking | from « nÿaa » which transforms to « niyaa » or « yinaa » in modern Tlingit • in compound nouns, will often contract to « -nyaa » or « naa » | kadánjaa niyaa áwé atx̱á kawdudzihát → the food was covered to keep the dust out (JL) • (JL, JC)
–niyaadé (relational noun) • variants: –yinaadé • direction; toward | in the direction or general area of; headed toward | « niyaa » is from « nÿaa » which transforms to « niyaa » or « yinaa » in modern Tlingit | (JL)
–niyaanáx̱ (relational noun) • variants: yinaanáx̱ • ⑴ lineage; side ² | through a side of lineage (usually mother or father) | ax̱ léelk’w ax̱ tláa yinaanáx̱ → my grandparent on my motherʼs side || ⑵ direction; area | through the area near it; along the area near it | Ax̱ niÿaanáx̱ shé x̱ʼéit ashakg̱ala.aayí-i-i-i! → Let it pour into her mouth from my si-i-i-ide! (SuJ)
neech (postverb) always | appears after a verb to modify it as "always [verb]" | (KE) • variants: nich, nooch, nuch •
neech ¹ (landform) beach; shore | when used as a directional preverb, « neech » is used when the speaker is on the beach and « éiḵ / éeḵ » is used when the speaker is inland from the shoreline | (KE)
neechkaḵáawu (compound noun) person | person without a clan; person nobody wants; bastard; "person on the beach" | a severe insult in Tlingit, often referring to a person kicked out of them allʼs clan house • term should be used with extreme caution—even in teasing this term is culturally inappropriate and will certainly cause a fight
neechkateiyí (compound noun) person | person without Tlingit birth parents, especially the mother; "rock on the beach" | a term in Tlingit used for people who become Tlingit through adoption but have no ability to achieve leadership within the clan • term should be used with extreme caution—even in teasing this term can be hurtful in public
neechkayádi (compound noun) fatherless child; bastard | "child on the beach" | a severe insult in Tlingit, often referring to a child of parents who are the same moiety • term should be used with extreme caution—even in teasing this term is culturally inappropriate and will certainly cause a fight | (KE)
neek (noun) news; information; gossip; rumor | (KE)
neek sʼaatí (compound noun) • variants: (T), niksʼaatí, neek shatlʼéḵxʼu, neek shetlʼéḵxʼu (C) • gossiper; rumormonger | "master of telling" | neek + sʼaatí → tell + master/boss • (KE)
neek shatlʼéḵxʼu (compound noun) • variants: neek shetlʼéḵxʼu (C), neek sʼaatí (T) • gossiper; rumormonger | "carrys news by the head with fingers" | neek + sha-∅-√tlʼéḵ-xʼ(w)-u → tell + head-classifier.(∅)-√carry-with-pincers/finger.[plural]-relational • (KE)
neek xʼúxʼu (compound noun) newspaper | "news paper/book"; "gossip paper/book" | neek + xʼúxʼ-u → news/gossip + membrane.rel • variants: neek xʼúxʼu •
Nees.ádi (clan name) Clan | "People of Nees" | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Killer Whale Migration • Daḵlʼaweidí Group • Primary Crest: Killer Whale | nees-át-í → nees-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan
• Kéet Gooshí Hít | Killerwhale Dorsal Fin House
néegwálʼ (noun) • variants: néeg̱úlʼ (C) • paint ¹ | (JL)
néegwálʼ x̱ookahéeni (compound noun) • variants: néegwálʼ x̱ukahéeni • turpentine | "water on top of the paint" | néegwálʼ + x̱oo-ká-héen-i → paint + among.on.water-relational • (JL)
néekw (noun) sickness; illness; hurt; disease | (JL)
néekwdéin (adverb) painfully; sickly; ill will | with ill will | √néekw-déin → sick/hurt.[adverb] • (GD)
néesʼ (noun) sea urchin; urchin | sea urchin | (KE)
néesʼaa (verbal noun) knife | spoon-shaped knife for scooping the insides out of sea urchins | √néesʼ-aa → √sea-urchin-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
néex̱ʼ (noun) • variants: néix̱ʼ • marble | (KE)
nóoskw (noun) • variants: nóosk • wolverine | (KE)
nukshiyáan (noun) • variants: lukshiyáan • mink | occassionally, there is some fluidity with some speakers between « nukshiyáan/lukshiyáan » (mink) and kʼóox (marten), and they all might translate either word as either animal | (KE) ° (Mustela vison) °
núkt (noun) grouse | blue grouse | (KE)
nooch (postverb) always | appears after a verb to modify it as "always [verb]" | (KE) • variants: nuch, neech, nich •
noow ⑴ (landform) hill | low flat hill || ⑵ island | flat-topped island with steep sides; low flat island || ⑶ (noun) fort; fortress | (KE)
noow g̱ei (compound noun) fort; shelter; cove | in a fort; in a shelter; in a cove | noow + g̱ei → fort + between-folds • (KE)
noow táx̱k (landform) dome; hill | hill with depression on top | (JL)
Noowshaka.aayí (clan name) Clan | "People on the Head of the Fort"; Origin: Lukaax̱.ádi (Tlax̱aneisʼ Noow) | Raven/Crow Moiety • Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group • Primary Crest: Sockeye • Secondary Crest: Raven | noow-shá-ká-aa-yí → fort.head.on-one(s).(part.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Jilḵáat Ḵwáan
–nóochʼi (body part) heart; tip; isthmus | fleshy throat region of a fish beneath the head and between the gill covers; heart (said of any animal including a fish) | this maybe be a rare term to use to refer to the heart
nóosh (noun) salmon | dead salmon (after spawning) | (KE)
nóotʼaa (compound noun) gorge ²; hook ² | bone gorge hook for fishing or snaring seagulls; "the one that swallows" | a bone 4–5 inches long and sharp on both sides, placed inside a herring with a weight. when a king salmon eats the herring the bone breaks inside, killing it and causing it to float to the surface | √nóotʼ-aa → √swallow-one(s).(part.i) • (JL, JJ)
nóoxʼ (noun) ⑴ shell; egg | shell (of clam, crustacean, or egg) | (JL) || ⑵ carapace | carapace (of turtle) || ⑶ china; chip; flake | shell-like chip or flake; china (diningware) | (JL)
s- (classifier) | s group classifier; (+d,s,–i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
sa- (classifier) | s group classifier; (–d,s,–i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
sadaatʼaay (compound noun) scarf; neck wrap; kerchief (around neck) | "heat around the neck" | sa-daa-√tʼaay → base-of-neck.around-√t-heat • (KE)
sadaa.át (compound noun) • variants: shadaa.át • headscarf; scarf: headscarf; kerchief covering the head | "thing around the base of the neck" | sá-daa-át → base-of-neck.around-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
saguyageeyí (compound noun) • variants: saguyakyeeyí, sigéewu yakyee • Saturday; day | "joy day" | sagú-yagee-yí → joy.day-relational • (JL)
sagú (verbal noun) happiness; joy | sa-√gú → clasifier.(s)-√happy • (KE)
saka.át (compound noun) necklace | "thing on the base of the neck" | sa-ká-át → base-of-neck.on-thing-(4n.i) • (KE)
sakeit (compound noun) bib | "thing on the base of the neck"; dance bib | sa-ká-át → base-of-neck.on-thing-(4n.i) • (KE)
sakwnéin (borrowed noun) bread; flour; bannock | from Chinook Jargon « saplíl » (compare Haida « sablíi ») | (KE)
sakwnéin éewu (compound noun) • variants: sakwnéin at éewu • bannock; bread; loaf | (loaf of) bread; "cooked bread" | sakwnéin + √ée-wu → bread + √cook.is-at • (KE)
sakwnéin katéix̱i (compound noun) porridge; flour gravy | "boiled bread" | sakwnéin + ka-∅-√táa-x̱-i → bread + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√boild-(food)-repetitive-relational • (KE)
sakwnéin kaxook (compound noun) flour | "dry bread" | sakwnéin + ka-∅-√xook → bread + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√dry • (KE)
sakwnéin kax̱ʼeiltí (compound noun) bread | bread crumbs; "crumbled bread" | sakwnéin + ka-∅-√x̱ʼeil-t-í → bread + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√crumble-repetitive-relational
sakwnéin tʼóosʼi (compound noun) toast | sakwnéin + √tʼóosʼ-i → bread + √toast-relational • (SN)
sakwnéin waḵkawóol (compound noun) donut | sakwnéin + waaḵ-ká-wool → bread + eye-on-hole • (SaJ)
sakwnéin wuduwawáalʼ (compound noun) breaking bread; communion | sakwnéin + ∅-wu-du-ÿa-√wáalʼ → bread + it-(3.O).perfective-someone(4h.S)-classifier.(∅,i)-√break-(general) • (JL)
saḵéet (verbal noun) • variants: ḵéedu, ḵéet, sʼigeidí ḵéedi • dam | beaver dam | √ḵeet-u → √dam-up.is/are-at (NR) • (ND)
sankeit (compound noun) armor | armor used as protection in climbing | made of dried skin, hard as a board | san-ká-át → waist.on-thing-(4n.i)
–satú (relational noun) voice | "inside base of neck"; "inside the voice" | sá-tú → base-of-neck.inside • ka-san-át → horizontal-waist-thing-(4n.i)
–satoowú (relational noun) ⑴ interpretation; opinion; speculation | way of thinking, opinion, interpretation | du satoowú → their way of thinking/doing it • lig̱aas chʼa ḵaa satoowú yáx̱ kaduneegí → itʼs forbidden to tell it according to your own interpretation (JL) || ⑵ ambition | i satoowú tin → go by your own ambition NJ
sawáak (borrowed noun) dog | big dog with pointed ears; guard dog | from Russian "собака" • from Russian sobaka; refers to dogs broug̱t by the Russians | (JL)
sá ⑴ (verb) name it! | (JC) || ⑵ (question particle) | [interrogative – marks WH-questions in combination with other particles (see below)] | question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan) • imperative form of the verb O-S-∅-√saa (for S to name O; for S to nominate O) • the particle can also be used as a sort of command, especially in the phrase « Lingít x̱ʼéináx̱ sá! » (say it in Tlingit!) | (JC, KE, SC)
• daa(t) sá | what
• daaḵw.aa sá | which one (of a set)
• wáa sá | how
• aadóo sá, áa sá | who
• goo sá | where
• xʼoon sá | how much/many
• gwátgeen sá, gútgeen sá (Y) | when (in future)
• gwátk sá, gútk sá (Y) | when (in the past)
• daat yís sá | for what (benefit)
• daat g̱áa sá | for what (purpose)
• wáanáx̱ sá | why
–sá ⑴ (body part) neck | base of the neck | where one wears a necklace • jugular notch or suprasternal notch • variants: –sé • || ⑵ (relational noun) voice | (JC, JL)
–sákw (adjective) future; to be; for | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun that it affects | (JC, KE)
–sákwti • variants: –sáxwdi, –síxwdi (At, T), –súxdi (T), –súxti (T, C) • ⑴ handle; shaft; spear ² | handle of – (a stick-like object); shaft of – (spear or other stick-like object) || ⑵ handlebar; sled | handlebar (of sled) | classification: stick-like object | (KE)
sáḵs (noun) ⑴ yew ° (Tasux brevifolia) ° || ⑵ bow ¹ | (JL)
sándi (borrowed noun) • variants: sánde • Sunday; day | from English 'Sunday'
sándi kʼátskʼu (compound noun) Saturday; day | "little sunday" | sándi + kʼátskʼu → sunday + adolescent • (JL)
sándi x̱ʼáak (compound noun) week | "between Sundays" | another way of referring to weeks is: tléixʼ sándenáx̱ áwé (it was one week) | sándi + x̱ʼáak → sunday + between • (JL)
sándi x̱ʼáak shuwee (compound noun) • variants: sándi x̱ʼáak shuyee • weekend | sándi + x̱ʼáak + shu-yee → sunday + between + end.below
–sáni (kinship term) uncle | paternal uncle | in Tlingit kinship, the term for a paternal uncle is used for all males of a fatherʼs clan who is in the same generation as the father • can be used to show personal closeness with a male member of the opposite clan who is not necessarily the fatherʼs same clan • in times of good humor, this term is used in a variety of ways to tease people, but should be done with caution in public | (KE)
sáxʼ (noun) cambium; sap; bark ¹ | cambium, sap scraped from inner bark | especially of hemlock on the coast, of spruce or balsam pine in the interior | (KE)
saa (noun) name | (KE)
saak (noun) eulachon; candlefish; hooligan | (KE) ° (Thaleichthys pacificus) °
saak eix̱í (compound noun) • variants: saak eex̱í • hooligan; oil; grease | hooligan oil, grease | saak + eix̱-i → hooligan + grease/oil-relational
Saanyaa Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Sanyaa Area; "People of the Southern Area" | Included Communities: Cape Fox, George Inlet, Clover Passage | sáa-niÿaa + ḵwáan → southern.area + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Teiḵweidí | People of Payne Island
Raven/Crow Clans
• Kiks.ádi | People of Helm Bay
Neix̱.ádi
• Neix̱.ádi | People of Naha Bay
–saayí (relational noun) name ² | name; namesake | in Tlingit kinship, this term can be used to refer to a personʼs name or to any person, living or dead, who also has that same Tlingit name
–saayee (body part) calf; leg; knee | underside of knee; (inside of) lower leg
–saayeetéetʼi (body part) achilles tendon
sáanáx̱ (compound noun) east; south; wind ¹ | (wind blowing) from the south(east); "through the southern area" | saa-náx̱ → southern.through/via • (KE)
Sáangwéishán (borrowed noun) Salvation Army | from English "Salvation Army" | (JL)
sdágáa (particle) sure: for sure | (KE) • variants: dágáa •
sé (particle) • variants: sí • perhaps; maybe | used to soften a question, with possible interpretations as « wáa sá s iyatee? » (perhaps say how you are doing?) | (JC, JL)
–sé • variants: –sá • ⑴ (body part) neck | base of neck; (lower) neck | where one wears a necklace • jugular notch or suprasternal notch || ⑵ (relational noun) voice | (JC, JL)
seig̱atáanaa (compound noun) • variants: ḵákw seig̱atáanaa • basket; berries; can | berrying basket or can hung around neck, resting on the chest; "the one that carries down around the neck" | sa-u-g̱a-∅-√táan-aa → base-of-neck.perfective-g̱a-md-classifier.(∅)-√move-empty-container-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
seig̱án (noun) tomorrow | (KE) • variants: seig̱ánin •
sein (noun) • variants: seen • trap ² | deadfall trap | (JL)
seit (compound noun) necklace | "base of neck thing" | sá-át → base-of-neck-thing-(4n.i) • (KE)
–seiyí (relational base) shelter; lee; beach | the shelter of; the lee of; beach area below (a mountain, hill, etc.) | (KE)
séiḵʼw ⑴ (noun) infection; sore | the quick (the flesh under the outer skin); inflammation, inflamed sore, infection | séiḵʼwt yaawaxíx wé lítaa → the knife cut to the quick (JL) || ⑵ (color) red | pale red; flesh-colored | séiḵʼw yáx̱ yatee → is pale red (literally, is the color of skinned flesh) (JL) || ⑶ spot | dark spot || ⑷ color ² | the color of something
sgóon (borrowed noun) • variants: shgóon, at wooskú daakahídi, áxʼ ḵaa ée at dultóow yé • school | high school | (KE)
sgóon eetxʼí (compound noun) classroom | sgóon + eet-xʼ-í → school + remains
sgóon kʼátskʼu (compound noun) school | middle school | sgóon + kʼátskʼu → school + adolescent
sgóon tlein (compound noun) school; college; university | post-secondary education | sgóon + tlein → school + large
sgóon yádi (compound noun) school | elementary school | sgóon + yádi → school + child
sgóonwaan (borrowed noun) student; pupil; scholar | from Chinook Jargon « skul + man » which borrows from English "school man" | (KE)
si- (classifier) | s group classifier; (–d,s,+i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
sitgawsáan (borrowed noun) • variants: sitgaamsáan (T) • noon; midday | from Chinook Jargon « sítkəm » ("half" from Chinookan) + san from English "day" | (KE, BC)
sitgawsáan ítdáx̱ (borrowed noun) • variants: sitgaamsáan ítdáx̱ (T) • afternoon | from Chinook Jargon « sítkəm » ("half" from Chinookan) + san from English "day" | (KE, BC)
si.áatʼi át daakeit (compound noun) cooler | ice cooler; ice chest | si-√áatʼ-i + át + daaká-át → cl.(s,i)-√cold-attributive + thing.(4n.i) + around.outside-thing.(4n.i) • (FS)
si.áatʼi héen (compound noun) cold water | si-√áatʼ-i + héen → clasifier.(s,i)-√cold-relational + water/river • (KE)
si.áaxʼu át (compound noun) • variants: si.áaxʼu náakw • pepper | si-√áaxʼw-u + át → classifier.(s,i)-√spicy/sour-relational + thing.(4n.i) • (KE)
sítʼ (landform) glacier | (KE)
sítʼ tuxóodzi (compound noun) bear ¹ | glacier bear | sʼeek-nóon → black-bear.? • sítʼ + tu-xóots-i → glacier + inside.brown-bear.rel • variants: sʼiknóon •
–síxwdi (relational noun) • variants: (At, T), –sákwti, –sáxwdi, –súxdi (T), –súxti (T, C) • ⑴ handle; shaft; spear ² | handle of – (a stick-like object); shaft of – (spear or other stick-like object) || ⑵ handlebar; sled | handlebar (of sled) | classification: stick-like object | (KE)
seen (noun) • variants: sein • trap ² | deadfall trap | (JL)
seet (noun) canoe | dugout canoe designed to go through shallow waters | (KE)
sée (noun) doll | related to the kinship term « –sée » ( daughter) | (KE)
–sée (kinship term) daughter; child | daughter of – | term is often used by women to daughters of them allʼs biological sisters • when speaking directly to oneʼs daughter, no pronoun is needed and the kinship term changes to « síkʼ » or « séekʼ » with the diminutive « -kʼ » suffix
séek (noun) belt | (KE)
séet ¹ (landform) channel; draw ³; gully; canyon | box canyon | place where rabbits are driven for slaughter | (JL)
–séet ² (relational noun) pass ²; strait | (JL)
séet ³ braid
Séet Ká (placename) Petersburg | "On the Channel" | (BF, TT)
séew (noun) • variants: séem (T), sóow (C) • rain | (KE)
séew kooshdaneit (compound noun) swallow ² | "thing that is accustomed to the rain" | (KE, JL) • séew + ka-wu-sh-√tán-i-át → rain + horizontal-pvf-classifier.(sh)-√accustomed-relational-thing-(4n.i)
séew shakasʼáaxu (compound noun) • variants: séew té tayeesʼáaxu • mushroom | any fungus shaped like a mushroom or toadwtool | séew + sha-ka-sʼáaxw-u → rain + head.on.hat-relational • (JL)
Skanax̱.ádi (clan name) Clan | "People of the Noisy Beach"; Origin: Saginaw Bay | Raven/Crow Moiety • Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group • Primary Crest: Raven, Fresh Water Sockeye | skanáx̱-át-i → [Noisy Beach]-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan
Stax̱.ádi (clan name) Clan | "People of Stax̱"; Origin: Ahrnklin River (Aantlein) | Raven/Crow Moiety • Ahtna/Eyak Descended | Stax̱-(Ldax̱éin?)-át-i → Ahtna: Strelna-(Lake)-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
stoox (borrowed noun) stove | from English "stove" | (JM, KE) • variants: shtoox •
stoox x̱ʼatsáag̱i (compound noun) chimney | "pokes the mouth of the stove" | stoox + x̱ʼa-∅-√tsáaḵ-i → stove + mouth-classifier.(∅)-√poke-relational • (SaJ)
suḵkáadzi (compound noun) beach asparagus | suḵ-káadzi → grass.[?] • (RD)
suḵtéitlʼ (compound noun) • variants: tʼaawáḵ lʼóotʼi • goose tongue | "fat grass" | suḵ-téitlʼ → moss.fat-(nonhuman) • (JL) ° (Plantago maritima) °
Suḵteeneidí (clan name) Clan | "People of the Wide Steam in the Grass"; Origin: Keku Straight below Hamilton Bay | Raven/Crow Moiety • Lʼeeneidí Migration • Lʼeeneidí Group • Primary Crest: Dog Salmon • Secondary Crests: Raven, Snail | sooḵ-tú-héen-át-í → wide-grass.inside.river/water-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan
• Aanx̱ʼaak Hít | Middle of Town House
• Shaa Hít | Mountain House
• Táax̱ʼ Hít | Snail House
• Wanda Hít | Armor House
• Yéik Hít | Spirit House
sú (noun) kelp | giant kelp | (NR, GD) ° (Macrocystis pyrifera) °
–súxti (relational noun) • variants: (T, C), –súxdi (T), –sákwti, –sáxwdi, –síxwdi (At, T) • ⑴ handle; shaft; spear ² | handle of – (a stick-like object); shaft of – (spear or other stick-like object) || ⑵ handlebar; sled | handlebar (of sled) | classification: stick-like object | (KE)
sooḵ (noun) ⑴ grass | wide grass | (NR, JL) || ⑵ moss | peat moss | moss that grows on the forest floor and the edge of banks | sooḵ tayeex̱ daak shakanalx̱éin → the riverbank is being undereaten (JL)
sooḵ kahéeni (compound noun) ground; water | brackish water on moss
sóow (noun) rain | (KE) • variants: (C), séew, séem (T) •
sʼagwáat ⑴ (noun) bark ¹ | flaky surface of the outer bark of conifers, especially hemlock || ⑵ (color) brown
–sʼakhtu.ix̱i (compound noun) marrow: bone marrow | "grease inside the bone" | (JL, KE) • sʼaaḵ-tú-eex̱-i → bone.inside.oil/grease-relational • variants: –sʼakhtu.èx̱i (C), –sʼaaḵshi •
–sʼaḵshutúḵlʼi (body part) cartilage; gristle | cartilage at the end of its bones; gristle at the end of its bones | sʼaaḵ-shu-túḵlʼi → bone.end.cartilage/gristle • (KE)
–sʼaḵtu.eex̱í (body part) • variants: –sʼaḵtu.eix̱í • marrow | bone marrow | sʼaaḵ-tú-eex̱-í → bone.inside.oil/grease.[relational • (KE)
–sʼaḵx̱ʼáak túḵlʼi cartilage; gristle | cartilage between its bones; gristle between its bones | sʼaaḵ-x̱ʼáak + túḵlʼi → bone.between + cartilage/gristle • (KE)
Sʼawdáan Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Sʼawdáan Area; "People of the Greenstone Area"; "People of the Dungeness Crab Area" | Included Communities: Holkham Bay, Tracy Arm | sʼoow-déin + ḵwáan → greenstone.vicinity + people-of • sʼáaw-déin + ḵwáan → dungeness-crab.vicinity + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Sʼeetʼḵweidí | People of Humpback Cove
• Yanyeidí | People of Hemlock House
• Kayáashkiditaan | People of the House above the Platform
Raven/Crow Clans
• G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor (Port Stewart in northern Behm Canal)
sʼax̱xʼóow (compound noun) blanket; robe | marmot blanket, robe | locally called groundhog robe | sʼaax̱-xʼóow → marmot-blanket • (JL)
sʼayatú (compound noun) roof | inside the corner or angle formed by the peak of the roof or gable | sʼa-yá-tóo → ?-face-inside • (JL)
–sʼayoowú (body part) calf; leg | calf of leg | might be interchangeable with saayee, but might also be slightly lower on the leg | sʼa-yoowú → ?-abdomen • (JL)
–sʼayoowú sʼaag̱í (body part) • variants: –sʼayootlein sʼaag̱í • calf; bone | calf bone | –sʼayoowú sʼaag̱í might be the fibula and –sʼayootlein sʼaag̱í might be the tibia
sʼátʼnáx̱ (compound noun) • variants: sʼetʼnáx̱ • left ¹ | sʼátʼnax̱.á → area toward the left • sʼátʼnáx̱de → towards the left • sʼátʼnáx̱ aa → the one on the left
sʼáx (noun) starfish | (KE) ° (Class Echinodermata) °
sʼáxtʼ (noun) devilʼs club ° (Echinopax horridum) °
sʼaach (noun) fern | shield fern | (Indian) spinach, they all used to cook it, sweetening it instead of salting it | sʼach.aaní → Mossy town ° (Dryopteris linnaeana C. Chr.) °
sʼaag̱itunéekw (compound noun) rheumatism | "sick inside the bones" | sʼaaḵ-i-tú-√néekw → bone.[peg vowel].inside-√sick/hurt • (KE)
sʼaaḵ (noun) bone | (KE)
–sʼaaḵshi (compound noun) marrow: bone marrow | "touching the bone (?)" | (JL, KE) • sʼaaḵ-shi → [bone.touching] • variants: –sʼakhtu.ix̱i, –sʼakhtu.èx̱i (C) •
–sʼaatí (relational noun) boss; master | the use of –sʼaatí varies depending on the noun it pairs with, and could mean "master of the ____" or "mastered by the ____" | (KE)
sʼaax̱ marmot; groundhog; whistler | hoary marmot | (JL, KE) • locally called whistler or groundhog ° (Marmota caligata) °
Sʼaax̱ Dísi (compound noun) • variants: Sʼax̱ Tláa Dísi, Dís Yádi ² • September; month | September; "ground squirrel month" | when the ground squirrel prepares its nest | (NR)
sʼáasʼ (noun) ⑴ canary; goldfinch; siskin | might also be Townsendʼs warbler (Dendroica townsendii) ° (Spinus pinus) ° || ⑵ dance ¹; waltz | dance lightly, sliding the feet | (KE, JL)
sʼáaw (noun) crab | dungeness crab | (KE) ° (Cancer magister Dana) °
sʼáaxw (noun) hat | (KE)
sʼáaxw kanágaa (compound noun) • variants: sʼáaxw kanágayi • stretcher; form; hat | hat form (for weaving) | téel + tú-ka-√nák-aa → sʼáaxw + horizontal-classifier.(∅)-√shape/form-one(s).(part.i) • (MH)
sʼáaxw kóon kaháani (compound noun) fringe; hat | fringe at hem of hat | sʼáaxw + kóon + ka-∅-√háan-i → hat + hem + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√cut-fringe-relational • (JL)
sʼáaxw x̱ʼakatóol (compound noun) hat | felt hat with curled brim; "hat with a spun brim" | sʼáaxw + x̱ʼa-ka-∅-√tóol → hat + mouth-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√spin • (JL)
sʼáax̱ʼ (noun) ⑴ cod | cod, gray cod, Pacific codfish | (NR) ° (Gadus macrocephalus) ° || ⑵ cod | ling cod | (KE)
sʼáayadi (compound noun) payment; something | something claimed as payment | √sʼáay-át-i → √claim-as-payment-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
sʼelasheesh (compound noun) • variants: sʼalasheesh • duck; flathead | flathead duck; "first to try to outdo at a feast" | perhaps scaup or teal | sʼé-la-√sheesh → first-classifier.(l)-√try-to-outdo-at-feast • (KE, JL)
sʼé ¹ (particle) first | appears in the preverb to note the order of events | (KE)
sʼé ² clay; silt | alluvial silt
sʼé kachoox (compound noun) • variants: sʼé kacheexw • ⑴ brick | "clay shaped by hand" | sʼé + ka-∅-√chóox → clay + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√rub/massage • (JL) || ⑵ clay | molded clay
sʼélʼ (noun) | rubber
sʼélʼ alḵáa xʼúxʼ (compound noun) pull tabs; rippies | "tearing gambling paper" | √sʼélʼ + a-l-√ḵáa + xʼúxʼ → √tear + a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√gamble + paper • (FS) • variants: dusʼélʼ xʼúxʼu •
sʼélʼ kinaak.át (compound noun) rain coat; rain slicker • variants: sʼélʼ kinaa.át, sʼélʼ kinaa.ét (C) •
sʼélʼ tsáaxʼ (compound noun) rubber gloves
sʼélʼ xʼwán (compound noun) rubber boots; rain boots
sʼéx̱ (noun) swamp hemlock | (KE)
–sʼei (body part) • variants: –sʼee • eyebrow | (KE)
sʼeiḵ (noun) • variants: sʼeeḵ • smoke ² | (KE)
sʼeiḵ hídi (T) (compound noun) • variants: sʼeiḵ daakahídi, sʼeiḵ daakéedi (C), at xʼaan hídi, et xʼaan hídi (C) • smokehouse | "smoke house" | sʼeiḵ + híd-i → smoke + house-relational • (BC)
sʼeiḵ kawóot (compound noun) ⑴ bead ² | light bluish-gray trade bead(s) | Russian blues [?] | (KE) || ⑵ blue; color ² | light bluish gray | sʼeeḵ kawóot yáx̱ yatee → it is light bluish gray
sʼeiḵdaakeit (compound noun) pipe: tobacco pipe | "smoke container" | sʼeiḵ + daaká-át → smoke + around-outside-thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: sʼiḵdaakeit •
sʼéilʼ (noun) wound ¹ | (KE)
sʼéix̱wani ⑴ (noun) lichen | lichen that hangs from trees; old manʼs beard | used for menstrual pad ° (Usnea) ° || ⑵ (color) yellow; green ¹ | light yellowish-green | (JL)
sʼéix̱ʼ (noun) diarrhea | (JM, JL)
sʼigeiditaanú (compound noun) • variants: sʼigeiditaan • bat ¹ | said to be beaverʼs umbilical cords that get wings and fly around ° (Myotis lucifugus alascensis Miller) °
sʼigeidí (compound noun) • variants: sʼikyeidí • beaver | "thing below the black bear" | sʼeek-yee-át-i → black-bear.below-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL, KE) ° (Castor canadensis sagittatus) °
sʼigeidí áayi (compound noun) lake | small lake made by beaver dam; "beaver lake"
sʼigeidí ḵéedi • variants: ḵéet, ḵéedu, saḵéet • dam | beaver dam | √ḵeet-u → √dam-up.is/are-at (NR) • (JL)
sʼigeidí x̱aayí (compound noun) beaver den | "beaverʼs sweatlodge" | (KE) • sʼeek-yee-át-í + x̱aay-í → black-bear.below-thing-(4n.i)-relational + sweatlodge-relational
sʼig̱eeḵáawu (compound noun) ghost; zombie | "smoke person" | sʼeeḵ-ee-ḵáa-wu → smoke-relational.person.(4h.i)-relational
sʼig̱eeḵáawu léix̱ʼu (compound noun) mushroom | puffball mushroom | used as medicine, mixed with vaseline, put on sores | sʼeeḵ-i-ḵáa-wu + léix̱ʼw-u → smoke-peg.vowel-person.(4h.i)-relational + ochre-relational
sʼig̱eeḵáawu tléig̱u (compound noun) twistedstalk; watermelon berry; berry | "ghostʼs berry" | various odd looking, tasteless, or otherwise undesirable berries, some poisonous • use and meaning varies locally | sʼeeḵ-ee-ḵáa-wu + tléiḵw-u → smoke-relational.person.(4h.i)-relational + berry-relational • (JL) ° (Streptopus amplexifolius) °
sʼig̱eeḵáawu yaagí (compound noun) mussel | red mussel; "ghostʼs mussel" | might be same as « sʼig̱eeḵáawu gáalʼi» dead manʼs clams | sʼeeḵ-ee-ḵáa-wu + yaak-í → smoke-relational.person.(4h.i)-relational + mussel-relational
Sʼiknax̱.ádi (clan name) Clan | "People of Black Bear Bay"; Origin: Limestone Inlet (on Stephens Passage) | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Killer Whale Migration • Naanya.aayí Group • Primary Crests: Wolf, Killer Whale • Secondary Crest: Brown Bear | sʼeek-nax̱-át-i → black-bear.bay-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan
• X̱ʼaan Hít | Fire House
• Ankʼw Hít | Tsimshian Cane House
sʼiknóon (compound noun) • variants: sítʼ tuxóodzi • bear ¹ | glacier bear | sʼeek-nóon → black-bear.? • sítʼ + tu-xóots-i → glacier + inside.brown-bear.rel ° (Ursus americanus emmonsii) °
sʼikshaldéen (compound noun) Hudson Bay Tea; Labrador Tea; Eskimo Tea | sʼiksh-a-l-déen • (KE) ° (Ledum palustre sp groenlandicum) °
sʼikyeidí (compound noun) • variants: sʼigeidí • beaver | "thing below the black bear" | sʼeek-yee-át-i → black-bear.below-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL, KE)
sʼiḵdaakeit (compound noun) pipe: tobacco pipe | "smoke container" | sʼeiḵ + daaká-át → smoke + around-outside-thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: sʼeiḵdaakeit •
sʼíksh (noun) ⑴ false hellebore | WARNING: EXTREMELY POISONOUS • the root of this plant can be made into a sneezing powder locally called "skookum root" | (KE) ° (Veratrum viride) ° || ⑵ binoculars | the use of this term might be related to the use of sʼísksh to look at things and avoid being turned to stone | (GD)
sʼín (noun) carrot | (KE)
sʼísaa (verbal noun) ⑴ cloth || ⑵ sail ² | sailcloth | √sʼis-aa → √blow-around-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
sʼísaa hít (compound noun) tent | "cloth house" | √sʼís-aa + hít → √blow-around-one(s).(part.i) + house • (KE)
sʼísaa katáxʼaa (compound noun) • variants: sʼísaa ketáxʼaa • clothespin | √sʼís-aa + ka-∅-√táxʼ-aa → √blown-one(s).(part.i) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√bite-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
sʼísaa yaakw (compound noun) sailboat | "cloth canoe" | √sʼís-aa + yaakw → √blown-around-one(s).(part.i) + canoe/boat • (KE)
sʼíxʼ (noun) dish; plate; bowl | also a set of dishes | (JL)
sʼíxʼ du.úsʼgu yeit (compound noun) sink ² | kitchen sink; dishwashing sink | sʼíxʼ + du-∅-√.úsʼ-kw-u + yee-át → dish + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√wash-repetitive-relational + below.thing
sʼíxʼ g̱wéinaa (compound noun) towel | dish towel; "one that wipes a dish" | sʼíxʼ + √g̱óo-n-aa → dish(es) + √wipe.(progressive)-one(s).(part.i)
sʼíxʼ ḵʼáatlʼ (compound noun) plate; dish | "flat dish" | sʼíxʼ + ḵʼáatlʼ → diah + flat • (KE)
sʼíxʼg̱aa (compound noun) • variants: x̱ʼoon • moss; sphagnum; diaper | sphagnum moss | thick red or green moss that grows on trees or roofs; was used for diapers; also used for healing wounds and illnesses: antibiotic, antifungal, antiviral • highly allergic to some, so care in harvesting must be used because it releases oils | (JL)
–sʼee (body part) • variants: –sʼei • eyebrow | (KE)
–sʼee kwéiyi (compound noun) line; wrinkle | lines, wrinkles on their brow | sʼee + kwéiy-i → eyebrow + marker-relational • (JL)
–sʼee x̱ʼáak (compound noun) • variants: –sʼee wát • brow; eyebrow | space between their eyebrows
sʼeek (noun) bear ¹ | black bear ° (Ursus americanus cinammomum) °
Sʼeek Dísi (compound noun) February; month | February; "black bear month" | when black bear cubs are born | (NR)
sʼeek tléig̱u (compound noun) baneberry | WARNING: POISONOUS • even consuming a small amount can result in cardiac arrest | sʼeek + tléiḵw=u → black.bear + berry-relational ° (Actaea eburnea Rydb.) °
sʼeeḵ (noun) • variants: sʼeiḵ • smoke ² | (KE)
sʼeeḵ a káa yax̱ ataan (compound noun) ash; tray | ash tray
sʼeenáa (noun) lamp; light ¹ | (KE)
sʼeenáa gáasʼi (compound noun) camp ² | old campsite; "housepost of the light" | sʼeenáa + gáasʼ-i → light + housepost-relational • (JL)
sʼeenáa yaakw (compound noun) boat ¹ | gas-powered boat | sʼeenáa + yaakw → light/lamp + canoe/boat • (KE)
Sʼeetʼḵweidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Humpback Cove"; Origin: Taku | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Killer Whale Migration • Daḵlʼaweidí Group • Primary Crest: Wolf • Secondary Crests: Killer Whale, Glacier | sʼéetʼ-ḵu-át-í → humpback-whale.cove-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Sʼawdáan Ḵwáan
• Sítʼ Hít | Glacier House
• Sʼeek Hít | Black Bear House
• Kéet Hít | Killerwhale House
Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan
Deisleen Ḵwáan
sʼeex (noun) dirt; trash; lint | dirt; scrap(s); lint | something that clutters or messes up a place or an object and must be discarded • incl. dirt on the ground | (JL)
sʼeex yee.ádi (compound noun) dustpan | sʼeex + yee-át-i → dirt/lint + below-thing.(4n.i) • (FS)
sʼéetʼ (noun) humpback; whale | humpback whale | (JL)
sʼéexʼát (compound noun) shrimp | "scrap thing" | sʼéexʼ-át → dirts/trash/scrap(s)/lint.thing • (KE)
sʼéex̱ʼ (noun) • variants: sʼéix̱ʼ • diarrhea | watery diarrhea | (JL)
sʼudeen (noun) vole; shrew | shrew (very small, has beak) | (JL)
sʼuḵkasdúk (compound noun) bear ¹ | brown bear with solid ribs | sʼuḵ-ka-s-√dúk → rib-horizontal-clasifier.(s)-√solid/closed-up • (KE)
sʼú (noun) branch; root; withe | long, thin root or branch | (JL)
–sʼúdi (body part) ⑴ arm; forearm; forelimb | forearm (of person); lower forelimb (of animal) || ⑵ bone | bones in forearm (radius and ulna)
sʼúsʼ (noun) ⑴ duck | harlequin duck | species of duck said to be seen sitting on rock in rivers | (KE) • when alarmed, it makes the noise « sʼúsʼ » with its wings when it starts to fly , || ⑵ dress ²; fancy | (person) in fancy dress | sʼúsʼ yáx̱ yatee → they are dressed up fancy, like a harlequin duck (JL) • sʼúsʼ yáx̱ náade yéi jiwdinei → they dressed up fancy, like a harlequin duck
sʼúwaa (verbal noun) chopping block; awl | "the one that chops" | √sʼúw-aa → √chop-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
sʼook (noun) barnacle | (KE)
sʼoow ⑴ (noun) greenstone; jade || ⑵ (color) green ¹; color ² | dark green | on the coast this is dark green, but in the interior it is blue | (KE) || ⑶ (color) blue; color ² | in the interior this is blue because x̱ʼéishxʼw does not live in the interior
sʼoow x̱útʼaa (compound noun) adze | stone adze; "greenstone one that chops" | sʼoow + √x̱útʼ-aa → greenstone + √chip/chop-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
–sʼóoḵ (body part) rib | (JL)
sʼóosʼ (noun) pole ¹; smokehouse | pole(s) on which fish are hung for drying in smokehouse | these are small poles laid across longer poles (jikaḵáasʼ) | (JL)
sʼóosʼani (plant part) pine; spruce; connifer; cone | pine cone, spruce cone | (KE)
sh- (classifier) | sh group classifier; (+d,sh,–i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh ⁓ ∅- (object pronoun) -self | -self [object] | reflexive object (rflx.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » and « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • presence of « sh » as an object pronoun will create middle voice (+d form of the classifer) and will translate as "the subject does the verb to themself" • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object (1s.O)
• haa | us [object] → first person plural object (1p.O)
• i- | you [object] → second person singular object (2s.O)
• yee | you all [object] → second person plural object (2p.O)
• ∅- ⁓ a- | them → third person object (3.O)
• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• ash | this person [object] → third person proximal object (3prx.O)
• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person human object (4h.O)
• at | something [object] → fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)
• aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (part.O)
• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → reciprocal object (recip.O)
sh daxash washéen (compound noun) chainsaw | "machine that cuts itself" | sh + da-√xash washéen → [reflexive] + [classifier]-√cut/saw + machine
sh da.uxsʼi át (compound noun) • variants: sh da.uxsʼ át • horn ² | automatic horn (in car, boat, etc); "thing that blows in a series by itself" | sh + da-√.ux-sʼ-i + át → self.(rflx.O) + clasifier.(d,∅)-√blow.[in series]-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
sh da.úsʼgu át (compound noun) washing machine; washer; dishwasher | "thing that washes itself" | sh + da√.úsʼ-kw-u + át → self.(rflx.O) + clasifier.(d,∅)-√wash-repetitive-relational + thing-(4h.i) • (JL)
sh eelkʼátlʼ! (interjection) shut up! | "silence yourself" | use of this interjection can be rude if not teasing or speaking in anger or haste • « jáa! » is a better option for the English equivalent "shh!" | sh + ∅-i-l-√kʼátlʼ → self.(rflx.O) ∅-cp.you-(2s.S)-classifier.(d,l)-√silence
sh kadaxáshdi hít (compound noun) sawmill | "cutting itself into pieces house" | sh + ka-da-√xásh-t-i + hít → self.(rflx.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(d,∅)-√cut/saw-repetitive-relational + house
sh kahaadí– (verbal adjective) crazy; insane; disturbed; mentally unbalanced | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | sh + ka-∅-√haat-í → self.(rflx.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√(?)-relational • (KE)
sh kalneegí (verbal noun) preacher | "tells self the story of it" | sh + ka-l-√neek-í → self.(rflx.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√tell-relational • (KE)
sh kalyéiyi prostitute | "lowers self" | sh + ka-l-√yáa-yi → self.(rflx.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(l)-√lower-relational
–sh tundanóogu (verbal noun) feelings | inner feelings | sh + tu-na-da-√nóok-u → self.(rflx.O) + inside.na.con-classifier.(d,∅)-√feel/taste-relational • (JL)
sh tuwáa kasyéiyi (compound noun) tourist | "feeling strange to self" | sh + tú-ÿá + ka-s-√yéi-yi → self.(rflx.O) + inside.face. + horizontal-clasifier.(d,s)-√strange-relational • (KE)
sh xénx̱i náakw (compound noun) medicine | tuberculosis medicine; "medicine for sores" | (JL) • sh + √xén-x̱-i + náakw → self.(rflx.O) + √have-sores/have-scabs-repetitive-relational + medicine
sh x̱ʼadaa át (compound noun) food; subsitence | subsitence foods | sh x̱ʼadaa yoo jikayil.á! → you all work on your subsistence foods! (SuJ) • sh x̱ʼadaa yoo kda.átk → working on subsistence foods (noun) (GD)
sh x̱ʼéi shadagutx̱ lítaa (compound noun) • variants: sh x̱ʼéi shudagutx̱ lítaa • knife: pocket knife | "knife that goes into its own mouth" | sh + x̱ʼéi + sha-da-√gut-x̱ + lítaa → self-(rflx.r) + mouth + head-classifier.(d,∅)-√go/walk-repetitive + knife • (JL)
sh yáa awudanéixʼi (compound noun) people ¹ | self-respecting people; honorable people | sh + yáa + a-ÿu-∅-da-√néi-yi → self.(rflx.O) + along + a.theme.perfective-they.(3.S)-classifier.(d,∅)-√respect.[plural]-relational
sh yáa awudanéiyi (compound noun) person | self-respecting person; honorable person; noble person | sh + yáa + a-ÿu-∅-da-√néi-yi → self.(rflx.O) + along + a.theme.perfective-they.(3.S)-classifier.(d,∅)-√respect-relational
sha- (classifier) | sh group classifier; (–d,sh,–i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
shach’éen (compound noun) hair ribbon; ribbon: hair ribbon | head-ribbon | sha-chʼéen → head.ribbon
shachʼéen (compound noun) ribbon; bow ² | hair ribbon | sha-chʼéen → head.ribbon • (JL)
shadakóox̱ʼ (compound noun) hat | ceremonial woven root hat with a stack of basket-like cylinders on top; "dry yaana.eit (wild celery) stalks around the head" | (JL, KE)
–shadaa (relational base) ⑴ top ¹ | around the top of it (object with rounded top) | shá-daa → head.around • xʼáatʼ shadaa → around the peak of the island • té shadaa → exposed surface of rock (JL) || ⑵ head ¹ | around the head • variants: –shayadaa • || ⑶ helmet
–shadaadoogú (body part) scalp | "skin around the head" | sha-daa-dook-ú → head.around-skin/hide-relational
shadaa.át (compound noun) • variants: sadaa.át • kerchief; scarf | headscarf, kerchief covering the head | to keep the neck warm | sha-daa-át → head.around-thing • (JL)
–shagóon (relational noun) ⑴ background; origin; source; history | source, origin, background of; fundament(s), element(s), component(s) of; cause and effect of | the extended meaning refers to the chain of cause and effect that leads from past to future, e.g. karma | shá-góon → head.portage || ⑵ ancestor; background; clan; heredity; lineage | ancestor(s) of the clan or nation of; background, heredity of | the pronoun « haa » (our) changes this term into the sacred « Haa Shagóon » which translates as "Our Ancestors", whereas « ax̱ shagóon » (my lineage) is used more often when talking about lines of descent and family histories
–shakakóoch’i (compound noun) hair | curly hair; "curly hair on the head" | sha-ka-√kóochʼ-i → head.on.curly-(hair)-relational • (KE)
shakalḵísht (compound noun) deer | male deer with antlers that have grown and split into two forks; "roasting sticks on the head" | (GD) • sha-ka-l-√ḵísh-t → [head-horizontal-clasifier.(l,i)-√roast-(over fire, on sticks)
–shakanóoxʼu • variants: –shakunóoxʼu, –shekenóoxʼu • skull | skull with brains and everything in it | sha-ka-nóoxʼ-u → head.on.shell-relational • (GC, MD, JL)
–shakasʼídi (plant part) calyx | "binds up on the head" | the sepals of a flower, typically forming a whorl that encloses the petals and forms a protective layer around a flower in bud | sha-ka-∅-√sʼít-i → head-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√bind/wrap-up-relational • (JL)
shakatlʼéen (verbal noun) hank; bunch; skein | sha-ka-∅-√tlʼéen → head-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√tie-in-bunch/gather-in-bunch • (JE)
–shakaxaagú skull | empty skull | sha-ka-nóoxʼ-u → head.on.shell-relational • (GC, MD)
–shakaxéeni (compound noun) spore | black spore spots (of fern) | the seeds on top (of sʼaach); when they all come out, the plant gets woody | sha-ka-xéen-i → head.on.fly-relational • (JL)
–shaká (relational noun) prow; bow ³ | bow, prow (of boat) | a shakag̱oojí → wolf prowpiece • (JL)
shak’áts’ (compound noun) dagger | double-ended dagger | sha-√kʼátsʼ → head-√sharp
shakéil’ (compound noun) dandruff | "head ashes" | sha-kéilʼ → head.ashes
shakeedatáxʼx̱ (compound noun) • variants: shakeekalg̱áasʼ • sparrow | white-crowned sparrow; "dentalia on top of the head" | looks like redpoll but head is striped, body is brown | shakée-ka-da-√táxʼx̱ → (on)-top-of-head-horizontal-clasifier.(d,∅)-√dentalia-shells • (JL)
–shakeegoodlí (compound noun) bone; head ¹; horn ¹ | intercornual protruberance; ridge between its horns (of moose, caribou) | shakée-gootl-i → top.of.head-mound-relational • (JL)
shakeekalg̱áasʼ (compound noun) • variants: shakeedatáxʼx̱ • sparrow | white-crowned sparrow; "scratched on top of the head" | looks like redpoll but head is striped, body is brown | shakée-ka-l-√g̱áasʼ → (on)-top-of-head-horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√scratch-(with nails or claws) • (JL)
shakeex̱ʼaan (compound noun) sapsucker | yellow-bellied sapsucker; "red on top of head" | shakée-x̱ʼaan → (on)-top-of-head.fire/red • (JL)
shakee.át (compound noun) hat; headdress | "thing on the head"; headdress, dance hat | often with with a carved frontlet, ermine skins, and sea lion whiskers | shakée-át → (on)-top-of-head.thing
–shakée (relational base) ⑴ head ¹; pate | (on) top of his/her head | shá-kée → head.above • (KE) || ⑵ above; over ¹; top ¹ | top of – (something with a rounded top, as a mountain); above –; (elevated) over – | (JL)
shak’únts’ (noun) deer | "potato head"; deer that is beginning to sprout horns | also used as a nickname to tease | sha-kʼúntsʼ → head.potato
shalas’áaw (compound noun) • variants: shals’áaw • deer | male deer with full-grown antlers; "crabbed head" | sha-la-√sʼaaw → head.[classifier]-√crab-(dungeness) • (GD, KE)
–shaláx̱ʼ (body part) skull | "head heron"; inside of his/her skull | sha-láx̱ʼ → head.heron • (JL)
shaltláax̱ (compound noun) ⑴ reef; bare | reef or rock with bare lichen-covered top above water level; "head made moldy" | any natural feature with a bare top | sha-l-√tláax̱ → head.[classifier]-√moldy • té sheltláax̱ → bare-topped rock (JL) • (JL) || ⑵ island | nucleus of emerging river island
shalxwáts (verbal noun) merganser; sawbill | redbreasted merganser; sawbill; "painted face" | sha-l-√xwáts → head-classifier.(d,l)-√paint-face • (JL) ° (Mergus serrator) °
shanax̱wáayi (compound noun) • variants: shunax̱wáayi, shunx̱wáa (C) • axe | "through the head one"; "through the end one" | sha-náx̱-aa-yí → head.through-one(s).(part.i)-relational • shú-náx̱-aa → end.through-one(s).(part.i)
shanax̱wáayi yádi (compound noun) hatchet | "through the head one child"; "through the end one child" | sha-náx̱-aa-yí + yát-i → head.through-one(s).(part.i)-relational + child-relational • shú-náx̱-aa + yát-i → end.through-one(s).(part.i) + child-relational • variants: shúnx̱aa yádi (C) •
–shanáa (compound noun) cover ²; head ¹; over ¹ | over his/her head; covering his/her head; "draped over the head" | shá-náa → head.draped-over/covering • (JL_
Shangukeidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Shankw" | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration • Dag̱istinaa Group • Primary Crest: Thunderbird • Secondary Crests: Eagle, Brown Bear, G̱unakadeit (Sea Monster) | shankw-át-i → [shankw]-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan
• Ḵóok Hít | Box House
Lḵoot Ḵwáan
• Kawdliyaayi Hít | Lowered (from the Sun) House
G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan
Shankweidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Saint Philip Island"; Origin: Saint Phillip Island, Bay of Pines | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration • Dag̱istinaa Group • Primary Crest: Thunderbird • Secondary Crests: Eagle, Brown Bear, G̱unakadeit (Sea Monster) | shankw-át-i → [shankw]-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Heinyaa Ḵwáan
• G̱unakadeit Hít | Sea Monster House
• Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House
Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan
• Chʼáakʼ Hít | Eagle House
• G̱ooch Hít | Wolf House
• Tsískʼw Hít | Great Horned Owl House
• Xʼátgu Hít | Dogfish House
shantunéekw (compound noun) headache | shá(n)-tú-néekw → head-inside-pain • (JC)
–shantunóoxʼu (body part) bone; otolith | (bone flake inside the head of a fish) • cartilaginous cavity surrounding the brain of the salmon contains at either side a white colored bony flake.
–shantuteiyí (body part) bone; head ¹ | interior head bone (of salmon) | little sharp bones inside the head
–shantuxʼisʼkaxwéix̱i (compound noun) ink; octopus; squid | ink of – (octopus or squid) | shantú-xʼisʼ-kaxwéix̱-i → inside-head.tangle.high-bush-cranberry-relational • (JL)
–shanyaa (body part) • variants: –shenyaa • collar; tip | collar (of fish) | area under its gills, including the collarbone • locally called fish tip
shaséet (verbal noun) braid; hair | sha-∅-√séet → head-classifier.(∅)-√braid • (JL)
–shashaaní (compound noun) hair | gray hair; "old head" | sha-shaan-í → head.old/elderly-relational
shataag̱áa (compound noun) deer; ruminant | deer with single spikes for antlers; ruminant with single spikes for antlers; "head spearer" | (GD) • sha + √táḵ + aa → {head + √spear/poke/prod + the-one]
–shax̱aawú (body part) hair | hair on head | sha-x̱aawú → head.hair
shax̱aawú kasxóogu (compound noun) dryer | hair dryer | shax̱aawú kasxóogu • (FS)
shax̱aawú neisʼí (compound noun) conditioner | hair conditioner | shá-x̱aawú + neisʼ-í → head-hair + lotion/ointment-relational • (FS)
shax̱dáḵw • variants: shux̱dáḵw • ⑴ (compound noun) shark | man-eating shark (legendary) || ⑵ (compound noun) beetle | type of beetle | looks like a ladybug but itʼs black • when you beat a drum and tell it to dance, it nods its head rep. and goes kʼx, kʼx or ax, ax | (JL) || ⑶ mammoth | (PK)
shax̱’ée x’wál’ (compound noun) hair pin | sha-x̱’ée + x’wál’ → head.? + ?
shax̱út’aa (verbal noun) fishing rod | "the one that drags it by the head" | sha-√x̱út’-aa → head-√drag-one(s).(part.i)
shax̱’wáasʼ (compound noun) bald | bald spot; bald head | sha-√x̱’wáas’ → head-√bald
shayeit (compound noun) pillow | "thing below the head" | shá-yee-át → head.below.thing
shayéinaa (verbal noun) anchor | "the one lowered by the head" | sha-√yáa-n-aa → head-√lower/spread-out.[progressive]-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
shayéen (compound noun) nail ² | large-headed nail; "beneath the head" | sha-yée(n) → head.below
–sha.aax̱w (relational noun) bundle | bundle of something tied together at one end | kayaaní sha.aax̱w → bundle of herbs • (JL)
sha.úsʼaa (compound noun) • variants: ḵaa sha.úsʼaa, ḵaa sha.úsʼayi • shampoo | sha-√.úsʼ-aa → head-√wash-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–shá (body part) head ¹ | (JL)
sháchk (landform) • variants: shéchk • swamp; bog; meadow | swamp, bog, muskeg; small meadow or clearing | (JL)
sháchk katléig̱u (compound noun) • variants: sháchgi tléig̱u • cranberry; berry | swamp cranberry; bog cranberry | sháchk-i + tléiḵw-u → swamp.[peg vowel] + berry-relational • (JL) ° (Oxycoccus microcarpus Turez) °
sháchk kax̱’wáal’i (compound noun) cotton | Alaska cotton; swamp cotton; cottongrass; "down-feathers on the swamp" | sháchk + ka-x̱ʼwáalʼ-i → swamp + on.down-feathers-relational ,
sháchk ka.aasí (compound noun) jackpine; spruce | jackpine; black spruce | sháchk + ka-aas-í → swamp + on.tree-relational • (JL) ° (Pinea contorta Dougl.) °
shákdé (particle) perhaps | the most common ways to express doubt in Tlingit are listed below:
particles
• kwshé | probably (hopeful, likely)
• gíwé, géwé, gíyú | possibly
• shákdé | perhaps
• ḵashde | i thought
• gwál | maybe (doubtful)
verb
• yéi x̱waajée | i think so; i suspect it to be; i guess
shákw (noun) strawberry ° (Fragaria chiloensis) °
shál (noun) spoon ¹
–shát (kinship term) wife; spouse | classification: female kinship term | in Tlingit kinship, this term is used for the female in a marriage
–shátx̱ (kinship term) sister | femaleʼs older sister | classification: female kinship term | in Tlingit kinship, this term is only used by females to refer to biological sisters and females of the same clan and generation who they all have a close relationship with • can be used with females of the same moiety but not the same clan to show close personal or clan relationships
shaa (landform) mountain | (KE)
shaa ká (landform) mountain | (up) on the mountain | shaa + ká → mountain + on • (JL)
shaa láax̱ (landform) alpine; mountain | bare-peaked, alpine mountain | shaa + láax̱ → mountain + dead/dried-up-plant • (JL)
shaa seiyí (landform) mountain; beach; shelter | shelter of a mountain; area on the beach below a mountain | shaa + seiyí → mountain + shelter/lee/area-below
shaa shakée (landform) • variants: shaa shekée • mountain | on top of the mountain; mountaintop
shaa téix̱ʼ (landform) peak; mountain | mountain (peak) shaped like a heart | shaa + téix̱ʼ → mountain + heart • (JL)
shaa xeiyí (landform) shadow; mountain | shadow cast by mountain; "mountainʼs dusk" | shaa + xe-yí → mountain + dusk-relational
Shaa Xeiyí Dísi (compound noun) August; month | August; "mountain shadow month" | origin unclear, but seems to refer to either berries or snow patches on the mountain sides
shaa x̱ʼaká (landform) pass ²; saddle; mountain | saddle of mountain; (area leading to) mountain pass; "on the mouth of the mountain" | shaa + x̱ʼa-ká → mountain + mouth.on • (JL)
shaa yadaa (landform) • variants: shaa yedaa • mountain | mountainside; around the mountain; "around the face of the mountain" | shaa + ÿa-daa → mountain + face/vertical-surface.around
shaa yaxʼaan (landform) • variants: shaa yexʼaan • mountain; peak | mountain peak; "mountain face point" | shaa + ya-xʼaan → mountain + face.point • (JL)
–shaadí (plant part) ⑴ leaf; sprout | sprouts, fleshy leaves growing toward the top of the stem (e.g. of bear root) | a shaatí something you see growing out of the ground, e.g. exposed root, grab it and pull it up | (JL) || ⑵ ancestor; forebear
shaaḵ (noun) log; snag; wood | snag; driftlog, driftwood (in the water) | log or wood that has been in the water for a long time and has gotten waterlogged | (JL)
shaan (noun) ⑴ old | old age | (JL) || ⑵ person | elderly person; old person
–shaan (adjective) old; elderly | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | (KE, JC)
shaan gúgu (compound noun) lichen | fungus that grows on wet wood | grows on trees, looks like peaches • locally called "chicken of the woods" | shaan + gúk-u → old.age + ear-relational • (JL)
shaanák’w (compound noun) person | little old person | shaan-aa-kʼw → old/elderly-one(s).(part.i).[diminutive]
shaanáx̱ (landform) ⑴ valley || ⑵ mountain | mountain valley | shaa-náx̱ → mountain.through/via
Shaanáx̱ Dís (compound noun) December; month | December; "through the head month" | when hair shows on the seal embryo's head | (NR)
shaatk’ásk’u (compound noun) • variants: shaatkʼiyátskʼu, shaatkʼiyétskʼu (C) • girl; female; adolescent | adolescent girl | sháatʼ-kátskʼu → girl.adolescent
shaatkʼ (compound noun) woman; female; teenager | young woman (not married) | the basic stages of growth for a female in Tlingit are « tʼukanéiyi » (baby), « shaatkʼiyátskʼu » (girl), « sháatkʼ » (adolescent female) « yées shaawát » (young woman), « yanwáat » (adult, elder), « shaawát sháan » (old woman) | shaat-kʼ → woman-(contracted).[diminutive] • (KE)
shaatkʼátskʼu (compound noun) • variants: shaatkʼwátskʼu, shaatkʼiyátskʼu • girl | the basic stages of growth for a female in Tlingit are « tʼukanéiyi » (baby), « shaatkʼiyátskʼu » (girl), « sháatkʼ » (adolescent female) « yées shaawát » (young woman), « yanwáat » (adult, elder), « shaawát sháan » (old woman) | sháatkʼ-kʼátskʼu → young-man.adolescent/small • sháatkʼ-kʼátskʼu → young-woman.adolescent
–shaatkʼí (kinship term) girlfriend | young woman (girlfriend, unmarried); " little woman" | sháatkʼ-í → young-(unmarried)-woman-relational • (KE)
shaaw (noun) gumboot; chiton
–shaawádi (kinship term) wife; girlfriend | girlfriend (beyond adolescence) | shaawát-i → woman-relational • (KE)
shaawát (noun) woman; female
shaawát shaan (compound noun) woman | old woman | the basic stages of growth for a female in Tlingit are « tʼukanéiyi » (baby), « shaatkʼiyátskʼu » (girl), « sháatkʼ » (adolescent female) « yées shaawát » (young woman), « yanwáat » (adult, elder), « shaawát sháan » (old woman) • for some speakers, « yanwáat » is an elder, and for others it is an adult and « at wuskóowu » is an elder | shaawát + shaan → woman + old
shaawát x̱áni ḵu.éexʼ (compound noun) wedding; ḵu.éexʼ | wedding ceremony | « ḵu.éexʼ » is the most appropriate term for a cultural gathering, often hosted by a clan or clans of the same moiety, with the guests being of the opposite moiety • there were many types of « ḵu.éexʼ », including « shaawát x̱áni ḵu.éexʼ » (wedding), « du x̱ʼé x̱ánt atx̱aayí ḵu.éexʼ » (feast for a young woman coming out of seclusion), and others; now there is primarily « ḵu.éexʼ » for the release of grief of clan members • not an appropriate term for activities that are not clan-hosted | shaawát + x̱án-i + ḵu-∅-√.éexʼ → woman + beside-relational + someone-(4h.O)-classifier.(∅)-√call-out/shout • (KE, MA, SE, FD)
shaax’wsáani (compound noun) girl; female; adolescent | adolescent girls | sháa-xʼw-sáani → women.[plural].[diminutive plural]
shaax̱ (noun) currant; berry | gray currant; stink currant ° (Ribes bracteosum) °
shaayáal (noun) hawk ¹; falcon | peregrine falcon | « shaayáal, shaayakag̱ídi, gijook, ḵa dóol áwé chʼáakʼ x̱oonxʼí » – they all are members of the eagle family | (JL) ,
sháa (noun) woman | women | (KE)
sháa akasdúxʼx̱u (compound noun) headband | shá + a-ka-∅-s-√dúxʼ-x̱-u → head + they/it-(3.O)-horizontal-they.(3.S)-classifier.(d,s)-√tie-repetitive-relational • (JL)
sháachʼ ¹ (noun) herring; sardine; smelt | young herring | (JL) ° (Sardinops caeralia) °
sháachʼ ² (noun) lichen | lichen species; licorice | (JL) • plant that grows on trees
sháak (noun) grass | timothy grass | grass used for design in basket weaving | (JL) ° (Cinnia latifolia) °
–sháak (landform) head ² | head (of river or lake) | (JL)
sháal trap ² | fish trap | (KE)
Sháan Séet (placename) Craig | "Old Channel" | sháan + séet → old-age + channel
–sháawu (kinship term) sister | manʼs clan sister | woman of same moiety as a man • kinship term used by males | (JL)
shé (noun) blood
shé! (interjection) whoa! | expression of mild surprise | (KE) • variants: shéi! •
shéx̱ʼwtáaxʼi (compound noun) ⑴ | "chewed red alder" | shéix̱ʼw-√táaxʼ-i → red-alder-√bite/chew-relational • (KE) || ⑵ (color) red; orange | bright red; light orange
–sheidí (body part) antler; horn ¹ | "head thing" | shá-át-i → head-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
sheishóox̱ (borrowed noun) rattle | from Coast Tsimshian | (JL, JC)
shéix̱ʼw ⑴ (noun) alder | red alder | (KE) || ⑵ (color) orange | dark orange
shéiyi (noun) ⑴ spruce | Sitka spruce ° (Picea sitchensis) ° || ⑵ tree | (KE, JC)
shéiyi kaxʼaayí (compound noun) spruce; tips | spruce tips | shéiyi + ka-xʼaa-yí → spruce + on.point-relational
shgóonaa (borrowed noun) ship | schooner; sailing ship | from English "schooner" | (JL) ,
Shg̱agwéi (placename) Skagway | "Heartwooded Place" | sh-√g̱ákw-u-yé → clasifier.(d,sh)-√heartwood-relational.place • (Mildred Sparks)
Shg̱aadaayihin.aayí (clan name) Clan | "People of Shg̱aadaayi Héen"; Origin: Shg̱aadaayihéen (stream north of Mount Fairweather) | Raven/Crow Moiety • Lʼuknax̱.ádi Migration • Primary Crest: Raven • Secondary Crests: Coho, Musk Ox, Mouse | Shg̱aadaayi-héen-aa-yí → Shg̱aadaayi.river/water.one(s)-(inhN.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
shi- (classifier) | sh group classifier; (–d,sh,+i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
shí (noun) song | (KE)
shí awliyéx̱ (compound noun) northern lights | red northern lights; "it made blood" | a red northern lights that look like a cloud and have much less movement • these were not supposed to be looked at, and foretold of a coming war | shí + a-ÿu-∅-li-√yéx̱ → blood + them/it.(3.O).perfective-they.(3.S)-classifier.(l,i)-√make/build/use • (NR)
shí sʼaatí wootsaag̱ayí (compound noun) baton; staff | song leaderʼs staff | shí + sʼaatí + wu-ÿa-√tsaaḵ-áa → song + master + perfective-cl.(∅,i)-√poke/prod-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
shísʼḵ • variants: –shásʼḵ • (noun) sapling
–shísʼḵ • variants: –shásʼḵ • ⑴ (adjective) wood; green wood (of tree) | green wood | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun that it affects | gán shísʼḵ → green wood (JL) || ⑵ (adjective) rare; raw | raw (flesh or meat); rare (meat) | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun that it affects | dleey shísʼḵ → raw meat (JL)
shee aan (compound noun) spear ²; atlatl; dart | throwing board for a spear or dart
sheech– (adjective) female | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | (KE, JC) • variants: shich– •
sheen (noun) • variants: shéen • ⑴ bailer | wooden bailer | (KE) || ⑵ spoon ¹ | large wooden spoon | large wooden spoon used for drinking grease
sheen x̱ʼayee (compound noun) dipper ¹ | dipper (for dipping water) | sheen + x̱ʼa-yee → bailer + mouth.below • (KE)
Sheetʼká (placename) Sitka | "On the Outskirts of Baranof Island" | shee + tʼiká → [baranoff island] + beside/outskirts • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Sitka Area; "People on the Outskirts of Baranof Island" | Included Communities: Sitka, West sides of Baranof and Chichagof Islands | shee + tʼiká + ḵwáan → [baranoff island] + beside/outskirts + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Kaagwaantaan | People of the Burnt House
• Ḵóokhíttaan | People of the Box House
• Chookaneidí | People of Grass River
• Wooshkeetaan | People of the Houses On the Other Side of Each Other
• X̱ʼaxʼaahíttaan | People of the Edge House
Raven/Crow Clans
• Kiks.ádi | People of Helm Bay
• Lʼuknax̱.ádi | People of Coho Community Bay
• Watineidí | People of Watin (?)
• Ḵooskʼeidí | People of Shg̱aadaayihéen (stream north of Mount Fairweather)
• Xʼatʼka.aayí | People on the Island
• Tʼaḵdeintaan | People of the House toward the Side
sheexw (noun) • variants: sheixw • bow ¹; arrow | close quarter bow and arrow | (KE) • variants: sheixw •
sheey ⑴ (plant part) limb; branch; knot ¹ | limb, primary branch; limb knot || ⑵ (noun) stick | (KE) || ⑶ (body part) right ¹ | right (hand) | (JL)
sheey kaḵáasʼi (compound noun) sliver; splinter | "split limb" | sheey + ka-∅-√ḵáasʼ-i → limb + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√split-wood-relational • (KE)
sheey tukagoodlí (plant part) knot ¹ | limb knot; "lump on the inside of the limb" | possibly rerfers to the heart of the limb knot | sheey + tu-ka-gootl-í → limb + inside-horizontal-bump/hump • (JL)
sheey woolí (plant part) hole ¹; knot ¹ | knot hole | sheey + wool-í → limb + hole-relational • (KE)
sheeynáx̱ (compound noun) • variants: sʼetʼnáx̱ • , • variants: g̱eeynáx̱ (T) • right ¹ | sheeynax̱.á → area toward the left • sheeynáx̱de → towards the left • sheeynáx̱ aa → the one on the left
shéen (noun) spoon: large wooden spoon | (KE)
shkalneek (verbal noun) story | "tells self the story of it" | sh-ka-l-√neek → self.(rflx.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√tell. • (KE)
shkʼw (particle) | term of endearment, especially made to grandchildren | (DK) • variants: chkʼw •
Shtaxʼhéen (placename) Stiking River | "Biting Itself River" | sh-∅-√táaxʼ-héen → (rflx.O)-clasifier.(∅)-√bite.river/water • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
shtéen káa (borrowed noun) engine; train ² | steam engine (train); "steam car" | from English "steam car" | (KE)
shukalx̱aají (compound noun) troller | "takes it in front by boat" | shú-ká-l-√x̱aa-ch-í → end.on-classifier.(d,l)-√paddle-repetitive-relational
–shuká ⑴ (relational base) front; ahead | in front of –; ahead of –; "on the end of –" || ⑵ (kinship term) genealogy; ancestor; history | genealogy of –; ancestors of –; history of – | in Tlingit kinship, the term Haa Shuká is especially important and has been translated as "everything we have ever been, everything we are right now, and everything we are going to become" | shú-ká → end.on • (KE, ADH)
–shukát (relational noun) • variants: –shukwát, –shukwét • before | before that; before then | usually used as a time reference, as in "the time before" | shú-ká-t → end.on.at-(arriving) • (JL)
shukát ḵu.oo (compound noun) Indigenous; Native American | Indigneous peoples
–shutú (relational noun) ⑴ corner | (in) the corner of | (KE) || ⑵ edge | (on or along) the edge || ⑶ end | end of
–shutóox̱ʼ (body part) ankle | outer side of foot up to the anklebone | (KE)
–shuwadaa (relational base) around; avoid; end ² | around (bypassing, avoiding); around the end of | (JL)
–shuwee (relational base) • variants: –shuwee • below; end ²; foot ² | the foot of it; below it (raised place); flat area at the end of it (lake) | shu-ÿee → end.below • (KE)
–shuxʼaayádi (kinship term) • variants: –shuxʼaayédi (C) • child | first born child of – | shuxʼaa-yát-i → first.child-relational • (HS, JL)
shuxʼáanáx̱ (adverb) first: (at) first; originally | "through the end of point" | (KE) • variants: shuxʼwáanáx̱ •
–shuyee (relational base) • variants: –shuwee • below; end ²; foot ² | the foot of it; below it (raised place); flat area at the end of it (lake) | shu-ÿee → end.below • (KE)
–shú (relational base) end ² | end of – | (KE)
–shoowú (relational noun) half; part | part of it; half of it | shú-wú → end.is/are-at
shoox̱ʼ (noun) robin | related to « shéix̱ʼw » (red alder, orange [color]) | (KE, JL) ° (Turdus migratorius) °
shóo yax̱ (preverb) turning over | turning over end by end | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) | shú + ÿax̱ → end + turning-over • (JC)
shóogu– (adjective) first; initial | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | (JC)
shóogunáx̱ (adverb) begin; first; original | (at) first; originally; in the beginning | shóogu-náx̱ → first.through/via • (JL)
shóosʼi hídi (compound noun) smokehouse | smokehouse for curing tobacco | shóosʼi + hít-i → [??] + house-relational • (JL)
Shxʼat Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Shxʼat Area | Included Communities: Wrangell Area, Behm Canal, Petersburg | (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Naanya.aayí | People of the Upper River
• Sʼiknax̱.ádi | People of Black Bear Bay
• Kayáashkiditaan | People of the House above the Platform
• X̱ʼookʼeidí | People of Leader Bay
Raven/Crow Clans
• Ḵaach.ádi | People of Pybus Bay
• Kaasx̱ʼagweidí | People of Kaasx̱ʼéikw
• Kiks.ádi | People of Helm Bay
• Taalḵweidí | People of the Mountain that Never Flooded
• Teeyhittaan | People of the Yellow Cedar Bark House
-t (relational suffix) ⑴ at | arriving at; at a point || ⑵ at | moving about at || ⑶ around | around a point | (JC)
tadanóoxʼ (compound noun) turtle | "shelled at bottom" | ta-da-√nóoxʼ → bottom-(of cavity)-classifier.(d,∅)-√shell • variants: tanóox’, kanóoxʼ •
tagwásʼ (noun) • variants: taagwásʼ • skate | sunray skate
tag̱anís (compound noun) • variants: tlag̱anís • sapling; pole ¹ | pole made from sapling; "for the bottom of a pole" | pole (can be used for spear or walking stick) | ta-g̱an-yís → bottom-manmade.pole/stick-for • (JL)
–takalʼeiyí (relational noun) dregs; grounds; sediment | dregs; lees; grounds (of coffee); used leaves (of tea); sediment on its bottom | táak-ká-lʼei-yí
–taká (relational base) bottom; inside | inside surface of the bottom (of container, vessel) | táak-ká → in-(container/water).on • (KE)
takeit (compound noun) ⑴ headgear | protective headgear | headband that can protect the head from missiles || ⑵ canoe; floorboard | floorboards in canoe | lumber on bottom of boat to keep dry | táak-ká-át → bottom-of-cavity.on-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
taḵaadí (compound noun) rockslide | té-√ḵaadí → rock-√{rock/snow}-slide
Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | "People of the Taḵjikʼ Aan"; People of the Tuxecan Area (Taḵjikʼ Aan) | Included Communities: Northwestern Prince of Wales Island, Coronation Island, Southern Kuiu Island • the Tlingit Readers "Traditional Tlingit Country" map lists the translation for « Taḵjikʼ Aan » as "Little Coastal Town" which would make the noun « Taḵjee » | taḵjikʼ + aan + ḵwáan → taḵjikʼ + land-(inhabited) + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Ḵaax̱ʼooshíttaan | People of Personʼs Foot House
• Naasteidí | People of the Nass River Rock
• Shankweidí | People of Saint Philip Island
• Teiḵweidí | People of Payne Island
Raven/Crow Clans
• G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor
• Taakw.aaneidí | People of the Winter Village
• Lʼeeneidí | People of Dog Salmon Creek
• Teeyeeneidí | People of the Yellow Cedar Bark Stream
tanaa.ádi (compound noun) pajamas; bedclothes | "sleep draped over thing" | tá-naa-át-i → sleep.draped-over.thing.rel
Taneidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Jumping Fish Creek"; Origin: Tunehean Creek | Raven/Crow Moiety • Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group | √tán-a-héen-át-i → √jump-(of fish).[peg vowel].river/water-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan
tanóoxʼ (compound noun) turtle | "bottom of shell" | ta-nóoxʼ → bottom-(of cavity).shell • variants: tadanóox’, kanóoxʼ • ° (Order Chelonia) °
tashkwá
tatgé (noun) yesterday; day
tatgé tliya.aakát (compound noun) • variants: tatgé tliyaakát • day; yesterday | day before yesterday
tatgéiyi– (adjective) yesterday | of yesterday | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | tatgé-yi → yesterday-relational
tatóok (compound noun) cave | ka-tóo-k → on.inside.? • (KE) • variants: katóok •
tawéi (noun) sheep | mountain sheep, bighorn sheep | (KE, JL) • variants: dleit tawéi • ° (Ovis dalli) °
tax’aayí (compound noun) point ² | rocky point (of land) | té-x’aa-yí → rock.point-relational
Tax̱héeni (placename) Takhini | Takhini hot springs (north of Whitehorsee, Yukon Territory); "boiled food water" | √táa-x̱-héen-i → √boil-food-repetitive.water-relational • (KE)
tax̱héeni (compound noun) broth; soup | soup broth | √táa-x̱-héen-i → √boil-food-repetitive.water-relational • (KE)
Tax̱ʼhíttaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the Snail House"; Origin: Hoonah | Raven/Crow Moiety • Lʼuknax̱.ádi Migration • Primary Crest: Black Legged Kittiwake • Secondary Crest: Snail | táax̱ʼ-hít-taan → snail/slug.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Xunaa Ḵáawu
• Táax̱ʼ Hít | Snail House
tax̱ʼutéeyi (compound noun) opercula; operculum | "imitating a snail" | tax̱ʼ-∅-u-∅-√tée-yi → snail/slug.them/it.(3.O).irrealis-clasifier.(∅)-√be • (HJ)
tayashágu (compound noun) sea anemone; anemone | small red sea anemone; "pokes out on the face of the rocks" | té-yá-sha-√goo → rock.face.[classifier].poke
tayataayí (compound noun) sea anemone; anemone | "fat on the face of the rocks" | té-ÿá-taayí → rock.face.fat ° (Class Actinozoa) °
tayeidí seaweed; kelp | bladderwrack; rock weed; yellow seaweed; "thing beneath" | tayee-át-i → beneath-thing-relational ° (Fucus vesiculosus) °
tayeidí daa.aa (compound noun) egg; roe | herring eggs spawned on yellow seaweed | tayee-át-i + da-√.áa → beneath-thing-relational + classifier.(d,∅)-√situated
tayee (independent base) • variants: tayei • bed ²; in | in bed | only appears with suffixes, such as: tayeidé/tayeedé woogoot (they went to bed) | tá-yee → sleep-below • tayeexʼ kuḵax̱áa → iʼm going to eat it under my blankets • (JL)
–tayee (relational base) underneath; beneath | (KE)
tayees (compound noun) • variants: yees • ⑴ (compound noun) chisel | stone chisel | made of flint for cutting tree, etc. | té-yees → stone.stone-axe • (KE) • variants: yees • || ⑵ axe; wedge | stone axe | stone axe (rock tied onto handle), sharp on both edges, tied with string which is covered with cloth so it wonʼt fray while chopping • (rock tied onto handle), sharp on both edges, tied with string which is covered with cloth so it wonʼt fray while chopping
–tayeesʼíxʼi (compound noun) saucer | tayee-sʼíxʼ-i → beneath-dish-relational • (JL)
taykajánwu (compound noun) goat | táay-ká-jánwu → garden-on-mountain.goat
taykayaana.eit (compound noun) celery | táay-ká-yaana.eit → garden-on-cow.parsnip
ta.aas (verbal noun) loneliness
tá (noun) sleep ¹
–tá • variants: ḵug̱entáak • (landform) bay ¹; head ² | head of bay
tá sʼaatí (compound noun) person; sleep ¹ | person who sleeps too much | tá + sʼaatí → sleep + master
tág̱aa (verbal noun) lancet; punch ²; spear ² | lancet for infections, boils; "one that spears"; "one that pokes" | √táḵ-aa → √spear/poke-one(s).(part.i)
táḵl (noun) hammer ¹ | (JL)
tás (noun) thread ¹; sinew | thread or raw sinew
tás daaneisʼí (compound noun) wax | wax for sewing | tás + daa-néisʼ-i → thread + around-lotion-relational
–tási (body part) • variants: dóox • ⑴ sinew | raw sinew removed from the body | –tási is raw sinew removed from the body, and dóox is sinew prepared for thread | (JL) || ⑵ wick | wick (of lamp) • variants: –tutési •
tásʼaa (verbal noun) rock ¹ | rough rock used for pulverizing bark by rubbing back and forth | √tásʼ-aa → √pulverize-tree-bark-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
táxʼx̱i (noun) ⑴ dentalium; dentalia shells | (JL) ° (Dentalium pretiosum nuttalli) ° || ⑵ yarn | short pieces of yarn
táx̱k (landform) ridge; cutbank | eroded bank of hill or ridge with nothing growing on it | (JL)
Taagish Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of Carcross & Tagish; "People of Tagish & Carcross" | Included Communities: Carcross, Tagish • name comes from the Tagish language (Tākizi) | (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar
• Yanyeidí | People of Hemlock House; People of the Mainland
Raven/Crow Clans
• G̱aanax̱teidí | People of Sheltered Harbor Rock
• Deisheetaan | People of the End of the Trail House
• Ishkeetaan | People of Deep Pool in the River House
• Kooḵhittaan | People of Cellar House
taagwásʼ (compound noun) • variants: tagwásʼ • skate | sunray skate | (JL)
taakw aanási (compound noun) jellyfish | "winter intestines" | taakw aaninaasí → winter land-(inhabited)-relational.intestines • (KE) • variants: taakw aaninaasí, taakw aanísi, taak aaneisí •
Taakw.aaneidí (clan name) Clan | "People of the Winter Village"; Origin: Port Chester, Annette Island | Raven/Crow Moiety • G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi Group • Primary Crests: Strong Man and the Sea Lion, Woodworm • Secondary Crests: Whale, Giant Mouse | táakw-aan-át-i → winter.land-(inhabited).thing-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Heinyaa Ḵwáan
• Yáay Hít | Whale House
Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan
• Taan Hít | Sea Lion House
taakw.eetí (compound noun) spring ¹; early summer | "remains of winter" | taakw-eetí → winter.remains/imprint
Taalḵweidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Little Flat Basket Bay"; Origin: Taalḵunax̱kʼu Shaa (Devilʼs Thumb Mountain), Thomas Bay, east of Cape Fanshaw | Raven/Crow Moiety • Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group • Primary Crest: Taalḵunax̱kʼu Shaa (Devilʼs Thumb Mountain) • Secondary Crest: Raven • « Kax̱ḵuyendu Aa » is the name of a water spirit kiilled by Lḵʼayáakʼw | taal-ḵú-át-í → flat-open-basken.cove-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan
• Shaa Hít | Mountain House
• Kax̱ḵuyendu Aa Hít | Water Spirit House
• G̱ílʼ Hít | Cliff House
taan (noun) sea lion ° (Eumetopias jubata (Schreber)) °
taan x̱’adaadzaayí (compound noun) horsetail | "sea lion whiskers" | taan + x̱’a-daa-dzaayí → sea-lion + mouth.around-whiskers ° (Equisetum spp) °
–taaní (body part) • variants: –taanwú, –taanú, –táani • cord; umbilical | umbilical cord | (JL)
Taantʼá Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Tongass (Taantʼá) Area; "People Beside Prince of Wales Island" | Included Communities: Southern Prince of Wales, Ketchikan, Saxman • often associated with Tongass, which is a Coast Tsimshian Placename (Tʼang̱aash) | taan-tʼaaḵ + ḵwáan → sea-lion-[name of POW].beside + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Teiḵweidí | People of Payne Island
• Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar
Raven/Crow Clans
• G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor
taashuká (landform) • variants: taashuyee • flats | "in front of the bottom (of cavity)"; river flats; tidelands; mudflats | taa(k)-shuká → bottom-(of cavity). (in)-front/ahead • taa(k)-shuyee → bottom-(of cavity).at-the-foot-of-a-slope
taashuyee (landform) • variants: taashuká • flats | "in front of the bottom (of cavity)"; river flats; tidelands; mudflats | taa(k)-shuká → bottom-(of cavity). (in)-front/ahead • taa(k)-shuyee → bottom-(of cavity).at-the-foot-of-a-slope
taat (noun) night
taat aayí adéli (compound noun) watchman | "watches over the nightʼs things"; night watchman | taat + aa-yí + a-√dél-i → night + thing(s)-relational + [a-thematic)-√watch/guard.rel
taat sitgawsáani (compound noun) midnight | taat + sit-gaw-sáan-i → night + ?
taat yeen (compound noun) night | during the night; in the middle of the night | taat + yeen → night + middle-of-(a period of time)
taax̱ʼw (noun) smoke ² | smoke signals | táax̱ʼw yéi daakḵwanéi → iʼll make smoke signals (JL) • táax̱ʼw yéi awsinee → they made smoke signals (JL) • (JL)
taay (noun) fat ¹; blubber
taay kéitʼi (compound noun) pick ² | garden pick | táay + kéitʼ-i → garden + pick-relational • (FS)
taay ḵʼwátl (compound noun) pot | garden pot | taay + ḵʼwátl → garden + pot • (FS)
taay neilí (compound noun) greenhouse | taay + neil-í → garden + home-relational • (FS)
taayí daa yaa ḵug̱áat (compound noun) nightmare | "disoriented about sleep" | tá-yí + daa + yaa + ḵu-∅-√g̱áat → sleep-relational + around/about + along + areal-classifier.(∅)-√dizzy/confused/dazed/disoriented • (JL)
–táak (relational base) ⑴ bottom | the bottom of (a cavity) | most often referring to a cavity with water or fluid in it, meaning the area that the water or fluid occupies • kóoḵ táak | (JL) || ⑵ in | in (a cavity, occupying the bottom part of it) | used for water that is above the knees, deep enough to submerge in • for water too shallow to submerge in, see « –yík » | (NR, MH)
táakw (noun) winter; year
táakw niyís (compound noun) for; winter; preparation | (in preparation) for winter | táakw + niyís → winter + preparation-for-(time) • (JL)
táal (noun) basket; platter | flat open basket woven from wide strips of bark (for carrying fish, etc.); large platter | a rough basket used especially for holding animal flesh or fish while processing | (JL)
táanaa (verbal noun) spear ² | spear for catching octopus | √táan-aa → √catch-octopus-with-hook-one(s).(part.i)
táaw (noun) thievery | (JL)
táaw s’aatí (compound noun) thief | "master of thievery" | √táaw + s’aatí → √steal + master-(of)
táawadi (compound noun) stolen goods | √táaw-át-i → √steal.thing-(4h.i)-relational • (JL)
táax’ál’ (noun) • variants: táax̱ʼálʼ • needle ²
táax’ál’ kayáa needle ²; pin | straight pin | for pinning things while sewing | (FS)
táaxʼaa (verbal noun) mosquito | "the one that bites" | √táax’-aa → √bite-one(s).(part.i) • (JL) ° (Family Culicidae) °
táaxʼaa x̱ʼuskudayáatʼ (compound noun) • variants: táaxʼaa sʼaḵkudayáatʼ • ⑴ mosquito | mosquito eater; "the one that bites and has long legs" | √táax’-aa + x̱’us-ku-da-√yáat’ → √bite-one(s).(part.i) + foot/leg.[comparitive].[classifier]-√long ° Tipulidae ° || ⑵ spider | daddy long legs ° Pholcidae °
táax̱’ (noun) snail; slug,
táay (landform) garden ²; field
táay kahéix̱i (verbal noun) • variants: akahéix̱i • gardener; farmer | "garden digger" | táay + a-ka-∅-√háa-x̱-i → garden/field + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√move.small.parts-repetitive-relational • (JL)
táayi g̱eixʼ (compound noun) yard | táay-i + g̱ei-x → field/garden-relational + between-folds.at-(residing/resting) • (JL)
teḵaadí (verbal noun) • variants: taḵaadí • rockslide | té-√ḵaadí → rock.landslide/avalanche • (JL) • variants: taḵaadí •
tex̱oogáx̱kʼi (compound noun) rabbit | rock rabbit | té-x̱oo-gáx̱-kʼ-i → rock.among.rabbit.diminutive-relational • (JL)
té (noun) rock ¹; stone
té– (noun) (adjective) stone; rock ¹ | made of rock, stone | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | (JC)
té kakúḵxʼu (compound noun) • variants: té kakúḵxʼ • rockslide | "rushing mass of rock" | té + ka-∅-√kúḵ-xʼ-u → rock + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√rush-(in boiling mass)-repetitive-relational • (JL)
té kas’úgwaa yeit (compound noun) pan; skillet | cast-iron skillet; "stone thing beneath the ones that fry" | té + ka-√s’úk-aa + yee-át → stone + horizontal-√fry/toast-one(s).(part.i) + beneath.thing
té ḵáasʼ (compound noun) • variants: té ḵáasʼ x̱ʼé • crevice; fissure; crack | rock crevice; fissure in rock | té + √ḵáas’ → rock + √be-cracked
té ḵ’áatl’ (compound noun) stone; rock ¹ | wide flat stone (used for cooking) | té + ḵ’áatl’ → rock + flat
té shanax̱wáayi (compound noun) sledgehammer | "stone axe"; "stone through the head one" | té + sha-náx̱-aa-yí → stone/rock + head.through-one(s).(part.i)-relational
té tayee tlóox̱u (compound noun) bullhead | little bullhead (found under beach rocks); "bullhead under the rocks" | té + tayee + tlóox̱-u → stone + underneath + bullhead.rel • (JL)
té xóow (compound noun) cairn; memorial; rock ¹ | rock pile (for memorial) | té + xóow → rock + rock-pile • (JL)
té x̱áaxʼ (compound noun) rock ¹ | "rock split into layers"; slab of rock | té + √x̱áaxʼ → rock + √split-into-layers • (JL)
téx̱ (noun) • variants: tíx̱ (At, T) • odor: strong odor | like onions, body odor, raven | (JL)
–téx̱i (relational noun) • variants: –tíx̱i • odor; smell | acrid smell, odor from it; body odor | téx̱-i → strong-odor-relational • (JL)
teiḵ (noun) shawl; cape; poncho
Teiḵweidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Payne Island"; Origin: North Side of Prince of Wales Island | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration • Teiḵweidí Group • Primary Crest: Brown Bear • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Murrelet, Golden Eagle, Shark, Thunderbird, Sun, Marmot, Storm Petrel, Mt. Edgecumbe, Eagle | teiḵw-át-í → payne-island-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan
• Saanyaa Hít | Southern Area House
Taantʼá Ḵwáan
• Kaatsʼ Hít | House of Kaatsʼ
• Shaanáx̱ Hít | Valley House
• Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House
• Xeitl Hít | Thunderbird House
• Wandaa Hít | Around the Edge House
Saanyaa Ḵwáan
• Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House
• Litká Hít | Ridge House
• Xóots Ḵoowú Hít | Brown Bearʼs Den House
• Kaatsʼ Hít | House of Kaatsʼ
• G̱ooch Hít | Wolf House
Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan
• Shaanáx̱ Hít | Valley House
• Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan
Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan
• Xeitl Hít | Thunderbird House
• Gijook Hít | Golden Eagle House
• Gaaw Hít | Drum House
• Ḵʼatx̱áan Hít | Coward House
• Tóosʼ Hít | Shark House
• Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House
teil (noun) • variants: teel • scar | (JL)
–teiyí (body part) ⑴ gall bladder || ⑵ bile | (JL)
–teiyí kahéeni (body part) • variants: (At), –teiyí tukehéeni (C), –teiyí • bile | "gall bladder juice" | –teiyí + ka-héen-i → gall-bladder + on.water.rel
téil ¹ (plant part) ⑴ pitch | pitch scab (where bark has been removed); pitchwood | pitch scab where bark was cut, covering the sapwood (at láx̱ʼi), where the sap has hardened into a pitch scab || ⑵ torch; pitchwood | dry pitchy wood (used for torches); torch | (JL)
téil ² (particle) not • variants: tíl, lél, hél, tléil, tlél, l •
−téitlʼ (adjective) fat ² | classification: non-human | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | (JC)
téix̱ (verbal noun) boiled; food | boiled food | √taa-x̱ → √boild-food-repetitive • (JL)
–téix̱ʼ (body part) heart
téix̱ʼ kʼoots (compound noun) heart | heart attack | (BC)
–tin (relational base) • variants: –tín, –teen, –téen, –een • with | –een is used with humans and –tin with non-human nouns, as in « ax̱ éesh een » and « wé keitl teen » | (KE, JC)
tináa (noun) copper shield | an item of wealth, often used for trade • at times made into small ornamentation (pendants, earrings, etc.) • at times made very large as clan at.óow
tínx (noun) bearberry; kinnikinnik; stoneberry | alpine bearberry, kinnikinnik | locally called stoneberry ° (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) °
tíx (noun) flea ° (Family Pulicidae) °
tíxwjaa (verbal noun) • variants: túxjaa • clap; noise; run ¹; sound; stamp | sound of stamping, pounding fists, clapping; sound of running quickly | √tíxw-ch-aa → √feet-stamp.habitual-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
tíxʼ (noun) rope
tíxʼ yádi (compound noun) string ¹ | "rope child" | tíxʼ + yát-i → rope + child-relational
tíyaa (compound noun) • variants: tíyaa • chisel | flat chisel; "the one that chisels" | √téey-aa → √carve-(with chisel or adze)-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
teel (noun) • variants: teil • scar | (JL)
Teelʼhittaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the Dog Salmon House"; Origin: on the point opposite the Barrier Islands | Raven/Crow Moiety • Lʼeeneidí Mirgration • Primary Crest: Dog Salmon • Secondary Crests: Octopus, Raven | téelʼ-hít-taan → dog-salmon.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Heinyaa Ḵwáan
–teen (relational base) • variants: –téen, –een, –tin, –tín • with | –een is used with humans and –tin with non-human nouns, as in « ax̱ éesh een » and « wé keitl teen » | (KE, JC)
teesh (noun) • variants: tuteesh, toowú teesh • loneliness; boredom | (KE, CG, JL)
teeshdéin (adverb) lonesome | in loneliness
teet (landform) wave ¹; swell | (JL)
teet x̱’achálx̱i (compound noun) ⑴ whitecaps; wave ¹ | foam on wave | téet + x̱’a-√chál-x̱-i • → wave + mouth.foam?-repetitive-relational || ⑵ sponge ¹ | (JL)
teey (noun) bark: yellow cedar bark
teey sʼáaxu (compound noun) hat | cedar hat | teey + sʼáaxw-u → cedar.bark + hat-relational • (FS)
teey woodí (compound noun) • variants: teey hoodí, tiyweidí • bark ¹ | yellow cedar bark (for weaving) | (JL) • variants: teey hoodí (T) •
Teeyhíttaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the Yellow Cedar Bark House" | Raven/Crow Moiety • Kiks.ádi Mirgration • Primary Crest: Frog • Secondary Crests: Raven | téeyʼ-hít-taan → yellow-cedar-bark.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan
• Teey Hít | Yellow Cedar Bark House
Teeyeeneidí (clan name) Clan | "People of the Yellow Cedar Bark Stream" | Raven/Crow Moiety • Kiks.ádi Mirgration • Primary Crest: Dog Salmon • Secondary Crests: Raven, Frog, Octopus, Land Otter, Starfish | téeyʼ-héen-át-i → yellow-cedar-bark.river/water-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Heinyaa Ḵwáan
• Yéil Hít | Raven House
• Yan Wuliháshi Hít | Drifted Ashore House
• Teey Hít | Yellow Cedar Bark House
Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan
• Gaax̱ka Hít | Gaax̱ká House
• Héenká Hít | On the Water House
• Sʼáx Hít | Starfish House
• Yéil Hít | Raven House
• Yéil Yádi Hít | Little Raven House
Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan
• Kóoshdaa Hít | Land Otter House
• Teey Hít | Yellow Cedar Bark House
téel (noun) shoe | shoe(s) | (JL)
téel daakeyéis’i (C) (compound noun) shoe polish | "discolors around the shoe" | téel + daa-ka-√yéis’-i → shoe + around-horizontal-√discolor.rel
téel daanéegwálʼi (T) (compound noun) shoe polish | "painting around the shoe" | (JL) • téel + daa-√néegwálʼ-i → shoe + around-√paint.rel
téel iḵkeidí (compound noun) moccasin | "on top of the front of the foot shoe"; moccasin top | téel + iḵ-ka-át-í → shoe + midfoot.on.thing-relational
téel kanágaa (compound noun) • variants: téel kanágayi, téel kenégeyi, téel tukanágaa, téel yakanágaa, téel yakanágayi • stretcher; moccasin; form | moccasin stretcher; "the one that shapes the inside of the shoe" | téel + tú-ka-√nák-aa → shoe + inside-horizontal-√shape/form-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
téel layeix̱í (compound noun) shoemaker; cobbler | téel + la-√yeix̱-í → shoe + [classifier]-√construct/make.rel
téel x̱’adzaasí (compound noun) shoelace(s) | "shoe mouth laces" | téel + x̱’a-dzaas-í → shoe + mouth.lace/thong.rel
téelʼ (noun) salmon; chum | chum salmon; dog salmon ° (Oncorhynchus keta) °
–téetʼ (body part) vein; tendon
téey (noun) patch
–téey (body part) chin | (JL)
téeyi (verbal noun) fish: soaked dried fish | √téey-i → √soak-fish-relational
tu- (subject pronoun) we | we [subject] | first person plural subject (1s.S) • in a verb phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb • other subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject (1s.S)
• tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject (1p.S)
• i- | you [subject] → second person singular subject (2s.S)
• yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural subject (2p.S)
• ∅- | they [subject] → third person subject (3.S)
• has + ∅- | they all [subject] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• du- | someone [subject] → fourth person human subject (4h.S)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] → reciprocal subject (recip.S)
tudaxákw (compound noun) • variants: tuḵdaadaxákw • basket | basket with rattle in the lid; "grind up inside" | tu-da-√xákw → inside.[classifier]-√grind-up/beat-up • (KE)
tuháayi (compound noun) • variants: tooháay • nail ² | "moves into (in small parts)" | tu-háa-yi → inside.move-(many small parts)-relational • (KE)
–tukayátxʼi (compound noun) seeds | seeds (inside it, as inside a berry or pod); " children inside" | tu-ka-yát-xʼ-i → inside.on.child.[plural]-relational • x̱ʼunyéilʼ tukayátxʼi → rosehip seeds • ḵʼeikexwéin tukeyétxʼi → flower seeds • (JL)
–tukayáanáx̱ (relational noun) more; too much | more than she/he can think, imagine; too much for his/her mind to handle | tu-ka-yáanáx̱ → inside.on.more-than • (JL)
–tuḵdaa (relational base) butt; bottom | around the butt; around the bottom; bottom (whole side) of container, e.g. dish, cup, bowl, bottle | the entire exterior bottom side of a container that sits, such as a pot, bowl, cup, or bottle | tóoḵ-daa → butt/bottom.around
tuḵdaadaxákw (compound noun) basket | basket with rattle in the lid; "grind up inside" | tu-da-√xákw → inside.[classifier]-√grind-up/beat-up • (KE)
tuḵdaa.át (compound noun) diaper | "thing around the butt" | tóoḵ-daa-át → butt/bottom.around-thing
tuḵdaa.át nadáagu (compound noun) table | changing table | tóoḵ-daa-át + nadáagw-u → butt-around-thing.(4n.i) + table-relational • (FS)
tuḵg̱wéinaa (compound noun) toilet tissue; toilet paper | "one that wipes the butt" | tuḵ-√g̱óo-n-aa → butt-√wipe.(progressive)-one(s).(part.i)
–tuḵx̱ʼé (body part) • variants: –toox̱ʼé, –tuḵʼé, –tuḵ.woolí • anus; butt | butthole | tóoḵ-x̱ʼé → butt.mouth
Tuḵyeidí (clan name) Clan | "People of of the Outlet"; Origin: Outlet of a lake on Xutsnoowú or Mitchell Bay | Raven/Crow Moiety • Deisheetaan Migration • Deisheetaan Group • Primary Crests: Raven, Beaver | tuḵyee-át-í → outlet-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan
–tuḵ.woolí (body part) • variants: –tuḵx̱ʼé, –toox̱ʼé, –tuḵʼé • anus; butt | butthole | tóoḵ-wool-í → butt.hole-relational
tuḵʼatáal (compound noun) • variants: tug̱atáal • pants; trousers | tuḵ-a-táal → butt.[a.theme?]-√?
tula.aan (verbal noun) kindess; generosity of heart | "kind inside" | tu-la√.aan → inside.[classifier]-√kind/gentle
tunax̱hinnadaa (compound noun) pipe (for carrying water) | "water flowing through the inside" | tú-náx̱-héen-na-√daa → inside-through.water.[progressive imperfective]-√flow
tunax̱ḵudutísʼ (compound noun) binoculars | "a person stares through" | tóo-náx̱-ḵu-du-∅-√tísʼ → inside-through/along.areal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√stare/look-steadily • (EN)
tundatáan (verbal noun) • variants: tundataan • thought | "inner communication" | tu-na-da-√táan → inside.[conjugation prefix].[classifier]-√communicate
–tuséiḵʼu (compound noun) egg; yolk | yolk (of egg) | tóo-séiḵʼw-u → inside.color/bruise-relational
tután (compound noun) hope; intention; focus | focus of hopes or thoughts | where one places oneʼs hopes; where one focuses oneʼs thoughts | tu-√tán → inside-√communication • ét tutén → just think one place (JL) • du tutáni yéi yatee → their hope/intention is (JL)
tuteesh (noun) • variants: teesh, toowú teesh • loneliness; boredom | tu-√teesh → inside-√lonely • (KE, CG, JL)
tuwalagéil (verbal noun) braided
–tuwán (relational base) • variants: –tawán • beside; next to; side ² | (right) next to it; (right) beside it; alongside it; (up) close to it | almost the same as « –tʼaḵká » | a tawánt áa → is sitting right beside it • ax̱ tuwáni g̱anú! → sit by me! • (JL)
–tuwáxʼ (compound noun) feel; like ¹; opinion; think; want | in their opinion; to their way of thinking, feeling | also appears as –tuwáa | tú-ÿá-xʼ → inside.face.at-(residing)
tuwaakú (borrowed noun) • variants: duwaakú • tobacco | tobacco; chewing tobacco | from English "tobacco" | (JL)
–tuwáadáx̱ (relational noun) • variants: tuwáatx̱ • because; due; encourage; strength; virtue | because of it; due to it; by virtue of it; on the strength of it; encouraged by it | often related to an encouraging mental or emotional factor | tu-ÿá-dáx̱ → inside.vertical-from • (KE) • ax̱ léelkʼu tuwáadáx̱ áwé yaa nx̱agút → iʼm going on the strength of my grandmother PK • tléixʼ át tuwáadáx̱ → on one condition (JL) • tú-ÿá-dáx̱ → inside.face.from
tuxʼandaxeech (compound noun) anxiety; nerves | "concentrating on anger inside"; anxiety; wracked nerves; preoccupation; something weighing on oneʼs mind | tu-xʼan-da-√xeech → inside.anger.[classifier}-√strive/concentrate
tux̱ʼachʼítʼaa (verbal noun) stick; paper; toilet | toilet paper; butt-wiping stick; "the one that dips to the butthole" | tuḵ-x̱ʼa-∅-√chʼítʼ-aa → butt.mouth-classifier.(∅)-√dip-in-with-stick-one(s).(part.i)
tux̱ʼachʼítʼaa xʼúxʼ (compound noun) toilet; paper | toilet paper; "butt wiping stick paper" | tuḵ-x̱ʼa-∅-√chʼítʼ-aa + xʼúxʼ → butt.mouth-classifier.(∅)-√dip-in-with-stick-one(s).(part.i) + paper/membrane • (HC)
–tux̱ʼasʼaag̱í (body part) pelvis; bone | bone at the bottom of pelvis | they hurt when you sit too long on them | tóoḵ-x̱ʼé-sʼaaḵ-í → butt-mouth/opening-bone-relational • (JL)
–tux̱ʼaxʼaayí (body part) butt | butt crack; "the point of the mouth of the butt" | tóoḵ-x̱ʼá-xʼaa-yí → butt.mouth.point • (JL)
tux̱ʼwánsʼi náakw (compound noun) pepper | "rotted-to-powder medicine" | tu-√x̱ʼwán-sʼ-i + náakw → inside-√rot.to.powder-repetitive-attributive + medicine
tuyéigwaa (compound noun) embryo; fry | alevin | newly spawed salmon or trout, still carrying the yolk
tu.óoxsʼi ḵóok (compound noun) harmonica | "box to blow in" | tu-∅-√.óox-sʼ-i + ḵóok → inside-classifier.(∅)-√blow.[series]-relational + box • (GD, MD)
tu.óoxsʼi yeit (compound noun) • variants: túxsʼayeit, tu.úxsʼayeit, tu.óoxsʼ yeit • instrument; flute | wind instrument; "thing below to blow in" | tu-∅-√.óox-sʼ-i + yee-át → inside-classifier.(∅)-√blow.[series]-relational + below-thing-(4n.i) • (SN, JL)
–tú (relational base) in; inside | inside a person, animal, or solid object; inside a deep container, cave, or cavity | not inside a house (–yee), boat, river, road (–yík) • common suffix combinations are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length | (JL)
• –tóog̱aa [tú+-g̱áa] | pleasing; liked; wanted
• –toodáx̱ / –tootx̱ [tú+-dáx̱] | from the inside of –
• –tóode [tú+-dé] | towards the inside of –
• –tóonáx̱ [tú+-náx̱] | through the inside of –
• –tóot [tú+-t] | arriving at the inside of –; at the inside of –
• –tóowu [tú+-wu] | located inside of –
• –tóoxʼ [tú+-xʼ] | residing on inside of –; located inside of –
• –tóox̱ [tú+-x̱] | moving along on the inside of –; repeatedly inside of –
túḵlʼ (noun) • variants: dúḵlʼ • spruce; hemlock | túḵlʼ | a sprouting sapling | (JL, RL)
–túḵlʼi (body part) cartilage; gristle | (JL)
túlaa (verbal noun) drill | "the one that drills" | √túl-aa → √drill/spin-one(s).(part.i)
túlxʼu (compound noun) drill bit | "drill in peg" | √túl-√xʼu → √dill/spin-√drive-in-(peg)/nail
túxjaa (verbal noun) • variants: tíxwjaa • clap; noise; run ¹; sound; stamp | sound of stamping, pounding fists, clapping; sound of running quickly | √túx-ch-aa → √stamp-feet.habitual-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–tooch (adjective) fresh | fresh (of fish) | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | (JC)
tooḵ (noun) needlefish ° (Ammodytes hexapterus) °
Tooḵa.ádi (clan name) Clan | "People of Tooḵa" | Raven/Crow Moiety • G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi Group | tooḵa-át-i → tooḵa-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
toolchʼán (compound noun) • variants: toolchʼánaa, toolchʼén • top ² | spinning toy | √tool-chʼán → √spin.[adjective] • (JL)
toow (body part) tallow; fat ² | tallow, hard fat | especially of a ruminant such as deer
toow sʼeenáa (compound noun) candle | "tallow light"; "reading light" | toow + sʼeenáa → tallow + light • √toow + sʼeenáa → reading/learning + light (FS)
–toowú (body part) spirit; soul; feelings; intention; thoughts | "located inside –" | one of four ways to refer to the spirit of something in tlingit. « –toowú » is the spirit/thoughts/hopes/intentions/feelings of a person; « -yéik » is a spirit that returns after death to assist an íx̱tʼ and can be human or non-human; « –yakg̱wahéiyag̱u » is the living spirit inside of all things (human, nonhuman, inanimate) that senses and feels the world around them all; « –ḵwáani » is a ceremonial address used to speak to the spirits of non-humans and to talk to them all as humans | tú-wú → inside.at • du toowú shukát at kaawanáa → she wanted to leave but she wasnʼt ready (JL)
toowú klag̱é (compound noun) pride | tú-wú + ka-la-√g̱é → inside.at + horizontal-[classifier]-√fancy/pretty/proud
toowú kʼé (compound noun) good thoughts; happiness; felicity | "good thoughts"; "good feelings" | tú-wú + √kʼé → inside.at + √good/fine
toowú latseen courage; heart; mind; resolve; strength | strength of mind or heart; courage; resolve | tú-wú + la-√tseen → inside.at + [classifier]-√strong
toowú néekw (compound noun) sorrow; sadness | "ill thoughts"; "ill feelings | tú-wú + √néekw → inside.at + √sick/ill
–tóoch (body part) fish ¹; flesh | fresh (fish flesh) | (JL)
–tóog̱aa (relational noun) like ¹; pleasing | pleasing to them; the way she/he wants or likes it | (JL)
–tóoḵ (body part) buttocks; butt
tóol (landform) hill; ridge | gooch: hillside | (JL)
tóonáx̱ ḵaadutéen (compound noun) mirror | "through (it) someone sees people" | tóo-náx̱ + ḵaa-∅-√teen → inside-through + someone-(4n.O)-classifier.(∅)-√see • (JL)
tóosʼ (noun) shark
tóotlʼ diarrhea; fart | fart with release of watery diarrhea | (JL)
tóox (noun) ant; bedbug; flea | sand flea | specifically sand flea might be « lein.eetitóoxu » | (JL)
-tx̱ (relational suffix) • variants: -dáx̱, -x̱ • from; out of; since (that time) | contraction from « -dáx̱ » to « -tx̱ » is optional when the suffix attaches to an open noun • contraction to « -x̱ » occurs when attaching to « áa » (that place), which creates « aax̱ » (from there) • closed monosyllable Tlingit suffixes are high tone, and open monosyllable suffixes are opposite of the tone of the preceding vowel | (KE, JC)
Tʼaḵdeintaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the House toward the Side"; Origin: Island on the outer coast beyond Cape Spencer, or inside Lituya Bay | Raven/Crow Moiety • Lʼuknax̱.ádi Migration • Primary Crest: Black Legged Kittiwake • Secondary Crests: Frog, Whale, Mt. Fairweather, Freshwater Coho, Sockeye, Bullhead, Snail, Venus | tʼaaḵ-déin-hít-taan → beside.vicinity.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan
• Danakoo Hít | Danakoo House
Xunaa Ḵáawu
• Tʼaḵdéin Hít | Toward the Side House
• X̱ʼáakʼw Hít | Freshwater Marked Coho House
• X̱ʼáakʼw Yádi Hít | Little Freshwater Marked Coho House
• Yéil Hít | Raven House
• Yéil Kúdi Hít | Raven’s Nest House
• Kʼóox Dísi Hít | Marten Moon House
• Teet Hít | Wave House
• Ḵáa Shaayí Hít | Man’s Head House
• G̱aanax̱áa Hít | G̱aanax̱áa House
–tʼaḵká (relational base) ⑴ side ¹; alongside | side (of body); alongside them | ax̱ tʼaḵkanáx̱ kei uwagút → grew up alongside me (JL) || ⑵ beside; side ²; next to | beside, alongside, next to; on the side of | tʼaaḵ-ká → beside.on • (JL)
tʼá (noun) salmon; chinook | king salmon; chinook salmon; spring salmon ° (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) °
–tʼáni (plant part) branch | secondary branch | (JL)
tʼási (noun) grayling | (JL)
–tʼaag̱í ¹ (kinship term) sibling; relative; comrade | clan sibling of; relative (same clan) of; comrade of; "beside" | term of endearment used for someone who is always there, is of the same moiety, and does not have a closer kinship relationship | tʼaaḵ-í → beside-relational • (KE)
–tʼaag̱í ² (body part) afterbirth ; placenta | placenta, afterbirth | the possessor is the child, not the mother • was traditionally buried after the birth | (JL)
tʼaakasʼélʼi (compound noun) linoleum | tʼáa-ká-sʼélʼ-i → board.on.rubber-relational • (SN)
–tʼaaḵ (relational base) beside; side ² | beside; at the side of | (KE)
Tʼaaḵú (region name) Taku | "King Salmon Cove" | another possible definition is "People of the Flooding Geese" contracted from « tʼaawáḵ galaḵú » | tʼá-ḵú → king-salmon.cove • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan (region name) people ¹ | People of the Taku Area; "People of the King Salmon Cove" | Included Communities: Taku River, Southern Juneau, Northwest Admiralty Island • another possible definition is "People of the Flooding Geese" contracted from « tʼaawáḵ galaḵú » | tʼá-ḵú + ḵwáan → king-salmon.cove + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Yanyeidí | People of the Hemlock
• Tsaatʼineidí | People of the Stream Behind a Seal
• Sʼeetʼḵweidí | People of Humpback Cove
Raven/Crow Clans
• G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor
• Ishkahíttaan | People of Deep Pool in the River House
• Kooḵhíttaan | People of Cellar House
• Tooḵa.ádi | People of Tooḵa
• Xaas.híttaan | People of the Ox House
–tʼaaḵxʼí yán (kinship term) • variants: –tʼaaḵxʼí • sibling; relative; comrade; clan | siblings; clan relatives; comrades; "those beside" | term of endearment used for someone who is always there, is of the same moiety, and does not have a closer kinship relationship | tʼaaḵ-xʼ-í + yán → beside.[plural]-relational + [plural-diminutive] • (NR)
tʼaaw (noun) feather
tʼaawáḵ (noun) goose | Canada goose ° (Branta canadensis) °
Tʼaawáḵ Dísi (compound noun) January; month | January; "Canada goose month" | when geese fly and call | (NR)
tʼaawáḵ lʼóotʼi (compound noun) • variants: suḵtéitlʼ • goose tongue | "fat grass" | tʼaawáḵ + lʼóotʼ-i → goose + tongue-relational • (JL) ° (Plantago maritima) °
tʼaawáḵ xʼeesháa (compound noun) kettle | tea kettle (originally with long curved spout) | tʼaawáḵ + xʼeesháa → Canadian goose + bucket
–tʼaawú (body part) ⑴ feather || ⑵ fin | pectoral fin (of fish) | tʼaaw-ú → feather-relational • (JL)
Tʼaawyáatʼ (compound noun) Native American; American Indian | "long feather" | also a Kaagwaantaan name • a term used for lower-48 Native Americans | tʼaaw-∅-√yáatʼ → feather-classifier.(∅)-√long • (JL)
Tʼaawyáatʼ Aaní (compound noun) Native America | "long feather land" | tʼaaw-∅-√yáatʼ + aan-i → feather-classifier.(∅)-√long + land/village-relational • (FI)
tʼaay (landform) hot springs | √tʼaaʰ⁓ → warm; hot
tʼaay néekw (compound noun) • variants: tʼaay nóok • fever | √tʼaay + néekw → √warm/hot + sickness
tʼáa (noun) board
tʼáa jáaji (compound noun) ski(s) | "board snowshoe(s)" | tʼáa + jáaji → board + snowshoe(s)
tʼáa jáaji wootsaag̱ayí (compound noun) ski pole(s) | "board snowshoeʼs one that pokes/spears" | tʼáa + jáaji + wu-∅-∅-√tsaaḵ-aa-yí → board + snowshoe(s) + [perfective].[they].[classifier]-√poke/spear
tʼáa kayéx̱aa (compound noun) plane for scraping wood | "the one that whittles/shaves the board" | tʼáa + ka-√yéx̱-aa → board + horizontal-√make/construct-one(s).(part.i)
tʼáa ká (compound noun) floor | "on the board" | tʼáa + ká → board + on/hzsf
tʼáa ḵus.óokʼ (compound noun) game | board game | tʼáa + ḵu.óokʼ → board + toy
tʼáa shukaayí (compound noun) square | square (for marking boards); "measures the end of the board" | tʼáa + shu-√kaay-í → board + end-√measure.rel • (JL)
tʼáa shuxásha (compound noun) saw: narrow saw used to cut corners off lumber; saw: bevel saw | "the one that saws the end of the board" | tʼáa + shu-√xásh-aa → board + end-√cut/saw-one(s).(part.i)
tʼáa shuxáshaa (compound noun) ⑴ knife | straight carving knife | (TV) || ⑵ saw ² | narrow saw used to cut corners off lumber; bevel saw; "the one that saws the end of the board" | tʼáa + shu-√xásh-aa → board + end-√cut-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
tʼáa yá (compound noun) wall | "face of the board" | tʼáa + yá → board + face/vertical-surface
tʼáa yátxʼi (compound noun) shingles | "board children" | tʼáa + yát-xʼ-i → board + child.[plural]-relational
–tʼáak (relational base) inland; behind; landward | back inland from –; behind – (when looking from the sea); on the landward side of –(something on the water)
tʼáalʼ (noun) crush; flat | flat; flattened; crushed flat | tʼáalʼ yáx̱ yatee → it is flattened, crushed (JL)
tʼáax̱ʼw (noun) wart
–tʼeinyaa (relational base) • variants: –tʼeinaa • inside; lining | the inside of it (clothing, bedding); lining it
–tʼeinyaakawoowú (A) (compound noun) lining | tʼeinyaa-ka-woow-ú → inside/lining.on.chest.rel
tʼeix̱áa (verbal noun) • variants: tʼeix̱ • hook ² | fish hook; "the one that fishes (with a hook)" | √tʼeix̱-aa → √fish-(with hook)-one(s).(part.i)
–tʼéik (relational base) • variants: –tʼéi • behind | (KE)
Tʼikanaa (clan name) Clan | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration
–tʼiká (relational base) out | out past it; out away from it; out on the ocean side of it; (on) the outskirts of it (town) | often used with reference to the shore: out toward the open water from it | hít tʼiká → back of house • aan tʼiká → front of village • yaakw tʼiká → out (toward open water) from boat (JL)
–tʼiyshú (body part) elbow | tip of elbow; "end of the elbow" | tʼéey-shú → elbow.end
tʼeegáa (verbal noun) rudder | "the one(s) that steer (with a paddle)" | √tʼeek-áa → √paddle/steer-(with paddle)-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
tʼéesh (noun) frame; skin ¹; stretch; tan | tanning frame; frame for stretching skin | wé et doogú tʼéeshde ḵwatée → iʼll stretch the skin on a tanning frame
tʼéesh kaay (compound noun) • variants: tʼéesh kaayí • square | carpenterʼs square | tʼéesh + kaayí → frame-for-stretching-skin + measuring-stick
tʼéexʼ (noun) ice
–tʼéexʼ (adjective) hard | hard (substance) | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | (JC)
tʼéexʼ kaḵóogu (compound noun) refrigerator | tʼéexʼ + ka-ḵóok-u → ice + on.box-relational • (EH)
tʼéexʼ ká téel (compound noun) skates | ice skates; "shoes on ice" | tʼéexʼ + ká + téel → ice + on + shoe(s) • (BC)
tʼéexʼ ká yaakw (compound noun) snow machine; snow mobile; skidoo | "boat on ice" | tʼéexʼ + ká + yaakw → ice + on + canoe/boat • (BC)
tʼéexʼdéin (adverb) difficult; strenuous | difficulty; strenuously | √tʼeexʼ-déin → √frozen/difficult.[adverb] • (GD)
–tʼéey (body part) elbow | elbow of –
tʼukanéiyi (compound noun) baby | "restrained on the craddleboard" | the basic stages of growth for a male in Tlingit are « tʼukanéiyi » (baby), « yadakʼwátskʼu » (boy), « yadákʼw » (adolescent male) « yées ḵáa » (young man), « yanwáat » (adult, elder), « ḵáa sháan » (old man) • the basic stages of growth for a female in Tlingit are « tʼukanéiyi » (baby), « shaatkʼiyátskʼu » (girl), « sháatkʼ » (adolescent female) « yées shaawát » (young woman), « yanwáat » (adult, elder), « shaawát sháan » (old woman) | tʼook-a-∅-√néiy-i → craddleboard-it(3.O)-clasifier.(∅)-√fiddle.with-relational
tʼukanéiyi gwéili (compound noun) bag | baby bag | tʼook-a-∅-√néiy-i + gwéili → craddleboard-it(3.O)-clasifier.(∅)-√fiddle.with-relational+ bag-relational • (FS)
tʼukanéiyi koojúxaayi (compound noun) • variants: tʼukanéiyi kajúxayi • stroller; buggy | baby stroller | tʼook-a-√néiy-i + ka-ÿu-∅-√júx-aa-yí → craddleboard-it(3.O)-clasifier.(∅)-√fiddle.with-relational + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√spin-one(s).(part.i)-relational • (EM)
tʼukanéiyi x̱ʼeix̱ sa.áx̱ ḵóok (compound noun) monitor | baby monitor | tʼook-a-∅-√néiy-i + x̱ʼé-x̱ + sa-∅-√.áx̱ + ḵóok → craddleboard-it(3.O)-clasifier.(∅)-√fiddle.with-relational + mouth-at.(repeatedly) + voice-classifier.(∅)-√hear/sound + box • (FS)
tʼukanéiyi yee.ádi (compound noun) crib | tʼook-a-∅-√néiy-i + yee-át-i → craddleboard-it(3.O)-clasifier.(∅)-√fiddle.with-relational+ below-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (EM)
tʼúgwaa (verbal noun) • variants: tʼúgaa • bow ¹; arrow | bow and arrow; "the one that shoots (with bow and arrow)" | √tʼúk(w)-aa → √shoot-(bow and arrow)-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
tʼoochʼ ⑴ (noun) charcoal || ⑵ (color) black; color ² | tʼoochʼ yáx̱ yatee → it is black
tʼoochʼ eix̱í (compound noun) petroleum; oil | "charcoal oil" | tʼoochʼ + eex̱-í → charcoal + oil.rel • variants: tʼoochʼ eex̱í •
tʼoochʼ ḵáa (compound noun) person | African-American; "black person"
tʼoochʼ té (compound noun) coal | tʼoochʼ + té → charcoal + rock
tʼoochʼineit (compound noun) bottle; jug | "black thing below the water" | tʼoochʼ-héen-yee-át → charcoal.water.below-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
tʼook (noun) cradleboard; papoose carrier
tʼóokʼ (noun) nettle | (JL) ° (Urtica lyalli) °
tlagu– (adjective) ⑴ ancient || ⑵ forever | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | (JC) • variants: tlaguwu– •
Tlagu Ḵwáanxʼi (compound noun) • variants: Tlagu Ḵwáanxʼi Yán • people ¹ | Eternal Ones; Ancient Ones; People of Long Ago, Ancient Times | ceremonial term used for ancestors of long ago | tlagu + ḵwáan-xʼ-i ( + yán) → old + people-of – .[plural]-relational ( + [plural kinship]) • (KE)
tlagu tsʼatsʼéeyee (compound noun) sparrow; finch | grey singing bird (sparrow or finch) | tlagu + tsʼatsʼéey-ee → old + bird.rel
–tlaguḵwansaayí (kinship term) • variants: –tleguḵwansaayí (C) • name ² | namesake from long ago; "name from the Ancient People" | this term is used ceremoniously to refer to someone long ago who had the same name, and in Tingit thinking therefore was the same person | tlagu-ḵwáan-saa-yí → old.people-of.name-relational • (JL)
tlag̱anís (noun) • variants: tag̱anís • pole ¹; sapling | sapling; pole made from sapling | pole (can be used for spear or walking stick) | ta-g̱an-yís → bottom-manmade.pole/stick-for • (JL)
–tlag̱eiyí (body part) brain | tla-g̱ei-yí → head?.between-folds-relational
–tlag̱eiyí yadaadoogú (body part) brain | membrane around their brain
–tlag̱eiyí yadaatéetʼi (body part) blood; brain | blood vessels on the surface of their brain
tlahéeni (compound noun) amniotic fluid | amniotic fluid in the womb (of human) | tláa + héen-i → [mother + water.rel] • (SB)
tlax̱ (adverb) very | appears in front of the verb or phrase it is modifying | (KE)
Tlax̱ Yeeyayát’ Yagyee (compound noun) Solstice | Summer Solstice | tlax̱ + yee-ÿa-√yátʼ + yagyee → very + time-cl(∅,i)-√long + day (RD)
tlax̱aneisʼ (compound noun) kingfisher | tlaax̱-aa-neisʼ → mold-one(s).(part.i).ointment ° (Megaceryle alcyon) °
tlákw (particle) always; all the time; constantly | often appears with the particle « chʼa » before it • used before repetitive verbs to create "always {verb}" | (KE)
Tlákw Aan (placename) Klukwan | "Eternal Village" | tlákw + aan → always + land-(inhabited) • (TT, KE)
tláykʼ (particle) no • variants: tléikʼ •
tláʼ! (interjection) oops! • variants: tlám!, tláp! •
tlaagú (noun) myth; legend; childrenʼs tale; fable | (KE, JL)
tlaagóo! (interjection) how about that! | (JL)
tlaax̱ (noun) mold
–tláa (kinship term) mother | in Tlingit kinship, this term is also often used to refer to biological sisters of a mother or a same moiety female who steps in as a mother | (KE)
tláakw (adverb) fast ¹ | when combined with certain verbs like « yoo x̱ʼayatánk » (they are speaking), can be interpreted as "angrily" or "hastily"
tláakw at sa.eeyí ḵóok (compound noun) oven; microwave | microwave oven; "quick cooking box" | tláakw + at + sa√.ee-yí + ḵóok → fast + something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(s)-√cook-relational + box
Tláakw Kashg̱ítx̱ Yagyee (compound noun) Solstice | Winter Solstice | tláakw + ka-sh-√g̱ít-x̱ + yagyee → quickly + horizontal-cl.(d,sh)-√dark-repetitive + day (RD)
–tláakʼw (kinship term) aunt | maternal aunt (same clan) | in Tlingit kinship, the term for a maternal aunt is used for all females of the same clan who is in the same generation as the father. This term can also extend to any women of the opposite moiety who are of the motherʼs generation as an expression of personal closeness • can be used to show personal closeness with a female member of the same moiety who is not necessarily the same clan | (KE)
tláaḵ (noun) arrow | sharp arrow for killing | (JL)
tle (particle) • variants: tlei • then; time ² | at that time | used before a verb to create "when {verb}" or "while {verb}" • will be used often to tie a series of actions together • often appears with the particle « chʼu » and becomes "just then" • use varies from speaker to speaker, and it can appear multiple times in one sentence, often to show the immediacy of a string of actions | Tle ḵúnáx̱ kʼadéin yan ax̱éixʼw áwé, ḵaa x̱oot wujikʼén wé át wé Áa Tayaadi. → When they all were fast asleep the Lake-bottom-child [a type of bird] came hoppîng among them all. (EN) • (KE)
tlelé (particle) • variants: tlelí, tlél unalé, tlél nalé, tleinlé, tleinlí • almost | "itʼs not far"
tlékʼg̱aa (number) one ¹ | one one at a time, one by one | tléixʼ-g̱aa → one.after • (JL)
tlékʼg̱aanáx̱ one ¹ | one person at a time | tléixʼ-g̱aa-náx̱ → one.after.through • (JL)
tléḵw yádi (compound noun) raspberry | "berry child" | tléiḵw + yádi → berry + child
tlél aa sá (particle) • variants: tlél aadóo sá • nobody | "say not who" | tlél + aa(dóo) + sá → not + who + voice/name
tlél daa sá (particle) nothing | tlél + daa + sá → not + what + voice/name
tlél daa.itḵooshgóok (state verb) awkward
tlél dutéeni táaxʼaa (compound noun) no-see-ums; midgies; sand flies; punkies | "mosquito that isnʼt seen" | tlél + du-∅-√téen-i + ∅-√táaxʼ-aa → not + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√see + clasifier.(∅)-√bite-one(s).(part.i)
tlél gooxʼ sá (particle) nowhere | tlél + goo-xʼ + sá → not + where.at-(residing) + voice/name
tlél nalé (particle) • variants: tlél unalé, tlelé, tlelí, tleinlé, tleinlí • almost | "itʼs not far"
tlél unalé (particle) • variants: tlél nalé, tlelé, tlelí, tleinlé, tleinlí • almost | "itʼs not far"
tlél wáa sá (particle) okay | itʼs okay | interpretation of this particle depends upon context, and can vary from "not much" (as an answer to « waa sá at nanéin i een? ») to "it will be okay" (as a response to « chʼa aadé yéi x̱at na.óo! ») | tlél + wáa + sá → not + how + voice/name • (NR)
–tlénxʼ (adjective) large; big | large (plural); big (plural) | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun that it affects | (JC)
tlénxʼ shx̱ʼaneit (compound noun) owl | boreal / saw-whet owl | tlein-xʼ + sha-x̱ʼaan-yee-át → big.[plural] + head.fire/red.below-thing-(4n.i) • (JL) ° (Aegolius funereus/acadicus?) °
tleidahéen (number) • variants: tleixʼdahéen • one ² | once; one time | can be used to start a story, loosely translating to 'this one time' | tleixʼ-dahéen → one.times
tleidooshú (number) six | "someone extends [them allʼs hand] to the first one" | tléixʼ-aa-du-w-ÿa-√shú → one-one(s).(part.i).someone.perfective-[classifer]-√extends
tleidooshóonáx̱ (number) six | six people | tleidooshú-náx̱ → six.through
tleikajíntin hand ¹; one ¹ | with one hand
tleikatánk (compound noun) huckleberry; berry | red huckleberry | (JL) ° (Vaccinium parvifolium) °
tleikdé (particle) side ² | to one side; to the side | (JL) • tleikdé alg̱ín! → look to the side! (JL)
tleiḵáa (number) twenty | "one person" | tléixʼ-ḵáa → one.person
tleiḵáa ḵa tléináx̱ (number) twenty one | twenty one people | tleixʼ-ḵáa + ḵa + tléixʼ-náx̱ → one.person + and + one.through
tleiḵáa ḵa tléixʼ (number) twenty one | tleixʼ-ḵáa + ḵa + tléixʼ → one.person + and + one
tleiḵáanáx̱ (number) twenty | twenty people | tleixʼ-ḵáa-náx̱ → one.person.through
tleilkʼú (noun) string ¹; catʼs cradle | catʼs cradle (game) | (JL)
tleilú (noun) • variants: leilú • butterfly; moth | (NR, KE)
–tlein (adjective) large; big | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun that it affects | (JC)
tleinlé (particle) • variants: tleinlí, tlél unalé, tlél nalé, tlelé, tlelí • almost | "itʼs not far"
tleitaat (compound noun) night | one night | tléixʼ + taat → [one + night] • (KE)
tleiyán (landform) • variants: tleiyén • ⑴ mainland; shore | shore seen from a distance; mainland | tleixʼ-yán → one-shore • tleiyánt kamdiyáa → they went ashore (JL) || ⑵ shoreline | one side (of lake, river)
tleiyeekaadé (adverb) one ² | one kind; one type; one way; one direction | tlei-yee-ká-dé → one.below.on.towards • (KE)
tléikde (independent base) side ² | to one side; to the side | tleikdé eelg̱ín! → look to the side! (JL)
tléiknáx̱ (independent base) side ² | to one side; to the side | wé at doogú wookʼoots tléiknáx̱ ḵá dzískʼw aax̱ wudzigeet → the skin broke on one side and the moose fell off (BC)
tléikʼ (particle) no • variants: tláykʼ •
tléiḵw (noun) berry; berries
tléiḵw kahínti (compound noun) twistedstalk; watermelon berry; berry | "ghostʼs berry" | shoots and berries are edible, but some gatherers say they all were not eaten historically | (JL) • tléiḵw + ka-√hín-t-i → berry + horizontal-√water-(mix with)-repetitive-relational ° (Streptopus amplexifolius) °
tléiḵw kahéeni (compound noun) berries; juice | berry juice | tléiḵw + ka-héen-i → berry + horizontal-√water-(mix with)-relational
tléiḵw wásʼi (compound noun) berry; bush ¹ | berry bush | tléiḵw + wásʼ-i → berry + bush.rel
tléiḵw xʼaakeidí (compound noun) seeds | fruit seeds | tléiḵw + xʼaa-ká-át-í → berry/fruit + point-on-thing.(4n)-relational • (FS)
tléil (particle) • variants: tlél, hél, lél, téil, tíl, l • not
tléináx̱ (number) one ¹ | one person | tléixʼ-náx̱ → one.through
tléixʼ (number) one ¹
tléixʼ hándit (number) one hundred | tléixʼ + hándit → one + hundred-(from English "hundred")
tléixʼ yakyee (compound noun) • variants: tléixʼ yagiyee, tléixʼ yagee • Monday; day | "first day" | tléixʼ + yakyee → one + day • (JL)
tliyaa (independent base) farther; over ² | farther over; way over | refers to something more distant in space or time | tliyaadé → over that way; (moving) over, farther over • (JL)
tliyaa aa (compound noun) farther; next; one ² | the next one (over); the one farther over | refers to something more distant in space or time
tliyaanax̱.á (compound noun) area; farther; over ² | area farther over; (toward) the other side
tliyaatáakw (compound noun) year | the other year; a few years ago; "the farther year" | tliyaa-táakw → farther.yesterday
tliyaatgé (compound noun) • variants: tliyaatatgé • day; other | the other day; a few days ago | tliyaa-tatgé → farther.yesterday • (JL)
tliyéi (preverb) • variants: tleiyéi • still ²; calm | tliyéi g̱anú! → sit still! (RN) • tliyéix’ yéi woonei → it was stillness (FI)
tliyéixʼ (interjection) • variants: tleiyéixʼ • still ²; calm | be still!; be calm! | (RN)
tlóox̱ (noun) bullhead | mud bullhead | has large head, crooked eyes, lays edible eggs | (JL)
tlʼag̱áa (adverb) enough; adequate; lots | tlʼa-g̱áa → ?-adequate • (KE, JL)
tlʼaḵshanaa.át (compound noun) • variants: tlʼiḵnaa.át • thimble | "thing draped over the fingertip" | tlʼeeḵ-sha-naa-át → finger.head.draping.thing
tlʼátk (landform) soil ¹; earth; land ¹; country
tlʼáxchʼ (plant part) branch | old, dead branch
tlʼaadéin (independent base) crosswise; sideways | tlʼaa-déin → sideways/crosswise.[adverb] • (JL, KE)
tlʼaadéin.aa (compound noun) turnip | "the one crosswise" | tlʼaadéin-aa → crosswise-one(s).(part.i)
tlʼaaḵʼwáchʼ (noun) sourdock; wild rhubarb
tlʼáakʼ (noun) pale; pastel
tlʼáatlʼ ⑴ (noun) bird; warbler | small yellow songbird (yellow warbler?) ° (Setophaga petechia) ° || ⑵ (color) yellow
tlʼeḵkakées (compound noun) • variants: tlʼiḵkakées • ring ² | "bracelet on the finger" | tlʼeiḵ-ka-kées → finger.on.bracelet
tlʼeḵketsáaxʼ (compound noun) • variants: litlʼeeg̱i tsáaxʼ, litlʼeig̱i tsáaxʼ, ḵaa tlʼeig̱í tsáaxʼ • glove | "mitten on fingers" | tlʼeiḵ-ká-tsáaxʼ → finger.on.mitten • (JL)
–tlʼeḵshá (body part) finger | fingertip | tlʼeiḵ-shá → finger.head
–tlʼeḵtlein (body part) • variants: –tlʼiḵtlein • finger | middle finger; "big finger" | tlʼeiḵ-tlein → finger.big
–tlʼeḵx̱ʼáak (body part) finger; between | between fingers | tlʼeiḵ-x̱ʼáak → finger.between
–tlʼeḵ.wax̱ʼáak (body part) finger | webbing between fingers | (JL)
tlʼelx̱ʼw (noun) • variants: tsʼésx̱ʼw, tsʼísx̱ʼw • snail; winkle | winkle, snail with shell
–tlʼeiḵ (body part) • variants: –tlʼeeḵ • finger
–tlʼeiḵ kagúnlʼi (body part) • variants: tlʼeeḵ kax̱áksi, tlʼeiḵ kax̱áksi • knuckle | tlʼeiḵ + ka-gunlʼ-i → finger + horizontal-bump/lump-relational
–tlʼeiḵ kax̱áksi (body part) • variants: tlʼeeḵ kax̱áksi, tlʼeiḵ kegúnlʼi • knuckle | tlʼeiḵ + ka-∅-√x̱ák-s-i → finger + horizontal-classifier.(∅)-√wither/shrivel-in.series-relational
tlʼeitáḵw– (adjective) pure | "removed trashiness" | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | √tlʼeit-áḵw → √trashy/dirty.[deprivative] • (JC)
–tlʼéili (body part) semen; milt
tlʼéitlʼ (noun) moonfish; suckerfish; blowfish
tlʼiḵnaa.át (compound noun) • variants: tlʼaḵshanaa.át • thimble | "thing draped over the finger" | tlʼeeḵ-naa-át → finger.draping.thing
tlʼildaaskeit (compound noun) clam | littleneck clams | tlʼil-daa-sá-ká-át → hammer.what.say.on.thing • (JL)
tlʼíg̱aa (verbal noun) ⑴ pincer | "the one that carries it in its pinchers" || ⑵ hook ² | salmon hook | √tlʼeeḵ-aa • (JL)
–tlʼeeg̱í (body part) octopus; tentacle | tentacle (of octopus)
tlʼeex (noun) clutter; garbage; mess; rubbish; trash | filth, mess; trash, rubbish, garbage | something that is filthy or dirty and must be discarded | (JL)
tlʼéekʼat (compound noun) skewer; withe | cross skewer (for keeping filet flat or to close body cavity while roasting); sticks woven through the fish lengthwise after it has been filleted for barbecuing | √tlʼéekʼ-át → √?-thing • (JL)
tlʼúkʼx̱ • variants: tlʼúkʼ • (noun) worm; larva; grub; caterpillar | (KE)
tlʼooḵ (noun) cancer; gangrene; sore | tlʼooḵ du daawú → they have sores all over (JL)
–tlʼóog̱u (body part) • variants: –tlʼóoḵ • liver | "slow drip" | √tlʼóoḵ-u → √drip-(slow)-relational
tsá ¹ (particle) then | only then | often appears between two verb phrases where the first happens just after the second, where the second verb required the completion of the first | ldakát yax̱ ayalalʼéexʼ áwé tsá dáḵdei g̱unayéi uwagút → [only] when he had broken them all all, then he started [walking] up (APJ, Haa Shuká 86–87) • (KE)
tsá ² (particle) • variants: tsé • be sure not to | used with the admonitive verb form, which gives the meaning “be sure not to {verb}” or “see that you donʼt {verb}” | (KE)
tság̱aa (verbal noun) pole ¹ | pole (for boating, for pushing skin toboggan); "the one that pushes with a stick" | √tsáḵ-aa → √poke/prod/push-(with stick)-one(s).(part.i)
tsálgi náagu (compound noun) sage | wild sage | tsálk-i + náakw-u → ground-squirrel.peg.vowel + medicine-relational • (JL) ° (Artemisia frigida?) °
tsálk (noun) squirrel; gopher | arctic ground squirrel | locally called gopher ° (Spermophilus undulatus plesius) °
tsaa (noun) seal ¹ | hair seal; harbor seal ° (Phoca vitulina) °
tsaa naasí géidi (compound noun) seal intestine braided into a tube which is stuffed with chunks of seal fat | "against the seal intestine" | tsaa + naas-í + géi-t-i → seal + intestine-relational + against/opposing.at-(arrived)-relational • (JL)
Tsaagweidí (clan name) Clan | "People of the Harbor Seal Ice Floes"; Origin: Hood Bay, Kake | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Killer Whale Migration • Daḵlʼaweidí Group • Primary Crest: Split Killer Whale • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Seal, Shark | tsaa-√goo-át-í → seal-√swim-(in school, of mammal)-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan
• Aan Yakawlitseix̱i Hít | House that Anchored the Village
• Tóosʼ Hít | Shark House
• X̱áay Hít | Yellow-Cedar House
tsaag̱álʼ (compound noun) spear ² | √tsaaḵ-álʼ → √poke/prod/push-(with stick).? • (KE, JC)
tsaatguyéig̱aa (particle) • variants: tsaatguwéig̱aa • finally; last ¹; then | finally; at (long) last; only then | (JL)
Tsaatʼineidí (clan name) Clan | "People of the Stream Behind a Seal"; Origin: Youngs Bay | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Yanyeidí Migration • Primary Crest: Wolf | tsaa-tʼee-héen-i-át-i → seal.behind.water/river-relational.thing-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan
• Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House
• Yayuwaa Hít | Between them all House
tsáats (noun) bear root; Indian potato
tsáaxʼ (noun) mitten | mitten; mittens, (locally called) mitts
tsáaxʼ kadzaasí (compound noun) • variants: tsáaxʼ kedzaasí • mitten; string ¹ | string connecting a pair of mittens, gloves | a long braided string connecting a pair of mittens that is worn around the neck | tsáaxʼ + ka-dzaas-í → mitten + on.babiche-relational • (JL)
tsáaxʼ ya.áawu mitten; string ¹ | string connecting a pair of mittens, gloves | tsáaxʼ + ya-∅-√.áaw-u → mitten + vsf-classifier.(∅)-√strap-relational • (JL)
tsé (particle) • variants: tsá ² • be sure not to | used with the admonitive verb form, which gives the meaning “be sure not to {verb}” or “see that you donʼt {verb}” | (KE)
tseindeiyaa (compound noun) • variants: tseindeiyé • duck; canvasback | canvasback duck | possibly pintail duck
–tseiyí • variants: –tseixʼí • sweetheart
tséit (noun) potato | wild sweet potato | (Haa Atx̱aayí) ° (Potentilla anserina) °
tsín (noun) muskrat
tsískʼw (noun) owl: great horned owl; owl with ear tufts • variants: dzískʼw (At, T), óondách (T), wesdzi (C), mesdzi (C) •
tseeneidi shál (compound noun) ladle ²; spoon ¹ | handmade ladle; handmade spoon; "strong thing spoon" | √tseen-át-i + shál → √strong/valuable.thing-relational + spoon/ladle
tseenx̱ʼé (compound noun) lizard; newt | "strong mouth" | √tseen-x̱ʼé → √strong/valuable.mouth
tséek (noun) skewer; spit ² | spit, skewer, roasting stick, barbecue stick
tsu (particle) again; more: some more | appears before a verb to indicate it occuring again | (KE)
tsú (particle) also; too; as well | often appears near the end of sentences
tsʼakʼáawásh (compound noun) • variants: chʼukʼáawásh • fish ¹ | possibly borrowed noun
tsʼanéi (borrowed noun) basket | round basket made of split red cedar branches | from Tsimshian | (JL)
tsʼas (particle) merely | (JC)
tsʼatsʼée (noun) bird | bird; songbird | often refers to a bird larger than a closed hand • some communities only use « tsʼítskw »
tsʼaxweil (compound noun) crow
tsʼáḵl (noun) ⑴ black; paint ¹ | black paint | made from neixinté || ⑵ (color) black | black with dirt, filth, stain | « tsʼáḵli yáx̱ yatee» is inky black, literally, is the color of a black dye, M Sparks said it was "too black to wash out" | (JL)
tsʼáḵl kooxéedaa (compound noun) canoe; stick | painted sticks inserted into drilled holes to gauge depth when hewing canoe | drill holes and put black point on sticks, put stick inside hole, and break the stick off | ka-li-√séḵʼw-u + ka-u-√xéet-aa → horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(l,i)-√dye/color-relational + round-irrealis-√make-furrow-one(s).(part.i) • (EM, HC)
tsʼésx̱ʼw (noun) • variants: tsʼésx̱ʼw, tsʼísx̱ʼw • snail; winkle | winkle, snail with shell
–tsʼéix̱i (relational noun) ⑴ taste | has a taste for – || ⑵ addict | is addicted to – || ⑶ crave | craves – | (JL)
tsʼíktsʼík (borrowed noun) cart; wheelbarrow | from Chinook Jargon « tsʼíktsʼík » | (JC)
–tsʼíkʼwti (body part) • variants: –tsʼéekʼu • muscle; mollusk; button ² | muscle that opens and closes the shell of a shellfish; "pincher"
tsʼítskw (noun) bird | small songbird | for many Tlingit speakers, this is a bird smaller than a closed hand | (JL) ° (Passeriformes) °
tsʼíxaa (noun) • variants: altsʼíxaa • sneeze | (JL)
tsʼeeg̱éeni (compound noun) magpie
tsʼeeg̱éeni atx̱aayí (compound noun) pie | tsʼeeg̱éeni + atx̱á-yí → magpie + food-relational
tsʼéekáx̱kʼw (compound noun) • variants: tsʼéikáx̱kʼw • blueberry; berry | alpine blueberry | locally called mountain blueberry | (JL) ° (Vaccinium uliginosum ssp alpinum) °
–tsʼéekʼu (body part) • variants: –tsʼíkʼwti • muscle; mollusk; button ² | muscle that opens and closes the shell of a shellfish; "pincher"
tsʼéekʼw (noun) • variants: tsʼéexʼw • pinch; measurement | pinch (with finger); pinch of (measurement) | (JL)
tsʼéekʼw kashxeedí (compound noun) character; marking; apostrophe
tsʼootaat (compound noun) morning | tsʼoo-taat → ?.night
tsʼootaat kaxóok atx̱á (compound noun) cereal | tsʼootaat + ka-∅-√xóok + atx̱á → morning (FS)
Tsʼootsxán (borrowed noun) Tsimshian: Coast Tsimshian | (KE) • variants: Tsʼootsxén (C) •
-u ⁓ -wu (relational suffix) at | is/are at | used in verbless phrases | (JC)
uháan (independent pronoun) us | first person plural independent (1p.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i)
• uháan | us → first person plural independent (1p.i)
• wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i)
• yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i)
• hú | they → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)
• hás | them all → third person plural independent (3p.i)
• á | it → third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)
• ash | this person → third person proximal independent (3prx.i)
• á | that other person → third person obviate independent (3obv.i)
• ḵáa | someone → fourth person human independent (4h.i)
• át | something → fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)
• aa | one, some → partitive independent (part.i)
• chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i)
• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → reciprocal independent (recip.i)
–uwaa (adjective) similar; look like; fake | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | ú-√yaa → irr-√resemble • (JC)
ux̱ akagan sʼeenáa
ux̱ akasʼíḵx̱i ⑴ (verbal noun) hide ² | smoked hide | ux̱ + a-ka-∅-√sʼíḵ-x̱-i → [??] + a.theme-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√smoke-repetitive-relational || ⑵ (color) tan | (JL)
ux̱ kei (preverb) blindly; out of control | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus)
ux̱ganhéen (compound noun) • variants: ux̱.agan héen, ux̱.akagan héen • kerosene; oil | coal oil | u-g̱a-∅-√gan-héen → irrealis-g̱a-md-classifier.(∅)-√burn/light.water • (JL)
ux̱ganḵáasʼ • variants: ux̱ganlʼoowú • match | "stick that burns" | u-g̱a-∅-√gan-ḵáasʼ → irrealis-g̱a-md-classifier.(∅)-√burn/light.stick • (JL)
ux̱ganlʼoowú • variants: ux̱ganḵáasʼ • match | "wood that burns" | u-g̱a-∅-√gan-lʼoowú → irrealis-g̱a-md-classifier.(∅)-√burn/light.wood • (JL)
ux̱katság̱aa (compound noun) • variants: ux̱ketsáag̱aa, ux̱x̱ʼáak ketsáag̱aa, ux̱x̱ʼaakkatság̱aa • toothpick
–ux̱kʼidleeyí (body part) gums
–ux̱kʼí (body part) gums; tooth | the part of the teeth below the gum line
–ux̱taag̱áni (body part) tooth | canine tooth; "ones to spear with" | oox̱-√taaḵ-áa-een-i → tooth/teeth-√spear/poke-one(s).(part.i).with-relational • (JL)
–uʼxʼu (body part) • variants: –óoxʼu • shoulder; scapula | shoulderblade | (JE)
úsʼaa (verbal noun) soap | "the one that washes" | √úsʼ.aa → √wash-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
úsʼaa x̱eilí (compound noun) soap | soap suds | √úsʼ.aa x̱eil-i → √wash-one(s).(part.i) foam-relational
útlx̱i (verbal noun) boil ¹; fish ¹ | boiled fish | a traditional dish often involving salmon, potatoes, onions, salt, and seal or hooligan grease, but not containing a lot of spices or milk • works as a noun or as a relational noun, where the preceding noun specifies the type of fish used, as in cháasʼ útlx̱i (pink salmon boiled fish) | √.útl-x̱-i → boil.fish-repetitive-relational • (JL)
–oox̱ (body part) tooth
oox̱ kayáa corn | oox̱ + kayáa → tooth + resembles • (FS)
óon (noun) fish: small round white fish | (JL)
óon g̱eiwú (compound noun) • variants: (C), óon yayeeg̱eiwú (AT) • net | net used for round whitefish | óon + g̱eiwú → round-whitefish + web/net • (JL)
óon yayeeg̱eiwú (compound noun) • variants: (AT), óon g̱eiwú (C) • net used for round whitefish | óon + yá-yee-g̱eiwú → round-whitefish + face.below.web/net • (JL)
óonaa (verbal noun) gun; rifle | "the one that shoots" | √óon-aa → √shoot-(firearm).one-(s)-(part.i) • (JL)
óonaa kax̱íjaa (compound noun) • variants: óonaa tukatság̱aa • gun; rod | cleaning rod for gun | √óon-aa + ka-∅-√x̱il-ch-aa → gun/rifle + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√push/poke/prod-(with sticklike object)-one(s).(part.i)
óonaa tukatság̱aa • variants: óonaa kax̱íjaa • gun; rod | "the one that pokes inside the gun"; cleaning rod for gun | √óon-aa + tu-ka-∅-√tsáḵ-aa → gun/rifle + inside-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√push/poke/prod-(with sticklike object)-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
óonaa tuteiyí kaawaxeexí (compound noun) wound ² | gunshot wound | √óon-aa + tú-té-yí + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√xeex-í → √shoot-one(s).(part.i) + inside.rock-relational + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√fall/drop/hit-relational • (NJ)
óonaa x̱ʼadáadzi bullet | empty shell (after being fired) | óonaa + x̱ʼa-dáadzi → gun/rifle + mouth.firestone • (JL)
óonaa yádi (compound noun) pistol; gun | pistol
óondách (noun) owl: great horned owl; owl with ear tufts | (KE, JL) • variants: (T), tsískʼw, wesdzi (C), mesdzi (C) •
óondách tléig̱u (compound noun) berry | small orange berries found in clusters | not edible | (PK)
óoskʼ! (interjection) • variants: óoskʼi!, óoshkʼ! • tiny; cute | tiny!; cute! | (NR)
óosʼi (verbal noun) laundry | "wash" | √óosʼ-i → √wash-relational • (JL)
óosʼi katág̱aa • variants: (T), óosʼi katáxʼaa (T) • clothespin | "the one that pokes the landry" | óosʼi + ka-∅-√táḵ-aa → landry + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√speak/poke/prod-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
óosʼi katáxʼaa (compound noun) • variants: (T), óosʼi katág̱aa (T) • clothespin | "the one that bites the landry" | óosʼi + ka-∅-√táxʼ-aa → landry + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√bite-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
óosh (postverb) if only; as if; even if | appears after a verb to modify it as "if only [verb]" | (KE) • yisikóo óosh → if you only knew (RD)
óotʼaa (compound noun) tweezers | "the one that removes splinters" | √óotʼ-aa → √remove-splinter-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–óotʼi (body part) octopus; sucker | sucker (of octopus) | (JL)
óox (noun) breath; spray | breath of air (exaled); spray of air (exaled by a sea mammal) | (JL)
óoxjaa (verbal noun) wind | "the one that blows"
–óoxu (relational noun) spray | spray of air exaled through its blowhole (of sea mammal) | (JL)
–óoxʼu (body part) • variants: –uʼxʼu • shoulder; scapula | shoulderblade | (JE)
–óoxʼu kadleeyí (body part) • variants: –óoxʼ kadleeyí, –óoxʼu kedleeyí (C) • shoulderblade; muscle | shoulderblade muscles | óoxʼu + ka-dleey-í → shoulder-blade + on.meat/muscle-relational • (JL)
–óoxʼu x̱ʼáak (body part) shoulderblade | area between shoulderblades | (JL)
–waḵdaadleidí (body part) eye | whites of the eye | waaḵ-daa-dleit-i → eye.around-white/snow-relational • (SaJ)
waḵdáanaa (compound noun) eyeglasses | "eye money"; "eye coins" | waaḵ + dáanaa → eye + money/coin/dollar
–waḵhéeni (body part) • variants: –wax̱ʼahéeni, –waḵx̱ʼahéeni • tears | "eye water" | waaḵ-héen-i → eye.water.rel • (KE)
waḵjéitl (compound noun) ⑴ eyes | wide-open eyes; glaring eyes || ⑵ person | person with wide-open eyes | waaḵ-√jéitl → eye(s)-√spread-open-(body part) • (JL)
waḵkadóoxʼ (compound noun) blindfold | "tied over eyes" | waaḵ-ká-√dóoxʼ → eye.on.tie-knot
–waḵkadlóog̱u (body part) • variants: –waaḵ dlóoḵ; –wax̱ʼadlóog̱u; –wax̱ʼadlóoḵ; –waḵdlóog̱u; –waḵdluʼḵ; –waḵx̱ʼadlóog̱u • eye; mucus; sleep ² | sleep in their eyes; dried mucus gumming up their eyelashes | waaḵ-ká-dlóoḵ-u → eye.on.dried-mucus.[releational] • (JL)
waḵkalsʼóox̱ʼ gáaxw (compound noun) • variants: lakʼeechʼwú • duck; scoter | scoter duck; "duck with dried mucus around eyes" | la-kʼeechʼ-wú → neck.?.is/are-at • (JL) • waaḵ-ká-l-√sʼoox̱ʼ + gáaxw → eye-horizontal-[classifier]-√have-dried-mucus + duck ° (Oidemia nigra?) °
–waḵká (relational base) ⑴ block; view; way | blocking their view; in their way (so that she/he canʼt see); "on the eyes of" | waaḵ-ká → eye.on • ax̱ waḵkát áa → they are sitting and blocking my view (JL) • ax̱ waḵkét hén → s/h is standing in my way (so I canʼt see) (JL) || ⑵ overlook | blocking the view of it | hít waḵká → in front of house (JL)
–waḵlitáak • variants: –waḵlatáak, –waḵltáak • eye | inside of eye; "cavity in the eye" | waaḵ-li-√táak → eye-classifier.(l,i)-√cavity
–waḵshiyee (relational base) before; eye | before ones eyes; where one can see (it) | waaḵ-shiyee → eye.before
–waḵshú ⑴ (body part) eye | corner of eye || ⑵ (relational base) avoid; hide ¹; see | trying to avoid being seen, observed by; hiding what one is doing from | waḵshu.ádi aya.óo → they are sexually jealous of them (JL)
wanadóo (borrowed noun) • variants: nawadoo (T), nawadóo (S) • sheep | domestic sheep | from Chinook Jargon « limutó », which comes form French "le mouton" | (JC)
wanadóo latíni (compound noun) shepherd | "watches the sheep" | wanadóo + la-√tín-i → sheep-(domestic) + [classifier]-√see.rel
wanadóo yádi (compound noun) lamb | "sheep child" | wanadóo + yát-i → sheep-(domestic) + child-relational
wanatíx (verbal noun) ant | "hops along" | ÿa-na-√tóox → vertical-na-cj-√hops-along • variants: wanatóox •
–wanáa (relational base) aloof; apart; away; more; separate | separate, apart from it; keeping away, aloof from it; more than it (a number) | (JL) • jinkaat wanyáaxʼ → more than ten (JL) • a wanyáa woogú → stay away from it; donʼt get involved in it (JL)
–wankachʼeiḵ (body part) • variants: –wankachʼeeḵ, –wankechʼeiḵ • finger; pinky | little finger | dzískʼu wanyakachʼeeḵ might also be the rear toe of a moose hoof | wanka-√chʼeiḵ → edge-√point/poke?
wankashxéet flounder | starry flounder | wan-ká-sh-√xéet → edge-of-horizontal-[classifier]-√furrow/plow • (JL) ° (Platichthys stellatus) °
–wanká (relational base) edge | on the edge, side of it (as a trail); on the shoulder of it | (JL) • a wankáx̱ daaḵ yatí → cut off the end of it (JL) • a wankáx̱ yaa nagút → is getting close to it (JL) • shaa wanká → on the front, by the mountain
wasóos (borrowed noun) cow | from Chinook Jargon « musmús » which borrows from Klamath or Molala • related Haida word: masmúus | (JC)
wasóos lʼaa tux̱áni (compound noun) milk | cowʼs milk | wasóos + lʼaa + tu-√x̱án-i → cow + breast + inside-√love.rel • (JL) • variants: wasóos lʼaayí, wínk •
wasóos lʼaayí (compound noun) milk | cowʼs milk | wasóos + lʼaa-yí → cow + breast.rel • (JL, KE) • variants: wasóos lʼaa tux̱áni, wínk •
Wasʼineidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Sea Lice Creek"; Origin: Cathedral Falls Creek at head of Hamilton Bay | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration • Teiḵweidí Group • Primary Crest: Rhinoceros Auklet • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Brown Bear, Eagle | wéisʼ-héen-át-í → louse.water/river-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan
• Tax̱ʼ Hít | Tier House
wasʼxʼaan tléig̱u (compound noun) salmonberry | "tip of the bush berry" | wasʼ-xʼaan + tléiḵw-u → bush.tip + berry.rel
washéen (borrowed noun) engine; motor | from English "machine"
washéen katág̱ayi (compound noun) engine cylinder connecting rod | "the one that pokes holes in the machine" | washéen + ka-√táḵ-aa-yi → machine + horizontal-√poke/prod-one(s).(part.i)-relational
–washká (body part) • variants: –wushká • cheek | (outside of) cheek | wásh-ká → cheek.on
–washtú (body part) cheek; lip | inside of cheek; inside of lip | wásh-tú → cheek.inside
wash.át (compound noun) tobacco | plug of tobacco | wásh-át → cheek-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
Watineidí (clan name) Clan | "People of the Rock Sitting at the Mouth (of the creek)"; Origin: Wattahéen Creek in Hoonah Sound (?) | Raven/Crow Moiety | wát-té-√téen-át-i → mouth-(of body of water).rock-√-(4n.i)-relational People of Watin (?); • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
watsixtlaanáagu (compound noun) caribou leaf; wormwood; stinkweed | used as a regular medicinal drink when made into tea • can be mixed into a salve for scrapes, burns, and other skin irritations | watsix-tlaa-náakw-u → caribou.head?.medicine-relational • (JL) ° (Artemesium sp.) °
watsíx (noun) caribou ° (Rangifer tarandus) °
–wax̱ʼahéeni (body part) • variants: –waḵhéeni, –waḵx̱ʼahéeni • tears | "eye openingʼs water" | waaḵ-x̱ʼa-héen-i → eye.mouth.water.rel • (KE)
–wax̱ʼax̱éix̱ʼu (body part) eyelash | waaḵ-x̱ʼa-x̱éix̱ʼ-u → eye.mouth-√sleep-(plural)(?)-relational
wa.é (independent pronoun) you | second person singular independent (2s.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i)
• uháan | us → first person plural independent (1p.i)
• wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i)
• yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i)
• hú | they → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)
• hás | them all → third person plural independent (3p.i)
• á | it → third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)
• ash | this person → third person proximal independent (3prx.i)
• á | that other person → third person obviate independent (3obv.i)
• ḵáa | someone → fourth person human independent (4h.i)
• át | something → fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)
• aa | one, some → partitive independent (part.i)
• chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i)
• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → reciprocal independent (recip.i)
wa.é tlein gwéijích (phrase) you old thing you | (JL)
wáḵtʼásʼ (compound noun) snap; look ¹ | snapping eyes in anger | (HW)
–wán (relational noun) side ²; edge | edge of; (to the) side of | (JL)
wásʼ (noun) bush ¹
wásh (borrowed noun) mush; oatmeal; porridge | from English "mush"
–wásh (body part) cheek | (JL)
–wát (landform) mouth ²; river; wave ¹ | mouth (of a river, creek, lake, or wave); face (of a wave) | classification: body of water | (JL)
–waaḵ (body part) ⑴ eye | eye; eyes || ⑵ hole ¹ | eyehole; hole in its mesh; hole in the center made while filling it (front of snowshoe)
–waaḵg̱áa (compound noun) • variants: –waag̱áa • eye; good; look ²; like ¹; pleasant | pleasing to the eye; looking good to | Ach áwé tle haa waaḵg̱áa wootee. → That is why it looked good to us then. (KM) • Yaa ḵux̱lig̱át á ḵu.aa yá du waaḵg̱áa wooteeyi át, kʼidéin yóot uwagudi át. → But I forget the thing he thought looked right, the one that walked properly. (EmM) • (JL)
Waashdan Ḵwáan (compound noun) person; American | "People of Boston" | in early times of contact, white people were called « gusʼkʼiḵwáan » (people at the base of the clouds), and then often either « Anóoshi » (Russian) or « Waashdan ḵwáan » (People of Boston) • « Waashdán » comes from English "Boston" | (JC)
waat (noun) armspan; fathom | from √waat – measure; stretch arms; grow
wáa kooyáatʼ sá (phrase) • variants: wáa kooÿáatʼ sá • how; long; some; time ² | how long; for some time
wáa nanée sáwé (phrase) • variants: wáa nanéi sáwé • at some point | a consecutive verb mode (ʼafterwardʼ or ʼfollowingʼ) • often used in oratory as a sort of riddle to imply that the action being described went for a long duration, or perhaps suddenly changed | wáa + na-∅-√née + sá-wé → how + na-cn-classifier.(∅)-√do/work-on + voice/name.there • (JC)
wáa sá (question particle) • variants: máa sá • how | fluent speakers often translate this as "what" because the question particle "how" functions differently in Tlingit, as in « wáa sá at woonéi? » (how did it happen?) which functions more like "what happened?" • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « wáa sáyá » (how is this?), « wáa sáwé? » (how is that?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | wáa sá iyatee? → how are you? • wáa sá haa toowú yakʼéi → how very good we feel • (JC,KE)
wáa yateeyi yéixʼ (phrase) sometimes; occasionally; once in a while | wáa + ya-√tee-yi + yé-xʼ → how + clasifier.(∅,i)-√be-relational + place/time.at-(residing) • (JC, JL)
wáa yateeyí aa sá? (phrase) • variants: máa yateeyi aa sá • kind ²; some; what; which | what kind (of); which kind (of); some kind (of) | (JL)
wáachwaan (borrowed noun) police officer; watchman; guard ² | from English "watchman"
wáadishgaa (borrowed noun) priest | possibly from Russian bábushka | (JL)
wáanáx̱ sá (question particle) why | determiners may be added to « sá » as in « wáanáx̱ sáyá » (why is this?), « wáanáx̱ sáwé? » (why is that?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | wáanáx̱ sáwé i toowú yanéekw? → why are you sad? • (JC,KE)
wáang̱aneens (adverb) sometimes; once in a while; occasionally | this is a contingent verb mode (ʼwheneverʼ) that has been compressed over time to act more like a particle | wáa-na-g̱a-∅-√née-n-sá → how.na-cn.[g̱a-mode]-classifier.(∅)-√do/work-on.[stem-variation].voice/name • (MH, JC)
wáasadi (compound noun) fish ¹; skin ¹ | fire-roasted fish; skin crunchy from roasting | √wáas-át-i → √roast/scorch-(by fire)-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
wesdzi (noun) owl: great horned owl; owl with ear tufts | (JL) • variants: (C), mesdzi (C), tsískʼw, óondách (T) •
wé (determiner) ⑴ there | over there | distant from the speaker, but in the same general space || ⑵ then | that time | can refer to past, present, or future, but the time reference has likely already been mentioned • common suffix combinations are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length
• wéidáx̱ / wéitx̱ [wé+-dáx̱] | from there
• wéide [wé+-dé] | towards there
• wéináx̱ [wé+-náx̱] | through there
• wéit [wé+-t] | arriving there; at that place there
• wéidu [wé+-t+-wu] | there; located at that place right there
• wéixʼ [wé+-xʼ] | residing there; at this place there
• wéix̱ [wé+-x̱] | moving along there; repeatedly there
wéiksh (noun) knife | womanʼs curved knife
wéinaa (verbal noun) alkali; lime | alkali deposit; lime | √wóo-n-aa → √fair-complected.[progressive].one-(s)-(part.i) • (JL)
wéisʼ (noun) louse; lice
wéit (compound noun) there; place; that | there; that place (visible or previously referred to) | wé-t → there.at-(arrrived) • (JL)
wéitadi (compound noun) • variants: wéitédi (C) • ⑴ woman; menstruation; seclusion | woman who has reached begun menstration cycles | kept in seclusion, with her demeanor and activities strictly regulated by custom and visitations only allowed by mothers and sisters | √wéit-át-i → √menstrate-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL) || ⑵ lure; rock ¹ | rock used as a lure for black cod | literally, woman undergoing menarche
wéitʼát (compound noun) that; thing | that (thing) (visible or previously referred to) | wé-t-át → there.at-(arrriving).thing-(4n.ind) • (JL)
wéitʼaa (compound noun) one ²; that | that one (visible or previously referred to) | wé-t-aa → there-at.(arrived)-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
wéixʼadi (compound noun) order ²; send | √wóo-xʼ-át-i → √order/send-for-repetitive-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
wéix̱ʼ (noun) bullhead; sculpin | (JL) ° (Leptocottus armatus) °
wínk (borrowed noun) milk | cowʼs milk | from English "milk" • variants: wasóos lʼaa tux̱áni, wasóos lʼaayí •
wudanaaḵ (compound noun) ḵu.éexʼ; song | "Standing"; opening songs of a ḵu.éexʼ | from Dauenhauer (HTY 44): the first part, called « Ḵáa Eetí G̱áax̱i » (“The Cry for Someone”) is conducted by the hosts; it consists of speeches and four songs of mourning. The second part, « L Sʼaati Sháa G̱áax̱i (“The Widowʼs Cry,” literally “the cry for a leaderless woman”) is performed by the opposite moiety (the guests), who respond with a ceremony to remove the grief of the hosts. It, too, consists of speeches and songs. | wu-da-√naaḵ → perfective-clasifier.(d,∅)-√stand-(plural) • (NR) • variants: Kei Gax̱dunáaḵ, Gaaw Wutaan, G̱áax̱, G̱áax̱ Kát Anáḵ •
wudushaayí (verbal noun) marriage | ÿu-du-∅-√shaa-yí → perfective-someone.(3h.S)-classifier.(∅)-√marry-relational
wulsá (verbal noun) rest | ÿu-l-√sá → perfective-clasifier.(l)-√rest
wulsaayi yís ḵuwduwateen (compound noun) vacation | "traveling for rest" | ÿu-la-√saa-yi + yís + ḵu-ÿu-du-ÿa-√teen → perfective-clasifier.(l)-√rest-relational + for + areal.perfective-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅,i)-√travel • (GD, MD)
wutiyeit (compound noun) important | important thing that has happened | in formal speech, this can often refer to the death that has occurred and is being referred to indirectly | wu-ÿa-√tee-yi-át → perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√be.[relative]-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)
wutsaag̱áa (verbal noun) • variants: wootsaag̱áa • cane; walking stick; staff | "the one that poked it with a pole" | wu-√tsaaḵ-aa → perfective-√poke/prod/push-(with stick)-one(s).(part.i)
wuwtunéekw (compound noun) chest pain; tuberculosis | "sickness in the chest" | woow-tú-néekw → chest.inside.sick
wooch dook (particle) close ²; next to; together | right close together; right next to each other, to one another
wooch kikyátxʼi (kinship term) twin | twins to each other | wooch + kik-yát-xʼ-i → together + side-of-torso.child.[plural]-relational • (JL)
Wooch Keekt Yal.at Yaakw (placename) Orionʼs Belt (constellation) | "boats steered together side by side" | wooch + keek-t + ya-l-√.at + yaakw → together + torso/alongside.at-(arrived) + vsf-classifier.(d,l)-√carry-(wooden objects/assembled objects) • (JL)
wooch yáx̱ yaa datóowch (compound noun) math | "counting them all in balance" | wooch + yáx̱ + yaa + da-√tóow-ch → together + like + along + [classifier]-√count/read-repetitive
wool (noun) hole ¹
woolnáx̱ wooshḵáḵ (compound noun) wren | "landed through the hole" | wool-náx̱ + wu-sh-√ḵáḵ → hole.through + perfective-[classifier]-√land/squat
woon (noun) maggot
woosáani (compound noun) spear ² | spear for hunting
woosh ¹ (relational pronoun) • variants: wooch ¹ • each other | each otherʼs | reciprocal possessive (recip.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) • hoosh dook awli.ét → put them all right close together LW • wooch dook áx̱ yamdudli.át → they placed them all close together (in a row) (BC) • hoosh dook duḵéisʼ → it is sewed with fine/small stitches (LW)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
woosh ² (postpositional pronoun) each other | (to) each other | reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other postpositional pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) • variants: wooch •
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
woosh ³ (object pronoun) each other; together | each other [object] | reciprocal object (recip.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • indicates being together, doing something together, or doing something to each other, and appears as « woosh » and « wooch » interchangeably • triggers middle voice (+d form of the classifer) • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) • variants: wooch •
• x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object (1s.O)
• haa | us [object] → first person plural object (1p.O)
• i- | you [object] → second person singular object (2s.O)
• yee | you all [object] → second person plural object (2p.O)
• ∅- ⁓ a- | them → third person object (3.O)
• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• ash | this person [object] → third person proximal object (3prx.O)
• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person human object (4h.O)
• at | something [object] → fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)
• aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (part.O)
• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → reciprocal object (recip.O)
woosh ⁴ (subject pronoun) • variants: wooch • each other; together | each other [subject] | reciprocal subject (recip.S) • in a verb phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb • indicates being together, doing something together, or doing something to each other, and appears as « woosh » and « wooch » interchangeably • triggers middle voice (+d form of the classifer) • other subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject (1s.S)
• tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject (1p.S)
• i- | you [subject] → second person singular subject (2s.S)
• yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural subject (2p.S)
• ∅- | they [subject] → third person subject (3.S)
• has + ∅- | they all [subject] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• du- | someone [subject] → fourth person human subject (4h.S)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] → reciprocal subject (recip.S)
woosh dakádin (adverb) direction; opposite; other; way | (facing) the opposite direction from each other; the other way from each other | can be used to say "your shoes are on the wrong feet" | woosh + daaká-t-yeen → together + around-outside.on.at-(arrived).facing • (KE, JL, MD)
woosh dakán (adverb) facing; away | facing away from each other | woosh + dakán → together + facing-away • (WM)
woosh daséixʼán (compound noun) trade; take; turn ² | trading goods with each other; trading places with each other; taking turns with each others | tlél gé aadé wé i Náaḵw Tlʼeeg̱í Wootsaag̱áa daséixʼán? → why not trade for your Octopus Tentacle Cane? (RZ) • woosh + daséixʼ-án → together-(recip.r) + out-of-reach.? • (DA, RL, JL)
woosh dasháay (verbal noun) ⑴ married couple | woosh + da-√sháa(y) → each-other + clasifier.(d,∅)-√marry || ⑵ mates | mates (of people or animal) | (JL)
woosh dayeen (adverb) facing each other | woosh + daa-yeen → together + around-facing
woosh gax̱dusháa (compound noun) wedding | "someone is getting married" | woosh + ga-u-g̱a-du-∅-√sháa → together + ga-cj.irrealis-g̱a-md-someone.(4h.S)-∅-√marry
woosh g̱unayáade (adverb) • variants: woosh g̱uwanáade, woosh x̱ʼaakdiyéináx̱, hoosh wanáade • different; various | differently (from one another); variously | woosh + g̱u-nayáa-de → together + different.area.towards
woosh g̱unayáade aa (compound noun) different; various; one ² | different ones; various ones | woosh + g̱u-nayáa-de + aa → together + different.area.towards + one(s).(part.i) • yoosh g̱unayáade ditee → theyʼre different from one another (JL)
woosh kát kawdliyeejí aa (compound noun) • variants: kaawayík yaagú • airplane | "the ones that (people) together" | woosh + ká-t + ka-ÿu-dli-√yeech-í + aa → together + on.at-(arriving) + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(d,l,i)-√fly-(plural)-relational + one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
woosh kát kawdliyeejí aa daakahídi (compound noun) airport | "the house around the one that flies (people) together" | woosh + ká-t + ka-ÿu-dli-√yeech-í + aa + daaka-hít-i → together + on.at-(arriving) + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(d,l,i)-√fly-(plural)-relational + one(s).(part.i) + around-outside.house-relational
–woosh kíkʼi yán (kinship term) sister; brother; sibling | femaleʼs sisters; maleʼs brothers; "each otherʼs younger siblings" | same gender • used to refer to a femaleʼs sisters or a maleʼs brothers, often from the same parents and always from the same clan | woosh + kéekʼ-i + yán → each-otherʼs-(recip.r) + younger-sibling-(same gender).[peg vowel] + [plural-diminutive] • (NR)
woosh kínde kaduneegí (verbal noun) tattle-tale | "together upwards telling person" (tattle-tale) | (JM) • woosh + kín-de + ka-du-∅-√neek-i • from verb: kín ka-S-∅-√neek⁓ (na act): for S to tattle-tale → [together + up.towards + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√tell.rel]
woosh yaayí (compound noun) pair | "faces together" | woosh + yá-yí → together + face.rel
wooshduwag̱ígín (preverb) • variants: wooshdayíg̱in, wooshdawag̱ígin • circle | in a circle; in circles | woosh-du-waaḵ-ígín → reciprocal-someoneʼs.(4h.r)-eye-? • (NR, JL)
Wooshkeetaan Clan | "People of the Houses On the Other Side of Each Other" | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Xakwnoowkeidí Group • Primary Crest: Shark • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Thunderbird, Bear, Killerwhale, Murrelet, G̱unakadeit (Sea Monster), Eagle | woosh-keeká-hít-taan → together.across from/facing.house.people-of-house
Xunaa Ḵáawu
• Wooshdaa Hít | Around Each Other House
• Tóosʼ Déx̱ʼi Hít | Shark Backbone House
• Noow Hít | Fort House
Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan
• Noow Hít | Fort House
• Noowshaká Hít | On the Head of the Fort House
• Xóots Kúdi Hít | Brown Bear Nest House
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan
• Noow Hít | Fort House
Áakʼw Ḵwáan
• G̱unakadeit Hít | Sea Monster
• Hít Tlein | Big House
• Noow Hít | Fort House
• Tóosʼ Hít | Shark House
• Xeitl Hít | Thunderbird House
• Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House
• Ḵóok Hít | Box House
wooshnáx̱ téeyi hít (compound noun) cabin; house | log house | made with notched logs, with the ends of the logs projecting beyond the corners of the house
wootsaag̱áa (compound noun) • variants: wutsaag̱áa • cane; walking stick; staff | wu-ÿa-√tsaaḵ-áa → perfective-cl.(∅,i)-√poke/prod-one(s).(part.i)
–woowkasʼaag̱í (body part) sternum; bone | sternum; breastbone | woow-ká-sʼaaḵ-í → chest-on-bone-relational • (JL)
–woowkasʼaag̱í goodlí (body part) sternum | bump on their sternum | woow-ká-sʼaaḵ-í + gootl-í → chest-on-bone-relational + bump-relational
–woowká (body part) chest | (on) the chest | woow-ká → chest.on • (JL)
–woowshuyeesʼaag̱í (body part) • variants: –yuwshutúḵlʼi, –yuwshuyeesʼaag̱í • sternum | caudiform appendage | small curved projection of cartilage below the ribcage in the area of the solar plexus | woow-shu-yee-sʼaaḵ-í → chest-end-below-bone-relational • (JL)
–wóo (kinship term) father-in-law | (KE)
wóosh (independent pronoun) each other; together | reciprocal independent (recip.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • indicates being together, doing something together, or doing something to each other. In verbs, it occurs outside of the verb itself and is used in addition to other pronouns. It is seen as woosh and wooch interchangeably, and common examples are wooch.een (being together), woosh ji.éen (hands together), and woosh gax̱dusháa (wedding) • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) • variants: wóoch •
• x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i)
• uháan | us → first person plural independent (1p.i)
• wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i)
• yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i)
• hú | they → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)
• hás | them all → third person plural independent (3p.i)
• á | it → third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)
• ash | this person → third person proximal independent (3prx.i)
• á | that other person → third person obviate independent (3obv.i)
• ḵáa | someone → fourth person human independent (4h.i)
• át | something → fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)
• aa | one, some → partitive independent (part.i)
• chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i)
• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → reciprocal independent (recip.i)
wóoshnáx̱ x̱ʼakakéix̱ʼi (compound noun) chain | "hooked together at the mouth" | wóosh-náx̱ + x̱ʼa-ka-√kéix̱ʼ-i → together.through + mouth-horizontal-√hook/gaff-relational • (JL)
wóoshx̱ dagaa (compound noun) box; food container | food box divided into compartments by a divider | wóosh-x̱ + da-√gaa → together.at-repetitive + clasifier.(d,∅)-√distribute/scatter • (JL)
wóoshx̱ kadujeil ḵus.ook’ (compound noun) puzzle; game | jigsaw puzzle | wóosh-x̱ + ka-du-∅-√jeil + ḵu-s-√.ook’ → together-at.(repeatedly) + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s)-√carry/take-(at once or in loads) + areal-classifier.(–s,s)-√play-quietly • (FS)
wóow (noun) food; lunch; provisions | food (sent or taken along); lunch (sent or taken along); provisions sent or taken along (on a trip, to work or school)
–wóow (body part) ⑴ chest || ⑵ bone; brisket; chest | brisket
wóow daakeit (compound noun) basket; box; lunch | lunch basket, lunch container | wóow + daa-ká-át → lunch-(sent/taken) + around-on.thing • (JL)
–wóow sʼaag̱í (body part) • variants: –layatʼakwsʼaaḵ • collar; bone | collarbone
Xakwnoowkeidí (clan name) Clan | "People on the Sandbar Fort"; Origin: Strawberry Point; Icy Strait, especially upon the peninsula between Lynn Canal and Glacier Bay | Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Xakwnoowkeidí Group • the parent clan of the Kaagwaantaan, Wooshkeetaan, and Chookaneidí clans | xákw-noow-ká-át-í → sandbar.fort.on-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
xasʼká yáx̱ yatee (phrase) level | it is level; "itʼs like itʼs on the scraper" | xasʼ-ká + yáx̱ + ya-√tee → scraper.on + like + clasifier.(∅,i)-√be • (JL)
xákw (landform) sandbar; gravel bar; sand beach; gravel beach
xákwlʼi (noun) soapberry; berry | √xaakw → √grind-up/whip-up-(soapberries) • (JL) ° (Shepherdia canadensis) °
–xákwti (relational base) empty | empty container of –; empty shell (of house) of – | √xaak → √become-bare-of-flesh/dry-out
xáshaa (verbal noun) saw ² | √xaash-aa → √saw/cut-one(s).(part.i)
xátʼaa (verbal noun) sled | "the one that hauls"; "the one that drags" | √xáatʼ-aa → √drag/pull/haul-one(s).(part.i)
xaadáa (verbal noun) cheesecloth; net; veil | veil; (mosquito) netting; cheesecloth | √xaat-aa → √fasten-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
xaas (noun) bison; buffalo; ox; muskox; cow; horse | in precontact times this term referred to aboriginal bison; in moder times this word is used to refer to a domesticated ruminant: horse, cow, ox • giant buffalo is: wé chookán ka.át aa ° (Bison bison athabascae Rhoads) °
–xáagu (body part) • variants: –xáak • skeleton | skeleton, bare bones | √xaak → √become-bare-of-flesh/dry-out • (JL)
xáak (noun) shell | empty bivalve shell | √xaak → √become-bare-of-flesh/dry-out
–xáak (body part) • variants: –xáagi, –xáagu • skeleton | skeleton, bare bones | √xaak → √become-bare-of-flesh/dry-out • (JL)
xáanaa (noun) evening
xáanaa tʼukanéiyi shéeyi (compound noun) lullaby | "evening baby song" | (JM2) • xáanaa + tʼukanéiyi + shí-yi → [evening + baby + song.rel] • variants: dléikwaa shéeyi •
–xáasʼi (body part) ⑴ skin | skin (of fish or frog) | classification: fish or frog | (JL) || ⑵ atmosphere | atmosphere of the world | Lingítʼaani xáasʼi | (DK)
xáatl (noun) iceberg
xáatl kaltság̱aa (compound noun) canoe; boat ¹ | canoe with twin prongs to push aside ice; "the one that prods the iceberg" | xáatl + ka-l-tsáḵ-aa → iceberg + horizontal-[classifier]-√poke/prod/push-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
xáatsʼ ⑴ (noun) sky | clear sky, blue sky || ⑵ (color) blue; color ² | sky blue | xáatsʼ yáx̱ yatee → it is sky blue
xáatsʼ tú (compound noun) sky | in the sky
xén (noun) baleen; plastic
xén dáanaa (compound noun) money; credit | credit card; debt card | xén + dáanaa → plastic + money
xén lʼaa tux̱áni daakeit (compound noun) bottle | baby bottle | xén + lʼaa + tu-√x̱án-i + daaká-át → plastic + breast + inside-√love-relational + around-outside-thing.(4n.i) • (FS)
xein (noun) salmon | spawned-out salmon with white fungus, ready to die | (JL)
xeisáa (verbal noun) trap ² | small bird trap made with inverted container; "the one that traps small birds" | √xeis-áa → √trap-small-birds-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–xeit (body part) chest | solar plexus | (JL)
–xeitká (body part) bone; breast; sternum; thorax | "on the solar plexus"; flat upper surface of their chest | xeit-ká → sloar-plexus.on • (JL)
xeitl (noun) thunderbird | a crest of several Tlingit clans with a recurved beak • large enough to pick up killer whales out of the sea with its talons | (KE)
xeitl lʼúkx̱u (compound noun) lightning | "thunderbirdʼs blinking"; "thunderʼs blinking" | xeitl + √lʼúk-x̱-u → thunderbird/thunder + √blink-repetitive-relational
xeitl táaxʼaa (compound noun) horsefly | "thunderbird one that bites"; "thunder one that bites" | (KE) • xeitl + √táaxʼ-aa → thunderbird/thunder + √bite-one(s).(part.i)
xeitl teiyí (compound noun) mushroom | puffball mushroom | used as medicine, mixed with vaseline, put on sores | xeitl + té-yi → thunderbird + rock-relational • (JL)
xéidu (noun) comb
Xinhíttaan (clan name) Clan | "People of Downriver Side House" | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Chookaneidí Group | ix-i-naa-hít-taan → downstream.[peg vowel].area.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
?
• Ixinaa Hít | Downriver House
xi.áat (verbal noun) • variants: xei.át, xee.át • dusk; twilight | (KE) • xi-√.aat → dusk/twilight-√go-(plural, by walking)
xídlaa (verbal noun) • variants: xítlaa • rake | herring rake | (KE) • √xítl-aa → √rake-for-herring-one(s).(part.i)
xítʼaa (verbal noun) broom; brush ² | small broomlike brush; "the one that scrapes (bark)"; "the one that sweeps" | √xítʼ-aa → √scrape-bark/sweep-one(s).(part.i)
xítlaa (verbal noun) • variants: xídlaa • rake: herring rake | "the one that rakes herring" | √xítl-aa → √rake-fish-(esp. herring)-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
xíxchʼ (noun) frog
xéelʼi (noun) mossberry; crowberry; berry
xéen (noun) fly ² | housefly; bluebottle fly | (JL) ,
–xéesʼ ⑴ (relational noun) bow ³; cutwater; prow | the curved part of a bow or stern (of boat) | classification: sea vessel | √xéesʼ → √sea-mammal-dives-in-arc • (KE) • variants: –xéesʼi • || ⑵ (body part) shin | (JL)
xéet (landform) ditch; furrow | (JL)
–xudzaayí (body part) hair; pubic | pubic hair | xú-dzaayí → pubic.whiskers • (JL)
Xudzidaa Ḵwáan (region name) • variants: Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan • people ¹; Angoon | People of the Angoon Area; "People Around the Charred Wood" | Included Communities: Angoon, Basket Bay, Tenakee, East Chichagof Island, Northeast Baranoff Island, Southwest Admiralty Island • also known as « Xudzidaa Ḵwáan » "People Around the Charred Wood" | xóodzi-daa + ḵwáan → charred-wood.around + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar
• Teiḵweidí | People of Payne Island
• Wooshkeetaan | Wooshkeetaan People of the Houses On the Other Side of Each Other
Raven/Crow Clans
• Deisheetaan | People of the End of the Trail House
• Ḵakʼweidí | People of Basket Bay
• Lʼeeneidí | People of Dog Salmon Creek
• Naachʼuneidí | People of Naachʼu Héen
Xunaa (placename) Hoonah | "Lee of the North Wind" | xóon + niyaa → north-wind + facing/shielding • (TT) • variants: Xunniyaa, Gaaw Tʼaḵ Aan •
Xunaa Ḵáawu (region name) people ¹ | People of the Hoonah & Glacier Bay Areas; "People of the Lee from the North Wind" | included communities: Hoonah, Pelican, Gustavus, Glacier Bay, Lituya Bay, Mt. Fairweather, Port Frederick • the use of « ḵáawu » instead of « ḵwáan » is a choice of Hoonah people, who have been displaced from them allʼs home in « Sítʼ Eetí G̱eiyí » ("Remains/imprint of the Glacier", Glacier Bay) | xoon-niÿaa + ḵáa-wu → north-wind.blocking + person.(4h.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Wooshkeetaan | People of the Houses On the Other Side of Each Other
• Chookaneidí | People of Grass River
• Katakw.ádi | People of Wilson Cove
• Kaagwaantaan | People of the Burnt House
Raven/Crow Clans
• Tʼaḵdeintaan | People of the House toward the Side
• Ḵooskʼeidí | People of Shg̱aadaayihéen (stream north of Mount Fairweather)
• G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor
• Xʼatʼka.aayí | People on the Island
Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan (region name) • variants: Xudzidaa Ḵwáan • people ¹; Angoon | People of the Angoon Area; "People of the Brown Bear Fort" | Included Communities: Angoon, Basket Bay, Tenakee, East Chichagof Island, Northeast Baranoff Island, Southwest Admiralty Island • also known as « Xudzidaa Ḵwáan » "People Around the Charred Wood" | xóots-noow-u + ḵwáan → brown-bear.fort-relational + people-of • xóodzi-daa + ḵwáan → charred-wood.around + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar
• Teiḵweidí | People of Payne Island
• Wooshkeetaan | Wooshkeetaan People of the Houses On the Other Side of Each Other
Raven/Crow Clans
• Deisheetaan | People of the End of the Trail House
• Ḵakʼweidí | People of Basket Bay
• Lʼeeneidí | People of Dog Salmon Creek
• Naachʼuneidí | People of Naachʼu Héen
–xux̱aawú (body part) hair | pubic hair | xu-x̱aaw-u → pubic-region.hair-relational • (JL)
–xú (body part) pubic | pubic area (where the hairs are)
xoodzí ¹ (noun) • variants: ḵudax̱.eneháa xoodzí • comet; star | comet; falling star
xoodzí ² (noun) burn ¹; charred; wood | burnt or charred wood | (JL)
–xook (adjective) dry; dried | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | (JC)
xóon (noun) wind ¹; north | north wind
xóoshtʼ (noun) burn ²; char; singe | singed, burnt, or charred matter | such as clothing or meat | a xóoshtʼi dzinéexʼ → you can smell the burnt/charred smell from it (JL)
xóots (noun) bear ¹ | brown bear; grizzly bear | its name is «xóots» but that name is often not said in the woods, and instead «yatseeneit» or «gukyík dagéixʼi» will be used to avoid causing offense ° (Ursus arctos) °
xóow (noun) cairn; rock ¹ | memorial pile of rocks
xwájaa (verbal noun) scraper | skin scraper | √xwách-aa → √make-soft/pliable-one(s).(part.i)
xwaasdáa (noun) canvas; tarp; tent
xwaasdáa téel (compound noun) • variants: xwaasdáa téeli • shoe | tennis shoe; basketball shoe; running shoe; sneaker
–xwáayi (kinship term) ⑴ brother | maleʼs clan brother | classification: male kinship term | same gender • in Tlingit kinship, this term is used by males to refer to males of the same clan or moeity who may not have a closer kinship relationship | (JL, JC, KE) || ⑵ henchman; lackey; sidekick | used in Raven myths to refer to his sidekick Cormorant
xwénaa (verbal noun) (verbal noun) ladle ²; scoop | "the one that spoons out"; "the one that dishes out"; "the one that shovels out" | √xwén-aa → √spoon-out/shovel-out/dish-out-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
xweitl (noun) fatigue
xwéix̱ (noun) ⑴ steambath || ⑵ food | steamed food | (JL)
-xʼ (suffix) | plural marker | used to denote when there are multiple nouns and no other quantifier is used • unlike English, this is not added when a specifying number is present, but more so when the nouns are not counted or are too many to count | déix̱ dóosh → two cats • dóoshxʼ → cats
-xʼ ⁓ -∅ (relational suffix) at | at rest or residing; at the scene of; at the time of | alternate form -Ø (unmarked) when attaching to a noun ending in a long vowel, commonly in the case of « áa » (the place) | (KE)
xʼatʼdaayéejayi (compound noun) turnstone | black turnstone | this may be (Bertramia longicauda) or solitary/spotted sandpiper (Tringa solitaria/Actitis macularia) | √xʼatʼ-daayée-ch-aa-yi → √file.bark.[instrumental]-one(s).(part.i)-relational
Xʼatʼka.aayí (clan name) Clan | "People on the Island"; Origin: Island in Lituya Bay | Raven/Crow Moiety • Lʼuknax̱.ádi Migration • Primary Crest: Coho • Secondary Crests: Raven, Water Ouzel | xʼáatʼ-ká-aa-yí → island.on-one(s).(part.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan
• Kayaashká Hít | Platform House
• Lʼook Hít | Coho House
G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan
Xunaa Ḵáawu
xʼádaa (verbal noun) file | "the one that files" | √xʼát-aa → √file-one(s).(part.i)
xʼákwjaa (verbal noun) steamer | "the one that always steams" | √xʼúk(w)-ch-aa → √steam.[habitual]-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
xʼásʼaa (verbal noun) scraper | "the one that scrapes" | √xʼásʼ-aa → √slice/scrape-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
xʼátgu (verbal noun) dogfish; mudshark | "filer" | √xʼát-kw-u → √file-repetitive-relational
xʼaa (landform) point ² | point of (land) | refers to the whole point.,
xʼaa luká (landform) point ²; ridge | on the ridge or elevated part of the point (of land) | xʼaa + lú-ká → point + nose.on
xʼaakaanáx̱ yoo x̱ʼatánk (compound noun) metaphor | “speaking over a point of land” | (NR) • xʼaa-ká-náx̱ + yoo + x̱ʼa-∅-√tán-k → point.on.through + along + mouth-classifier.(∅)-√communicate.[repeteadly]
–xʼaakeidí (compound noun) seeds | "thing on the tip (of the branch)" | xʼaa(n)-ka-át-i → tip-(of branch).on.thing-relational
–xʼaan (plant part) tip; top ¹; branch | tip (of pointed object); top, tips of its branches (of tree, bush) | (JL)
–xʼaash (body part) butt; cheek | butt cheeks
–xʼáagi (body part) fin | anal fin (of fish); " swimmer (underwater)"
xʼáan (noun) anger | xʼáant uwanúk → they are angry • xʼáan aya.óo → they are nursing their anger • xʼáan x̱waanúk → i feel mean; iʼm angry (JL
xʼáan kanáayi (compound noun) • variants: xʼáan koonáayi • general | general; leader of war, battle
xʼáan shagóon (compound noun) • variants: xʼáan shegóon • war; weapon | weapons of war | (JL)
xʼáan yinaa.át (compound noun) • variants: xʼáan niyaa.át • clothes; war | war clothes (of moosehide) | xʼáan + nÿa-át → anger + in-way-of/covering.drape.thing-(4h.i)
xʼáandéin (adverb) angrily | √xʼaan-déin → √angry-[adverb] • (MD)
xʼáas (landform) waterfall
xʼáatʼ (landform) island
xʼáaxʼ (noun) • variants: áabíns • crabapple; apple | originally used for traditional crabapple, but commonly used now for domestic apple and Lingít xʼáaxʼi for crabapple
xʼáaxʼ kahéeni (compound noun) apple juice | "water on the apple" | xʼáaxʼ + ka-héen-i → apple + horizontal-water.rel
xʼéig̱aa– (adjective) ⑴ truly; really; real || ⑵ | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects
xʼéig̱aa át (compound noun) truth | "true thing" | xʼéig̱aa + át → tue + thing
Xʼéig̱aa Kayaaní Dísi (compound noun) April; month | April; "true plant month" | when land plants begin to bud and sprout | (NR)
xʼéig̱aa ḵáa (compound noun) warrior; veteran | combat veteran | often used for someone who has been in combat, and not as a term for someone figuratively fighting for something | xʼéig̱aa + át → tue + thing
xʼéitaa (verbal noun) trout | cutthroat trout
–xʼéixʼu (body part) gill | gill (of fish) | (JL)
xʼéix̱ (noun) crab | spider crab; king crab | (KE)
-xʼi sáani (suffix) | diminutive plural marker | the diminutive marker cannot combine with the plural marker, so the diminutive plural form is N-xʼi sáani (many small Nʼs) | hítxʼi sáani → small houses • variants: -xʼu sáani •
xʼees (body part) boil ²; inflammation; swelling
xʼeesháa (noun) bucket; pail | (JL)
xʼéedadi (compound noun) • variants: xʼéetadi • tree; stump | uprooted tree (with roots protruding); uprooted stump (with roots protruding); "uprooted thing" | √xʼéet-át-i → √uprooted.thing.rel
–xʼéesʼi (body part) hair | lock of hair; matted hair; "tangle" | √xʼéesʼ-i → √tangle/matted.rel • (JL)
xʼúkjaa (verbal noun) steam ²; mist; fog | steam (visible, in the air); mist, fog (rising from a body of standing water) | √xʼúk-ch-aa → √steam-habitual-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
xʼúsʼ (noun) ⑴ crabapple | crabapple tree ° (Malus diversifolia) ° || ⑵ club ² || ⑶ hard; inflexible | hard and inflexible (object) | xʼúsʼ yáx̱ yatee → it is hard and inflexible (literally, is like a club) (JL)
xʼúxʼ (noun) membrane; paper; book; magazine; newspaper; letter; mail
xʼúxʼ áa duhísʼ yé (compound noun) library | xʼúxʼ + áa + ∅-du-∅-√hísʼ + yé → membrane/book/paper + there + it.(3.O)-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(∅)-√borrow + place
xʼúxʼ daakahídi (compound noun) bookstore; post office; library | "building around the book/paper" | xʼúxʼ + daa-ka-hít-i → membrane + around-on.house.rel
xʼúxʼ daakaxʼúxʼu (compound noun) envelope | "paper around the paper" | xʼúxʼ + daa-ka-xʼúxʼ-u → membrane + around-on.membrane.rel
xʼúxʼ dáanaa (compound noun) money | paper money; dollar bill(s) | xʼúxʼ + dáanaa → paper + money
xʼúxʼ kooxéedaa (compound noun) pencil; pen | "paper pencil" | xʼúxʼ + ka-u-√xéet-aa → paper + round-irrealis-√make-furrow-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
xʼúxʼ lug̱wéinaa (compound noun) tissue | "paper one that wipes a nose" | « xʼúxʼ lug̱wéinaa » can be used to differentiate a cloth hankerchief and a paper tissue | xʼúxʼ + lu-√g̱óo-n-aa → membrane + nose-√wipe.(progressive)-one(s).(part.i)
xʼúxʼ sʼísaa (compound noun) silk | xʼúxʼ+ sʼísaa → paper + cloth • (JL)
xʼúxʼ sʼísaa kʼoodásʼ (compound noun) blouse; shirt | silk shirt; dress shirt | xʼúxʼ+ sʼísaa + kʼoodásʼ → paper + cloth + shirt • (JL)
xʼoon sá (question particle) how many; how much | when using this question particle, the specifying noun often is placed between « xʼoon » and « sá » • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « xʼoon sáyá » (how many is this?), « xʼoon sáwé? » (how many is that?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | xʼoon dáanaa sáwé? → how much money is that? • (JC,KE)
xʼoon yakyee x̱ʼaanáx̱ sá (phrase) • variants: xʼoon yakyee kaanáx̱ sá • many; day; time ² | for many days; for how many days? | (GD)
xʼóolʼ (landform) whirlpool; tide ²; chaos | « xʼóolʼ yáx̱ yatee » is often used as a metaphor to describe a chaotic or troubling event or state of being
–xʼóotʼaa (body part) finger | middle finger; "the one that pulls middle fingers" | Tlingit people would lock middle fingers and then pull for a competition of strength | √xʼóotʼ-aa → √pull-middle-fingers-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
xʼóow (noun) blanket; robe
xʼwán ¹ (noun) ⑴ boot | boot(s) || ⑵ moccasin; underwear | skin pants; moccasin trousers; underpants | especially womenʼs underpants; originally skin pants made fur-side in, with feet, tied around the waist
xʼwán ² (particle) be sure to; may you | used with imperative and hortative verb modes in the postverb, commonly to soften the command or suggestion
-x̱ ¹ (relational suffix) at | in prolonged contact at; moving around at; repeatedly arriving at | (JC)
-x̱ ² (relational suffix) • variants: -dáx̱, -tx̱ • from; out of; since | since (that time) | contraction from « -dáx̱ » to « -tx̱ » is optional when the suffix attaches to an open noun • contraction to « -x̱ » occurs when attaching to « áa » (that place), which creates « aax̱ » (from there) • closed monosyllable Tlingit suffixes are high tone, and open monosyllable suffixes are opposite of the tone of the preceding vowel | (KE, JC)
-x̱ ³ (suffix) | locative marker denoting the group of a verb | most commonly used with the verb N-x̱ sitee, where N is the group that the Object belongs to | Lingítx̱ haa sitee → we are Tlingit • chʼáakʼ naax̱ sitee ax̱ éesh → my father is of the eagle moiety
x̱a- (subject pronoun) i | first person singular subject (1s.S) • in a verb phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb • other subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject (1s.S)
• tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject (1p.S)
• i- | you [subject] → second person singular subject (2s.S)
• yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural subject (2p.S)
• ∅- | they [subject] → third person subject (3.S)
• has + ∅- | they all [subject] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• du- | someone [subject] → fourth person human subject (4h.S)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] → reciprocal subject (recip.S)
–x̱akwtayee (body part) fingernail | under their fingernail | (JL)
–x̱akwtayeechʼéix̱ʼu (compound noun) • variants: –x̱akwtayeelʼéx̱ʼgu • dirt | dirt under their fingernails
x̱alakʼáchʼ (compound noun) porcupine | "sharp hair" | x̱alakʼáchʼ → x̱aaw-la-√kʼáchʼ (√kʼátsʼ) hair.[classifier].√sharp ° (Erethizon dorsatum) °
x̱aldleit (compound noun) fox | white fox; "white hair" | x̱aaw-la-√dleit → hair.[classifier]-√white
x̱altʼoochʼ naag̱asʼéi (compound noun) fox | black fox; "black haired fox" | x̱aaw-la-√tʼoochʼ + naag̱asʼéi → hair-[classifier]-√black + fox
–x̱antá (body part) crotch; pubic | crotch, between the legs | (SaJ)
x̱at (object pronoun) me | first person singular object (1s.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • default form is « x̱at » which optionally contracts to « x̱aa- » when the first letter that follows is « d- » or « t- » • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object (1s.O)
• haa | us [object] → first person plural object (1p.O)
• i- | you [object] → second person singular object (2s.O)
• yee | you all [object] → second person plural object (2p.O)
• ∅- ⁓ a- | them → third person object (3.O)
• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• ash | this person [object] → third person proximal object (3prx.O)
• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person human object (4h.O)
• at | something [object] → fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)
• aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (part.O)
• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → reciprocal object (recip.O)
x̱á (particle) you see • variants: x̱áa •
–x̱án (relational base) near; at; by | near –; at the house of –; by – | classification: animate
–x̱án.aa (kinship term) spouse; mate ²; partner | life partner | many speakers will interpret use of this term as a sign of long term relationship, often marriage | x̱án-aa → next.to-one(s).(part.i) • (MH, JL)
x̱át (independent pronoun) me | first person singular independent (1s.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i)
• uháan | us → first person plural independent (1p.i)
• wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i)
• yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i)
• hú | they → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)
• hás | them all → third person plural independent (3p.i)
• á | it → third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)
• ash | this person → third person proximal independent (3prx.i)
• á | that other person → third person obviate independent (3obv.i)
• ḵáa | someone → fourth person human independent (4h.i)
• át | something → fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)
• aa | one, some → partitive independent (part.i)
• chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i)
• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → reciprocal independent (recip.i)
x̱átʼaa (verbal noun) whip | "the one that is springy" | √x̱átʼ-aa → √springy-one(s).(part.i)
–x̱aagú (body part) claw
x̱aaheiwú (compound noun) currant; berry | prickly currant | may cause skin irritation on contact | √x̱aa-√haa-wú → √eat-√gather-(in small parts)-relational • (JL)
–x̱aakw (body part) ⑴ nail ¹; finger; fingernail; toenail | nail (of finger or toe), || ⑵ claw; paw || ⑶ talon
–x̱aakw eetí (body part) • variants: –x̱akw.eetí • nail ¹; fingernail; toenail | fingernail markings; toenail markings; claw markings; "remains of the nail (of finger or toe)" | x̱aakw + eetí → nail-(finger or toe) + remains/imprint
x̱aan (postpositional pronoun) me | with me | contraction of « ax̱ een » • see « ax̱ ee- » for more details
x̱aanásʼ (noun) • variants: x̱aanésʼ • ⑴ raft | (KE) || ⑵ rack | rack for drying fish
x̱aanásʼ éinaa (compound noun) rack | rack for drying fish; "the one that rises like a raft" | √x̱aanásʼ + √áa-n-aa → √raft + √end-rises.[progressive]-one(s).(part.i)
–x̱aaní (relational noun) arrow; barb; spear ²; prong | barbs (of spear or arrow); prongs (of spear or arrow); "makes barbs" | √x̱aan-i → √make-barbs-relational • (JL) ,
x̱aat (plant part) root | root (especially spruce root)
x̱aat sʼáaxw (compound noun) hat | woven root hat; "root hat" | x̱aat + sʼáaxw → root-(esp. spruce) + hat
x̱aatlʼ (noun) algae; grass | algae found on rocks; freshwater fine grass | (JL)
x̱aawaag̱í (compound noun) • variants: x̱aawaag̱éi • window | the word for window comes from "the eye of the sweatlodge," which refers to a small window of bear gut skin that was made on the top of a sweatlodge | x̱aay-waaḵ-í → sweatlodge.eye.rel • (dL)
x̱aawaag̱í kasʼísayi (compound noun) • variants: x̱aawaag̱í kasʼísaa, x̱aawaag̱í kesʼíseyi • curtain | window curtain; "fabric on the window" | x̱aa-waaḵ-í + ka-√sʼís-aa-yi → ?-eye.rel + horizontal-√blown-(by wind)-one(s).(part.i).rel
–x̱aawú (body part) ⑴ fuzz; hair | default word for hair; thick facial hair (whiskers) are –dzaay which appears with an attached body part (ex: –x̱ʼadaadzaayí) || ⑵ fur | referring to fur as hair, not as hide || ⑶ quill | quill(s) (of porcupine)
x̱aay (noun) ⑴ lodge | lodge (of beaver, muskrat) || ⑵ sweatlodge; steambath; sweatbath | made by draping skins over a pole structure | (JL)
X̱aayáḵw Dísi (compound noun) • variants: Dlix̱aayáx̱w Dísi, At Gadax̱ít Yinaa Dísi • June; month | June; "shedding moon" | when animals shed winter coats | (NR, JL)
x̱áa (noun) ⑴ pod | pod (of killer whales) || ⑵ army; war; canoe | group of canoes on the water; war party; attacking force of warriors or soldiers; army
x̱áat ¹ (noun) fish ¹; salmon; trout
x̱áat ² (postpositional pronoun) me | at me; to me | contraction of « ax̱ éet » • see « ax̱ ee- » for more details
x̱áat daakahídi (compound noun) cannery | "building around salmon/fish" | x̱áat + daa-ka-hít-i → fish/salmon + around-on.house.rel
X̱áat Dísi (compound noun) • variants: At Gataa Dísi • July; month | July; "fish month" | when the fish return | (NR)
x̱áat g̱íjaa (compound noun) fish pitchfork | "the one that throws (pitchfork or stick) at salmon/fish" | x̱áat + √g̱ích-aa → salmon/fish + √throw-(stick/pitchfork)-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
x̱áat héeni (compound noun) river; stream | salmon/fish river | x̱áat + héen-i → salmon/fish + water/river-relational
x̱áat kʼáax̱ʼi (body part) bloodline; backbone | bloodline inside fish, along the backbone | x̱áat + kʼáax̱ʼ-i → salmon/fish + bloodline-(along spine)-relational
x̱áat x̱ʼaka.éesh fish: strung up fish | x̱áat + x̱ʼa-ka-∅-√.éesh → fish + mouth-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√string-beads • (JL)
x̱áat yádi (compound noun) whitefish; fish: baby fish; fish: tiny fish | "fish child" | x̱áat + yát-i → salmon/fish + child.rel
x̱áatxʼi sáani daakahídi (compound noun) aquarium | fish tank | x̱áat-xʼ-i + sáani + daaká-hít-i → fish-plural-peg.vowel + small.plural + around.outside-house/building-relational • (FS)
x̱áatlʼáḵw (compound noun) ulcer; sore | mouth ulcer; soreness of the mouth (as of a baby that is teething); cold sore | √x̱áa-tlʼáḵw → √eat.ulcer/sore
x̱áaw (noun) tree; log; wood | log (fallen tree), driftlog (on the beach) | a fallen tree with the exposed root system torn out of the ground | (JL)
x̱áax̱ʼ (noun) dew | (JL)
x̱áay (noun) cedar | yellow cedar; Alaska cedar
x̱eil (landform) • variants: x̱eel • foam; sea foam; whitecaps
X̱eil Ḵwáan (clan name) Clan | "People of the Foam"; Origin: Chickamin River, Wrangell | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Killer Whale Migration • Naanya.aayí Group | x̱eil + ḵwáan → foam + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
x̱ikshakahánsʼi (compound noun) • variants: dux̱ikshakahánsʼi, x̱ikshekehénsʼi (C) • fringe; shoulder | fringe of cut hide on the shoulder of his coat, jacket | x̱eek-shá-ká-∅-√hán-sʼ-i → upper-arm.head.on-classifier.(∅)√cut-fringe.[serial]-relational • (JL)
–x̱ikshá (body part) shoulder | "head of the upper arm" | x̱eek-shá → upper-arm.head
–x̱iktusʼaag̱í (body part) • variants: –x̱ikshatusʼaag̱í, –x̱ekshetusʼaag̱í • shoulder; bone | humerus, upper arm bone | x̱eek-shá-tóo-sʼaaḵ-i → upper.arm-head-inside-bone-relational
x̱íjaa (compound noun) rattle | rattle; sticks banged on a surface to make noise | √x̱ích-aa → √club-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–x̱íji (body part) • variants: –x̱ích • mane | mane (esp. the hair on the neck hump of a moose); "thow things in a conainer"
x̱ík (noun) puffin ° (Fratercula corniculata) °
–x̱eek (body part) arm; shoulder | upper arm | (JL)
x̱eel (landform) • variants: x̱eil • foam; sea foam; whitecaps
x̱éel (noun) granite • variants: x̱éel té •
x̱éelʼ (noun) ⑴ mucus | thick mucus | x̱élʼk → drool of saliva || ⑵ slime | (JL)
–x̱éelʼi (body part) slime | fish slime; fish guts (and slime)
x̱éesh (noun) rash | (JL)
x̱éetʼ (noun) clam | giant clam
x̱éex̱ (noun) owl | boreal / saw-whet owl ° (Aegolius funereus/acadicus?) °
x̱éey • variants: x̱éiy, x̱íyaa • pack sack; backpack | pack; backpack; packsack
–x̱uká (relational base) on ¹; top ¹ | on (top of) it (water or body of water) | especially floating on top of it | x̱oo-ká → among.on • héen x̱ukáx̱ yaa nagút → they are walking on the water (JL)
x̱útʼaa (verbal noun) adze | "the one that chips (wood) | x̱út-ʼaa → √chip-(wood)-one(s).(part.i)
–x̱úx̱ (kinship term) husband; spouse | classification: male kinship term | in Tlingit kinship, this term is used for the male in a marriage
–x̱oo (relational base) among; midst | (in) the midst of; among | (KE)
x̱ooka.éewu (noun) egg | salmon eggs soaked overnight in fresh water | must be stored in fresh water in non-metallic containers, like glass jars • should be stored for 10–14 days. | (BJ)
x̱ookdahéen (compound noun) homebrew; liquor; moonshine | "mixed water" | x̱oo-k-da-√héen → mix-repetitive.[classifier]-√water/water-down (GD)
–x̱ooní ⑴ (relational noun) matches; equivalent; like ² | one that matches; equivalent to; like || ⑵ (kinship term) relative; friend | relation (same clan or moiety) of; friend (same clan or moiety) of | in Tlingit kinship, this term is used for friends who are the same moiety when no closer kinship relationship exists, or a friendship with someone who does not have a Tlingit clan | (KE)
x̱óow (noun) bark ¹ | slab of bark | used as shingles on Tlingit houses | (JL)
–x̱ʼadaa ⑴ (body part) lip; mouth ¹ | lips; area around the mouth | x̱ʼá-daa → mouth.around • (JL) || ⑵ (relational base) around; mouth ¹; opening | around the mouth, opening || ⑶ (relational noun) about; concern; word | about, concerning his/her words, speech | (JL)
–x̱ʼadaa yoo jikool.átgi waiter; attendant | waiter, attendant | at a feast or at a restaurant | x̱ʼa-daa + yoo + ji-ka-u-la√.át-k-i → mouth.around/about + hand.comparitive-irrealis-clasifier.(l)-√communicate-repetitive-relational • (JL)
–x̱ʼadaadzaayí (body part) mustache; whiskers | "whiskers around the mouth" | x̱ʼá-daa-dzaay-í → mouth.around-whiskers.rel • (JL)
x̱ʼadaasʼaaḵ (compound noun) • variants: x̱ʼatasʼaaḵ • Yupik; Inupiaq; Inuit | "bones around the mouth" | name comes from bone labret that is common on either side of the mouth among certain arctic peoples • this name is not preferred by many northern peoples, who prefer the name of them allʼs tribal affiliation | x̱ʼa-daa-sʼaaḵ → mouth.around-bones
–x̱ʼadéexʼi (compound noun) cork; plug ² | "plugs up the mouth" | x̱ʼá-√déexʼ-i → mouth-√plug.rel • (JL)
x̱ʼagáaxʼ (verbal noun) prayer; plea | x̱ʼa-√gáaxʼ → mouth-√pray
x̱ʼagáaxʼ daakahídi (compound noun) church | "building around prayer" | x̱ʼa-√gáaxʼ + daa-ka-hít-i → mouth-√pray + around-on.house.rel
–x̱ʼagúnlʼi lump-mouth | (JM)
x̱ʼag̱wéinaa (compound noun) napkin; paper | "one that wipes a mouth"; paper towel | « xʼúxʼ x̱ʼag̱wéinaa » can be used to differentiate a cloth napkin and a paper napkin | x̱ʼa-√g̱óo-n-aa → mouth-√wipe.(progressive)-one(s).(part.i)
x̱ʼaháat (verbal noun) door | "mouth covering" | x̱ʼa-√háat → mouth-√cover
–x̱ʼahéeni (body part) saliva; spit ¹ | "mouth water" | x̱ʼa-héen-i → mouth.water/river.rel
–x̱ʼakaháani (verbal noun) • variants: –x̱ʼakeháani (C) • fringe | fringe of cut hide on – | x̱ʼa-ka-∅-√háan-i → mouth-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√cut-fringe-relational • (JL)
x̱ʼakakéix̱ʼi (verbal noun) chain | "hooks the mouth" | x̱ʼa-ka-√kéix̱ʼ-i → mouth-horizontal-√hook/gaff-relational • (KE)
x̱ʼakana.áayi (compound noun) crocus | x̱ʼa-ka-na-∅-√aa-yi → mouth-horizontal-na-cn-classifier.(∅)-√grow/flow-relational ° Crocus tommasinianus °
x̱ʼakaséḵʼwaa (compound noun) lipstick | "the one that colors on the mouth" | x̱ʼa-ka-√séḵʼw-aa → mouth-horizontal-√dye/color.one(s)
–x̱ʼakaséix̱jayi (relational noun) spray | spray from it (waterfall, etc.) | x̱ʼa-ka-∅-√séix̱-ch-aa-yi → mouth.on-classifier.(∅)-√mist.habitual-one(s).(part.i)-relational • (JL)
x̱ʼakaskéin (verbal noun) basket | unfinished basket; "becoming unraveled at the mouth" | x̱ʼa-ka-s-√kéi-n → mouth-horizontal-[classifier]-√unravel/track.[progressive]
–x̱ʼakayáanáx̱ (relational noun) more; too much | more than she/he can say or eat; too much for them to say or eat | x̱ʼa-ka-yáanáx̱ → mouth.on.more-than • (JL)
–x̱ʼaká (landform) ⑴ mouth ¹; entrance | outside the mouth of – (a bay or river); entrance of – (a bay or river); "on the mouth" || ⑵ pass ² | area leading to pass in – (a mountain) | JL • x̱ʼa-ká → mouth.on
x̱ʼakeit (compound noun) mask | cloth mask; (safety) face mask | x̱ʼa-ká-át → mouth.on-thing-(4n.i) • (NL)
–x̱ʼakooká (relational base) follow ²; reply ²; respond; train ¹ | in response, reply to them; following his/her train of speech; "imitating speech"; "along the lines of speech" | x̱ʼa-kooká → mouth.paralleling/imitating/along-the-lines-of
x̱ʼakwli.áax̱chʼán (adjective) fascinating; compelling | fascinating to listen to; a compelling storyteller | x̱ʼa-ka-li-√áax̱-chʼán → mouth-horizontal-clasifier.(l,i)-√hear/sound.[adjective] • (SN)
x̱ʼalatseení ka.óow ádi (compound noun) gift; present | "precious purchased thing" | x̱ʼa-la-√tseen-í + ka-∅-√.óow + át-i → mouth-classifier.(l)-√strong/valuable + round-clasifier.(∅)-√buy + thing-(4n.i)-relational • (GD)
x̱ʼalinóokcháni (adjective) • variants: x̱ʼalinéekwcháni (K) • delicious: it looks delicious | x̱ʼa-li-√nóok-chán-i → mouth-classifier.(l,i)-√feel/taste-adjective-relational • (GD)
x̱ʼalishoog̱u (verbal adjective) funny; comical; laughable | for a speech or words to be be funny, comical, laughable | verbal adjectives are prenominal, appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | x̱ʼa-li-√shooḵ-u → mouth-classifier.(l,i)-√laugh/smile-relational • (RD)
x̱ʼalʼdaakeit (compound noun) box | small covered box; "oiled container" | name probably comes from small boxes used for storing seal & eulachon oil | √x̱ʼalʼ-daa-ká-át → √annoint-with-oil.around-on.thing
x̱ʼalʼdaayéeji (compound noun) turnstone; sandpiper | black turnstone; "flies around the skunk cabbage" | also identified by speakers as semipalmated plover | x̱ʼalʼ-daa-√yéech-i → skunk-cabbage.around-fly-(plural)-relational ° (Arenaria melanocephala) °
x̱ʼanas (noun) lava | (TT)
–x̱ʼanaa (relational base) • variants: –niyaa, –yinaa • ⑴ block; protect ²; shield; way | in the way of; keeping away; protecting, shielding, screening from; blocking | similar to « nÿaa » which transforms to « niyaa » or « yinaa » in modern Tlingit, but relates to speaking or biting (x̱ʼe-nÿaa) | a x̱ʼanaa yaa ḵuwdlig̱át → they offended (the spirit of an animal) with their words (JL) • du x̱ʼanaadáx̱ yoogú! → move out of his way! (JL) • (JL, JC) || ⑵ against; bite ²; eat ²; protect ² | (protecting) from, against a bite; keeping from eating something | táaxʼaa x̱ʼanaa yís → for protection against mosquito bites (JL)
x̱ʼaséikw (verbal noun) • variants: daséikw • breath; life | x̱ʼa-√sáa-kw → mouth-√breathe/rest • du x̱ʼaséigu shoowaxeex → his/her life ended (JL)
x̱ʼastóox̱ (body part) spit | sputum; spit | x̱ʼa-s-√tóox̱ → mouth.[classifier]-√spit-out
x̱ʼasúnjaa (verbal noun) bubble | small bubbles from a sea creature (as from a fish, clam); "the one that bubbles (tiny bubbles)" | x̱ʼa-√sún-ch-aa → mouth-√bubble-(with.tiny.bubbles)-habitual-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
–x̱ʼasʼguwéisʼi (body part) saliva; gland; tonsils | salivary glands; "gland at the stump of the jaw" | lymph nodes under jaw | x̱ʼásʼ-gu-wéisʼ-i → jaw.stump.gland-relational
–x̱ʼasʼtusʼaag̱í (body part) jaw | jawbone | x̱ʼásʼ-tú-sʼaaḵ-í → jaw.inside.bone-relational
–x̱ʼasheeyí (relational noun) song | song of | song belongs to the composer, and is usually considered property of clan of the owner
x̱ʼatux̱.ayéeg̱i (verbal noun) boot; mukluk | "pull it up through the opening"; knee-high waterproof skin boot(s); mukluk(s) | especially those quickly made for emergency use | (EN) • x̱ʼa-tóo-x̱ + a-∅-∅-√yéeḵ-i • related verb: a-S-∅+d-√yeeḵ – for S to put on, pull on O (shoes, trousers) → [mouth/opening.inside.along + them/it.-(3.O).they.(3.S)-classifier.(∅)-√pull-up.rel]
–x̱ʼatú (relational base) ⑴ edge; eyehole | inside edge of it; eyehole (of something woven) | (JL) || ⑵ gunnel; gunwale; rim | rim of it (vessel, open container, boat) | x̱’á-tú → mouth.inside • (PJ)
x̱ʼatlʼooḵ (body part) cold sore | "rotten mouth" | x̱ʼa-√tlʼooḵ → mouth-√rotten/smelly
x̱ʼawool (compound noun) doorway | "mouth of the hole" | x̱ʼa-wool → mouth.hole
x̱ʼawool dzeit (compound noun) porch; steps ² | steps of the porch | x̱ʼa-wool + dzeit → mouth/opening.hole + ladder/stairs/dock • (SN)
x̱ʼawool kayáashi (compound noun) porch; patio | "doorway platform" | x̱ʼa-wool + ka-yáash-i → mouth.hole + horizontal-platform-relational
x̱ʼawóosʼ (verbal noun) question | x̱ʼa-∅-√wóosʼ → mouth-classifier.(∅)-√ask • (JL)
x̱ʼaxékʼwaa (verbal noun) pipe; cigar | "the one that inhales smoke through the mouth" | x̱ʼa-∅-√xékʼw-aa → mouth-classifier.(∅)-√sip-(with air to cool off)/inhale-smoke-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
x̱ʼaxélʼk (verbal noun) slobber; drooling | x̱ʼa-∅-√xélʼ-k → mouth-classifier.(∅)-√drool-(a lot)-repetitive • (JL)
–x̱ʼaxʼaa ⑴ (body part) lip; mouth ¹ | (raised) edge around his/her lips || ⑵ (landform) brink; edge | the brink of it; the very edge of it (a cliff, drop-off) | the line formed by the intersection of two planes | (JL)
X̱ʼaxʼaahíttaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the Edge House" | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Chookaneidí Group | x̱ʼa-xʼaa-hít-taan → mouth.point.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Sheetʼká Ḵwáan
• X̱ʼaxʼaa Hít | Edge House
–x̱ʼax̱án (relational base) available; near | at hand (for him to eat or drink), available; "near the mouth" | x̱ʼa-x̱án → mouth.near
–x̱ʼax̱éedli (verbal noun) • variants: –x̱ʼax̱éetl • trim; hem | x̱ʼa-∅-√x̱éetl → mouth-classifier.(∅)-√trimmed/hemmed • (JL)
–x̱ʼax̱éeshi (compound noun) wound ² | white substance over healing wound | x̱ʼa-x̱éesh-i → mouth/opening-rash-relational
–x̱ʼayáx̱ (relational base) according to; instructions | according to words; according to instructions; "correct according mouth" | x̱ʼa-yáx̱ → mouth.correct
–x̱ʼayaax̱ (landform) edge; along | along the edge of (road or body of water) | (JL)
x̱ʼayeit (compound noun) food container; pot; pan; dish; bowl | food container; pot or pan; large bowl or dish; "thing below the mouth" | generic name for utensils for cooking or holding food | x̱ʼa-yee-át → mouth.below.thing • (JL)
–x̱ʼayee (relational base) eat ²; ready ²; speak; wait ² | ready, waiting for them to eat, drink; waiting for them to speak or finish speaking; "below the mouth of" | the phrase « du x̱ʼayeedé ḵa du xwáaxʼu tin » (for them and their gang) is used at ḵu.éexʼ when distributed fruit bowls | x̱ʼa-yee → mouth.below • du x̱ʼayeedáx̱ wudihaan → they got up an left while they were speaking to them • (JL)
–x̱ʼa.eetí (relational base) eat ²; crumb; food; left ²; remains | food scraps, left-over food; crumbs of food left or scattered where one has eaten; "remains of mouth" | x̱ʼa-eetí → mouth.remains/imprint
–x̱ʼásʼ (body part) jaw; mandible | lower jaw, mandible
x̱ʼaak (landform) canyon; ravine; gorge ¹ | (JL)
x̱ʼaalx̱ʼéi (compound noun) maple | dwarf maple; "mouth crunching loudly on food" | √x̱ʼaal-x̱ʼéi → √crunch-(loudly on food).mouth • (JL) ° (Acer glabrum douglasii) °
x̱ʼaan ⑴ (noun) fire ¹ || ⑵ (color) red
x̱ʼaan daa.éexʼi (compound noun) alarm | fire alarm | x̱ʼaan + daa-∅-√.éexʼ-i → fire/red + around/about-classifier.(∅)-√call-out/holler • (FS)
x̱ʼaan gook (compound noun) fire ¹; side ² | fireside; by the fire, facing the fire | especially, close to the sides of the logs where the fire is the hottest • close to the fire (as opposed to ganchʼóokʼ in the corner by the fire—the rest is crowded, so you take the corner, close to the end) | x̱ʼaan + gook → fire + near-(fire)
x̱ʼaan eetí (compound noun) fireplace | x̱ʼaan eetí • (FS)
x̱ʼaan káx̱ túlaa (compound noun) firedrill | "the one that drills on the fire" | hand drill used to start fires by friction | x̱ʼaan + ká-x̱ + √túl-aa → fire + on.at-(repeatedly/along) + √drill-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
x̱ʼaan óonaa (compound noun) musket; gun | musket
x̱ʼaan yaklakísʼx̱i (verbal noun) firefighter | x̱ʼaan + ya-ka-la-√kísʼ-x̱-i → fire + vertical-horizontal-cl.(l)-√put.out-repetitive-relational • (FS)
–x̱ʼáak (relational base) between | when followed by the -t postposition (which is required by positional verbs), the final -k optionally falls out, as in one as in: « has du léelkʼw du x̱ʼáat .áa » they are seated between their grandparents | (KE)
x̱ʼáakw (noun) ⑴ salmon | sockeye salmon that has entered fresh water || ⑵ salmon | coho salmon that has entered fresh water
x̱ʼáalʼ (noun) skunk cabbage
–x̱ʼáati (body part) afterbirth; placenta | embrionic sac, caul (of ruminant) | (JL)
–x̱ʼáati tuhéeni (compound noun) amniotic fluid | amniotic fluid in its womb (of animal, esp a ruminant) | x̱ʼáati + tu-héen-i → placenta + inside.water-relational • (JL)
x̱ʼáaxʼw (noun) cod | ling cod | (JL) ° (Ophiodon elongatus) °
–x̱ʼé (body part) ⑴ (body part) mouth ¹ || ⑵ (relational base) opening
x̱ʼeintʼáax̱ʼwaa (compound noun) labret; lip plug | large labret | historically worn by high-class women, positioned between the lower gums and bottom lip, and often emerging from a cut made below the lower lip | x̱ʼei-n-tʼáax̱ʼw-aa → mouth.with.wart.one(s)
–x̱ʼeis (relational noun) for | for them to eat or drink | x̱ʼé-yís → mouth.for-(benefit)
x̱ʼeisʼawáa (borrowed noun) ⑴ ptarmigan | willow ptarmigan | possibly from a neighboring Na-Dene Northern Athabascan language | (JL) ° (Lagopus lagopus) ° || ⑵ pigeon
–x̱ʼeitákw (body part) heel; foot ¹ | x̱ʼei-tákw → mouth.?
x̱ʼeitákw kudasáa téel (compound noun) shoe | high heel shoes | x̱ʼeitakw + ka-u-da-√sáa + téel → heel + [comparitive].irrealis-clasifier.(d,∅)-√narrow + shoe(s) • (KE)
x̱ʼeitákw koosáa (compound noun) shoe | high heeled shoe(s) | x̱ʼei-tákw + ka-u-∅-√sáa → mouth.? + comparitive-irrealis-clasifier.(∅)-√narrow • (EM)
x̱ʼéi shadagutx̱i lítaa knife | knife with fold-in blade; "gets up quickly knife" | x̱ʼéi + sha-da-√gut-x̱-i + √lít-aa → mouth + head.[classifier]-√walk/go-repetitive-relational + √slide.one(s) • (JL)
–x̱ʼéide (relational noun) to | to the mouth of | said during the « gankaadé sʼíxʼ » (fire dish) at ḵu.éexʼ to make offerings of food to ancestors, which will be burned as a ceremonial offering
–x̱ʼéidi (compound noun) • variants: at x̱ʼéidi • arrow; point ²; tip | "somethingʼs mouth thing"; point of arrow or harpoon | at + √x̱áa-át-i → somethingʼs.(4n.r) + mouth/opening-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
–x̱ʼéig̱aa (relational noun) ⑴ pleasing; taste | pleasing to palate; tastes good to – || ⑵ satisying | satisying request or words | x̱ʼé-g̱aa → mouth/opening.pleasant/sufficient • (JL)
x̱ʼéishxʼw ⑴ (noun) jay; bluejay | Stellerʼs Jay; bluejay ° (Cyanocitta stelleri) ° || ⑵ (color) blue; color ² | dark blue
x̱ʼéishxʼw sʼeenáa (compound noun) peacock | x̱ʼéishxʼw + sʼeenáa → stellar.jay/blue + light (KT)
x̱ʼíxʼ (noun) egg; roe | eggs of – (eels, etc.) | (JL)
x̱ʼéen (noun) wall screen; wall crest
x̱ʼéen yátxʼi (compound noun) • variants: aayádi, aayátxʼi • humpy; salmon | small humpy salmon; "children of the wall screen" | x̱ʼéen-yádi → wall-screen.child
–x̱ʼéeshi (relational noun) fish ¹; flesh | dried flesh, strips (of fish)
x̱ʼéexʼw (noun) wedge; shim
x̱ʼéexʼwálʼ (compound noun) safety pin | "needle that wedges apart" | → √x̱ʼéexʼw-álʼ √wedge-apart.needle?
–x̱ʼulʼdaa (body part) abdomen | x̱ʼoolʼ-daa → belly.around • (JL)
–x̱ʼusgoosh (body part) toe; foot ¹ | big toe; "foot thumb" | x̱ʼus-goosh → foot.thumb/dorsal-fin
–x̱ʼusg̱ei (body part) foot ¹; instep | instep; inside edge of their foot
x̱ʼuskeit (compound noun) leggings; dance ²; regalia | dancing leggings; leggings for climbing; "thing on the legs" | x̱ʼus-ká-át → foot/leg.on.thing • (JL)
–x̱ʼustáak (body part) (body part) foot ¹ | sole of foot | x̱ʼus-táak → foot.bottom-(of container)
–x̱ʼustʼáḵlʼi (body part) ankle | knob on outer side of ankle
–x̱ʼustlʼeiḵ (body part) • variants: –x̱ʼustlʼeeḵ • foot ¹; toe | toe(s); "foot finger" | x̱ʼus-tlʼeiḵ → foot.finger
–x̱ʼusyee (relational base) foot ¹; under | at the foot/feet of; under the feet of | x̱ʼus-yee → foot/leg.under • (JL)
–x̱ʼus.eetí (relational noun) footprint; tracks | x̱ʼus-eetí → foot/leg-remains/imprint • (JL)
–x̱ʼúx̱u (relational noun) fish ¹; flesh | flesh (of fish)
X̱ʼookʼeidí (clan name) Clan | "People of Leader Bay"; Origin: near Wrangell | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Killer Whale Migration • Naanya.aayí Group | X̱ʼookʼ-át-í → x̱ʼookʼ-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan
• Shdeen Hít | Steel House
• Aandaa Óonaa Hít | Cannon House
x̱ʼoon ¹ (noun) • variants: sʼíxʼg̱aa • ⑴ moss; sphagnum | sphagnum moss | thick red or green moss that grows on trees or roofs, and was used for diapers | (JL) || ⑵ diaper | mossbag; Indian diaper
x̱ʼoon ² (noun) dye; wood | soft brown wood for tanning dye
–x̱ʼoos (body part) foot ¹; leg | seems to most commonly refer to the foot, but can refer to the leg in general as well | (JL)
–x̱ʼóolʼ belly; abdomen | belly, paunch | including all internal organs in the abdominal cavity
x̱ʼóon (noun) seal ¹ | fur seal ° (Callorhinus ursinus) °
x̱ʼwaash (noun) sea urchin; urchin | red sea urchin | largest urchin found in the Pacific Northwest • color of spines varies: may be red, brick red, pink, purple, or even maroon | (EM) ° (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) °
x̱ʼwáalʼ (noun) down ²; feather | down feathers | eagle down is a symbol for peace and used in dances and other ceremonies
x̱ʼwáatʼ (noun) trout | Dolly Varden trout
x̱ʼwéinaa (verbal noun) • variants: x̱ʼwénaa tséek, dleey kax̱ʼwénaa, dleey kex̱ʼwénaa (C) • barbecue ²; spit ²; stick | roasting stick (split so that the meat can be inserted; the end is then bound); "the one that roasts by skewering" | √x̱ʼoo-n-aa → √roast-(by skewering).prog-one(s).(part.i)
ÿa- (classifier) | ∅ group classifier; (–d,∅,+i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group
–i verb modes
• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it
• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it
• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it
• imperative | do it!
• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)
• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet
• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen
• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen
• hortative | let them do it; let us do it
• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)
• potential decessive | they would have done it
• conditional | if/when they does it
+i verb modes
• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it
• perfective (+) | they did it
• potential (+) | they might do it
• potential (–) | they might not do it
• potential attributive | no way they can do it
∅ group
• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)
• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)
• da- | (+d,∅,–i)
• di- | (+d,∅,+i)
s group
• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)
• si- | (–d,∅,+i)
• s- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)
l group
• la- | (–d,∅,–i)
• li- | (–d,∅,+i)
• l- | (+d,∅,–i)
• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)
sh group
• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)
• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)
• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)
• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)
yadakʼwátskʼu (compound noun) boy; male; adolescent | adolescent boy | the basic stages of growth for a male in Tlingit are « tʼukanéiyi » (baby), « yadakʼwátskʼu » (boy), « yadákʼw » (adolescent male) « yées ḵáa » (young man), « yanwáat » (adult, elder), « ḵáa sháan » (old man) | yadakʼw-kʼátskʼu → young-man.adolescent/small • yadákʼw-kʼátskʼu → young-man.adolescent
–yadákʼu (kinship term) boyfriend | (KE) • yadákʼw-u → young-man-relational
yadákʼw (noun) man; male; teenager | young man (not married) | the basic stages of growth for a male in Tlingit are « tʼukanéiyi » (baby), « yadakʼwátskʼu » (boy), « yadákʼw » (adolescent male) « yées ḵáa » (young man), « yanwáat » (adult, elder), « ḵáa sháan » (old man) | (KE)
–yadaadzaayí (body part) beard; whiskers | "whiskers around the face" | yá-daa-dzaay-í → face.around-whiskers.rel • (HD)
yadígaa rudder | ya-∅-√dík-aa → vsf-classifier.(∅)-√steer.one-(s)-(part.i) • (JL)
yaduch’ak’w tléiḵ tlein (compound noun) pumpkin | ya-du-∅-√ch’ak’w + tléiḵ + tlein → vertical-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(∅)-√carve + berry/fruit + large (SaJ)
yadujeeyí (verbal noun) punishment; discipline; chastising; disciplinary lecture | ya-du-∅-√jee-yí → vsf-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√punish-relational
yagiyee (noun) day; afternoon | (KE) • variants: yagee (T), yakyee •
yagúnlʼ (compound noun) growth | growth on the face; "face burl" | yá-gúnlʼ → face.burl • (KE)
yagootl (compound noun) deer | young deer | yá-gootl → face.bump • (KE)
yagyee (noun) • variants: yakyee, yagiyee, yagee (T) • day; afternoon | (KE)
–yahaayí (relational noun) ⑴ soul | "moving imperceptably"; soul (of departed person) || ⑵ shadow || ⑶ image; photograph ² | ya-√haa-yí → clasifier.(∅,i)-√move-(imperceptably)-relational • (KE)
yakasg̱áat (verbal noun) star | c | ya-ka-s-√g̱áat → vsf-horizontal-clasifier.(d,s)-√fall-scattered • (JL)
–yakatʼóot (relational base) half; part; up | partway up (the surface of); halfway up (the surface of); "up on the side of the face" | (EN)
yaka.óotʼ button ¹ | "sucker (as in from octopus)" | ya-ka-∅-√.óotʼ → vsf-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√suction-(adhere by) • (KE) • variants: yooka.óotʼ, ḵaayuka.óotʼi, ḵaayaka.óotʼi •
–yaká (relational noun) face ²; front; opposite | out in front of; (out) facing, opposite | (JL) • a yakáa kaawaháa → they/it is situated directly opposite it • aan yaká → opposite the town; out in front of the town • du yakaadé duwatéen → it is visible on his face • a yaká áa woonook → they are sitting facing; they are sitting opposite it
–yakg̱wahéiyag̱u (compound noun) • variants: –yakg̱wahéiyagu • spirit | living spirit inside of all things; "will move towards dwindling to nothing" | this is a sacred word in Tlingit and often refers to the ability of everything to comprehend language and intentions. this concept forms the basis of respect, which David Katzeek has referred to as "the fruit of education." • one of four ways to refer to the spirit of something in tlingit. « –toowú » is the spirit/thoughts/hopes/intentions/feelings of a person; « -yéik » is a spirit that returns after death to assist an íx̱tʼ and can be human or non-human; « –yakg̱wahéiyag̱u » is the living spirit inside of all things (human, nonhuman, inanimate) that senses and feels the world around them all; « –ḵwáani » is a ceremonial address used to speak to the spirits of non-humans and to talk to them all as humans • the ending « -ag̱u » seems to have changed to « -agu » for most speakers | ya-ga-u-g̱a-∅-√háa-.áḵw → vertical-ga-conj.irrealis-g̱a-mode-classifier.(∅)-√move-(imperceptibly).dwindle-away • chʼas ldakát át a yakg̱wahéiyagu ḵudzitee → in everything a spirit exists (CG) • (KE, JC)
yakyee (noun) • variants: yagiyee, yagyee, yagee (T) • day; afternoon | (KE)
yakw daa.ideidí (compound noun) boat: shell of a boat | "thing beneath the joints of the canoe/boat" | yaakw + daa-it-yee.át-í → canoe/boat + around-joint(s).under.thing-relational • (KE)
yakwkasheeyée (compound noun) song | canoe song; paddling song; "song on the canoe" | (SH) • yaakw + –ka + shí-yí → [canoe/boat + horizontal-song.rel]
yakwteiyí (compound noun) tricks; sleight of hand; juggling | "canoe rock" | yaakw-té-yí → canoe/boat.rock-relational [?] • (KE)
yakwtlénxʼ (compound noun) ship; ferry | cruise ships; large ships; ferries; "large boats" | yaakw-tlein-xʼ → canoe/boat.large.[plural] • (KE)
yakwtlein (compound noun) ship; ferry | cruise ship; large ship; ferry; "large boat" | yaakw-tlein → canoe/boat.large
yakwyádi (compound noun) boat ¹; canoe | skiff; small boat; flat-bottom canoe; "canoe child" | yaakw-yát-i → canoe/boat.child-relational • (KE)
yaḵá (verbal noun) allegation; charge ²; speech; word | speech, words; angry words; allegation, charge(s) | speech that has weight and meaning, including speech directed against a person | yaḵá aawatee → they delivered a speech (MS) • a g̱óot déix̱ yaḵá! → enough of your self-contradictions! (CJ) • (JL)
–yaḵáawu (kinship term) partner; trade; friend | trading partner; long ways back friend | (NR, JL)
yalináaḵwchʼán (adjective) bait | good for bait | ya-li-√náaḵw-chʼán → vsf-classifier.(l,i)-√octopus/bait.[adjective] • (JL)
yalooleit (compound noun) cockle | ya-lool-yee-át → vertical-fireweed?.below.thing • (KE)
yalʼúk shaa (compound noun) volcano | "blinking mountain" | ya-√lʼúk + shaa → clasifier.(∅,i).blink + mountain • (JM)
yan • variants: yax̱ • (preverb) complete | to completion | in the future will be «yánde» • for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus)
yan sh wusné kʼoodásʼ (compound noun) blouse | yan + sh + ÿu-s-√né + kʼoodásʼ → ready + self.(rflx.O) + perfective-cl.(d,s)-√do/fix + shirt
yan sh wusné tuḵʼatáal (compound noun) slacks | dress slacks; dress pants | yan + sh + ÿu-s-√né + y tuḵʼatáal → ready + self.(rflx.O) + perfective-cl.(d,s)-√do/fix + pants
yanax̱ (preverb) ⑴ underground | (JC, DA) • yanax̱ akawsihaa → they buried it (esp. in ground) (JL) • yanax̱ woolʼaaḵw → it got stuck in mucky place (JL) || ⑵ place | in a fixed position | yanax̱ kawdzi.áa → their/its quills, hair, feathers are standing on end
yana.áatʼani • variants: (T), –yanáatʼayi (T), –yana.áatʼi (T), –naax̱ʼáatʼeni (C), –náatʼeni (C), –yanaa.áatʼáni, –yana.áaktʼáni, yayakʼáatʼi • lid; cover ² | lid, cover (of pot, etc.) | with so many variations, this may be a borrowed word. the most common verb for cover is « √taan ² », but the potential root in the compound noun appears to be « √.áatʼ ² » which is undocumented. « naa » is ofted used for a covering or draping | (JL)
–yanáa (relational base) cover ²; over ¹ | over, covering (a container or something with an opening) | a yanáa yan tán! → put it on top of it! (JL)
–yanáag̱u (verbal noun) • variants: –yeenáag̱u • bait | ya-∅-√náaḵw-u → vertical-classifier.(∅)-√bait-relational • (JL)
yaneisʼí (compound noun) • variants: yaneisʼ • cream | face cream; cold cream | traditionally made by cooking wing marrow grease, rubbed on the face or hands | yá-√náa-s-ʼí → face-√damp.in-series-relational • (JL)
yankáxʼ– (adjective) actual; genuine; true | genuinely; truly | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects
yanshuká (compound noun) • variants: yanshkwá • camp ²; bush ² | campsite; (out in) camp; (out in) the bush; "on the end of the land" | place where people go to hunt, trap, fish | yán-shú-ká → land/shore.end.on • (JL)
yanwáat (compound noun) adult; elder | "fully grown" | for some speakers, « yanwáat » is an elder, and for others it is an adult and « at wuskóowu » is an elder | yan-√wáat → completion/shore-√grow-(up) • (KE)
yanxoon (verbal noun) log; snag; wood | pile of driftwood, driftlogs; snag pile; "showing faces" | ya-na-√xoon → vertical-na-conj-√reveal-face • (JL)
Yanyeidí (clan name) Clan | "People in the Hemlock House"; "People of the Mainland" | Wolf/Eagle Moiety • Yanyeidí Migration • Primary Crest: Wolf • Secondary Crests: Killerwhale, Brown Bear, Mudshark, Octopus, Hawk, Wasʼasʼei (Dorothy Peak) | yán-yee-át-í → hemlock.below-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Sʼawdáan Ḵwáan
Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan
• Chʼaalʼ Hít | Willow House
Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan
Áatlein Ḵwáan
• Yayuwaa Hít | Between them all House
Deisleen Ḵwáan
yatáakw (verbal noun) thief; kleptomaniac | ya-√táaw-kw → clasifier.(∅,i)-√steal-repetitive • (JL)
–yatʼákw (body part) • variants: –shayatʼákw • temple; face ¹ | "dented face"; upper side of their face (from the cheekbones to the top of the head) | ya-√tʼákw → face-√dented • (JL)
yatʼaayi héen (compound noun) hot water; coffee | "hot water" | ya-√tʼaa-yi + héen → clasifier.(∅,i)-√hot-relational + water/river • (KE)
–yatʼéik (relational base) behind; back ² | behind back; where – canʼt see; "behind the face" | ya-tʼéik → face.behind • (KE)
–yatʼéináx̱ (relational base) secret; away | in secret (where nobody can see); away from peopleʼs view | ya-tʼéi-náx̱ → face.behind.through/along • (KE)
yatseeneit (compound noun) • variants: gukyík dagéixʼi, xóots • bear ¹ | brown bear; grizzly bear; "living thing" | this is a term used for brown bear used by speakers who respect the bear so much that they all do not use its real name | ya-√tseen-i-át → clasifier.(∅,i)-√strong/valuable-relational-thing-(4n.i) ° (Ursus arctos) °
yawéinaa (verbal noun) powder ² | face powder | ya-√wóo-n-aa → face-√fair-complected.[progressive].one-(s)-(part.i) • (JL)
yax̱ at g̱akú (verbal noun) proverb; saying | "known when it is over" | yax̱ + at + g̱a-∅-√kú → [completion] + something.(4n.O). + [g̱a-modal]-classifier.(∅)-√know • (JC)
yax̱ at g̱wakú (compound noun) saying; proverb | event that is so common it has become a saying or proverb; "let something be completely known" | yax̱ + at + ∅-g̱a-ÿa-√kú → shore/completion + something + ∅-cp.g̱a-mode-classifier.(∅-–i)-√know • (KE)
yax̱ ḵuhá (verbal noun) season | change of season | yax̱ + ḵu-∅-√há → completely + areal-classifier.(∅)-√move-invisibly • (JL)
yax̱akʼáaw (compound noun) • variants: –yax̱akʼáawu • crosspiece; thwart | crosspiece (of boat, snowshoe); thwart (in boat) | (KE)
Yax̱tetaan (clan name) Clan | "People of the Big Dipper House"; Origin: Auke Bay | Raven/Crow Moiety • Lʼeeneidí Mirgration • Primary Crest: Dog Salmon • Secondary Crests: Raven, Gull, Big Dipper, Mountain Goat, Lady of the Lake | yax̱té-hít-taan → big-dipper.house.people-of-clan-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ)
Áakʼw Ḵwáan
• Yax̱té Hít | Big Dipper House
Yax̱té (noun) Big Dipper; Ursa Major | used as a crest of the Yax̱tehíttaan | (KE)
–yayá (relational base)
–yayeidí (plant part) bark ¹ | inside surface of bark; "thing below the face of –" | yá-yee-át-i → vertical-below-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
yayéinaa (verbal noun) • variants: yeÿéenaa • whetstone | "the one that lowers it" | ya-√yáa³-n-aa → clasifier.(∅-+i)-√lower/spread-out.[progressive]-one(s).(part.i)
–yayík (relational noun) noise; sound | sound, noise of it (something whose identity is unknown) | ya-yík → face.sound • (JL)
–yayís (relational noun) anticipation; for | getting ready for it; in anticipation of it | ya-yís → face.for-(benefit) • (JL) • a yayís kax̱waa.óosʼ → in anticipation of (packing water) I washed (the container) (JL)
–yayee (relational base) ⑴ wait ² | waiting for; in wait for || ⑵ snowshoe; toehole | toehole (of snowshoe) | (JL)
–yayuwaa (relational noun) • variants: –yeyuwaa(C) • between | area between (natural features) | héen yayuwaa → area between the rivers/waters • at yayuwaa shakee.ádi → war helmet
–ya.áak (relational noun) chance; opportunity; place; room; space; time ² | room, space, place, time, chance, opportunity for it | « eetí ká » is commonly used for a room, as in classroom or bedroom. « ya.áak » is interpreted more as "make room for" or "reserve room for" | ya-√.áak → clasifier.(∅)-√make-room • du ya.áak héide shután → is welcome [any time] (JL)
ya.áaw (verbal noun) ⑴ handle; strap ² | strap; handle (of pail, pot) | refers to a strap or bowed handle, not a straight handle • strap for carrying or fastening to body | ya-∅-√.áaw → vsf-classifier.(∅)-√strap || ⑵ sling ¹; snowshoe; strap ² | foot harness, foot strap, sling (of snowshoe) | strap made of tanned hide tied to the foot filling to secure the foot | (JL) • variants: jáaji ya.áawu; jáaji x̱ʼuskadóoxʼ •
yá (determiner) ⑴ here | right here | in the immediate space of the speaker || ⑵ then | right now or recently | common suffix combinations are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length
• yáadáx̱ / yáatx̱ [yá+-dáx̱] | from right here
• yáade [yá+-dé] | towards right here
• yáanáx̱ [yá+-náx̱] | through right here
• yáat [yá+-t] | arriving right here; at this place right here
• yáadu [yá+-t+-wu] | right here; located at this place right here
• yáaxʼ [yá+-xʼ] | residing right here; at this place right here
• yáax̱ [yá+-x̱] | moving along right here; repeatedly right here
–yá (relational base) face ¹; vertical surface | commonly written as "vsf" in Tlingit glossing. • common suffix combinations are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length
• –yaadáx̱ / –yaax̱ [yá+-dáx̱] | from the face of –
• –yaadé [yá+-dé] | towards the face of –
• –yaanáx̱ / –yanax̱ [yá+-náx̱] | through the face of –
• –yát [yá+-t] | arriving at the face of –; on the face of –
• –yáwu [yá+-wu] | located on the face of –
• –yáxʼ / –yáa [yá+-xʼ] | residing on the face of –; located on the face of –
• –yáx̱ [yá+-x̱] | moving along on the face of –; repeatedly on the face of –
–yádi (kinship term) ⑴ child | child of – | the term for child in Tlingit can apply to any noun and is not species specific. « dóosh yádi » (kitten), « keitl yádi » (puppy), etc. • used in clan relations to honor the father of children; if a personʼs father is Kaagwaantaan, then that person is Kaagwaantaan yádi. | yát-i → child-relational • (KE) || ⑵ (adjective) small; little; childlike | a very small version of a noun • postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | (JC)
–yán (kinship term) | pluralizes diminutive kinship terms | the term « –hás » comes after most kinship terms to pluralize them all • a few kinship terms use the dimunitive plural « –yán », such as « –káani yán » ( in-laws), « –dachx̱ánxʼi yán » ( grandchildren) • the kinship term « –yádi » (child) tends to not take on a pluralizing term, but instead is « –yátxʼi » (children)
yán ¹ ⑴ (noun) shore || ⑵ (independent base) shoreward; landward
yán ² (noun) ⑴ hemlock | western hemlock ° (Tsuga heterophylla) ° || ⑵ hemlock | mountain hemlock ° (Tsuga mertensiana) °
yánde át (compound noun) wind ¹; west | onshore west wind; "shoreward thing" | yán-de + át → shore/land.towards + thing • (KE)
–yátxʼi (kinship term) child | children of | the term for children in Tlingit can apply to any noun and is not species specific. « dóosh yátxʼi » (kittens), « keitl yátxʼi » (puppies), etc. | yát-xʼ-i → child.[plural]-relational • (KE)
–yátxʼu ée (interjection) poor ² | poor baby! | a sincere exlamation of empathy: used when a child hurts themself, or when a child is upset | (KE)
yáxwchʼ (noun) • variants: yúxchʼ (Y) • otter | sea otter | (KE) ° (Enhydra lutrix) °
yáxwchʼi daaw (compound noun) kelp | long ribbon kelp | ribbon kelp that has grown long enough to reach the waterʼs surface and starts to grow along the surface. name comes from sea otterʼs wrapping them allʼs babies in the kelp as they all go hunting so the babies do not float away. | (RL)
yáxwchʼi yaakw (compound noun) canoe | "sea otter canoe"; small canoe with high carved prow | (KE)
–yáx̱ ⑴ (relational base) according to; as; equal; like ²; much; similar | like; according to it; as much as; equal to; similar to || ⑵ (relational noun) correct; proper; right ² | the right way; correctly; properly
yaa (noun) trout | sea trout
yaa at naskwéini (verbal noun) student; learner | "beginning to know" | yaa + at + na-sa-kóo-n-i → along + something-(ind.N) + na-conj.[classifier]-√know.[progressive]-relational
yaa ḵudzigéiyi tsʼatsʼée (compound noun) pigeon | "the intelligent songbird" | yaa + ḵu-dzi-√géi-yi + tsʼatsʼée → along-(preverb) + areal.[classifier]-√intelligent/understand-relational + songbird
yaa ḵusgé (verbal noun) • variants: yaa ḵoosgé • wisdom; intelligence | yaa ḵu-s-√gé → mental areal.classifier-(d,s)-√intelligent
yaa na.át daasheeyí (compound noun) song; dance ² | procession song (song sung while going to where one is to perform) | yaa + na-∅-∅-√.át + daa-shí-yí → along + na.con.they.(3.S)-classifier.(∅,–d)-√walk/go-(plural)-relational + about/around-song-relational • (JL)
yaa ndaḵín yaakw (compound noun) airplane | yaa + na-da-√ḵín + yaakw → along + na.conjugation-classifier.(d,∅)-√fly + canoe
yaadachóon ⑴ (independent base) ahead; direct ¹; straight | straight (ahead); directly (ahead) || ⑵ direct ¹; honest; plain; straight | straight; directly; plainly; honestly || ⑶ (particle) vocable | vocables of a song | used when song calling to signal the vocables of the song
yaadachóon– (adjective) straight; directly; plainly; honestly | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects
yaak (noun) mussel ° (Mytilus californicus) °
yaakw (noun) • variants: dúḵ (T) • canoe; boat | for inland speakers, « dúḵ » is used for canoe and « yaakw » for boat
yaakw x̱ukahídi (compound noun) boat ¹; cabin | boatʼs cabin; "house on the surface of the canoe/boat" | yaakw + x̱oo-ka-hít-i → canoe/boat + among.on.house-relational • (JL)
yaakw x̱uká (compound noun) deck; boat ¹ | deck of a boat; "on the surface of the boat" | yaakw + x̱oo-ká → canoe/boat + among.on • (JL)
yaakw yasatáni (compound noun) captain | captain (of a boat) | yaakw + ya-sa-√tán-i → canoe/boat + vertical-[classifier]-√steer-(boat)-relational • (JL)
yaakw yiksʼísayi (compound noun) sail ² | "the one in the canoe/boat blown around" | yaakw + yik-√sʼís-aa-yi → canoe/boat + in-(shallow container)-√blown.one(s)-relational • (JL)
yaakw yík (compound noun) in; boat ¹ | in the the canoe, boat | yaakw + yík → canoe/boat + inside-(shallow container)
yaakw yík washéen (compound noun) motor | outboard motor; boat motor | yaakw + yík + washéen → canoe/boat + in-(shallow container) + machine • (JL)
Yaakwdáat (region name) • variants: Laax̱aayík • Yakutat | "a lagoon is starting to form already" | both names seems to come from Eyak, although local interpretations have been created using yaakw (canoe/boat) | Eyak: Yuk'uda'd → a lagoon is starting to form already (DA, Kitty Isaac-Dixon) • łaʼx̣aʼ + yík → Eyak: glacier + in-(shallow container) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan (region name) • variants: Laax̱aayík Ḵwáan • people ¹ | People of the Yakutat Area; "People of a Lagoon That Is Starting To Form Already"; "People of the Mouth of Body of Salt Water" | Included Communities: Yakutat, Icy Bay, Big River to Harlequin Lake • both names seems to come from Eyak, although local interpretations have been created using yaakw (canoe/boat) | Eyak: Yuk'uda'd → a lagoon is starting to form already (DA, Kitty Isaac-Dixon) • łaʼx̣aʼ + yík → Eyak: glacier + in-(shallow container) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW)
Wolf/Eagle Clans
• G̱alyáx̱ Kaagwaantaan | People of the Burnt House at Kaliakh River
• Teiḵweidí | People of Payne Island
• Dag̱istinaa, Shangukeidí | Upper Channel Clan, People of Shankw
• Lḵuweidi | People of the Flood
Raven/Crow Clans
• Lʼuknax̱.ádi | People of Coho Community Bay
• Kwáashkʼiḵwaan, Kʼinéix̱ Ḵwáan | Humpy Creek People, Knik Arm People
yaan (noun) hunger
yaana.eit (compound noun) wild celery; cow parsnip | "thing that is situating there" | yaa-na-∅-√.aa-át → along.na-con-classifier.(∅)-√grow/flow-thing.(4n.i) • (KE)
–yaanaayí (relational noun) enemy; adversary | enemy; adversary | √yaa-naa-yí → √move-imperceptibly.nation/group-relational
yaash ká (compound noun) smokehouse; shelf | smokehouse shelf | √yaash + ká → √build-platform + on • (JL)
yaaw (noun) herring | (KE) ° (Chupea pallasii) °
–yaax̱ (relational base) edge | along the edge of | (JC)
–yaayí (relational noun) one ²; pair | one of them all (of a pair) | e yaayí áwé tsáaxʼ → one side of mitts (JL)
yaa.aanané (compound noun) • variants: yaa.aa.ooné, yaa.aa.uné, yaa.aanané • duck; oldsquaw | "happening to some of them all"; oldsquaw duck | yaa-aa-na-∅-√né → along.some-(part.o).na.con-classifier.(∅)-√do • (JL) ° (Clangula hyemalis) °
yáa yagyee (noun) • variants: yáa yakyee, yáa yagiyee, yáa yagee (T) • today
yáa yeedát (adverb) now | right now • variants: yáa yeedét (C) •
yáanadi (compound noun) pack | thing that is packed | √yáa-n-át-i → √pack-(on back).[progressive].thing-relational
–yáanáx̱ (relational noun) beyond; more; too much; excessively | beyond it, more than it; too (much); excessively | (KE)
yáanaa (compound noun) backpack; pack sack | "the one that packs (on back)" | √yáa-n-aa → √pack-(on back).[progressive].one-(s)-(part.i)
Yáat Ḵwáan (compound noun) Eyak | "People from Here" | yá-t + ḵwáan → right-here.at-(arrived) + people-of • (JL)
yáatʼát (compound noun) this; thing | this (thing) (right here) | yá-t-át → right-here.at-(arrriving).thing-(4n.ind) • (JL)
yáatʼaa (compound noun) one ²; this | this one (right here) | yá-t-aa → this-right here).at-(arrived)-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
yáay (noun) whale | (KE)
yáay x̱ʼaxéni (compound noun) baleen; whalebone | "whale mouth plastic" | the word for plastic likely comes from the word for baleen | yáay + x̱ʼa-xén-i → whale + mouth.plastic-relational • (KE)
yé (postverb) ⑴ place | used at the end of a verb—often with a peg vowel suffix attached at the end of the verb—to create: "the place where the verb occurred" | át woogoodi yé → the place where they walked around • Wudzidug̱u yé → the cottonwooded place (Geikie Inlet) (TT) || ⑵ way | used in combination with the preverb « aadé »—often with a peg vowel suffix attached at the end of the verb—to create: "the way the verb occurred" | aadé át woogoodi yé → the way that they walked around • aadé haa ée at dultoowu yé → the way we were taught (CG)
yélaa (verbal noun) ⑴ imitation; counterfit | "the one that ravens" || ⑵ mask | Halloween mask | √yél-aa → √raven-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
yétsʼ shál (compound noun) spoon ¹ | black horn spoon | (KE)
–yeidí (relational noun) price of –; value of –; money from the sale of –
yeiltáayi (compound noun) clearing; meadow | flat open place (where there are no trees); meadow, clearing | yéil-táay-i → raven-garden-relational • (JL)
yeis (noun) fall; autumn | (KE)
yeisú (particle) just; now; still ¹; then; yet | just now; just then (at that point in the story); still; yet | in a negative clause meaning not yet | (JL)
yéi (adverb) thus; specifically • variants: yóo •
yéi jiné (verbal noun) work ²; job | yéi + ji-∅-√né → thus + hand-classifier.(∅)-√do/work-on • (KE)
yéi jineiyi nadáagu (compound noun) desk | yéi + ji-∅-√nei-yí + nadáaw-u → thus + hand-cl.(∅)-√do/happen-attributive+ table-relational • (FS)
yéi jinéiyi (verbal noun) worker | yéi + ji-∅-√néi-yi → thus + hand-classifier.(∅)-√do/work-on-relational • (KE)
yéi kwdiyáatlʼi tuḵʼatáal (compound noun) pants; shorts | short pants, capri pants; shorts | yéi + ka-ÿu-di-√yáatlʼ + tuḵʼatáal → thus + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(d,∅,i)-√short + pants • (FS)
yéik (noun) spirit | spirit helper of an íx̱tʼ | one of four ways to refer to the spirit of something in tlingit. « –toowú » is the spirit/thoughts/hopes/intentions/feelings of a person; « -yéik » is a spirit that returns after death to assist an íx̱tʼ and can be human or non-human; « –yakg̱wahéiyag̱u » is the living spirit inside of all things (human, nonhuman, inanimate) that senses and feels the world around them all; « –ḵwáani » is a ceremonial address used to speak to the spirits of non-humans and to talk to them all as humans
yéik chʼéeni (compound noun) íx̱tʼ; headdress | íx̱tʼ headdress of ermine tails, feathers, etc., worn on top of hair | yéik + chʼéen-i → spirit-helper + ribbon.rerlational • (dL)
yéik daa.ádi (compound noun) íx̱tʼ; regalia | yéik + daa.át-i → spirit-helper + body-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (dL)
yéik tayee.ádi (compound noun) íx̱tʼ; blanket; cushion | blanket, cushion for shaman to sit on | yéik + tayee-át-i → spirit-helper + beneath-thing-(4n.i).rerlational
yéil (noun) ⑴ Raven ¹ | when telling stories about the trickster Raven, the word is capitalized when writing in Tlingit. at times the trickster Raven will be referred to as « yá Yéil » (this Raven) or « yú Yéil » (that Raven over there), but otherwise the use of the word is identical || ⑵ raven ² ° (Corvus corax) ° || ⑶ moiety | Raven, Crow (moiety) | called crow in the Interior
yéil kawóodi (compound noun) coral | petrified coral; "Ravenʼs beads" | yéil + kawóot-i → raven + bead(s)-relational • (KE)
yéil koox̱étlʼaa (compound noun) scarecrow | "the one(s) that scare raven(s)" | yéil + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√x̱étlʼ-aa → raven + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√afraid.one(s) • (KE)
yéil ḵágu (compound noun) dandelion | "Ravenʼs basket" | yéil + ḵákw-u → raven + basket-relational • (JL) ° (Taraxacum) °
Yéil ḵutlaagú (compound noun) Raven story | yéil + ḵu-tlaagú → raven + areal.myth/legend • variants: Yéil ḵutlaakw •
yéil sʼáaxu (compound noun) limpet | "ravenʼs hat" | yéil + sʼáaxw-u → raven + hat-relational • (KE) • variants: yéil tsʼáaxu •
yéil x̱aagú (compound noun) fern | fern with inedible rhizome
yéilʼ (noun) elderberry | (KE)
yéin (noun) sea cucumber | (KE)
yéináx̱ (compound noun) here; there | through a place; around a place; on this side; through this way; through right here | yé-náx̱ → place.through/via • (MH)
yéisʼ (noun) ⑴ obsidian || ⑵ bruise | black and blue (flesh), bruised (flesh) || ⑶ black; blue | black and blue (like a bruise)
–yéisʼ (adjective) dark; dusky; discolored; immature | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | (JC)
yéix̱ (noun) trap ² | deadfall trap for large animals | (KE)
yi- (subject pronoun) you all | second person plural subject (2p.S) • in a verb phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb • other subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject (1s.S)
• tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject (1p.S)
• i- | you [subject] → second person singular subject (2s.S)
• yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural subject (2p.S)
• ∅- | they [subject] → third person subject (3.S)
• has + ∅- | they all [subject] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• du- | someone [subject] → fourth person human subject (4h.S)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] → reciprocal subject (recip.S)
–yik.ádi (body part) organs; viscera; guts | " inner things"; internal organs | yík-át-i → in-(shallow container).thing-relational • (KE)
–yinaa (relational base) • variants: –niyaa, –x̱ʼanaa • block; protect ²; shield; way | in the way of; keeping away; protecting, shielding, screening from; blocking | from « nÿaa » which transforms to « niyaa » or « yinaa » in modern Tlingit • in compound nouns, will often contract to « -nyaa » or « naa » | kadánjaa niyaa áwé atx̱á kawdudzihát → the food was covered to keep the dust out (JL) • (JL, JC)
–yinaadé (relational noun) • variants: –niyaadé • direction; toward | in the direction or general area of; headed toward | « niyaa » is from « nÿaa » which transforms to « niyaa » or « yinaa » in modern Tlingit | (JL)
yinaaháat (compound noun) • variants: niyaháat • armor; breastplate | body armor | armor made of hard dry skin | nÿaa-√háat → side-down-below-√cover • (JL)
–yinaanáx̱ (kinship term) family; descent | family line of descent of –; line of descent of − | in Tlingit kinship, this term is used to distinguish between clan lines of descent | (KE)
yindasháan (preverb) head down; upside down
yindatáan (preverb) face ²; down ¹ | face down
–yík (relational base) ⑴ in | in (a shallow concave landform or object, open to the above); in (a tree or forest); in (a boat or car); in (stomach or gut cavity) | (JL) || ⑵ in | in (a body of water) | classification: body of water | used for a body of water that is below the knees, too shallow to submerge in • for water deep enough to submerge in see « –táak » | (MH)
yíḵdlaa (compound noun) spark | √yíḵ-dlaa → √sparks-fly.[?] • (KE)
yínde (preverb) • variants: dayínde, diyínde • down ¹; below | downward | (JL)
–yís (relational base) for | for (that is, using it for a purpose); to that end | (JL)
yee ¹ (relational pronoun) you all | you allʼs | second person plural possessive (2p.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (1s.r)
• haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.r)
• i | your → second person singular possessive (2s.r)
• yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (2p.r)
• du | their → third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)
• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs → third person plural possessive (3p.r)
• a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)
• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)
• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)
• ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.r)
• at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)
• aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (part.r)
• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (rflx.r)
• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.r)
yee ² (object pronoun) you all | second person plural object (2p.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object (1s.O)
• haa | us [object] → first person plural object (1p.O)
• i- | you [object] → second person singular object (2s.O)
• yee | you all [object] → second person plural object (2p.O)
• ∅- ⁓ a- | them → third person object (3.O)
• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl)
• ash | this person [object] → third person proximal object (3prx.O)
• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person human object (4h.O)
• at | something [object] → fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)
• aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (part.O)
• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O)
• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → reciprocal object (recip.O)
–yee ³ (relational base) below
–yee ⁴ (relational base) inside | inside a building | when used as a directional preverb, « neil » is used when the speaker is inside a building and « yee » is used when the speaker is outside of the building | (KE)
yee ee- (postpositional pronoun) you all | to you all; with you all | second person plural postpositional (2p.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)
• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)
• i ee- | (to) you → second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)
• yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)
• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them → third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)
• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)
• ash ee- | (to) this person → third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)
• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)
• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)
• at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)
• aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP)
• chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)
• woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)
yeedát (adverb) now • variants: yeedét (C) •
yeedát tsá (particle) finally; now | merely now | (GD)
–yeeg̱áa wait ² | waiting for | most often appears before a positional verb, which changes the meaning to: "S was waiting here (positioned) for –" | yee-g̱áa → below.after/for • yú dikée kei x̱too.ádin áwé sdu yeeg̱áa áa x̱tooḵeech → when we had gotten way up high we would sit there waiting for them all (JL, JC) • i yeeg̱áa yan yax̱waa.áa → i was sitting and waiting for you (SN) • a yeeg̱áa yatee → they are waiting for it • (JL) • variants: –yig̱áa •
yeekag̱áax̱i • variants: yeekeg̱áax̱i (C), hinkag̱áax̱i (T) • loon | red-throated or arctic loon | a nickname for the loon, who hollers for the wind | yee-ka-√g̱áax̱-i → below-horizontal-√cry-relational ° (Gavia immer Brünnich) °
–yeen (relational noun) during | (sometime) during it (period of time) | that is, at an indeterminate time within a unit of time | ḵutaan yeen → summertime • yakyee yeen → sometime today • yegee yeen → middle of the day • (JL)
yees (compound noun) • variants: tayees • ⑴ (compound noun) chisel | stone chisel | made of flint for cutting tree, etc. | té-yees → stone.stone-axe • (KE) • variants: yees • || ⑵ axe; wedge | stone axe | stone axe (rock tied onto handle), sharp on both edges, tied with string which is covered with cloth so it wonʼt fray while chopping • (rock tied onto handle), sharp on both edges, tied with string which is covered with cloth so it wonʼt fray while chopping
yeesʼ (noun) scraper | scraper for hemlock bark | hand-held scraper made of stone used for scraping bark off tree roots (looks like ulu) | (JL)
yeewháan (independent pronoun) you all | second person plural independent (2p.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)
• x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i)
• uháan | us → first person plural independent (1p.i)
• wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i)
• yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i)
• hú | they → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)
• hás | them all → third person plural independent (3p.i)
• á | it → third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)
• ash | this person → third person proximal independent (3prx.i)
• á | that other person → third person obviate independent (3obv.i)
• ḵáa | someone → fourth person human independent (4h.i)
• át | something → fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)
• aa | one, some → partitive independent (part.i)
• chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i)
• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → reciprocal independent (recip.i)
–yee.ádi ¹ (relational noun) container | receptacle for | yee-át-i → below.thing-relational • (KE)
–yee.ádi ² (compound noun) furniture; household | furnishings; household objects | yee-át-i → inside-(building)-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)
yee.át (compound noun) mattress; bed ² | "thing below" | yee-át → below.thing
yee.át kag̱áaji (compound noun) bed ²; comforter; quilt | (heavy) bedspread; quilt, comforter (for a bed) | yee-át + ka-g̱áach-i → below.thing + on.mat/rug-relational • (JL)
yee.át kasʼísayi (compound noun) bed ²; sheet | sheet; (light) bedspread; "cloth on bed" | yee-át + ka-√sʼísʼ-aa-yi → below.thing + on-√blown-one(s).(part.i)-relational • (JL)
–yée (body part) appendix | (SN)
yées– (adjective) new; young; fresh | prenominal adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it affects | (JC)
yées daséikw (compound noun) air; fresh | fresh air
yées ḵáa (compound noun) man | young man | the basic stages of growth for a male in Tlingit are « tʼukanéiyi » (baby), « yadakʼwátskʼu » (boy), « yadákʼw » (adolescent male) « yées ḵáa » (young man), « yanwáat » (adult, elder), « ḵáa sháan » (old man) | yées + ḵáa → new/young + man
yées ḵu.oo (compound noun) ⑴ people ¹; adult; young | young adults; young people; "new people" | (KE) || ⑵ generation | new generation | (WS) • yées + ḵu.oo → new/young + people-(settled)
yées shaawát (compound noun) woman | young woman | the basic stages of growth for a female in Tlingit are « tʼukanéiyi » (baby), « shaatkʼiyátskʼu » (girl), « sháatkʼ » (adolescent female) « yées shaawát » (young woman), « yanwáat » (adult, elder), « shaawát sháan » (old woman) | yées + shaawát → new/young + woman
yées wáat (compound noun) young adult | "newly grown" | yées + √wáat → new/young + grown • (KE)
yéesʼ (noun) mussel | large mussel (on stormy coast, used for scraping) | an extra wide shelled mussel, the shell of which is used as a scraper for spruce roots being prepared for basketry ° (Mytilus sp.) °
yéesh (noun) leech; bloodsucker | (KE)
–yéet (kinship term) son; child | son of – | term is often used by women to sons of them allʼs bilogical sisters • when speaking directly to oneʼs son, no pronoun is needed and the kinship term changes to « yítkʼ » or « yéetkʼ » with the diminutive « -kʼ » suffix
–yéeyi (adjective) past; former; ex- | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | (JC)
–yuwá (body part) abdomen; front; stomach | abdomen; surface of belly; front of body | (JL) • a yuwáx̱ yaa nagút → they are walking right on someoneʼs abdomen • kʼákw a yuwáa yéi yatee → thereʼs an owl on the front of it (your shirt)
–yuwshutúḵlʼi (body part) • variants: –yuwshuyeesʼaag̱í, –woowshuyeesʼaag̱í • sternum | caudiform appendage | small curved projection of cartilage below the ribcage in the area of the solar plexus | yoowú-shu-túḵlʼ-í → abdomen-end-cartilage-relational • (JL)
yú (determiner) ⑴ there; over yonder | way over there; over yonder | far from the speaker || ⑵ ⒜ then | long time from now (past or present) i | common suffix combinations are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length
• yóodáx̱ / yóotx̱ [yú+-dáx̱] | from there (over yonder)
• yóode [yú+-dé] | from there (over yonder)
• yóonáx̱ [yú+-náx̱] | through there (over yonder)
• yóot [yú+-t] | arriving there (over yonder); at that place there (over yonder)
• yóodu [yú+-t+-wu] | there (over yonder); located at that place there (over yonder)
• yóoxʼ [yú+-xʼ] | residing there (over yonder); at that place there (over yonder)
• yóox̱ [yú+-x̱] | moving along there (over yonder); repeatedly there (over yonder)
yúxchʼ (noun) otter: sea otter | (KE) • variants: (Y), yáxwchʼ •
yoo at koojeek (verbal noun) curiosity | "curious about something"; "wondering about something" | yoo + at + ka-ÿu-∅-√jee-k → along + something.(4n.O) + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√think-so/wonder/curious-repetitive • (KE)
yoo at kooteek (verbal noun) feast; potlatch; holiday; event | feast, potlatch involving the whole community; community event; holiday | daat yoo kooteegí sáwé? → what kind of feast? (JL) • yoo + at + ka-u-ÿa-√tee-k → to/fro + something.(4n.O) + comparitive-irrealis-clasifier.(∅,i)-√be-repetitive
yoo aan ka.á (verbal noun) earthquake | yoo + aan + ka-∅-√.á ³ → to/fro + land-(inhabited) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√grow/pour-forth • (KE)
yoo katan lítaa (compound noun) • variants: yóo sh kadatan lítaa, yóo sh kedeten lítaa • knife | curved carving knife; "bent one that slides (knife)" | with the tip bent like a hook | yoo + ka-∅-√tan + √lít-aa → along + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√bend + √slide-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)
yoo kdag̱íxʼgi (verbal noun) baseball; pitcher ² | pitcher (in baseball); "thrower (of round object)" | yoo + ka-da-√g̱íxʼ-k-i → to/fro + horizontal-clasifier.(d,∅)-√throw-repetitive-relational • (JL)
yoo kuwahangi yéik (compound noun) • variants: yoo koonáḵk (plural) • | classification: singular dance ² | swaying dance; "swaying spirit" | dancing to spirit songs, done by women, and charac-terized by the swinging of yarn bundles attached to headbands and hanging in front of the ears | (RN, CJ, JL) • yoo + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√han-k-i + yéik → to/fro + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√stand + spirit
yoo koonáḵk (compound noun) • variants: yoo kuwahangi yéik (singular) • | classification: plural dance ² | swaying dance; "swaying spirits" | dancing to spirit songs, done by women, and charac-terized by the swinging of yarn bundles attached to headbands and hanging in front of the ears | (RN, CJ, JL) • yoo + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√náḵ-k → to/fro + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√stand-(plural)-repetitive
yoo koonáḵgi daasheeyí (compound noun) song | song for the swaying dance; "swaying spirits" | dancing to spirit songs, done by women, and charac-terized by the swinging of yarn bundles attached to headbands and hanging in front of the ears | (RN, CJ, JL) • yoo + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√náḵ-k + daa-shí-yi → to/fro + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√stand-(plural)-repetitive + about/around-song-relational
–yoo kooneigí (verbal noun) event; happening | what happened to | yoo + ka-u-∅-√nei-k-i → to/fro + horizontal-irrealis-clasifier.(∅)-√do/work-on-repetitive-relational • (GD)
yoo likítsʼgi káayaḵijeit • variants: yoo sh dlikitsʼgi káayaḵijeit • rocking chair | yoo + li-√kitsʼ-k-i + káayaḵijeit → to/fro + clasifier.(∅,i)-√rock-repetitive-relational + chair • (JL)
yoo tutánk (verbal noun) consciousness; thought; thinking | classification: singular subject | yoo + tu-∅-√tán-k → along + inside-classifier.(∅)-√communicate-(singular)-repetitive • (KE)
yoo x̱ʼala.átk (verbal noun) conversation; dialog; talk; discourse | classification: plural subject | singular form: yoo x̱ʼatánk | yoo + x̱ʼa-la-√.át-k → along + mouth-classifier.(l)-√communicate-(plural)-repetitive • (KE)
yoo x̱ʼatánk (verbal noun) speech; talk; language; word; phrase; sentence; discourse | classification: plural subject | singular form: yoo x̱ʼala.átk | yoo + x̱ʼa-∅-√tán-k → along + mouth-classifier.(∅)-√communicate-(singular)-repetitive • (KE)
yoo x̱ʼayakdudlisheek (verbal noun) respond | response given (by opposite clan) during a public speech; "someone sings out to the mouth (of them allʼs opposite)" | made in public, especially at ḵu.éexʼ, to show agreement and support for the opposite clan • often made with love and intense emotion | yoo + x̱ʼa-ya-ka-du-dli-√shee-k → along + mouth.vsf-horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l,i)-√sing-repetitive • (NR)
yooka.óotʼ button ¹ | "sucker (as in from octopus)" | yoo-ka-∅-√.óotʼ → along-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√suction-(adhere by) • (KE) • variants: ḵaayuka.óotʼi, ḵaayaka.óotʼi, yaka.óotʼ •
yooḵ (noun) cormorant | (KE) ° (Phalacrocorax auritus) °
yootunook (verbal noun) pain | ax̱ yootunoogú → my pain (JL) • i yeitunoogú → your pain (JL) • yoo-tu-∅-√nook → along.inside-classifier.(∅)-√feel
yoowa.át (compound noun) apron | "abdomen thing" | yoowá-át → abdomen-thing-(4n.i) • (SN)
–yoowú (body part) stomach; gizzard | stomach (of a mammal); gizzard (of a bird) | (JL)
yóot (compound noun) there; place; that | there over yonder; that place (remote, not visible) | yú-t → there-(over yonder).at-(arrrived) • (JL)
yóotʼát (compound noun) that; thing | that (thing) (remote, not visible); yonder (thing) | yú-t-át → there-(over yonder).at-(arrriving).thing-(4n.ind) • (JL)
yóotʼaa (compound noun) one ²; that | that one (remote, not visible); yonder one | yú-t-aa → there-(over yonder).at-(arrived)-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)
√aa ¹ (verb root) sit; situated | classification: singular | plural form: √ḵee ¹
S-∅-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – open) sit | for (singlular) S to be seated | classification: singular subject | only occurs in the imperfective • a noun phrase with (-t) postposition is used to indicate where one is sitting, but this noun phrase is not required by the verb, for example: « .áa » (they are sitting) or « át .áa » (they are sitting there) • the plural verb stem is used when indicating that one person is sitting with another, even though the subject is singular, for example: « du een ḵéen » (they are sitting with them) or « du een x̱aḵéen » (i am sitting with them) | (KE) • Mary chʼa neilt áa → Mary is sitting at home (SN)
• prohibitive: líl ee.aayíḵ! | donʼt be sitting!
• imperfective (+): .áa | they sit; they are sitting
• imperfective (–): tlél u.aa | they donʼt sit; they arenʼt sitting
N-t + tux̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√.aa ¹ – subject intransitive – open) sit | for (singlular) S to be seated on their butthole | classification: singular subject | this phrase is often humorous in Tlingit, referring to "really sitting upright" | Tsu té áyú káayag̱ijeitx̱ awliyéx̱ a káa áyú tux̱ʼada.áa. → He was also using a rock for a chair, heʼs sitting his butthole on it. (CW)
N-t + O-S-s-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – transitive – open) seat | for S to have O (live creature) seated at N | only occurs in the imperfective • could be used to indicate that one has a child or animal seated, but would generally not be used to refer to an adult | (KE) • dóosh ḵóok yíkt as.áa → he sat the cat in the box (and it was very docile and remained there) (SN)
• imperfective (+): át as.áa | they have them seated there
• imperfective (–): tlél át oos.áa | they donʼt have them seated there
N-t + l-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – open) situated | for a building to be situated at N | only occurs in the imperfective | (KE) • hit tlein át la.aayín; kei oowagán ḵu.aa → there used to be a large house there, but it burned down (SN) • ax̱ hídi ANB Hall tuwánt la.áa → my house is next to the ANB Hall (SN)
• imperfective (+): át la.áa | itʼs situated there
• imperfective (–): tlél át ul.aa | itʼs not situated there
O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-S-∅-√aa ¹ ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) quiet; shush | for S to shush O (a baby)
• imperative: x̱’ayana.áa! | shush the baby!
• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼayee.áaḵ! | donʼt shush the baby!
• imperfective (+): ax̱’aya.áa | they are shushing the baby
• perfective (+): ax̱ʼayaawa.áa | they shushed them (a baby)
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼayawu.áa | they didnʼt shush them (a baby)
• future (+): x̱ʼayakg̱wa.áa | they will shush them (a baby)
• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼayakg̱wa.áa | they wonʼt shush them (a baby)
√aa ² (verb root) inspect; examine; kiss ¹; consider; think over; come to senses
N + daa + ÿa-S-d+s-√.aa ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) examine; inspect; judge; assess | for S to examine, inspect, look into N; for S to judge, assess N | (KE) • haa daa yagax̱dus.áa → weʼre going to be examined / weʼre going to get a checkup (SN) • haat áyá x̱at kawduwaḵáa yee ḵusteeyí a daa yanḵas.aa → they all sent me here to look into your way of life (to judge whether it is good or not) (SN)
• imperative: a daa yanees.á! | examine it!
• prohibitive: líl a daa yees.éix̱iḵ! | donʼt examine it!
• imperfective (+): a daa yas.éix̱ | they are examining it
• imperfective (–): tlél a daa yoos.éix̱ | they arenʼt examining it
• perfective (+): a daa yawdzi.aa | they examined it
• perfective (–): tlél a daa yawus.aa | they didnʼt examine it
• future (+): a daa yakg̱was.áa | they will examine it
• future (–): tlél a daa yakg̱was.aa | they wonʼt examine it
N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + ÿa-d+s-√.aa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive kiss ¹ | for S to kiss N | (KE) • du sée x̱ʼéide yawdzi.áa → she kissed her daughter (SN)
• imperative: ax̱ x̱ʼéit yees.á! | kiss me!
• prohibitive: líl ax̱ x̱ʼéix̱ yees.aayéeḵ! | donʼt kiss me!
• perfective (+): ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawdzi.áa | they kissed me
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawus.á | they didnʼt kiss me
• future (+): ax̱ x̱ʼéide yakg̱was.áa | they will kiss me
• future (–): tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéide yakg̱was.aa | they wonʼt kiss me
√aa ³ (verb root) ⑴ grow | classification: plant || ⑵ pour | pour forth | classification: water || ⑶ extend | extend or move forward
ka-∅-√.aa ³ (na act verb – impersonal ⑴ grow | for a plant to grow | classification: plant | (KE) • táakw eeteedé yaa ḵunahéin: kayaaní kei kana.éin → springtime is coming; the leaves are coming out/the plants are growing (SN) • daa sá i táayi gèixʼ ka.éix̱? → what is growing in your garden? (SN) || ⑵ flow; pour | for a stream of water to flow, pour forth | classification: water | gílʼ yaadáx̱ héen diyéet kaawa.áa → a small waterfall is flowing over the cliffand hitting a certain place down below
• imperfective (+): ka.éix̱ | it grows; itʼs growing; it flows; itʼs flowing
• imperfective (–): tlél koo.éix̱ | it doesnʼt grow; itʼs not growing; it doesnʼt flow; it isnʼt flowing
• progressive imperfective: yaa kana.éin | itʼs growing; itʼs flowing
• perfective (+): kaawa.aa | it grew; it flowed
• perfective (–): tlél kawu.aa | it didnʼt grow; it didnʼt flow
• future (+): kei kakg̱wa.áa | it will grow; it will flow
• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱wa.aa | it wonʼt grow; it wonʼt flow
yóo + aan + ka-∅-√.aa ³ (na event verb – impersonal quake; earthquake | for the earth to quake | (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yóo aan yoo kaya.éik | the earth is quaking (right now)
• perfective (+): yóo aan kaawa.áa | the earth quaked
ka-s-√.aa ³ (na act verb – impersonal grow | for a plant to grow | classification: plant | In classical Tlingit, this verb meant specifically for a plant with a long stalk to grow (the length of the plant indicated by the s- classifier), however this meaning has been lost for most current speakers, and now just means for a plant in general to grow. | (KE)
• imperfective (+): kasa.éix̱ | it grows; itʼs growing
• imperfective (–): tlél koos.éix̱ | it doesnʼt grow; itʼs not growing
• progressive imperfective: kei kanas.éin | itʼs growing
• perfective (+): kawsi.aa | it grew
• perfective (–): tlél kawus.aa | it didnʼt grow
• future (+): kagux̱sa.áa | it will grow
• future (–): tlél kagux̱sa.aa | it wonʼt grow
O-ka-S-s-√.aa ³ (na act verb – transitive ⑴ grow | for S to cause O (plant) to grow | classification: plant | (KE) • séew ḵa g̱agaan kagaaních áwé kei kanas.éin → the rain and sunshine are making them all (plants) grow (SN) • i shax̱aawú kei kasa.á! → let your hair grow (implying it has been cut short before)! (SN) || ⑵ turn on | for S to turn on O (hose), cause O to flow | héen tʼáa kát akawsi.áa → he turned the hose on the floor (caused the water to pour out over the floor) (SN)
• imperative: kanas.á! | grow it!
• prohibitive: líl keesa.éix̱iḵ! | donʼt grow it!
• imperfective (+): aksa.éix̱ | they grow it; they are growing it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoos.éix̱ | they arenʼt growing it; they donʼt grow it
• perfective (+): akawsi.aa | they grew it
• perfective (–): tlél akawus.aa | they didnʼt grow it
• future (+): akagux̱sa.áa | they will grow it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱sa.aa | they wonʼt grow it
ḵei-∅-√.aa ³ (na event verb – impersonal – open) daylight; daybreak; dawn | for it to become daylight, dawn | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa ḵeina.éin | itʼs getting to be daylight
• perfective (+): ḵeiwa.aa | itʼs daylight
• perfective (–): tlél ḵeiwu.aa | itʼs not daylight
• future (+): ḵeikg̱wa.áa | it will be daylight
• future (–): tlél ḵeikg̱wa.aa | it wonʼt be daylight
O-ḵei-S-s-√.aa ³ (na event verb – transitive – open) celebrate; set apart | for S to celebrate O, set apart O (a particular day) | du kayageeyí ḵeewdudzi.aa → they all celebrated his birthday (SN) • christmas has aḵeegux̱sa.áa → they all are going to celebrate christmas (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ḵeinas.á! | celebrate it!
• prohibitive: líl yoo ḵeesa.éigiḵ! | donʼt celebrate it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa aḵeinas.éin | they are celebrating it
• perfective (+): aḵeiwsi.aa | they celebrated it
• perfective (–): tlél aḵeiwus.aa | they didnʼt celebrate it
• future (+): aḵeigux̱sa.áa | they will celebrate it
• future (–): tlél aḵeigux̱sa.aa | they wonʼt celebrate it
√aa ⁴ (verb root) migrate | for fish to migrate | classification: fish
{na preverb} + ÿa-∅-√.aa ⁴ (na motion verb – impersonal – open) run ⁴; migrate | for fish to run, migrate | classification: fish | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa yana.éin | the fish are running
• perfective (+): yaawa.aa | the fish are running; the fish ran
• perfective (–): tlél yawu.aa | the fish arenʼt running; the fish didnʼt run
• future (+): yakg̱wa.áa | the fish will run
• future (–): tlél yakg̱wa.aa | the fish wonʼt run
{∅ motion preverb} + ÿa-∅-√.aa ⁴ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) | for fish to run
• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa yana.éin | the fish are running there
• perfective (+): át yaawa.áa | the fish ran there
• perfective (–): tlél át yawu.á | the fish didnʼt run there
• future (+): aadé yakg̱wa.áa | the fish will run there
• future (–): tlél aadé yakg̱wa.aa | the fish wonʼt run there
√aa ⁵ (verb root) detain
√aak ¹ (verb root) weave | weave bark or roots | classification: tree bark or roots
O-S-∅-√.aak ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive weave | for S to weave O (using tree roots or bark) | tèey woodee a.áak g̱áach sákw → sheʼs weaving yellow cedar bark for a mat (SN) • ḵákw wuduwa.ák → baskets are woven (SN)
• imperfective (+): a.áak | they are weaving it (a basket or mat, using tree roots or bark)
• perfective (+): aawa.ák | they wove it (a basket or mat, using tree roots or bark)
S-d+∅-√.aak ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive weave | for S to weave (using tree roots or bark)
• imperfective (+): da.áak | they are weaving (with tree roots or bark)
• perfective (+): da.ák | they wove (with tree roots or bark)
√aak ² (verb root) fire ² | build fire | classification: fire
shóo-t⁓ + a-S-∅-√.aak ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive fire ² | for S to build a fire (using wood) | classification: wood, fire | (KE) • a tóot ax̱waa.ák → I fixed the fire in it (SN) • dei át ágé awduwa.ák? → have they all already made a fire? (SN)
• imperative: shóot eeda.ák! | build a fire!
• prohibitive: líl shóox̱ eeda.aagíḵ! | donʼt build a fire!
• perfective (+): shóot awdi.ák | they built a fire
• perfective (–): tlél shóot awda.aak | they didnʼt build a fire
• future (+): shóode agux̱da.áak | they will build a fire
• future (–): tlél shóode agux̱da.aak | they wonʼt build a fire
√aak ³ (verb root) stagger | stagger; move uncontrolled
√aak ⁴ (verb root) make room; reserve | reserve room, space
√aaḵw ¹ (verb root) attempt; try
ka-S-∅-√aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive try; attempt | for S to try, attempt | kax̱waa.aaḵw ee yái ax̱walg̱eeni → i tried to look at your face (that is, to get a response from you) (SN)
• imperative: kana.aaḵw! | try!
• perfective (+): kaawa.aaḵw | they tried, attempted
• perfective (–): tlél kawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt try
• perfective (–): tlél kawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt try
• future (+): kakg̱wa.aaḵw | they will try
• future (–): tlél kakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt try
O-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – object intransitive – invariable) test; try out | for S to try out, test O | note that in classical tlingit, this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which seems to be falling out of modern day speech, especially in the imperative form for this verb. this is indicated in the theme as (u)-. alternate forms given here show one form with the thematic (u)- and one without, both of which are acceptable in modern speech | chʼa akaawa.aaḵw áwé, wáa sá yakwg̱aḵaayí → he tested him to see what he would say (SN) • ḵukaawa.aaḵw → he tried out the people (SN) • akoo.aaḵw wé yéi jiné → heʼs giving the job a try (JL) • (KE)
• imperative: kana.aaḵw! / kuna.aaḵw! | try it!
• prohibitive: líl kee.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt try it!
• imperfective (+): akoo.aaḵw | they are trying it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoo.aaḵw | they arenʼt trying it
• progressive imperfective: yaa akuna.áḵw | they are starting to try it
• perfective (+): akaawa.aaḵw | they tried it
• perfective (–): tlél akawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt try it
• future (+): akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they will try it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt try it
O-x̱ʼa-ka-(u)-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive speak; direct ²; give | for S to give O an opportunity to speak; for S to give O directions as to what to say | (KE)
• imperative: x̱ʼakuna.aaḵw! / x̱ʼakana.aaḵw | give them an opportunity to speak!
• prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼakee.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt give them an opportunity to speak!
• imperfective (+): ax̱ʼakoo.aaḵw | they are giving them an opportunity to speak
• perfective (+): ax̱ʼakaawa.aaḵw | they gave them an opportunity to speak
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼakawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt give them an opportunity to speak
• future (+): ax̱ʼakakg̱wa.aaḵw | they will give them an opportunity to speak
• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt give them an opportunity to speak
√aaḵw ² (verb root) plan; order ¹; command; instruct
át + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (na event verb – transitive – closed) order ¹; command; instruct | for S to give orders to, command, instruct O | át akaawa.aaḵw wé yéi jiné → heʼs directing/supervising the job (JL) • (KE)
• imperative: át kana.aaḵw! | give them orders!
• prohibitive: líl át kayi.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt give them orders!
• perfective (+): át akaawa.aaḵw | they gave them orders
• perfective (–): tlél át akawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt give them orders
• future (+): át akakg̱wa.áaḵw | they will give them orders
• future (–): tlél át akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt give them orders
yan⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) decide; plan | for S to make a decision about O; for S to finish planning O | (KE)
• imperative: yan ka.áḵw (dé)! | make a decision (now)!
• prohibitive: líl yan kayi.aag̱úḵ (tsá)! | donʼt make a decision (yet)!
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa kana.áḵw | they are making a decision
• perfective (+): yan akaawa.áḵw | they made a decision
• perfective (–): tlél yan akaawa.aaḵw | they didnʼt make a decision
• future (+): yánde akakg̱wa.áaḵw | they will make a decision
• future (–): tlél yánde akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt make a decision
O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) plan | for S to plan O | (GD, LA, KE) • has du ḵu.éexʼi has akaawa.áḵw. → they all have all the plans set for them allʼs party (JL) • ldakát yan akaawa.áḵw → it has been planned out (SN) • yéi kawtuwa.aaḵw → we planned thus (SN)
• imperative: ka.áḵw! | plan it!
• prohibitive: líl kayi.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt plan it!
• imperfective (+): akoo.aaḵw | they are planning it
• progressive imperfective: yaa akana.áḵw | they are starting to plan it
• perfective (+): akaawa.áḵw | they planned it
• perfective (–): tlél akawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt plan it
• future (+): akakg̱wa.áaḵw | they will plan it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt plan it
át + O-ji-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (na act verb – transitive – closed) order ¹; instruct | for S to give O orders, instructions (esp. concerning work) | (KE)
• imperative: át jikuna.aaḵw! | give them things to do!
• prohibitive: líl át jikayi.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt give them things to do!
• imperfective (+): át ajikoo.aaḵw | they are giving them things to do; they gives them things to do
• progressive imperfective: át yaa ajikuna.áḵw | they are starting to give them things to do
• perfective (+): át ajikaawa.aaḵw | they gave them things to do
• perfective (–): tlél át ajikawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt give them things to do
• future (+): át ajikakg̱wa.áaḵw | they will give them things to do
• future (–): tlél át ajikakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt give them things to do
át + sh ji-ka-S-d+∅-√.aaḵw ² (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) make ² | for S to make oneself do something | (KE)
• imperative: át sh jikanida.aaḵw! | make yourself do it!
• prohibitive: líl át sh jikayida.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt make yourself do it!
• perfective (+): át sh jikawdi.aaḵw | they made themself do it
• perfective (–): tlél át sh jikawda.aaḵw | they didnʼt make themself do it
• future (+): át sh jikagux̱da.áaḵw | they will make themself do it
• future (–): tlél át sh jikagux̱da.aaḵw | they wonʼt make themself do it
√aan ¹ (verb root) sit quietly; meditate; observe ¹
a-S-∅-√.aan ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive sit quietly; meditate; observe ¹; navigate | for S to sit quietly (esp. while watching signs of the weather at sundown); for S to meditate (esp. while watching signs of the weather at sundown); for S to observe the weather while sitting quietly; for S to navigate using weather and stars | classification: weather | gáant oodu.ánjeen → they all used to sit outside, quietly watching the clouds (SN) • x̱ʼawool dzeit kán a.án → heʼs sitting quietly on the steps of his porch meditating (SN)
• imperfective (+): a.án | heʼs sitting quietly and meditating
√aan ² (verb root) kind ¹; gentle; pleasant; good looking
O-tu-l-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) kind ¹; gentle | for O to be kind; for O to be gentle | (KE)
• imperative: itukla.aan! | be kind!
• imperfective (+): tuli.aan | they are kind
• imperfective (–): tlél tool.aan | they arenʼt kind
• future (+): kei tugux̱la.aan | they will be kind
• future (–): tlél kei tugux̱la.aan | they wonʼt be kind
O-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) | classification: inanimate attractive; good-looking | for O to be attractive, good-looking | (KE)
• imperfective (+): kasi.aan | it is good-looking
• imperfective (–): tlél koos.aan | it isnʼt good-looking
• progressive imperfective: kei kanas.aan | it is starting to become good-looking
• perfective (+): kawsi.aan | it became good-looking
• perfective (–): tlél kawus.aan | it didnʼt become good-looking
• future (+): kei kagux̱sa.aan | it will be good-looking
• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱sa.aan | it wonʼt be good-looking
O-ÿa-s-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) attractive; good-looking; pleasant-faced | for O to be attractive, good-looking, pleasant-faced | classification: animate | yakwsi.aan aadé yeeliyéx̱i yé → the way youʼve made it (totem pole), it has a pleasant face (SN) • xíxchʼ tléil yakoos.aan → a frog isnʼt pleasant-faced; it is kind of ugly (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yaksi.aan | they are good-looking
• imperfective (–): tlél yakoos.aan | they arenʼt good-looking
• progressive imperfective: kei yakanas.aan | they are starting to become good-looking
• perfective (+): yakawsi.aan | they became good-looking
• perfective (–): tlél yakawus.aan | they didnʼt become good-looking
• future (+): kei yakagux̱sa.aan | they will be good-looking
• future (–): tlél kei yakagux̱sa.aan | they wonʼt be good-looking
√aan ³ (verb root) settlement
N-xʼ + S-d+s-√.aan ˀ ³ (? act verb – subject intransitive settlement | for S to make village at N; for S to settle at N | áa wutudzi.aan → we settled there/we made it our village (SN) • Jilḵáatdáx̱ áwé has wuligáasʼ; tlei Aangóonxʼ has wudzi.aan → they all moved from Chilkat and settled in Angoon/made Angoon them allʼs village (SN)
• perfective (+): áa woodzi.aan | they settled there; they made a village there
√aat ¹ (verb root) | classification: plural subject walk; go | singular form: √goot ¹
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • ixdáaknáx̱ neil has uwa.át wé alʼeix̱í → the dancers came in by the entrance (JL)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} yi.á! | you all go {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yeey.aadíḵ! | you all donʼt go {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ repetitive preverb} yi.átjiḵ!! | you all donʼt ever go {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa (ha)s na.át | they all are going {____}
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s una.át | they all are not going {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s uwa.át | they all went {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s wu.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will go {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} yida.á! | you all go {____}
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yida.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ repetitive preverb} yida.átjiḵ!! | you all donʼt ever go {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb) yaa (ha)s nada.át | they all are going {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s wudi.át | they all went {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s wuda.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} has gux̱da.áat | they all will go {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has gux̱da.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}
woosh + kaanáx̱ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – closed) assemble; congregate; gather together; meet | for (plural) S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings) | áxʼ áwé woosh kaanáx̱ kei s da.átch → that is where they all assemble (SN) • woosh has gux̱da.átch → they all are coming together/ assembling for a meeting (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: woosh kaanáx̱ gayda.á! | you all gather together!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl woosh kaanáx̱ kei yda.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all gather together!
• progressive imperfective: woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s nada.át | they all are beginning to gather together
• perfective (+): woosh kaanáx̱ has wudi.aat | they all gathered together
• perfective (–): tlél woosh kaanáx̱ has wuda.aat | they all didnʼt gather together
• future (+): woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will gather together
• future (–): tlél woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt gather together
woosh + x̱oo-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) assemble; congregate; gather together; meet | for (plural) S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings) | áxʼ áwé woosh kaanáx̱ kei s da.átch → that is where they all assemble (SN) • woosh has gux̱da.átch → they all are coming together/ assembling for a meeting (SN) • (KE) • áxʼ áwé woosh kaanáx̱ kei s da.átch → that is where they all assemble (SN) • woosh kaanáx̱ has gux̱da.átch → they all are coming together/ assembling for a meeting
• imperative: woosh x̱oot yida.á! | you all come together!
• prohibitive: líl woosh x̱oox̱ yida.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all come together!
• progressive imperfective: woosh x̱oodé yaa (ha)s nada.át | they all are coming together
• perfective (+): woosh x̱oot has wudi.át | they all came together
• perfective (–): tlél woosh x̱oot has wuda.aat | they all didnʼt come together
• future (+): woosh x̱oodé has gux̱da.áat | they all will come together
• future (–): tlél woosh x̱oodé has gux̱da.aat | they all wonʼt come together
N + jikaadáx̱ + ÿa-(u)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) get out of way | for (plural) S to get out of Nʼs way | (KE, JC)
• imperative: du jikaadáx̱ yay.á! | you all get out of their way!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du jikaadáx̱ yaa yi.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all ever get out of their way!
• progressive imperfective: du jikaadáx̱ yaa (ha)s na.át | they all are getting out of their way
• perfective (+): du jikaadáx̱ has yaawa.át | they all got out of their way
• perfective (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ has yawu.aat | they all didnʼt get out of their way
• future (+): du jikaadáx̱ has yakg̱wa.áat | they all will get out of their way
• future (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ has yakg̱wa.aat | they all wonʼt get out of their way
ji-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) attack; assault | for (plural) S to attack, assault, fall upon | to indicate who is being attacked, use –éet (to –). for example: haa éet has jiwdi.át. ʼthey attacked usʼ. it is also acceptable to use this verb without specifying who was attacked | has du aanít jiwduwa.át → them allʼs town was attacked (and captured) • (KE)
• imperative: ḵaa éet jeeyda.á! | you all attack someone!
• prohibitive: líl ḵaa éex̱ jeeyda.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all attack anyone!
• progressive imperfective: ḵaa éede yaa (ha)s jinda.át | they all are attacking people
• perfective (+): ḵaa éet has jiwdi.át | they all attacked someone
• perfective (–): tlél ḵaa éet has jiwda.aat | they all didnʼt attack anyone
• future (+): ḵaa eedé has jigux̱da.áat | they all will attack someone
• future (–): tlél ḵaa eedé (ha)s jigux̱da.aat | they all wonʼt attack anyone
a-ÿa-(u)-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) turn back; go back | for (plural) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term) | (KE, JC)
• imperative: ayeeda.á! | you all turn back!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ayeeda.átx̱iḵ | donʼt you all ever turn back!
• progressive imperfective: yaa (ha)s ayanda.át | they all are turning back
• perfective (+): has ayawdi.át | they all turned back
• perfective (–): tlél has ayawda.aat | they all didnʼt turn back
• future (+): has ayagux̱da.áat | they all will turn back
• future (–): tlél has ayagux̱da.aat | they all wonʼt turn back
neil⁓ + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in (plural) O | keitlxʼ neil wududzi.át → they all let the dogs in (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: neil has sa.á! | let them all in!
• prohibitive: líl neilx̱ has isa.aadíḵ! | donʼt let them all in!
• perfective (+): neil has awsi.át | they let them all in
• perfective (–): tlél neil has awus.aat | they didnʼt let them all in
• future (+): neildé has agux̱sa.áat | they will let them all in
• future (–): tlél neildé has agux̱sa.aat | they wonʼt let them all in
a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) appoint; choose | for S to appoint (plural) O, choose (plural) O for a certain position | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural | a tóo daak has wududzi.át → they all were appointed (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a tóo daak has sa.á! | appoint them all!
• prohibitive: líl a tóo daak has isa.átjiḵ! | donʼt appoint them all!
• perfective (+): a tóo daak has awsi.át | they appointed them all
• perfective (–): tlél a tóo daak has awus.aat | they didnʼt appoint them all
• future (+): a tóo daak has agux̱sa.áat | they will appoint them all
• future (–): tlél a tóo daak has agux̱sa.aat | they wonʼt appoint them all
{na preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • i x̱ánde gax̱too.áat → we ʼre coming to your place (SN) • gáande s woo.aat → they all went outside (SN) • du een woo.aat → he accompanied him/went with him (SN)
• imperative: {na preverb} nay.á! | you all go {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yeey.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na repetitive preverb} yoo yi.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all ever go {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa (ha)s na.át | they all are going {____}
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yaa (ha)s una.át | they all are not going {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} (ha)s woo.aat | they all went {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s wu.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will go {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}
gánde + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) go; bathroom ¹; pee; urinate; poop ¹; defecate | for (plural) S to go to the bathroom | a euphemism that literally means "go outside" although the indepdendent base « gáan » contracts to « gán ». learners should be careful to keep the vowel long if the intended meaning is "going outside".
{ga preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go | (KE, JC) • aan ká kei átch g̱uwakaan → the deer climb up to the mountain pastures (in July) (SN)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {ga preverb} kei yi.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all (ever) go {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {ga preverb} kei (ha)s na.át | they all are going {____}
• perfective (+): {ga preverb} has woo.aat | they all went {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} has wu.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}
• future (+): {ga preverb} kei (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will go {____}
• future (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}
N-x̱ + yaa + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walking along | for (plural) s to be walking, going (by foot or as general term) along N (basically plural; see √goot ¹ for singular) | this is an example of a progressive epiaspectual paradigm (leer, 91), which basically means that all forms are based on the progressive aspect. the progressive epiaspect is characterized by: 1)having the yaa preverb in all forms, 2)having no perfective form, and 3)denotes semantically a continuous transition from one location or state to another | (KE)
• imperative: áx̱ yaa gay.á! | you all be walking along there!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl áx̱ yaa yi.átjiḵ | donʼt you all be walking along there!
• progressive imperfective: áx̱ yaa (ha)s na.át | they all are walking along there
• future (+): áx̱ yaa (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will be walking along there
• future (–): tlél áx̱ yaa (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt be walking along there
yaa + O-shu-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for S to lead (plural) O (especially by walking ahead) | classification: plural objects | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural | (KE, JC) • wanadóo yaa ashuna.át → he ʼs leading the sheep (SN) • du yátxʼi át ashoowa.aat → she leads her children around (SN)
• imperative: yaa (ha)s shuga.á! | you all lead them!
• prohibitive: líl has shuyi.aadíḵ! | you all donʼt lead them!
• progressive imperfective: yaa (ha)s ashuna.át | they all are leading them
• perfective (+): has ashoowa.aat | they all led them
• perfective (–): tlél has ashuwu.aat | they all didnʼt lead them
• future (+): yaa (ha)s ashukg̱wa.áat | they will lead them all
• future (–): tlél yaa (ha)s ashukg̱wa.aat | they all wonʼt lead them
{g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (g̱a motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • shaa kaadáx̱ yei has na.át kal.átḵ → theyʼre coming down the mountain without anything (that is, having hunted unsuccessfully) (SN)
• imperative: {g̱a preverb} yaa g̱ay.á! | you all go {___}
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {g̱a preverb} yei yi.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}
• progressive imperfective: {g̱a preverb} yei (ha)s na.át | they all are going {____}
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei (ha)s una.át | they all are not going {____}
• perfective (+): {g̱a preverb} (ha)s woo.aat | they all went {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} (ha)s wu.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}
• future (+): {g̱a preverb} yei has gug̱a.áat | they all will go {____}
• future (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}
√aat ² (verb root) | classification: baggage and personal items carry
{∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² (∅ motion verb – transitive carry; take; give | for S to carry, take plural O (esp. baggage) | a common use for this verb is N + jee-t⁓ + O-S-l-√.aat⁓ ² (∅ motion), such as « du jeet la.át! » (give them all to them!) | (KE, JC) • yei at gux̱la.áat → heʼs going to unload/bring stuff up from the boat (SN)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} la.át! | carry them all {____}!
• prohibitive: Líl {∅ preverb} ila.aadíḵ! | donʼt carry them all {____}_!
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awli.át | they carried them all {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awul.aat | they didnʼt carry them all {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱la.áat | they will carry them all {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱la.aat | they wonʼt carry them all {____}
{na preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² (na motion verb – transitive carry; take; give | for S to carry, take plural O (esp. baggage) | (KE, JC) • ḵóok yaakw yíkde gax̱toola.áat → weʼre going to load the boxes on the boat (SN)
• imperative: {na preverb} nal.aat! | carry them all {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo ila.átgiḵ! | donʼt carry them all {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa anal.át | they are carrying them all {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} awli.aat | they carried them all {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awul.aat | they didnʼt carry them all {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱la.áat | they will carry them all {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱la.aat | they wonʼt carry them all {____}
√aat ³ (verb root) carry; lie ¹ | classification: small round or hooplike objects
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, round or hoop-like objects) | (KE, JC) • kasʼéet nadáakw ká yan akawli.át → he put the screws on the table (SN) • guk.ádi du jeet akawli.át → he gave her earrings (SN)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} kala.á! | carry them all {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} keela.aadíḵ! | donʼt carry them all {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akawli.át | they carried them all {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawul.aat | they didnʼt {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} akagux̱la.áat | they will carry them all {____}
• future (–): tlél du jeedé akagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt carry them all {___}
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (na event verb – transitive carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, round or hoop-like objects)
• imperative: {na preverb} kanala.á! | carry them all {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo ila.átgiḵ! | donʼt carry them all {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} akawli.aat | they carried them all {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawul.aat | they didnʼt {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} akagux̱la.áat | they will carry them all {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt carry them all {___}
aanáx̱ + ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) button up | for S to button up O | i kʼoodásʼi aanax̱ kala.á! → button up your shirt! (SN) • aanax̱ akawli.át → he buttoned it up (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: aanáx̱ kala.á! | button it up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aanáx̱ keela.átx̱iḵ! | donʼt button it up!
• imperfective (+): aanáx̱ akla.aat | they are buttoning it up
• imperfective (–): tlél aanáx̱ akool.aat | they arenʼt buttoning it up
• perfective (+): aanáx̱ akawli.át | they buttoned it up
• perfective (–): tlél aanáx̱ akawul.aat | they didnʼt button it up
• future (+): aanáx̱ akagux̱la.áat | they will button it up
• future (–): tlél aanáx̱ akagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt button it up
N-t + ka-l-√.át ³ (* positional verb – impersonal lie there | for small, round or hoop-like objects to lie at N | (KE) • kasʼéet nadáakw kát kala.át → the screws are (lying) on the table (SN)
• imperfective (+): át kala.át | they all are lying there
• imperfective (–): tlél át kool.át | theyʼre not lying there
N-t + ka-S-l-√.át ³ (* positional verb – transitive lying there | for S to have O (small, round or hoop-like objects) lying at N
• imperfective (+): át akla.át | they have them all lying there
• imperfective (–): tlél át akool.át | they donʼt have them all lying there
kei + ÿa-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) turn ¹ | for S to turn O (boat, car) | héide kei yala.á! → turn (your boat) this way! (SN) • kei ayagux̱la.áat, át ḵuwuhaayí → heʼs going to turn, when the time comes (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kei yala.á! | turn the wheel!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei yeela.átjiḵ! | donʼt turn the wheel!
• progressive imperfective: kei yaa ayanal.át | they are turning the wheel
• perfective (+): kei ayawli.át | they turned the wheel
• perfective (–): tlél kei ayawul.aat | they didnʼt turn the wheel
• future (+): kei ayagux̱la.áat | they will turn the wheel
• future (–): tlél kei ayagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt turn the wheel
√aat ⁴ (verb root) lie down; lie ¹ | classification: plural human | singular form: √taa
N-t + l-√.át ⁴ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ¹ | for several things to lie at N; for several persons or animals to lie dead, unconscious, or incapacitated at N | (KE)
• imperfective (+): át la.át | theyʼre lying there
• imperfective (–): tlél át ul.át | theyʼre not lying there
sh S-d+l-√.át ⁴ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – invariable) lie down | for (plural) S to be lying down | (KE) • dei s sh il.át → they all are already lying down (SN)
• imperfective (+): has sh il.át | they all are lying down
• imperfective (–): tlél has sh ul.át | they all arenʼt lying down
yan⁓ + sh S-d+l-√.aat ⁴ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lie down | for (plural) S to lie down | (KE)
• imperative: yan sh yil.á! | you all lie down!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ sh yil.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all lie down!
• perfective (+): yan has sh wudli.át | they all lay down
• perfective (–): tlél yan has sh wul.aat | they all didnʼt lie down
• future (+): yánde has sh gug̱wal.áat | they all will lie down
• future (–): tlél yánde has sh gug̱wal.aat | they all wonʼt lie down
yínde + sh ka-l-√.aat ⁴ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) bend over; lean down | for (plural) S to bend over, lean down | (KE)
• imperative: yínde sh kanayil.á! | you all bend over!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yínde yoo sh kayil.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all bend over!
• progressive imperfective: yínde yaa has sh kanal.át | they all are bending over slowly
• perfective (+): yínde has sh kawdli.aat | they all bent over
• perfective (–): tlél yínde has sh kawul.aat | they all didnʼt bend over
• future (+): yínde has sh kakg̱wal.áat | they all will bend over
• future (–): tlél yínde has sh kakg̱wal.aat | they all wonʼt bend over
√aat ⁵ (verb root) communicate; think; talk | classification: plural subject | singular form: √taan ⁵
N + daa + yoo + tu-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) think; consider; make up mind | for (plural) S to think over, consider, make up oneʼs mind about N | a daa yoo tugax̱tula.áat → weʼre going to think it over (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a daa yoo teeyla.át! | you all think about it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a daa yoo tuyla.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all think about it!
• imperfective (+): a daa yoo (ha)s tuli.átk | they all think about it; they all are thinking about it
• imperfective (–): tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tool.átk | they all donʼt think about it; they all arenʼt thinking about it
• perfective (+): a daa yoo (ha)s tuwli.át | they all thought about it
• perfective (–): tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tuwul.aat | they all didnʼt think about it
• future (+): a doo yoo (ha)s tugux̱la.áat | they all will think about it
• future (–): tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tugux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt think about it
N + daatx̱ + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) reconsider; change mind | for (plural) S to change mind about N; for (plural) S to think over and reconsider N | ḵux̱ has toowdli.át → they all were converted (changed them allʼs thinking) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuyil.át! | change your minds about it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuyil.átjiḵ! | donʼt change your minds about it!
• perfective (+): a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tuwdli.át | they all changed them allʼs minds about it
• perfective (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tuwul.aat | they all didnʼt change them allʼs minds about it
• future (+): a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de has tukg̱wal.áat | they all will change them allʼs minds about it
• future (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de has tukg̱wal.aat | they all wonʼt change them allʼs minds about it
x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk; speech | for (plural) S to speak, talk, make a speech | haa een yoo x̱ʼawli.átk → he talked to us / conversed with us (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: x̱ʼanayil.á! | you all speak!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼayla.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all speak!
• imperfective (+): yaa (ha)s x̱ʼanal.át | they all are speaking
• perfective (+): has x̱ʼawli.aat | they all spoke
• perfective (–): tlél has x̱ʼawul.aat | they all didnʼt speak
• future (+): has x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they all will speak
• future (–): tlél has x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt speak
N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk | for (plural) S to speak, talk to N | in classical tlingit, the verb stem √taan ⁵ refered to a singular subject and the verb stem √.aat ⁵ was used to indicate a plural subject. in modern tlingit however, this distinction is being lost. many speakers use the verb stem √taan ⁵ for both singular and plural subject | (KE)
• imperative: du éet x̱ʼayla.á! | you all speak to them!
• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ x̱ʼayla.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all speak to them!
• perfective (+): du éet has x̱ʼawli.át | they all spoke to them
• perfective (–): tlél du éet has x̱ʼawul.aat | they all didnʼt speak to them
• future (+): du eedé (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they all will speak to them
• future (–): tlél du eedé (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt speak to them
yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stop talking | for (plural) S to stop talking | (KE)
• imperative: yan x̱ʼayla.á! | you all stop talking!
• prohibitive: líl yan x̱ʼayla.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all stop talking!
• perfective (+): yan has x̱ʼawli.át | they all stopped talking
• perfective (–): tlél yan has x̱ʼawul.aat | they all didnʼt stop talking
• future (+): yánde has x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they all will stop talking
• future (–): tlél yánde has x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt stop talking
yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk; converse | for (plural) S to speak, talk, converse | (KE)
• imperative: yoo x̱ʼayla.á! | you all converse!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼayla.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all converse!
• imperfective (+): yoo (ha)s x̱ʼali.átk | they all converse; they all are conversing
• imperfective (–): tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼeil.átk | they all donʼt converse; theyʼre not conversing
• progressive imperfective: (yeisú) yaa (ha)s x̱ʼanal.át | they all are (still) conversing
• perfective (+): yoo (ha)s x̱ʼawli.át | they all conversed
• perfective (–): tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼawul.aat | they all didnʼt converse
• future (+): yoo (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they all will converse
• future (–): tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt converse
N + géi⁓ + yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) accuse; speak against | for S to accuse, speak against N | ax̱ éesh een yee géide yoo x̱ʼax̱la.átk → i accuse you all to my father (KE)
√aat ⁶ (verb root) | classification: plural, hinged objects open ¹; close ¹
√aatʼ (verb root) cold ¹
O-S-s-√.áatʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) cold ¹; cool; chill | for S to make O cold, cool | the form « as.átʼx̱ » gives both a basic imperfective meaning "they are chilling it" and a repetitive imperfective meaning "they chills it (regularly)" | héen awsi.átʼ → he cooled the water (SN) • ax̱ x̱ʼoos oos.átʼch → my feet are always cold (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sa.átʼ! | chill it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl isa.átʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt chill it!
• imperfective (+): as.átʼx̱ | they are chilling it
• imperfective (–): tlél oos.átʼx̱ | they are not chilling it
• progressive imperfective: yaa ana.úsʼ | they are (in the process of) chilling it
• perfective (+): awsi.átʼ | they chilled it
• perfective (–): tlél awus.áatʼ | they didnʼt chill it
• future (+): agux̱sa.áatʼ | they will chill it
• future (–): tlél agux̱sa.áatʼ | they wonʼt chill it
s-√.áatʼ ˟ (∅ state verb – impersonal – invariable) cold ¹ | for an inanimate object to be cold | (KE)
• imperfective (+): si.áatʼ | itʼs cold
• imperfective (–): tlél us.áatʼ | it isnʼt cold
• progressive imperfective: yaa nas.átʼ | it is getting cold
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél yaa unas.átʼ | itʼs not getting cold
• perfective (+): wusi.áatʼ | it got cold
• perfective (–): tlél wus.áatʼ | it didnʼt get cold
• future (+): gug̱as.áatʼ | it will be cold
• future (–): tlél gug̱as.áatʼ | it wonʼt be cold
ḵu-s-√.áatʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) cold ¹ | for the weather to be cold | classification: weather | yá táakw kei ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ shákdéi → maybe itʼs going to be cold this winter (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): ḵusi.áatʼ | the weather is cold
• imperfective (–): tlél ḵoos.áatʼ | the weather isnʼt cold
• progressive imperfective: kei ḵunas.áatʼ | the weather is getting cold
• perfective (+): ḵuwsi.áatʼ | the weather got cold
• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwus.áatʼ | the weather didnʼt get cold
• future (+): kei ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ | the weather will be cold
• future (–): tlél kei ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ | the weather wonʼt be cold
O-sa-∅-√.áatʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective) cold ¹ | for O (person) to feel cold | classification: animate | haa seiwa.átʼ → we feel cold (SN) • (KE)
• admonitive: i sa.átʼ tsáa! see | that you donʼt get cold!
• progressive imperfective: yaa sana.átʼ | they are starting to get cold
• perfective (+): seiwa.átʼ | they are cold
• perfective (–): tlél sawu.áatʼ | they arenʼt cold
• future (+): sakg̱wa.áatʼ | they will be cold
• future (–): tlél sakg̱wa.áatʼ | they wonʼt be cold
O-ÿa-d+s-√.áatʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective) cold ¹ | for Oʼs face to be cold | x̱at yawdzi.átʼ → my face is cold (SN) • (KE)
• admonitive: i yas.átʼ tsáa! | see that your face doesnʼt get cold!
• progressive imperfective: yaa yanas.átʼ | their face is getting cold
• perfective (+): yawdzi.átʼ | their face is cold
• perfective (–): tlél yawus.áatʼ | their face isnʼt cold
• future (+): yakg̱was.áatʼ | their face will be cold
• future (–): tlél yakg̱was.áatʼ | their face wonʼt be cold
O-d+s-√.áatʼ (∅ – object intransitive – ejective) chilled; cold ¹ | for O (body part or inanimate object) to be chilled, cold | used to talk about a body part being cold, or an inanimate object that has been made cold | (JL)
• perfective (+): wudzi.átʼ | it is chilled
√aatlʼ (verb root) insufficient • variants: √aatsʼ, √aachʼ •
ÿa-ka-u-∅-√.áatlʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) insufficient | for something to be insufficient, not enough | i toowúch ágé yakakg̱wa.áatlʼ? → do you think itʼs going to be insufficient? (SN) • yá atx̱á yagoo.áatlʼ → this food is not enough (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yakoo.áatlʼ | itʼs insufficient
• perfective (+): yakaawa.áatlʼ | it was insufficient
• future (+): yakakg̱wa.áatlʼ | it will be insufficient
√aaw (verb root) strap ¹
O-ÿa-S-s-√.áaw (∅ event verb – transitive – open) strap ¹; tie | for S put a strap on O; for S to tie up O with a string | yax̱wsi.áaw → i strapped it (JL) • ayasa.áwx̱ → he is putting a strap on it (JL) • (KE)
• imperative: yasa.áw! | tie it up with a string!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yeesa.áwx̱uḵ! | donʼt tie it up with a string!
• progressive imperfective: yaa ayanas.áw | they are tying it up with a string
• perfective (+): ayawsi.áw | they tied it up with a string
• perfective (–): tlél ayawus.áaw | they didnʼt tie it up with a string
• future (+): ayagux̱sa.áaw | they will tie it up with a string
• future (–): tlél ayagux̱sa.áaw | they wonʼt tie it up with a string
√aaxʼw ¹ (verb root) fracture; crack
√aaxʼw ² (verb root) bitter; spicy
O-s-√.áaxʼw ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) bitter; spicy | for O to be bitter; for O to be spicy hot | at danoogú ágé si.áaxʼw? → does it have a bitter taste? (SN) • kei gux̱sa.áaxʼw, yéi isa.éeni → it will be bitter if you cook it that way (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): si.áaxʼw | itʼs bitter
• imperfective (–): tlél us.áaxʼw | itʼs not bitter
• progressive imperfective: kei nas.áaxʼw | itʼs getting bitter
• perfective (+): wusi.áaxʼw | it got bitter
• perfective (–): tlél wus.áaxʼw | it didnʼt get bitter
• future (+): kei gux̱sa.áaxʼw | it will be bitter
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱sa.áaxʼw | it wonʼt be bitter
√aax̱ ¹ (verb root) hear; listen; sound off
O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hear | for S to hear O | this verb could be used to talk about hearing the sound of someone, like them allʼs footsteps or other commotion, but hearing someoneʼs voice is « O-sa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ » | gaaw tléil x̱wa.aax̱ → I didnʼt hear the bell/drum (SN) • a x̱ʼéide aawa.áx̱ → he heard the message (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: .áx̱! | hear it!
• perfective (+): aawa.áx̱ | they heard it
• perfective (–): tlél awu.aax̱ | they didnʼt hear it
• future (+): akg̱wa.áax̱ | they will hear it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt hear it
N-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen | for S to listen to N | (KE)
• imperative: át sa.áx̱! | listen to it!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ isa.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt listen to it!
• perfective (+): át wusi.áx̱ | they are listening to it; they listened to it
• perfective (–): tlél át wus.aax̱ | they are not listening to it; they didnʼt listen to it
• future (+): aadé gux̱sa.áax̱ | they will listen to it
• future (–): tlél aadé gux̱sa.aax̱ | they wonʼt listen to it
N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen to; obey; give heed | for S to listen to, obey, give heed to N | du tláa x̱ʼéit awes.áx̱ → he obeys his mother (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du x̱ʼéit sa.áx̱! | listen to them!
• prohibitive: líl du x̱ʼéix̱ isa.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt listen to them!
• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéit wusi.áx̱ | they are listening to them; they listens to them
• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéit wus.aax̱ | they are not listening to them; they donʼt listen to them
• future (+): du x̱ʼéide gux̱sa.áax̱ | they will listen to them
• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide gux̱sa.aax̱ | they wonʼt listen to them
O-S-∅-√.áx̱ch ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) hear | for S to be able to hear O | for the forms that do not occur with this verb, see the ∅-conjugation eventive verb « aawa.áx̱ » ʼs/he heard itʼ, which occurs in all modes except the imperfective • as shown in the examples, the fourth person « duwa.áx̱ch » can mean for something to make a sound | núkt duwa.áx̱ch → a grouse can be heard (drumming) (SN) • wasóos duwa.áx̱ch → a cow can be heard lowing, mooing (SN) • nadáakw duwa.áx̱ch → a table can be heard creaking, squeaking (SN) • wáa sá duwa.áx̱ch? → whatʼs that sound? • (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ee.áx̱jiḵ! | donʼt hear it!
• imperfective (+): aya.áx̱ch | they can hear it
• imperfective (–): tlél oo.áx̱ch | they canʼt hear it
• future (+): kei akg̱wa.áx̱ch | they will be able to hear it
• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wa.áx̱ch | they wonʼt be able to hear it
N-g̱aa + ḵu-S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen for | for S to listen for N | (KE)
• imperative: a kayéikg̱aa ḵunees.aax̱! | listen for the sound of it!
• perfective (+): a kayéikg̱aa ḵoowdzi.aax̱ | they listened for the sound of it
• perfective (–): tlél a kayéikg̱aa ḵuwus.aax̱ | they didnʼt listen for the sound of it
• future (+): a kayéikg̱aa ḵukg̱was.áax̱ | they will listen for the sound of it
• future (–): tlél a kayéikg̱aa ḵukg̱was.aax̱ | they wonʼt listen for the sound of it
O-sa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hear | for S to hear O (a voice, esp. singing) | x̱at seiwa.áx̱ he heard my voice (SN) • xóots shákdéi sax̱waa.áx̱ → maybe I heard a bearʼs voice (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): aseiwa.áx̱ | they heard a voice
• perfective (–): tlél asawu.aax̱ | they didnʼt hear a voice
• future (+): asakg̱wa.áax̱ | they will hear a voice
• future (–): tlél asakg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt hear a voice
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hear; understand; comprehend | for S to hear O with understanding; for S to understand, comprehend O | Lingít age x̱ʼeeya.áx̱ch do you understand Tlingit? (SN) • tléil ḵaa x̱ʼei.áx̱ch → he doesnʼt understand people (that is, the language) • (KE)
• perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwa.áx̱ | they understood them
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawu.aax̱ | they didnʼt understand them
• future (+): ax̱ʼakg̱wa.áax̱ | they will understand them
• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt understand them
N + x̱ʼéide + ḵu-S-d+s-√.aax̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen | for S to (take time to) listen to N | one fluent speaker suggests the finer meaning "take time to listen" for this verb, thus distinguishing it slightly from the related verb « du x̱ʼéit wusi.áx̱ » "they listened to, obeyed them" | i x̱ʼéit x̱wasi.áx̱ → iʼm listening to you (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du x̱ʼéide ḵunees.aax̱! | listen to them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du x̱ʼéide yoo ḵees.áx̱giḵ! | donʼt listen to them!
• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéide ḵuwdzi.aax̱ | they listened to them
• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵuwus.aax̱ | they didnʼt listen to them
• future (+): du x̱ʼéide ḵukg̱was.áax̱ | they will listen to them
• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵukg̱was.aax̱ | they wonʼt listen to them
O-S-l-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) play ² | for S to play O (musical instrument) | the form « ali.áx̱ch » gives both a basic imperfective meaning "they are playing it" and a repetitive imperfective meaning "they plays it (regularly)" | tu.óoxsʼ yeit ali.áx̱ch → heʼs playing a wind instrument (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: la.áx̱! | play it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ila.áx̱jiḵ! | donʼt play it!
• imperfective (+): ali.áx̱ch | they are playing it
• imperfective (–): tlél ool.áx̱ch | they arenʼt playing it
• perfective (+): awli.áx̱ | they played it
• perfective (–): tlél awul.aax̱ | they didnʼt play it
• future (+): agux̱la.áax̱ | they will play it
• future (–): tlél agux̱la.aax̱ | they wonʼt play it
√aax̱ ² (verb root) | classification: textile-like object carry
{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; give; take | for S to carry O (textile-like object) | du kinaak.ádi yaa ana.áx̱ → heʼs carrying his coat (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} na.aax̱! | carry it {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yi.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt carry it {____}!
• perfective (+): {na preverb} aawa.aax̱ | they are carrying it {____}; they carried it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awu.aax̱ | they didnʼt carry it {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} akg̱wa.áax̱ | they will carry it {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt carry it {____}
{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; give; take | for S to carry O (textile-like object) | sʼísaa haat áx̱! → bring the cloth! (SN) • lʼaak ax̱ jeet aaa.áx̱ → she gave me a dress (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} .áx̱! | carry it {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} ee.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt carry it {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa ana.áx̱ | they are carrying it {∅ preverb}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} aawa.áx̱ | they carried it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awu.aax̱ | they didnʼt carry it {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} akg̱wa.áax̱ | they will carry it {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt carry it {____}
N-t + ∅-√.áx̱ ² ˟ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie there | for a textile-like object to lie at N | i kʼoodásii yóot áx̱ → your shirt is lying over there (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): át .áx̱ | itʼs lying there
• imperfective (–): tlél át u.áx̱ | itʼs not lying there
kaax̱ + kei + O-S-d+∅-√.aax̱ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) take off | for S to take off O (shirt, dress, coat, etc.) | for taking off oneʼs hat, replace « kaax̱ » with « sháatx̱ » “off the head” throughout the paradigm, as in « sháatx̱ kei awdi.áx̱ » “s/he took off their hat” • note that this verb is not used for taking off pants, shoes, socks, etc. for these, use: « x̱ʼoosdáx̱ awdiyíḵ » "they took them all off (pants, socks, shoes)" | i kʼoodásʼi kaax̱ kei idatí → take off your shirt! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kaax̱ kei ida.áx̱! | take it off!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kaax̱ kei ida.áx̱jíḵ! | donʼt take it off!
• progressive imperfective: kaax̱ kei anda.áx̱ | they are taking it off
• perfective (+): kaax̱ kei awdi.áx̱ | they took it off
• perfective (–): tlél kaax̱ kei awda.aax̱ | they didnʼt take it off
• future (+): kaax̱ kei agux̱da.áax̱ | they will take it off
• future (–): tlél kaax̱ kei agux̱da.aax̱ | they wonʼt take it off
√aax̱w (verb root) tie; bind; bundle; wrap | tie up; tie together
yánde + O-S-∅-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie; secure | for S to tie up, secure O (esp. a boat to shore) | (KE)
• imperative: yánde .áx̱w! | tie it up!
• prohibitive: líl yánde yi.áx̱uḵ! | donʼt tie it up!
• imperfective (+): yánde a.aax̱w | they are tying it up; they ties it up
• imperfective (–): tlél yánde oo.aax̱w | they arenʼt tying it up; they donʼt tie it up
• perfective (+): yánde aawa.áx̱w | they tied it up
• perfective (–): tlél yánde awu.aax̱w | they didnʼt tie it up
• future (+): yánde akg̱wa.áax̱w | they will tie it up
• future (–): tlél yánde akg̱wa.aax̱w | they wonʼt tie it up
O-daa-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie; bundle; wrap | for S to tie O together in a bundle; for S to wrap O up | xʼúxʼ daasa.áx̱w! → tie up the hooks in a bundle! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: daasa.áx̱w! | wrap it up!
• prohibitive: líl daa.ees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt wrap it up!
• imperfective (+): adaasa.áax̱w | they are wrapping it up
• imperfective (–): tlél adaa.us.aax̱w | they are not wrapping it up
• perfective (+): adaawsi.áx̱w | they wrapped it up
• perfective (–): tlél adaawus.aax̱w | they didnʼt wrap it up
• future (+): adaagux̱sa.áax̱w | they will wrap it up
• future (–): tlél adaagux̱sa.aax̱w | they wonʼt wrap it up
O-kʼi-ka-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie; wrap up | for S to tie O together by the stems; for S to wrap the stems of O | kʼeikaxwéin akʼikawsi.áx̱w → he tied up the stems of the flowers (SN)
• imperative: kʼikasa.áx̱w! | wrap its stems up!
• prohibitive: líl kʼikees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt wrap its stems up!
• imperfective (+): akʼikasa.áax̱w | they are wrapping its stems up
• imperfective (–): tlél akʼikoos.aax̱w | they are not wrapping its stems up
• perfective (+): akʼikawsi.áx̱w | they wrapped its stems up
• perfective (–): tlél akʼikawus.aax̱w | they didnʼt wrap its stems up
• future (+): akʼikagux̱sa.áax̱w | they will wrap its stems up
• future (–): tlél akʼikagux̱sa.aax̱w | they wonʼt wrap its stems up
O-sʼaan-S-∅-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie | for S to tie hands of O (a captive) | (SN)
• imperative: sʼaansa.áx̱w! | tie their hands together!
• prohibitive: líl sʼaanees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt tie their hands together!
• imperfective (+): asʼaansa.áax̱w | they are tying their hands together
• imperfective (–): tlél asʼaanus.aax̱w | they are not tying their hands together
• perfective (+): asʼaanwusi.áx̱w | they tied their hands together
• perfective (–): tlél asʼaanwus.aax̱w | they didnʼt tied their hands together
• future (+): asʼaangux̱sa.áax̱w | they will tied their hands together
• future (–): tlél asʼaangux̱sa.aax̱w | they wonʼt tied their hands together
O-x̱ʼa-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie | for S to tie up the mouth of O (esp. a sack) | yá gwéil x̱ʼakḵwas.áax̱w → Iʼm going to tie up this sack (SN)
• imperative: x̱ʼasa.áx̱w! | tie the mouth of it up!
• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼa.ees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt tie the mouth of it up!
• imperfective (+): ax̱ʼasa.áax̱w | they are tying the mouth of it up
• imperfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼeiws.aax̱w | they are not tying the mouth of it up
• perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwsi.áx̱w | they tied the mouth of it up
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawus.aax̱w | they didnʼt tie the mouth of it up
• future (+): ax̱ʼagux̱sa.áax̱w | they will tie the mouth of it up
• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼagux̱sa.aax̱w | they wonʼt tie the mouth of it up
√chán ˟ (verb root) stink; stench; smelly
O-l-√chán ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) stink; smelly; stench | for O to stink, have unpleasant odor, smell bad; for O to smell strongly | gishoo áyá lachán nooch → pigs always stink (SN) • lichán awé wé eex̱! → that oil smells bad (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl eelchániḵ | donʼt be stinky!
• imperfective (+): lichán | they stinks
• imperfective (–): tlél ulchán | they donʼt stink
• progressive imperfective: kei nalchán | they are starting to stink
• perfective (+): wulichán | they stank
• perfective (–): tlél wulchán | they didnʼt stink
• future (+): kei gux̱lachán | they will stink
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lachán | they wonʼt stink
√chaa (verb root) strain; filter; drain off
O-ka-S-l-√chaa (∅ act verb – transitive – open) strain; filter; drain off | for S to strain, filter, drain off O | tax̱héeni kalachá → strain the broth! (that is, pour it out, leaving all the solids behind)! (SN) • tléiḵw kahéeni kax̱wlicháa → I strained the fruit juice (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kalachá! | strain it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keelachéix̱iḵ! | donʼt strain it!
• imperfective (+): aklachéix̱ | they are straining it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoolcheix̱ | they arenʼt straining it
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanalchéin | they are (in the process of) straining it
• perfective (+): akawlicháa | they strained it
• perfective (–): tlél akawulchá | they didnʼt strain it
• future (+): akagux̱lacháa | they will strain it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱lachaa | they wonʼt strain it
√chaak (verb root) pile; stack; fill
O-ka-S-∅-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pile; stack; pack | for S to pile, stack away neatly, pack O (food, clothing, firewood, etc.) | ḵaa shukát yan kawdichák → he was through packing before the others (SN) • dzeit tayee akaawachák → he piled it (firewood) under the stairs (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kachák! | pack it!
• prohibitive: líl kayeecháagiḵ! | donʼt pack it!
• imperfective (+): akacháak | they are packing it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoocháak | they arenʼt packing it
• perfective (+): akaawachák | they packed it
• perfective (–): tlél akawucháak | they didnʼt pack it
• future (+): akakg̱wacháak | they will pack it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wacháak | they wonʼt pack it
O-sha-ka-S-∅-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) stack; pack; fill | for S to fill, pack to the top neatly, stack up (food, clothing, etc.) | shakx̱waachák → I filled it (a suitcase) (SN)
• imperative: shakachák! | pack it!
• prohibitive: líl shakayeecháagiḵ! | donʼt pack it!
• imperfective (+): ashakacháak | they are packing it
• imperfective (–): tlél ashakoocháak | they arenʼt packing it
• perfective (+): ashakaawachák | they packed it
• perfective (–): tlél ashakawucháak | they didnʼt pack it
• future (+): ashakakg̱wacháak | they will pack it
• future (–): tlél ashakakg̱wacháak | they wonʼt pack it
O-ka-S-l-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pile; stack | for S to pile, stack O | classification: stick-like objects | chʼa wé cháash kax̱toolacháak yee.át sákw → weʼll pile up those branches for bedding (SN)
• imperative: kalachák! | pile it!
• prohibitive: líl keelacháagiḵ! | donʼt pile it!
• imperfective (+): akalacháak | they are piling it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoolcháak | they arenʼt piling it
• perfective (+): akawlichák | they piled it
• perfective (–): tlél akawulcháak | they didnʼt pile it
• future (+): akakg̱walacháak | they will pile it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱walacháak | they wonʼt pile it
√chaalʼ (verb root) full; drowsy | drowsy from overindulging
√chech ² (verb root) dust ²; clean ² | clean the surface of
√cheich ¹ (verb root) stand; spread | stand spread-legged
√cheix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √cheex̱ʼ • shade; shadow
√chígaa ˟ (verb root) fierce; formidable
√cheesh (verb root)
√chook (verb root) soften; rub | soften by rubbing
√chool (verb root) munch | roll around in mouth
√choon ¹ (verb root) wound ¹; injure
O-d+∅-√choon ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) wounded; injured; hurt ¹; bruised | for O to be wounded, injured, bruised; for O to be hurt (emotionally) | the most common use of this verb is in the perfective form—other forms are very rare • note that it can also refer to a mental state, as in « ḵúnáx̱ haa wdichún » "weʼre really hurting (emotionally)" (after the loss of a family member, e.g.) | wáang̱aneens ḵaa oodachúnch → once in a while a person is wounded (by octopus) (SN) • ax̱ tláa wudichún → my mother was injured (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): wudichún | they got injured
• perfective (–): tlél wudachoon | they didnʼt get injured
O-S-l-√choon ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) injure; hurt ¹; wound ¹; bruise | for S to injure, hurt, wound, bruise O | g̱uwakaan wududlichún → a deer was wounded (SN) • gandaasʼaají x̱at wulichún → a bee wounded me (that is, stung me) (SN)
• imperative: lachún! | injure them/it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilachúnx̱iḵ! | donʼt injure them/it
• perfective (+): awlichún | they injured them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awulchoon | they didnʼt injure them/it
• future (+): agux̱lachóon | they will injure them/it
• future (–): tlél agux̱lachoon | they wonʼt injure them/it
√choon ² (verb root) twist; limber | twist (to make limber)
√choox (verb root) knead; massage; roll; pat
O-ka-S-∅-√choox (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) knead; press; pat | for S to knead, press, pat O with palm of hand | sakwnéin akaawachúx → he kneaded the bread (SN) • dleey kaxákwlʼi kax̱waachúx → i patted out the ground meat in to patties (SN) • kawduwachúx → people press it (mud) with them allʼs hands (SN)
• imperative: kachúx! | knead it!
• prohibitive: líl keechooxúḵ! | donʼt knead it!
• imperfective (+): akachóox | they knead it; they are kneading it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoochoox | they donʼt knead it; they arenʼt kneading it
• perfective (+): akaawachúx | they kneaded it
• perfective (–): tléil akawuchoox | they didnʼt knead it
• future (+): akakg̱wachóox | they will knead it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wachoox | they wonʼt knead it
√chooxʼ (verb root) rub; touch | rub lightly; touch lightly
√choox̱ (verb root) mooch; cadge; sponge ²; freeload
at u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) mooch; freeload | for S to mooch, freeload; for S to obtain things often without payment | (KE)
• imperative: at g̱achoox̱! | freeload!
• prohibitive: líl at eechoox̱úḵ! | donʼt freeload!
• imperfective (+): at uchoox̱ | they are freeloading; they freeload
• imperfective (–): tlél at uchoox̱ | they arenʼt freeloading; they donʼt freeload
• perfective (+): at woochoox̱ | they freeloaded
• perfective (–): tlél at wuchoox̱ | they didnʼt freeload
• future (+): yei at gug̱wachoox̱ | they will freeload
• future (–): tlél yei at gug̱wachoox̱ | they wonʼt freeload
(N eex̱) + O-u-S-∅-O-u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ (g̱a – transitive – invariable) mooch; bum; sponge ²; cadge | for S to mooch, bum, scrounge O (off of N); for S to obtain O (from N) often without payment | add « –eex̱ » in the preverb to indicate who is being mooched off of • NS and JL both recorded examples of this verb without the irrealis • more research may be needed | chʼa tlákw áwé achoox̱ nooch → heʼs always sponging / getting what he can for nothing (SN) • gán achoox̱! → heʼs cadging firewood (SN) • du eex̱ yei kḵwachoox̱ → iʼm going to sponge it off of him JL • (KE)
• imperative: (du eex̱) g̱achoox̱! | mooch it (off of them)!
• prohibitive: líl (du eex̱) eechoox̱úḵ! | donʼt mooch it (off of them)!
• imperfective (+): (du eex̱) oochoox̱ | they are mooching it (off of them); they mooches it (off of them)
• imperfective (–): tlél (du eex̱) oochoox̱ | they arenʼt mooching it (off of them); they donʼt mooch it (off of them)
• imperfective (–): tlél (du eex̱) awuchoox̱ | they didnʼt mooch it (off of them)
• perfective (+): (du eex̱) aawachoox̱ | they mooched it (off of them)
• future (+): (du eex̱) yei akg̱wachoox̱ | they will mooch it (off of them)
• future (–): tlél (du eex̱) yei akg̱wachoox̱ | they wonʼt mooch it (off of them)
√choox̱ʼ (verb root) roll | fat roll off
√chʼaachʼ (verb root) spotted
O-ka-d+∅-√chʼáachʼ (∅ – object intransitive – ejective) spotted | for O to be spotted, have spots | sʼíxʼ kawdichʼáchʼ → the dish is spotted (SN) • (JL)
• perfective (+): kawdichʼáchʼ | it is spotted; it got spotted
ka-d+l-√chʼáchʼx̱ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) spotted | for a natural object (wood, rock, etc.) to be spotted | this verb only occurs in the imperfective | kadlichʼáchx̱i yáx̱ yatèe du keenáanáx̱ → it (a flicker) is spotted on top (SN) • tsaa doogú kadlichʼáchʼx̱ áwé yakʼéi → a sealskin that is spotted is real good • (KE)
• imperfective (+): kadlichʼáchʼx̱ | itʼs spotted
• imperfective (–): tlél koolchʼáchʼx̱ | itʼs not spotted
√chʼaakʼw (verb root) carve; carve design; incise
O-ka-S-∅-√chʼáakʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) carve | for S to carve O (usually smaller, detailed work) using a knife or scoop chisel | eex̱ sʼíxʼi akaawachʼákʼw → he carved an oil dish (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kachʼákʼw! | carve it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keechʼákʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt carve it!
• imperfective (+): akachʼáakʼw | they are carving it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoochʼáakʼw | they arenʼt carving it
• perfective (+): akaawachʼákʼw | they carved it
• perfective (–): tlél akawuchʼáakʼw | they didnʼt carve it
• future (+): akakg̱wachʼáakʼw | they will carve it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wachʼáakʼw | they wonʼt carve it
ka-S-d+∅-√chʼáakʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) carve | for S to carve (usually smaller, detailed work) using a knife or scoop chisel | shál sáxwti kadachʼáakʼw ashigóok → he knows how to carve spoon handles (SN)
• imperative: keedachʼákʼw! | carve!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keedachʼákʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt carve!
• imperfective (+): akadachʼáakʼw | they are carving
• imperfective (–): tlél akudachʼáakʼw | they- arenʼt carving it
• perfective (+): akawdichʼákʼw | they carved
• perfective (–): tlél akawdachʼáakʼw | they didnʼt carve
• future (+): akagux̱dachʼáakʼw | they will carve
• future (–): tlél akagux̱dachʼáakʼw | they wonʼt carve
√chʼaalʼ (verb root) pale; spotted
√chʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √chʼeex̱ʼ • point ¹; poke; push
√chʼeix̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) dirty
O-S-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) dirty; soil ² | for S to dirty, soil O (esp. clothing or person) | ilí! i lʼaagí gag̱eelachʼéix̱ʼw → donʼt! you will dirty your dress (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: lachʼéx̱ʼw! | get it dirty!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilachʼéx̱ʼwx̱uḵ! | donʼt get it dirty!
• progressive imperfective: yaa analchʼéx̱ʼw | they are getting it dirty
• perfective (+): awlichʼéx̱ʼw | they got it dirty
• perfective (–): tlél awulchʼéix̱ʼw | they didnʼt get it dirty
• future (+): agux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | they will get it dirty
• future (–): tlél agux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | they wonʼt get it dirty
O-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective) dirty | for O to be dirty
• imperative: ilachʼéx̱ʼw! | get dirty!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilchʼéx̱ʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt get dirty!
• progressive imperfective: yaa nalchʼéx̱ʼw | they are getting dirty
• perfective (+): wulichʼéx̱ʼw | they are dirty
• perfective (–): tlél wulchʼéix̱ʼw | they are not dirty
• future (+): gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | they will get dirty
• future (–): tlél gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | they wonʼt get dirty
√chʼeix̱ʼw ² (verb root) tired of | tire (of eating it)
√chʼéitʼaa ˟ (verb root) • variants: √chʼéetʼaa ˟ • play ¹; basketball | play basketball
ash + + ka-u-S-d+l-√chʼéitʼaa ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive basketball | for S to play basketball
• imperative: ash kaneelchʼéitʼaa | play basketball!
• prohibitive: líl ash keelchʼéitʼaaḵ! | donʼt play basketball!
• imperfective (+): ash koolchʼéitʼaa | they are playing basketball
• perfective (+): ash kawdlichʼéitʼaa | they played basketball
• perfective (–): tlél ash kawulchʼéitʼaa | they didnʼt play basketball
• future (+): ash kakg̱walchʼéitʼaa | they are going to play basketball
• future (–): tlél ash kakg̱walchʼéitʼaa | the arenʼt going to play basketball
√chʼeen (verb root) tie | tie in a bow
√chʼeesh (verb root) splash
ka-d+∅-√chʼeesh (∅ act verb – impersonal – closed) splash | for a liquid to splash, be splashed | té héent yeeg̱éexʼi, kei kdachʼíshch → when you throw rocks in the water, it splashes up (SN) • wáa ḵusa.áatʼi sáyú, héen kei kandachʼíshi, iltʼíxʼx̱ → when it is very cold, the water freezes as it splashes (as spray or droplets) (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): kadachʼéesh | it is splashing
• perfective (+): kawdichʼísh | it splashed
• perfective (–): tlél kawdachʼeesh | it didnʼt splash
• future (+): kagux̱dachʼéesh | it will splash
• future (–): tlél kagux̱dachʼeesh | it wonʼt splash
(N + daadé) + O-ka-S-l-√chʼeesh (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) splash | for S to splash O (on N) | add « N daadé » in the preverb for "splash on N" | yá héen ax̱ daat kaylichʼísh → you splashed some water on me (SN)
• imperative: (du daadé) kalachʼísh! | splash it (on them)!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl (du daadé) keelachʼíshx̱iḵ! | donʼt splash it (on them)!
• imperfective (+): (du daadé) aklachʼéesh | they are splashing it (on them)
• imperfective (–): tlél (du daadé) akoolchʼéesh | they arenʼt splashing it (on them)
• perfective (+): (du daadé) akawlichʼísh | they splashed it (on them)
• perfective (–): tlél (du daadé) akawulchʼeesh | they didnʼt splash it (on them)
• future (+): (du daadé) akagux̱lachʼéesh | they will splash it (on them)
• future (–): tlél (du daadé) akagux̱lachʼeesh | they wonʼt splash it (on them)
√chʼeetʼ (verb root) dip
√chʼeex̱ʼ • variants: √chʼeix̱ʼ • point ¹; poke; push
O-S-∅-√chʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) point ¹ | for S to point at, point out O | yaakw aawachʼéx̱ʼ → he pointed at the boat (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: chʼéx̱ʼ! | point at it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eechʼéx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt point at it!
• perfective (+): aawachʼéx̱ʼ | they pointed at it
• perfective (–): tlél awuchʼéix̱ʼ | they didnʼt point at it
• future (+): akg̱wachʼéix̱ʼ | they will point at it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wachʼéix̱ʼ | they wonʼt point at it
N-t⁓ + S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – ejective) point ¹ | for S to point in the direction of N | át x̱waachʼéx̱ʼ → i pointed over there (SN)
• imperative: át eechʼíx̱ʼ! | point there!
• prohibitive: líl át yichʼéex̱ʼiḵ! | donʼt point there!
• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa nachʼíx̱ʼ | they are pointing there
• perfective (+): át uwachʼíx̱ʼ | they pointed there
• perfective (–): tlél át woochʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt point there
• future (+): aadé kg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | they will point there
• future (–): tlél aadé kg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt point there
O-ÿa-S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) point ¹ | for S to point at O (a person) | x̱at yaawachʼéx̱ʼ → he pointed his finger at me (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yachʼíx̱ʼ! | point at them!
• prohibitive: líl yeechʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt point at them!
• imperfective (+): ayachʼíx̱ʼt | they are pointing at them
• imperfective (–): tlél awoochʼíx̱ʼt | they arenʼt pointing at them
• perfective (+): ayaawachʼíx̱ʼ | they pointed at them
• perfective (–): tlél ayawuchʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt point at them
• future (+): ayakg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | they will point at them
• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt point at them
√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (verb root) slow
O-l-√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) slow | for O to be slow | neilyeexʼ yéi jiné aan x̱at lichʼéeyaḵw → iʼm slow at housework (SN) • a yáanáx̱ lichʼéeyaḵw: yasátgi shí áwé → itʼs too slow (that is, you are singing it too slowly): itʼs a fast song (SN) • tlax̱ ḵútx̱ wulichʼéeyáḵw → he was entirely too slow (JL) • (KE)
• imperative: iklachʼéeyáḵw | be slow!
• prohibitive: líl ilichʼéeyág̱uḵ! | donʼt be slow!
• imperfective (+): lichʼéeyáḵw | they are slow
• imperfective (–): tlél ulchʼéeyáḵw | they arenʼt slow
• progressive imperfective: kei nalchʼéeyáḵw | they are starting to slow down; they are getting slow
• perfective (+): wulichʼéeyáḵw | they got slow
• perfective (–): tlél wulchʼéeyáḵw | they didnʼt get slow
O-x̱ʼa-l-√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) slow | for O to be slow in eating or talking | this verb has been documented with and without the « ya- » thematic prefix (x̱ʼayawlichʼéeyáḵw / x̱ʼawlichʼéeyáḵw); both forms are acceptable and do not seem to change the meaning | atx̱á teen x̱at x̱ʼalichʼéeyáḵw → iʼm slow in eating/I eat slowly (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): x̱ʼalichʼéeyáḵw | they are a slow eater/talker
• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼeilchʼéeyáḵw | they arenʼt a slow eater/talker
• progressive imperfective: kei x̱ʼanalchʼéeyáḵw | they are getting to be a slow eater/talker
• perfective (+): x̱ʼawlichʼéeyáḵw | they became a slow eater/talker
• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawulchʼéeyáḵw | they didnʼt become a slow eater/talker
• future (+): x̱ʼagux̱lachʼéeyáḵw | they will be a slow eater/talker
• future (–): tlél x̱ʼagux̱lachʼéeyáḵw | they wonʼt be a slow eater/talker
√dáskw ˟ (verb root) quick-tempered
O-tu-ka-u-∅-√dáskw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) quick-tempered | for O to be quick-tempered
• prohibitive: líl itukoodásguḵ! | donʼt be quick-tempered!
• imperfective (+): tukuwadáskw | they are quick-tempered
• imperfective (–): tlél tukoodáskw | they arenʼt quick-tempered
• progressive imperfective: kei tukunadáskw | they are getting to be quick-tempered
• perfective (+): tukaawadáskw | they were quick-tempered
• perfective (–): tlél tukawudáskw | they werenʼt quick-tempered
• future (+): kei tukakg̱wadáskw | they will be quick-tempered
• future (–): tlél kei tukakg̱wadáskw | they wonʼt be quick-tempered
√dásʼ ˟ (verb root) hail
√dát ˟ (verb root) bruise
√dáy ˟ (verb root) cry out
√daa ¹ (verb root) flow; rise; flood ¹ | classification: water
daaḵ + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹ | for the tide to rise, come in | yan kát oowadáa → itʼs high tide (that is, the tide has flowed in completely to the shore) (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: daaḵ nadéin | the tide is coming in
• perfective (+): daaḵ uwadáa | the tide is in
• future (+): daaḵ gug̱adáa | the tide will rise
kei + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹; rise | for water level, tide to rise | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: kei nadéin | itʼs rising
• perfective (+): kei uwadáa | it rose
• perfective (–): tlél kei wudá | it didnʼt rise
• future (+): kei kg̱wadáa | it will rise
• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wadaa | it wonʼt rise
shí + N + lóot⁓ + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) bleed; run ² | for Nʼs nose to bleed | to say "Nʼs nose is running", replace « shí » "blood" with « héen » “water", as in « héen ax̱ lóot uwadáa » “my nose is running | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: shí du lóode yaa nadéin | their nose is starting to bleed
• perfective (+): shí du lóot uwadáa | their nose is bleeding; their nose bled
• perfective (–): tlél shí du lóot wudá | their nose isnʼt bleeding; their nose didnʼt bleed
• future (+): shí du lóode kg̱wadáa | their nose is going to bleed
• future (–): tlél shí du lóode kg̱wadaa | their nose isnʼt going to bleed
ka-∅-√daa ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – open) flow; run ² | for water, blood to flow; for a nose to run | haa káx̱ kaawadaa → the tide caught us (that is, flowed onto us) (SN) • shé du jint kaawadáa → his hand was bleeding (SN) • (KE) • g̱ílʼ yaadáx̱ héen diyéet kaawa.áa → a small waterfall is flowing over the cliff and hitting a certain place down below (SN)
• imperfective (+): kanaadaa | itʼs flowing
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanadéin | itʼs starting to flow
• perfective (+): kaawadaa | it flowed; itʼs flowing
• perfective (–): tlél kawudaa | it didnʼt flow; itʼs not flowing
• future (+): kakg̱wadáa | it will flow
• future (–): tlél kakg̱wadaa | it wonʼt flow
N-náx̱ + ÿa-∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) flow; flood ¹ | for water, the tide to flow through N; for water, the tide to flood N | héen naadaa → the creek is flowing (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: anax̱ yaa yanadéin | itʼs flowing there
• perfective (+): anax̱ yaawadáa | it flowed there
• perfective (–): tlél anax̱ yawudá | it didnʼt flow there
• future (+): anax̱ yakg̱wadáa | it will flow there
• future (–): tlél anax̱ yakg̱wadaa | it wonʼt flow there
N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) flow; rise | for water to flow, rise to N | a katʼóott kadéin → the liquid is half gone / flowed away (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: wé héen aadé yaa kanadéin | the water level is starting to rise to there
• perfective (+): wé héen át kaawadáa | the water level rose to there
• perfective (–): wé héen tlél át kawudá | the water level didnʼt rise to there
• future (+): wé héen aadé kakg̱wadáa | the water level will rise to there
• future (–): wé héen tlél aadé kakg̱wadaa | the water level wonʼt rise to there
√daa ² (verb root) accustomed to; figure out
N + ee⁓ + ∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal – open) accustomed to; used to | for N to become accustomed to, get used to it | ha éex̱ yaa nadéin → weʼre getting used to it (a wood stove) (SN)
• imperative: i éex̱ nadá! | get used to it!
• progressive imperfective: du éex̱ yaa nadéin | they are getting used to it
• perfective (+): du éex̱ woodaa | they got used to it
• perfective (–): tlél du éex̱ wudaa | they didnʼt get used to it
• future (+): du éex̱ gug̱adáa | they will get used to it
• future (–): tlél du éex̱ gug̱adaa | they wonʼt get used to it
N + x̱ʼéix̱ + ∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal – open) accustomed to; used to | for N to become used to, accustomed to it (of manner of speech or flavor of food) | has du x̱ʼéix̱ woodaa → theyʼve grown accustomed to using certain words all the time (SN)
• imperative: i x̱ʼéix̱ nadá! | get used to it!
• progressive imperfective: du x̱ʼéix̱ yaa nadéin | they are getting used to it
• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéix̱ woodaa | they got used to it
• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ wudaa | they didnʼt get used to it
• future (+): du x̱ʼéix̱ gug̱adáa | they will get used to it
• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ gug̱adaa | they wonʼt get used to it
N-x̱ + O-tu-∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal – open) accustomed to; used to | for O to become used to, accustomed to N (esp. in attitudes) | áx̱ x̱at tukg̱wadáa shákdé → maybe iʼll get used to it (SN) • áx̱ yaa yee tunadéin ágé, ixkéexʼ yéi tí? → are you getting used to living down south? (SN)
• imperative: ax̱ itunadá! | get used to it!
• progressive imperfective: ax̱ yaa tunadéin | they are getting used to it
• perfective (+): áx̱ tuwaadaa | they got used to it
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ tuwudaa | they didnʼt get used to it
• future (+): áx̱ tukg̱wadáa | they will get used to it
• future (–): tlél áx̱ tukg̱wadaa | they wonʼt get used to it
N + kát⁓ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√daa ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) watch ¹; keep eye on | for S to keep an eye on, watch N | de chʼáakw áyá i kát wux̱adéin → iʼve been watching you for a long time (to see how you behave) (SN)
• imperative: a kát woodá! | keep an eye on them/it!
• prohibitive: líl a káx̱ yeedaayíḵ! | donʼt keep an eye on them/it!
• imperfective (+): a kát woodéin | they are keeping an eye on them/it
• imperfective (–): tlél a kát woodéin | they arenʼt keeping an eye on them/it
• perfective (+): a kát yaawadáa | they kept an eye on them/it
• perfective (–): tlél a kát yawudá | they didnʼt keep an eye on them/it
• future (+): a kaadé yakg̱wadáa | they will keep an eye on them/it
• future (–): tlél a kaadé yakg̱wadaa | they wonʼt keep an eye on them/it
N + káa + yan⁓ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√daa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) watch ¹; keep eye on | for S to keep an eye on, watch N | (KE)
• imperative: a káa yan woodá! | keep an eye on them/it!
• prohibitive: líl a káa yax̱ yeedaayíḵ! | donʼt keep an eye on them/it!
• perfective (–): tlél a káa yan yawudá | they didnʼt keep an eye on them/it
• future (+): a káa yan yaawadáa | they kept an eye on them/it
• future (+): a káa yánde yakg̱wadáa | they will keep an eye on them/it
• future (–): tlél a káa yánde yakg̱wadaa | they wonʼt keep an eye on them/it
√daak (verb root) cook; steam ¹ | cook or steam food in a pit
√daakw (verb root) render
a-S-∅-√daakw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) render | for S to render something down (for oil) (esp. seal blubber) | cv́c hort/pot | tsaa taayí aawadákw → he rendered seal oil (SN) • agax̱toodáakw → we are going to render it down (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: adákw! | render it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eedákwx̱uḵ! | donʼt render it!
• imperfective (+): adáakw | they are rendering it
• perfective (+): aawadákw | they rendered it
• perfective (–): tlél awudaakw | they didnʼt render it
• future (+): akg̱wadáakw | they will render it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wadaakw | they wonʼt render it
√daaḵ ¹ (verb root) clear up
a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) clear up; stop | for rain to stop; for the sky to clear up | (SN)
• imperative: anadaaḵ! | clear up!
• progressive imperfective: yaa anadáḵ | the rain is beginning to stop
• perfective (+): aawadaaḵ | the rain stopped
• perfective (–): tlél awudaaḵ | the rain didnʼt let up
• future (+): akg̱wadáaḵ | the rain will let up
• future (–): tlél akg̱wadaaḵ | the rain wonʼt let up
N + daa + a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) conscious; come to; sober | for N to regain consciousness; for N to come to oneʼs senses; for N to sober up | ḵaa daa yaa anadáḵ → heʼs coming to/coming back to consciousness after drinking (SN) • daa akg̱wadáaḵ → heʼs going to get back to his senses (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: i daa anadaaḵ (dé)! | sober up (now)!
• progressive imperfective: du daa yaa anadáḵ | they are beginning to sober up
• perfective (+): du daa aawadaaḵ | they sobered up
• perfective (–): tlél du daa awudaaḵ | they didnʼt sober up
• future (+): du daa akg̱wadáaḵ | they will sober up
• future (–): tlél du daa akg̱wadaaḵ | they wonʼt sober up
√daaḵ ² (verb root) move ² | move residence
{na preverb} + O-s-√daaḵ ² (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) move ²; migrate | for O to move household (permanently), migrate | yáadáx̱ haa gux̱sadáaḵ → weʼre going to move from here/never coming back (SN) • ixkéede wsidaaḵ → he moved south permanently (SN)
• perfective (+): {na preverb} + wsidáḵ | they moved {na preverb}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wusdaaḵ | they didnʼt move {na preverb}
• future (+): {na preverb} gux̱sadáaḵ | they will move {na preverb}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱sadaaḵ | they wonʼt move {na preverb}
kei + O-s-√daaḵ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) move ²; migrate | for O to move household (permanently), migrate | (KE)
• perfective (+): aax̱ kei wsidáḵ | they moved from there
• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ kei wusdaaḵ | they didnʼt move from there
• future (+): aax̱ kei gux̱sadáaḵ | they will move from there
• future (–): tlél aax̱ kei gux̱sadaaḵ | they wonʼt move from there
√daaḵ ³ (verb root) bankward
√daal (verb root) heavy
O-∅-√dál ˟ heavy; important | for O (an inanimate object) to be heavy; for O to be important | yá tʼáa ax̱ jee yadál → this board is heavy for me • i at la.ádi kei kgwál → your baggage is going to be heavy (SN)
√daalʼ (verb root) imprint ¹; mark ¹
O-ka-S-l-√dáalʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) type; print ¹ | for S to type O | i jiyís kakḵwaladáalʼ → lʼll type it for you (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kaladálʼ! | type it!
• prohibitive: líl keeldáalʼiḵ! | donʼt type it!
• imperfective (+): akladáalʼ | they are typing it; they type it
• imperfective (–): tlél akooldáalʼ | they arenʼt typing it; they donʼt type it
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanaldálʼ | they are (in the process of) typing it
• perfective (+): akawlidálʼ | they typed it
• perfective (–): tlél akawuldáalʼ | they didnʼt type it
• future (+): akagux̱ladáalʼ | they will type it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱ladáalʼ | they wonʼt type it
√daan (verb root) pile | pile up
a-ÿa-ka-∅-√dáan (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) snow ² | for it to snow heavily | dleit yakaawadán → the snow is coming down so heavily, one canʼt see far (SN) • yéi x̱wajée haa káa ayakg̱wadáan → i think itʼs going to snow real heavily on us (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa ayakanadán | itʼs starting to snow heavily
• perfective (+): ayakaawadán | itʼs snowing heavily; it snowed heavily
• perfective (–): tlél ayakawudáan | itʼs not snowing heavily; it didnʼt snow heavily
• future (+): ayakakg̱wadáan | it will snow heavily
• future (–): tlél ayakakg̱wadáan | it wonʼt snow heavily
√daas (verb root) light ²
√daasʼ (verb root) wear through; snare | wear through (with wire)
O-S-d+l-√dáasʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) snare | for S to snare O | xóots x̱wadlidásʼ → i snared a brown bear (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: eeldásʼ! | snare it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eeldásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt snare it!
• perfective (+): awdlidásʼ | they snared it
• perfective (–): tlél awuldáasʼ | they didnʼt snare it
• future (+): akg̱waldáasʼ | they will snare it
• future (–): tlél akg̱waldáasʼ | they wonʼt snare it
√daat (verb root) bounce
√daax̱ ¹ (verb root) hew
√daax̱ ² (verb root) inertia
√dáanaa ˟ (verb root) money
√deiḵ (verb root) challenge
O-S-∅-√deiḵ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) challenge | for S to challenge O | ḵulagaaw yís woosh has wudideiḵ → they challenged each other to a fight (SN) • (JL)
• imperfective (+): adeiḵ | they are challenging them
• perfective (+): aawadeiḵ | they challenged them
√deil (verb root) protect ¹
(N + káx̱) + yan⁓ + a-S-∅-√deil (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) watch ¹; lookout; protect ¹; guard ¹ | for S to keep watch, keep a lookout (over N) | sháal káx̱ yan aawadél → he watched the fishtrap (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yan adél! | keep watch!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ eedeilíḵ! | donʼt keep watch!
• perfective (+): yan aawadél | they kept watch
• perfective (–): tlél yan awudeil | they didnʼt keep watch
• future (+): yánde akg̱wadéil | they will keep watch
• future (–): tlél yánde akg̱wadeil | they wonʼt keep watch
√deixʼ (verb root) ashamed; shame
O-ka-∅-√déixʼ ˟ (na state verb – object intransitive ashamed; shame: feel shame | for O to be ashamed; for O to be feel shame | (GD, KE) • ax̱ dlaakʼ kayadéixʼ → my sister is ashamed (SN) • tlax̱ tléil koodéixʼ → heʼs never ashamed (because hardened) (SN)
• imperative: ikanadéixʼ! | be ashamed!
• prohibitive: líl ikoodéixʼiḵ! | donʼt be ashamed!
• imperfective (+): kayadéixʼ / kaadéixʼ | they are ashamed
• imperfective (–): tlél koodéixʼ | they arenʼt ashamed
• perfective (+): kaawadéixʼ | they became ashamed
• perfective (–): tlél kawudéixʼ | they didnʼt become ashamed
• future (+): kakg̱wadéixʼ | they will be ashamed
• future (–): tlél kakg̱wadéixʼ | they wonʼt be ashamed
O-ka-S-l-√déixʼ ˟ (na act verb – transitive shame: put to shame; embarassed | for O to be shamed by S; for O to be embarrassed by S; for O to be put to shame by S | (GD, KE) • du yéi jineiyích kawlidéixʼ → his work/what he did made him ashamed (SN) • tlax̱ x̱at kalidéixʼi → Iʼm real ashamed (SN)
• imperfective (+): akalidéixʼ | they makes them ashamed
• imperfective (–): tlel akooldéixʼ | they donʼt make them ashamed
• perfective (+): akawlidéixʼ | they made them ashamed
• perfective (–): tlél akawuldéixʼ | they didnʼt make them ashamed
• future (+): akagux̱ladéixʼ | they will make them ashamed
• future (–): tlél akagux̱ladéixʼ | they wonʼt make them ashamed
√dín ˟ (verb root) worry
O-tu-ka-∅-√dín ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) concerned; trouble | for O to be upset, troubled, lacking peace of mind | daa sákwshé gé itukaawadín? → what could it be that has you concerned/troubled (SN)
√deek ¹ (verb root) steer
√deek ² (verb root) dipnet
a-S-d+s-√deek ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) fish ²; dipnet | for S to fish with a dipnet
√deekʼ (verb root) constipate
O-S-s-√déekʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) constipate; plug | for S to constipate, plug O | (KE)
• perfective (+): ash wusidíkʼ | it constipated them
• perfective (–): tlél ash wusdéekʼ | it didnʼt constipate them
• future (+): ash gux̱sadéekʼ | it will constipate them
• future (–): tlél ash gux̱sadéekʼ | it wonʼt constipate them
O-d+s-√déekʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) constipated; plugged | for O to be constipated, plugged | a yáanáx̱ tléiḵw aawax̱áa; gug̱asdéekʼ → heʼs eaten too many berries; he ʼll be constipated (SN) • yáanáx̱ aanáx̱ wudzidíkʼ → this side (nostril) is plugged up (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa nasdíkʼ | they are getting constipated
• perfective (+): wudzidíkʼ | they are constipated
• perfective (–): tlél wusdéekʼ | they are not constipated
• future (+): gug̱asdéekʼ | they are going to be constipated
• future (–): tlél gug̱asdéekʼ | they arenʼt going to be constipated
√dees (verb root) shine | for the moon to shine
a-d+l-√dées ˟ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – high) shine; moon | for the moon to shine
• perfective (+): awdlidées | the moon is shining
• perfective (+): yei akg̱waldées | the moon will shine
• perfective (–): tlél awuldées | the moon isnʼt shining
• future (–): tlél yei akg̱waldées | the moon wonʼt shine
√deexʼ (verb root) plug ¹; cork; shut | plug up; cork; shut mouth or opening
O-S-∅-√déexʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) plug ¹ | for S to plug up O (a hole in a surface) | wé x̱aawaag̱í eetí gax̱toodéexʼ → we are going to stuff up the hole in the window (SN)
• imperative: díxʼ! | plug it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: idíxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt plug it!
• perfective (+): aawadíxʼ | they plugged it
• perfective (–): tlél awudéexʼ | they didnʼt plug it
• future (+): akg̱wadéexʼ | they will plug it
• future (–): akg̱wadéexʼ | they wonʼt plug it
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√déexʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) cork; shut | for S to cork up (bottle), shut mouth of O | in xʼeesháa x̱ʼawduwadíxʼ → the bottle was corked up (SN)
• imperative: x̱ʼadíxʼ! | cork it up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeedíxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt cork it up!
• perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwadíxʼ | they corked it up
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawudéexʼ | they didnʼt cork it up
• future (+): ax̱ʼakg̱wadéexʼ | they will cork it up
• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wadéexʼ | they wonʼt cork it up
√dooch (verb root) rub
√doochʼ ¹ (verb root) twisting roll; pinch
√doochʼ ² (verb root) cut ¹ | cut preserving bone
√dook ¹ (verb root) solid ; whole
√dook ² (verb root) dry; smoke ¹ | partially dry and smoke fish
√dooḵ (verb root) slush
√doolʼ (verb root) erection
√doosʼ ¹ (verb root) surge; lurch
√doosʼ ² (verb root) soot
√dootʼ (verb root) hiccup
√dootl ¹ (verb root) doubled-up; crumpled-up
N + séit⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√dootl ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) hug | for S to hug N | (KE)
• imperative: du séit keedadútl! | hug them!
• prohibitive: líl du séix̱ keedadoodlíḵ! | donʼt hug them!
• perfective (+): du séit kawdidútl | they hugged them
• perfective (–): tlél du séit kawdadootl | they didnʼt hug them
• future (+): du séide kagux̱dadóotl | they will hug them
• future (–): tlél du séide kagux̱dadootl | they wonʼt hug them
√dootl ² coax to self; entice
tóo-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√dootl (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) coax; entice; call; bring | for s to coax, entice, call, or bring O to oneself (esp. child or wild animal) | tsaa kax̱wlidútl → i called up a seal (brought it close enough to shoot) (SN) • tóot kax̱wlidútl wé at kʼátskʼu → iʼve got that child used to me (with candy, etc.) so heʼll do what i please (SN)
• imperative: tóot kaladútl! | call it over to you!
• prohibitive: líl tóox̱ keeladoodlíḵ! | donʼt call it over to you!
• imperfective (+): tóode yaa akanaldútl | they are calling them/it over to them
• perfective (+): tóot akawlidútl | they called them/it over to her
• perfective (–): tlél tóot akawuldootl | they didnʼt call them/it over to them
• future (+): tóode akagux̱ladóotl | they will call them/it over to them
• future (–): tlél tóode akagux̱ladootl | they wonʼt call them/it over to them
√dooxʼ (verb root) tie | tie knot
O-ka-S-∅-√dóoxʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) tie | for S to tie O in a knot | ḵútx̱ kax̱waadúxʼ → i knotted it too tight (SN) • tíxʼ yátxʼi akadóoxʼ → heʼs tying the strings in knots (SN) • yoowa.át sh káa akawdidúxʼ she tied an apron around herself • (KE)
• imperative: kadúxʼ! | tie it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keedúxʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt tie it!
• imperfective (+): akadóoxʼ | they are tying it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoodóoxʼ | they are not tying it
• perfective (+): akaawadúxʼ | they tied it
• perfective (–): tlél akawudóoxʼ | they didnʼt tie it
• future (+): akakg̱wadóoxʼ | they will tie it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wadóoxʼ | they wonʼt tie it
√dlaa (verb root) • variants: √tlaa ¹ • settle | settlements to settle
√dlaakw (verb root) scratch | scratch with nails, claws
√dlaaḵ (verb root) gain; obtain; succeed; defeat
O-ÿa-S-∅-√dlaaḵ (na event verb – transitive – closed) get; obtain; acquire; succeed; accomplish; defeat; beat ² | for S to gain, get, obtain, acquire O; for S to succeed, accomplish O; for S to defeat, beat O | the prohibitive forms "donʼt win it!" require context in order to make sense • an example would be the statement, said jokingly « líl yoo yeedláḵgiḵ: yakḵwadláaḵ! » "donʼt win it: iʼm going to win it!” | násʼk cháatl yawtuwadlaaḵ → we have gained three halibut (SN) • yées yaakw ayaawadlaaḵ → heʼs acquired a new boat (SN) • kagax̱too.áaḵw yóo yán yawtudlaag̱i → we are going to try to make it to shore (that is, to successfully reach the shore) (SN) • yéi x̱waajée tléil yagax̱yeedlaaḵ → i donʼt think you all wiIl succeed (SN) • tlákw yoo yaduwadláḵkw → he always loses (that is, people always beat him) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yanadlaaḵ! | win it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo yeedláḵgiḵ! | donʼt win it!
• perfective (+): ayaawadlaaḵ | they won it
• perfective (–): tlél ayawudlaaḵ | they didnʼt win it
• future (+): ayakg̱wadláaḵ | they will win it
• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wadlaaḵ | they wonʼt win it
√dlaan (verb root) deep; piled thickly
∅-√dlaan (g̱a state verb – impersonal – closed) deep; piled thickly | for water, snow, etc. to be deep, to be piled thickly | this verb is one of a very small set of dimensional verbs with extensional imperfective forms (leer, 1991) • it is distinguished by an imperfective form which requires the g̱a-conjugation prefix | x̱ʼáak táaxʼ dleit g̱aadlaan → down in a ravine the snow is deep (SN) • héen tléil gwadlaan → the water is not deep (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): g̱aadlaan | itʼs deep
• imperfective (–): tlél g̱wadlaan | itʼs not deep
• progressive imperfective: yei nadlán | itʼs getting deep
• perfective (+): woodlaan | it became deep
• perfective (–): tlél wudlaan | it didnʼt become deep
• future (+): yei kg̱wadláan | it will get deep
• future (–): tlél yei kg̱wadlaan | it wonʼt get deep
yan⁓ + ka-∅-√dlaan (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) deep; piled thickly; pile up | for grain-like objects, pine needles, snow to be deep, thick, pile up | g̱ítg̱aa áa yan kaawadlán → the pine needles are thick (on the ground) there (SN) • dlèit yánde yaa kanadlán → the snow is getting deep (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa kanadlán | itʼs beginning to pile up
• perfective (+): yan kaawadlán | itʼs piled up
• perfective (–): tlél yan kawudlaan | itʼs not piled up; it didnʼt stick (of snow)
• future (+): yánde kakg̱wadláan | itʼs going to pile up
• future (–): tlél yánde kakg̱wadlaan | itʼs not going to pile up
√dlaaxʼw (verb root) coil
√dlaax̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) strand; tide ¹ | stranded by the tide
√dlaax̱ʼw ² (verb root) clear | water to clear
√dlénx̱aa ˟ (verb root) tempt; try out; test
O-ka-u-S-∅-√dlénx̱aa ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) tempt; try out; test | for S to tempt, try out, test O | ḵáa x̱at koodlénx̱aa; tléil ḵu.aa a yáx̱ x̱at utí → a person tempted me, but I disregarded it (SN) • koox̱adlénx̱aa → i tempted him (SN) • ax̱ yées yaagú koox̱dlénx̱aa → i tried out my new boat (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kanadlénx̱aa! | tempt them!
• prohibitive: líl keedlénx̱aayiḵ! | donʼt tempt them!
• imperfective (+): akoodlénx̱aa | they are tempting them
• imperfective (–): tlél akoodlénx̱aa | they arenʼt tempting them
• perfective (+): akaawadlénx̱aa | they tempted them
• perfective (–): tlél akawudlénx̱aa | they didnʼt tempt them
• future (+): akakg̱wadlénx̱aa | they will tempt them
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wadlénx̱aa | they wonʼt tempt them
√dleigu • variants: √dleikw • ⑴ shake hands || ⑵ pat | pat affectionately
O-S-l-√dléigu ˟ (na act verb – transitive pat; pet | for S to pat O (esp. under chin or on back, to express affection); for S to pet O (esp. under chin or on back, to express affection) | tʼukanéiyi aldléigu → Sheʼs rocking/patting the baby (SN) • du x̱ʼásʼ x̱walidléigu → i patted her on the chin (esp. grandparent, of child) (SN) • (GD, LA, KE)
• imperative: naldléigu! | pat them!
• prohibitive: líl iladléiguḵ! | donʼt pat them!
• imperfective (+): aldléigu | they are patting them
• perfective (+): awlidléigu | they patted them
• perfective (–): tlél awuldléigu | they didnʼt pat them
• future (+): agux̱ladléigu | they will pat them
• future (–): tlél agux̱ladléigu | they wonʼt pat them
N + jín + S-l-√dléigu ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) shake hands | for s to shake hands with N; | du jín x̱walidléigu → i shook hands with him (SN) • ax̱ jín naldléigu → shake my hand! (SN)
• imperative: du jín naldléigu! | shake their hand!
• prohibitive: líl du jín iladléiguḵ! | donʼt shake their hand!
• imperfective (+): du jín aldléigu | they are shaking their hand
• imperfective (–): tlél du jín ooldléigu | they arenʼt shaking their hand
• perfective (+): du jín awlidléigu | they shook their hand
• perfective (–): tlél du jín awuldléigu | they didnʼt shake their hand
• future (+): du jín agux̱ladléigu | they will shake their hand
• future (–): tlél du jín agux̱ladléigu | they wonʼt shake their hand
√dleikw (verb root) • variants: √dlaakw • startle
O-S-l-√dléikw (∅ event verb – transitive – high) startle; scare | for S to scare, startle O | x̱at yilidlékw → you scared me (SN) • tlax̱ x̱at ooldlékwch → i was really scared (by a dream) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ladlékw! | scare them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl iladlékwx̱uḵ! | donʼt scare them!
• perfective (+): awlidlékw | they scared them
• perfective (–): tlél awuldléikw | they didnʼt scare them
• future (+): agux̱ladléikw | they will scare them
• future (–): tlél agux̱ladléikw | they wonʼt scare them
√dleitl (verb root) hang; slack | hang slack
√dleixw (verb root) thumb; remove; peel | remove seafood to eat using thumb; peel skin using thumb
√dleey (verb root) meaty; muscular
√dlooḵ gooey; sticky
O-sh-√dlooḵ (∅ – object intransitive – closed) sticky; gooey | for O to be sticky, gooey | (JL)
• perfective (+): wushidlúḵ | they/it is sticky
N + waaḵ + ka-d+∅-√dlooḵ (? – object intransitive – high) pus | for Nʼs eyes to have pus, mucus | (JL)
• perfective (+): ax̱ waaḵ kawdidlóoḵ | my eyes are pussed up
√dloox (verb root) • variants: dleexw • peel | to peel skin
√dzaas ¹ thong; lace
√dzaas ² (verb root) winded; tired
√dzaay (verb root) beard
√dzeen (verb root) snare | small snare
√dzeey (verb root) balk; resist
√dzée ˟ (verb root) difficult; hard; frustrating | hard (abstract)
O-l-√dzée ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) difficult; frustrating; hard | for O to be very difficult, frustrating, almost impossible, hard (abstract) | anóoshi yoo x̱ʼatángi ax̱ x̱ʼéit lidzée → the Russian language is very hard for me (to speak) (SN) • du een ḵunáax̱ daak kaneek; aag̱áa tléil du jeexʼ kei gux̱ladzée → explain it to her, then it won ʼt be difficult for her (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): lidzée | itʼs difficult
• imperfective (–): tlél uldzée | itʼs not difficult
• imperfective (–): tlél kei unaldzéen | itʼs getting easier
• progressive imperfective: kei naldzéen | itʼs getting difficult
• perfective (+): wulidzée | it became difficult
• perfective (–): tlél wuldzée | it didnʼt get difficult
• future (+): kei gux̱ladzée | it will be difficult
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱ladzée | it wonʼt be difficult
√dzoo throw | throw as missile
O-S-∅-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw something as missile at O | keitl aawadzóo → they threw it (a rock) at the dog and hit it (SN) • chʼa yeisú adzeit → theyʼre still throwing stones
• imperative: dzóo! | throw it at it/them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eedzéiduḵ! | donʼt throw it at it/them!
• imperfective (+): adzeit | they are throwing it at it/them
• perfective (+): aawadzóo | they threw it at and hit it/them
• perfective (–): tlél awudzoo | they didnʼt throw it at it/them
• future (+): akg̱wadzóo | they will throw it at it/them
• future (–): tlél akg̱wadzoo | they wonʼt throw it at it/them
O-sha-S-∅-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw something as missile at the head of O | shawduwadzóo → someone threw it (a rock) at them (SN)
• imperative: shadzóo! | throw it at its/their head!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sheedzéiduḵ! | donʼt throw it at its/their head!
• imperfective (+): ashadzeit | they are throwing it at its/their head
• perfective (+): ashaawadzóo | they threw it at and hit its/their head
• perfective (–): tlél ashawudzoo | they didnʼt throw it at its/their head
• future (+): ashakg̱wadzóo | they will throw it at its/their head
• future (–): tlél ashakg̱wadzoo | they wonʼt throw it at its/their head
N-ch + O-S-l-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw N as missile at O
• imperative: ách ladzóo! | throw it at it/them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ách eeladzéiduḵ! | donʼt throw it at it/them!
• imperfective (+): ách aldzeit | they are throwing it at it/them
• perfective (+): ách awlidzóo | they threw it at and hit it/them
• perfective (–): tlél ách awuldzoo | they didnʼt throw it at it/them
• future (+): ách agux̱ladzóo | they will throw it at it/them
• future (–): tlél ách agux̱ladzoo | they wonʼt throw it at it/them
N-ch + O-sha-S-l-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw N as missile at the head of O | shawduwadzóo → someone threw it (a rock) at them (SN)
• imperative: ách shaladzóo! | throw it at its/their head!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ách sheeladzéiduḵ! | donʼt throw it at its/their head!
• imperfective (+): ách ashaldzeit | they are throwing it at its/their head
• perfective (+): ách ashawlidzóo | they threw it at and hit its/their head
• perfective (–): tlél ách ashawuldzoo | they didnʼt throw it at its/their head
• future (+): ách ashagux̱ladzóo | they will throw it at its/their head
• future (–): tlél ách ashagux̱ladzoo | they wonʼt throw it at its/their head
√dzooxʼ (verb root) clam; crush; juice | crush clams for juice
√ei ¹ (verb root) answer; reply ¹
a-S-d+∅-√.ei ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) answer; reply ¹ | for S to answer, reply to a greeting or to oneʼs name | i.éexʼ áwé: anida.ei! → heʼs calling you: answer him! (SN) • dei ax̱wdi.ei → i answered already / i said "yes" already • (KE)
• imperative: anida.ei! | answer!
• imperfective (+): ada.ei | they are answering
• perfective (+): awdi.ei | they answered
• perfective (–): tlél awda.ei | they didnʼt answer
• future (+): agux̱da.ei | they will answer
• future (–): tlél agux̱da.ei | they wonʼt answer
√ei ² (verb root) ask for; wish for
O-S-d+s-√.ei ² (g̱a event verb – transitive – open) ask for; wish for | for S to ask for more O (often as a payment, often by a medicine person); for S to wish for more O | íx̱tʼ awdzi.ei → the medicine person asked for more (blankets, bracelets, money, etc) (SN) • x̱útʼaa xʼwán g̱ees.ei! → ask for more adzes! (SN) • lax̱éitl x̱wadzi.ei → i wished for good luck (JL)
• imperative: g̱ees.ei! | ask for more!; wish for it!
• perfective (+): awdzi.ei | they asked for more; they wished for it
• perfective (–): tlél awus.ei | they didnʼt ask for more; they didnʼt wish for it
• future (+): yei akg̱was.éi | they will ask for more; they will wish for it
• future (–): tlél yei akg̱was.ei | they wonʼt ask for more; they wonʼt wish for it
√eik ¹ (verb root) meaningless
√eik ² (verb root) • variants: √aak ⁵ (T,Y,K) • paralyze | paralyzed by shock
O-d+∅-√.éik ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) paralyzed\; incapable | for O to be paralyzed with fright, shock or surprise; for O to panic, be incapable of action | two different stem variations have been recorded with this verb—more research is necessary to determine why | x̱at wudi.éik → it paralyzed me / i was so shocked i couldnʼt act (SN) • áa wudi.ék → (while climbing a high ladder, e.g.) he became incapable of going any further (JL) • (KE)
• perfective (+): wudi.ák | they were paralyzed with fear
• perfective (–): tlél wuda.áak | they werenʼt paralyzed with fear
• future (+): gux̱da.áak | they will be paralyzed with fear
• future (–): tlél gux̱da.áak | they wonʼt be paralyzed with fear
√eikw (verb root) whistle
a-ka-u-S-∅-√.éikw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) whistle | for S to whistle | tléil akx̱wa.éikw → i donʼt whistle (SN) • ash yaadé akoo.éikw → they are whistling to them (JL) • du yaadé akx̱waa.éikw → i whistled at them (JL) • g̱unéi akaawa.éikw → they started whistling (JL) • kei akaawa.éikw → they started up whistling (JL) • (KE)
• imperative: akuna.éikw! | whistle!
• prohibitive: líl akee.éiguḵ! | donʼt whistle!
• imperfective (+): akoo.éikw | they are whistling
• imperfective (–): tlél akoo.éikw | they are not whistling; they donʼt whistle
• progressive imperfective: yaa akuna.éikw | they are going along whistling
• perfective (+): akaawa.éikw | they whistled
• perfective (–): tlél akawu.éikw | they didnʼt whistle
• future (+): akakg̱wa.éikw | they will whistle
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wa.éikw | they wonʼt whistle
√eilʼ (verb root) salty
l-√.éilʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) salty | for something to be salty | (KE)
• imperfective (+): li.éilʼ | itʼs salty
• imperfective (–): tlél ul.éilʼ | itʼs not salty
• progressive imperfective: kei nal.éilʼ | it is getting salty
• perfective (+): wuli.éilʼ | it got salty
• perfective (–): tlél wul.éilʼ | it didnʼt get salty
• future (+): kei gux̱la.éilʼ | it will be salty
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱la.éilʼ | it wonʼt be salty
√ein (verb root) starve
√eis (verb root) stagger
{na preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-l-√.eis ˟ (na motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) stagger | for O to stagger (esp. of young child or drunkard) | (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} yee yakanal.eis! you all stagger {____}! |
• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} iyakawul.eisíḵ! | donʼt stagger {____}!
• perfective (+): {na preverb} yakawli.eis | they are staggering {____}; they staggered {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yakawul.eis | they arenʼt staggering {____}; they didnʼt stagger {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} yakagux̱la.eis | they will stagger {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} yakagux̱la.eis | they wonʼt stagger {____}
{ga preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-l-√.eis ˟ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) stagger | for O to stagger (esp. of young child or drunkard) | naaw jeeyeet áwé yaa yakakla.ésch → he staggers around on account of the liquor (SN)
√eitsʼ (verb root) careful; delicate
√eix̱ (verb root) • variants: √eex̱ • oil ²; grease ² | oily; greasy
√gaa ¹ (verb root) delay; hesitate; tide ¹; calm | slack tide
du-∅-√gaa ¹ ʰ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) tide ¹ | for the tide to be slack | ḵéesʼ wuduwagáa → the tide is slack (at high tide) (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa ndugéin | itʼs getting to be slack tide
• perfective (+): wuduwagáa | itʼs slack tide
• perfective (–): tlél wudugá | itʼs not slack tide
• future (+): gax̱dugáa | it will be slack tide
• future (–): tlél gax̱dugaa | it wonʼt be slack tide
N + toowú + du-∅-√gaa ¹ ʰ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) calm; peaceful | for N to be calm, at peace | (DK)
• progressive imperfective: du toowú yaa ndugéin | they are beginning to feel peaceful
• perfective (+): du toowú wuduwagáa | they feel peaceful
• perfective (–): tlél du toowú wudugá | they do not feel peaceful
• future (+): du toowú gax̱dugáa | they will feel peaceful
• future (–): tlél du toowú gax̱dugaa | they wonʼt feel peaceful
N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – open) delay; wait ¹; pause; take oneʼs time; stay behind; detained | for O to delay, wait, pause, take oneʼs time, stay behind, or be detained at N | to say "wait for someone" use « ash eeg̱áa yax̱ kaawagaa » "they waited for them" • to say "wait there (deliberately)" use « áx̱ sh akwdligaa » "they are waiting there" | chʼa yáax̱ x̱at kakg̱wagáa tléixʼ sunday → iʼm going to be detained here one week (SN) • tléil atx̱á yaax̱x̱ koogaax̱ → he doesnʼt delay after meals (he jumps up quickly and goes off) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: áx̱ ikag̱agá! | take your time there!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl áx̱ yei ikoogéijiḵ! | donʼt delay there!
• perfective (+): áx̱ kaawagaa | they are delayed there
• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ kawugaa | they are not delayed there
• future (+): áx̱ yei kakg̱wagáa | they will delay there
• future (–): tlél áx̱ yei kakg̱wagaa | they wonʼt delay there
√gaa ² (verb root) distribute; put away
yan⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√gaa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) put up; store up; accumulate | for S to put up, store up, accumulate O (esp. food for winter) | woosh g̱uwanáade atx̱á yan kadulgáayjin → people used to put up all kinds of different foods (SN) • ax̱ yátxʼi x̱ʼéis atx̱á yánde kakḵwalagáa → iʼm going to put up food for my children (before I go on a journey) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yan kalagá! | put up food!
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa akanalgéin | they are putting up food
• perfective (+): yan akawligáa | they put up food
• perfective (–): tlél yan akawulgá | they didnʼt put up food
• future (+): yánde akagux̱lagáa | they will put up food
• future (–): tlél yánde akagux̱lagaa | they wonʼt put up food
√gaa ³ (verb root) predict
O-shu-S-s-√gaa ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) predict | for S to predict O | (KE)
• imperative: shunasgá! | predict it!
• prohibitive: líl yoo sheesagéigiḵ! | donʼt predict it!
• imperfective (+): ashoosgeitʼ | they are predicting it
• imperfective (–): tlél ashoosgeitʼ | they are not predicting it
• perfective (+): ashoowsigaa | they predicted it
• perfective (–): tlél ashuwusgaa | they didnʼt predict it
• future (+): ashagux̱sagáa | they will predict it
• future (–): tlél ashagux̱sagaa | they wonʼt predict it
√gaaḵ (verb root) visit
O-S-∅-√gaaḵ (g̱a event verb – transitive – closed) visit | for S to visit O (esp. a particular person) | (GD, KE) • yei haa gax̱dugáaḵ → we are going to have visitors (SN) • g̱unayéi ḵwáan haa woogaaḵ → folk from other localities are visiting us / staying temporarily in our town (SN)
• prohibitive: líl yei eegáḵjiḵ! | donʼt visit them!
• perfective (+): aawagaaḵ | they visited them
• perfective (–): tlél awugaaḵ | they didnʼt visit them
• future (+): yei akg̱wagáaḵ | they will visit them
• future (–): tlél yei akg̱wagaaḵ | they wonʼt visit them
√gaalʼ (verb root) cataract
√gaan ¹ (verb root) burn ¹; light ¹; shine
N-t⁓ + a-ka-∅-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) burn ¹; alight; on ² | for N (fire) to burn, catch alight; for N (light) to be on | (KE)
• perfective (+): át akaawagán | itʼs lit
• perfective (–): tlél át akawugaan | itʼs not lit
• future (+): aadé akakg̱wagáan | it will be lit
• future (–): tlél aadé akakg̱wagaan | it wonʼt be lit
a-d+∅-√gaan ¹ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – closed) sun; shine | for the sun to shine | ax̱ kát awdigán → the sun is shining on me (SN) • seig̱ánin yei agux̱dagáan shákdé → maybe it will be sunshiny tomorrow (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yei andagán | the sun is coming out
• perfective (+): awdigaan | itʼs sunny
• perfective (–): tlél awdagaan | it isnʼt sunny
• future (+): yei agux̱dagáan | it will be sunny
• future (–): tlél yei agux̱dagaan | it wonʼt be sunny
ka-d+∅-√gáan ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) shine; light ¹ | for something to shine, produce light by burning | sʼeenáa kʼidéin yéi awsinee; ách ḵu.aa kei kagux̱dagáan → heʼs fixed the light, so now it will shine brighter (SN) • yee tula.aaní yee yadooknáx̱ yóot kawdigán → your kindness shines through your faces (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): kawdigán | itʼs bright
• perfective (–): tlél kawdagáan | it isnʼt bright
• future (+): kagux̱dagáan | it will be bright
• future (–): tlél kagux̱dagáan | it wonʼt be bright
kei + O-S-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) burn up | for S to burn O up | (KE)
• imperative: kei sagaan! | burn it up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei isagánjiḵ! | donʼt burn it up!
• progressive imperfective: kei anasgán | they are burning it up
• perfective (+): kei awsigán | they burned it up
• perfective (–): tlél kei awusgaan | they didnʼt burn it up
• future (+): kei agux̱sagáan | they will burn it up
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱sagaan | they wonʼt burn it up
N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) light ¹; set fire; shine; turn on | for S to light, set fire to, cause N to shine; for S to turn N on (light) | sʼeenáat akawligán → he lights a lamp / turns on a light (SN) • tléil át akawtulagaan wé sdoox → we didnʼt light the stove (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át aklagán! | light it!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ akeelagaaníḵ | donʼt light it!
• perfective (+): át akawligán | they lit it
• perfective (–): tlél át akawulgaan | they didnʼt light it
• future (+): aadé akagux̱lagáan | they will light it
• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱lagaan | they wonʼt light it
√gaan ² (verb root) lean on
√gaasʼ (verb root) housepost; fall; migrate; move ² | classification: large stick-like object
N-t⁓ + sh S-d+l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – ejective) leap on; pounce | for S to leap, pounce on N | (KE)
• imperative: a kát sh eelgásʼ! | leap on it!
• prohibitive: líl a káx̱ sh eelgáasʼiḵ! | donʼt leap on it!
• perfective (+): a kát sh wudligásʼ | they leaped on it
• perfective (–): tlél a kát sh wulgáasʼ | they didnʼt leap on it
• future (+): a kát sh gug̱algáasʼ | they will leap on it
• future (–): tlél a kát sh gug̱algáasʼ | they wonʼt leap on it
N-dé + O-l-√gáasʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive – ejective) migrate; move ² | for O to migrate (with future plans unspecified) to N; for O to move household (with future plans unspecified) to N | yáadáx̱ kei haa gux̱lagáasʼ → we are going to move from here (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: aadé inalgáasʼ! | move there!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aadé yoo ilgásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt move there!
• perfective (+): aadé wligáasʼ | they moved there
• perfective (–): tlél aadé wulgáasʼ | they didnʼt move there
• future (+): aadé gux̱lagáasʼ | they will move there
• future (–): tlél aadé gux̱lagáasʼ | they wonʼt move there
P-t⁓ + O-l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – ejective) migrate; move ² | for O to migrate (with future plans unspecified) to N; for O to move household (with future plans unspecified) to N | (KE)
• imperative: át eelgásʼ! | move there!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ eelgáasʼiḵ! | donʼt move there!
• perfective (+): át wuligásʼ | they moved there
• perfective (–): tlél át wulgáasʼ | they didnʼt move there
• future (+): aadé gux̱lagáasʼ | they will move there
yan⁓ + O-ÿa-∅-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – ejective) fall; nod off; fall asleep | for O to fall on face; for O to nod off, fall asleep while sitting up | (KE)
• admonitive: yan tsá iyagáasʼ! | see that you donʼt fall on your face!
• perfective (+): yan yaawagásʼ | they fell on their face
• perfective (–): tlél yan yawugáasʼ | they didnʼt fall on their face
• future (+): yánde yakg̱wagáasʼ | they will fall on their face
• future (–): tlél yánde yakg̱wagáasʼ | they wonʼt fall on their face
√gaaw (verb root) ⑴ loud; noisy || ⑵ fight; defend
O-sa-l-√gaaw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) loud-voiced; noisy | for O to be loud-voiced, noisy in speech | the thematic prefix in this verb seems to be interchangeable « x̱ʼa- », as in O-x̱ʼa-l-√gaaw ˟ | salagaawúch, du aatch gánde kaawanáa → when he is noisy, his aunt sends him outdoors (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: isaklagaaw! | be loud!
• imperative: saligaaw | they are loud-voiced
• prohibitive: líl isalagaawúḵ! | donʼt be loud!
• imperfective (–): tlél seilgaaw | they arenʼt loud-voiced
• perfective (+): sawligaaw | they were loud-voiced
• perfective (–): tlél sawulgaaw | they werenʼt loud-voiced
• future (+): kei sagux̱lagaaw | they will be loud-voiced
• future (–): tlél kei sagux̱lagaaw | they wonʼt be loud-voiced
(n een) + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fight | for S to fight (with N) | ḵux̱wligaaw du een → i fought them (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: (du een) ḵunalgaaw! | fight (them)!
• prohibitive: líl (du een) yoo keelagaawúḵ! | donʼt fight (them)!
• imperfective (+): (du een) ḵulagaaw | they are fighting (them)
• perfective (+): (du een) ḵoowligaaw | they fought (them)
• perfective (–): tlél (du een) ḵuwulgaaw | they didnʼt fight (them)
• future (+): (du een) ḵugux̱lagaaw | they will fight (them)
• future (–): tlél (du een) ḵugux̱lagaaw | they wonʼt fight (them)
N + káx̱ + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fight for; defend | for S to fight for, defend N | yú keitl tlein chush káx̱ ḵoowdligaaw → the big dog defended himself (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du káx̱ ḵunalgaaw! | fight for them!
• prohibitive: líl du káx̱ yoo keelagaawúḵ! | donʼt fight for them!
• imperfective (+): du káx̱ ḵulagaaw | they are fighting for them
• perfective (+): du káx̱ ḵoowligaaw | they fought for them
• perfective (–): tlél du káx̱ ḵuwulgaaw | they didnʼt fight for them
• future (+): du káx̱ ḵugux̱lagaaw | they will fight for them
• future (–): tlél du káx̱ ḵugux̱lagaaw | they wonʼt fight for them
√gaaxʼ ¹ (verb root) pray
x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) pray | for S to pray for self | add « N káxʼ » in the preverb for "pray for N" • add « N yáaxʼ » in the preverb for "pray to N" or "pray with N" • the difference between this theme and the reflexive theme below is not quite clear: more research is needed | tléil x̱ʼeidagáxʼx̱ → he doesnʼt pray (SN) • a yáaxʼ x̱ʼawdigáxʼ → he pleaded with him / prayed to him (SN) • i káxʼ x̱ʼax̱wdigáxʼ → iʼm praying for you (SN) • sh káa x̱ʼeidagáxʼ! → pray for yourself! (SN)
sh + káa + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) pray | for S to pray (for self) | add « N jiyís » in the preverb for "pray for N"
• imperative: sh káa x̱ʼeedagáxʼ! | pray!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: íl sh káa x̱ʼeidagáxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt pray!
• imperfective (+): sh káa x̱ʼadagáaxʼ | they prays; they are praying
• imperfective (–): tlél sh káa x̱ʼeidagáaxʼ | they donʼt pray
• perfective (+): sh káa x̱ʼawdigáxʼ | they prayed
• perfective (–): tlél sh káa x̱ʼawdagáaxʼ | they didnʼt pray
• future (+): sh káa x̱ʼagux̱dagáaxʼ | they will pray
• future (–): tlél sh káa x̱ʼagux̱dagáaxʼ | they wonʼt pray
√gaaxʼ ² (verb root) tired of; annoyed | tired of a sound; annoyed by a sound
√gaaxʼw (verb root) riddle
a-S-d+l-√gáaxʼw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) riddle | for S to make riddles | (JL)
• imperfective (+): algáxʼwx̱ | they are making riddles; they are making people guess
• perfective (+): awdligáxʼ | they made riddles
O-S-l-√gáaxʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) guess | for S to make O guess | (JL)
• perfective (+): awligáxʼw | they made them guess
√gaay (verb root) noise | make noise
√gei ¹ (verb root) big; many
∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) many; plenty | for a solid mass or abstracts to be plentiful, be lots, many | classification: general, compact object; abstract | sooḵ áa yagéi → there is lots of (wide) grass there (SN) • ḵaa atx̱aayí yagéi → thereʼs plenty of food (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yagéi | there are many
• imperfective (–): tlél ugé | there arenʼt many
• progressive imperfective: yaa nagéin | itʼs increasing (in number)
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél yaa unagéin | itʼs not increasing (in number)
• perfective (+): woogei | there got to be many
• perfective (–): tlél wugei | there werenʼt many
• future (+): gug̱agéi | there will be many
• future (–): tlél gug̱agei | there wonʼt be many
ka-∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) big | for a singular, usually spherical object to be big | classification: round or spherical; singular | tlax̱ yéi kakwdigéixʼ wé tléiḵw → the berries are very large (SN) • tlax̱ a yáanáx̱ kakoogéi yá kʼúntsʼ → this potato is too big (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): kayagéi | itʼs big
• imperfective (–): tlél koogé | itʼs not big
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanagéin | itʼs getting big
• future (+): kakg̱wagéi | it will be big
(yéi) + ka-u-∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big; many | for a thing to be (so) big; for things to be (so) many | classification: singular | (KE)
• imperfective (+): yéi koogéi | itʼs that big
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koogei | it isnʼt that big
• perfective (+): yéi kaawagei | it got that big
• perfective (–): tlél yéi kawugei | it didnʼt get that big
• future (+): yéi kakg̱wagéi | it will get that big
• future (–): tlél yéi kakg̱wagei | it wonʼt get that big
(yéi) + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big | for (plural) things to be (so) big | classification: plural | N yáanáx̱ kudigéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kudigéi (it is smaller than N) | (KE)
• imperfective (+): yéi kwdigéi | theyʼre that big
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koodagei | theyʼre not that big
• progressive imperfective: yéi yaa kundagéin | theyʼre getting that big
• future (+): yéi kagux̱dagéi | they all will be that big
• future (–): tlél yéi kagux̱dagei | they all wonʼt be that big
N + yáanáx̱ + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) bigger | for an object (inanimate) to be bigger than N | classification: plural | N yáanáx̱ kudigéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kudigéi (it is smaller than N) • for living things: N + yáanáx̱ + ka-u-l-√gei ¹ ʰ | (BC, FS)
• imperfective (+): N yáanáx̱ kudigéi | itʼs bigger than N
• imperfective (–): tlél N yáanáx̱ koodagei | itʼs not bigger than N
• progressive imperfective: N yáanáx̱ yaa kundagéin | itʼs getting bigger than N
• future (+): N yáanáx̱ kagux̱dagéi | it will be bigger than N
• future (–): tlél N yáanáx̱ kagux̱dagei | it wonʼt be bigger than N
N + ḵín + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) smaller | for an object (inanimate) to be smaller than N | classification: plural | N yáanáx̱ kudigéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kudigéi (it is smaller than N) • for living things: N + ḵín + ka-u-l-√gei ¹ ʰ | (BC, FS)
• imperfective (+): N ḵín kudigéi | itʼs smaller than N
• imperfective (–): tlél N ḵín koodagei | itʼs not smaller than N
• progressive imperfective: N ḵín yaa kundagéin | itʼs getting smaller than N
• future (+): N ḵín kagux̱dagéi | it will be smaller than N
• future (–): tlél N ḵín kagux̱dagei | it wonʼt be smaller than N
O-l-√gei ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) | for O (esp. live creature or building) to be big, tall | classification: animate or building | jinkaat x̱’oos yéi koonax̱lagei → let it (wall) be ten feet high! (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): ligéi | they are tall
• imperfective (–): tlél ulgé | they arenʼt tall
• progressive imperfective: yaa nalgéin | they are getting tall
• perfective (+): wuligei | they got tall
• perfective (–): tlél wulgé | they didnʼt get tall
• future (+): kei gux̱lagéi | they will be tall
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lagei | they wonʼt be tall
√gei ² (verb root) small
yéi + ka-u-∅-√géinkʼ state verb small | for a singular inanimate object to be small | classification: inanimate
• imperfective (+): yéi gugéinkʼ | it is small
yéi + ka-u-s-√géinkʼ state verb small | for a singular animate object to be small | classification: animate
• imperfective (+): yéi kwsigéinkʼ | it is snamm
(yéi) + ka-u-d+s-√gei ² (ga state verb – impersonal – open) small | for grain-like objects to be small | classification: grain-like objects | yéi kakwdzigéi → they all are small (berries, beads, etc.) (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yéi kwdzigéi | theyʼre small
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koosgei | theyʼre not small
√gei ³ (verb root) understand; comprehend
N + daa + yaa + ḵu-shu-s-√géi ³ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) understand; comprehend | for N to understand, comprehend | daaḵw.aa sá tléil i daa yaa ḵushusgé? → which donʼt you understand? (SN) • du daa yaa x̱at ḵushusigéi → he understands me (can comprehend what i say) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: i daa yaa ḵushuksagéi (dé)! | understand (now)!
• imperfective (+): du daa yaa ḵushusigéi | they understands
• imperfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵushusgé | they donʼt understand
• progressive imperfective: du daa kei yaa ḵushunasgéin | they are beginning to understand
• perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵushuwsigéi | they came to understand
• perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵushuwusgéi | they didnʼt come to understand
• future (+): du daa kei yaa ḵushugux̱sagéi | they will understand
• future (–): tlél du daa kei yaa ḵushugux̱sagéi | they wonʼt understand
tlél + yaa + ḵu-S-d+sh-√géi ³ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) foolish; dimwitted; unwise; crazy | for S to be foolish, dimwitted, unwise, or crazy | uháan ḵu.aa tléil yaa kutooshgé → we however are foolish/we donʼt reason things out (SN) • yées ḵáax̱ satéexʼ, tléil yaa ḵuwushgé → when he was a young man he was foolish/unwise (in the way he behaved) (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl yaa ḵeeshgéiḵ! | donʼt be foolish!
• imperfective (–): tlél yaa ḵooshgé | they are foolish
• perfective (–): tlél yaa ḵuwushgéi | they became foolish
• future (–): tlél kei yaa ḵukg̱washgéi | they are going to be foolish
yaa + ḵu-S-d+s-√géi ³ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) intelligent; smart; wise | for S to be intelligent, smart, wise | yaa ḵeedzigéi; yáatʼaa ḵu.aa s tléil a daa teeydataan → you are intelligent, but you havenʼt considered this matter (SN) • du daa.itnagóowu tóonáx̱ duwatéen kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgéi → through his actions one can see heʼs going to be intelligent (of small child) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yaa ḵugeesgéi! | be smart!
• imperfective (+): yaa ḵudzigéi | they are smart
• imperfective (–): tlél yaa ḵoosgé | they arenʼt smart
• progressive imperfective: kei yaa ḵunasgéin | they are getting smart
• perfective (+): yaa ḵoowdzigéi | they got smart
• perfective (–): tlél yaa ḵuwusgéi | they didnʼt get smart
• future (+): kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgéi | they are going to be smart
• future (–): tlél kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgéi | they arenʼt going to be smart
√gei ⁴ (verb root) stingy
yaa + O-S-sh-√gei ⁴ (∅ state verb – transitive – open) stingy | for S to be stingy with, not want to share, O | dáanaa yaa awshigéi → they refused to give or lend any money • shig̱eig̱i ḵáa chʼa tlákw yaa at shigéi → a stingy person always refuses to give anything (SN)
• imperfective (+): yaa ashigéi | they are stingy with it
• perfective (+): yaa awshigéi | they were stingy with is
√geiḵ (verb root) unsuitable; harmful; restrain
ka-u-d+∅-√géiḵ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) unsuitable; improper; illegal | for something to be unsuitable, improper | aadé akaawa.aag̱ú yé ḵóo kawdigéiḵ → the way that they planned isnʼt suitable / it doesnʼt fit the way it should (SN) • kei s akaawashéeyi shí, ḵóo kdigéig̱i átx̱ wusitee → the song that they all sang was unsuitable/it didnʼt fit the occasion (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): kudigéiḵ | itʼs improper
• imperfective (–): tlél koodagéiḵ | itʼs not improper
• perfective (+): kawdigéiḵ | it became improper
• perfective (–): tlél kawdagéiḵ | it didnʼt become improper
• future (+): kei kagux̱dagéiḵ | it will be improper
• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱dagéiḵ | it wonʼt be improper
√geil (verb root) braid | braid seal intestines
√geinkʼ (verb root) small
√geis (verb root) call | call for (esp. a dog)
√geit (verb root) walk | walk softly; tiptoe
√geitl (verb root) frail | frail health; poor health
√geiy (verb root) pay | pay off
√geiyáḵw ˟ (verb root) claim; sue | claim as payment; sue for payment
√gídákw ˟ (verb root) show off
√geen (verb root) wrinkle
O-ka-sh-√géen (∅ event verb – transitive – high) wrinkle | for S to wrinkle O | kashgínx̱ wé sʼísaa → that cloth wrinkles easily (SN) • ilí! kakg̱eeshagéen → donʼt! youʼll wrinkle it (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kashagín! | wrinkle it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keeshagínx̱iḵ! | donʼt wrinkle it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanashgín | they are starting to wrinkle it
• perfective (+): akawshigín | they wrinkled it
• perfective (–): tlél akawushgéen | they didnʼt wrinkle it
• future (+): akagux̱shagéen | they will wrinkle it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱shagéen | they wonʼt wrinkle it
O-ka-d+sh-√géen (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) wrinkled | for O to be wrinkled | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanashgín | itʼs starting to get wrinkled
• perfective (+): kawjigín | itʼs wrinkled
• perfective (–): tlél kawushgéen | itʼs not wrinkled
• future (+): kakg̱washgéen | it will be wrinkled
• future (–): tlél kakg̱washgéen | it wonʼt get wrinkled
√geesh (verb root) soak
√geet ¹ (verb root) fall; move ¹ | move quickly | classification: animate
N-dé + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O (live creature) to fall into N | classification: animate | dzeit káx̱ wudzigeet → he fell down from the ladder (SN) • tléil aadé tʼéexʼ káxʼ has gux̱dzigeedi yé → they all wonʼt fall on the ice (SN) • (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aadé yoo eesgítgiḵ! | donʼt fall there!
• perfective (+): aadé wdzigeet | they fell there
• perfective (–): tlél aadé wusgeet | they didnʼt fall there
• future (+): aadé kg̱wasgéet | they will fall there
• future (–): tlél aadé kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt fall there
N-t⁓ + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O (live creature) to fall into, against N
• perfective (+): át wudzigít | they fell against it
• perfective (–): tlél át wusgeet | they didnʼt fall against it
• future (+): aadé kg̱wasgéet | they will fall against it
• future (–): tlél aadé kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt fall against it
daak + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O to fall (esp. off of something) | this verb is most commonly used to indicate falling off of something, such as in « aadáx̱ daak wudzigít » "he fell down off of it" | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: tlél daak isgítjiḵ! | donʼt fall!
• admonitive: daak tsá isgéet! | see that you donʼt fall!
• perfective (+): daak wudzigít | they fell
• perfective (–): tlél daak wusgeet | they didnʼt fall
• future (+): daak gug̱asgéet | they will fall
• future (–): tlél daak gug̱asgeet | they wonʼt fall
N-náx̱ + yei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall; trip | for O (live creature) to fall down N | classification: animate | this verb means "to fall down N"; change the preverb to « N kaanáx̱ » in order to get "for O to trip and fall over N" as in « a kaanáx̱ yei wdzigít » "they tripped over it" | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl anax̱ yei eesgítjiḵ! | donʼt fall down there!
• perfective (+): anax̱ yei wdzigít | they fell down there
• perfective (–): tlél anax̱ yei wusgeet | they didnʼt fall down there
• future (+): anax̱ yei kg̱wasgéet | they will fall down there
• future (–): tlél anax̱ yei kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt fall down there
kei + O-S-s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) wake ¹; rouse | for S to wake O up, rouse O from sleep | gooshúḵ gaaw kei x̱at wusigít → she woke me at nine oʼclock (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kei sageet! | wake them up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei eesgítjiḵ! | donʼt wake them up!
• perfective (+): kei awsigít | they woke them up
• perfective (–): tlél kei awusgeet | they didnʼt wake them up
• future (+): kei agux̱sagéet | they will wake them up
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱sageet | they wonʼt wake them up
kei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) wake ¹ | for O to wake up | tsʼootaat kei x̱at wudzigít → i wake up in the morning, early (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): kei wdzigít | they woke up
• perfective (–): tlél kei wusgeet | they didnʼt wake up
• future (+): kei kg̱wasgéet | they will wake up
• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt wake up
ḵut + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (ga – object intransitive – closed) lost | for O to lose oneself, be lost, usure of oneʼs location | ḵut x̱at wudzigeet → i was lost / i didnʼt know whereabouts i was (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ḵut igasgeet! | get lost!
• admonitive: ḵut tsá igasgéet! | be sure not to get lost!
• perfective (+): ḵut wudzigeet | they got lost
• perfective (–): tlél ḵut wusgeet | they didnʼt get lost
• future (+): ḵut kei kg̱wasgéet | they will get lost
• future (–): tlél ḵut kei kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt get lost
√geet ² (verb root) do; act | classification: animate
at + géit + S-d+s-√geet ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) violate; break law; act against; wrongdoing | for s to violate, break (law or custom), to do something wrong | yá a káa dulseix̱ yakyee géide wudzigeet → he violated the sabbath day of rest (SN) • du yoo x̱ʼatángi a géide has wudzigeet → they all violated his word/ they all broke his law (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl at géix̱ eesgeedíḵ! | donʼt do anything wrong!
• progressive imperfective: at géide yaa nasgít | they are doing something wrong
• perfective (+): at géit wudzigít | they did something wrong
• perfective (–): tlél at géit wusgeet | they didnʼt do anything wrong
• future (+): at géide kg̱wasgéet | they will do something wrong
• future (–): tlél at géide kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt do anything wrong
√geets (verb root) rash; hives
√gúkch ˟ (verb root) practice; training; learn how
√gúklʼ (verb root) skilled; learn how | become skilled
√gúnlʼ (verb root) burl; try | have a burl; try hard
√goo ¹ (verb root) happy; fun; joyful
N + toowú + s-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) happy; glad | for N to be happy, glad | this verb is conjugated for person by changing the possessive pronoun, as in « du toowú sigóo » "they are happy" and « ax̱ toowú sigóo » "i am happy" | ax̱ toowú sigóo ix̱wsateení → i am happy to see you (SN) • tsu yei yee kḵwasatéen ḵu.aa; aag̱áa awé yee toowú kei gux̱sagóo ḵúnáx̱ → but i will see you all again, and then you will all be really happy (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: i toowú ksagóo! | be happy!
• imperfective (+): du toowú sigóo | they are happy
• imperfective (–): tlél du tooshgú | they arenʼt happy
• perfective (+): du toowú wsigóo | they became happy
• perfective (–): tlél du toowú wushgóo | they werenʼt happy
• future (+): du toowú kei gux̱sagóo | they will be happy
• future (–): tlél du toowú kei gux̱sagóo | they wonʼt be happy
N + tuwáa + S-s-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) want; like ¹; desire; pleasing | for N to want, like, desire S; for S to be pleasing to N | tsu dáanaa du tuwáa aa sigóo → he wants some more money (SN) • ax̱ tuwáa sigóo neildé x̱wagoodí → i want to go home (SN) • has du tuwáaxʼ isigóo → they all want you (CG) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): du tuwáa sigóo | they wants it
• imperfective (–): tlél du tuwáa ushgú | they donʼt want it
• progressive imperfective: du tuwáa kei nasgwéin | they are beginning to want it
• perfective (+): du tuwáa wsigóo | they wanted it
• perfective (–): tlél du tuwáa wushgóo | they didnʼt want it
• future (+): du tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo | they will want it
• future (–): tlél du tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo | they wonʼt want it
tlél + O-tu-sh-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive – ejective) unhappy; lonesome | for O to be unhappy, lonesome | tléil x̱at tooshgú; ách áwé !x̱aan sh kaneelneek! → i feel a bit unhappy and low, so tell me some stories! (SN) • wáa sáwé l tooshgú? → why is he unhappy? (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (–): tlél tooshgú | they are unhappy
• perfective (–): tlél tuwushgóo | they became unhappy
• future (–): tlél kei tugux̱shagóo | they will be unhappy
√goo ² (verb root) swim; travel | swim in school (especially sea mammals); travel in fleet on water | classification: plural
{na preverb} + ÿa-S-∅-√goo ² swim; travel | for S to travel in a pod or fleet (of sea mammals or canoes) | yéi yaa yanagwéin héide kéet → the killer whales are swimming along this direction
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} + yaa yanagwéin | they are swimming {na preverb} in a pod; they are moving {na preverb} as a fleet
• perfective (+): {na preverb} + yaawagoo | they swam {na preverb} in a pod; they moved {na preverb} as a fleet
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yawugoo | they didnʼt swim {na preverb} in a pod; they didnʼt move {na preverb} as a fleet
• future (+): {na preverb} yakg̱wagóo | they are going to swim {na preverb} as a pod; they are going to move {na preverb} as a fleet
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} yakg̱wagoo | they are not going to swim {na preverb} as a pod; they are not going to move {na preverb} as a fleet
√goo ³ (verb root) push; poke
N-t + x̱ʼus-sha-S-s-√goo ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) trip; stumble; stub | for S to trip over N; for S to stub toe on N; for S to stumble on N
• perfective (+): át x̱ʼus.shawsigóo | they stumbled on it
yan + x̱ʼus-sha-S-s-√goo ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) trip; stumble; stub | for S to trip, stumble, stub toe | teixʼ dei káa shayadihéin; yan tsé x̱ʼus.shaysagú! → there are lots of rocks in the road; see that you donʼt trip!
• perfective (+): yan x̱ʼus.shawsigóo | they tripped
√gooch (verb root) carry | carry something to give to someone, esp. food
√gook ¹ (verb root) know how; learn how; master a skill
O-S-sh-√góok ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) know how; learn how | for S to know, learn how to do O | asg̱eiwú tléil ux̱shagóok → i donʼt know how to seine (SN) • Lingít ḵusteeyí ishigóok → you know the Tlingit way of life/ how to live as a Tlingit (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: gashgóok! | learn how to do it!
• imperfective (+): ashigóok | they knows how to do it
• imperfective (–): tlél ooshgóok | they donʼt know how to do it
• perfective (+): awshigóok | they learned how to do it
• perfective (–): tlél awushgóok | they didnʼt learn how to do it
• future (+): kei agux̱shagóok | they will know how to do it
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱shagóok | they wonʼt know how to do it
√gook ² (verb root) peck
O-S-∅-O-S-∅-√gook ² peck | for S to peck O
• imperfective (+): agúkt | it is pecking it; it pecks it
• perfective (+): aawagúk | it pecked it
• perfective (–): tlél awugook | it didnʼt peck it
• future (+): akg̱wagóok | it will peck it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wagook | it wonʼt peck it
N + daa + a-S-∅-√gook ² peck | for S to peck around N | gandaadagóok aas daa agóok → a woodpecker pecks around a tree
• imperfective (+): agóok | it is pecking it; it pecks it
• perfective (+): aawagúk | it pecked it
• perfective (–): tlél awugook | it didnʼt peck it
• future (+): akg̱wagóok | it will peck it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wagook | it wonʼt peck it
√gooḵ ¹ (verb root) run ¹ | classification: plural | singular form: √xeex ¹
{∅ preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural | éeḵdáx̱ neildé g̱unayéi s loowagúḵ → they all started to run home from the beach (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} yee lugúḵ! | you all run {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yee lugoog̱úḵ! | donʼt you all run {____}
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa (ha)s lunagúḵ | they all are running {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} has luwagúḵ | they all ran {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s luwugooḵ | they all didnʼt run {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ | they all will run {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagooḵ | they all wonʼt run {____}
{na preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural | sakwnéing̱aa hoon daakahídidé haa lukg̱wagóoḵ → weʼre going to run to the store for bread (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} yee lunagúḵ! | you all run {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo yee lugúḵguḵ! | donʼt you all run {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa (ha)s lunagúḵ | they all are running {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} has loowagooḵ | they all ran {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s luwugooḵ | they all didnʼt run {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ | they all will run {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagooḵ | they all wonʼt run {____}
{ga preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural | (KE)
• imperative: {ga preverb} yee lugagooḵ! | you all run {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {ga preverb} yoo yee luwugoog̱úḵ! | donʼt you all run {____}
• progressive imperfective: {ga preverb} kei (ha)s lunagúḵ | they all are running {____}
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei (ha)s loonagúḵ | theyʼre not running {____}
• perfective (+): {ga preverb} has loowagooḵ | they all ran {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} (ha)s luwugooḵ | they all didnʼt run {____}
• future (+): {ga preverb} kei (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ | they all will run {____}
• future (–): {ga preverb} kei (ha)s lukg̱wagooḵ | they all wonʼt run {____}
√gooḵ ² (verb root) push | move by pushing
O-S-√gooḵ ² push | for S to move O by pushing with hands
• imperative: yaa gagooḵ! | push them/it!
• prohibitive: lil yoox̱ eegoog̱úḵ! | donʼt push them/it!; no pushing!
• progressive imperfective: yan anagóoḵ | they are pushing them/it
• perfective (+): aawagooḵ | they pushed them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awugooḵ | they didnʼt push them/it
• future (+): yaa kg̱wagóoḵ | they will push them/it
• future (–): yaa kg̱wagooḵ | they wonʼt push them/it
√gooḵ ³ (verb root) dry | to dry salmon eggs
√goolʼ (verb root) wink; eye | one eye
√goon (verb root) chance | get a chance
√goosʼ (verb root) cloudy
ḵu-l-√góosʼ (ga state verb – impersonal – ejective) cloudy | for the sky to be cloudy
• imperfective (+): ḵuligóosʼ | itʼs cloudy
• imperfective (–): tlél ḵoolgóosʼ | itʼs not cloudy
• progressive imperfective: kei ḵunalgóosʼ | itʼs getting cloudy
• perfective (+): ḵoowligóosʼ | it got cloudy
• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwulgóosʼ | it didnʼt get cloudy
• future (+): kei ḵugux̱lagóosʼ | it will be cloudy
• future (–): tlél kei ḵugux̱lagóosʼ | it wonʼt be cloudy
√goot ¹ (verb root) walk; go | classification: singular subject | plural form: √.aat ¹
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • wáa sáwé tléil haa x̱ánx̱ eegoot? → why do you never come (walking) to our place? (SN) • chʼa ldakát yakyee haa hídeex̱ goot → he came to our house every day (SN) • shaa yadaax̱ kei nagút → he is ascending (climbing up) the mountain (SN) • haa ítx̱ neil uwagút → he followed us into the house (SN) • gági uwagút → he appeared (came where all could see him, having been previously out of sight) (SN)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} gú! | go {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yigoodíḵ! | donʼt go {____}
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ líl repetitive preverb} eegoodíḵ! | donʼt (ever) go {____}
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa nagút | they are going {____}
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} yaa unagút | they arenʼt going {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} uwagút | they went {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wugoot | they didnʼt go {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} gug̱agóot | they all will go {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} kg̱wagoot | they all wonʼt go {____}
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | « ḵux̱ wudigút » "they came back" also has a metaphorical meaning to "come back to life" | (KE, JC)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} yida.gú! | you all go {____}
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yida.goodíḵ! | donʼt go {____}
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb) yaa nada.gút | they are going {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wudi.gút | they went {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wuda.goot | they didnʼt go {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} gux̱da.góot | they will go {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gux̱da.goot | they wonʼt go {____}
neil⁓ + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in (singular) O | dóosh neil sagú! → let the cat in! (SN) • tléil gáande yoo isagútguḵ! → donʼt let him out! (SN) • aadóoch sá neil wusgoodí yáa kax̱waaḵaayi aa, x̱át tsú neilx̱ x̱at sagoot → whoever receives and welcomes anyone i send, receives me also (SN) • neilx̱ ágé isagoot? → did you welcome him / take him into the home? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: neil sagú! | let them/it in!
• prohibitive: líl neilx̱ isagoodíḵ! | donʼt let them/it in!
• perfective (+): neil awsigút | they let them/it in
• perfective (–): tlél neil awusgoot | they didnʼt let them/it in
• future (+): neildé agux̱sagóot | they will let them/it in
• future (–): tlél neildé agux̱sagoot | they wonʼt let them/it in
a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) appoint; choose | for S to appoint (singular) O, choose O for a certain position | ax̱ éeshch a tóo daak x̱at wusigút → my father appointed me (to fill the position) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a tóo daak sagú! | appoint them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a tóo daak isagútjiḵ! | donʼt appoint them!
• perfective (+): a tóo daak awsigút | they appointed them
• perfective (–): tlél a tóo daak awusgoot | they didnʼt appoint them
• future (+): a tóo daak agux̱sagóot | they will appoint them
• future (–): tlél a tóo daak agux̱sagoot | they wonʼt appoint them
N + jikaadáx̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) get out of way | for (singular) S to get out of Nʼs way | (KE, JC)
• imperative: du jikaadáx̱ woogú! | get out of their way!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du jikaadáx̱ yaa eegútjiḵ! | donʼt (ever) get out of their way!
• progressive imperfective: du jikaadáx̱ yaa wunagút | they are getting out of their way
• perfective (+): du jikaadáx̱ has yaawagút | they got out of their way
• perfective (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ yawu.goot | they didnʼt get out of their way
• future (+): du jikaadáx̱ yakg̱wa.góot | they will get out of their way
• future (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ yakg̱wagoot | they wonʼt get out of their way
a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) turn back; go back | for (singular) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term) | (KE, JC) • neildé ayawdigút → he turned back and returned home (SN)
• imperative: ayeedagú! | turn back!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ayeedagútx̱iḵ! | donʼt (ever) turn back!
• progressive imperfective: yaa awundagút | they are turning back
• perfective (+): ayawdigút | they turned back
• perfective (–): tlél ayawdagoot | they didnʼt turn back
• future (+): ayakg̱wadagóot | they will turn back
• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wadagoot | they wonʼt turn back
{na preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • goodé sá yaa neegút? → where are you going (walking}? (SN)
• imperative: {na preverb} nagú! | go {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yigoodíḵ! | donʼt go {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo eegútgiḵ! | donʼt (ever) go {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa nagút | they are going {____}
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yaa unagút | they are not going {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} woogoot | they went {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wugoot | they didnʼt go {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} kg̱wagóot | they will go {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} kg̱wagoot | they wonʼt go {____}
gánde + S-∅-√goot (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) go; bathroom; pee; urinate; poop ¹; defecate | for (singular) S to go to the bathroom | a euphemism that literally means "go outside" although the indepdendent base « gáan » contracts to « gán ». learners should be careful to keep the vowel long if the intended meaning is "going outside".
{ga preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go | (KE, JC) • aan ká kei átch g̱uwakaan → the deer climb up to the mountain pastures (in July) (SN) • he appeared (came where all could see him, having been previously out of sight)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {repetitive ga preverb} kei eegútjiḵ! | donʼt (ever) go {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {ga preverb} kei nagút | they are going {____}
• perfective (+): {ga preverb} woogoot | they went {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} wugoot | they didnʼt go {____}
• future (+): {ga preverb} kei kg̱wagóot | they will go {____}
• future (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei kg̱wagoot | they wonʼt go {____}
yaa + shu-S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for S to lead (singular) O (especially by walking ahead) | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural | (KE, JC) • neildé ishukḵwagóot → Iʼll lead you home (SN) • héen x̱ʼayaax̱dé x̱at shuwagoot → he led me to the riverʼs edge (SN)
• imperative: yaa shugagú! | lead them!
• prohibitive: líl shuyigootdíḵ! | donʼt lead them!
• progressive imperfective: yaa ashunagút | they are leading them
• perfective (+): ashoowagoot | they led them
• perfective (–): tlél ashuwugoot | they didnʼt lead them
• future (+): yaa ashukg̱wagóot | they will lead them
• future (–): tlél yaa ashukg̱wagoot | they wonʼt lead them all
N + ítx̱ + yaa + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) follow ¹ | for (singular) S to follow N (on foot) | note that the preverb « yaa » does not occur in the perfective form | haa ítx̱ neil uwagút → he followed us into the house (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a ítx̱ yaa gagú! | follow it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a ítx̱ yaa eegútjiḵ! | donʼt follow it!
• progressive imperfective: a ítx̱ yaa nagút | they are following it
• perfective (+): a ítx̱ woogoot | they followed it
• perfective (–): tlél a ítx̱ wugoot | they didnʼt follow it
• future (+): a ítx̱ yaa kg̱wagóot | they will follow it
• future (–): tlél a ítx̱ yaa kg̱wagoot | they wonʼt follow it
{g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (g̱a motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC)
• imperative: {g̱a preverb} yaa g̱aygú! | go {___}!
• prohibitive: líl {g̱a preverb} yei yigútjiḵ! | donʼt go {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {g̱a preverb} yei nagút | they are going {____}
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei unagút | they are not going {____}
• perfective (+): {g̱a preverb} woo.aat | they went {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} wugoot | they didnʼt go {____}
• future (+): {g̱a preverb} yei gug̱agóot | they will go {____}
• future (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei gug̱agoot | they wonʼt go {____}
√gootl (verb root) • variants: √gooch • hill; mound
√gooxʼ (verb root) dip
√goox̱ (verb root) slave | have slave
√gwaal (verb root) beat ¹; knock; hit; ring ¹; stab
O-S-∅-√gwaal (ga act verb – transitive – closed) beat ¹; ring ¹; stab | for S to beat O (esp. drum); for S to ring O (bell); for S to stab O | gaaw agwáal → heʼs beating the drum (or, less usual, heʼs ringing the bell) (SN) • wuduwagwál → he was stabbed (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: gagwaal! | beat it!
• prohibitive: líl eegwaalíḵ! | donʼt beat it!
• imperfective (+): agwáal | they beats it; they are beating it
• imperfective (–): tlél oogwaal | they donʼt beat it; they arenʼt beating it
• perfective (+): aawagwaal | they beat it
• perfective (–): tlél awugwaal | they didnʼt beat it
• future (+): kei akg̱wagwáal | they will beat it
• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wagwaal | they wonʼt beat it
O-ÿa-S-∅-√gwaal (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hit; punch | for S to hit O in the face (with fist); for S to punch O | x̱at yaawagwál → he beat me up, hitting me in the face (SN) • x̱at yagwált → he kept hitting me in the face with his fist (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yagwál! | hit them in the face!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yeegwálx̱iḵ! | donʼt hit them in the face!
• perfective (+): ayaawagwál | they hit them in the face
• perfective (–): tlél ayawugwaal | they didnʼt hit them in the face
• future (+): ayakg̱wagwáal | they will hit them in the face
• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wagwaal | they wonʼt hit them in the face
sh d+∅-√gwaal (∅ act verb – impersonal – closed) ring ¹ | for a telephone or bell to ring | gaaw sh dagwáal → the bell is ringing (lit. beating itself) (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): sh dagwáal | itʼs ringing
• perfective (+): sh wudigwál | it rang
• perfective (–): tlél sh wudagwaal | it didnʼt ring
• future (+): sh gux̱dagwáal | it will ring
• future (–): tlél sh gux̱dagwaal | it wonʼt ring
√gwaalʼ (verb root) curl
√gwaasʼ (verb root) foggy
ḵu-d+∅-√gwáasʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective) foggy | for the weather to be foggy
• progressive imperfective: yaa ḵundagwásʼ | it is getting foggy
• perfective (+): ḵuwdigwásʼ | it is foggy; it got foggy
• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwdagwáasʼ | it isnʼt foggy; it didnʼt get foggy
• future (+): ḵugux̱dagwáasʼ | it will be foggy
• future (–): tlél ḵugux̱dagwáasʼ | it wonʼt be foggy
√gwaash (verb root) hop | hop on one leg
{na preverb} + ÿa-S-d+l-√gwáash (na motion verb – subject intransitive – high) hop | for S to hop | át yax̱wdligwáash → i hopped around (SN)
• imperative: {na preverb} yanalgwáash! | hop {___}
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa yanalgwásh | they are hopping {___}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} yawdligwáash | they hopped {___}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yawulgwáash | they didnʼt hop {___}
• future (+): {na preverb} yakg̱walgwáash | they will hop {___}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} yakg̱walgwáash | they wonʼt hop {___}
√gwaatʼ (verb root) upside down
√gwaatl (verb root) roll; curl up | curl up in a ball (of person or animal)
{na preverb} + O-∅-√gwáatl (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) roll | for O to roll; for O to move by rolling | aas éeḵt nax̱laháshin, át nagwátlch → when a tree is drifting to the beach, it rails back and forth (SN)
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa nagwátl | it is rolling {na preverb}; they are rolling {na preverb}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} woogwáatl | it rolled; they rolled {na preverb}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wugwáatl | it didn't roll {na preverb}; they didnʼt roll {na preverb}
• future (+): {na preverb} kg̱wagwáatl | it is going to roll {na preverb}; they are going to roll {na preverb}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} kg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt roll {na preverb}; they wonʼt roll {na preverb}
{∅ preverb} + O-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) roll | for O to roll; for O to move by rolling | shaa yadaaxʼ daak x̱at uwagwátl → i rolled down the mountain (SN)
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa nagwátl | it is rolling {∅ preverb} ; they are rolling {∅ preverb}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} uwagwátl | it rolled {∅ preverb} ; they rolled {∅ preverb}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wugwáatl | it didn't roll {∅ preverb} ; they didnʼt roll {∅ preverb}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} kg̱wagwáatl | it is going to roll {∅ preverb}; they are going to roll {∅ preverb}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} kg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt roll {∅ preverb}; they wonʼt roll {∅ preverb}
{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) roll | for S to roll O; for S to move O by rolling | káast yaa nax̱lagwátl → i am rolling a barrel • héent sh wudligwátl → they rolled themself into the water (SN)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} lagwátl! | roll it {∅ preverb}!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa analgwátl | they are rolling it {∅ preverb}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awligwátl | they rolled it {∅ preverb}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awulgwáatl | they didn't roll it {∅ preverb}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱lagwáatl | they are going to roll it {∅ preverb}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱lagwáatl | they wonʼt roll it {∅ preverb}
N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – impersonal – high) roll | for a spherical object to roll to N | classification: round or spherical object
• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa kanagwátl | itʼs rolling to it
• perfective (+): át kaawagwátl | it rolled to it
• perfective (–): tlél át kawugwáatl | it didnʼt roll to it
• future (+): aadé kakg̱wagwáatl | it will roll to it
• future (–): tlél aadé kakg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt roll to it
áa + yax̱ + ∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – impersonal – high) capsize; overturn | for a boat to capsize, overturn | du yaagú du een áa yax̱ uwagwátl → his boat capsized with him (SN)
• progressive imperfective: áa yax̱ yaa nagwátl | itʼs starting to capsize
• perfective (+): áa yax̱ uwagwátl | it capsized
• perfective (–): tlél áa yax̱ wugwáatl | it didnʼt capsize
• future (+): áa yax̱ gug̱wagwáatl | itʼs going to capsize
• future (–): tlél áa yax̱ gug̱wagwáatl | itʼs not going to capsize
O-ḵʼa-d+∅-√gwáatl (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) astonished; flabbergasted | for O to be astonished, flabbergasted, left open-mouthed | x̱at ḵʼawdigwátl wé i shkalneegí → iʼm very surprised at what you are telling me (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa ḵʼandagwátl | they are getting to be astonished
• perfective (+): ḵʼawdigwátl | they are astonished
• perfective (–): tlél ḵʼawdagwáatl | they are not astonished
• future (+): ḵʼagux̱dagwáatl | they are going to be astonished
• future (–): tlél ḵʼagux̱dagwáatl | they arenʼt going to be astonished
O-ka-S-l-√gwáatl (na motion verb – transitive – high) roll | for S to roll O (log, barrel, etc.) | the thematic prefix « ka- » appears to be optional in this verb, and does not affect meaning | káast yaa nax̱lagwátl → i am rolling a barrel (SN) • héent sh wudligwátl → he rolled himself into the water (SN) • aas kaxáshdi yaa akanalgwátl → heʼs rolling a block of wood (SN)
• imperative: kanalgwáatl! | roll it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keelagwátlgiḵ! | donʼt roll it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanalgwátl | they are rolling it
• perfective (+): akawligwáatl | they rolled it
• perfective (–): tlél akawulgwáatl | they didnʼt roll it
• future (+): akagux̱lagwáatl | they will roll it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱lagwáatl | they wonʼt roll it
O-ka-S-l-√gwaatl (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) bend ¹; fold up | for S to bend O (leg or arm); for S to fold up O (paper, etc.) in a loose roll | « –tʼeeyshú » "their elbow" can be replaced with another foldable body part • a flexible object like « xʼúxʼ » "paper" can replace « –tʼeeyshú » to convey the meaning "fold up" | tléináx̱ aanáx̱ ḵu.aa chʼa aklagwátlx̱ → he can bend one leg (SN) • tléil du x̱eek akawulgwaatl → he didnʼt bend his arm (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: (i tʼeeyshú) kalagwátl! | bend (your elbow)!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl (i tʼeeyshú) keelagwátlx̱iḵ! | donʼt bend (your elbow)!
• imperfective (+): (du tʼeeyshú) aklagwáatl | they are bending (their elbow)
• progressive imperfective: (du tʼeeyshú) yaa akanalgwátl | they are starting to bend (their elbow)
• perfective (+): (du tʼeeyshú) akawligwátl | they bent (their elbow)
• perfective (–): tlél (du tʼeeyshú) akawulgwaatl | they didnʼt bend (their elbow)
• future (+): (du tʼeeyshú) akagux̱lagwáatl | they will bend (their elbow)
• future (–): tlél (du tʼeeyshú) akagux̱lagwaatl | they wonʼt bend (their elbow)
N-t + ka-ka-∅-√gwáatl (na motion verb – impersonal – high) rock ²; roll | for a canoe, boat to rock, roll around at N | this verb theme has two « ka- » prefixes, but the future verb form provided by the speaker consulter has only one « ka- » prefix (át kakg̱wagwáatl), possibly because two « ka- » prefixes are especially awkward to pronounce in the future form | teet jiwustaaní, yaakw át kakanagwátlch → when the waves are beating hard, the boat really rolls (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): át kakaawagwáatl | itʼs rolling around; it rolled around
• perfective (–): tlél át kakawugwáatl | itʼs not rolling around; it didnʼt roll around
• future (+): át kakg̱wagwáatl | it will roll around
• future (–): tlél át kakg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt roll around
N-t + O-ka-ka-S-l-√gwáatl (na motion verb – transitive – high) rock ²; roll | for S to rock, roll O (boat) at N | this verb theme has two « ka- » prefixes, but the future verb form provided by the speaker consulter has only one « ka- » prefix (át akagux̱lagwáatl), possibly because two « ka- » prefixes are especially awkward to pronounce in the future form | tléil ushkʼé yaakw át kakawdulgwáadli → itʼs bad to roll or rock the boat (SN) • yaakw át akakawligwáatl → heʼs making the boat roll (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át kakanalgwáatl! | rock the boat!
• prohibitive: líl át kakaylagwáadliḵ! | donʼt rock the boat!
• perfective (+): át akakawligwáatl | they are rocking the boat; they rocked the boat
• perfective (–): tlél át akakawulgwáatl | they arenʼt rocking the boat; they didnʼt rock the boat
• future (+): át akagux̱lagwáatl | they will rock the boat
• future (–): tlél át akagux̱lagwáatl | they wonʼt rock the boat
√g̱aa (verb root) shy
√g̱aaḵ ¹ bay ²; yelp
√g̱aaḵ ² gamble | gamble with gambling sticks that are tossed
√g̱aas (verb root) forbidden; taboo
l-√g̱aas ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) forbidden; taboo; inappropriate | for something to be forbidden, taboo, not allowed by custom | « lig̱aas » in Tlingit is an action that will likely bring a harsh consequence, possibly at a later time to future generations | (GD, KE) • íx̱tʼ ádi át awusheeyí lig̱aas → itʼs forbidden to touch a spiritual healerʼs (íx̱tʼ) things (SN)
• imperfective (+): lig̱aas | itʼs forbidden
• imperfective (–): tlél ulg̱aas | itʼs not forbidden
O-S-l-√g̱aas ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) abstain; refrain from | for S to abstain, refrain from, keep from doing O (usually for ceremonial or religious reasons, esp. of lent) | at x̱alig̱aas → i abstain (from things such as eating meat) (SN) • wududlig̱aas → they all are keeping from various foods and activities (in observance of lent) (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl at ilag̱aasíḵ! | donʼt abstain
• imperfective (+): at lig̱aas | they are abstaining
• imperfective (–): tlél at ulg̱aas | they arenʼt abstaining
• progressive imperfective: kei at nalg̱aas | they are starting to abstain
• perfective (+): at wulig̱aas | they abstained
• perfective (–): tlél at wulg̱aas | they didnʼt abstain
• future (+): kei at gux̱lag̱aas | they will abstain
• future (–): tlél kei at gux̱lag̱aas | they wonʼt abstain
√g̱aasʼ ¹ (verb root) scratch | scratch with long scratches
O-S-l-√g̱áasʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) scratch | for S to scratch O to relieve itching; for S to scratch O with long scratches | yei nanéx̱ich áwé kalaxweidlí: tléil ilag̱ásʼx̱iḵ! → itʼs itching because itʼs healing: donʼt scratch it! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: lag̱ásʼ! | scratch it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilag̱ásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt scratch it!
• imperfective (+): alg̱ásʼx̱ | they are scratching it
• progressive imperfective: yaa analg̱ásʼ | they are starting to scratch it
• perfective (+): awlig̱ásʼ | they scratched it
• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱áasʼ | they didnʼt scratch it
• future (+): agux̱lag̱áasʼ | they will scratch it
• future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱áasʼ | they wonʼt scratch it
sh S-d+l-√g̱áasʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – ejective) scratch | for S to scratch oneself to relieve itching | keitl sh wudlig̱ásʼ → the dog is scratching himself (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sh eelg̱ásʼ! | scratch yourself!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh eelg̱ásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt scratch yourself!
• imperfective (+): sh ilg̱ásʼx̱ | they are scratching them/itself
• progressive imperfective: yaa sh nalg̱ásʼ | them/itself is starting to scratch them/itself
• perfective (+): sh wudlig̱ásʼ | they scratched them/itself
• perfective (–): tlél sh wulg̱áasʼ | they didnʼt scratch them/itself
• future (+): sh gug̱walg̱áasʼ | they will scratch them/itself
• future (–): tlél sh gug̱walg̱áasʼ | they wonʼt scratch them/itself
√g̱aasʼ ² (verb root) striped
ka-d+l-√g̱áasʼ ˟ ² (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) striped | for something to be striped | this verb only occurs in the imperfective | (KE)
• imperfective (+): kadlig̱áasʼ | itʼs striped
• imperfective (–): tlél koolg̱áasʼ | itʼs not striped
√g̱aat ¹ (verb root) split; fall apart; fall | fall scattered | classification: small objects
O-ka-S-l-√g̱áat ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) sift | for S to sift O | sakwnéin akagux̱lagáat → sheʼs going to sift the flour (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kalag̱át! | sift it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keelag̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt sift it!
• imperfective (+): aklag̱át | they are sifting it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoolg̱át | they arenʼt sifting it
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanalg̱át | they are sifting it along
• perfective (+): akawlig̱át | they sifted it
• perfective (–): tlél akawulg̱áat | they didnʼt sift it
• future (+): akagux̱lag̱áat | they will sift it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱lag̱áat | they wonʼt sift it
O-ka-S-l-√g̱átch ¹ ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) sprinkle; scatter | for S to sprinkle, scatter O carefully | éilʼ aklagátch → he sprinkles salt (SN) • dei kaadé lʼéiw akawligátch → he sprinkled sand on the road (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kanalg̱átch! | sprinkle it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keelag̱átjiḵ! | donʼt sprinkle it!
• imperfective (+): aklag̱átch | they are sprinkling it
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanalg̱átch | they are sprinkling it along
• perfective (+): akawlig̱átch | they sprinkled it
• perfective (–): tlél akawulg̱átch | they didnʼt sprinkle it
• future (+): akagux̱lag̱átch | they are going to sprinkle it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱lg̱átch | they arenʼt going to sprinkle it
√g̱aat ² (verb root) trap ¹
O-S-d+s-√g̱áat ² (∅ event verb – transitive – high) trap ¹; catch | for S to trap, catch O in trap (deadfall or other, but not fishtrap) | kʼóox awdzig̱át → he trapped a marten (SN) • xóots tsú dusg̱ádin → people used to trap brown bear too (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: eesg̱át! | trap it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eesg̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt trap it!
• imperfective (+): asg̱átt | they are trapping it
• perfective (+): awdzig̱át | they trapped it
• perfective (–): tlél awusg̱áat | they didnʼt trap it
• future (+): akg̱wasg̱áat | they will trap it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wasg̱áat | they wonʼt trap it
√g̱aat ³ (verb root) | disoriented
N + daa + yaa + ḵu-∅-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) dizzy | for N to be dizzy | ax̱ daa yaa ḵusag̱átx̱ → iʼm dizzy all the time (SN) • gílʼ shakéedáx̱ yínde awulg̱een, ḵaa daa yaa ḵusag̱áadi → looking down from a cliff top makes one dizzy (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: du daa yaa ḵunag̱át | they are starting to get dizzy
• perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵoowag̱át | they are dizzy
• perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵuwug̱áat | they arenʼt dizzy
• future (+): du daa yaa ḵukg̱wag̱áat | they will get dizzy
• future (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵukg̱wag̱áat | they wonʼt get dizzy
yaa + ḵu-S-l-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) forget | for S to forget O
• imperative: yaa ḵulag̱át! | forget it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yaa ḵeelag̱átjiḵ! | donʼt forget it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa aḵunalg̱át | they are starting to forget it
• perfective (+): yaa aḵoowlig̱át | they forgot it
• perfective (–): tlél yaa aḵuwulg̱áat | they didnʼt forget it
• future (+): yaa aḵugux̱lag̱áat | they will forget it
• future (–): tlél yaa aḵugux̱lag̱áat | they wonʼt forget it
N + daa + yaa + ḵu-S-l-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) • variants: N + daa + yaa + ḵu-S-s-√g̱áat ³ • dizzy | for S to make N dizzy
• imperative: du daa yaa ḵulag̱át! | make them dizzy!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du daa yaa ḵeelag̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt make them dizzy!
• progressive imperfective: du daa yaa ḵunalg̱át | it is starting to make them dizzy
• perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵuwlig̱át | it made them dizzy
• perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵuwulg̱áat | it didnʼt make them dizzy
• future (+): du daa yaa ḵug̱ux̱lag̱áat | it will make them dizzy
• future (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵug̱ux̱lag̱áat | it wonʼt make them dizzy
N-t + yaa + ḵu-S-d+l-√g̱áat ³ ˟ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – invariable) wander | for S to wander around at N; for S to wander around at N trying to find the way | this verb has an invariable stem, except the example documented by SN which may have been mistakenly written and is changed here | chʼa koogéiyi át yaa ḵunalg̱áatch → heʼs always wandering around in a daze (JL) • sʼeenáa gé wéidu? kag̱ít tóot yaa ḵux̱wdlig̱aat → is there a light there? iʼm wandering in the dark (SN • (KE)
• imperative: (chʼa) át yaa ḵuneelg̱áat! | (just) wander around!
• prohibitive: líl át yaa ḵuyeelg̱áadiḵ! | donʼt wander around!
• perfective (+): át yaa ḵuwdlig̱áat | they are wandering around; they wandered around
• perfective (–): tlél át yaa ḵuwulg̱áat | they arenʼt wandering around; they didnʼt wander around
• future (+): át yaa ḵukg̱walg̱áat | they will wander around
• future (–): tlél át yaa ḵukg̱walg̱áat | they wonʼt wander around
√g̱aax̱ (verb root) cry; wail
S-∅-√g̱aax̱ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – closed) cry; weep; mourn; lament | for (singluar) S to cry, weep; for (singular) S to mourn, lament | classification: singular subject • classification: singular
• imperative: gag̱aax̱! | cry!
• prohibitive: líl eeg̱aax̱íḵ! | donʼt cry!
• imperfective (+): g̱áax̱ | they cries; they are crying
• imperfective (–): tlél ug̱aax̱ | they donʼt cry; they are not crying
• progressive imperfective: kei nag̱áx̱ | they are beginning to cry
• perfective (+): woog̱aax̱ | they cried
• perfective (–): tlél wug̱aax̱ | they didnʼt cry
• future (+): kei kg̱wag̱áax̱ | they will cry
• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wag̱aax̱ | they wonʼt cry
ka-S-d+∅-√g̱aax̱ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – closed) cry out; scream | for S to cry loudly (of child, or person in great pain); for S to cry out or scream (in fear or pain) | kootsʼeen ax̱satéen kadag̱áax̱ → they cried out when she saw the mouse (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl keedag̱aax̱íḵ! | donʼt cry out!
• imperfective (+): kadag̱áax̱ | they are crying out; they cries out
• imperfective (–): tlél koodag̱aax̱ | they arenʼt crying out; they donʼt cry out
• progressive imperfective: kei kandag̱áx̱ | they are beginning to cry out
• perfective (+): kawdig̱aax̱ | they cried out
• perfective (+): kei kagux̱dag̱áax̱ | they will cry out
• perfective (–): tlél kawdag̱aax̱ | they didnʼt cry out
• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱dag̱aax̱ | they wonʼt cry out
O-ka-S-s-√g̱aax̱ (na event verb – transitive – closed) cry | for S to make O cry, cause O to cry | kakḵwasagáax̱ → iʼm going to make them cry (SN) • x̱at kawsigaax̱ → she made me cry (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kanasg̱aax̱! | make them cry!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keesag̱áx̱giḵ! | donʼt make them cry!
• perfective (+): akawsig̱aax̱ | they made them cry
• perfective (–): tlél akawusg̱aax̱ | they didnʼt make them cry
• future (+): akagux̱sag̱áax̱ | they will make them cry
• future (–): tlél akagux̱sag̱aax̱ | they wonʼt make them cry
O-S-d+s-√g̱áax̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) cry for; ask for | for S to cry for, ask for O | dáanaa áx̱ awdzig̱aax̱ → he asked for money (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: g̱eesg̱áax̱! | ask for it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei eesg̱áax̱jiḵ! | donʼt ask for it!
• imperfective (+): asg̱áax̱ | they are asking for it
• imperfective (–): tlél oosg̱áax̱ | they arenʼt asking for it
• perfective (+): awdzig̱áax̱ | they asked for it
• perfective (–): tlél awusg̱áax̱ | they didnʼt ask for it
• future (+): yei akg̱wasg̱áax̱ | they will ask for it
• future (–): tlél yei akg̱wasg̱áax̱ | they wonʼt ask for it
√g̱aax̱ʼ (verb root) thin; skinny
O-sh-√g̱áax̱ʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – ejective) thin; lean; skinny | for O to be thin, lean, skinny | g̱uwakaan kei nashg̱áx̱ʼ dé → the deer are getting pretty lean (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yei nashg̱áax̱ʼ | they are getting thin
• perfective (+): wushig̱áax̱ʼ | they are thin
• perfective (–): tlél wushg̱áax̱ʼ | they arenʼt thin
• future (+): yei gux̱shag̱áax̱ʼ | they will be thin
• future (–): tlél yei gux̱shag̱áax̱ʼ | they wonʼt be thin
√g̱ei (verb root) • variants: √g̱ee • shining; fancy
O-ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) fancy; prominent; conspicuous; attracting attention | for O to be fancy, prominent (esp. in appearance), conspicuous, attracting attention | kalig̱éi yá nadáakw → this is a fancy table (SN) • kalig̱éiyi ḵáax̱ sitee → heʼs a prominent man / attracts attention by his dress, ʼhigh-browʼ (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): kalig̱éi | they are fancy
• imperfective (–): tlél koolg̱é | they arenʼt fancy
• perfective (+): kawlig̱éi | they got fancy
• perfective (–): tlél kawulg̱éi | they didnʼt get fancy
• future (+): kei kagux̱lag̱éi | they will be fancy
• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱lag̱éi | they wonʼt be fancy
N + toowú + ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – impersonal – high) proud; pleased | for N to be proud of, highly pleased with | in Tlingit it is better to be proud of someone or something (add « N kaax̱ » to the preverb), otherwise it is seen as vein or boastful | ax̱ toowú klig̱éi i kaax̱ → iʼm proud of you (SN) • woosh kaax̱ has du toowú klig̱éi → they all are proud of each other (SN) • du toowú kaligéi → heʼs proud of himself / vain (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: i toowú kaklag̱éi! | be proud!
• imperfective (+): du toowú klig̱éi | they are proud
• imperfective (–): tlél du toowú | koolg̱é they arenʼt proud
• perfective (+): du toowú kawlig̱éi | they became proud
• perfective (–): tlél du toowú kawulg̱éi | they werenʼt proud
• future (+): du toowú kei kagux̱lag̱éi | they will be proud
• future (–): tlél du toowú kei kagux̱lag̱éi | they wonʼt be proud
sh tu-ka-S-d+l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) proud; conceited; particular; picky; snooty | for s to be proud (esp. of oneself), conceited; for s to be particular, picky, snooty | this verb only occurs in the imperfective • can mean "to be conceited,” but can also be used to indicate that one is proud of something or someone by inserting « N kaax̱ » (proud of n) in the preverb— . usually the N represents something or someone that the individual has a personal stake in (grandchild, friend, relative)
• imperfective (+): sh tukdlig̱éi | they are proud (conceited)
• imperfective (–): tlél sh tukoolg̱é | they arenʼt proud (conceited)
O-sha-ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) pretty; cute; beautiful | for O to be pretty, cute, beautiful | this verb typically refers to females, and « O-ya-ka-s-√.aan » (pleasant-faced) is more commonly used for males • can be used to talk about cute, and often baby animals, but not used for inanimate objects | (KE)
• imperfective (+): shaklig̱éi | she is pretty
• imperfective (–): tlél shakoolg̱é | she isnʼt pretty
• progressive imperfective: kei shakanalg̱éin | she is becoming pretty
• future (+): kei shakagux̱lag̱éi | she will be pretty
• future (–): tlél kei shakagux̱lag̱éi | she wonʼt be pretty
√g̱eiḵ ¹ (verb root) swing
N-t + O-S-l-√g̱eiḵ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) swing | for S to swing O back and forth at N | du óonayi yaa analg̱éḵ → he is swinging his rifle (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át nalg̱eeḵ! | swing them/it back and forth!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl át yoo ilag̱íḵgiḵ! | donʼt swing them/it back and forth!
• progressive imperfective: yaa analg̱íḵ | they are swinging them/it back and forth
• perfective (+): át awlig̱eeḵ | they swung them/it back and forth; they are swinging them/it back and forth
• perfective (–): tlél át awulg̱eeḵ | they didnʼt swing them/it back and forth; they are not swinging them/it back and forth
• future (+): át agux̱lag̱éeḵ | they will swing them/it back and forth
• future (–): tlél át agux̱lag̱eeḵ | they wonʼt swing them/it back and forth
N-t + O-l-√g̱eiḵ ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) swing; sway | for O to swing, sway back and forth at N | (KE)
• imperative: át inalg̱eeḵ! | swing back and forth!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl át yoo ilag̱íḵgiḵ! | donʼt swing back and forth!
• progressive imperfective: yaa nalg̱íḵ | they are swinging back and forth
• perfective (+): át wulig̱eeḵ | they swung back and forth; they are swinging back and forth
• perfective (–): tlél át wulg̱eeḵ | they didnʼt swing back and forth; they arenʼt swinging back and forth
• future (+): át gux̱lag̱éeḵ | they will swing back and forth
• future (–): tlél át gux̱lag̱eeḵ | they wonʼt swing back and forth
√g̱eiḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √g̱eeḵ • stingy
O-sh-√g̱eeḵ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) stingy; unwilling to give | for O to be stingy, unwilling to give or share much
• imperative: ikshag̱eeḵ! | be stingy!
• prohibitive: líl eeshg̱eeg̱íḵ! | donʼt be stingy!
• imperfective (+): shig̱eeḵ | they are stingy
• imperfective (–): tlél ushg̱eeḵ | they arenʼt stingy
• perfective (+): wushig̱eeḵ | they became stingy
• perfective (–): tlél wushg̱eeḵ | they didnʼt become stingy
• future (+): kei gux̱shag̱eeḵ | they will be stingy
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱shag̱eeḵ | they wonʼt be stingy
√g̱ein (verb root) • variants: √g̱een • cast eyes; look ¹
N-t⁓ + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) look ¹ | for S to look at N | áa neilt awdlig̱ín → they looked in (SN)
• imperative: át eelg̱én! | look at it!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ eelg̱einíḵ! | donʼt look at
• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa analg̱én | they are going to look at it
• perfective (+): át awdlig̱én | they looked at it
• perfective (–): tlél át awulg̱ein | they didnʼt look at it
• future (+): aadé akg̱walg̱éin | they will look at it
• future (–): tlél aadé akg̱walg̱ein | they wonʼt look at it
N-t + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) look ¹ | for S to look around, about N | woosh wooyaat has awdlig̱éen → they all looked around at each other (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át aneelg̱ein! | look around!
• prohibitive: líl át ayilg̱einíḵ! | donʼt look around!
• perfective (+): át awdlig̱ein | they looked around; they are looking around
• perfective (–): tlél át awulg̱ein | they didnʼt look around; they are not looking around
• future (+): át akg̱walg̱éin | they will look around
• future (–): tlél át akg̱walg̱ein | they wonʼt look around
√g̱eiwú (verb root) fish with net
a-S-d+s-√g̱eiwú ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fish ²; seine | for S to fish with net, seine | cháasʼ awdzig̱eiwú → he seined humpy salmon (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: aneesg̱eiwú! | seine!
• prohibitive: líl eesg̱eiwúḵ! | donʼt seine!
• imperfective (+): asg̱eiwú | they seines; they are seining
• imperfective (–): tlél oosg̱eiwú | they donʼt seine; they are not seining
• perfective (+): awdzig̱eiwú | they seined
• perfective (–): tlél awusg̱eiwú | they didnʼt seine
• future (+): akg̱wasg̱eiwú | they will seine
• future (–): tlél akg̱wasg̱eiw | they wonʼt seine
√g̱eiy (verb root) • variants: √g̱eey • dress up
sh ka-S-d+sh-√g̱eiy ˟ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – invariable) dress up | for S to dress up, smarten up, make an effort to look different | daat yís sá kwshé gé sh kawjig̱éiy? → i wonder why heʼs all dressed up? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sh keeshg̱éiy! | get dressed up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh keeshg̱éiyx̱iḵ! | donʼt get all dressed up!
• progressive imperfective: yaa sh kanashg̱éiyn | they are getting all dressed up
• perfective (+): sh kawjig̱éiy | they got all dressed up
• perfective (–): tlél sh kawushg̱éiy | they didnʼt get all dressed up
• future (+): sh kakg̱washg̱éiy | they will get all dressed up
• future (–): tlél sh kakg̱washg̱éiy | they wonʼt get all dressed up
√g̱eiyáḵw ˟ (verb root) remove | remove from shell
√g̱íx̱ʼ (verb root) creak; rub; squeak | squeak by rubbing
O-l-√g̱íx̱ʼ (na – object intransitive – ejective) rub | for O to be rubbing against something (making a grating or squeaking noise) | yaakw yán yoo lig̱íx̱ʼk → the boat is rubbing on the shore (SN)
• perfective (+): wulig̱íx̱ʼ | it rubbed against something
• perfective (–): tlél wulg̱íx̱ʼ | it didnʼt rub against something
• future (+): gux̱lag̱íx̱ʼ | it will rub against something
• future (–): tlél gux̱lag̱íx̱ʼ | it wonʼt rub against something
O-S-l-√g̱íx̱ʼ (na – transitive – ejective) rub | for S to rub O (two surfaces) together | woosht yoo lag̱éex̱ʼ! → rub them against each other!
• imperative: nalg̱íx̱ʼ! | rub it (against it)!
• perfective (+): awlig̱íx̱ʼ | they rubbed it (against it)
• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱íx̱ʼ | they didnʼt rub them together
• future (+): agux̱lag̱íx̱ʼ | they will rub it (against it)
• future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱íx̱ʼ | they wonʼt rub it (against it)
• repetitive imperfective (+): yoo alg̱íx̱ʼk | they are rubbing it (against it)
O-√g̱íx̱ʼjaa creak; squeak | for O to be creaky or squeaky | lig̱íx̱ʼjaa yá nadáakw → this table is creaky (SN)
O-sh-√g̱íx̱ʼ creak; squeak | for O to creak, squeak by producing friction | ax̱ hídi, kʼeeljáa a kát g̱axíxin, shag̱íx̱ʼch nooch → whenever a storm hits my house, it always creaks (SN) • aas sheeyxʼí woosh nashg̱íx̱ʼch → branches of the trees area creaking as they rub against each other (SN)
√g̱ee (verb root) shining; fancy
√g̱eech ¹ (verb root) pierce; prick
N-t⁓ + ÿa-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) pierce; prick; bite | for a sharp object to pierce, enter, prick N; for an animal to bite N | ḵáasʼ ax̱ tlʼèikt yawdig̱ích → a splinter went into my finger (SN) • tuháayi anax̱ yawdig̱ích → a nail pierced it (SN) • (KE) • táax’álʼ du tlʼeikt yawdig̱ích → she pricked herself (accidentally) (SN)
• perfective (+): át yawdig̱ích | it pierced it
• perfective (–): tlél át yawdag̱eech | it didnʼt pierce it
• future (+): aadé yagux̱dag̱éech | it will pierce it
• future (–): tlél aadé yagux̱dag̱eech | it wonʼt pierce it
N-dé + ÿa-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – closed) pierce; prick; bite | for a sharp object to pierce, enter, prick N; for an animal to bite N | (KE)
• perfective (+): aadé yawdig̱eech | it pierced it
• perfective (–): tlél aadé yawdag̱eech | it didnʼt pierce it
• future (+): aadé yagux̱dag̱éech | it will pierce it
• future (–): tlél aadé yagux̱dag̱eech | it wonʼt pierce it
N-t⁓ + ÿa-d+l-√g̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) pierce; prick | for (plural) sharp objects to pierce, enter, prick N | classification: plural object | (KE)
• perfective (+): át yawdlig̱ích | they all peirced it
• perfective (–): tlél át yawulg̱eech | they all didnʼt pierce it
• future (+): aadé yakg̱walg̱éech | they all will pierce it
• future (–): tlél aadé yakg̱walg̱eech | they all wonʼt pierce it
√g̱eech ² ⑴ throw ⒜ | classification: stick-like object || ⒝ | classification: plural objects one at a time || ⑵ fell tree; knock over || ⑶ open ¹; close ¹ | classification: book
O-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw O (one at a time) | classification: one at a time | x̱ʼaan ganaltáade yee gax̱dug̱éech → you all will be thrown into the fire (SN) • (JL)
• imperative: g̱ich! | throw it/them!
• imperfective (+): ag̱eech | they are throwing it/them
• perfective (+): aawag̱ích | they threw it/them
• perfective (–): tlél awug̱eech | they didnʼt throw it/them
• future (+): akg̱wag̱éech | they will throw it/them
• future (–): tlél akg̱wag̱eech | they wonʼt throw it/them
S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw (one thing at a time) | classification: one at a time | (JL)
• imperative: dag̱ich! | throw!
• imperfective (+): dag̱eech | they are throwing
• perfective (+): wudig̱ích | they threw
• perfective (–): tlél wudag̱eech | they didnʼt throw
• future (+): gux̱dag̱éech | they will throw
• future (–): tlél gux̱dag̱eech | they wonʼt throw
O-ka-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) throw; donate | for S to throw O (round object, one at a time, or contents of a container); for S to donate O (money, usually of present action) | classification: one at a time | dáanaa akag̱éech → they are donating money right now (SN) • séew akag̱éech → raindrops are falling (individually (JL)
• imperative: kag̱ich! | throw it/them!
• imperfective (+): akag̱eech | they are throwing it/them
• perfective (+): akaawag̱ích | they threw it/them
• perfective (–): tlél akawug̱eech | they didnʼt throw it/them
• future (+): akakg̱wag̱éech | they will throw it/them
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wag̱eech | they wonʼt throw it/them
O-S-l-√g̱eech ² (na – transitive – closed) fell tree | for S to fell O (a single tree) | classification: singular object | aas a yayeidi káxʼ has agux̱lag̱éech → they all are going to fell the tree onto skids (SN) • wé aas aax̱ nalg̱eech! → fell that tree off of it! (SaJ) • (JL) • tlíl sʼé yei ilag̱íchjiḵ! wé truck a x̱’anaa kaawahaa. → donʼt fell the tree yet! there is a truck in the way of it. (SaJ)
• imperative: nalg̱eech! | fell it!
• imperfective (+): alg̱eech | they are felling it
• imperfective (–): tlél oolg̱eech | they are not felling it
• perfective (+): awlig̱eech | they felled it
• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱eech | they didnʼt fell it
• future (+): agux̱lag̱éech | they will fell it
• future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱eech | they wonʼt fell it
O-S-l-√g̱eech ² (∅ – transitive – closed) fell tree; clear | for S to fell O (multiple trees or bushes, rocks); for S to clear O (bushes or trees) from an area | classification: plural objects | aas tlénxʼ has alg̱ícht → they all fell big trees (SN) • yaakwdeiyí wududlig̱ích → the beach was cleared (of rocks) for a canoe landing • wásʼ yaa ndulg̱ích → bushes are being cleared (SN) • (JL)
• imperative: lag̱ích! | fell them!
• imperfective (+): alg̱ícht | they are felling them
• perfective (+): awlig̱ích | they felled them
• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱eech | they didnʼt fell them
• future (+): agux̱lag̱éech | they will fell them
• future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱eech | they wonʼt fell them
káx̱ + O-sha-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ – transitive – closed) knock over | for S to knock over O (plural objects) | classification: plural objects, singular: O-sha-S-s-√g̱eexʼ | nadáakw káx̱ ashawlig̱ích → they knocked over the tables (SN) • (JL)
• imperative: káx̱ shalag̱ích | knock them over!
• perfective (+): káx̱ ashawlig̱ích | they knocked them over
• perfective (–): tlél káx̱ ashawulg̱eech | they didnʼt knock them over
• future (+): káx̱ ashagux̱lag̱éech | they will knock them over
• future (–): tlél káx̱ ashagux̱lag̱eech | they wonʼt knock them over
O-shu-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (na – transitive – closed) throw; turn over | for S to throw (while holding onto one end); for S to turn over O (pages); for S to leaf through a book or magazine | g̱eiwú héende shudug̱éech → sene nets are thrown in the water (SN) • xʼúxʼ yaa shunx̱ag̱ích → iʼm leafing through a book/magazine (SN) • (JL)
• imperative: shunag̱eech! | throw it while holding an end; turn the page!
• imperfective (+): ashug̱eech | they are throwing it while holding an end; they are turning pages
• perfective (+): ashoowag̱eech | they threw it while holding an end; they turned a page
• perfective (–): tlél ashug̱eech | they didnʼt throw it while holding an end; they didnʼt turn a page
• future (+): ashukg̱wag̱éech | they will throw it while holding an end; they will turn a page
• future (–): tlél ashukg̱wag̱eech | they wonʼt throw it while holding an end; they wonʼt turn a page
kát + sha-ka-S-d+l-√g̱eech ² (∅ – subject intransitive – closed) dive | for S (plural) to dive from the surface of the water | classification: singular, plural sha-S-d+∅-√x̱eech ¹ | gáaxw kát shakawdlig̱ích → the ducks dove (SN) • (JL)
• imperative: kát shakalg̱ích! | dive!
• perfective (+): shakawdlig̱ích | they dove
• perfective (–): tlél shakawulg̱eech | they didnʼt dive
• future (+): kát shakakg̱walg̱éech | they will dive
• future (–): tlél shakakg̱walg̱eech | they wonʼt dive
√g̱eel (verb root) dull
ÿa-d+∅-√g̱éel (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) blunt; dull | for an edge to be blunt, dull | ;ítaa yawdig̱íl → the knife is dull/blunt (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa yandag̱íl | itʼs getting dull
• perfective (+): yawdig̱íl | itʼs dull
• perfective (–): tlél yawdag̱éel | it isnʼt dull
• future (+): yagux̱dag̱éel | it will get dull
• future (–): tlél yagux̱dag̱éel | it wonʼt get dull
√g̱eelʼ (verb root) sharpen; grind; rub; polish
O-ka-S-sh-√g̱éelʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) polish | for S to polish O | nadáakw kagax̱tushagéelʼ → weʼre going to polish the table (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kashag̱ílʼ! | polish it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keeshag̱ílʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt polish it!
• imperfective (+): akshag̱ílʼx̱ | they are polishing it
• imperfective (–): tlél akooshg̱ílʼx̱ | they arenʼt polishing it
• perfective (+): akawshig̱ílʼ | they polished it
• perfective (–): tlél akawushg̱éelʼ | they didnʼt polish it
• future (+): akagux̱shag̱éelʼ | they will polish it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱shag̱éelʼ | they wonʼt polish it
O-ÿa-S-∅-√g̱éelʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) sharpen | for S to sharpen O (with a grindstone) | ḵaashaxáshaa yax̱waag̱ílʼ → i sharpened the scissors on a grindstone (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yag̱ílʼ! | sharpen it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yeeg̱ílʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt sharpen it!
• imperfective (+): ayag̱éelʼ | they are sharpening it
• perfective (+): ayaawag̱ílʼ | they sharpened it
• perfective (–): tlél ayawug̱éelʼ | they didnʼt sharpen it
• future (+): ayakg̱wag̱éelʼ | they will sharpen it
• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wag̱éelʼ | they wonʼt sharpen it
√g̱eet ¹ (verb root) squall; storm
a-∅-√g̱éet ¹ ˟ (na event verb – impersonal – invariable) precipitate; rain; hail; snow ² | for rain, hail, snow to fall (often hard, in dark rainstorm) | aatlein séew haa kaadé akg̱wag̱éet → itʼs really going to rain on us (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): aawag̱éet | itʼs raining; it rained
• perfective (–): tlél awug̱éet | itʼs not raining
• future (+): akg̱wag̱éet | it will rain
• future (–): tlél akg̱wag̱éet | it wonʼt rain
√g̱eet ² (verb root) dark
ḵu-ka-d+sh-√g̱éet ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) dark | for the sky to be dark | without the « ḵu- » prefix, this verb can also refer to darkness of a room, as in « kawjig̱ít » "itʼs dark" | yánde yaa kanashg̱ít → itʼs getting dark (on the verge of being dark, with no moon, etc.) (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa ḵukanashg̱ít | itʼs getting dark
• perfective (+): ḵukawjig̱ít | itʼs dark
• perfective (–): tlél ḵukawushg̱éet | it isnʼt dark
• future (+): ḵukakg̱washg̱éet | it will get dark
• future (–): tlél ḵukakg̱washg̱éet | it wonʼt get dark
√g̱eexʼ (verb root) ⑴ throw | classification: singular inanimate object || ⑵ donate
ḵut + O-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (ga motion verb – transitive – ejective) lose | for S to lose O | classification: singular inanimate object | this verb can be used figuratively to refer to losing oneʼs mind or health | du yaagú ḵut aawag̱éexʼ → he lost his boat (as in a wreck) (SN) • ax̱ shát ax̱ yéi jineiyí kaax̱ ḵut x̱waag̱éexʼ → on account of my working so hard I lost my wife (she died because i didnʼt have time to care for her) (SN) • (KE) • at gutúxʼ ax̱ lítayí ḵut x̱waag̱éexʼ → i lost my knife in the woods (SN)
• imperative: ḵut gag̱éexʼ! | lose it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ḵut kei eeg̱íxʼjiḵ! | donʼt lose it!
• progressive imperfective: ḵut kei anag̱íxʼ | they are losing it
• perfective (+): ḵut aawag̱éexʼ | they lost it
• perfective (–): tlél ḵut awug̱éexʼ | they didnʼt lose it
• future (+): ḵut kei akg̱wag̱éexʼ | they will lose it
• future (–): tlél ḵut kei akg̱wag̱éexʼ | they wonʼt lose it
O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (na event verb – transitive – ejective) donate; load; shoot; throw | for S to donate O (esp. money); for S to load O (gun), put bullet in; for S to shoot O (basketball); for S to throw O (ball) | classification: spherical or round object | to include the recipient of the donation in the sentence, use « du jeet » "to them" in the preverb as in « du jeet akaawag̱éexʼ » "they donated it to them" • if the recipient is an organization, you would use « a kagéi yís » "to it", replacing the « a » with the name of the organization, as in « wé salvation army kagéi yís akaawag̱éexʼ » "they donated it to the salvation army" • to give the meaning "load (a gun)", use « a tóo », as in « a tóo akaawag̱éexʼ » "they loaded it" | dáanaa yaa kandug̱íxʼ yá Hall yayís → they all are donating money for the Hall (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kanag̱éexʼ! | donate it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keeg̱íxʼgiḵ! | donʼt donate it!
• perfective (+): akaawag̱éexʼ | they donated it
• perfective (–): tlél akawug̱éexʼ | they didnʼt donate it
• future (+): akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | they will donate it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | they wonʼt donate it
kei + O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – ejective) throw | for S to throw O (esp. ball) up in the air | classification: spherical or round object | koochʼéitʼaa kei akaawagíxʼ → he threw the bal! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kei kag̱éexʼ! | throw it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei keeg̱íxʼjiḵ! | donʼt throw it!
• perfective (+): kei akaawag̱íxʼ | they threw it
• perfective (–): tlél kei akawug̱éexʼ | they didnʼt throw it
• future (+): kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | they will throw it
• future (–): tlél kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | they wonʼt throw it
ka-S-d+∅-√g̱éexʼ (na event verb – subject intransitive – ejective) donate; contribute | for S to donate, contribute | (KE)
• imperative: kanidag̱éexʼ! | contribute!
• prohibitive: líl kaydag̱éexʼiḵ! | donʼt contribute!
• progressive imperfective: yaa kandag̱íxʼ | they are contributing
• perfective (+): kawdig̱éexʼ | they contributed
• perfective (–): tlél kawdag̱éexʼ | they didnʼt contribute
• future (+): kagux̱dag̱éexʼ | they will contribute
• future (–): tlél kagux̱dag̱éexʼ | they wonʼt contribute
N-t⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√g̱éexʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – ejective) donate; contribute; add to | for S to donate, contribute, add to N | (KE)
• imperative: át keedag̱íxʼ! | contribute to it!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ keedag̱éexʼiḵ! | donʼt contribute to it!
• perfective (+): át kawdig̱íxʼ | they contributed to it
• perfective (–): tlél át kawdag̱éexʼ | they didnʼt contribute to it
• future (+): aadé kagux̱dag̱éexʼ | they will contribute to it
• future (–): tlél aadé kagux̱dag̱éexʼ | they wonʼt contribute to it
ḵut + O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (ga motion verb – transitive – ejective) lose | for S to lose O (round, spherical object) | classification: spherical or round object | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ḵut kei keeg̱íxʼjiḵ! | donʼt lose it!
• perfective (+): ḵut akaawag̱éexʼ | they lost it
• perfective (–): tlél ḵut akawug̱éexʼ | they didnʼt lose it
• future (+): ḵut kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | they will lose it
• future (–): tlél ḵut kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | they wonʼt lose it
√g̱oo (verb root) wipe; mop
O-S-l-O-S-l-√g̱oo (g̱a act verb – transitive – open) wipe; mop | for S to wipe, mop, clean O by wiping | sʼísaa teen aax̱ x̱walig̱oo → i wiped it off with a cloth (SN) • tʼáa ká yei analg̱wéin → heʼs wiping the floor (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: g̱alg̱ú! | wipe it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei ilag̱wéijuḵ! | donʼt wipe it!
• imperfective (+): alg̱éikw | they wipes it; they are wiping it
• imperfective (–): tlél oolg̱éikw | they donʼt wipe it; they arenʼt wiping it
• perfective (+): awlig̱oo | they wiped it
• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱oo | they didnʼt wipe it
• future (+): yei agux̱lag̱óo | they will wipe it
• future (–): tlél yei agux̱lag̱oo | they wonʼt wipe it
√g̱ook (verb root) clutch; squeeze
O-ka-S-∅-√g̱ook (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) clutch; hold | for S to clutch, hold tightly onto O
• imperative: kag̱úk! | clutch it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keeg̱úkx̱uḵ! | donʼt clutch it!
• perfective (+): akaawag̱úk | they are clutching it
• perfective (–): tlél akawug̱ook | they arenʼt clutching it
• future (+): akakg̱wag̱óok | they will clutch it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wag̱ook | they wonʼt clutch it
√g̱ootl (verb root) mash; squeeze
O-ka-S-∅-√g̱ootl (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) mash; squeeze | for S to mash O by squeezing in the hand; for S to squeeze O tightly | tléiḵw akaawag̱útl → he mashed the berries (with his hand) (SN) • dei kawdig̱útl → theyʼre already mashed (SN) • xóots ash kaawag̱últl → a brown bear squeezed him (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kag̱útl! | mash it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keeg̱útlx̱iḵ! | donʼt mash it!
• imperfective (+): akag̱útlx̱ | they are mashing it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoog̱útlx̱ | they arenʼt mashing it
• perfective (+): akaawag̱útl | they mashed it
• perfective (–): tlél akawug̱ootl | they didnʼt mash it
• future (+): akakg̱wag̱óotl | they will mash it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wag̱ootl | they wonʼt mash it
√g̱waatʼ ¹ (verb root) crawl | crawl on hands and knees
{na preverb} + S-d+∅-√g̱wáatʼ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – ejective) crawl | for S (esp. child) to crawl on hands and knees | yaa ndag̱wátʼ → heʼs crawling along on hands and knees (SN)
• imperative: {na preverb} nidag̱wáatʼ! | crawl {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yidag̱wáatʼiḵ! | donʼt crawl {____}!
• perfective (+): {na preverb} wudig̱wáatʼ | they are crawling {____}; they crawled {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wudag̱wáatʼ | they didnʼt crawl {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} gux̱dag̱wáatʼ | they will crawl {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱dag̱wáatʼ | they wonʼt crawl {____}
{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√g̱wáatʼ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – ejective) crawl | for S (esp. child) to crawl on hands and knees | g̱unayéi wdig̱wátʼ → heʼs starting to crawl (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} idag̱wáatʼ! | crawl {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} idag̱wátʼjiḵ! | donʼt crawl {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} nadag̱wátʼ | they are crawling {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} | wudig̱wátʼ they crawled {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wudag̱wáatʼ | they didnʼt crawl {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} gux̱dag̱wáatʼ | they will crawl {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gux̱dag̱wáatʼ | they wonʼt crawl {____}
√g̱waatʼ ² (verb root) close ¹ | close up completely
√haa ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | move many small parts
O-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (na act verb – transitive – open) plant ² | for S to plant O | chʼáakw anahoo kadoohéix̱in → long ago they all used to plant rutabaga (SN) • kʼúntsʼ kagax̱tooháa → weʼre going to plant potatoes (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kanahá! | plant it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keehéix̱iḵ! | donʼt plant it!
• imperfective (+): akahéix̱ | they plants it; they are planting it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoohéix̱ | they donʼt plant it; they are not planting it
• perfective (+): akaawahaa | they planted it
• perfective (–): tlél akawuhaa | they didnʼt plant it
• future (+): akakg̱waháa | they will plant it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt plant it
a-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) garden ¹; dig | for S to garden, dig | gáalʼ akaháa → heʼs digging up clams • (KE)
• imperative: akanahá! | garden!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl akeehéix̱iḵ! | donʼt garden!
• imperfective (+): akahéix̱ | they gardens
• imperfective (–): tlél akoohéix̱ | they donʼt garden
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanahéix̱ | they are gardening along
• perfective (+): akaawahaa | they gardened
• perfective (–): tlél akawuhaa | they didnʼt garden
• future (+): akakg̱waháa | they will garden
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt garden
kei + O-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) dig up | for S to dig O up | yeist ḵuwuhaayí, kʼúntsʼ kei kduhéich → when it comes fall time, they all dig up the potatoes (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kei kahá! | dig it up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei keeháayjiḵ! | donʼt dig it up!
• progressive imperfective: kei akanahéin | they are digging it up
• perfective (+): kei akaawaháa | they dug it up
• perfective (–): tlél kei akawuhá | they didnʼt dig it up
• future (+): kei akakg̱waháa | they will dig it up
• future (–): tlél kei akakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt dig it up
O-ÿa-S-s-√haa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) gather up; pick up; take up | for S to gather up, pick up, take up O | aax̱ has ayawsiháa ldakát yá ḵaa x̱ʼéitx̱ ḵoowdi.oowú aa → they all gathered up all the pieces left over (SN) • kooxéedaa aax̱ yaksahá → gather up all the pencils! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yasaháa! | gather it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yeesahéix̱iḵ! | donʼt gather it!
• imperfective (+): ayasahéix̱ | they are gathering it
• imperfective (–): tlél ayoos.heix̱ | they arenʼt gathering it
• perfective (+): ayawsiháa | they gathered it
• perfective (–): tlél ayawus.há | they didnʼt gather it
• future (+): ayagux̱saháa | they will gather it
• future (–): tlél ayagux̱sahaa | they wonʼt gather it
√haa ² (verb root) many; numerous
N-t⁓ + O-ÿa-d+∅-√haa ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – open) move ²; come around; crowd ¹ | for O to move in, come around, crowd at N (of large numbers, esp. people, birds) | táakw eetíxʼ shoox̱ʼ kaax̱ yadahaa → in spring the robins move in / come around (SN)
• prohibitive: tlél áx̱ yeedahaaḵ! | donʼt you all crowd there!
• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa s yandahéin | they all are crowding the place; they all are getting crowded there
• perfective (+): át has yawdiháa | they all crowded the place; they all are crowded there
• perfective (–): tlél át has yawdahá | they all didnʼt crowd the place; they all arenʼt crowded there
• future (+): aadé has yagux̱daháa | they all will crowd the place; they all will be crowded there
• future (–): tlél aadé has yagux̱dahaa | they all wonʼt crowd the place; they all wonʼt be crowded there
O-sha-ÿa-d+∅-√haa ʰ ² (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) many; plenty; lots | for O to be many, plenty, lots | tléiḵw shayadihéin → there are lots of berries (SN) • haa shayagux̱daháa → there are going to be many of us (that is, my grandchildren are becoming numerous) (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): shayadihéin | there are a lot
• imperfective (–): tlél shawoodahéin | there arenʼt a lot
• progressive imperfective: yaa s shayandahéin | there are getting to be a lot
• perfective (+): shayawdihaa | there got to be a lot
• perfective (–): tlél shayawdahaa | there werenʼt a lot
• future (+): shayagux̱daháa | there will be a lot
• future (–): tlél shayagux̱dahaa | there wonʼt be a lot
O-sha-ÿa-l-√haa ʰ ² (na state verb – transitive – fading) many; add to | for S to have many, plenty, lots of O; for O to add to the amount of O | xʼáaxʼ shayanalhá! → add more apples (to those already in the dish)! • ax̱ aatch shayawkihaa → my paternal aunt added more • at la.át ashayalihéin → they have many pieces of baggage • tlél naa.át ashawoolhéin → they donʼt have many clothes
• imperative: shayanalhá! | add to it!
• imperfective (+): ashayalihéin | they have lots of it; they are adding to it
• imperfective (–): tlél ashawoolhéin | they donʼt have many of it; they are not adding to it
• progressive imperfective: yaa ashayanalhéin | there are getting to be a lot; they are starting to add to it
• perfective (+): ashayawlihaa | they came to have a lot of it; they added to it
• perfective (–): tlél ashayawulhaa | there didnʼt have a lot of it; they didnʼt add to it
• future (+): ashayagux̱laháa | they will have a lot of it; they will add to it
• future (–): tlél ashayagux̱lahaa | there wonʼt have a lot of it; they wonʼt contribute to it
√haa ³ (verb root) move ¹; invisible | move imperceptably; move invisibly
N + jee-t⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√haa ³ give; get | for S to give O to N; for S to get O for N
• imperfective (+): du jeet kahá! | give it to them!
• progressive imperfective: du jeedé yaa akanahéin | they are giving it to them
• perfective (+): du jeet akaawaháa | they gave it to them
• perfective (–): tlél du jeet akawuhá | they didnʼt give it to them
• future (+): du jeedé akakg̱waháa | they will give it to them
• future (–): tlél du jeedé akakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt give it to them
N + ée-t⁓ + ∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) hungry | for N to be hungry | replace « yaan » with the examples listed below to change from "hungry" to the listed definition ( du éet shakux uwaháa | they are thirsty) | tléil x̱áax̱ yaan oohaa → i donʼt get hungry (SN) • (KE)
• shakux | thirsty
• luk | wants coffee
• yataa- | sleepy
• at | wants sex
• luxʼ | wants to pee
• lʼílʼ | wants to poop
• hasʼ | has to vomit
• perfective (+): du éet yaan uwaháa | they are hungry
• perfective (–): tlél du éet yaan wuhá | they arenʼt hungry
• future (+): du éede yaan gug̱waháa | they will be hungry
• future (–): tlél du éede yaan gug̱wahaa | they wonʼt be hungry
N + ée-t⁓ + yaan + O-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) hungry | for S to make N hungry | tléil daa sá du éex̱ yaan oos.haa → nothing makes him hungry (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (–): tlél du éet yaan awus.há | they didnʼt make them hungry
• future (+): du éede yaan agux̱saháa | they will make them hungry
• future (–): tlél du éede yaan agux̱sahaa | they wonʼt make them hungry
N-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) time for; arrive | for the time to come for N | táakwde yaa ḵunahéin → winter is coming (SN) • aadé yaa ḵugahéich yá aag̱áa adusg̱eiwú yé → the time will be coming round when they all go seining (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa ḵunahéin | itʼs getting to be time for it
• perfective (+): át ḵuwaháa | itʼs time for it
• perfective (+): du éet yaan awsiháa | they made them hungry
• perfective (–): tlél át ḵuwuhá | itʼs not time for it
• future (+): aadé ḵukg̱waháa | there will come a time for it
• future (–): tlél aadé ḵukg̱wahaa | it wonʼt be time for it
N + ée-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) turn ²; have a turn | for N to have a turn | du éet áwé ḵuwaháa → itʼs his turn (SN) • ax̱ eedé tsá ḵukg̱waháa → my turn will come some time (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: du eedé yaa ḵunahéin | their turn is coming up
• perfective (+): du éet ḵuwaháa | itʼs their turn
• perfective (–): tlél du éet ḵuwuhá | they didnʼt get a turn
• future (+): du eedé ḵukg̱waháa | they will get a turn
• future (–): tlél du eedé ḵukg̱wahaa | they wonʼt get a turn
N + daatx̱ + ḵu-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) polish; rub | for S to polish N; for S to rub N until shiny | ax̱ téeli daadáx̱ ḵukakḵwasaháa → iʼm going to polish my shoes (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a daatx̱ ḵukanas.há! | polish it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a daatx̱ ḵukeesahéix̱iḵ! | donʼt polish it!
• imperfective (+): a daatx̱ ḵuksahéix̱ | they are polishing it
• imperfective (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵukoos.héix̱ | they arenʼt polishing it
• perfective (+): a daatx̱ ḵukawsihaa | they polished it
• perfective (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵukawus.haa | they didnʼt polish it
• future (+): a daatx̱ ḵukagux̱saháa | they will polish it
• future (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵukagux̱sahaa | they wonʼt polish it
N + káa + daak + sa-∅-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) remember | for O to remember N | tlél i káa daak x̱at sawuhá → i didnʼt remember you (SN) • a káa daak has seiwaháa, yá aadé yaawaḵaayi yé → they all remebered the way they said it (SN) •
• imperative: a káa daak isahá! | remember it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a káa daak isahéijiḵ! | don't remember it!
• perfective (+): a káa daak seiwaháa | they remembered it
• perfective (–): tlél a káa daak sawuhaa | they didnʼt remember it
• future (+): a káa daak sakg̱wháa | they will remember it
• future (–): tlél a káa daak sakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt remember it
N + káa + daak + sa-S-l-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) remind | for S to remind O about N | a káxʼ ágé daak has sayliháa? → did you remind them all? (SN) • atx̱á haat yéi ḵasaneet, a káa daak x̱at sawliháa → he reminded me to fetch the food (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a káa daak salahá! | remind them about it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a káa daak seelahéijiḵ! | donʼt remind them about it!
• perfective (+): a káa daak asawliháa | they reminded them about it
• perfective (–): tlél a káa daak asawulhá | they didnʼt remind them about it
• future (+): a káa daak asagux̱laháa | they will remind them about it
• future (–): tlél a káa daak asagux̱lahaa | they wonʼt remind them about it
sh + tóo + a-sha-S-d+l-√háa ˟ ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) injure | for S to injure oneself | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh tóo asheelhéix̱iḵ! | donʼt injure yourself!
• perfective (+): sh tóo ashawdliháa | they injured themself
• perfective (–): tlél sh tóo ashawulháa | they didnʼt injure themself
• future (+): sh tóo ashakg̱walháa | they will injure themself
• future (–): tlél sh tóo ashakg̱walháa | they wonʼt injure themself
tlél + ga-u-∅-√háa ³ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal obvious; visible | for something to be obvious, clearly visible | this verb is unique in that it requires the conjugation prefix (ga-) in all modes and only occurs in the negative • the negative imperfective tlél gooháa "itʼs obvious" is the most common form, although the negative future has also been documented | tléil i eedé gooháa i ḵusteeyí → it can be seen what kind of life you live (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (–): tlél gooháa | itʼs obvious
• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱waháa | it will be obvious
N-dáx̱ + O-S-s-√haa ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) erase | for S to erase O off of N; for S to rub O off of N; for S to make off with O from N (withouth them knowing) | (BC, JL)
• imperative: aax̱ nas.há! | erase it!
• prohibitive: líl aax̱ ees.héix̱iḵ! | donʼt erase it!
• imperfective (+): aax̱ as.héitʼ | they are erasing it
• perfective (+): aax̱ awsihaa | they erased it
• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ awus.haa | they didnʼt erase it
• future (+): aax̱ agux̱saháa | they will erase it
• future (–): aax̱ agux̱sahaa | they wonʼt erase it
√haa ⁴ (verb root) want; willing
(yéi) + O-sa-S-∅-√haa ⁴ (na state verb – transitive – open) want; decided; agree | for S to want O (a certain way); for S to be decided about O; for S to agree to O | this verb requires either an adverb of manner (such as yéi "that way" or wáa sá "how") or a postpositional phrase (often -dé as in i jeedé)—two examples are « wáa sá asaawahaa? » "how does she want it?” & « i jeedé sax̱waahaa » "i want you to have it." | sax̱wdihaa → i was ready (to be killed as a clan representative, to atone for death of an equal on the opposite side) (SN) • yá xʼúxʼ i jeedé sax̱waahaa → i want to give you this book (i intend that you shall have it) (SN) • aadóoch sá sax̱aheiyí, kei jeeylatsóow! → whoever wishes for this (that is, approves of what is being put forward), raise your hand! (SN) • ḵúx̱de sax̱aahéi ax̱ shát → i want my wife back (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): (yéi) asayahéi | they wants it (that way)
• perfective (+): (yéi) asaawahaa | they wanted it (that way)
• perfective (–): tlél (yéi) asawuhaa | they didnʼt want it (that way)
• future (+): (yéi) asakg̱wahaa | they will want it (that way)
• future (–): tlél (yéi) asakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt want it (that way)
N + géi⁓ + O-ka-S-s-√haa ⁴ (∅ state verb – transitive – open) accuse; blame | for S to accuse, blame N | anax̱ ḵwáakt has ax̱ʼakg̱wawáasʼi át át áyá, du géide has akax̱sahaat géi-dei + ka-si-haa) has 3!'akwgaawáas'ee át ayá, doo géi-dei has → they-(p) said this to trap them, so that they-(p) could accuse them (SN)
√haa ⁵ (verb root) fight
ḵu-S-l-√haa ⁵ (ga – subject intransitive – open) fight; wrestle | for S to fight hand to hand (with N); for S to wrestle, box (with N) | with the intent to do bodily harm | (JL)
• perfective (+): ḵuwlihaa | they put up a fight
√haach (verb root) tingle; paralyzed
√haachʼ (verb root) shameful
O-ka-l-√háachʼ (ga state verb – object intransitive – ejective) shameful | for O to be a shameful thing | (GD, KE) • kaliháachʼi átx̱ sitee → itʼs a deeply shameful thing (SN)
• imperfective (+): kaliháachʼ | they are shameful
• imperfective (–): tlél koolháachʼ | they are not shameful
• perfective (+): kawliháachʼ | they were shameful
• perfective (–): tlél kawulháachʼ | they werenʼt shameful
• future (+): kei kagux̱laháachʼ | they will be shameful
• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱laháachʼ | they wonʼt be shameful
sh ka-S-d+l-√háachʼ (na state verb – subject intransitive – ejective) shame; embarrass | for S to shame, embarrass themself | (KE)
• prohibitive: líl sh kayilháachʼiḵ! | donʼt shame yourself!
• imperfective (+): sh kadliháachʼ | they are shaming themself
• imperfective (–): tlél sh koolháachʼ | they are not shaming themself
• perfective (+): sh kawdliháachʼ | they shamed themself
• perfective (–): tlél sh kawulháachʼ | they didnʼt shame themself
• future (+): sh kakg̱walháachʼ | they will shame themself
• future (–): tlél sh kakg̱walháachʼ | they wonʼt shame themself
√haakw ¹ (verb root) suspicious
√haakw ² (verb root) rally; encourage | rally round
√haan ¹ (verb root) stand; rise | classification: singular | singular form: √naaḵ ¹
S-∅-√hán ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – invariable) stand | for (singular) S to be standing | classification: singular | ḵaa x̱oot hán → heʼs standing among the people (SN)
• prohibitive: líl eehániḵ! | donʼt be standing!
• imperfective (+): hán | they are standing
yan⁓ + S-∅-√haan ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stand | for (singular) S to keep standing; for (singular) S to stand firm | classification: singular | x̱ʼaháat x̱ánt yánde kḵwaháan → iʼm going to stand near the door (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yan hán! | keep standing!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ eehaaníḵ! | donʼt keep standing!
• perfective (+): yan uwahán | they kept standing
• perfective (–): tlél yan wuhaan | they didnʼt keep standing
• future (+): yánde kg̱waháan | they will stay standing
• future (–): tlél yánde kg̱wahaan | they wonʼt stay standing
S-d+∅-√haan ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – closed) stand; rise | for (singular) S to stand up, rise | classification: singular | chʼa hú kei dahánch → they stands up by themself (said of baby or convalescent) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: gidaan! / gidahaan! | stand up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei idahánjiḵ! | donʼt stand up!
• progressive imperfective: kei ndahán | they are standing up
• perfective (+): wudihaan | they stood up
• perfective (–): tlél wudahaan | they didnʼt stand up
• future (+): kei gux̱daháan | they will stand up
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱dahaan | they wonʼt stand up
(N + náḵ) + a-ÿa-S-d+∅-√haan ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) flee; run ¹; turn back | S to flee, run, turn back ( from N) | classification: singular | ax̱ náḵ ayawdihaan → he fled from me (SN) • xóots tóo tuyík x̱waanúk; a náḵ ayax̱wdihaan → i became conscious of a bear, so i turned back from it (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a náḵ ayeendahaan! | flee from it!
• progressive imperfective: a náḵ yaa ayandahán | they are fleeing from it
• perfective (+): a náḵ ayawdihaan | they fled from it
• perfective (–): tlél a náḵ ayawdahaan | they didnʼt flee from it
• future (+): a náḵ ayagux̱daháan | they will flee from it
• future (–): tlél a náḵ ayagux̱dahaan | they wonʼt flee from it
√haan ² (verb root) cut ¹; fringe | cut strips; cut fringe
√haasʼ (verb root) nauseated; vomit
O-∅-√háasʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective) vomit | for O to vomit | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ihásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt vomit!
• perfective (+): uwahásʼ | they are vomiting; they vomited
• perfective (–): tlél wuháasʼ | they are not vomiting; they didnʼt vomit
• future (+): gug̱aháasʼ | they will vomit
• future (–): tlél gug̱aháasʼ | they wonʼt vomit
√haash (verb root) drift ¹; float ¹
{∅ preverb} + O-l-√haash (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift | kux̱dé yaa nalhásh → heʼs drifting back (SN) • yakʼéiyi aa lʼéiwnáx̱ yan woolihásh → it drifted to a good sandy beach (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa nalhásh | they are drifting {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wulihásh | they drifted {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wulhaash | they didnʼt drift {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} gux̱laháash | they will drift {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gux̱lahaash | they wonʼt drift {____}
daak + O-l-√haash (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift out to sea
• imperfective (+): daak nalhásh | they are starting to drift out
• perfective (+): daak wulihásh | they drifted out; they are drifting out
• perfective (–): tlél daak wulhaash | they didnʼt drift out
• future (+): daak gux̱laháash | they will drift out
• future (–): tlél daak gux̱lahaash | they wonʼt drift out
{na preverb} + O-l-√haash (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift | (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} inalhaash! | float {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} iwulhaashíḵ! | donʼt float {____}!
• perfective (+): {na preverb} wulihaash | they are floating {____}; it floated {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wulhaash | they arenʼt floating {____}; they didnʼt float {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} gux̱laháash | they will float {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱lahaash | they wonʼt float {____}
√haat ¹ (verb root) carry; lug | classification: heavy object | usually with arms straight and sharing load with another
√haat ² (verb root) cover ¹; enclose; herd
√haatlʼ (verb root) soil ²; mess
O-daa-d+∅-√háatlʼ (∅ – object intransitive – high) soil ²; mess | for O to be covered with excrement, rust, dirt
• perfective (+): daawdihátlʼ | they are covered with excrement, rust, dirt; it is covered with excrement, rust, dirt
√hélʼk (verb root) clumsy
tlél + O-ka-u-∅-√hélʼk ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) weak; helpless | for O to be weak, helpless | this verb only appears in negative forms • note that adding the thematic prefix: x̱ʼa- to this theme renders the meaning "weak in speech” • the following examples are from JL: « tlél yoo x̱ʼakeeḵéigiḵ, tlél x̱ʼakoohélʼk » "donʼt ask him to speak, heʼs weak in speech” • « ḵúnáx̱ áwé hú tlél x̱ʼakoohélʼk » "she canʼt control her mouth (weak mouth, uses foul language)" | tlél ikoohélʼk → you are a weakling (JL) • (KE)
• imperfective (–): tlél koohélʼk | they are weak
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél kei koonahélʼk | they are getting weak
• perfective (–): tlél kawuhélʼk | they became weak
• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱wahélʼk | they will be weak
√heik ¹ (verb root) moan
√heik ² (verb root) • variants: √heek ² • hyperactive | move in hyperactive manner; jump hyperactively
√hein (verb root) own; claim
O-S-∅-√héin ˟ (na state verb – transitive – invariable) own; claim | for S to own, claim o (esp. clan property) | déix̱ aan áyá tuwahéin → we claim two towns (SN) • akg̱wahéin tlʼátk → the land they all were going to claim (that is, the Promised Land) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nahéin! | claim it!
• prohibitive: líl eehéiniḵ! | donʼt claim it!
• imperfective (+): ayahéin | they claims it
• imperfective (–): tlél oohéin | they donʼt claim it
• perfective (+): aawahéin | they claimed it
• perfective (–): tlél awuhéin | they didnʼt claim it
• future (+): akg̱wahéin | they will claim it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wahéin | they wonʼt claim it
woosh + teen + O-S-d+∅- √héin ˟ (na – transitive – invariable) share; have in common | for S (plural) to share O; for S (plural) to have O in common | classification: plural subject | ldakát has du ádi woosh teen has oodihéin → they all share everything (that is, claim everything together) (SN)
• imperative: woosh teen naydahéin! | you all share it!
• prohibitive: líl woosh teen yidahéiniḵ! | you all donʼt share it!
• imperfective (+): woosh teen has adahéin | they all share it
• imperfective (–): tlél woosh teen has oodahéin | they all donʼt share it
• perfective (+): woosh teen has awdahéin | they all shared it
• perfective (–): tlél woosh teen has awdahéin | they all didnʼt share it
• future (+): woosh teen has akg̱wadahéin | they all will share it
• future (–): tlél woosh teen has akg̱wadahéin | they all wonʼt share it
√heish (verb root) disgraceful
√héix̱waa (verb root) magic; charm; perform rites
O-S-∅-√héix̱waa ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) magic; charm; perform rites | for S to make magic, perform rites on O to bring desirable results in nature or give youngsters power and confidence | could involve ceremonies to ensure plentiful fish runs, and could also be things like tying pinecones to a babyʼs hands to make sure they all are good with them allʼs hands later, or to restore good weather • could be performed by people with knowledge of the ceremony and not only an íx̱tʼ | x̱áat héeni duhéix̱waayín; ách áwé x̱áat shayandaheijín → they all used to make magic at the salmon streams (perform rites such as returning salmon eggs and milt to the stream); thatʼs why the salmon used to be plentiful (SN) • gax̱duhéix̱waa → they all are going to make magic (pass someone through the fire for offending ʼthe worldʼ, and so restore good weather) (SN)
• imperative: nahéix̱waa! | perform rites on them!
• imperfective (+): ahéix̱waa | they performs rites on them; they are performing rites on them
• imperfective (–): tlél oohéix̱waa | they donʼt perform rites on them; they arenʼt performing rites on them
• perfective (+): aawahéix̱waa | they performed rites on them
• perfective (–): tlél awuhéix̱waa | they didnʼt perform rites on them
• future (+): akg̱wahéix̱waa | they will perform rites on them
• future (–): tlél akg̱wahéix̱waa | they wonʼt perform rites on them
√hee ¹ (verb root) pay | pay a medicine person
√hee ² (verb root) nasty
√heech (verb root) watch ¹; accuse | watch covertly
√heek (verb root) full; fill | classification: solids or abstracts
O-sha-∅-√heek (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) filled; full | for O to be filled, be full (general and abstract) | classification: solids or abstracts | wé ḵóok shakg̱wahéek → that box will be filled up (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa shanahík | they are getting full
• perfective (+): shaawahík | they are full
• perfective (–): tlél shawuheek | they arenʼt full
• future (+): shakg̱wahéek | they will get full
• future (–): tlél shakg̱waheek | they wonʼt get full
O-sha-S-l-√heek (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) fill | for S to fill O (with solids or abstracts) | classification: solids or abstracts | haa yaagú shawtulihík → we fillled our boat (SN) • yan ashawlihík wé yakyee → he filled the day (with what he was doing) (SN) • keitlch shawlihík yá aan → this town is full of dogs (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: shalahík! | fill it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sheelahíkx̱iḵ! | donʼt fill it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa ashanalhík | they are filling it
• perfective (+): ashawlihík | they filled it
• perfective (–): tlél ashawulheek | they didnʼt fill it
• future (+): ashagux̱lahéek | they will fill it
• future (–): tlél ashagux̱laheek | they wonʼt fill it
yan⁓ + O-sha-S-l-√heek (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) finish; complete | for S to finish, complete O | (KE)
• imperative: yan shalahík! | finish it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yan sheelahíkx̱iḵ! | donʼt finish it!
• perfective (+): yan ashawlihík | they finished it
• perfective (–): tlél yan ashawulheek | they didnʼt finish it
• future (+): yánde ashagux̱lahéek | they will finish it
• future (–): tlél yánde ashagux̱laheek | they wonʼt finish it
√heen ¹ (verb root) believe; trust
N + éekʼ + a-S-∅-√heen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) believe; trust; believe in | for S to believe, trust, believe in N | tléil ákʼ ayeeheen ax̱ yoo x̱ʼatángi → you do not believe my words (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du éekʼ agaheen! | believe them!
• prohibitive: líl du éekʼ eeheeníḵ! | donʼt believe them!
• imperfective (+): du éekʼ ayaheen | they believes them
• imperfective (–): tlél du éekʼ ooheen | they donʼt believe them
• perfective (+): du éekʼ aawaheen | they believed them
• perfective (–): tlél du éekʼ awuheen | they didnʼt believe them
• future (+): du éekʼ kei akg̱waheen | they will believe him
• future (–): tlél du éekʼ kei akg̱waheen | they wonʼt believe him
sh + tóokʼ + a-S-d+∅-√heen ¹ ˟ (na state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) trust self; confidence in self | for S to trust oneself, have confidence in oneself | tlél tlax̱ sh tóokʼ oox̱daheen → i donʼt ever trust myself (SN) • tlax̱ a yáanáx̱ sh tóokʼ adiheen → he has more confidence in himself than in anybody (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sh tóokʼ anidaheen! | have confidence in yourself!
• imperfective (+): sh tóokʼ adiheen | they have confidence in themself
• imperfective (–): tlél sh tóokʼ oodaheen | they donʼt have confidence in themself
• perfective (+): sh tóokʼ awdiheen | they had confidence in themself
• perfective (–): tlél sh tóokʼ awdaheen | they didnʼt have confidence in themself
• future (+): sh tóokʼ agux̱daheen | they will have confidence in themself
• future (–): tlél sh tóokʼ agux̱daheen | they wonʼt have confidence in themself
√heen ² (verb root) swim | school of fish to swim underwater | classification: plural
√heen ³ (verb root) water down; mix | mix with water
√heesʼ (verb root) borrow; loan
O-S-∅-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive – ejective) borrow | for S to borrow O | hoon daakahídidáx̱ yaa ndahísʼ → heʼs getting credit (borrowing along) from the store (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: gahéesʼ! | borrow it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei eehísʼjiḵ! | donʼt borrow it!
• imperfective (+): ahéesʼ | they are borrowing it
• imperfective (–): tlél oohéesʼ | they arenʼt borrowing it
• perfective (+): aawahéesʼ | they borrowed it
• perfective (–): tlél awuhéesʼ | they didnʼt borrow it
• future (+): kei akg̱wahéesʼ | they will borrow it
• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wahéesʼ | they wonʼt borrow it
O-ka-S-∅-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive – ejective) borrow | for S to borrow O (esp. round, spherical object) | classification: round or sperical object | nagú: kagahéesʼ! → go and borrow it (a globe)! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kagahéesʼ! | borrow it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei keehísʼjiḵ! | donʼt borrow it!
• imperfective (+): akahéesʼ | they are borrowing it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoohéesʼ | they arenʼt borrowing it
• perfective (+): akaawahéesʼ | they borrowed it
• perfective (–): tlél akawuhéesʼ | they didnʼt borrow it
• future (+): kei akakg̱wahéesʼ | they will borrow it
• future (–): tlél kei akakg̱wahéesʼ | they wonʼt borrow it
N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√héesʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – ejective) lend | for S to lend O to N | ax̱ éet hísʼ! → lend it to me! (SN) • sʼeenáa ḵóot aawahísʼ → heʼs lent the lamp to somebody (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du éet hísʼ! | lend it to them!
• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ eehéesʼiḵ! | donʼt lend it to them!
• perfective (+): du éet aawahísʼ | they lent it to them
• perfective (–): tlél du éet awuhéesʼ | they didnʼt lend it to them
• future (+): du éede akg̱wahéesʼ | they will lend it to them
• future (–): tlél du éede akg̱wahéesʼ | they wonʼt lend it to them
√heets (verb root) singe | singe hair, fur, or feathers
O-S-l-√heets (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) singe | for S to singe hair, fur, or feathres off O | gáaxw agux̱lahéets → they are going to singe the ducks • g̱uwakaan shaayí x̱walihíts → i singed the deerʼs head (SN) • (JL)
• imperative: lahíts! | singe it!
• imperfective (+): alhéets | they are singing it
• perfective (+): awlihíts | they singed it
• perfective (–): tlél awulheets | they didnʼt singe it
• future (+): agux̱lahéets | they will singe it
• future (–): tlél agux̱laheets | they wonʼt singe it
√heexw (verb root) bewitch; witchcraft | practice witchcraft
O-S-∅-√heexw (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) bewitch; witchcraft | for O to bewitch S; for O to perform witchcraft on O | often using personal belongings to do so and to bring about illness or devastation | wuduwahíxw → they are bewitched (as an act of jealousy on anotherʼs part) (SN) • x̱at uwahíxw → i dream that someone is doing bad things to me (and become sick through this) (SN)
• imperfective (+): aheexw | they are bewitching them/it
• perfective (+): aawahíxw | they bewitched them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awuheexw | they didnʼt bewitch them/it
• future (+): akg̱wahéexw | they will bewitch them/it
• future (–): tlél akg̱waheexw | they wonʼt bewitch them/it
√hoo ¹ (verb root) wade; swim | swim on surface of water | classification: singular | plural: √kwaan
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√hoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) wade; swim | for (singular) S to wade; for (singular) S to swim on surface of water | diyáanáx̱ aadé daak uwahóo → he swam across to the other side (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} hú! | wade {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} eehooḵ! | donʼt wade {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa nahéin | they are wading {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} uwahóo | they waded {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wuhú | they didnʼt wade {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} kg̱wahóo | they will wade {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} kg̱wahoo | they wonʼt wade {____}
N-t + ji-S-d+∅-√hoo ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – open) wade; swim | for S to wade around at N (esp. aimlessly or in circles) | gáaxw át jeewdihoo → a duck is swimming around in circles (SN) • át has jeewdihoo → they all (boys) are swimming there (and playing with boats) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át jindahú! | wade around!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl át yoo jeedahéigiḵ! | donʼt wade around!
• perfective (+): át jiwdihoo | they are wading around; they waded around
• perfective (–): tlél át jiwdahoo | they arenʼt wading around; they didnʼt wade around
• future (+): át jigux̱dahóo | they will wade around
• future (–): tlél át jigux̱dahoo | they wonʼt wade around
√hoo ² (verb root) suspect
√hoo ³ (verb root) exclaim | to say « hú! »
√hook (verb root) shout
kei + O-S-∅-√hook (∅ act verb – transitive shout | for S to lift O (an emptied container of berries or fruit) at ḵu.éexʼ | classification: ḵu.éexʼ | kei duhúkch → they all emptied (the dish) and lifted it up (in triumph} (SN) • kei aawahúk dú xwáaxʼoo teen → he emptied it (ate all the contents o f it) with his tribal brothers (SN)
chush + tóodáx̱ + kei + S-∅-√hook (∅ act verb – subject intransitive shout; grief | for S to remove grief with ritual shouts at ḵu.éexʼ | classification: ḵu.éexʼ | this process often involves four men, two from each moiety, who pound a staff on the floor while making the release of grief chant | choosh tóodáx̱ kei dahúkch → dispelling the grief with a shout (at ḵu.éexʼ, after the cry songs and done with four men holding a staff) (HJ)
√hoon (verb root) sell
O-S-∅-√hoon (na act verb – transitive – closed) sell | for S to sell O | ldakát át has ahóon → they all sell everything/all kinds of things (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nahoon! | sell it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo eehóonguḵ! | donʼt sell it!
• imperfective (+): ahóon | they sells it; they are selling it
• imperfective (–): tlél oohoon | they donʼt sell it; they arenʼt selling it
• perfective (+): aawahoon | they sold it
• perfective (–): tlél awuhoon | they didnʼt sell it
• future (+): akg̱wahóon | they will sell it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wahoon | they wonʼt sell it
O-S-l-√hoon (na event verb – transitive – closed) selling; peddle; hawk ² | for S to go selling, peddle, hawk O | xʼúxʼ yaa nalhún → heʼs going round selling books (SN) • (KE) • SN include a ∅ conjugation motion form of the verb: « haa éet wududlihún » "they all came to us selling things"
• imperative: nalhoon! | go peddle it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yóo ilahóongiḵ! | donʼt go peddle it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa analhún | they are peddling it
• perfective (+): awlihoon | they went peddling it
• perfective (–): tlél awulhoon | they didnʼt go peddling it
• future (+): agux̱lahóon | they will go peddle it
• future (–): tlél agux̱lahoon | they wonʼt go peddle it
S-d+l-√hoon (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) spending; shopping | for S to go spending, go shopping
• imperative: neelhoon! | go shopping!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo eelhóonguḵ! | donʼt go shopping!
• progressive imperfective: yaa nalhún | they are shopping
• perfective (+): wudlihoon | they went shopping
• perfective (–): tlél wulhoon | they didnʼt go shopping
• future (+): gug̱alhóon | they will go shopping
• future (–): tlél gug̱alhoon | they wonʼt go shopping
√hoot (verb root) ⑴ carry | carry in apron || ⑵ plank | to put planks on
√hootlʼ (verb root) wrinkled
√ín (verb root) observe; guard ¹
√ítʼch (verb root) sparkle; reflect light
ka-d+l-√ítʼch ˟ (∅ state verb – impersonal – invariable) sparkle; reflect light | for something to sparkle, reflect light | yá kawóot kadli.ítʼch → these beads are bright / sparkling (SN) • dleit tsú kadli.ítʼch → snow sparkles too, and reflects light (SN)
• imperfective (+): kadli.ítʼch | itʼs sparkling; it sparkles
• imperfective (–): tlél kool.ítʼch | it isnʼt sparkling; it doesnʼt sparkle
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanal.ítʼch | itʼs beginning to sparkle
• perfective (+): kawdli.ítʼch | itʼs sparkling; it sparkled
• perfective (–): tlél kawul.ítʼch | it didnʼt sparkle
• future (+): kei kakg̱wal.ítʼch | it will sparkle
• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱wal.ítʼch | it wonʼt sparkle
√íx̱tʼ (verb root) medicine person
√ee ¹ (verb root) cook
O-S-s-√.ee ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) cook | for S to cook O | kóox du x̱ʼéis sa.í! → cook rice for him (to eat)! (SN) • wáa sá gees.ée nooch? → how do you cook it? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sa.í! | cook it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl isa.éex̱iḵ! | donʼt cook it!
• imperfective (+): as.ée | they cooks it; they are cooking it
• imperfective (–): tlél oos.ee | they donʼt cook it; they arenʼt cooking it
• perfective (+): awsi.ée | they cooked it
• perfective (–): tlél awus.í | they didnʼt cook it
• future (+): agux̱sa.ée | they will cook it
• future (–): tlél agux̱sa.ee | they wonʼt cook it
at S-s-√.ee ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) cook | for S to cook | (KE)
• imperative: at sa.í! | cook!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl at isa.éex̱iḵ! | donʼt cook!
• imperfective (+): at sa.ée | she cooks; they are cooking
• imperfective (–): tlél at us.ee | they donʼt cook; sheʼs not cooking
• perfective (+): at wusi.ée | they cooked
• perfective (–): tlél at wus.í | they didnʼt cook
• future (+): at gux̱sa.ée | they will cook
• future (–): tlél at gux̱sa.ee | they wonʼt cook
yan⁓ + ∅-√.ee ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) cooked | for food to be cooked, done cooking | dei yaa na.éen → itʼs getting cooked (SN) • chʼa yeisú tléixʼ yan oowa.ée → only one is cooked yet (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa na.éen | itʼs cooking
• perfective (+): yan uwa.ée | itʼs cooked
• perfective (–): tlél yan wu.í | it isnʼt cooked
• future (+): yánde kg̱wa.ée | it will be cooked
• future (–): tlél yánde kg̱wa.ee | it wonʼt be cooked
√ee ² (verb root) slide ¹; flow
√een ¹ (verb root) carry | classification: container with contents
O-S-∅-√.een (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) | for S to pick O (esp. berries) into a container | aatlein kanatʼá wutuwa.ín → we picked lots of blueberries (SN) • tléiḵw akg̱wa.éen → heʼs going to pick berries (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: .ín! | pick them all!
• prohibitive: líl ee.eeníḵ! | donʼt pick them all!
• imperfective (+): a.éen | they are picking them all; they picks them all
• imperfective (–): tlél oo.een | they arenʼt picking them all; they donʼt pick them all
• perfective (+): aawa.ín | they picked them all
• perfective (–): tlél awu.een | they didnʼt pick them all
• future (+): akg̱wa.éen | they will pick them all
• future (–): tlél akg̱wa.een | they wonʼt pick them all
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√.een (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to pick O (esp. berries) into a container | héen haat sa.ín! → bring water! (SN)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} sa.ín! | carry it {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl N-x̱ isa.eeníḵ! | donʼt carry it to N!
• progressive imperfective: N-de yaa anas.ín | they are carrying to N
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awsi.ín | they carried it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awus.een | they didnʼt carry it {____}
• future (+): N-de agux̱sa.éen | they will carry it to N
• future (–): tlél N-de agux̱sa.een | they wonʼt carry it to N
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√.een (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to pick O (esp. berries) into a container
• imperative: {na preverb} nasa.een! | carry it {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl N-x̱ isa.eeníḵ! | donʼt carry it to N!
• progressive imperfective: N-de yaa anas.ín | they are carrying to N
• perfective (+): {na preverb} awsi.een | they carried it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awus.een | they didnʼt carry it {____}
• future (+): N-de agux̱sa.éen | they will carry it to N
• future (–): tlél N-de agux̱sa.een | they wonʼt carry it to N
√een ² | classification: plural kill ¹; slaughter
√een ³ (verb root) sneak
√ees (verb root) whistle | whistle quietly
√eesh (verb root) thread ²; string ² | thread together; string together
O-ka-S-l-√.eesh (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) string ² | for S to thread O (esp. beads), string together | yeedát tléil kawóot akool.eesh → sheʼs not stringing beads now (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kala.ísh! | string them all together!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keel.íshx̱iḵ! | donʼt string them all together!
• imperfective (+): akla.eesh | they are stringing them all together
• imperfective (–): tlél akool.eesh | they arenʼt stringing them all together
• perfective (+): akawli.ísh | they strung them all together
• perfective (–): tlél akawul.eesh | they didnʼt string them all together
• future (+): akagux̱la.éesh | they will string them all together
• future (–): tlél akagux̱la.eesh | they wonʼt string them all together
√eesháan (verb root) pitiful; poor
O-l-√eesháan ˟ (∅ pitiful; poor | for O to be pitiable, poor, in an unfortunate state
√eet (verb root) change; transform | change proportion
a-S-d+∅-√éet change; transform | for S to change its proportion; for S to change itself into something else | wé tle xóots yáx̱ awdi.éet, yá Sháatkʼ, tle du éekʼ jiwdigút → she turned herself into a bear, this Girl, and then attacked her brother (GD) • (JL)
• perfective (+): awdi.éet | it changed its proportion
√eetʼ ¹ (verb root) soak
O-ka-d+∅-√.éetʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) soak; waterlogged | for O to be soaked, waterlogged | ax̱ yaagú yaa kanda.ítʼ → my boat is waterlogged (so heavy with water in the boards that it is going to sink) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: (góok) ikada.ítʼ! | (go ahead) get soaked!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ikooda.ítʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt get soaked!
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanda.ítʼ | itʼs getting soaked
• perfective (+): kawdi.ítʼ | it is soaked
• perfective (–): tlél kawda.éetʼ | itʼs not soaked
• future (+): kagux̱da.éetʼ | it will get soaked
• future (–): tlél kagux̱da.éetʼ | it wonʼt get soaked
√eexʼ (verb root) call out; yell; shout; invite
O-S-∅-√.éexʼ ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) call out; shout; holler | for S to call out to, shout to, holler at O | gáande x̱at du.éexʼ → people are shouting at me from outside (SN) • ax̱ tláa x̱waa.éexʼ → i called out to my mother (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: na.éexʼ! | call out to them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ee.éexʼiḵ! | donʼt call out to them!
• imperfective (+): a.éexʼ | they calls out to them; they are calling out to them
• imperfective (–): tlél oo.éexʼ | they donʼt call out to them; they arenʼt calling out to them
• perfective (+): aawa.éexʼ | they called out to them
• perfective (–): tlél awu.éexʼ | they didnʼt call out to them
• future (+): akg̱wa.éexʼ | they will call out to them
• future (–): tlél akg̱wa.éexʼ | they wonʼt call out to them
O-S-∅-√.éexʼ ˟ (g̱a event verb – transitive – invariable) invite; ask | for S to invite O, ask O to a party | tléil x̱at wudu.éexʼ → iʼm not invited (SN) • yei ḵukḵwa.éexʼ → iʼm going to invite people (SN) • ix̱waa.éexʼ x̱aan at geex̱aat → iʼm inviting you to eat with me (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: g̱a.éexʼ! | invite them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei ee.éexʼjiḵ! | donʼt invite them!
• perfective (+): aawa.éexʼ | they invited them
• perfective (–): tlél awu.éexʼ | they didnʼt invite them
• future (+): yei akg̱wa.éexʼ | they will invite them
• future (–): tlél yei akg̱wa.éexʼ | they wonʼt invite them
√eex̱ (verb root) • variants: √eix̱ • oily; greasy | oily; greasy
√jaa (verb root) instruct; advise; counsel
O-shu-ka-∅-√jaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading, cv́v hort/pot) instruct; show ¹; advise; counsel | for S to instruct, show O (by word); for S to advise, give advice to, counsel O | áa yee shukdujeisʼ → you all are being given instructions (SN) • gunalchéesh áa x̱at shukayeejaayí → thank you for showing me (SN) • dáanaa yéi adaané áa x̱at shukakg̱eejáa → you will advise me about making money / about money matters (SN) • yéi áwé áa ee shukx̱wajeisʼ → thatʼs how I advised you (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: shukajáa! | instruct them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl shukeejeix̱íḵ! | donʼt instruct them!
• imperfective (+): ashukoojeisʼ | they are instructing them
• imperfective (–): tlél ashukoojeisʼ | they arenʼt instructing them
• perfective (+): ashukaawajáa | they instructed them
• perfective (–): tlél ashukawujá | they didnʼt instruct them
• future (+): ashukakg̱wajáa | they will instruct them
• future (–): tlél ashukakg̱wajaa | they wonʼt instruct them
√jaaḵ (verb root) | classification: singular kill ¹
O-S-∅-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) kill ¹ | for S to kill O | classification: singular | (GD, KE) • tsaag̱álʼ teen xóots aawajáḵ → he killed a bear with a spear (SN) • káaxʼ haa atx̱aayí sákw gax̱toojáaḵ → weʼll kill a chicken for our meal (SN)
• imperative: jáḵ! | kill them/it!
• imperfective (+): yaa anajáḵ | they are killing them/it
• perfective (+): aawajáḵ | they killed them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awujaaḵ | they didnʼt kill it
• future (+): akg̱wajáaḵ | they will kill them/it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wajaaḵ | they wonʼt kill them/it
táach + O-S-∅-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) fall asleep | for (singular) O to fall asleep ("for sleep to kill (singular) O) | classification: singular object | this verb metaphorically refers to a singuar object falling asleep | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl táach eejáḵx̱íḵ! | donʼt fall asleep!
• progressive imperfective: táach yaa najáḵ | they are starting to fall asleep
• perfective (+): táach uwajáḵ | they fell asleep
• perfective (–): tlél táach wujaaḵ | they didnʼt fall asleep
• future (+): táach gug̱ajáaḵ | they will fall asleep
• future (–): tlél táach gug̱ajaaḵ | they wonʼt fall asleep
táach + yax̱ + O-ÿa-S-l-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) fall asleep | for (plural) O to fall asleep ("for sleep to kill (plural) O") | classification: plural object | this verb metaphorically refers to plural objects falling asleep • the verb stem is typically used with singular subjects, but in this case sleep is the singular 3rd person subject | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl táach yax̱ yee wuljáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt you all fall asleep!
• progressive imperfective: táach yax̱ yaa has yanaljáḵ | they all are starting to fall asleep
• perfective (+): táach yax̱ has yawlijáḵ | they all fell asleep
• perfective (–): tlél táach yax̱ has yawuljaaḵ | they all didnʼt fall asleep
• future (+): táach yax̱ has yagux̱lajáaḵ | they all will fall asleep
• future (–): tlél táach yax̱ has yagux̱lajaaḵ | they all wonʼt fall asleep
√jaaḵw ¹ (verb root) beat up; assault
O-S-∅-√jáaḵw ¹ (na act verb – transitive – high) beat up; assault; attack | for S to beat up, assault, violently attack O | x̱at wujáaḵw → they beat me up (SN) • has gax̱toojáaḵw → weʼre going to beat them all up (said by children) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: najáaḵw! | beat them up!
• prohibitive: líl eejáag̱uḵ! | donʼt beat them up!
• imperfective (+): ajáaḵw | they are beating them up
• imperfective (–): tlél oojáaḵw | they are not beating them up
• progressive imperfective: yaa anajáḵw | they are beating them up
• perfective (+): aawajáaḵw | they beat them up
• perfective (–): tlél awujáaḵw | they didnʼt beat them up
• future (+): akg̱wajáaḵw | they will beat them up
• future (–): tlél akg̱wajáaḵw | they wonʼt beat them up
√jaaḵw ² (verb root) fitting; suited for; perfect
√jeich ¹ (verb root) surprise; astonish; amaze
O-ÿa-S-l-√jeich ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) suprise; astonish; amaze | for S to suprise, astonish, amaze O | aadé ash koolyat yé, x̱at yawlijeich → the way he played really surprised me (that is, i was amazed at how good he was) (SN) • chʼa chʼáagu at wududzikóowu át áwé: tléil x̱at yawuljeich → it is something that has been known for a long time: it doesnʼt surprise me (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yag̱aljeich! | surprise them!
• prohibitive: líl yei yeelajeijíḵ! | donʼt surprise them!
• perfective (+): ash yawlijeich | they surprised them
• perfective (–): tlél ash yawuljeich | they didnʼt surprise them
• future (+): ash yagux̱lajéich | they will surprise them
• future (–): tlél ash yagux̱lajeich | they wonʼt surprise them
O-ÿa-∅-√jeich ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) surprised; astonished; amazed | for O to be surprised, astonished, amazed | haa yaawajeich → we were surprised and amazed / reduced to utter silence (after coming through a great storm)
• prohibitive: líl yei iwoojéchjiḵ! | donʼt be surprised!
• perfective (+): yaawajeich | they were surprised
• perfective (–): tlél yawujeich | they werenʼt surprised
• future (+): yei yakg̱wajéich | they will be surprised
• future (–): tlél yei yakg̱wajeich | they wonʼt be surprised
√jeich ² (verb root) weigh down
√jeil ¹ (verb root) move ¹; reach ¹ | move hands over; reach for
N-náx̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√jeil ¹ (∅ motion) (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) reach ¹ | for S to reach a hand through, around N | note that combining this verb with « a yáanáx̱ », as in « a yáanáx̱ yaawajél » literally means "they reached past it", but is an expression used to indicate that the person missed something when speaking, forgot to say something, or omitted something | (KE)
• imperative: anax̱ woojél! | reach your hand through it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl anax̱ yeejélx̱iḵ! | donʼt reach your hand through it!
• perfective (+): anax̱ yaawajél | they reached their hand through it
• perfective (–): tlél anax̱ yawujeil | they didnʼt reach their hand through it
• future (+): anax̱ yakg̱wajéil | they will reach their hand through it
• future (–): tlél anax̱ yakg̱wajeil | they wonʼt reach their hand through it
√jeil ² (verb root) carry; take | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (esp. to one place, making several trips, or all of one particular type of thing) | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing | ldakát át neil katoojélch → we collect all sorts in our house (SN) • du oox̱ kei kawduwajél → he had his teeth pulled (SN)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} kajél! | carry it all {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yoo keejélx̱iḵ! | donʼt carry it all {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa akanajél | they are carrying it all {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akaawajél | they carried it all {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawujeil | they didnʼt carry it all {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} akakg̱wajéil | they will carry it all {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akakg̱wajeil | they wonʼt carry it all {____}
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (esp. to one place, making several trips, or all of one particular type of thing) | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing | néix̱ʼ yaa akanajél → heʼs carrying marble (SN) • woosh kaanáx̱ ágé keeyajeil? → have you collected it (mail)? • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} kanajeil! | carry it all {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo keejélx̱iḵ! | donʼt carry it all {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa akanajél | they are carrying it all {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} akaawajeil | they carried it all {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawujeil | they didnʼt carry it all {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} akakg̱wajéil | they will carry it all {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akakg̱wajeil | they wonʼt carry it all {____}
√jeitl (verb root) spread apart
√jín ˟ (verb root) hands | have hands
√jee ¹ (verb root) think; wonder
(yéi) + O-u-S-∅-√jee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – transitive – fading) think | for S to think so of O | yéi x̱waajée → i think so / i imagine it is so (SN) • yéi x̱waajée, hú áwé aawatáw → i suspect he is the one who stole it (SN)
• imperative: yéi nají! | think so!
• prohibitive: líl yéi eejéeḵ! | donʼt think so!
• imperfective (+): yéi oowajée | they thinks so
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi oojí | they donʼt think so
• perfective (+): yéi aawajee | they have come to think so; they thought so
• perfective (–): tlél yéi awujee | they didnʼt think so
• future (+): yéi akg̱wajée | they will think so
• future (–): tlél yéi akg̱wajee | they wonʼt think so
O-ka-S-∅-√jeek ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) wonder; curious; anxious | for S to wonder, be curious, anxious about O | yoo s akoowajeek → they all are curious / wondering about things (SN) • yoo ktuwajeek xʼoon dáanaa sá yagax̱toodlaag̱i → we wonder how much money we will make (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yoo akaajeek | they wonders about it
• imperfective (–): tlél yoo akoojeek | they donʼt wonder about it
• perfective (+): yoo akaawajeek | they wondered about it
• perfective (–): tlél yoo akawujeek | they didnʼt wonder about it
• future (+): yoo akakg̱wajeek | they will wonder about it
• future (–): tlél yoo akakg̱wajeek | they wonʼt wonder about it
√jee ² (verb root) awful looking; terrible looking; eerie looking
O-ka-u-l-√jée ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive awful looking; terrible looking; eerie looking; unattractive | for O to be awful, terrible, eerie (in appearance), unattractive | in classical tlingit, this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which is slowly falling out of modern day speech
• imperfective (+): kalijée / kulijée | it looks terrible
• imperfective (–): tlél kooljée | it doesnʼt look terrible
• perfective (+): kawlijée | it looked terrible
• perfective (–): tlél kawuljée | it didnʼt look terrible
• future (+): kei kagux̱lajée | it will look terrible
• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱lajée | it wonʼt look terrible
√jee ³ (verb root) punish
O-ÿa-S-∅-√jee ˟ ³ (na – transitive – invariable) punish | for S to punish O | yá ḵáa yagax̱dujee → this person is going to be punished (SN) • ax̱ geinyaax̱ yawduwajee → they were punished in my place (SN) • yéi áwé at daanéi sh tóo yang̱ajeeyít → they do this to punish themselves (BC)
• imperative: yanajee! | punish them!
• imperfective (+): aÿajee / awoojee | they are punishing them
• perfective (+): ayaawajee | they punished them
• perfective (–): tlél ayawujee | they didnʼt punish them
• future (+): ayakg̱wajee | they are going to punish them
• future (–): tlél yakg̱wajee | they are not going to punish them
√jeekʼ (verb root) carry | carry on shoulders
√jeexw (verb root) • variants: √joox • spin; roll; run ³
√joon (verb root) dream
O-S-∅-√joon (na act verb – transitive – closed) dream | fo S to dream of O | yéi ax̱ajóon, x̱waajáaḵw → i dream that i beat them up (SN) • tléil ux̱ajoon → i never dream (SN)
• imperfective (+): ajóon | they are dreaming of it/them; they dream of it/them
• imperfective (–): tlél oojoon | they arenʼt dreaming of them; they donʼt dream of it/them
• perfective (+): aawajoon | they dreamed of it/them
• perfective (–): tlél awujoon | they didnʼt dream of it/them
• future (+): akg̱wajóon | they will dream of it/them
• future (–): tléil akg̱wajoon | they wonʼt dream of it/them
√joow (verb root) messy
√joox (verb root) • variants: √jeexw • spin; roll; run ³
ka-∅-√joox (ga event verb – impersonal – closed) roll; spin; start; run ³ | for a wheel to roll, spin; for an engine to start, run | kadu.aaḵw kang̱ajooxút → theyʼre trying to get the engine running (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanajúx | itʼs running
• perfective (+): kaawajoox | it started
• perfective (–): tlél kawujoox | it didnʼt run
• future (+): kei kakg̱wajóox | it will run
• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱wajoox | it wonʼt run
g̱unéi + ka-∅-√joox (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) start | for an engine to start
• perfective (+): g̱unéi kaawajúx | it started
• perfective (–): tlél g̱unéi kawujoox | it didnʼt start
• future (+): g̱unéi kakg̱wajóox | it will start
• future (–): tlél g̱unéi kakg̱wajoox | it wonʼt start
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√joox (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) wheel ¹ | for S to wheel O | (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} kalajúx! | wheel it to it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} keelajooxúḵ! | donʼt wheel it to it!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa akanaljúx | they are wheeling it to it
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akawlijúx | they wheeled it to it
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawuljoox | they didnʼt wheel it to it
• future (+): {∅ preverb} akagux̱lajóox | they will wheel it to it
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akagux̱lajoox | they wonʼt wheel it to it
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√joox (na motion verb – transitive – closed) wheel ¹ | for S to wheel O | kajúxaa yaa kanax̱lajúx → iʼm wheeling a wheelbarrow (SN) • wéide kakḵwalajóox → i’m going to wheel it over there (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} kanaljoox! | wheel it {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo keelajúxguḵ! | donʼt wheel it {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa akanaljúx | they are wheeling it {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} akawlijoox | they wheeled it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawuljoox | they didnʼt {____} it there
• future (+): {na preverb} akagux̱lajóox | they will wheel it {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akagux̱lajoox | they wonʼt wheel it {____}
√joox̱ʼ (verb root) sling ²; cast ¹ | cast (fishing line); sling, fling
√kaa ¹ (verb root) lazy; slow
a-u-S-d+s-√kaa ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) lazy; slow | for S to be lazy, slow | ḵúnáx̱ oox̱dzikaa → iʼm real lazy (SN) • gán ée oodzikaa → heʼs lazy to get firewood (he wonʼt make any effort) (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl eeskaayíḵ! | donʼt be lazy!
• imperfective (+): oodzikaa | they are lazy
• imperfective (–): tlél ooskaa | they arenʼt lazy
√kaa ² (verb root) make signals; make faces; sign language
O-ka-S-d+∅-√kaa ² (na act verb – transitive – invariable) copy ¹ | for S to copy O | (KE)
• imperative: keendakaa! | copy them/it!
• prohibitive: líl yoo keedakaayíḵ! | donʼt copy them/it!
• imperfective (+): akdakaa | they are copying them/it
• imperfective (–): tlél akwdakaa | they arenʼt copying them/it
• perfective (+): akawdikaa | they copied them/it
• perfective (–): tlél akawdakaa | they didnʼt copy them/it
• future (+): akagux̱dakaa | they will copy them/it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱dakaa | they wonʼt copy them/it
O-ÿa-S-d+∅-√kaa ² (na act verb – transitive – invariable) make faces | for S to make faces at O | haa yakwdakaa → heʼs making faces at us (SN) • wé shaatkʼátskʼu yakax̱wdikaa → i made faces at that girl (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yeendakaa! | make a face at them/it!
• prohibitive: líl yoo yeedakaayíḵ! | donʼt make a face at them/it!
• imperfective (+): aydakaa | they are making a face at them/it
• imperfective (–): tlél aydakaa | they arenʼt making a face at them/it
• perfective (+): ayawdikaa | they made a face at them/it
• perfective (–): tlél ayawdakaa | they didnʼt make a face at them/it
• future (+): ayagux̱dakaa | they will make a face at them/it
• future (–): tlél ayagux̱dakaa | they wonʼt make a face at them/it
O-x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√kaa ² (na act verb – transitive – invariable) copy ¹ | for S to copy the speech of O
• imperative: x̱ʼeendakaa! | copy their speech!
• prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼeedakaayíḵ! | donʼt copy their speech!
• imperfective (+): ax̱ʼadakaa | they are copying their speech
• imperfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼadakaa | they arenʼt copying their speech
• perfective (+): ax̱ʼawdikaa | they copied their speech
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawdakaa | they didnʼt copy their speech
• future (+): ax̱ʼagux̱dakaa | they will copy their speech
• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼagux̱dakaa | they wonʼt copy their speech
√kaak (verb root) thick
s-√kaak ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) thick | for something to be thick (cloth, board, food, etc.) | at doogú tléil ooskaak → the skin isnʼt thick (SN) • kei naskaak yá góosʼ → the clouds are getting thick (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): sikaak | itʼs thick
• imperfective (–): tlél uskaak | itʼs not thick
• progressive imperfective: kei naskaak | itʼs becoming thick
• perfective (+): wusikaak | it became thick
• perfective (–): tlél wuskaak | it didnʼt become thick
• future (+): kei gux̱sakaak | it will be thick
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱sakaak | it wonʼt be thick
(yéi) + ka-u-s-√kaak ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) thick | for a board, cloth, etc. to be (so) thick | tʼáa koosakák → a thick board • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yéi kwsikaak | itʼs that thick
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi kooskaak | itʼs not that thick
• progressive imperfective: yéi yaa kunaskák | itʼs getting that thick
• perfective (+): yéi kawsikaak | it got that thick; it thickened
• perfective (–): tlél yéi kawuskaak | it didnʼt get that thick; it didnʼt thicken
• future (+): yéi kagux̱sakáak | it will get that thick
• future (–): tlél yéi kagux̱sakaak | it wonʼt get that thick
√kaan (verb root) dance ¹ | dance in response
√kaasʼ (verb root) scummy; algae | covered in algae
√kaax̱ (verb root) juicy; rich ³
√kaay (verb root) measure
√káaxʼ (verb root) spotted
O-ka-d+sh-√káxʼx̱ (∅ – object intransitive – ejective) • variants: O-ka-d+s-√gáxʼx̱ • spotted | for O to be spotted, have polka-dots | g̱uwakaan yádi kajikáxʼx̱ → a young deer is spotted all over (SN) • sʼísaa kadzigáxʼx̱ → the cloth has polka-dots all over it
√kéxwk ˟ (verb root) fluffy; light ²
√kei ¹ (verb root) ⑴ track; trail ² || ⑵ unravel; undo; untangle
O-ka-S-s-√kei ¹ (g̱a act verb – transitive – open) track; trail ²; follow ¹; untangle; rip back; undo | for S to track, trail, follow tracks of O; for S to untangle o; for S to rip back, undo O (sewing, knitting) | a x̱ʼus.eetí akawsikei → he trailed its footprints (SN) • yei kakḵwasakéi yá tíxʼ → iʼm going to untangle this rope (SN) • kawjigín; ách áwé aax̱ kax̱wsikei → it was puckered; thatʼs why I ripped it back • yá kakéin kʼoodásʼ yei kakḵwasakéi → iʼm going to undo this knitted sweater (take it apart) • (KE)
• imperative: kag̱aské! / kax̱saké! | untangle it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei keesakéijiḵ! | donʼt untangle it!
• imperfective (+): aksakei | they are untangling it; they untangles it
• imperfective (–): tlél akooskei | they arenʼt untangling it; they donʼt untangle it
• progressive imperfective: yei akanaskéin | they are (in the process of) untangling it
• perfective (+): akawsikei | they untangled it
• perfective (–): tlél akawuskei | they didnʼt untangle it
• future (+): yéi akagux̱sakéi | they will untangle it
• future (–): tlél yéi akagux̱sakei | they wonʼt untangle it
√kei ² (verb root) stuck; choke | stuck in throat
N + séi-t⁓ + ∅-√kei ² (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) choke | for N to choke on something | du séix̱ at kei nuch → he chokes on something regularly (JL) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl i séix̱ ukeiyíḵ! | donʼt choke!
• progressive imperfective: du séide yaa nakéin | they are choking
• perfective (+): du séit uwakéi | they choked
• perfective (–): tlél du séit wuké | they didnʼt choke
• future (+): du séide kg̱wakéi | they will choke
• future (–): tlél du séide kg̱wakei | they wonʼt choke
√keikʼw (verb root) blunder
√keil ¹ (verb root) soak
O-ka-S-l-√keil ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) soak | for S to soak O | naa.át aklakélsʼ → sheʼs soaking clothes (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kalakél! | soak it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keelakélx̱iḵ! | donʼt soak it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanalkél | they are soaking it
• perfective (+): akawlikél | they soaked it
• perfective (–): tlél akawulkeil | they didnʼt soak it
• future (+): akagux̱lakéil | they will soak it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱lakeil | they wonʼt soak it
√keil ² (verb root) calloused
√keilʼ ¹ (verb root) tear down; take apart; untie
O-S-∅-√kéilʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) take apart; tear down | for s to take O apart, tear O down | washéen gax̱tookéilʼ → weʼre going to take the machine apart (SN) • yá hoon daakahídi yéeyi yaa anakélʼ → heʼs taking the old store apart/tearing it down (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kélʼ! | take it apart!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eekélʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt take it apart!
• progressive imperfective: yaa anakélʼ | they are taking it apart
• perfective (+): aawakélʼ | they took it apart
• perfective (–): tlél awukéilʼ | they didnʼt take it apart
• future (+): akg̱wakéilʼ | they will take it apart
• future (–): tlél akg̱wakéilʼ | they wonʼt take it apart
O-ka-S-∅-√kéilʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) untie | for S to untie O | yaakw tíx’i kax̱akélʼx̱ → i tried to untie the boat line (SN) • yá tíxʼ yádi kakélʼ → untie this string! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kakélʼ! | untie it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keekélʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt untie it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanakélʼ | they are untying it
• perfective (+): akaawakélʼ | they untied it
• perfective (–): tlél akawukéilʼ | they didnʼt untie it
• future (+): akakg̱wakéilʼ | they will untie it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wakéilʼ | they wonʼt untie it
√keilʼ ² (verb root) run away; chase | classification: plural
{∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√kéilʼ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – ejective) chase | for S to chase O | this verb is often used to describe the practice used by net fishermen of running the boat along the net to chase fish into it | gáant awlikélʼ → he chased them all out (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} lakélʼ! | chase it {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} ilakélʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt chase it {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} analkélʼ | they are chasing it {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awlikélʼ | they chased it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awulkéilʼ | they didnʼt chase it {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱lakéilʼ | they will chase it {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱lakéilʼ | they wonʼt chase it {____}
√keilʼ ³ (verb root) ash
√keit (verb root) skate ² | ice skating
{na preverb} + S-d+s-√keit (na – subject intransitive – closed) skate ² | for S to ice skate
• progressive imperfective: yaa naskét | they are skating
√keits ¹ (verb root) alert
√keits ² (verb root) fluff
√keitsʼ (verb root) wobbly; weak
O-ka-d+∅-√kéitsʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) wobbly; weak | for O to be wobbly, weak
• progressive imperfective: yaa kandakétsʼ | they are getting wobbly
• perfective (+): kawdikétsʼ | they are wobbly
• perfective (–): tlél kawdakéitsʼ | they arenʼt wobbly
• future (+): kagux̱dakéitsʼ | they will be wobbly
• future (–): tlél kagux̱dakéitsʼ | they wonʼt be wobbly
√keixʼw (verb root) crane ²
√keech ¹ (verb root) gasp
√keech ² (verb root) putrid
√keech ³ (verb root) housewarming
√keek (verb root) shake; shudder
√keen (verb root) bother; interrupt
O-S-sh-√keen (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) bother; annoy | for S to bother, annoy O | x̱at wushikín → he annoys me / he keeps interrupting (because he thinks his work is more important) (SN) • tléil x̱at yishakéeniḵ! → you all donʼt bother me! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: shakín! | bother them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ishakínx̱íḵ! | donʼt bother them!
• perfective (+): awshikín | they are bothering them; they bothered them
• perfective (–): tlél awushkeen | they didnʼt bother them
• future (+): agux̱shakéen | they will bother them
• future (–): tlél agux̱shakeen | they wonʼt bother them
√kees (verb root) inform
√keesʼ (verb root) pass ¹; expire; extinguish
ka-∅-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: ya-ka-∅-√kéesʼ • end ¹; pass ¹ | for a month to end, pass | tʼaawáḵ dísi áyá yaa kanakísʼ → february has passed (SN) • yá dís tlél yakakg̱wakéesʼ yá a daa yéí jix̱aneiyi hít yan x̱wasanéi shkwát → the month wonʼt be over before i finish working on this house (SN) • kaawakísʼi aa dís → last month • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: (yá dís) yaa kanakísʼ | (this month) is passing
• perfective (+): (yá dís) kaawakísʼ | (this month) passed
• perfective (–): (yá dís) tlél kawukéesʼ | (this month) didnʼt pass
• future (+): (yá dís) kakg̱wakéesʼ | (this month) will pass
• future (–): (yá dís) tlél kakg̱wakéesʼ | (this month) wonʼt pass
N + satú + O-S-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: N + leitóox̱ + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ • hoarse voice; scratchy voice; tickle | for S to make N have hoarse, scratchy voice; for S to make N have a tickle in the throat | « N + satú + ka-∅-√kéesʼ » is "having a hoarse or scratchy voice" and « N + leitóox̱ + ka-∅-√kéesʼ » is "having a tickle in the throat" | ḵusa.áatʼ néekw ax̱ satú akawlikísʼ → i lost my voice through having a cold (SN) • ḵaa leitóox̱ aklakísʼx̱ → someone has a tickle in them allʼs throat (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: du satú yaa akanalkísʼ | itʼs starting to make them hoarse
• perfective (+): du satú akawlikísʼ | it made them hoarse
• perfective (–): tlél du satú akawulkéesʼ | it didnʼt make them hoarse
• future (+): du satú akagux̱lakéesʼ | it is going to make them hoarse
• future (–): tlél du satú akagux̱lakéesʼ | it isnʼt going to make them hoarse
N + satú + ka-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: N + leitóox̱ + ka-∅-√kéesʼ • hoarse voice; scratchy voice; tickle | for Nʼs voice to be hoarse, scratchy; for N to have a tickle in the throat | « N + satú + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ » is "having a hoarse or scratchy voice" and « N + leitóox̱ + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ » is "having a tickle in the throat" | ḵusa.áatʼ néekw ax̱ satú akawlikísʼ → i lost my voice through having a cold (SN) • ḵaa leitóox̱ aklakísʼx̱ → someone has a tickle in them allʼs throat (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: du satú yaa kanakísʼ | they are starting to get hoarse
• perfective (+): du satú kaawakísʼ | they got hoarse
• perfective (–): tlél du satú kawukéesʼ | they didnʼt get hoarse
• future (+): du satú kakg̱wakéesʼ | they are going to get hoarse
• future (–): tlél du satú kakg̱wakéesʼ | they arenʼt going to get hoarse
O-ÿa-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) put out; extinguish; turn off | for S to put out, extinguish O (fire); for S to turn off O (light) | (KE)
• imperative: yaklakísʼ! | put it out!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yakeelakísʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt put it out!
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanalkísʼ | they are starting to put it out
• perfective (+): ayakawlikísʼ | they put it out
• perfective (–): tlél ayakawulkéesʼ | they didnʼt put it out
• future (+): ayakagux̱lakéesʼ | they will put it out
• future (–): tlél ayakagux̱lakéesʼ | they wonʼt put it out
ÿa-ka-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective) go out | for a fire, light to go out | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa yakanalkísʼ | itʼs starting to go out
• perfective (+): yakawlikísʼ | it went out
• perfective (–): tlél yakawulkéesʼ | it didnʼt go out
• future (+): yakagux̱lakéesʼ | it will go out
• future (–): tlél yakagux̱lakéesʼ | it wonʼt go out
√keet (verb root) snore
a-S-∅-√keet ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) snore | for S to snore | ldakát yax̱ ḵuyawlijáḵ: ldakát adukéet → they all are all fast asleep and snoring (SN) • ax̱akéet ágé? → did i snore? (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): akéet | they are snoring
• imperfective (–): tlél ookeet | they are not snoring
• perfective (+): aawakít | they snored
• perfective (–): tlél awukeet | they didnʼt snore
• future (+): akg̱wakéet | they are going to snore
• future (–): tlél akg̱wakeet | they arenʼt going to snore
√keetʼ (verb root) pry
O-S-∅-√keetʼ (∅ – transitive – ejective) pry | for S to pry O off | (JL)
• imperfective (+): akéetʼ | they are prying it off
• perfective (+): aawakítʼ | they pried it off
• perfective (–): tlél awukéetʼ | they didnʼt pry it off
• future (+): akg̱wakéetʼ | they are going to pry it off
• future (–): tlél akg̱wakéetʼ | they arenʼt going to pry it off
O-S-s-√keetʼ (∅ – transitive – ejective) pry | for S to pry O off the ground | duskéetʼ → people pry up (run shovel down in ground and lift it up) (SN)
• imperfective (+): askéetʼ | they are prying it off
• perfective (+): awsikítʼ | they pried it off
• perfective (–): tlél awuskéetʼ | they didnʼt pry it off
• future (+): agux̱sakéetʼ | they are going to pry it off
• future (–): tlél agux̱sakéetʼ | they arenʼt going to pry it off
√keets (verb root) singe | singe fur
√keetsʼ (verb root) rock ²
O-S-l-√kéetsʼ (na – transitive rock ² | for S to rock O | g̱eig̱achʼ yoo alikítsʼk → theyʼre rocking the hammock/swing • yoo sh dlikítsʼk → theyʼre rocking themself (in a rocking-chair) • nalkéetsʼ!
• imperative: nalkéetsʼ! | rock it/them!
• perfective (+): awlikéetsʼ | they rocked it/thm
• perfective (–): tlél awulkéetsʼ | they didnʼt rock it/them
• future (+): agux̱lakéetsʼ | they are going to rock it/them
• future (–): tlél agux̱lakéetsʼ | they wonʼt rock it/them
√koo ¹ (verb root) know; learn facts
O-S-s-√koo ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – fading, cv́v hort/pot) know; acquainted; learn | for S to know, be acquainted with, make known O (esp. people, facts); for S to learn O (esp. facts) | has du ée ix̱wsikóo … anax̱ tóo has ag̱anookt has isax̱áni → i make you known to them all … so that they all might be conscious of your love for them all (SN) • x̱at yisikóo ágé? → do you know me? (SN) • ldakát áyá wutusikóo yá shkalneek → all of us know this story (SN) • yaa at nax̱sakwéin → i am learning (that is, beginning to know) (SN) • du x̱ʼéidáx̱ at x̱wasikóo → i learned from him (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sakóo! | know it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa anaskwéin | they are beginning to know them; they are beginning to learn it
• perfective (+): awsikóo | they knows it
• perfective (–): tlél awuskú | they donʼt know
• future (+): agux̱sakóo | they will know
• future (–): tlél agux̱sakoo | they wonʼt know
√koo ² (verb root) hold; spit ¹ | hold water in mouth; spit water that was held in mouth
√koochʼ ¹ (verb root) curl
√koochʼ ² (verb root) fart | short, high pitched fart
a-S-∅-√koochʼ ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – ejective) fart | for S to fart a short, high-pitched fart
• imperfective (+): akóochʼ | they are farting (a high-pitched fart)
• perfective (+): aawakúchʼ | they farted (a high-pitched fart)
• perfective (–): tlél awukóochʼ | they didnʼt fart (a high-pitched fart)
• future (+): akg̱wakóochʼ | they will fart (a high-pitched fart)
• future (–): tlél akg̱wakóochʼ | they wonʼt fart (a high-pitched fart)
√koodzí ˟ (verb root) amazing; wonderful
O-l-√koodzí ˟ (ga – object intransitive – invariable) amazing; wonderful | for O to be amazing, wonderful | ax̱ aat, ilikoodzí → my paternal aunt, you are amazing • likoodzí aadé ḵʼáatlʼ yáx̱ yateeyi yé → it is amazing how thin they are (SN)
• imperfective (+): likoodzí | it is amazing; they are amazing
• imperfective (–): tlél ulkoodzí | it is not amazing; they are not amazing
• perfective (+): wulikoodzí | it was amazing; they were amazing
• perfective (–): tlél wulkoodzí | it wasnʼt amazing; they werenʼt amazing
• future (+): kei gux̱lakoodzí | it will be amazing; they will be amazing
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lakoodzí | it wonʼt be amazing; they wonʼt be amazing
√kooḵ ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | move in boiling mass
√kooḵ ² (verb root) cough
a-S-d+s-√kooḵ ² (∅ state verb – subject intransitive – closed) cough | for S to cough | ax̱wdzikúḵkw → iʼm coughing (SN) • chʼa tlákw askúḵkw nooch → he coughs all the time (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: eeskúḵ! | cough!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eeskúḵx̱uḵ! | donʼt cough!
• imperfective (+): adzikúḵkw | they are coughing
• perfective (+): awdzikúḵ | they coughed
• perfective (–): tlél awuskooḵ | they didnʼt cough
• future (+): akg̱waskóoḵ | they will cough
• future (–): tlél akg̱waskooḵ | they wonʼt cough
√koos (verb root) dream; alert | for a dog to dream; for a dog to become alert
√kootl (verb root) fluff up; puff out
√kootlʼ (verb root) fart | noiseless fart
a-S-∅-√kootlʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – ejective) fart | for S to fart a noiseless fart
• imperfective (+): akóotlʼ | they are farting (a noiseless fart)
• perfective (+): aawakútlʼ | they farted (a noiseless fart)
• perfective (–): tlél awukóotlʼ | they didnʼt fart (a noiseless fart)
• future (+): akg̱wakóotlʼ | they will fart (a noiseless fart)
• future (–): tlél akg̱wakóotlʼ | they wonʼt fart (a noiseless fart)
√koox (verb root) drain out; bail out; thirsty
ka-l-√koox (na event verb – impersonal – closed) drain out; go dry | for a kettle, container etc. to drain out, go dry | eex̱ kawlikúx → the oil drained out (SN) • yú ḵʼwátl a kát kawlikúx → that pot has gone dry (all liquid has gone from it) (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanalkúx | itʼs draining out
• perfective (+): kawlikoox | it drained out
• perfective (–): tlél kawulkoox | it didnʼt drain out
• future (+): kagux̱lakóox | it will drain out
• future (–): tlél kagux̱lakoox | it wonʼt drain out
O-sha-∅-√koox (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) thirsty; dry | for O to be thirsty; for O to be dry | x̱at shaawakúx → iʼm real thirsty (SN) • tléil tsu shakg̱wakoox → he will never thirst again (SN)
• perfective (+): shaawakúx | they are thirsty
• perfective (–): tlél shawukoox | they arenʼt thirsty
• perfective (–): tlél shakg̱wakoox | they wonʼt get thirsty
• future (+): shakg̱wakóox | they will get thirsty
O-ka-S-s-√koox (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) bail out | for S to bail out O (water, by hand or pump) | kei kawtusikúx wé yaakw → we bailed the water out of the boat (SN) • yaake sheen teen kasakúx! → bail it out with the bailer! (SN)
• imperative: kasakúx! | bail it out!
• perfective (+): akawsikúx | they bailed it out
• perfective (–): tlél akawuskoox | they didnʼt bail it out
• future (+): akagux̱sakóox | they are going to bail it out
• future (–): tlél akagux̱sakoox | they wonʼt bail it out
√kwaach (verb root) carry; take; give | classification: in cupped hand(s)
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√kwaach (na motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (in cupped hands) | classification: grain-like objects | lʼéiw yaa anakwách → they are carrying sand in their cupped hands (SN) • (SN)
• imperative: {na preverb} nakwaach! | take it {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa anakwách | they are taking it {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} aawakwaach | they took it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awukwaach | they didnʼt take it {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} akg̱wakwáach | they will take it {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akg̱wakwáach | they wonʼt take it {____}
aax̱ + O-S-∅-√kwaach (ga motion verb – transitive – fading) lift; pick up | for S to pick up O (in cupped hands) | classification: cupped in hand(s)
• imperative: aax̱ gakwaach! | pick it up!
• perfective (+): aax̱ aawakwaach | they picked it up
• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ awukwaach | they didnʼt pick it up
• future (+): aax̱ kei akg̱wakwáach | they will pick i up)
• future (–): tlél aax̱ kei akg̱wakwaach | they wonʼt pick it up
√kwaan (verb root) wade; swim | swim on surface of water | classification: plural | singular: √hoo ¹
√kwaat (verb root) soot; smudge; lampblack
√kweiy (verb root) mark ¹ | mark; leave as marker
√kʼátsʼ ˟ (verb root) • variants: √kʼáchʼ • sharp; pointy
ÿa-l-√kʼátsʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) sharp | for an edge to be sharp | sʼáxtʼ dàa likʼátsʼ → devilʼs club has sharp spikes all over it (SN) • yáa kooxéedaa tléil oolkʼátsʼ → this pencil is not sharp (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yalikʼátsʼ | itʼs sharp
• imperfective (–): tlél woolkʼátsʼ | it isnʼt sharp
• progressive imperfective: yaa yanalkʼátsʼ | itʼs getting sharp
• perfective (+): yawlikʼátsʼ | it got sharp
• perfective (–): tlél yawulkʼátsʼ | it didnʼt get sharp
• future (+): kei yagux̱lakʼátsʼ | it will get sharp
• future (–): tlél kei yagux̱lakʼátsʼ | it wonʼt get sharp
√kʼaa (verb root) small | too small
√kʼaakʼw (verb root) prowl
√kʼaan (verb root) hate; shoo away
O-S-sh-√kʼaan (ga state verb – transitive – closed) hate | for S to hate O | this is the only known stative ga-conjugation verb with a variable stem; all other stative ga-conjugation verbs have invariable stems | x̱at wushikʼaan → he hated me (SN) • has yee shikʼáan → they all hate you (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl ishakʼaaníḵ! | donʼt hate them/it!
• imperfective (+): ashikʼáan | they hates them/it
• imperfective (–): tlél ooshkʼaan | they donʼt hate them/it
• progressive imperfective: kei anashkʼán | they are beginning to hate them/it
• perfective (+): awshikʼaan | they hated them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awushkʼaan | they didnʼt hate them/it
• future (+): kei agux̱shakʼáan | they will hate them/it
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱shakʼaan | they wonʼt hate them/it
√kʼaasʼ (verb root) tooth | tooth missing
√kʼaatlʼ (verb root) silent; quiet | become silent
sh S-d+l-√kʼáatlʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – ejective) silent; quiet; stop talking; stop crying | for S to become silent, keep quiet; for S to stop talking or crying | the command form of this verb is more like the English "shut up!" • if you want to politely quiet someone, use the interjection « jáa! » | tléil sh oolkʼátlʼ! → he never stops talking (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sh eelkʼátlʼ! | be quiet!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh eelkʼátlʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt be quiet!
• progressive imperfective: yaa sh nalkʼátlʼ | they are beginning to get quiet
• perfective (+): sh wudlikʼátlʼ | they became quiet
• perfective (–): tlél sh wulkʼáatlʼ | they didnʼt become quiet
• future (+): sh gug̱walkʼáatlʼ | they will be quiet
• future (–): tlél sh gug̱wlkʼáatlʼ | they wonʼt be quiet
√kʼei (verb root) good; fine
O-∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) good; fine; pretty | for O to be good, fine, pretty | i at shéeyi wookʼéi → your song was good (SN) • i toowúch ágé yakʼéi? → does that seem good to you? (SN) • tlákw daḵéisʼ sh tóo iltóowu, daḵéisʼ kei kg̱wakʼéi → if they practices sewing, the sewing will improve (SN) • du daa.itnagóowu kei nakʼéin → their behavior is improving (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: igakʼéi! | be good!
• prohibitive: líl eekʼeiyíḵ! | donʼt be good!
• imperfective (+): yakʼéi | they are good
• imperfective (–): tlél ukʼé | they are not good
• progressive imperfective: kei nakʼéin | they are getting better
• perfective (+): wookʼéi | they were good; they got better
• perfective (–): tlél wukʼéi | they werenʼt good; they didnʼt get better
• future (+): kei kg̱wakʼéi | they will be good; they will get better
• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wakʼéi | they wonʼt be good; they wonʼt get better
N + toowú + ∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – impersonal – high) glad; happy; fine | for N to be glad, happy, feel fine | « N₂-de + N₁ + toowú ∅-√kʼéi » for N₁ to appreciate, be pleased with, grateful for N₂ | ax̱ toowú kei kg̱wakʼéi gax̱atʼeiní → iʼll be glad when i find it (SN) • du toowú ágé yakʼéi iwsateení? → was he glad to see you? (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): du toowú yakʼéi | they are happy
• imperfective (–): tlél du toowú ukʼé | they arenʼt happy
• perfective (+): du toowú wookʼéi | they were happy
• perfective (–): tlél du toowú wukʼéi | they werenʼt happy
• future (+): du toowú kei kg̱wakʼéi | they will be happy
• future (–): tlél du toowú kei kg̱wakʼéi | they wonʼt be happy
N + x̱ʼé⁓ + ∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – impersonal – high) like ¹; taste | for N to like the taste of something
• imperfective (+): du x̱ʼé yakʼéi | they likes the taste of it
• imperfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼé ukʼé | they donʼt like the taste of it
• perfective (+): du x̱ʼé wookʼéi | they liked the taste of it
• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼé wukʼéi | they didnʼt like the taste of it
• future (+): du x̱ʼé kei kg̱wakʼéi | they will like the taste of it
• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼé kei kg̱wakʼéi | they wonʼt like the taste of it
ḵu-∅-√kʼei (ga state verb – impersonal – high) good | for the weather to be good | most speakers would likely prefer a different verb for bad weather in the imperfective: « tlél ḵushkʼé » (the weather is bad, terrible) | seig̱ánin kei ḵukg̱wakʼéi sháké → maybe it will be fine weather tomorrow (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): ḵuwakʼéi / ḵuyakʼéi | the weather is good
• imperfective (–): tlél ḵookʼé | the weather isnʼt good
• progressive imperfective: yei ḵunakʼéin | the weather is becoming good
• perfective (+): ḵoowakʼei | the weather became good
• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwukʼei | the weather wasnʼt good
• future (+): kei ḵukg̱wakʼéi | the weather will become good
• future (–): tlél kei ḵukg̱wakʼei | the weather wonʼt be(come) good
O-S-l-√kʼéi (ga event verb – transitive – high) improve; make peace; make up | for S to improve O; for S to make peace, make up with O (after quarrel) | (KE)
• imperative: galakʼé! | improve it!
• progressive imperfective: kei analkʼéin | they are improving it
• perfective (+): awlikʼéi | they improved it
• perfective (–): tlél awulkʼé | they didnʼt improve it
• future (+): kei agux̱lakʼéi | they will improve it
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱lakʼei | they wonʼt improve it
tlél + O-sh-√kʼéi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) bad; evil; terrible | for O to be bad, evil, no good | some fluent speakers consider this a taboo word to use in reference to another person, while others find it acceptable • for speakers who find it acceptable, here is an example: « tlél ushikʼéiyi ḵáa áwé » "that man is no good" | haa hídi yéeyi dei linaaw: tléil dei ushkʼé → the house we used to own leaks: itʼs no good now (SN) • has du yéi jineiyí tléil → ushkʼé them allʼs work is bad (SN) • gáanx̱ daak yawdudzitáayi g̱uwakaan tleil kei unashkʼéin: yaa ndatláx̱ → the deer meat they all have left hanging outside is going bad: it is getting mold on it (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl eeshkʼéiḵ! | be bad!
• imperfective (–): tlél ushkʼé | they are bad
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél kei unashkʼéin | they are turning evil; it is beginning to spoil, go bad
• perfective (–): tlél wushkʼéi | they were bad
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱shakʼéi | they will be bad
√kʼein (verb root) jump
{∅ preverb} + S-d+sh-√kʼéin (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) jump | for (singular) S to jump | tlél tʼáa káx̱ eeshkʼéiniḵ! → donʼt jump on the floor! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} neeshkʼén! | jump {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yoo eeshkʼeíniḵ! | donʼt jump {____}!
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wujikʼén | they are jumping {____}; they jumped {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wushkʼéin | they arenʼt jumping {____}; they didnʼt jump {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} gug̱ashkʼéin | they will jump {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gug̱ashkʼéin | they wonʼt jump {____}
{na preverb} + S-d+sh-√kʼéin (na motion verb – subject intransitive – high) jump | for (singular) S to jump | classification: singular subject | yaa nx̱ashkʼén → iʼm jumping (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} neeshkʼéin! | jump {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo eeshkʼéingiḵ! | donʼt jump {____}!
• perfective (+): {na preverb} wujikʼéin | they are jumping {____}; they jumped {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wushkʼéin | they arenʼt jumping {____}; they didnʼt jump {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} gug̱ashkʼéin | they will jump {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gug̱ashkʼéin | they wonʼt jump {____}
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√kʼéin (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) jump | for (plural) O to jump | kei jee kdukʼéin! → jump (all of you)! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} yee kdukʼén! | you all jump {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yee kdukʼénjiḵ! | donʼt you all jump {____}!
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} has kawduwakʼén | they all jumped {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has kawdukʼéin | they all didnʼt jump {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} has kagax̱dukʼéin | they all will jump {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has kagax̱dukʼéin | they all wonʼt jump {____}
{na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√kʼéin (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) jump | for (plural) O to jump | a kaanáx̱ haa kagax̱dukʼénxʼ → weʼll jump all over (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} yee kdukʼéin! | you all jump {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yee kdukʼéingiḵ! | donʼt you all jump {____}!
• perfective (+): {na preverb} has kawduwakʼéin | they all jumped {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} has kawdukʼéin | they all didnʼt jump {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} has kagax̱dukʼéin | they all will jump {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} has kagax̱dukʼéin | they all wonʼt jump {____}
√kʼeit ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | move stored goods | classification: stored goods
√kʼeit ² (verb root) walk; tiptoe | walk softly
√kʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √kʼeex̱ʼ • gaff; hook ¹
O-S-∅-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) • variants: O-S-∅-√kʼéex̱ʼ • hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O; for S to gaff O | dukʼéx̱ʼch wé góosʼ → a cloud is being hooked down (SN) • héen yíkde nagú, at kʼéx̱ʼt → go to the river, gaffing! (SN) • x̱áat dukʼéx̱ʼt → people are hooking salmon (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kʼíx̱ʼ! | hook it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eekʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt hook it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa anakʼíx̱ʼ | they are going along hooking it
• perfective (+): aawakʼíx̱ʼ | they hooked it
• perfective (–): tlél awukʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt hook it
• future (+): akg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ | they will hook it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt hook it
N-náx̱ + O-sh-√kʼéix̱ʼ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – ejective) • variants: N-náx̱ + O-sh-√kʼéex̱ʼ • delayed; stuck; hung up; hooked | for O to get delayed, stuck, hung up, hooked at N | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yanax̱ kei yee shkʼíx̱ʼjiḵ! | donʼt you all get hung up!
• admonitive: yanax̱ tsá kei ishakʼéex̱ʼiḵ! | be sure not to get hung up!
• perfective (+): yanax̱ wushikʼéex̱ʼ | they got hung up
• perfective (–): tlél yanax̱ wushkʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt get hung up
• future (+): yanax̱ kei gux̱shakʼéex̱ʼ | they will get hung up
• future (–): tlél yanax̱ kei gux̱shakʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt get hung up
O-sha-S-∅-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O in the head; for S to gaff O in the head | (KE)
• imperative: shakʼíx̱ʼ! | hook it in the head!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sheekʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt hook it in the head!
• progressive imperfective: yaa ashanakʼíx̱ʼ | they are going along hooking it in the head
• perfective (+): ashaawakʼíx̱ʼ | they hooked it in the head
• perfective (–): tlél ashawukʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt hook it in the head
• future (+): ashakg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ | they will hook it in the head
• future (–): tlél ashakg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt hook it in the head
√kʼeetʼ (verb root) move ¹; go | move parts in a mass
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – ejective) leave; go; die | for O (group of people) to all leave or go; for O (group of people) to die off | yeiḵ ḵukandakʼítʼ → the people are all coming down to the beach (leaving only a few behind) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} yee kadakʼítʼ! | you all go {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yee koodakʼéetʼiḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa (ha)s kandakʼítʼ | the group is going {____} (in stages)
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} has kawdikʼítʼ | the group went {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has kawdakʼéetʼ | the group didnʼt go {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s kagux̱dakʼéetʼ | the group will go {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s kagux̱dakʼéetʼ | the group wonʼt go {____}
{na preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ (na – object intransitive – ejective) leave; go; die | for O (group of people) to all leave or go; for O (group of people) to die off | ldakát at yátxʼi kawdikʼéetʼ → all the children have left (SN) • haa náḵ has kawdikʼéetʼ → they all all died off (leaving just a few of us in the village) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} yee kandakʼéetʼ! | you all go {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo yee kadakʼítʼgiḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa (ha)s kandakʼítʼ | the group is going {____} (in stages)
• perfective (+): {na preverb} has kawdikʼéetʼ | the group went {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} has kawdakʼéetʼ | the group didnʼt go {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s kagux̱dakʼéetʼ | the group will go {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s kagux̱dakʼéetʼ | the group wonʼt go {____}
ḵu-S-∅-√kʼéetʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) pick ¹ | for S to pick berries (esp. pick in quantity to take home) | ḵukʼéetʼ woogoot → heʼs gone berry-picking (SN) • tatgé ḵux̱waakʼítʼ → i picked berries yesterday (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ḵukʼítʼ! | pick berries!
• prohibitive: líl ḵeekʼéetʼiḵ! | donʼt pick berries!
• imperfective (+): ḵukʼéetʼ | they are picking berries
• imperfective (–): tlél ḵookʼéetʼ | they arenʼt picking berries
• perfective (+): ḵoowakʼítʼ | they picked berries
• perfective (–): tlél ḵoowukʼéetʼ | they didnʼt pick berries
• future (+): ḵukg̱wakʼéetʼ | they will pick berries
• future (–): tlél ḵukg̱wakʼéetʼ | they wonʼt pick berries
√kʼeetlʼ (verb root) silly; childish | act silly, childish
√kʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √kʼeix̱ʼ • gaff; hook ¹
√kʼoot (verb root) bounce
√kʼoots (verb root) break | classification: rope-like objects
O-S-l-√kʼoots (na event verb – transitive – closed) break | for S to break O (esp. rope-like objects) | classification: rope-like objects | kakéin x̱walikʼoots → i broke the yarn (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nalkʼoots! | break it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yóo ilakʼútsgiḵ! | donʼt break it!
• perfective (+): awlikʼoots | they broke it
• perfective (–): tlél awulkʼoots | they didnʼt break it
• future (+): agux̱lakʼóots | they will break it
• future (–): tlél agux̱lakʼoots | they wonʼt break it
√kʼootsʼ (verb root) pluck | pluck off
√kʼoox (verb root) knock; tap | knock lightly
√kʼoox̱ʼ (verb root) pitchy; sticky
√kʼwaach (verb root) break | break apart
√kʼwaatʼ ¹ (verb root) fold
√kʼwáatʼ ² (verb root) lay egg; nest ²
a-d+l-√kʼwáatʼ ² (na event verb – impersonal – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) lay egg; nest ² | for birds to lay eggs, nest | transitive version: O-S-d+l-√kʼwáatʼ | tʼaawáḵ g̱eey yík alkʼwátʼ → the canada goose lays eggs up the bay (SN) • yá yeedát has awdlikʼwátʼ déi → they all have already laid eggs now (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): awdlikʼwátʼ | it laid an egg
• perfective (–): tlél awulkʼwáatʼ | it didnʼt lay an egg
• future (+): akg̱walkʼwáatʼ | it will lay an egg
√ḵaa ¹ (verb root) say; tell; instruct
(yéi/yóo) + O-daa-ÿa-S-∅-√ḵá ¹ ˟ (* act verb – transitive – invariable) tell | for S to tell O (a certain thing) | this verb only occurs in the imperfective • preverb will be yóo if the verb comes immediate after the quotation, and yéi if the verb is separated from the quotation | wáa sá idaayaḵá? → whatʼs he telling you? (SN) • sdoox naḵa.oot x̱at daayaḵá → he tells me (advises me) to buy a stove (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yéi adaayaḵá | they tells them that
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi adaawuḵá | they donʼt tell them that
áa + O-ji-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) instruct; give orders | for S to instruct O; for S to give O orders (to do) | note that in classical tlingit, this verb had a thematic prefix « u- » which is slowly falling out of modern day speech | yóo xʼáatʼ kaadé áa ḵaa jikaawaḵaa yáa naaxʼú → he instructed them all to take the dead bodies out to the island (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: áa jeekunaḵá! / áa jeekanaḵá! | give them orders!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl áa yoo jikeeḵéigiḵ! | donʼt give them orders!
• perfective (+): áa ajikaawaḵaa | they gave them orders
• perfective (–): tlél áa ajikawuḵaa | they didnʼt give them orders
• future (+): áa ajikakg̱waḵáa | they will give them orders
• future (–): tlél áa ajikakg̱waḵaa | they wonʼt give them orders
O-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) send | for S to send O (esp. on a mission or errand, or to deliver a message) | note that in classical tlingit, this verb had a thematic prefix « u- » which is slowly falling out of modern day speech | yaa akoonaḵéin haa jeeyís → heʼs sending someone for us (SN) • haa sʼaatích chʼa du yéet akaawaḵaa → our master sent his own son (on a mission) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kanaḵá! / kunaḵá! | send them on an errand!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keeḵéig̱iḵ! | donʼt send them on an errand!
• perfective (+): akaawaḵaa | they sent them on an errand
• perfective (–): tlél akawuḵaa | they didnʼt send them on an errand
• future (+): akakg̱waḵáa | they will send them on an errand
• future (–): tlél akakg̱waḵaa | they wonʼt send them on an errand
(yéi/yóo) + ÿa-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) say; confess; acknowledge; declare | for S to say (a certain thing); for S to confess, acknowledge, declare (a certain thing) | note that the imperfective form and prohibitive forms require the thematic prefix « x̱ʼa- » which refers to the mouth • preverb will be yóo if the verb comes immediate after the quotation, and yéi if the verb is separated from the quotation | dei yaa ḵux̱wlig̱át, wáa sá yax̱waaḵaa → iʼve forgotten already what i said (SN) • haa jeeyís yéi yanaḵá, « gunalchéesh »! → say “thank you” for us! (SN) • aadóo sá yéi yaawaḵaaa Jesus dikéenáx̱ yoo kawdudzitéeyi aax̱ sateeyí, gáande has akakg̱wanáa → whoever confesses Jesus is the Messiah will be thrown out (SN) • yéi ḵuyaawaḵaa → they suggested this to people (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yéi yanaḵá! | say it!
• prohibitive: líl yéi x̱ʼayeeḵáaḵ! | donʼt say it!
• imperfective (+): yéi x̱ʼayaḵá | they says that; they are saying that
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi x̱ʼawuḵá | they donʼt say that; they arenʼt saying that
• perfective (+): yéi yaawaḵaa | they said that
• perfective (–): tlél yéi yawuḵaa | they didnʼt say that
• future (+): yéi yakg̱waḵáa | they will say that
• future (–): tlél yéi yakg̱waḵaa | they wonʼt say that
(yéi/yóo) + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) tell; say; ask | for S to tell, say (that) to O; for S to ask O to do (that) | N + ee⁓ + O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ | "for S to promise O to N" • preverb will be yóo if the verb comes immediate after the quotation, and yéi if the verb is separated from the quotation | (KE)
• imperative: yóo yanasḵá! | say it to them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yóo yeesaḵéigiḵ! | donʼt say it to them!
• perfective (+): yóo ayawsiḵaa | they said it to them
• perfective (–): tlél yéi ayawusḵaa | they didnʼt say it to them
• future (+): yóo ayagux̱saḵáa | they will say it to them
• future (–): tlél yóo ayagux̱saḵaa | they wonʼt say it to them
(N + éede) + O-ÿa-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na act verb – transitive – open) charge ¹; set price; confess; acknowledge; delcare | for S to charge (N) for O; for S to set the price of O; for S to confess, acknowledge, or delcare O | du eedé kei yagax̱dusḵáa → theyʼll charge him • wáa sá i tláach yasaḵá wé at x̱ʼéeshi? → how much does your mother charge for that dried fish? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yanasḵá! | charge for it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo yeesaḵéigiḵ! | donʼt charge for it!
• imperfective (+): ayasaḵá | they charges for it
• imperfective (–): tlél awoosḵá | they donʼt charge for it
• perfective (+): ayawsiḵaa | they charged for it
• perfective (–): tlél ayawusḵá | they didnʼt charge for it
• future (+): ayagux̱saḵáa | they will charge for it
• future (–): tlél ayagux̱saḵaa | they wonʼt charge for it
sh + tugéit + O-ÿa-S-d+s-√ḵaa ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) insult; offend | for S to insult, offend O by what one says | sh tugéit ágé iyawtudziḵáa? → have we offended you by what we said? (SN) • sh tugéit x̱at yawdziḵáa → he insulted me (he said cutting things that hit me pretty hard) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sh tugéit yeesḵá! | insult them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh tugéit yeesḵéix̱iḵ! | donʼt insult them!
• perfective (+): sh tugéit ayawdziḵáa | they insulted them
• perfective (–): tlél sh tugéit ayawusḵá | they didnʼt insult them
• future (+): sh tugéit ayakg̱wasḵáa | they will insult them
• future (–): tlél sh tugéit ayakg̱wasḵaa | they wonʼt insult them
√ḵaa ² (verb root) sew; embroider; bead ¹; tattoo
O-S-∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – transitive – open) sew | for S to sew O | yáa lʼaak iyaḵáa ágé? → did you sew this dress? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ḵá! | sew it!
• prohibitive: líl eeḵéisʼiḵ! | donʼt sew it!
• imperfective (+): aḵéisʼ | they sews it; they are sewing it
• imperfective (–): tlél ooḵéisʼ | they donʼt sew it; they arenʼt sewing it
• perfective (+): aawaḵáa | they sewed it
• perfective (–): tlél awuḵá | they didnʼt sew it
• future (+): akg̱waḵáa | they will sew it
• future (–): tlél akg̱waḵaa | they wonʼt sew it
S-d+∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) sew | for S to sew | (KE)
• imperative: idaḵá! | sew!
• prohibitive: líl idaḵéisʼiḵ! | donʼt sew!
• imperfective (+): daḵéisʼ | they sews; they are sewing
• imperfective (–): tlél udaḵéisʼ | they donʼt sew; they arenʼt sewing
• perfective (+): wudiḵáa | they sewed
• perfective (–): tlél wudaḵá | they didnʼt sew
• future (+): gux̱daḵáa | they will sew
• future (–): tlél gux̱daḵaa | they wonʼt sew
O-ka-S-∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – transitive – open) sew beads; embroider | for S to sew beads on, embroider O | use « N + káa » (on N) to indicate what the design was embroidered onto and « N + » alone to indicate what the design is, or « N₁ + N₂ + káa » for N₁ (design) embroiderd onto N₂ • for example « du luljíni káa akaawaḵáa » (they embroidered on their vest); « yéil akaawaḵáa » (they embroidered a raven); yéil du luljíni káa akaawaḵáa. (they embroidered a raven on their vest) | yá ḵutaan kakḵwadaḵáa → this summer iʼm going to sew beads (SN) • téel iḵkeidí akaawaḵáa → they sewed beads on moccasin tops (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a káa kaḵá! | embroider it on it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a káa keeḵéix̱iḵ! | donʼt embroider it on it!
• imperfective (+): a káa akaḵéisʼ | they are embroidering it on it
• imperfective (–): tlél a káa akooḵéisʼ | they are not embroidering it on it
• perfective (+): a káa akaawaḵáa | they embroidered it on it
• perfective (–): tlél a káa akawuḵá | they didnʼt embroider it on it
• future (+): a káa akakg̱waḵáa | they will embroider it on it
• future (–): tlél a káa akakg̱waḵaa | they wonʼt embroider it on it
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√ḵaa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) sew | for S to sew O on N | (KE)
• imperative: a kát kalaḵá! | sew it on it!
• prohibitive: líl a káx̱ keelaḵaaḵ! | donʼt sew it on it!
• progressive imperfective: a kaadé yaa akanalḵéin | they are sewing it on it
• perfective (+): a kát akawliḵáa | they sewed it on it
• perfective (–): tlél a kát akawulḵá | they didnʼt sew it on it
• future (+): a kaadé akagux̱laḵáa | they will sew it on it
• future (–): tlél a kaadé akagux̱laḵaa | they wonʼt sew it on it
O-ka-S-s-√ḵaa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) tattoo | for S to tattoo O | ax̱ sée jín kax̱wsiḵáa → i tattooed my daughterʼs hand (SN) • yáa ax̱ jín kasaḵá! → tatoo my arm / hand! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kasaḵá! | tattoo it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keesaḵéix̱iḵ! | donʼt tattoo it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanasḵéin | they are tattooing it
• perfective (+): akawsiḵáa | they tattoed it
• perfective (–): tlél akawusḵá | they didnʼt tattoo it
• future (+): akagux̱saḵáa | they will tattoo it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱saḵaa | they wonʼt tattoo it
√ḵaa ³ (verb root) gamble; cards; dice | gamble with cards, dice, in general, or with gambling sticks that are concealed
a-S-d+l-√ḵáa ˟ ³ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) gamble; cards | for S to gamble (by means of gambling sticks, dice, etc.); for S to play cards; for S to play bingo | as seen in one of the examples, the a-thematic prefix can be replaced with an object, although the a-thematic version is much more common | nahéin alḵáa → heʼs stick gambling (SN, JC) • ḵoo wdigéiḵ yá yeedát at dulḵáayee → itʼs forbidden to gamble now (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: analḵáa! | gamble!
• prohibitive: líl eelḵáaḵ! | donʼt gamble!
• imperfective (+): alḵáa | they are gambling; they gambles
• imperfective (–): tlél oolḵáa | they arenʼt gambling; they donʼt gamble
• perfective (+): awdliḵáa | they gambled
• perfective (–): tlél awulḵáa | they didnʼt gamble
• future (+): akg̱walḵáa | they will gamble
• future (–): tlél akg̱walḵáa | they wonʼt gamble
√ḵaach ¹ (verb root) swell up; rise
kei + O-ka-S-l-√ḵaach (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) raise | for S to raise O (bread) | sakwnéin kei kanax̱laḵách → iʼm raising bread (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kei klaḵaach! | raise the bread!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei keelaḵáchx̱iḵ! | donʼt raise the bread!
• progressive imperfective: kei akanalḵách | they are raising the bread
• perfective (+): kei akawliḵách | they raised the bread
• perfective (–): tlél kei akawulḵaach | they didnʼt raise the bread
• future (+): kei akagux̱laḵáach | they will raise the bread
• future (–): tlél kei akagux̱laḵaach | they wonʼt raise the bread
ka-d+∅-√ḵaach (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) rise; swell up | for bread to rise, swell up | tlél kʼidéin kei kawdaḵaach → it (bread) didnʼt rise well (SN) • kei kagux̱daḵáach → itʼs going to rise (bread in pan) (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: kei kandaḵách | the bread is rising
• perfective (+): kei kawdiḵách | the bread rose
• perfective (–): tlél kei kawdaḵaach | the bread didnʼt rise
• future (+): kei kagux̱daḵáach | the bread is going to rise
• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱daḵaach | the bread isnʼt going to rise
√ḵaach ² (verb root) limp ¹; lame
O-l-√ḵáchk ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) limp ¹; lame | for O to limp, be lame, walk unevenly | yáa yeedát tlél ulḵʼáchk → he doesnʼt limp now (SN) • doctor-ch yéi sh kalneek, chʼu tleix̱ kei gux̱laḵáchk → the doctor says he will always limp (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: laḵáchk! | limp!
• prohibitive: líl ilḵáchgiḵ! | donʼt limp!
• imperfective (+): liḵáchk | they limps
• imperfective (–): tlél ulḵáchk | they donʼt limp
• perfective (+): wuliḵáchk | they developed a limp (as a result of injury, illness)
• perfective (–): tlél wulḵáchk | they didnʼt limp; they didnʼt develop a limp (as a result of injury, illness)
• future (+): kei gux̱laḵáchk | they will limp
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱laḵáchk | they wonʼt limp
{na preverb} + S-l-√ḵaach ² (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) limp ¹ | for S to limp | neildé wuliḵaach → they limped home (KE) • tlél át wulḵaach → they arenʼt limping around (KE)
√ḵaaḵ (verb root) squat; sit; land ²
S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – closed) squat; sit; land ² | for S to squat, sit low; for S to squat down, sit quickly; for S to land (of waterfowl, plane) | classification: singular subject | ḵúx̱de yan wujiḵáḵ → he squatted back (out of the way, so as not to be seen) (SN) • lʼéiw kát wujiḵáḵ → he squatted down on the sand (SN) • du káa x̱wajiḵaaḵ → i sat on him quickly (SN) • goodé sá yaa neeshḵáḵ? → which way are you moving (sitting down, along the bench)? (SN) • gáaxw át wujiḵáḵ → the duck landed (SN) • kaawayík yaagú áa yei ishḵáḵch → the plane lands there (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: g̱eeshḵaaḵ! | squat!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei ishḵáḵjiḵ! | donʼt squat!
• progressive imperfective: yei nashḵáḵ | they are in the process of squatting (slowly)
• perfective (+): wujiḵaaḵ | they squatted
• perfective (–): tlél wushḵaaḵ | they didnʼt squat
• future (+): yei kg̱washḵáaḵ | they will squat
• future (–): tlél yei kg̱washḵaaḵ | they wonʼt squat
{na preverb} + S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ walk; crawl | for an octopus to walk/crawl
√ḵaan (verb root) quarrel
N + een + S-d+∅-√ḵaan (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) quarrel | for S to quarrel with, exchange harsh words with N (usually of adults) | du een wudiḵán → they all exchanged harsh words (SN) • i een kuḵadaḵáan → iʼm going to quarrel with you (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du een idaḵán! | quarrel with them!
• prohibitive: líl du een idaḵaaníḵ! | donʼt quarrel with them!
• imperfective (+): du een daḵáan | they are quarreling with them
• imperfective (–): tlél du een udaḵaan | they are not quarreling with them
• perfective (+): du een wudiḵán | they quarreled with them
• perfective (–): tlél du een wudaḵaan | they didnʼt quarrel with them
• future (+): du een gux̱daḵáan | they will quarrel with them
• future (–): tlél du een gux̱daḵaan | they wonʼt quarrel with them
√ḵei ¹ (verb root) pay
O-ji-S-∅-√ḵéi ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) pay | for S to pay O (esp. a person, for work done); for S to pay for O | ldakát ágé yee jiwtuwaḵéi? → did we pay all of you (for what you did)? (SN) • wáa sá ldakát ee ijiwduwaḵéi? → how much did they all pay you for all the salmon? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: jinaḵéi! | pay them!
• prohibitive: líl jeeḵéiḵ! | donʼt pay them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo jeeḵéigiḵ! | donʼt pay them!
• imperfective (+): ajiḵéi | they pays them; they are paying them
• imperfective (–): tlél ajeeḵéi | they donʼt pay them; they are not paying them
• perfective (+): ajeewaḵéi | they paid them
• perfective (–): tlél ajiwuḵéi | they didnʼt pay them
• future (+): ajikg̱waḵéi | they will pay them
• future (–): tlél ajikg̱waḵéi | they wonʼt pay them
√ḵei ² (verb root) shy
O-ka-u-S-l-√ḵéi ² (ga state verb – transitive – high) shy | for S to be shy of O | du dlaakʼ akwliḵéi → he was shy of his sister (SN) • Mary x̱at kooliḵéi → Mary is bashful of me (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl keelaḵéiḵ! | donʼt be shy of them!
• imperfective (+): akuliḵéi | they are shy of them
• imperfective (–): tlél akoolḵé | they arenʼt shy of them
• progressive imperfective: kei akunalḵéin | they are getting to be shy of them
• perfective (+): akwliḵéi | they became shy of them
• perfective (–): tlél akawulḵéi | they werenʼt shy of them
• future (+): kei akagux̱laḵéi | they will be shy of them
• future (–): tlél kei akagux̱lakéi | they wonʼt be shy of them
at ka-u-S-l-√ḵéi ² (ga state verb – impersonal – high) shy; bashful | for S to be shy, bashful | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei at keelaḵéijiḵ! | donʼt be shy!
• imperfective (+): at kuliḵéi | they are shy
• imperfective (–): tlél at koolḵé | they arenʼt shy
• progressive imperfective: kei at kunalḵéin | they are getting to be shy
• perfective (+): at kawliḵéi | they were shy
• perfective (–): tlél at kawulḵéi | they werenʼt shy
• future (+): kei at kagux̱laḵéi | they will be shy
• future (–): tlél kei at kagux̱lakéi | they wonʼt be shy
√ḵeitsʼ (verb root) tickle
O-ka-S-l-√ḵéitsʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) tickle; touch | for S to tickle O; for S to touch O lightly | ikakḵwalaḵéitsʼ → iʼm going to tickle you (SN) • sakwnéin tʼóosʼi ax̱ leitóox̱ akawliḵétsʼ → the toast tickled my throat (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kalaḵétsʼ! | tickle them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keelaḵétsʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt tickle them!
• imperfective (+): aklaḵétsʼx̱ | they are tickling them
• perfective (+): akawliḵétsʼ | they tickled them
• perfective (–): tlél akawulḵéitsʼ | they didnʼt tickle them
• future (+): akagux̱laḵéitsʼ | they will tickle them
• future (–): tlél akagux̱laḵéitsʼ | they wonʼt tickle them
√ḵee ¹ (verb root) sit; situated | classification: plural | singular form: √.nook ¹
S-∅-√ḵee ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – open) sit; situated | for (plural) S to be seated | a noun phrase with (-t) postposition can be used to indicate where one is sitting, but is not required | (KE)
• prohibitive: líl yiḵeeníḵ! | donʼt you all be sitting!
• imperfective (+): has ḵéen | they all sit; they all are sitting
• imperfective (–): tlél has uḵeen | they all donʼt sit; they all arenʼt sitting
(yei) + S-∅-√ḵee ¹ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – open) sit | for (plural) S to sit, sit down (esp. act of sitting) | gáant tooḵéenin → we were sitting outside (SN) • yóoxʼ gax̱tooḵee → letʼs sit down over there! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: g̱ayḵí! | you all sit down!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei yiḵéejiḵ! | donʼt you all sit down!
• progressive imperfective: yei (ha)s naḵéen | they all are sitting down
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél yei has unaḵéen | they all are not sitting down
• perfective (+): has wooḵee | they all sat down
• perfective (–): tlél has wuḵee | they all didnʼt sit down
• future (+): yei (ha)s gug̱aḵée | they all will sit down
• future (–): tlél yei (ha)s gug̱aḵee | they all wonʼt sit down
√ḵee ² (verb root) rise; rouse; get up | classification: plural subject | singular form: √nook ⁴
sha-S-d+∅-√ḵee ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) get up; rise | for (plural) S to get up, rise | xʼoon gaawxʼ sá shayeedaḵéex̱? → what time do you all get up? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: shaydaḵí! | you all get up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl shaydaḵéex̱iḵ! | donʼt you all get up!
• progressive imperfective: yaa (ha)s shandaḵéen | they all are starting to get up
• perfective (+): has shawdiḵée | they all got up
• perfective (–): tlél has shawdaḵí | they all didnʼt get up
• future (+): has shagux̱daḵée | they all will get up
• future (–): tlél has shagux̱daḵee | they all wonʼt get up
√ḵeen ¹ (verb root) fly ¹ | classification: singular subject | plural form: √yeech
{na preverb} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) fly ¹ | for (singular) S (bird, or persons in a plane) to fly | classification: singular subject or people in plane | gáaxw haa neeyaadé yaa ndaḵín → a duck is flying towards us (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} nidaḵeen! | fly {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yidaḵeeníḵ! | donʼt fly {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa ndaḵín | they are flying {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} wudiḵeen / wdiḵeen | they flew {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wudaḵeen / wdaḵeen | they didnʼt fly {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} gux̱daḵéen | they will fly {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱daḵeen | they wonʼt fly {____}
{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) fly ¹ | for S (of a bird or persons in a plane) to fly | classification: singular subject or people in plane | (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} idaḵín! | fly {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} idaḵeeníḵ! | donʼt fly {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa ndaḵín | they are flying {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wudiḵín | they flew {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wudaḵeen | they didnʼt fly {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} gux̱daḵéen | they will fly {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gux̱daḵeen | they wonʼt fly {____}
{ga preverb} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) fly ¹ | for (singular) S (bird, or persons in a plane) to fly | classification: singular subject or people in plane | seig̱ánin Aangóonde kei gax̱toodaḵéen → weʼre going to fly to Angoon tomorrow (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {ga preverb} gidaḵeen! | fly {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {ga preverb} yidaḵeeníḵ! | donʼt fly {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {ga preverb} yaa ndaḵín | they are flying {____}
• perfective (+): {ga preverb} wudiḵeen | they flew {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} wudaḵeen | they didnʼt fly {____}
• future (+): {ga preverb} kei gux̱daḵéen | they will fly {____}
• future (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei gux̱daḵeen | they wonʼt fly {____}
N + toowú + kínde + d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (na – impersonal – closed) overjoyed; happy; excited | for N to be overjoyed, excited
yax̱ + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) hover | for S to hover (of bird, helicopter), lift from ground and hang fluttering in the air | (SN)
• perfective (+): yax̱ wudiḵín | it is hovering
√ḵeen ² (verb root) moon | new moon
ÿa-d+s-√ḵeen ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) moon | for the moon to be new
• progressive imperfective: dís yei yanasḵéen | itʼs getting to be a new moon
• perfective (+): dís yawdziḵeen | itʼs a new moon
• perfective (–): tlél dís yawusḵeen | itʼs not a new moon
• future (+): dis yei yakg̱wasḵéen | itʼs going to be a new moon
• future (–): tlél dís yei yakg̱wasḵeen | itʼs not going to be a new moon
√ḵeet ¹ (verb root) suspect; annoyed with
O-S-∅-√ḵeet ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) suspect; distrust; suspicious; lack confidence | for S to suspect, distrust, be suspicious of, lack confidence in O | du yoo x̱ʼatángi x̱waaḵít → i suspect what he says / iʼm not confident that heʼs telling the truth (SN) • wáanáx̱ sáwé x̱at eeḵeet? → why are you suspicious of me / why do you suspect me? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ḵít! | be suspicous of them!
• prohibitive: líl yiḵeedíḵ! | donʼt be suspicous of them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eeḵítx̱iḵ! | donʼt be suspicous of them!
• progressive imperfective: yaa anaḵít | they are beginning to suspect them
• perfective (+): aawaḵít | they are suspicious of them
• perfective (–): tlél awuḵeet | they are not suspicious of them
• future (+): akg̱waḵéet | they will be suspicious of them
• future (–): tlél akg̱waḵeet | they wonʼt be suspicious of them
tóo + O-S-sh-√ḵeet ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) annoyed with; tired of; fed up with | for S to be annoyed with, tired of, fed up with O | to say annoyed with or tired of anotherʼs talking, add the thematic prefix « x̱ʼa- » to the theme: tóo + O-x̱ʼa-S-sh-√ḵeet ˟ ¹ | tlél tóo haa ooshḵeet → heʼs not annoyed with us / not tired of us (that is, of our visiting him) (SN) • tlax̱ tóo x̱ʼax̱shiḵeet → iʼm real tired of his talking (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): tóo ashiḵeet | sheʼs tired of them
• imperfective (–): tlél tóo ooshḵeet | they arenʼt tired of them
• progressive imperfective: tóo kei anashḵeet | they are getting tired of them
• perfective (+): tóo awshiḵeet | they got tired of them
• perfective (–): tlél tóo awushḵeet | they didnʼt get tired of them
• future (+): tóo kei agux̱shaḵeet | they will get tired of them
• future (–): tlél tóo kei agux̱shaḵeet | they wonʼt get tired of them
√ḵeet ² (verb root) dam
O-S-s-√ḵeet ² (∅ act verb – transitive dam | for S to dam up O (incompletely or impermanently) | sʼigeidí héen asḵítx̱ → beavers dam up rivers • dana héen sákw gax̱dusḵéet → it will be dammed to get drinking water
• imperative: saḵéetʼ! | dam it!
• perfective (+): awsiḵítʼ | they dammed it
• perfective (–): tlél awusḵéetʼ | they didnʼt dam it
• future (+): agux̱saḵéetʼ | they will dam it
• future (–): tlél agux̱saḵéetʼ | they wonʼt dam it
√ḵeetʼ (verb root) suppurate; infected; fester; pus
d+l-√ḵéetʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) infected; fester; suppurate; pus | for a wound to be infected, have pus | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa nalḵítʼ | itʼs getting infected
• perfective (+): wudliḵítʼ | itʼs infected
• perfective (–): tlél wulḵéetʼ | it isnʼt infected
• future (+): gug̱alḵéetʼ | it will get infected
• future (–): tlél gug̱alḵéetʼ | it wonʼt get infected
√ḵoo (verb root) flood ¹; vomit
S-d+l-√ḵoo ʰ (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) vomit; throw up | for S to vomit, throw up | kei wdliḵóo → he vomited/threw up everything (SN) • keitl kei alḵwéich / keitl kei alḵóoch → dogs vomit (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: neelḵú! / nalḵú! | vomit!
• prohibitive: líl eelḵóoḵ! | donʼt vomit!
• imperfective (+): ilḵú | they vomits; they are vomiting
• imperfective (–): tlél ulḵú | they donʼt vomit; they are not vomiting
• perfective (+): wudliḵoo | they vomited
• perfective (–): tlél wulḵoo | they didnʼt vomit
• future (+): gug̱alḵóo | they will vomit
• future (–): tlél gug̱alḵoo | they wonʼt vomit
√ḵootlʼ (verb root) muddy
ka-sh-√ḵóotlʼ (∅ state verb – impersonal – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) muddy | for a road, etc. to be muddy | chʼa g̱óot aa téel yéi na.oo; wé dei yík kawshiḵútlʼ → put on some other shoes, for that road is muddy! (SN)
• imperfective (+): kashiḵútlʼk | itʼs muddy
• imperfective (–): tlél kooshḵútlʼk | itʼs not muddy
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanashḵútlʼ | itʼs starting to get muddy
• perfective (+): kawshiḵútlʼ | it got muddy
• perfective (–): tlél kawushḵóotlʼ | it didnʼt get muddy
• future (+): kagux̱shaḵóotlʼ | it will get muddy
• future (–): tlél kagux̱shaḵóotlʼ | it wonʼt get muddy
√ḵoox̱ ¹ (verb root) go; travel | travel by boat; travel by car
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) boat ²; go; travel | for S to travel, go (by boat, car) | ḵux̱ has wudiḵúx̱ yá áa kaanáx̱ → they all went back across the lake by boat (SN) • haat wutuwaḵúx̱ → we came by boat (SN) • ḵux̱ has wudiḵúx̱ yá áa kaanáx̱ → they all went back across the lake by boat (SN) • haat wutuwaḵúx̱ → we came by boat (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: [∅ preverb] ḵúx̱! | drive {____}!
• prohibitive: líl [∅ preverb] yiḵoox̱úḵ! | donʼt drive {____}!
• progressive imperfective: [∅ preverb] yaa neeḵúx̱ | youʼre driving {____}
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél [∅ preverb] yaa unaḵúx̱ | they are not driving {____}
• perfective (+): [∅ preverb] uwaḵúx̱ | they drove {____}
• perfective (–): tlél [∅ preverb] wuḵoox̱ | they didnʼt drive {____}
• future (+): [∅ preverb] kg̱waḵóox̱ | they will drive {____}
• future (–): tlél [∅ preverb] kg̱waḵoox̱ | they wonʼt drive {____}
daak + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) boat ²; go; travel | for S to go out to sea (in a boat); for S to move into the open (in a boat, car) | note that there is no « yaa » preverb in the progressive imperfective form with this particular group of adverbs | (KE)
• imperative: daak ḵúx̱! | go out to sea!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl daak eeḵúx̱jiḵ! | donʼt go out to sea!
• progressive imperfective: daak naḵúx̱ | they are going out to sea
• perfective (+): daak uwaḵúx̱ | they went out to sea
• perfective (–): tlél daak wuḵoox̱ | they didnʼt go out to sea
• future (+): daak gug̱aḵóox̱ | they will go out to sea
• future (–): tlél daak gug̱aḵoox̱ | they wonʼt go out to sea
g̱unéi + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) boat ²; go; travel | for S to begin traveling, going by boat or car | (KE)
• imperative: g̱unéi ḵoox̱! | get going!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl g̱unéi eeḵúx̱x̱uḵ! | donʼt get going!
• progressive imperfective: g̱unéi yaa naḵúx̱ | they are starting to go
• perfective (+): g̱unéi uwaḵúx̱ | they started driving
• perfective (–): tlél g̱unéi wuḵoox̱ | they didnʼt start driving
• future (+): g̱unéi kg̱waḵóox̱ | they will start driving
• future (–): tlél g̱unéi kg̱waḵoox̱ | they wonʼt start driving
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) drive | for S to drive O (boat, car) | captain-ch yaa nasḵúx̱ → the captain is taking the boat out (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: [∅ preverb] saḵúx̱! | drive it {____}!
• prohibitive: líl [∅ preverb] isaḵoox̱úḵ! | donʼt drive it {____}!
• progressive imperfective: [∅ preverb] yaa anasḵúx̱ | they are driving it {____}
• perfective (+): [∅ preverb] awsiḵúx̱ | they drove it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél [∅ preverb] awusḵoox̱ | they didnʼt drive it {____}
• future (+): [∅ preverb] agux̱saḵóox̱ | they will drive it {____}
• future (–): tlél [∅ preverb] agux̱saḵoox̱ | they wonʼt drive it {____}
{na preverb} + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) boat ²; go; travel | for S to travel, go (in a boat, car) | Juneau-de yaa nx̱aḵúx̱ → iʼm traveling to Juneau by boat (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: [na preverb] naḵoox̱! | drive {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl [na preverb] yoo eeḵúx̱guḵ! | donʼt drive {____}!
• progressive imperfective: [na preverb] yaa naḵúx̱ | they are driving {____}
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél [na preverb] yaa unaḵúx̱ | they are not driving {____}
• perfective (+): [na preverb] wooḵoox̱ | they drove {____}
• perfective (–): tlél [na preverb] wuḵoox̱ | they didnʼt drive {____}
• future (+): [na preverb] kg̱waḵóox̱ | they will drive {____}
• future (–): tlél [na preverb] kg̱waḵoox̱ | they wonʼt drive {____}
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) drive | for S to drive O (boat, car) | (KE)
• imperative: [na preverb] nasḵoox̱! | drive it {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl [na preverb] yoo isaḵúx̱guḵ! | donʼt drive it {____}!
• progressive imperfective: [na preverb] yaa anasḵúx̱ | they are driving it {____}
• perfective (+): [na preverb] awsiḵoox̱ | they drove it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél [na preverb] awusḵoox̱ | they didnʼt drive it {____}
• future (+): [na preverb] agux̱saḵóox̱ | they will drive it {____}
• future (–): tlél [na preverb] agux̱saḵoox̱ | they wonʼt drive it {____}
ḵut + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lost | for S to get lost (going by motorized vehicle) | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ḵut kei eeḵúx̱jiḵ! | donʼt get lost!
• progressive imperfective: ḵut kei naḵúx̱ | they are getting lost
• perfective (+): ḵut wooḵoox̱ | they got lost
• perfective (–): tlél ḵut wuḵoox̱ | they didnʼt get lost
• future (+): ḵut kei kg̱waḵóox̱ | they will get lost
• future (–): tlél ḵut kei kg̱waḵoox̱ | they wonʼt get lost
yaa + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) go; travel | for S to be going, traveling along (by boat, car) | this is an example of a progressive epiaspectual paradigm (leer, 91), which basically means that all forms are based on the progressive aspect • the progressive epiaspect is characterized by: 1)having the yaa preverb in all forms, 2)having no perfective form, and 3) denotes semantically a continuous transition from one location or state to another | (KE)
• imperative: yaa gaḵoox̱! | keep on going (by boat, car)!
• progressive imperfective: yaa naḵúx̱ | they are going along (by boat, car)
• future (+): yaa kg̱waḵóox̱ | they will keep on going (by boat, car)
N + daax̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) circle around; drive around | for S to circle, drive around N in a motor vehicle | (KE)
• imperative: a daax̱ wuḵúx̱! | drive around it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a daax̱ yaa eeḵúx̱jiḵ! | donʼt drive around it!
• progressive imperfective: a daax̱ yaa naḵúx̱ | they are driving around it
• perfective (+): a daax̱ yaawaḵúx̱ | they drove around it
• perfective (–): tlél a daax̱ yawuḵoox̱ | they didnʼt drive around it
• future (+): a daax̱ yakg̱waḵóox̱ | they will drive around it
• future (–): tlél a daax̱ yakg̱waḵoox̱ | they wonʼt drive around it
a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) turn back; return | for S to turn back, return by boat | haa aaníxʼ ayawdiḵúx̱ → he returned to our town (by boat) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ayidaḵúx̱! | turn back!
• prohibitive: líl ayeedaḵoox̱úḵ! | donʼt turn back!
• perfective (+): ayawdiḵúx̱ | they turned back
• perfective (–): tlél ayawdaḵoox̱ | they didnʼt turn back
• future (+): ayagux̱daḵóox̱ | they will turn back
• future (–): tlél ayagux̱daḵoox̱ | they wonʼt turn back
{∅ preverb} + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) transport; boat ² | for S to transport O by boat; for S to bring, take or fetch O by boat | néekw sʼaatx’i áyá haat yawdudziḵúx̱ → lots of sick people were brought here by boat (SN) • ldakát haadé yakḵwasaḵóox̱ → i’ll bring everything here by boat (SN)
• imperative: [∅ preverb] yasaḵúx̱! | transport it {____}!
• prohibitive: líl [∅ preverb] yeesaḵoox̱úḵ! | donʼt transport it {____}!
• progressive imperfective: [∅ preverb] yaa ayanasḵúx̱ | they are transporting it {____}
• perfective (+): [∅ preverb] ayawsiḵúx̱ | they transported it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél [∅ preverb] ayawusḵoox̱ | they didnʼt transport it {____}
• future (+): [∅ preverb] ayagux̱saḵóox̱ | they will transport it {____}
• future (–): tlél [∅ preverb] ayagux̱saḵoox̱ | they wonʼt transport it {____}
√ḵʼei (verb root) precious
N + yáa + O-l-√ḵʼéi ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) treasure; value; admire; respect | for N to treasure, value O; for N to admire, think highly of, respect O | ax̱ yáa iliḵʼéi i yoo x̱ʼatángi aadé yateeyi yé → i admire the way you spoke (SN) • chʼa ax̱ yá liḵʼéi yá gaaw → i treasure this drum very highly (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: i yáa galaḵʼéi! | admire them!
• prohibitive: líl i yáa kei ulḵʼéiyich! | donʼt admire them!
• imperfective (+): du yáa liḵʼéi | they admires them
• imperfective (–): tlél du yáa ulḵʼé | they donʼt admire them
• progressive imperfective: du yáa kei nalḵʼéin | they are beginning to admire them
• perfective (+): du yáa wuliḵʼéi | they admired them
• perfective (–): tlél du yáa wulḵʼéi | they didnʼt admire them
• future (+): du yáa kei gux̱laḵʼéi | they are going to admire them
• future (–): tlél du yáa kei gux̱laḵʼéi | they arenʼt going to admire them
√ḵʼeikʼw ¹ (verb root) cut ¹ | cut (flesh) with knife
O-S-∅-√ḵʼéikʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) cut ¹; wound ¹ | for S to cut the flesh of O (usually accidentally); for S to wound O with a sharp instrument | du jín aawaḵʼékʼw → he cut his hand (SN) • (KE)
• admonitive: eeḵʼéikʼw tsá! | be sure not to cut them/it!
• perfective (+): aawaḵʼékʼw | they cut them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awuḵʼéikʼw | they didnʼt cut them/it
• future (+): akg̱waḵʼéikʼw | they will cut them/it
• future (–): tlél akg̱waḵʼéikʼw | they wonʼt cut them/it
sh S-d+∅-s√ḵʼéikʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – ejective) cut ¹; wound ¹ | for S to cut themself, usually accidentally; for s to wound themself with a sharp instrument | shunax̱wáayi teen sh x̱wadiḵʼékʼw → i cut myself with the axe (SN) • (KE)
• admonitive: sh idaḵʼéikʼw tsá! | be sure not to cut yourself!
• perfective (+): sh wudiḵʼékʼw | they cut themself
• perfective (–): tlél sh wudaḵʼéikʼw | they didnʼt cut themself
• future (+): sh gux̱daḵʼéikʼw | they will cut themself
• future (–): tlél sh gux̱daḵʼéikʼw | they wonʼt cut themself
√ḵʼeikʼw ² (verb root) walk | walk with long steps
√ḵʼeekʼ (verb root) jammed; crammed
O-d+∅-√ḵʼéekʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective) crowded; jammed | for O to be crowded, jammed together | aanḵeení áa wdiḵʼíkʼ → the crowd is jammed together (is thick) there (SN) • haa udaḵʼíkʼch → we are crowded (with too many things in our house) (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa ndaḵʼíkʼ | she/he is getting crowded
• perfective (+): wudiḵʼíkʼ | they are crowded
• perfective (–): tlél wudaḵʼéekʼ | they arenʼt crowded
• future (+): gux̱daḵʼéekʼ | they are going to be crowded
• future (–): tlél gux̱daḵʼéekʼ | they arenʼt going to be crowded
√laa ¹ (verb root) ⑴ melt || ⑵ go out
(N-x̱) + ∅-√laa ¹ (g̱a motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹; ebb; go out; recede; subside | for the tide to ebb, go out (from under N); for water to recede, subside, go down (of floodwater) | note that N-x̱ in the theme is not required by the verb, but should be used to give the meaning "for the tide to go out from under N" (« woolaa » – "the tide went out” • « áx̱ woolaa » "the tide went out from under it”) | aadáx̱ ḵux̱ daléich → the water receded from there (after a flood) (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yei naléin | the tide is going out
• perfective (+): woolaa | the tide went out
• perfective (–): tlél wulaa | the tide didnʼt go out
• future (+): yei kg̱waláa | the tide will go out
• future (–): tlél yei kg̱walaa | the tide wonʼt go out
yan⁓ + ∅-√laa ¹ (∅ motion) (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹; go out | for the tide to go out, be low | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa naléin | the tide is going out
• perfective (+): yan uwaláa | the tide is low
• perfective (–): tlél yan wulá | the tide isnʼt low
• future (+): yánde kg̱waláa | the tide will go out
• future (–): tlél yánde kg̱walaa | the tide wonʼt go out
l-√laa ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – open) melt; dissolve; thaw | for something to melt, dissolve, thaw | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa nalléin | itʼs melting
• perfective (+): wuliláa | it melted
• perfective (–): tlél wullá | it didnʼt melt
• future (+): gux̱laláa | it will melt
• future (–): tlél gux̱lalaa | it wonʼt melt
√laa ² (verb root) yell
√laaxw (verb root) starve
O-∅-√laaxw (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) starve | for O to be starving, starved | dei x̱at uwaláxw → i have already starved (SN) • haa kg̱waláaxw → weʼre going to starve (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa naláxw | they are starving
• perfective (+): uwaláxw | they starved
• perfective (–): tlél wulaaxw | they didnʼt starve
• future (+): gug̱waláaxw | they will starve
• future (–): tlél gug̱walaaxw | they wonʼt starve
√laax̱ (verb root) dry; die | for a plant to die and dry up
O-d+∅-√laax̱ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) dry; die | for a plant or tree to be dead but still standing; for an old boat to be dried out and weathered | tléix’ aan wudiláx̱ → the whole town was deserted (FI) • (SN, JL)
• perfective (+): wudiláx̱ | it (tree or plant) is dead, but still standing
• perfective (–): tlél wudalaax̱ | it (tree or plant) didnʼt die
• future (+): gux̱daláax̱ | it (tree or plant) is going to die
• future (–): tlél gux̱dalaax̱ | it (tree or plant) isnʼt going to die
O-S-l-√laax̱ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) kill ¹ | for S to kill O (a plant or tree) | gandaadagóokch áyá wuliláx̱ yáa aas → a woodpecker killed this tree (SN)
• imperative: laláx̱! | kill it (a plant)!
• prohibitive: líl eelaláax̱iḵ | donʼt kill it (a tree or plant)
• perfective (+): awliláx̱ | they killed it (a tree or plant)
• perfective (–): tlél awullaax̱ | they didnʼt kill it (a tree or plant)
• future (+): agux̱laláax̱ | they are going to kill it (a tree or plant)
• future (–): tlél agux̱lalaax̱ | they are not going to kill it (a tree or plant)
√lei (verb root) far; distant
O-∅-√lei (na state verb – object intransitive – open) far; distant | for something to be far, distant | the negative imperfective mode of this verb can be used for "almost" with a perfective verb, and "not long until" for a future verb, both of which need to be in dependent form, such as: tlél unalé yax̱wadlaag̱í (i almost obtained it) and tlél unalé aax̱ gax̱too.áadi (it wonʼt be long until we leave) • note the unusual presence of the conjugation prefix in the imperfective mode | naaléi ágé has du aaní? → is their village far away? (SN) • tlél i éetx̱ gug̱alei → they wonʼt be far from you • tlél unalé → itʼs not far; for a short while (that is, not distant in time); almost (SN) • wáa kunaaléiyi yéit sá iyagút? → how far did you go? (SN)
• imperfective (+): naaléi | it is far
• imperfective (–): tlél unalé | it is not far
• future (+): gug̱aléi | it will be far
• future (–): tlél gug̱alei | it wonʼt be far
(yéi) + O-ka-u-∅-√lei (na state verb – object intransitive – open) far; distant | for something to be (so) far, distant (in time or space) | the perfective form « yéi kaawalei » (it was that far) is commonly used in situations where one just fell short of making it to a destination • in other words, "i almost made it, it was just that far away”
• imperfective (+): yéi kunaaléi | itʼs that far
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koonalé | it isnʼt that far
• progressive imperfective: yéi yaa kunaléin | itʼs becoming farther
• perfective (+): yéi kaawalei | it was that far
• perfective (–): tlél yéi kawulei | it wasnʼt that far
• future (+): yéi kakg̱waléi | it will be that far
• future (–): tlél yéi kakg̱walei it wonʼt be that far |
√leil (verb root) flab; limp ²; baggy
√leix̱ʼw (verb root) red | become red or paint face red
√leek (verb root) dazzle
√leekʼw (verb root) slurp | slurp out of a shell
√leelkʼw (verb root) grandparent | become a grandparent
√leelʼ (verb root) bunch up
√leet ¹ (verb root) throw | classification: plural objects, so as to scatter
N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√leet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw O (usually with force so that object scatters) to N | héen gáant x̱waalít → i threw the water out, in a forceful motion (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át lít! | throw it to it!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ eeleedíḵ! | donʼt throw it to it!
• perfective (+): át aawalít | they threw it to it
• perfective (–): tlél át awuleet | they didnʼt throw it to it
• future (+): aadé akg̱waléet | they will throw it to it
• future (–): tlél aadé akg̱waleet | they wonʼt throw it to it
kei + O-S-∅-√leet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) throw; throw away | for S to throw O up in the air; for S to throw O away (literally and figuratively) | (KE)
• imperative: kei leet! | throw it away!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei eelítjíḵ! | donʼt throw it away!
• perfective (+): kei aawalít | they threw it away
• perfective (–): tlél kei awuleet | they didnʼt throw it away
• future (+): kei akg̱waléet | they will throw it away
• future (–): tlél kei akg̱waleet | they wonʼt throw it away
kei + S-d+∅-√leet ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) give up; quit | for S to give up, quit | ax̱ sháade háni tlél a yáx̱ yoo x̱ʼeitánk, ách áwé kei x̱wdilít → my boss didnʼt talk right, so i quit (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kei idaleet! | give up!
• prohibitive: líl kei idalítjiḵ! | donʼt give up!
• perfective (+): kei wdilít | they gave up
• perfective (–): tlél kei wdaleet | they didnʼt give up
• future (+): kei gux̱daléet | they will give up
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱daleet | they wonʼt give up
√leet ² (verb root) slide ¹; glide | slide (esp. an animal); glide on surface | classification: non-human
√loo (verb root) nose | to have a nose
√look sip; drink ¹ | drink in sips | classification: hot liquid
O-S-∅-√look (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) sip; drink ¹ | for S to drink O in sips, sip O (esp. hot liquids) | sʼikshaldéen gax̱toolóok → we are going to drink (sip) Hudson Bay tea (SN) • chʼa tlákw at lóok → heʼs always drinking (tea or coffee) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: lúk! | sip it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eelúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt sip it!
• imperfective (+): alóok | they are sipping it
• imperfective (–): tlél oolook | they arenʼt sipping it
• perfective (+): aawalúk | they sipped it
• perfective (–): tlél awulook | they didnʼt sip it
• future (+): akg̱walóok | they will sip it
• future (–): tlél akg̱walook | they wonʼt sip it
√loon (verb root) close ¹ | close eyes
√lóoxʼ (verb root) • variants: √leexʼw • ⑴ pee; urinate || ⑵ drip ¹ | drip fast
a-S-∅-√lóoxʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive urinate; pee | for S to urinate | (GD, EM, KE)
• imperative: alʼúxʼ (dé)! | urinate (now)!
• prohibitive: líl eelʼúxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt urinate!
• progressive imperfective: yaa analʼúxʼ | they are going along urinating
• perfective (+): aawalʼúxʼ | they urinated
• perfective (–): tlél awulʼóoxʼ | they didnʼt urinate
• future (+): akg̱walʼóoxʼ | they will urinate
• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼóoxʼ | they wonʼt urinate
sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lóoxʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive pee; urinate | for S to pee oneself | (GD, EM, KE)
• imperative: (góok) sh daa eedalúxʼ! | (go ahead) pee yourself!
• prohibitive: líl sh daa eedalúxʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt pee yourself!
• progressive imperfective: sh daa yaa andalúxʼ | they are peeing themself
• perfective (+): sh daa awdilúxʼ | they peed themself
• perfective (–): tlél sh daa awdalóoxʼ | they didnʼt pee themself
• future (+): sh daa agux̱dalóoxʼ | they are going to pee themself
• future (–): tlél sh daa agux̱dalóoxʼ | they are not going to pee themself
a-ka-S-l-√lóoxʼ (na act verb – subject intransitive – ejective) | for S to urinate | (KE)
• imperative: akanallóoxʼ! | urinate!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: (li sʼé) líl yoo akeelalúxʼguḵ! | donʼt urinate (yet)!
• imperfective (+): akalalóoxʼ | they are urinating
• imperfective (–): tlél akoollóoxʼ | they arenʼt urinating
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanallúxʼ | they are going along urinating
• perfective (+): akawlilóoxʼ | they urinated
• perfective (–): tlél akawullóoxʼ | they didnʼt urinate
• future (+): akagux̱lalóoxʼ | they are going to urinate
• future (–): tlél akagux̱lalóoxʼ | they are not going to urinate
N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√lóoxʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – ejective) | for S to urinate at N | tlél óoxjaa dayéen kei akeelalúxʼjiḵ! → donʼt pee against the wind! (KE)
• imperative: át aklalúxʼ! | urinate there!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ akeelalóoxʼuḵ! | donʼt urinate there!
• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa akanallúxʼ | they are urinating there
• perfective (+): át akawlilúxʼ | they urinated there
• perfective (–): tlél át akawullóoxʼ | they didnʼt urinate there
• future (+): aadé akagux̱lalóoxʼ | they are going to urinate there
• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱lalóoxʼ | they are not going to urinate there
√lʼaa (verb root) suck; nurse
O-S-∅-√lʼaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) suck; nurse | for S to suck on O, nurse on O | du éet yaan g̱ahéin lʼaa tux̱án oolʼáaych → whenever he gets hungry he sucks milk (JL) • (KE)
• imperative: lʼá! | suck on it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eelʼeix̱íḵ! | donʼt suck on it!
• imperfective (+): alʼáa | they are sucking on it
• imperfective (–): tlél oolʼáa | they arenʼt sucking on it
• perfective (+): aawalʼáa | they sucked on it
• perfective (–): tlél awulʼá | they didnʼt suck on it
• future (+): akg̱walʼáa | they will suck on it
• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼaa | they wonʼt suck on it
O-S-l-√lʼaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) suck | for S to suck on O | ḵaa sheiyí ḵaa tóodáx̱ allʼeix̱ → it (vampire bat) sucks blood from people (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: lalʼá! | suck on it!
• prohibitive: líl ilalʼáaḵ! | donʼt suck on it!
• imperfective (+): allʼáa | they are sucking on it
• imperfective (–): tlél oollʼáa | they are not sucking on it
• perfective (+): awlilʼáa | they sucked on it
• perfective (–): tlél awullʼá | they didnʼt suck on it
• future (+): agux̱lalʼáa | they will suck on it
• future (–): tlél agux̱lalʼaa | they wonʼt suck on it
N + x̱ʼéi + a-S-l-√lʼaa ʰ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – fading) nurse | for S to nurse N | (KE)
• imperative: du x̱ʼéi allʼá! | nurse them!
• prohibitive: líl du x̱ʼéi eellʼáaḵ! | donʼt nurse them!
• imperfective (+): du x̱ʼéi allʼáa | she is nursing them
• imperfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéi oollʼáa | she is not nursing them
• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéi awlilʼáa | she nursed them
• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéi awullʼá | she didnʼt nurse them
• future (+): du x̱ʼéi agux̱lalʼáa | she will nurse them
• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéi agux̱lalʼaa | she wonʼt nurse them
√lʼaaḵ (verb root) put down; herring | put down hemlock branches for herring eggs
√lʼaaḵw (verb root) stuck | stuck in mud
√lʼaatʼ (verb root) carry; tongs | carry with tongs
√lʼei (verb root) ⑴ sediment || ⑵ promiscuous
√lʼeiw (verb root) sand ¹
√lʼeix̱ (verb root) dance ¹
a-S-∅-√lʼeix̱ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) dance ¹ | for S to dance | seig̱ánin agax̱toolʼeix̱ → we are going to dance tomorrow • anax̱toolʼeix̱ has du x̱ʼa.eetxʼ → letʼs dance for them while theyʼre eating (CJ) • (KE)
• imperative: analʼeix̱! | dance!
• prohibitive: líl eelʼeix̱íḵ! | donʼt dance!
• imperfective (+): alʼeix̱ | they are dancing; they dances
• imperfective (–): tlél oolʼeix̱ | they arenʼt dancing; they donʼt dance
• progressive imperfective: yaa analʼéx̱ | they are dancing along
• perfective (+): aawalʼeix̱ | they danced
• perfective (–): tlél awulʼeix̱ | they didnʼt dance
• future (+): akg̱walʼeix̱ | they will dance
• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼeix̱ | they wonʼt dance
√lʼeexw (verb root) close eyes • variants: √lʼoox •
√lʼeexʼ (verb root) break | classification: stick-like objects
O-S-∅-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive – ejective) break | for S to break O (esp. of solid objects, wood, metals, etc.) | classification: stick-like objects | ḵáasʼ x̱waalʼéexʼ → i broke a stick (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nalʼéexʼ! | break it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo eelʼíxʼgiḵ! | donʼt break it!
• perfective (+): aawalʼéexʼ | they broke it
• perfective (–): tlél awulʼéexʼ | they didnʼt break it
• future (+): akg̱walʼéexʼ | they will break it
• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼéexʼ | they wonʼt break it
∅-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – impersonal – ejective) break | for a general, solid object to break | classification: stick-like objects | washéen woolʼéexʼ → the engine broke (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): woolʼéexʼ | it broke
• perfective (–): tlél wulʼéexʼ | it didnʼt break
• future (+): gug̱walʼéexʼ | it will break
• future (–): tlél gug̱walʼéexʼ | it wonʼt break
O-S-l-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive – ejective) break | for S to break O (often by bending) (usually long objects) | classification: stick-like objects | wásʼ x̱walilʼéexʼ → i broke the bush (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nallʼéexʼ! | break it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo ilalʼíxʼgiḵ! | donʼt break it!
• perfective (+): awlilʼéexʼ | they broke it
• perfective (–): tlél awullʼéexʼ | they didnʼt break it
• future (+): agux̱lalʼéexʼ | they will break it
• future (–): tlél agux̱lalʼéexʼ | they wonʼt break it
l-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – impersonal – ejective) break | for a long object to break | classification: stick-like objects | xítʼaa wulilʼéexʼ → the broom broke (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): wulilʼéexʼ | it broke
• perfective (–): tlél wullʼéexʼ | it didnʼt break
• future (+): gux̱lalʼéexʼ | it will break
• future (–): tlél gux̱lalʼéexʼ | it wonʼt break
√lʼéelʼ (verb root) defecate; poop ¹
a-S-∅-√lʼéelʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive defecate; poop ¹ | for S to defecate | (GD, EM, KE)
• imperative: alʼílʼ (dé)! | defecate (now)!
• prohibitive: líl eelʼílʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt defecate!
• progressive imperfective: yaa analʼílʼ | they are going along defecating
• perfective (+): aawalʼílʼ | they defecated
• perfective (–): tlél awulʼéelʼ | they didnʼt defecate
• future (+): akg̱walʼéelʼ | they will defecate
• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼéelʼ | they wonʼt defecate
sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lʼéelʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive poop ¹; defecate | for S to poop oneself | (GD, EM, KE)
• imperative: (góok) sh daa eedalílʼ! | (go ahead) poop yourself!
• prohibitive: líl sh daa eedalílʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt poop yourself!
• progressive imperfective: sh daa yaa andalílʼ | they are pooping themself
• perfective (+): sh daa awdilílʼ | they pooped themself
• perfective (–): tlél sh daa awdaléelʼ | they didnʼt poop themself
• future (+): sh daa agux̱daléelʼ | they are going to poop themself
• future (–): tlél sh daa agux̱daléelʼ | poop themself
√lʼoon (verb root) hunt
O-S-∅-√lʼóon ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) hunt | for S to hunt O (wild game) | xóots gax̱toolʼóon → weʼre going to hunt brown bear (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nalʼóon! | hunt it!
• prohibitive: líl eelʼóoniḵ! | donʼt hunt it!
• imperfective (+): alʼóon | they are hunting it; they hunts it
• imperfective (–): tlél oolʼóon | they arenʼt hunting it; they donʼt hunt it
• perfective (+): aawalʼóon | they hunted it
• perfective (–): tlél awulʼóon | they didnʼt hunt it
• future (+): akg̱walʼóon | they will hunt it
• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼóon | they wonʼt hunt it
a-S-∅-√lʼóon ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) hunt | for S to hunt
• imperative: analʼóon! | hunt!
• prohibitive: líl eelʼóoniḵ | donʼt hunt!
• imperfective (+): alʼóon | they are hunting; they hunts
• imperfective (–): tlél oolʼóon | they arenʼt hunting; they donʼt hunt
• perfective (+): aawalʼóon | they hunted
• perfective (–): tléil awulʼóon | they didnʼt hunt
• future (+): akg̱walʼóon | they will hunt
• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼóon | they wonʼt hunt
√lʼoox (verb root) close ¹ | close eyes • variants: √lʼéexw (K) •
ka-S-d+∅-√lʼoox (∅ event verb – subject intransitive close ¹ | for S to close eyes | kakḵwadalʼóox → iʼm going to close my eyes (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: keedalʼúx ! | close your eyes!
• prohibitive: líl keedalʼúxx̱iḵ! | donʼt close your eyes!
• perfective (+): kawdilʼúx | they closed their eyes
• perfective (–): tlél kawdalʼoox | they didnʼt close their eyes
• future (+): kagux̱dalʼóox | they will close their eyes
• future (–): tlél kagux̱dalʼoox | they wonʼt close their eyes
(N waaḵ) + ka-d+∅-√lʼoox (∅ event verb – impersonal close ¹ | for Nʼs eyes to be closed | « –waaḵ » is not required by the verb; for example, it is possible to say simply « kawdilʼúx » (their eyes are closed) • to specify whose eyes are closed, use the appropriate possessive pronoun plus « –waaḵ », as in « ax̱ waaḵ kawdilʼúx » (my eyes are closed) | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: (du waaḵ) yaa kandalʼíxw | their eyes are starting to close
• perfective (+): (du waaḵ) kawdilʼíxw | their eyes are closed
• perfective (–): (du waaḵ) tlél kawdalʼeexw | their eyes arenʼt closed
• future (+): (du waaḵ) kagux̱dalʼéexw | their eyes will be closed
• future (–): (du waaḵ) tlél kagux̱dalʼeexw | their eyes wonʼt be closed
√lʼoox̱ʼ (verb root) spray milt; spawn
(a)-d+∅-√lʼóox̱ʼ (na event verb – impersonal – ejective) spawn | for something to spawn (esp. herring) | note that speakers recognize this verb both with and without the thematic prefix « a- » and both forms are acceptable | daaw kát awdilʼúx̱ʼ → they all spawned on the broad kelp (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa andalʼúx̱ʼ / yaa ndalʼúx̱ʼ | they all are beginning to spawn
• perfective (+): awdilʼóox̱ʼ / wudilʼóox̱ʼ | they all are spawning; they all spawned
• perfective (–): tlél awdalʼóox̱ʼ / tlél wudalʼóox̱ʼ | they all arenʼt spawning; they all didnʼt spawn
• future (+): agux̱dalʼóox̱ʼ / gux̱dalʼóox̱ʼ | they all are going to spawn
• future (–): tlél agux̱adalʼóox̱ʼ / tlél gux̱dalʼóox̱ʼ | they all arenʼt going to spawn
√nák (verb root) numb
√nátlʼ (verb root) • variants: √nátsʼ • waterlogged
√naa ¹ (verb root) drink
O-S-d+∅-√naa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) drink ¹ | for S to drink O | héen awdináa → they drank water (SN) • tléiḵw kahéeni adaneix̱ → they drinks fruit juice (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: idaná! | drink it!
• prohibitive: líl idanáaḵ! | donʼt drink it!
• imperfective (+): adaná | they are drinking it; they drinks it
• imperfective (–): tlél oodaná | they arenʼt drinking it; they donʼt drink it
• perfective (+): awdináa | they drank it
• perfective (–): tlél oodaná / tlél awdaná | they didnʼt drink it; they donʼt drink it
• future (+): agux̱danáa | they will drink it
• future (–): tlél agux̱danaa | they wonʼt drink it
at S-d+∅-√naa ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) drink ¹ | for S to drink | (KE)
• imperative: at idaná! | drink!
• prohibitive: líl at idanáaḵ! | donʼt drink!
• imperfective (+): at daná | they are drinking; they drinks
• imperfective (–): tlél at udaná | they arenʼt drinking; they donʼt drink
• perfective (+): at wudináa | they drank
• perfective (–): tléil at wudaná | they didnʼt drink
• future (+): at gux̱danáa | they will drink
• future (–): tlél at gux̱danaa | they wonʼt drink
√naa ² (verb root) damp; moisturize | become damp
√naa ³ (verb root) inherit; die; bury
O-S-∅-√naa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) inherit | for S to inherit O | du eetídáx̱ adunéixʼ → they all inherited from his things (SN) • i eedáx̱ kuḵanáa → iʼll inherit from you (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): aawanáa | they inherited it
• perfective (–): tlél awuná | they didnʼt inherit it
• future (+): akg̱wanáa | they will inherit it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wanaa | they wonʼt inherit it
O-S-s-√naa ³ (na event verb – transitive – open) bury | for S to bury O with appropriate ceremonial; for S to give O burial and disperse property | kʼidéin awsinaa du káak → he gave his uncle a good burial (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: (kʼidéin) nasná! | give them a (proper) burial!
• perfective (+): awsinaa | they gave them a burial
• perfective (–): tlél awusnaa | they didnʼt give them a burial
• future (+): agux̱sanáa | they will give them a burial
• future (–): tlél agux̱sanaa | they wonʼt give them a burial
O-∅-√naa ³ (na event verb – object intransitive – open) die | for O to die | most verb stems ending in « -aa » and « -oo » undergo apophony (the vowel becomes -ei) in the perfective habitual (na-, ga-, and g̱a- themes only), progressive imperfective, repetitive imperfective, and conditional modes; this theme is an exception and the vowel in the verb stem remains « -aa » throughout (for example « yaa nanáan » "they are dying", as opposed to the incorrect form *« yaa nanéin » | dei x̱at gug̱anáa → iʼm going to die (SN) • dei woonaawu áwé x̱waatʼei → he was dead when i found him (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: inaná! | die!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo eenáaguḵ! | donʼt die!
• progressive imperfective: yaa nanáan | they are dying
• perfective (+): woonaa | they died
• perfective (–): tlél wunaa | they didnʼt die
• future (+): gug̱anáa | they are going to die
• future (–): tlél gug̱anaa | they wonʼt die
√naa ⁴ (verb root) order ¹; send; command; give
O-ka-u-S-∅-√náa ⁴ (na act verb – transitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) ⑴ order; send; command | for S to order (esp. to go), send, command O | neildé kawduwanáa at yátxʼi → the children have been ordered home (SN) • choosh x̱oodáx̱ has akawdináa → they all ordered them all to go out from among them all (SN) || ⑵ give | for S to give O (esp. in accordance with clan relationship) | yee x̱ʼayeedé kawduwanáa → they all (of the opposite clan) are giving food to you (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: aadé kunanáa! | send them there!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aadé yoo keenáagiḵ! | donʼt send them there!
• imperfective (+): aadé akoonáa | they are (trying to) send them there
• imperfective (–): tlél aadé akoonáa | they arenʼt sending them there
• perfective (+): aadé akaawanáa | they sent them there
• perfective (–): tlél aadé akawunáa | they didnʼt send them there
• future (+): aadé akakg̱wanáa | they will send them there
• future (–): tlél aadé akakg̱wanáa | they wonʼt send them there
√naa ⁵ (verb root) carry | classification: in bundles
√naak (verb root) shape; habit
√naakw (verb root) medicate
O-S-d+∅-√náakw ˟ (na act verb – transitive medicate; dose | for S to treat O with medicine; for S to medicate O; for S to dose O | yáa náakw teen tlákw nanáakw → medicate him all the time with this medicine! (SN) • Lingít yáx̱ áwé sh x̱wadináakw → I dosed myself the Tlingit way (SN)
• imperative: nanáakw! | medicate them!
• perfective (+): aawanáakw | they medicated them
• perfective (–): tlél awunáakw | they didnʼt medicate them
• future (+): akg̱wanáakw | they are going to medicate them
• future (–): tlél akg̱wanáakw | they arenʼt going to medicate them
√naaḵ ¹ (verb root) stand; rise | classification: plural subject | singular form: √haan ¹
S-∅-√náḵ ¹ ˟ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – invariable) stand | for (plural) S to be standing | classification: plural subject | this verb only occurs in the imperfective • note that a noun phrase with (-t) postposition is used to indicate where one is standing, but this noun phrase is not required by the verb (for example, one could say « has náḵ » "they all standing", or « át has náḵ » "they all are standing there" | gán kát toonáḵ → weʼre standing on the firewood (SN) • ldakát át áwé ax̱ géide náḵ → everything is (standing) against me (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl yinág̱iḵ! | donʼt you all be standing!
• imperfective (+): has náḵ | they all are standing
• imperfective (–): tlél has unáḵ | they all arenʼt standing
yan⁓ + S-∅-√naaḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stand; stay standing | for (plural) S to stand, stay standing | classification: plural subject | (KE)
• imperative: yan yináḵ! | you all keep standing!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ yinaag̱íḵ! | donʼt you all keep standing!
• perfective (+): yan has uwanáḵ | they all kept standing
• perfective (–): tlél yan has wunaaḵ | they all didnʼt keep standing
• future (+): yánde has gug̱anáaḵ | they all will stay standing
• future (–): tlél yánde has gug̱anaaḵ | they all wonʼt stay standing
S-d+∅-√naaḵ ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – closed) stand up; rise | for (plural) S to stand up, rise | classification: plural subject | gax̱tudanaaḵ! → letʼs stand up! (SN) • ldakát has wudinaaḵ → they all all stood up! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: gaydanaaḵ! | you all stand up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei ydanáḵjiḵ | donʼt you all stand up!
• progressive imperfective: kei (ha)s nadanáḵ | they all are standing up
• perfective (+): has wudinaaḵ | they all stood up
• perfective (–): tlél has wudanaaḵ | they all didnʼt stand up
• future (+): kei (ha)s gux̱danáaḵ | they all will stand up
• future (–): tlél kei (ha)s gux̱danaaḵ | they all wonʼt stand up
√naaḵ ² (verb root) let go; release; hand ²; give up
O-ji-S-∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – transitive let go; release; relinquish; leave; desert; hand ²; deliver | for S to let go, release, relinquish O; for S to leave, desert O; for S to hand over, deliver up O | (GD, KE) • tsu ajikwg̱anáaḵ → heʼs going to let it go again (SN) • tsaa dleeyí ḵaa x̱ʼéide ajeewanáḵ → he is giving away seal meat (SN)
• imperative: jináḵ! | let it go!
• prohibitive: líl jeenáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt let it go!
• perfective (+): ajeewanáḵ | they let it go
• perfective (–): tlél ajuwanaaḵ | they didnʼt let it go
• future (+): ajikg̱wanáaḵ | they will let it go
• future (–): tlél ajikg̱wanaaḵ | they wonʼt let it go
ji-S-d+∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive quit; stop | for S to quit, stop work | (GD, KE) • jix̱toodanaaḵ gu.aa déi ágé? → I wonder whether weʼd better quit? (SN)
• imperative: jeedanáḵ (dé)! | quit (work) (already)!
• prohibitive: líl jeedanáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt quit (work)!
• perfective (+): jiwdináḵ | they quit (work)
• perfective (–): tlél jeewdanaaḵ | they didnʼt quit (work)
• future (+): jigux̱danáaḵ | they will quit (work)
• future (–): tlél jigux̱danaaḵ | they wonʼt quit (work)
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – transitive quit; give up | for S to quit, give up O (esp. drinking) | note that quitting drinking is understood as the meaning of this verb, unless otherwise specified; one can add « naaw » (alcohol) or « at daná », as in « naaw ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ » (they gave up alcohol), or « ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ wé at daná » (they gave up drinking), or « ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ wé sʼeiḵ » (they quit smoking) | (GD, KE) • x̱ʼanáḵ déi wé at daná! → quit drinking now! (SN)
• imperative: x̱ʼanáḵ! | quit (drinking)!
• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeenáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt quit (drinking)!
• perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ | they quit (drinking)
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawunaaḵ | they didnʼt quit (drinking)
• future (+): ax̱ʼakg̱wanáaḵ | they will quit (drinking)
• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wanaaḵ | they wonʼt quit (drinking)
√naaḵw ¹ bait; fish ² | to bait hooks (esp. with octopus); to fish with octopus as bait
d+∅-ya-S-d+∅-√náaḵw ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) bait | for S to bait hooks, put bait on fish hooks | du náxu yan ayaawanáḵw → he finished baiting his halibut hooks (SN) • yaaw teen yax̱danáḵwsʼ → iʼm baiting with herring (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yeedanáḵw! | bait hooks!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl (sʼé) yeedanáḵwx̱uḵ! | donʼt bait hooks (yet)!
• imperfective (+): yadanáḵwsʼ | they are baiting hooks
• imperfective (–): tlél yoodanáḵwsʼ | they arenʼt baiting hooks
• perfective (+): yawdináḵw | they baited hooks
• perfective (–): tlél yawdanáaḵw | they didnʼt bait hooks
• future (+): yagux̱danáaḵw | they will bait hooks
• future (–): tlél yagux̱danáaḵw | they wonʼt bait hooks
√naaḵw ² (verb root) rotten; punky | rotten, punky wood
√naal (verb root) ⑴ steam ¹ || ⑵ blow nose
S-d+∅-√naal (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) blow nose | for S to blow oneʼs nose | x̱wadinál → i blew my nose noisily (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: idanál! | blow your nose!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl idanálx̱iḵ! | donʼt blow your nose!
• imperfective (+): danálsʼ | they are blowing their nose
• progressive imperfective: yaa ndanál | they are blowing their nose
• perfective (+): wudinál they | blew their nose
• perfective (–): tlél wudanaal | they didnʼt blow their nose
• future (+): gux̱danáal | they will blow their nose
• future (–): tlél gux̱danaal | they wonʼt blow their nose
√naalx̱ (verb root) wealthy; rich ¹
O-l-√náalx̱ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) rich ¹; wealthy; profitable | for O to be rich, wealthy, profitable | du káani lináalx̱ → his brother-in-law is rich (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): lináalx̱ | they are rich; itʼs profitable
• imperfective (–): tlél ulnáalx̱ | they are not rich; itʼs not profitable
• progressive imperfective: kei nalnáalx̱ | they are getting rich; itʼs becoming profitable
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél kei unalnáalx̱ | they are not getting rich; itʼs not becoming profitable
• perfective (+): wulináalx̱ | they got rich; it became profitable
• perfective (–): tlél wulnáalx̱ | they didnʼt get rich; it didnʼt become profitable
• future (+): kei gux̱lanáalx̱ | they will be rich; it will be profitable
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lanáalx̱ | they wonʼt be rich; it wonʼt be profitable
√naash (verb root) shake; stagger | shake back and forth
√naaw (verb root) leak
√nei ¹ (verb root) • variants: √nee ¹ • carry | classification: plural & varying objects
N-dáx̱ + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – open) • variants: N-dáx̱ + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • carry; pick up; lift; take | for S to pick up, lift up, take (plural) O (objects) up off of N | classification: plural & varying objects
• imperative: aax̱ yéi ksané! | pick them all up off of it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aax̱ kei eesaneijíḵ! | donʼt pick them all up off of it!
• perfective (+): aax̱ yéi awsinei | they picked them all up off of it
• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ yéi awusnei | they didnʼt pick them all up off of it
• future (+): aax̱ yéi agux̱sanéi | they will pick them all up off of it
• future (–): tlél aax̱ yéi agux̱sanei | they wonʼt pick them all up off of it
N + jee-t⁓ + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) • variants: N + jee-t⁓ + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • give; take; hand ² | for S to give, take, hand (plural) O to N | classification: plural & varying objects | tléil xʼúxʼ ḵaa jeedé yéi gax̱dusnee → they all are not going to give out the mail (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du jeet yéi sané! | give them all to them!
• prohibitive: líl du jeex̱ yéi isaneiḵ! | donʼt give them all to them!
• perfective (+): du jeet yéi awsinéi | they gave them all to them
• perfective (–): tlél du jeet yeí awusné | they didnʼt give them all to them
• future (+): du jeedé yéi agux̱sanéi | they will give them all to them
• future (–): tlél du jeedé yéi agux̱sanei | they wonʼt give them all to them
yan⁓ + yéi + O-ka-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) • variants: yan⁓ + yéi + O-ka-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • put down; leave | for S to put down, leave O (plural round objects) | classification: plural round objects
• imperative: yan yéi ksané! | put them all down!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ yéi keesaneiḵ! | donʼt put them all down!
• perfective (+): yan yéi akawsinéi | they put them all down
• perfective (–): tlél yan yéi akawusné | they didnʼt put them all down
• future (+): yánde yéi akagux̱sanéi | they will put them all down
• future (–): tlél yánde yéi akagux̱sanei | they wonʼt put them all down
√nei ² (verb root) • variants: √nee ² • do; work on; happen
(yéi) + O-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – object intransitive – fading) happen; occur | for (that) to happen, occur to O | likoodzée, aadé wooneeyi yé → itʼs amazing what happened (for example, he feil and broke his leg) (SN) • dleew kát latín! aag̱áa tléil tsu yéi ikg̱wanee → take good care, so that it doesnʼt happen to you again! (SN) • l ushkʼidéin woonee → it spoiled (that is, it happened badly to it) (SN) • neekwdéin x̱at woonee → iʼve been sick (that is, it happened in a sick manner to me) (SN) • tléil wáa sá ikg̱wanei → nothing will happen to you (youʼre going to be okay) (SJ)
• progressive imperfective: yéi yaa nanein | thatʼs happening to them/it
• perfective (+): yéi woonei | that happened to them/it
• perfective (–): tlél yéi wunei | that didnʼt happen to them/it
• future (+): yéi kg̱wanei | that will happen to them/it
• future (–): tlél yéi kg̱wanei | that wonʼt happen to them/it
(yéi) + at ∅-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – impersonal – fading) • variants: (yéi) + at + ∅-√nee ² ʰ • happen | for something to happen | this verb tends to only appear in the perfective and future modes | (KE)
• perfective (+): yéi at woonei | thatʼs what happened
• perfective (–): tlél yéi at wunei | that didnʼt happen
• future (+): yéi at gug̱anei | that will happen
• future (–): tlél yéi at gug̱anei | that wonʼt happen
ḵáakw-t + O-∅-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – fading) • variants: ḵáakw-t⁓ + O-∅-√nee ² ʰ • accident ¹; happen | for O to have an accident, get hurt; for something bad to happen to O
• admonitive: ḵáakwt tsá iné! | see that you donʼt have an accident!
• perfective (+): ḵáakwt uwanéi | they had an accident
• perfective (–): tlél ḵáakwt wuné | they didnʼt have an accident
• future (+): ḵáakwde kg̱wanéi | they will have an accident
• future (–): tlél ḵáakwde kg̱wanei | they wonʼt have an accident
N + waḵshiyeexʼ + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: N + waḵshiyeexʼ + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • demonstrate; perform; show ¹ | for S to demonstrate, perform publicly, show N how to do O by action | aadé duḵeisʼ yé ḵaa waḵshiyeexʼ yéi awsinee → she demonstrated how to sew (SN) • yakwteiyí ḵaa waḵshiyeexʼ yéi awsinee → he performed magic before the people (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi nasné! | demonstrate it to them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi isaneigíḵ! | donʼt demonstrate it to them!
• perfective (+): du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi awsinei | they demonstrated it to them
• perfective (–): tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi awusnei | they didnʼt demonstrate it to them
• future (+): du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi agux̱sanéi | they will demonstrate it to them
• future (–): tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi agux̱sanei | they wonʼt demonstrate it to them
yan⁓ + O-∅-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – fading) • variants: yan⁓ + O-∅-√nee ² ʰ • permanent; finished; ready ¹; prepared | for O to be permanent, happen for good; for O to be finished, complete, ready; for O to be prepared, ready | Dikée Aanḵáawu yoo x̱ʼatángi ldakát át yáanáx̱ yan uwanéeyi átx̱ sitee → Godʼs Word is more permanent than anything else (SN) • John ḵa Mary yan has uwanée → John and Mary are made permanent (that is, they all gat married) (SN) • ldakát át gé yan uwanée? → is everything ready now (for a banquet)? (SN) • yee yéi jineiyí yayeedé yan yee ní! → be prepared (have things ready) for your work! (SN) • (KE, MD) • yan gé eewanéi? → are you ready?
• imperative: yan iné dé! | get ready!
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa nanéin | they are getting ready
• perfective (+): yan uwanéi | they are ready
• perfective (–): tlél yan wuné | they arenʼt ready
• future (+): yánde kg̱wanéi | they will be ready
• future (–): tlél yánde kg̱wanei | they wonʼt be ready
(yéi) + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) do; fix; cause | for S to do (that) to O; for S to fix, cause (that) to happen to O | use « yéi adaanéi » for the imperfective "doing it" | yéi at gux̱sanée → heʼll do something (SN) • tléil x̱áach yéi x̱wsanee → i didnʼt do it / iʼm not the one who did it (SN) • neekwdéin wududzinee → he was hurt (lit. it was done to him in a hurting way) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yéi nasné! | fix it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yéi isaneigíḵ! | donʼt fix it!
• perfective (+): yéi awsinei | they fixed it
• perfective (–): tlél yéi awusnei | they didnʼt fix it
• future (+): yéi agux̱sanéi | they will fix it
• future (–): tlél yéi agux̱sanei | they wonʼt fix it
wooch + yáx̱ + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: wooch + yáx̱ + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • straighten; smooth | for S to straighten out O, smooth O over (literal or abstract) | (KE)
• imperative: wooch yáx̱ nasné! | straighten it out!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl wooch yáx̱ yoo isaneigíḵ (sʼé)! | donʼt straighten it out (yet)!
• progressive imperfective: wooch yáx̱ yaa anasnéin | they are straightening it out
• perfective (+): wooch yáx̱ awsinei | they straightened it out
• perfective (–): tlél wooch yáx̱ awusnei | they didnʼt straighten it out
• future (+): wooch yáx̱ agux̱sanéi | they will straighten it out
• future (–): tlél wooch yáx̱ agux̱sanei | they wonʼt straighten it out
wooch + x̱oo-t⁓ + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: wooch + x̱oo-t ⁓ + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • mix; stir | for S to mix O together | classification: variety of things | (SN)
• imperative: wooch x̱oot sané! | straighten it out!
• progressive imperfective: wooch x̱oodé yaa anasnéin | they are mixing them together
• perfective (+): wooch yáx̱ awsinei | they mixed them together
• perfective (–): tlél wooch yáx̱ awusnei | they didnʼt mix them together
• future (+): wooch yáx̱ agux̱sanéi | they will mix them together
• future (–): tlél wooch yáx̱ agux̱sanei | they wonʼt mix them together
yan⁓ + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) finish; complete | for S to finish, complete O | tléil tsu yax̱ at wusní → he never finishes anything/never completes it (SN) • dei ax̱ naa.ádi gé yan yisinée? → have you finished (altering) my clothes yet? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yan sané! | finish it!
• prohibitive: líl yan yisanéiḵ! | donʼt finish it!
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa anasnein | they are finishing it
• perfective (+): yan awsinéi | they finished it
• perfective (–): tlél yan awusné | they didnʼt finish it
• future (+): yánde agux̱sanéi | they will finish it
• future (–): tlél yánde agux̱sanei | they wonʼt finish it
chush + yáa + O-S-d+s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: chush + yáa + O-S-d+s-√nee ² ʰ • revenge | for S to get revenge, get even with O | (KE)
• imperative: chush yáa neesné! | get even with them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl chush yáa yoo eesneigíḵ! | donʼt get even with them!
• perfective (+): chush yáa awdzinei | they got even with them
• perfective (–): tlél chush yáa awusnei | they didnʼt get even with them
• future (+): chush yáa akg̱wasnéi | they will get even with them
• future (–): tlél chush yáa akg̱wasnei | they wonʼt get even with them
yan⁓ + sh S-d+s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – fading) • variants: yan⁓ + sh + S-d+s-√nee ² ʰ • dress up | for S to dress up | (KE)
• imperative: yan sh eesné! | dress up!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ sh eesneiḵ! | donʼt get dressed up!
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa sh nasnein | they are getting dressed up
• perfective (+): yan sh wudzinéi | they got dressed up; they are dressed up
• perfective (–): tlél yan sh wusné | they didnʼt get dressed up; they arenʼt dressed up
• future (+): yánde sh gug̱asnéi | they will get dressed up
• future (–): tlél yánde sh gug̱asnei | they wonʼt get dressed up
(yéi) + O-daa-S-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na act verb – transitive – fading) do; perform; work on | for S to do, perform O (a particular action); for S to work on O | use « yéi awsinei » for perfective "worked on it" | tléil dei g̱aatáa yéi adaa.ooné: tlax̱ a yáanáx̱ oodzikaa → he no langer does trapping: heʼs too lazy (SN) • chʼa daa sá du éeshch yéi daaneiyí, hóoch túsu yéi adaané → whatever his father does, he does too (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yéi daanané! | work on it!
• prohibitive: líl yéi daa.eeneiḵ! | donʼt work on it!
• imperfective (+): yéi adaanéi | they are working on it; they works on it
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi adaa.uné | they arenʼt working on it; they donʼt work on it
• future (+): yéi adaakg̱wanéi | they will work on it
• future (–): tlél yéi adaakg̱wanei | they wonʼt work on it
yéi + ji-S-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) work ¹; do | for S to work; for S to do | lisʼaag̱í ḵaa chʼa tlákw yéi jinéi nooch → an ambitious man works all the time (SN) • has du x̱ʼayáx̱ yan yéi jix̱waanéi → i did it because they all told me to / i worked according to them allʼs instructions (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yéi jinané! | work!
• prohibitive: líl yéi jinéiḵ! | donʼt work!
• imperfective (+): yéi jiné | they are working; they works
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi jeené | they arenʼt working; they donʼt work
• perfective (+): yéi jeewanei | they worked
• perfective (–): tlél yéi jiwunei | they didnʼt work
• future (+): yéi jikg̱wanéi | they will work
• future (–): tlél yéi jikg̱wanei | they wonʼt work
O-ÿa-u-S-∅-√nei ² (g̱a act verb – transitive – open) discipline; restrain; restrict; warn; prevent | for S to discipline, restrain, restrict, warn or prevent O from doing something | tlél aadóo sá x̱at yawunei; ách áyá ḵwáaḵt x̱wasgeetch → no one ever restrained me; thatʼs why i get into trouble every now and then (SN) • ax̱ yéet woox̱anéi nooch; tlél ḵu.aa ax̱ x̱ʼéix̱ oos.aax̱ → i warn my son, but he never listens to me (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: wug̱ané! / yag̱ané! | discipline them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei yeeneijíḵ! | donʼt discipline them!
• perfective (+): awuné | they disciplines them
• perfective (+): ayaawanei | they disciplined them
• perfective (–): tlél awuné | they donʼt discipline them
• perfective (–): tlél ayawunei | they didnʼt discipline them
• future (+): yei ayakg̱wanéi | they will discipline them
• future (–): tlél yei ayakg̱wanei | they wonʼt discipline them
N + yáa + ḵut + O-∅-√nei ² (ga – object intransitive amaze; astonish; surprise | for O to amaze N | du latseení ax̱ yáa ḵut woonee; tuhaayí tlein akaawalʼéexʼ → their strength amazed me; they broke a large nail (by snapping it across) • ldakát has du yáa ḵut kei gug̱anée → they all will be amazed (SN)
• perfective (+): du yáa ḵut woonei | they are amazed; they were amazed
• perfective (–): tlél du yáa ḵut wunei | they werenʼt amazed
• future (+): du yáa ḵut kei kg̱wanéi | they will be amazed
• future (–): tlél du yáa ḵut kei kg̱wanei | they wonʼt be amazed
√nei ³ (verb root) weave; knit; crochet; make | classification: yarns, fabrics
O-ka-S-s-√nei ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) weave; knit; crochet; make; mend | for S to make O (cloth of any kind) (by weaving, knitting, or crocheting); for S to make or mend O (net) | lʼée xʼwán akawsinéi → she knitted socks (SN) • naaxein kadoosné → people weave Chilkat blankets (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kanasné! | knit it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keesanéix̱iḵ! | donʼt knit it!
• imperfective (+): aksané | they are knitting it
• perfective (+): akawsinei | they knitted it
• perfective (+): akagux̱sanéi | they will knit it
• perfective (–): tlél akawusnei | they didnʼt knit it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱sanei | they wonʼt knit it
ka-S-d+s-√nei ³ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) weave; knit; crochet; make | for S to knit, weave, or crochet | (KE)
• imperative: keesné! | knit it!
• prohibitive: líl keesnéiḵ! | donʼt knit!
• imperfective (+): kasné | they are knitting; they knits
• imperfective (–): tlél koosné | they arenʼt knitting; they donʼt knit
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanasné | they are starting to knit
• perfective (+): akawsinei | they knitted it
• perfective (+): akagux̱sanéi | they will knit it
• perfective (+): kawdzinéi | they knitted
• perfective (–): tlél akawusnei | they didnʼt knit it
• perfective (–): tlél kawusné | they didnʼt knit
• perfective (–): tlél kakg̱wasnei | they wonʼt knit
• future (+): kakg̱wasnéi | they will knit
• future (–): tlél akagux̱sanei | they wonʼt knit it
√nei ⁴ (verb root) respect
N + yáa + a-ÿa-u-S-∅-√néi ⁴ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – high) respect; regard | for S to respect, regard highly, think highly of N | while the probhibitive form of this verb is technically possible, its use is inappropriate because of the central role of respect in Tlingit culture | (KE)
• imperative: du yáa ayagoonéi! | respect them!
• prohibitive: líl du yáa ayeenéiḵ! | donʼt respect them!
• imperfective (+): du yáa ayaawanéi / du yáa awuwanéi | they respects them
• imperfective (–): tlél du yáa awooné | they donʼt respect them
• progressive imperfective: du yáa kei ayananéin | they are beginning to respect them
• future (+): du yáa kei ayakg̱wanéi | they will respect them
• future (–): tlél du yáa kei ayakg̱wané | they wonʼt respect them
√neiḵ (verb root) slush
√neilʼ (verb root) carry | carry bulky object(s) by holding close to the body
√neit (verb root) tremble
O-ka-d+∅-√neit (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) tremble; quake; shiver | for O to tremble, quake, shiver (from palsy, fear, or cold) | xʼéig̱aa ḵáa tléil koodanétx̱ → a brave man doesnʼt tremble (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kandanét | they are starting to tremble
• perfective (+): kawdinét | they were trembling
• perfective (–): tlél kawdaneit | they are not trembling; they didnʼt tremble
• future (+): kagux̱danéit | they will tremble
• future (–): tlél kagux̱daneit | they wonʼt tremble
√neitl (verb root) • variants: √neetl (T) • fat ²; weight ¹ | gain weight
O-d+l-√neitl (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) fat ²; weight ¹ | for O to get fat; for O to gain weight | wudlineidlí ḵáa → a fat man (SN) • yei x̱at nalnétl → iʼm gaining weight (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ilnétl (dé)! | gain weight (now)!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilnétlx̱iḵ! | donʼt gain weight!
• progressive imperfective: yaa nalnétl | they are getting fat
• perfective (+): wudlinétl | they are fat
• perfective (–): tlél wulneitl | they are not fat
• future (+): gug̱walnéitl | they will get fat
• future (–): tlél gug̱walneitl | they wonʼt get fat
√neix̱ (verb root) save; heal; cure ¹
O-S-s-√neix̱ ˟ (g̱a event verb – transitive – invariable) save; heal; cure ¹ | for S to save O; for S to heal, cure O | ax̱ néegu tóodáx̱ x̱at woosineix̱ → they healed me from my sickness (SN) • yanéegu ḵáa awsineix̱ → they healed the sick man (SN) • x̱at g̱asineix̱! → save me! (SN) • haat uwagút … ag̱ax̱saneix̱t ḵut wudzigeedí aa → they came … to save the lost ones (SN) • yáatʼaa ḵu.aa yaan l ḵug̱ushtéeni yís, yei gax̱tusaneix̱ → this one, though, we are going to save it to stave off hunger (GD)s • (KE)
• imperative: g̱asneix̱! | save them/it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei isanéx̱jiḵ! | donʼt save them/it!
• perfective (+): awsineix̱ | they saved them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awusneix̱ | they didnʼt save them/it
• future (+): yei agux̱saneix̱ | they will save them/it
• future (–): tlél yei agux̱saneix̱ | they wonʼt save them/it
O-∅-√neix̱ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) save; heal; cure ¹; recover; satisfied | for O to be saved; for O to be healed, cured, recover; for O to be satisfied | i jín tléil yei oonéx̱ch → your hand never heals • aadóo sá ax̱ eenáx̱ goodí, hú áwé yei kg̱waneix̱ → whoever comes in by me will be saved (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yei nanéx̱ | they are beginning to recover
• perfective (+): wooneix̱ | they recovered
• perfective (–): tlél wuneix̱ | they didnʼt recover
• future (+): yei kg̱wanéix̱ | they will recover
• future (–): tlél yei kg̱waneix̱ | they wonʼt recover
√neiy (verb root) baby; twiddle
√nee ¹ (verb root) • variants: √nei ¹ • carry | classification: plural & varying objects
√nee ² (verb root) • variants: √nei ² • do; work on; happen
√neek (verb root) tell; narrate; inform
O-ka-S-∅-√neek (na act verb – transitive – closed) tell; report; inform; testify | for S to tell about, report about, give facts about O; for S to witness to, tell about, testify about O | to indicate who the listener is use « N een », for example « mary een akaawaneek » (they told mary about it) | ldakát haa ḵusteeyí yánde kakḵwanéek → i will tell the whole of our way of life (SN) • adawóotl daat yoo kooteek áyá, kax̱waaneek → i told all about the past trouble / i gave all the information about it (SN) • wé kagán akang̱aneekt haat uwagút → he came to witness to that light / to tell about it (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kananeek! | tell about it!
• prohibitive: líl keeneegíḵ! | donʼt tell about it!
• imperfective (+): akanéek | they are telling about it; they tells about it
• imperfective (–): tlél akooneek | they arenʼt telling about it; they donʼt tell about it
• perfective (+): akaawaneek | they told about it
• perfective (–): tlél akawuneek | they didnʼt tell about it
• future (+): akakg̱wanéek | they will tell about it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱waneek | they wonʼt tell about it
kei + O-ka-S-∅-√neek (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) tell on; tattle; inform on; betray | for S to tell on, inform on, betray O | kei akaawaník → he told on it (something which had been done in secret (usually something wrong) and he informed everyone about it) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kei kaneek! | tell on them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei keeníkjiḵ! | donʼt tell on them!
• progressive imperfective: kei akananík | they are telling on them
• perfective (+): kei akaawaník | they told on them
• perfective (–): tlél kei akawuneek | they didnʼt tell on them
• future (+): kei akakg̱wanéek | they will tell on them
• future (–): tlél kei akakg̱waneek | they wonʼt tell on them
(N + een) + ḵunáax̱ + daak + O-ka-∅-√neek (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) explain | for S to explain O (to N) | note that while one elder consulted for this project recognizes « ḵunáax̱ » as acceptable, he uses in its place « wanáax̱ » as in « wanáax̱ daak akaawaník » (he explained it); both options are correct | i een ḵunáax̱ daak kakḵwanéek → iʼll explain it to you (SN) • wáa sá tléil x̱aan ḵunáax̱ daak keeníkch? → why donʼt you explain it to me? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du een ḵunáax̱ daak kaneek! | explain it to them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du een ḵunáax̱ daak keeníkjiḵ! | donʼt explain it to them.
• imperfective (+): du een ḵunáax̱ daak akanéek | they are explaining it to them
• progressive imperfective: du een ḵunáax̱ daak akananík | they are starting to explain it to them
• perfective (+): du een ḵunáax̱ daak akaawaník | they explained it to them
• perfective (–): tlél du een ḵunáax̱ daak akawuneek | they didnʼt explain it to them
• future (+): du een ḵunáax̱ daak akakg̱wanéek | they will explain it to them
• future (–): tlél du een ḵunáax̱ daak akakg̱waneek | they wonʼt explain it to them
O-x̱ʼa-ka-∅-√neek (na act verb – transitive – closed) translate | for S to translate O | to indicate who the listener is use « N een », for example « mary een ax̱ʼakaawaneek » (they told translated it to mary) | (JM, FW)
• imperative: x̱ʼakananeek! | translate it!
• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼakeeneegíḵ! | donʼt translate it!
• imperfective (+): ax̱ʼakanéek | they are translating it; they translates it
• imperfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼakooneek | they arenʼt translating it; they donʼt translate it
• perfective (+): ax̱ʼakaawaneek | they translated it
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼakawuneek | they didnʼt translate it
• future (+): ax̱ʼakakg̱wanéek | they will translate it
• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakakg̱waneek | they wonʼt translate it
O-ka-S-l-√neek ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) tell; talk into | for S to tell the story of O; for S to talk into O | yéi áyá kdulneek, yóo x̱waa.áx̱ → thatʼs the way i heard it told (SN) • akawliník → he led them all astray (telling them all to do something they all shouldnʼt, and leading them all to do it by the way he spoke) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kanalneek! | tell the story of it!
• prohibitive: líl keelaneegíḵ! | donʼt tell the story of it!
• imperfective (+): aklaneek | they are telling the story of it; they tells the story of it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoolneek | they arenʼt telling the story of it; they donʼt tell the story of it
• perfective (+): akawlineek | they told the story of it
• perfective (–): tlél akawulneek | they didnʼt tell the story of it
• future (+): akagux̱laneek | they will tell the story of it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱laneek | they wonʼt tell the story of it
sh ka-S-d+l-√neek ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) tell; preach; narrate | for S to preach, narrate, tell a story | to include in the sentence what the story is about, use « N daat » (about n); to include who the story is being told to use « N een » (to n) | haa een sh kaneelneek! → tell us a story! (SN) • sʼigeidí daat sh kawdlineek → he told a story about a beaver (SN) • Dikée Aanḵáawu yoo x̱ʼatángi kaax̱ ḵoon sh kawdlineek → he preached from Scripture (SN) • ax̱ éesh ḵoon sh kakg̱walneek seig̱ánin → my father is going to preach tomorrow (SN) • mary áwé john een sh kawdlineek wé naaxein daat → mary told john a story about the chilkat robe (KE)
• imperative: sh kaneelneek! | tell a story!
• prohibitive: líl sh keelneegíḵ! | donʼt tell a story!
• imperfective (+): sh kalneek | they are telling a story
• imperfective (–): tlél sh koolneek | they arenʼt telling a story
• progressive imperfective: chʼa yeisú aadé yaa sh kanalník | they are still getting to the point
• perfective (+): sh kawdlineek | they told a story
• perfective (–): tlél sh kawulneek | they didnʼt tell a story
• future (+): sh kakg̱walneek | they will tell a story
• future (–): tlél sh kakg̱walneek | they wonʼt tell a story
√neekw ¹ (verb root) sick; hurt ¹
O-∅-√néekw ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) sick; hurt ¹; pain | for O to be sick; for O to hurt, be in pain | ḵúnáx̱ x̱at yanéekw → iʼm real sick (SN) • kei kg̱wnéekw → it will hurt (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: iganéekw! | be sick!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eenéeguḵ! | donʼt get sick!
• imperfective (+): yanéekw | they are sick
• imperfective (–): tlél unéekw | they are not sick
• progressive imperfective: kei nanéekw | they are getting sick
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél kei unanéekw | they are not getting sick
• perfective (+): woonéekw | they got sick
• perfective (–): tlél wunéekw | they didnʼt get sick
• future (+): kei kg̱wanéekw | they will get sick
• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wanéekw | they wonʼt get sick
N + éex̱ + a-S-∅-√néekw ¹ ˟ (na event verb – subject intransitive – invariable) bother | for S to bother N (esp. by touching) | note that putting « du toowú » in the preverb gives the meaning "sadden, make sad” as in « du toowú asinéekw » (they are making them sad) | tléil x̱áax̱ ayeenéeguḵ! → donʼt bother me! (to children demanding attention) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du éex̱ ananéekw! | bother them!
• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ yoo eenéeguḵ! | donʼt bother them!
• progressive imperfective: du éex̱ yaa ananéekw | they are beginning to bother them
• perfective (+): du éex̱ aawanéekw | they are bothering them; they bothered them
• perfective (–): tlél du éex̱ awunéekw | they are not bothering them; s/he didnʼt bother them
• future (+): du éex̱ kei akg̱wanéekw | they are going to bother them
• future (–): tlél du éex̱ kei akg̱wanéekw | they arenʼt going to bother them
O-S-s-√néekw ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) sicken | for S to make O sick | tléil daa sá x̱at usnéekw → nothing makes me sick (SN) • kei igux̱sanéekw → it will make you sick (SN)
• imperfective (+): ash sinéekw | itʼs making them sick; it makes them sick
• imperfective (–): tlél ash usnéekw | itʼs not making them sick; it doesnʼt make them sick
• progressive imperfective: kei ash nasnéekw | itʼs starting to make them sick
• perfective (+): ash wusinéekw | it made them sick
• perfective (–): tlél ash wusnéekw | it didnʼt make them sick
• future (+): kei ash gux̱sanéekw | it will make them sick
• future (–): tlél kei ash gux̱sanéekw | it wonʼt make them sick
√neekw ² (verb root) • variants: √nook ² • feel; touch
√neekw ³ (verb root) • variants: √nook ³ • behave; do
√neekw ⁴ (verb root) bother; tease
√neekʼ (verb root) tidy; picky
√neesʼ (verb root) sea urchin | to eat sea urchins raw
√neexʼ (verb root) smell ¹; sniff
O-d+s-√néexʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) • variants: O-S-s-√néexʼ • smell ¹ | for S to smell O | there seems to be both a « +d » and « –d » version of this verb, but it is unclear whether there is a difference in meaning | i sakwnéin sa.eeyí naaleiyi yéidáx̱ x̱wadziníxʼ → i smelled your bread cooking a long way off (SN) • at x̱ʼéeshi cháni yáx̱ dzinéexʼ → it smells like dried fish (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: isníxʼ / saníxʼ! | smell it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eesníxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt smell it!
• imperfective (+): asinéexʼ | they smells it
• imperfective (–): tlél oosnéexʼ | they donʼt smell it
• perfective (+): awsiníxʼ / awdziníxʼ | they smelled it
• perfective (–): tlél awusnéexʼ | they didnʼt smell it
• future (+): agux̱sanéexʼ | they will smell it
• future (–): tlél agux̱sanéexʼ | they wonʼt smell it
√néegwálʼ paint ²
O-S-∅-√néegwálʼ ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) paint ² | for S to paint O | ax̱ yaagú x̱anéegwálʼ → iʼm painting my boat (SN) • tʼáa ká áwé gug̱anéegwálʼ → heʼs going to paint the floor (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nanéegwálʼ! | paint it!
• prohibitive: líl eenéegwálʼiḵ! | donʼt paint it!
• progressive imperfective: anéegwálʼ | they are painting it; they paints it
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél oonéegwálʼ | they arenʼt painting it; they donʼt paint it
• perfective (+): aawanéegwálʼ | they painted it
• perfective (–): tlél awunéegwálʼ | they didnʼt paint it
• future (+): akg̱wanéegwálʼ | they will paint it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wanéegwálʼ | they wonʼt paint it
√núkch ˟ (verb root) helpless
√núkts ˟ (verb root) sweet
O-l-√núkts ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) sweet | for O to be sweet | x̱alakʼáchʼ dleeyí ḵúnáx̱ lunúkts → porcupine meat tastes real sweet (SN) • yáa tléiḵw tléil ulnúkts → these berries are not sweet (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): linúkts | they are sweet
• imperfective (–): tlél ulnúkts | itʼs not sweet
• progressive imperfective: kei nalnúkts | it is getting sweet
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél kei unalnúkts | itʼs not getting sweet
• perfective (+): wulinúkts | it got sweet
• perfective (–): tlél wulnúkts | it didnʼt get sweet
• future (+): kei gux̱lanúkts | it will be sweet
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lanúkts | it wonʼt be sweet
√nook ¹ (verb root) sit | classification: singular | plural form √ḵee ¹
S-∅-√nook ¹ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – closed) sit | for (singular) S to sit, sit down (esp. act of sitting) | hít yát uwanúk → they are sitting/leaning against the wall (SN) • ax̱ daa.ittú wdixwétl; yei kḵwanóok → iʼm real tired, so iʼm going to sit down (SN) • goonáx̱ sá yei kg̱wanóok G̱unaanáalx̱ee? → where will the foreign dignitary sit? (said in jest at ḵu.éexʼ, based on a Raven story)
• imperative: g̱anú! | sit down!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei eenúkjiḵ! | donʼt sit down!
• progressive imperfective: yei nanúk | they are sitting down
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél yei unanúk | they are not sitting down
• perfective (+): woonook | they sat down
• perfective (–): tlél wunook | they didnʼt sit down
• future (+): yei kg̱wanóok | they will sit down
• future (–): tlél yei kg̱wanook | they wonʼt sit down
d+∅-√nook ¹ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – closed) situated | for a building to be situated there | classification: building
• perfective (+): áa wdinook | the building was situated there (suddenly as if overnight)
• perfective (–): tlél áa wdanook | it wasnʼt situated there
• future (+): áa yei gux̱danóok | it will be situated there
• future (–): tlél áa yei gux̱danook | it wonʼt be situated there
O-S-s-√nook ¹ (g̱a event verb – transitive – closed) seat | for S to seat O
• imperative: g̱asnú! | seat them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei isanúkjiḵ! | donʼt seat them!
• perfective (+): awsinook | they seated them
• perfective (–): tlél awusnook | they didnʼt seat them
• future (+): yei agux̱sanóok | they will seat them
• future (–): tlél yei agux̱sanook | they wonʼt seat them
√nook ² (verb root) • variants: √neekw ² • feel; touch
du-∅-√nook ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) blow; feel | for the wind to blow, be felt (esp. a breeze, light wind)
• progressive imperfective: yaa ndunúk | itʼs starting to blow
• perfective (+): wuduwanúk | it blew; itʼs blowing
• perfective (–): tlél wudunook | it didnʼt blow; it isnʼt blowing
• future (+): gax̱dunóok | it will blow
• future (–): tlél gax̱dunook | it wonʼt blow
(yéi) + du-∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – subject intransitive – closed) taste | for something to taste (a certain way) | note that « kʼidéin » ("good, well, carefully") given in the paradigm here, can be replaced with a number of adverbial phrases to change the meaning • here are a few examples: « wáa sá duwanook? » *"how does it taste?"), « at géide duwanook » ( "it tastes strange"), and « tlél a yáx̱ dunook » ("it doesnʼt taste right") | yakʼéi aadé duwanoogu yé → it tastes good (lit. it is good how it tastes) (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): (kʼidéin) duwanook | it tastes (good)
• imperfective (–): tlél (kʼidéin) dunook | it doesnʼt taste (good)
• progressive imperfective: (kʼidéin) yaa ndunúk | itʼs starting to taste (good)
• perfective (+): (kʼidéin) wuduwanúk | it tasted (good)
• perfective (–): tlél (kʼidéin) wududook | it didnʼt taste good
• future (+): (kʼidéin) gax̱dunóok | it will taste (good)
• future (–): tlél (kʼidéin) gax̱dunook | it wonʼt taste (good)
jée + O-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – transitive – closed) touch; feel | for S to touch, feel O (esp. with hands) | this verb is commonly used in reference to labor pains, for example: « jée gé idinook? » ("are you feeling it [contractions]?") | x̱áach jee ḵadanoogú! → let me feel it! (SN) • (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl jée idanúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt feel it!
• imperfective (+): jée idanú! | feel it!
• imperfective (+): jée adinook | they are feeling it
• imperfective (–): tlél jée oodanook | they donʼt feel it
• perfective (+): jée awdinúk | they felt it
• perfective (–): tlél jée awdanook | they didnʼt feel it
• future (+): jée agux̱danóok | they will feel it
• future (–): tlél jée agux̱danook | they wonʼt feel it
x̱ʼéi + O-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – transitive – closed) taste; sample | for S to taste, sample O | tsaa dleeyí ágé x̱ʼéi eedinúk? → have you tasted seal meat? (SN) • ḵukʼéetʼ nagú! tléiḵw x̱ʼéi x̱tudanook! → go berry-picking! let us have a taste of berries! (SN)
• imperative: x̱ʼéi idanú! | taste it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl x̱ʼéi idanúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt taste it!
• imperfective (+): x̱ʼéi adinook | they tastes it
• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼéi oodanook | they donʼt taste it
• perfective (+): x̱ʼéi awdinúk | they tasted it
• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼéi awdanook | they didnʼt taste it
• future (+): x̱ʼéi agux̱danóok | they will taste it
• future (–): tlél x̱ʼéi agux̱danook | they wonʼt taste it
(yéi) + sh tu-S-d+∅-√nook ² (na state verb – subject intransitive – closed) feel | for S to feel (that way) (esp. physical sensation) | wáa sá yéi yaa sh nax̱danúk? → what kind of a feeling am I getting (what am I starting to feel)? (SN) • tléil kʼidéin sh udanúkx̱ → he doesnʼt feel well (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yéi sh tudinook | they feels that way
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi sh toodanook | they donʼt feel that way
• progressive imperfective: yéi yaa sh tundanúk | they are beginning to feel that way
• perfective (+): yéi sh tuwdinook | they felt that way
• perfective (–): tlél yéi sh tuwdanook | they didnʼt feel that way
• future (+): yéi sh tugux̱danóok | they will feel that way
• future (–): tlél yéi sh tugux̱danook | they wonʼt feel that way
N-dáx̱ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) hungry; crave | for S to be hungry for, crave N | tlax̱ áwé aax̱ x̱ʼawdinúk → heʼs really hungry for it / anxious to eat it (SN) • i x̱ʼéidáx̱ x̱ʼax̱wdinúk → iʼm hungry for what you are already eating (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: aax̱ yaa x̱ʼandanúk | they are getting hungry for it
• perfective (+): aax̱ x̱ʼawdinúk | they are hungry for it
• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ x̱ʼawdanook | they arenʼt hungry for it
• future (+): aax̱ x̱ʼagux̱danóok | they will be hungry for it
• future (–): tlél aax̱ x̱ʼagux̱danook | they wonʼt be hungry for it
yan⁓ + O-ka-s-√nook ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) prove; verify; investigate; test | for S to prove, verify, find out and be sure of O; for S to investigate, make trial of, test out O | yóo ḵáa yan kax̱wsinúk yaa ḵudzigéi → i have proved / i know for sure that that man is smart (SN) • yan kaḵasanoogóot, x̱aan akaawaneek he has told me, so that i will understand the situation (in order that i might be sure of it). [story & naish 1973: 160] yan kawtusinúk i tóot at yadaxúni. we know for sure that you have a demon. [story & naish 1973: 156] dleit ḵáa ḵusteeyí yan kax̱wsinúk. iʼve been investigating the white manʼs way of life (working to find out how he lives). [story & naish 1973: 117] → he has told me, so that i will understand the situation (in order that i might be sure of it) (SN) • yan kawtusinúk i tóot at yadaxúni → we know for sure that you have a demon (SN) • dleit ḵáa ḵusteeyí yan kax̱wsinúk → iʼve been investigating the white manʼs way of life (working to find out how he lives) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yan kasanúk! | prove it!
• perfective (+): yan akawsinúk | they proved it
• perfective (–): tlél yan akawusnook | they didnʼt prove it
• future (+): yánde akagux̱sanóok | they are going to prove it
• future (–): tlél yánde akagux̱sanook | they arenʼt going to prove it
√nook ³ (verb root) • variants: √neekw ³ • behave; do
(yéi) + ḵu-S-∅-√nook ³ (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) behave; do; act | for S to behave, do, act (in a certain way) | chʼa tlákw yéi at ḵuwanéekw → they are doing that (behaving like that) all the time (SN) • tléil yéi at ḵoonook → they donʼt behave like that / they donʼt do such things (SN) • chʼáakw yéi ḵuwanóogu aa ḵáa, dujáḵx̱in → long ago people who behaved like that (who used to do those things) used to get killed (SN) • wáa sá ḵeeyanéekw? → what are you doing? (SN) • tléil wáa sá ḵux̱wanook; chʼa kax̱ashxéet áyá → i wasnʼt doing anything; iʼm just writing (SN)
• imperative: yéi ḵunanook! | do it!
• prohibitive: líl yéi ḵeenoogúḵ! | donʼt do that!
• imperfective (+): yéi ḵuwanóok | they are doing it; they does it
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi ḵoonook | they are not doing that; they donʼt do that
• perfective (+): yéi ḵoowanook | they did that
• perfective (–): tlél yéi ḵuwunook | they didnʼt do that
• future (+): yéi ḵukg̱wanóok | they will do it
• future (–): tlél yéi ḵukg̱wanook | they wonʼt do that
N-t + S-∅-√nook ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) act like | for S to act like N | to indicate anger at another person, use « du yís "at her/him » • for example, « du yís xʼáant x̱waanúk » ("iʼm angry at them") or « ax̱ yís xʼáant uwanúk » ("they are angry at me”) | boss-t uwanúk → they acted like a boss (SN) • ánkʼwt uwanúk i káalkʼw → your nephew is acting like a baby (SN)
• imperative: xʼáant núk! | get angry!
• prohibitive: líl xʼáanx̱ eenoogúḵ! | donʼt be angry!
• progressive imperfective: xʼáande yaa nanúk | they are getting angry
• perfective (+): xʼáant uwanúk | they are angry
• perfective (–): tlél xʼáant wunook | they are not angry
• future (+): xʼáande kg̱wanóok | they are going to get angry
• future (–): tlél xʼáande kg̱wanook | they are not going to get angry
xʼáan-t⁓ + S-∅-√nook ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) • variants: √neekw • angry; mad; mean | for S to be angry, mad, mean | to indicate anger at another person, use « du yís "at her/him » • for example, « du yís xʼáant x̱waanúk » ("iʼm angry at them") or « ax̱ yís xʼáant uwanúk » ("they are angry at me”) | (KE)
• imperative: xʼáant núk! | get angry!
• prohibitive: líl xʼáanx̱ eenoogúḵ! | donʼt be angry!
• progressive imperfective: xʼáande yaa nanúk | they are getting angry
• perfective (+): xʼáant uwanúk | they are angry
• perfective (–): tlél xʼáant wunook | they are not angry
• future (+): xʼáande kg̱wanóok | they are going to get angry
• future (–): tlél xʼáande kg̱wanook | they are not going to get angry
ḵukahín⁓ + S-∅-√nook ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) • variants: √neekw • grumpy; petulant; irritated | for S to be grumpy, cranky, irritated | to indicate anger at another person, use « du yís "at her/him » • for example, « du yís ḵukahínt x̱waanúk » ("iʼm angry at them") or « ax̱ yís xʼáant uwanúk » ("they are angry at me”) | (JL)
• imperative: ḵukahínt núk! | get grumpy!
• prohibitive: líl ḵukahínx̱ eenoogúḵ! | donʼt be grumpy!
• progressive imperfective: ḵukahínde yaa nanúk | they are getting grumpy
• perfective (+): ḵukahínt uwanúk | they are grumpy
• perfective (–): tlél ḵukahínt wunook | they are not grumpy
• future (+): ḵukahínde kg̱wanóok | they are going to get grumpy
• future (–): tlél ḵukahínde kg̱wanook | they are not going to get grumpy
√nook ⁴ (verb root) rise; rouse; get up | classification: singular subject | plural form: √ḵee ²
sha-d+∅-√nook ⁴ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) get up; rise | for (singular) S to get up, rise
• imperative: sheedanú! | get up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sheedanúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt get up!
• imperfective (+): yaa shandanúk | they are starting to get up
• perfective (+): shawdinúk | they got up
• perfective (–): tlél shawdanook | they didnʼt get up
• future (+): shagux̱danóok | they will get up
• future (–): tlél shagux̱danook | they wonʼt get up
√nook ⁵ (verb root) carry; take | classification: live creature
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (live creature) | classification: live creature
• imperative: {na preverb} nasnú! | carry them/it ____!
• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yisanoogúḵ! | donʼt carry them/it ____!
• perfective (+): {na preverb} awsinook | they carried them/it ____; they are carrying them/it ____
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awusnook | they didnʼt carry them/it ____; they arenʼt carrying them/it ____
• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱sanóok | they will carry them/it ____
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱sanook | they wonʼt carry them/it ____
kei + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) lift | for S to lift up O (live creature)
• imperative: kei sanú! | lift them/it up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei isanúkjiḵ! | donʼt lift them/it up!
• perfective (+): kei awsinúk | they lifted them/it up
• perfective (–): tlél kei awusnook | they didnʼt lift them/it up
• future (+): kei agux̱sanóok | they will lift them/it up
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱sanook | they wonʼt lift them/it up
yan⁓ + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) put down; leave | for S to put down, leave O (live creature)
• imperative: yan sanú! | put them/it down!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ isanoogúḵ! | donʼt put them/it down!
• perfective (+): yan awsinúk | they put them/it down
• perfective (–): tlél yan awusnook | they didnʼt put them/it down
• future (+): yánde agux̱sanóok | they will put them/it down
• future (–): tlél yánde agux̱sanook | they wonʼt put them/it down
√nool sing; pretend | pretend to sing
O-S-∅-√nool sing; pretend | for S to pretend to sing; for S to only sing vocables in a song | (KG)
• imperative: nanool! | pretend to sing
• perfective (+): aawanool | they pretended to sing
• perfective (–): tlél awunool | they didnʼt pretend to sing
• future (+): gug̱anóol | they will pretend to sing
• future (–): tlél gug̱anool | they wonʼt pretend to sing
√noots ¹ (verb root) grin; smile
at ka-S-∅-√noots ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) grin; smile | for S to smile at something (often knowingly or sarcastically) | at kaawanúts ax̱ yáx̱ → they smiled at me about something (SN) • at kanútst → they are smiling sarcastically about something (and suppressing laughter) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): at kanútsx̱ | they are smiling
• imperfective (–): tlél at koonútsx̱ | they arenʼt smiling
• perfective (+): at kaawanúts | they smiled
• perfective (–): tlél at kawunoots | they didnʼt smile
• future (+): at kakg̱wanóots | they will smile
• future (–): tlél at kakg̱wanoots | they wonʼt smile
√noots ² (verb root) spoil
ka-d+l-√noots ² (∅ event) (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) spoil | for animal matter to spoil | there are two versions of this verb, with d+l or d+∅ classifier, and both are shown here | dleey kawdlinúts → the meat spoiled (has a tincture of bad taste) (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanalnúts / yaa kandanúts | itʼs beginning to spoil
• perfective (+): kawdlinúts / kawdinúts | it spoiled
• perfective (–): tlél kawulnoots / tlél kawdanoots | it didnʼt spoil
• future (+): kakg̱walnóots / kagux̱danóots | it will spoil
• future (–): tlél kakg̱walnoots / tlél kagux̱danoots | it wonʼt spoil
√nóotʼ (verb root) swallow ¹
O-ka-S-∅-√nóotʼ (na event verb – transitive – ejective) swallow ¹ | for S to swallow O (pill, etc.) | náakw akaawanóotʼ → they swallowed medicine (SN)
• imperative: kananóotʼ! | swallow it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keenútʼguḵ! | donʼt swallow it!
• perfective (+): akaawanóotʼ | they swallowed it
• perfective (–): tlél akawunóotʼ | they didnʼt swallow it
• future (+): akakg̱wanóotʼ | they will swallow it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wanóotʼ | they wonʼt swallow it
√sátk ˟ (verb root) fast ¹; quick
O-∅-√sátk ˟ (ga – object intransitive – invariable) fast ¹ | for O to be fast (at doing things) | yéi x̱waajée kei kg̱wasátk → i think heʼll be fast (SN) • at tʼúkt teen yasátk → they are fast with a bow and arrow (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: igasátk! | be fast!
• prohibitive: líl eesátguḵ | donʼt be fast!
• imperfective (+): yasátk | they are fast
• imperfective (–): tlél usátk | they are not fast
• progressive imperfective: kei nasátk | they are getting faster
• perfective (+): woosátk | they were fast
• perfective (–): tlél wusátk | they werenʼt fast
• future (+): kei kg̱wasátk | they will be fast
• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wasátk | they wonʼt be fast
√saa ¹ (verb root) narrow
yéi + O-ka-u-l-√saa ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) narrow; skinny | for O (esp. container) to be narrow; for O (person) to be skinny | yá dei tlax̱ áyá kakwlisáa → that road is too narrow (SN) • yaakw yéi kakwlisáa → the canoe is narrow (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yéi kwlisáa | itʼs narrow
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koolsaa | itʼs not narrow
√saa ² (verb root) ⑴ breathe; live || ⑵ name ¹; call out
O-S-∅-√saa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) name ¹; nominate | for S to name O; for S to nominate O | (KE)
• imperative: yéi sá! | name them/it that!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yéi eesáaguḵ! | donʼt name them/it that!
• perfective (+): yéi aawasáa | they named them/it that
• perfective (–): tlél yéi awusá | they didnʼt name them/it that
• future (+): yéi akg̱wasáa | they will name them/it that
• future (–): tlél yéi akg̱wasaa | they wonʼt name them/it that
yéi/yóo + O-S-∅-√sáakw (na state verb – transitive – high) call out; name ¹ | for S to call O by a certain name | the difference between « yéi aawasáa » (they named them/it that) and « yéi aawasáakw » (they called them/it that) is repetition; the former denotes a one-time event in which someone or something was given a name, while the latter depicts repeatedly calling someone or something by a name • preverb will be yóo if the verb comes immediate after the name (Keish yóo duwasáakw), and yéi if the verb is separated from the name (hú áwé yéi duwasáakw Keish) | (KE)
• imperative: yéi nasáakw! | call them/it that!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yéi eesáaguḵ! | donʼt call them/it that!
• imperfective (+): yéi ayasáakw | they calls them/it that
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi oosáakw | they donʼt call them/it that
• perfective (+): yéi aawasáakw | they called them/it that
• perfective (–): tlél yéi awusáakw | they didnʼt call them/it that
• future (+): yéi akg̱wasáakw | they will call them/it that
• future (–): tlél yéi akg̱wasáakw | they wonʼt call them/it that
sh S-d+∅-√saa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) name ¹; introduce | for S to introduce themself; for S to say their own name | du een sh eedasá! → tel! him your name! (SN) • (BC)
• imperative: sh eedasá! | introduce yourself!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yéi sh eedasáaguḵ! | donʼt introduce yourself!
• perfective (+): yéi sh wudiáa | they introduced their self
• perfective (–): tlél yéi sh wudasá | they didnʼt introduce their self
• future (+): yéi sh gux̱dasáa | they will introduce their self
• future (–): tlél yéi sh gux̱dasaa | they wonʼt introduce their self
S-d+∅-√saa ² (na state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) breathe; live | for S to breathe; for S to be alive | daag̱éináx̱ nadaséikw! → breathe calmly! (RD) • chʼa yeisú diséikw they are still breathing
• imperative: nadasaa! | breathe!
• imperfective (+): diséikw | they are breathing
• perfective (+): wudisaa | they breathed
• perfective (–): tlél wudasaa | they didnʼt breathe
• future (+): gux̱dasáa | theyʼre going to breathe
• future (–): tlél gux̱dasaa | theyʼre not going to breathe
S-d+l-√saa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) rest ¹ | for S to rest | g̱atoolsaa! → letʼs rest! (SN) • tlél oolséix̱ nooch → they never rests (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: eelsá! | rest!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl (sʼé) eelséix̱iḵ! | donʼt rest (yet)!
• progressive imperfective: (tlákw) yaa nalséin | they are (always) resting
• perfective (+): wudlisáa | they rested; they are resting
• perfective (–): tlél wulsá | they didnʼt rest; they arenʼt resting
• future (+): gug̱alsáa | they will rest
• future (–): tlél gug̱alsaa | they wonʼt rest
O-ji-S-l-√saa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) rest ¹ | for S to give rest to O (especially from work with hands) | haa gú! x̱at jilasá! → come here and give me a rest (from steering the boat)! (SN) • (SN)
• imperative: jilasá! | give them a rest!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl (sʼé) jeelaséix̱iḵ! | donʼt give them a rest (yet)!
• progressive imperfective: (tlákw) yaa jinalséin | they are (always) giving her/shim a rest
• perfective (+): ajiwlisáa | they gave them a rest; they are giving them a rest
• perfective (–): tlél wulsá | they didnʼt rest; they arenʼt resting
• perfective (–): tlél gug̱alsaa | they wonʼt rest
• future (+): gug̱alsáa | they will rest
√saaḵ (verb root) exhausted
√saan (verb root) cure
√saat (verb root) tight; taut
√saay (verb root) flush ¹; sweat; radiate
O-ka-du-∅-√sáay (ga event verb – object intransitive – high) hot; sweat; flush ¹ | for O (person or animal) to be hot, sweaty, flush | x̱at kawduwasáy aaltein → iʼm real hot (from the stove) • x̱at kawduwasáay → iʼm hot (from embarrassment) • haa kawdusáayin → we were sweating (SN)
√sei (verb root) close ²; near
(yéi) + ka-u-∅-√sei (na state verb – impersonal – open) close ²; near | for something to be (so) close, near (in time or space) | the perfective form « yéi kaawalei » (it was that far) is commonly used in situations where one just fell short of making it to a destination • in other words, "i almost made it, it was just that far away” | g̱éet has du kát uwaxíx Kʼwátʼ Xʼáatʼ yaa has akoonaséeni → a storm came upon them when they were near Cape Lynch (BC)
• imperfective (+): yéi kunaaséi | itʼs that close
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koonasé | it isnʼt that close
• progressive imperfective: yéi yaa kunaséin | itʼs becoming closer
• perfective (+): yéi kaawasei | it was that close
• perfective (–): tlél yéi kawusei | it wasnʼt that close
• future (+): yéi kakg̱waséi | it will be that close
• future (–): tlél yéi kakg̱wasei | it wonʼt be that far
√seiḵʼw (verb root) dye; color ¹; stain
O-ka-d+∅-√séiḵʼw (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective) stain; dye; color ¹ | for O to be stained, dyed, colored | kawdiséḵʼw wé sʼísaa → that cloth is stained (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kandasʼéḵʼw | itʼs getting dyed
• perfective (+): kawdiséḵʼw | itʼs dyed
• perfective (–): tlél kawdaséiḵʼw | it isnʼt dyed
• future (+): kagux̱daséiḵʼw | it will be dyed
• future (–): tlél kagux̱daséiḵʼw | it wonʼt be dyed
O-ka-S-l-√séiḵʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) stain; dye; color ¹ | for S to stain, dye, color the surface of O | lʼoowú kax̱wliséḵʼw → i stained the wood (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kalaséḵʼw! | dye it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keelaséḵʼwx̱uḵ! | donʼt dye it!
• imperfective (+): aklaséḵʼwx̱ | they are dying it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoolséḵʼwx̱ | they arenʼt dying it
• perfective (+): akawliséḵʼw | they dyed it
• perfective (–): tlél akawulséiḵʼw | they didnʼt dye it
• future (+): akagux̱laséiḵʼw | they will dye it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱laséiḵʼw | they wonʼt dye it
ÿa-ka-S-d+l-√séiḵʼw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) dye; color ¹; put on | for S to put on makeup | for putting on lipstick use the prefix « x̱ʼa- » (x̱ʼakawdliséḵʼw), for dyeing oneʼs own hair, use the prefix « sha- »(shakawdliséḵʼw), for putting on eye makeup, drop the thematic prefix and add « waaḵ » (waaḵ kawdliséḵʼw), and for blush use « wásh » (wásh kawdliséḵʼw) | x̱ʼeikawdliséḵʼw → they used lipstick (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yakeelséḵʼw! | put on makeup!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yakeelséḵʼwx̱uḵ! | donʼt put on makeup!
• imperfective (+): yakalséḵʼw | they are putting on makeup
• perfective (+): yakawdliséḵʼw | they put on makeup
• perfective (–): tlél yakawulséiḵʼw | they didnʼt put on makeup
• future (+): yakakg̱walséiḵʼw | they will put on makeup
• future (–): tlél yakakg̱walséiḵʼw | they wonʼt put on makeup
√seil (verb root) tweet; twitter; trill
√seix̱ (verb root) rain | misty rain
√seek ¹ (verb root) delayed; held back
O-ÿa-∅-√seek ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) delayed; held back; weathered in | for O to be delayed, prevented, held back from plans (often due to inclement weather)
• admonitive: iwooséek tsá! | see that you donʼt get delayed!
• perfective (+): yaawasík | they are delayed
• perfective (–): tlél yawuseek | they arenʼt delayed
• future (+): yakg̱waséek | they will be delayed
• future (–): tlél yakg̱waseek | they wonʼt be delayed
√seek ² (verb root) belted; wearing a belt
√seek ³ (verb root) bashful; shy
√seen (verb root) hide ¹; conceal
O-S-l-√seen (∅ – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) hide ¹; conceal | for S to hide, conceal, put O out of sight | ax̱ g̱altóoxʼ áwé x̱walisín → i hid it in my pocket (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: lasín! | hide it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilasínx̱iḵ! | donʼt hide it!
• perfective (+): awlisín | they hid it; they are hiding it
• perfective (–): tlél awulseen | they didnʼt hide it; they are not hiding it
• future (+): agux̱laséen | they will hide it
• future (–): tlél agux̱laseen | they wonʼt hide it
a-S-d+l-√seen (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) hide ¹ | for S to hide oneself, remain out of sight | nadáakw tayeexʼ awdlisín → they hid under the table (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: eelsín! | hide!
• prohibitive: líl ayilseeníḵ! | donʼt hide!
• perfective (+): awdlisín | they hid; they are hiding
• perfective (–): tlél awulseen | they didnʼt hide
• future (+): akg̱walséen | they will hide
• future (–): tlél agux̱laseen | they wonʼt hide
√sees (verb root) tired
√seet (verb root) braid
O-ka-l-√seet (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) braid | for S to braid O (hair) | has du shax̱aawú kadulsítx̱in → people used to braid them allʼs hair
• imperfective (+): kalasít! | braid it!
• imperfective (+): akalaséet | they are braiding it
• perfective (+): akawlisít | they braided it
• perfective (–): tlél akawlaseet | they didnʼt braid it
• future (+): akagux̱laséet | they will braid it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱laseet | they wonʼt braid it
√seetsʼ (verb root) wet | dripping wet
√soo (verb root) supernatural; aid; blessing | supernatural aid
• future (–): tlél du eeg̱áa kg̱wasoo | they wonʼt be blessed
N + eeg̱áa + ∅-√soo (na – impersonal – open) supernatural; aid; blessing | for N to receive supernatural aid; for N to be blessed by spiritual aid | g̱uwakaan haa eeg̱áa woosoo → we were able to get a deer just when we needed it (that is, the spirits sent it to us and favored us with it just the right time) • aatlein lax̱éitl ax̱ eeg̱áa woosoo: yéi jiné x̱waatʼei → i was really blessed with luck: i found work (SN) • (JL)
• imperative: du eeg̱áa nasoo! | blessings be upon them!
• perfective (+): du eeg̱áa woosoo | they were blessed
• perfective (–): tlél du eeg̱áa wusoo | they were not blessed
• future (+): du eeg̱áa kg̱wasóo | they will be blessed
√soon (verb root) bubble | small bubbles
√soos ¹ (verb root) fall; drop ¹ | fall together; drop together | classification: plural
ḵut + O-ka-∅-√sóos ¹ (ga event verb – object intransitive – high) lost | for (plural) O (objects, people) to be lost | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular) | (KE)
• imperative: ḵut yee kagasóos! | you all get lost!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ḵut kei yee kasóosjiḵ! | donʼt you all get lost!
• admonitive: ḵut tsá yee kagasóos! | be sure that you donʼt all get lost!
• perfective (+): ḵut has kaawasóos | they all are lost; they all got lost
• perfective (–): tlél ḵut has kawusóos | they all arenʼt lost; they all didnʼt get lost
• future (+): ḵut kei (ha)s kakg̱wasóos | they all will get lost
• future (–): tlél ḵut kei (ha)s kakg̱wasóos | they all wonʼt get lost
ḵut + O-ka-S-l-√sóos ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – high) lose | for S to lose (plural) O | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular) | ax̱ dáanaa daakagwéili tóodáx̱ ḵut kax̱wlisóos → i lost them all from my purse (SN) • (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ḵut kei keelasóosjiḵ! | donʼt lose them all!
• admonitive: ḵut tsá kag̱ilasóos! | be sure not to lose them all!
• perfective (+): ḵut akaawlisóos | they lost them all
• perfective (–): tlél ḵut akawulsóos | they didnʼt lose them all
• future (+): ḵut kei akagux̱lasóos | they will lose them all
• future (–): tlél ḵut kei akagux̱lasóos | they wonʼt lose them all
√soos ² put to sleep | by whistling through teeth
√sʼaa (verb root) claim; save | claim as payment; save from destruction
√sʼaaḵ (verb root) boney
O-l-√sʼaaḵ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) ambitious; industrious | for O to be ambitious, industrious, hard working | conjugation type and stem variation need to be checked | ḵúnáx̱ áwé lisʼaaḵ → they are really ambitious (SN)
√sʼaatʼ (verb root) left ¹ | left-handed
√sʼaaxw (verb root) stack; hat | put hat on
√sʼáasʼ (verb root) dance ¹ | dance lightly, sliding the feet
√sʼeiḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √sʼeeḵ ¹ • suck out | usually through straw or opening
O-S-∅-√sʼeeḵ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) suck out; drink ¹ | for S to drink O by sucking; for S to drink O through a straw | héen asʼíḵsʼ → they drinks water through a straw (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sʼíḵ! | drink it through a straw!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eesʼíḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt drink it through a straw!
• imperfective (+): asʼíḵsʼ | they are drinking it through a straw
• perfective (+): aawasʼíḵ | they drank it through a straw
• perfective (–): tlél awusʼeeḵ | they didnʼt drink it through a straw
• future (+): akg̱wasʼéeḵ | they will drink it through a straw
• future (–): tlél akg̱wasʼeeḵ | they wonʼt drink it through a straw
√sʼeiḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √sʼeeḵ ² • smoke ¹; smoky
sh x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√sʼeiḵ ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) smoke ¹ | for s to smoke (cigarettes, etc.) | the reflexive « sh » pronoun appears to be optional in this verb | ax̱ yaadé x̱ʼadasʼeiḵ → they are smoking in my face • (KE)
• imperative: sh x̱ʼanidasʼeiḵ! | smoke!
• prohibitive: líl sh x̱ʼeedasʼeig̱íḵ! | donʼt smoke!
• imperfective (+): sh x̱ʼadasʼeiḵ | they are smoking
• imperfective (–): tlél sh x̱ʼeidasʼeiḵ | they are not smoking
• perfective (+): sh x̱ʼawdisʼeiḵ | they smoked
• perfective (–): tlél sh x̱ʼawdasʼeiḵ | they didnʼt smoke
• future (+): sh x̱ʼagux̱dasʼeiḵ | they will smoke
• future (–): tlél sh x̱ʼagux̱dasʼeiḵ | they wonʼt smoke
áx̱ + a-ka-S-l-√sʼeiḵ ² (na – subject intransitive – closed) tan; smoke ¹; cure ² | for S to tan, smoke, cure something by placing in smoke
• imperative: áx̱ akanalsʼeiḵ! | tan it!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ akaylasʼeig̱íḵ! | donʼt tan it!
• perfective (+): áx̱ akawlisʼeiḵ | they tanned it
• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ akawulsʼeiḵ | they didnʼt tan it
• future (+): áx̱ akagux̱lasʼéiḵ | they will tan it
• future (–): tlél áx̱ akagux̱lasʼeiḵ | they wonʼt tan it
√sʼeilʼ (verb root) tear; rip; peel
O-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ (na event verb – transitive – ejective) tear; rip | for S to tear O | tíl x̱ʼéitx̱ yaa eesʼélʼjiḵ! → donʼt tear it open (a present)! (SN) • sʼísaa wooshdáx̱ x̱waasʼéilʼ → i tore apart a piece of cloth (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nasʼéilʼ! | tear it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo eesʼélʼgiḵ! | donʼt tear it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa anasʼélʼ | they are tearing it
• perfective (+): aawasʼéilʼ | they tore it
• perfective (–): tlél awusʼéilʼ | they didnʼt tear it
• future (+): akg̱wasʼéilʼ | they will tear it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wasʼéilʼ | they wonʼt tear it
O-ka-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) tear; rip; peel | for S to tear, tear up, rip off O; for S to peel off O (bark from a tree) | xʼúxʼ kax̱asʼélʼt → iʼm making a big pile of torn paper (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kag̱asʼéilʼ! | tear it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kayeesʼéilʼiḵ! | donʼt tear it!
• imperfective (+): akasʼélʼt | they are tearing it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoosʼélʼt | they arenʼt tearing it
• progressive imperfective: yei akanasʼélʼ | they are tearing it
• perfective (+): akaawasʼéilʼ | they tore it
• perfective (–): tlél akawusʼéilʼ | they didnʼt tear it
• future (+): yéi akakg̱wasʼéilʼ | they will tear it
• future (–): tlél yéi akakg̱wasʼéilʼ | they wonʼt tear it
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) tear; open | for S to tear O away (of a fish from a hook); for S to stretch or hold O (opening) open | the noun gwéil (bag) is used in these examples; ax̱ʼeiwasʼélʼ by itself sounds like stretching someoneʼs/somethingʼs mouth open with the fingers • a fish tearing away from a hook has the preverb daak and the thematic prefix ya- • the phrase « daak x̱'ayawlis'él'' » is also a metaphorical phrase that means "they got carried away from what they were supposed to say" and is used when someone drifts very far from their point or from the appropriate speech content during ceremony, or ends up rambling on (DA) | daak ax̱ʼayawlisʼélʼ → it (a fish) tore from the fishhook (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: gwéil x̱ʼasʼélʼ! | hold the bag open!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeesʼélʼx̱iḵ wé gwéil! | donʼt hold the bag open!
• imperfective (+): gwéil ax̱ʼasʼélʼx̱ | they are holding the bag open
• imperfective (–): tlél gwéil ax̱ʼeisʼélʼx̱ | they arenʼt holding the bag open
• perfective (+): gwéil ax̱ʼeiwasʼélʼ | they held the bag open
• perfective (–): tlél gwéil ax̱ʼawusʼéilʼ | they didnʼt hold the bag open
• future (+): gwéil ax̱ʼakgwasʼéilʼ | they will hold the bag open
• future (–): tlél gwéil ax̱ʼakg̱wasʼéilʼ | they wonʼt hold the bag open
ka-d+∅-√sʼéilʼ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – ejective) tear | for something to be torn up | (KE) • g̱eiwú kawdisʼéilʼ → the seine net is all torn up (SN)
• imperfective (+): kadisʼélʼt | it tears easily
• progressive imperfective: yei kandasʼélʼ | itʼs starting to tear
• perfective (+): kawdisʼéilʼ | itʼs torn
• perfective (–): tlél kawdasʼéilʼ | itʼs not torn
• future (+): yéi kagux̱dasʼéilʼ | it will be torn
• future (–): tlél yéi kagux̱dasʼéilʼ | it wonʼt be torn
O-S-l-√sʼéilʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) tear; pull | for S to tear up, pull up O (roots) | adding the preverb « yax̱ » (to completion) and the « ya- » thematic prefix will result in "tear to pieces," such as « yax̱ ayawlisʼélʼ » (they tore it to pieces) | x̱aat kuḵalasʼéilʼ → iʼm going to pull up roots (for baskets) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: x̱aat lasʼélʼ! | pull up spruce roots!
• prohibitive: líl x̱aat ilasʼéilʼiḵ! | donʼt pull up spruce roots!
• imperfective (+): x̱aat alsʼéilʼ | they are pulling up spruce roots; they pulls up spruce roots
• imperfective (–): tlél x̱aat oolsʼéilʼ | they donʼt pull up spruce roots; they arenʼt pulling up spruce roots
• progressive imperfective: x̱aat yaa analsʼélʼ | they are pulling up spruce roots
• perfective (+): x̱aat awlisʼélʼ | they pulled up spruce roots
• perfective (–): tlél x̱aat awulsʼéilʼ | they didnʼt pull up spruce roots
• future (+): x̱aat agux̱lasʼéilʼ | they will pull up spruce roots
• future (–): tlél x̱aat agux̱lasʼéilʼ | they wonʼt pull up spruce roots
√sʼeeḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √sʼeiḵ ¹ • suck out | usually through straw or opening
√sʼeeḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √sʼeiḵ ² • smoke ¹; smoky
√sʼeen (verb root) grimace
√sʼees ¹ (verb root) blown | blown by wind; blown around
N-t + O-l-√sʼees ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) blown; sail ¹ | for O to be blown around at N (by wind); for O to sail in a boat around at N | káast át wulisʼées → the barrel is being blown around by the wind (SN) • haa jináḵ yóo a keekaadé oolsʼéesch → itʼs always being blown away [rom us onto the other side (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): át wulisʼees | it blew around; itʼs blowing around
• perfective (–): tlél át wulsʼees | it didnʼt blow around; itʼs not blowing around
• future (+): át gux̱lasʼées | it will blow around
• future (–): tlél át gux̱lasʼees | it wonʼt blow around
N-t + ka-d+l-√sʼees ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – closed) blown | for an object to be blown around in the wind at N | (KE)
• perfective (+): át kawdlisʼees | itʼs blowing around in the wind there; it blew around in the wind there
• perfective (–): tlél át kawulsʼees | itʼs not blowing around in the wind there; it didnʼt blow around in the wind there
• future (+): át kakg̱walsʼées | it will blow around in the wind there
• future (–): tlél át kakg̱walsʼees | it wonʼt blow around in the wind there
√sʼees ² tired of; offensive
√sʼeesʼ (verb root) ⑴ squirt || ⑵ advise | advise pointedly || ⑶ whistle | whistle quietly
√sʼeet (verb root) bind; wrap
O-ka-S-∅-√sʼeet (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) bind; wrap; bandage | for S to bind up, wrap around, bandage O | du jín kax̱waasʼít → i bound up their hand; i bandaged their hand (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kasʼít! | bandage it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keesʼítx̱iḵ! | donʼt bandage it!
• imperfective (+): akasʼéet | they are bandaging it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoosʼeet | they arenʼt bandaging it
• perfective (+): akaawasʼít | they bandaged it
• perfective (–): tlél akawusʼeet | they didnʼt bandage it
• future (+): akakg̱wasʼéet | they will bandage it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wasʼeet | they wonʼt bandage it
√sʼeex (verb root) aged; ferment; spoil; rot ¹ | aged food
l-√sʼeex (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) spoil; rot ¹ | for animal matter to age, spoil to stage where still firm, but smelly | dleey yaa nalsʼíx → the meat is starting to spoil (SN) • x̱áat shaayí dulsʼíxx̱ → people fermet salmon heads (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa nalsʼíx | itʼs aging (fermenting)
• perfective (+): wulisʼíx | it aged
• perfective (–): tlél wulsʼeex | it didnʼt age
• future (+): gux̱lasʼéex | it will age
• future (–): tlél gux̱lasʼeex | it wonʼt age
√sʼeexw • variants: √sʼoox • sour
√sʼeexʼw (verb root) stick to; adhere; seal together
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√sʼéexʼw (∅ motion verb – transitive – ejective) stick to; adhere | for S to stick O (esp. paper) to N | ḵaa jínx̱ kei klasíxʼwch → it (wet flour) sticks to peopleʼs hands (SN) • neildé katulasʼéexʼw → we are sticking it (paper) indoors (that is, we are papering the walls) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át kalasʼíxʼw! | stick it to it!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ keelaséexʼuḵ! | donʼt stick it to it!
• perfective (+): át akawlisʼíxʼw | they stuck it to it
• perfective (–): tlél át akawulsʼéexʼw | they didnʼt stick it to it
• future (+): aadé akagux̱lasʼéexʼw | they will stick it to it
• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱lasʼéexʼw | they wonʼt stick it to it
√sʼéex̱ʼ • variants: √sʼéix̱ʼ • diarrhea
O-∅-√sʼéex̱ʼ (g̱a – object intransitive – ejective) diarrhea | for O to get, have diarrhea
• progressive imperfective: yei nasʼéex̱ʼ | they are getting diarrhea
• perfective (+): woosʼéex̱ʼ | they got diarrhea
• perfective (–): tlél wusʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt get diarrhea
• future (+): yei kg̱wasʼéex̱ʼ | they will get diarrhea
• future (–): tlél yei kg̱wasʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt get diarrhea
O-S-l-√sʼéex̱ʼ (g̱a – transitive – ejective) diarrhea | for S to cause O to have diarrhea
• progressive imperfective: yei analsʼéex̱ʼ | itʼs giving them diarrhea
• perfective (+): awlisʼéex̱ʼ | it gave them diarrhea
• perfective (–): tlél awulsʼéex̱ʼ | it didnʼt give them diarrhea
• future (+): yei agux̱lasʼéex̱ʼ | it will give them diarrhea
• future (–): tlél yei agux̱lasʼéex̱ʼ | it wonʼt give them diarrhea
√sʼoo (verb root) withe; twist; limber | twist to limber
√sʼook (verb root) • variants: √sʼeekw • fry; toast ¹ | fry until crisp
O-ka-S-l-√sʼook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: O-ka-S-l-√sʼeekw • toast ¹; fry | for S to toast O (bread); for S to fry O (usually till crisp) | eex̱ teen kadulsʼúkx̱ → it is fried it with oil (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kalasʼúk! | fry it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keelasʼúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt fry it!
• imperfective (+): aklasʼúk | they are frying it
• perfective (+): akawlisʼúk | they fried it
• perfective (–): tlél akawulsʼook | they didnʼt fry it
• future (+): akagux̱lasʼóok | they will fry it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱lasʼook | they wonʼt fry it
√sʼoon (verb root) kiss ¹ | to make a kissing noise
√sʼoosʼ (verb root) string ²; thread ² | string fish on stick to dry
√sʼootʼ (verb root) spit ¹
√sʼoow (verb root) chop
O-S-∅-√sʼóow (na act verb – transitive – high) chop | for S to chop O (esp. chopping down trees, chopping off branches) | can also be used metaphorically to mean to terminate something | wooshdáx̱ gatoosʼóow → weʼre going to chop it in two (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nasʼóow! | chop it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo eesʼóowguḵ! | donʼt chop it!
• imperfective (+): asʼúw | they are chopping it; they chops it
• imperfective (–): tlél oosʼóow | they arenʼt chopping it; they donʼt chop it
• perfective (+): aawasʼóow | they chopped it
• perfective (–): tlél awusʼóow | they didnʼt chop it
• future (+): akg̱wasʼóow | they will chop it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wasʼóow | they wonʼt chop it
√sʼoox (verb root) • variants: √sʼeexw • sour
O-ka-l-√sʼoox (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) sour | for O to be sour, taste acidic, lose freshness of taste | tléiḵw kahéeni kawlisʼúx → the fruit juice is sour (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanalsʼúx | it is getting sour
• perfective (+): kawlisʼúx | it is sour
• perfective (–): tlél kawulsʼoox | it didnʼt sour
• future (+): kagux̱lasʼóox | it will sour
• future (–): tlél kagux̱lasʼoox | it wonʼt sour
√sʼoox̱ʼ (verb root) mucus | dried mucus
√sʼóoshkw ˟ (verb root) pinch | pinch large amount of flesh
√sháchk ˟ (verb root) swamp
√shaa ¹ (verb root) bark ²
a-S-∅-√shaa ¹ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – open) bark ² | for S (dog) to start barking | (KE)
• imperative: agashá! | start barking!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei eeshéijiḵ! | donʼt start barking!
• imperfective (+): asháa | itʼs barking
• imperfective (–): tlél ooshaa | it isnʼt barking
• perfective (+): aawashaa | it started barking
• perfective (–): tlél awushaa | it didnʼt start barking
• future (+): kei akg̱washáa | it will start barking
• future (–): tlél kei akg̱washaa | it wonʼt start barking
a-S-∅-√shaa ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) bark ² | for S (dog) to bark | du keidlí kei aawasháa → his dog barked at him (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ashá! | bark!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eeshéix̱iḵ! | donʼt bark!
• imperfective (+): asháa | itʼs barking
• imperfective (–): tlél ooshaa | it isnʼt barking
• perfective (+): aawasháa | it barked
• perfective (–): tlél awushá | it didnʼt bark
• future (+): akg̱washáa | it will bark
• future (–): tlél akg̱washaa | it wonʼt bark
O-ÿa-S-l-√shaa ¹ (na act verb – transitive – open) bark ² | for S (dog) to bark at O | keitl yei iyagux̱lasháa → the dog will bark at you (SN) • yeisú naleiyí yei ayalashéich → it barks while a person is still a long way off (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yanalshá! | bark at them/it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo ilashéigiḵ! | donʼt bark at them/it!
• imperfective (+): ayalasháa | it is barking at them/it
• progressive imperfective: yaa ayanalshéin | it is running along barking at them/it
• perfective (+): ayawlishaa | it barked at them/it
• perfective (–): tlél ayawulshaa | it didnʼt bark at them/it
• future (+): ayagux̱lasháa | it will bark at them/it
• future (–): tlél ayagux̱lashaa | it wonʼt bark at them/it
O-ÿa-S-l-√shaa ¹ (ga act verb – transitive – open) bark ² | for S (dog) to begin barking at O | (KE)
• imperative: yagalshá! | start barking at them/it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei yeelashájiḵ! | donʼt start barking at them/it!
• imperfective (+): ayalasháa | it is barking at them/it
• progressive imperfective: kei ayanalshéin | it is starting to bark at them/it
• perfective (+): ayawlishaa | it barked at them/it
• perfective (–): tlél ayawulshaa | it didnʼt bark at them/it
• future (+): kei ayagux̱lasháa | it will start barking at them/it
• future (–): tlél kei ayagux̱lashaa | it wonʼt start barking at them/it
√shaa ² (verb root) marry
O-S-∅-√shaa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) marry | for S to marry O | aadóoch sá uwasháa? → who married them (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sháa! | marry them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eeshéix̱iḵ! | donʼt marry them!
• perfective (–): tlél awushá | they didnʼt marry them
• future (+): aawasháa | they married them
• future (+): akg̱washáa | they will marry them
• future (–): tlél akg̱washaa | they wonʼt marry them
wooch + d+∅-√shaa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) marry | for (plural) S to marry each other | either « wooch » or « woosh » can be used | g̱unéitkanaayí woosh dashéix̱ → they all marry them allʼs clan opposites (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: wooch yidasháa! | marry each other!
• prohibitive: líl wooch yeeydasháaḵ! | donʼt marry each other!
• perfective (+): wooch has wudisháa | they all married each other
• perfective (–): tlél wooch has wudashá | they all didnʼt marry each other
• future (+): wooch has gux̱dasháa | they all will marry each other
• future (–): tlél wooch has gux̱dashaa | they all wonʼt marry each other
O-du-∅-√shaa ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) marry | for O to get married
• imperative: idusháa (dé)! | get married (now)!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl idushéix̱iḵ! | donʼt get married!
• perfective (+): wuduwasháa | they got married
• perfective (–): tlél wushushá | they didnʼt get married
• future (+): gax̱dusháa | they will get married
• future (–): tlél gax̱dushaa | they wonʼt get married
√shaaḵ ¹ (verb root) winded; exhausted
O-ka-∅-√shaaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) winded; exhausted | for O to be winded, short of breath, panting | haa kasháḵx̱ → we get short-winded (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanasháḵ | they are getting short of breath
• perfective (+): kaawasháḵ | they are short of breath
• perfective (–): tlél kawushaaḵ | they arenʼt short of breath
• future (+): kakg̱washáaḵ | they will be short of breath
• future (–): tlél kakg̱washaaḵ | they wonʼt be short of breath
√shaaḵ ² (verb root) deny
√shaan (verb root) old; age
O-d+∅-√shaan (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) old; age | for O to show signs of old age (esp. grey hair), for O to become old, age | yaa x̱at nadashán → iʼm growing old (SN) • tléil ee wdashaan → you donʼt show any signs of old age (SN) • eesháan yaa ndashán → itʼs hard getting old • (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl idashánx̱iḵ! | donʼt get old!
• progressive imperfective: yaa ndashán | they are getting old
• perfective (+): wudishán | they are old
• perfective (–): tlél wudashaan | they arenʼt old
• future (+): gux̱dasháan | they will be old
• future (–): tlél gux̱dashaan | they wonʼt get old
√shaash ˟ (verb root) worn out
∅-√sháash ˟ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – invariable) worn out | for something to wear out by continuous friction | washéen x̱áa yoo yasháashk → machines wear out (SN) • a x̱ʼustáak yaa nasháash → the sole is wearing out (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yei nasháash | itʼs wearing out
• perfective (+): woosháash | it wore out
• perfective (–): tlél wusháash | it didnʼt wear out
• future (+): yei kg̱washáash | it will wear out
• future (–): tlél yei kg̱washáash | it wonʼt wear out
√shaat (verb root) grab; hold; catch
O-S-∅-√sháat (ga event verb – transitive – high) catch; grab; hold; arrest; trap ¹ | for S to catch O; for S to grab, take hold of, snatch O; for S to arrest O; for S to trap O | tléil kei gax̱dusháat: ḵaa yáanáx̱ yagóot → they wonʼt get caught: they goes faster than anybody (SN) • aatlein x̱áat wutuwasháat → weʼve caught lots of salmon (said as looking into the net) (SN) • wé keitl yádi gasháat! → grab that puppy! (SN) • xʼeesháa x̱waasháat → i grabbed the bucket (SN) • wáachwaanxʼ du eeg̱áa kawduwaḵaa, gax̱dusháadit → guards were sent to arrest them (SN) • has akaawa.aaḵw has awusháadi → they all tried to arrest them (SN) • sháal teen x̱áat wutuwasháat → we caught salmon in a fishtrap (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: gasháat! | catch it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei ishátjiḵ! | donʼt catch it!
• perfective (+): aawasháat | they caught it
• perfective (–): tlél awusháat | they didnʼt catch it
• future (+): kei akg̱washáat | they will catch it
• future (–): tlél kei akg̱washáat | they wonʼt catch it
O-S-l-√sháat (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) hold; capture | for S to hold, retain O in oneʼs grasp; for S to capture, hold O captive | xʼeesháa x̱alashát → iʼm holding a bucket (SN) • chʼa yáakw alshát; wududzineix̱ → they were holding on to the boat, and they were saved • (KE)
• imperative: g̱alsháat! | hold it!
• prohibitive: líl ilashádiḵ! | donʼt hold it!
• imperfective (+): alshát | they are holding it
• imperfective (–): tlél oolshát | they arenʼt holding it
• perfective (+): awlisháat | they held it
• perfective (–): tlél awulsháat | they didnʼt hold it
• future (+): yei agux̱lasháat | they will hold it
• future (–): tlél yei agux̱lasháat | they wonʼt hold it
ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+∅-√sháat (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) change mind | for S to change oneʼs mind | use « N-dáx̱ » or « N daatx̱ » to say changed oneʼs mind about N | (KE)
• imperative: ḵux̱ teedashát! | change your mind!
• prohibitive: líl ḵux̱ tuydasháadiḵ! | donʼt change your mind!
• perfective (+): ḵux̱ tuwdishát | they changed their mind
• perfective (–): tlél ḵux̱ tuwdasháat | they didnʼt change their mind
• future (+): ḵúx̱de tugux̱dasháat | they will change their mind
• future (–): tlél ḵúx̱de tugux̱dasháat | they wonʼt change their mind
N-de⁓ + a-ÿa-∅-√sháat (∅ motion verb – impersonal – high) wind; gust | for the wind, weather to move in gusts to N
• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa ayanashát | the wind is hitting it (in gusts)
• perfective (+): át ayaawashát | the wind hit it
• perfective (–): tlél át ayawusháat | the wind didnʼt hit it
• future (+): aadé ayakg̱washáat | the wind is going to hit it
• future (–): tlél aadé ayakg̱washáat | the wind isnʼt going to hit it
√sheix̱ʼ (verb root) praise; glorify; commend • variants: √shéex̱ʼ •
O-ka-S-∅-√shéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) praise; glorify; commend | for S to praise, glorify O; for S to approve, commend O; for S to comment on O | at kaawashéix̱ʼ → they are praising it; s/he says it is great, wonderful (SN) • tléil yéi jix̱wané daakw ḵáa sá x̱at kang̱ashéix̱ʼit → iʼm not working so that people will praise me (SN) • aatḵeeních kaséix̱ʼ has du tuwáa sigóo, Dikée Aanḵáawuch kashéíx̱ʼ yáanáx̱ → they all wanted the approval of men more than the approval of God • atx̱á áwé kax̱ashéix̱ʼ → i commended the food • (KE)
• imperative: kashíx̱ʼ! | praise them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keeshíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt praise them!
• imperfective (+): akashéex̱ʼ | they are praising them
• imperfective (–): tlél akoosheex̱ʼ | they arenʼt praising them
• perfective (+): akaawashíx̱ʼ | they praised them
• perfective (–): tlél akawushéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt praise them
• future (+): akakg̱washéex̱ʼ | they will praise them
• future (–): tlél akakg̱washéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt praise them
√shísʼḵ (verb root) raw
√shee ¹ (verb root) search for; hope
át + a-S-d+∅-√shee ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) hope; desire | for S to hope, desire and expect something | yéi át ax̱wdishée, cháatl kei g̱eesayeeḵ → i hope you catch a halibut (SN) • yéi át awtudishée → we hope so (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át idashí! | hope for it!
• perfective (+): át awdishée | they hopes for it
• perfective (–): tlél át awdashí | they donʼt hope for it
• future (+): át agux̱dashée | they will hope for it
• future (–): tlél át agux̱dashee | they wonʼt hope for it
N-g̱áa + ḵu-S-∅-√shee ʰ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) search for; look for | for S to search for, look for N | aag̱áa ḵeeyasheeyích áwé, yeetʼei → because you searched for it, you found it (SN) • ax̱ tláag̱aa yaa ḵunx̱ashéen → iʼm going along looking for my mother (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: aag̱áa ḵunashí! | look for it!
• prohibitive: líl aag̱áa ḵeesheeḵ! | donʼt look for it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aag̱áa yoo ḵeesheegíḵ! | donʼt look for it!
• imperfective (+): aag̱áa ḵushée | they are looking for it; they looks for it
• imperfective (–): tlél aag̱áa ḵooshee | they arenʼt looking for it; they donʼt look for it
• progressive imperfective: aag̱áa yaa ḵunashéen | they are going along looking for it
• perfective (+): aag̱áa ḵoowashee | they looked for it
• perfective (–): tlél aag̱áa ḵuwushee | they didnʼt look for it
• future (+): aag̱áa ḵukg̱washée | they will look for it
• future (–): tlél aag̱áa ḵukg̱washee | they wonʼt look for it
N-káx̱ + ḵu-S-∅-√shee ʰ ¹ (na event verb – subject intransitive – fading) find; come upon | for S to find, come upon N (often after actively searching) | du káak x̱ánxʼ du káx̱ ḵux̱waashee → i found him at his uncleʼs place (SN) • tléil tsu a káx̱ ḵuwushee → he never did find it (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): a káx̱ ḵoowashee | they found it
• perfective (–): tlél a káx̱ ḵuwushee | they didnʼt find it
√shee ² (verb root) touch
N-t⁓ + S-∅-√shee ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) touch; take | for S to touch, take, pick up | tléil áx̱ eesheeḵ; kei ikg̱wayéeḵ → donʼt touch it (dog); it will bite you (SN) • ax̱ jint has uwashée yáade → they all touched my hand, and led me here (CG) • (KE)
• imperative: át shí! / át eeshí | touch it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl áx̱ eesheeḵ! | donʼt touch it!
• perfective (+): át uwashée | they touched it
• perfective (–): tlél át wooshí | they didnʼt touch it
• future (+): aadé kg̱washée | they will touch it
• future (–): tlél aadé kg̱washee | they wonʼt touch it
N + séináx̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√shee ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) embrace; hug | for S to put arm(s) around N | (KE)
• imperative: du séináx̱ wooshí! | put your arm(s) around them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du séináx̱ yaa eesheejíḵ! | donʼt put your arm(s) around them!
• perfective (+): du séináx̱ yaawashée | they put their arm(s) around them
• perfective (–): tlél du séináx̱ yawushí | they didnʼt put their arm(s) around them
• future (+): du séináx̱ yakg̱washée | they will put their arm(s) around them
• future (–): tlél du séináx̱ yakg̱washee | they wonʼt put their arm(s) around them
√shee ³ (verb root) help
N + ée-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√shee ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) help; assist | for S (person, medicine, etc.) to help, give help to, assist N | daḵéisʼ teen x̱áat idashí! → help me with the sewing (SN) • tléil i eedé kḵwadashee: tlél x̱washagóok → iʼm not going to help you: i donʼt know how (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ax̱ éet idashí! | help me!
• prohibitive: líl ax̱ éex̱ idasheeyíḵ! | donʼt help me!
• progressive imperfective: ax̱ eedé yaa ndashéen | they are helping me
• perfective (+): ax̱ éet wudishée | they helped me; they are helping me
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ éet wudashí | they didnʼt help me; they are not helping me
• future (+): ax̱ éede gux̱dashée | they will help me
• future (–): tlél ax̱ éede gux̱dashee | they wonʼt help me
√shee ⁴ (verb root) sing; compose
O-S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (ga act verb – transitive – fading) sing | for S to sing O | yadáli atshí áyá kei gax̱tooshée → weʼre going to sing an important song (National Anthem, historical song, etc.) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: gashí! | sing it!
• prohibitive: líl eeshéeḵ! | donʼt sing it!
• imperfective (+): ashí | they are singing it; they sing it
• imperfective (–): tlél ooshí | they arenʼt singing it; they donʼt sing it
• perfective (+): aawashee | they sang it
• perfective (–): tlél awushee | they didnʼt sing it
• future (+): kei akg̱washée | they will sing it
• future (–): tlél kei akg̱washee | they wonʼt sing it
at S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – fading) sing | for S to sing | (KE)
• imperative: at gashí! | sing!
• prohibitive: líl at eeshéeḵ! | donʼt sing!
• imperfective (+): at shí | they are singing; they sing
• imperfective (–): tlél at ushí | they arenʼt singing; they donʼt sing
• perfective (+): at wooshee | they sang
• perfective (–): tlél at wushee | they didnʼt sing
• future (+): kei at gug̱ashée | they will sing
• future (–): tlél kei at gug̱ashee | they wonʼt sing
kei + + O-ka-S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) (event verb) sing | for S to start singing O (esp. a ceremonial song) | (JL)
• imperative: kei kashí | start singing it!
• prohibitive: líl kei keesheeg̱úḵ! | donʼt start singing it!
• perfective (+): kei akaawashée | they started singing it
• perfective (–): tlél kei akawushee | they didnʼt start singing it
• future (+): kei akakg̱washée | they will start singing it
• future (–): tlél kei akakg̱washee | they wonʼt start singing it
kei + + at ka-S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) (event verb) sing | for S to start singing (esp. ceremonial songs); for S to break into song (especially ceremonial songs) | ax̱ x̱ʼéi shukawduḵaayích, kei at kax̱waashée → because they called on me, i began to sing a ceremonial song (SN)
• imperative: kei at kashí! | start singing!
• prohibitive: líl kei at keesheeg̱úḵ! | don't start singing!
• perfective (+): kei at kaawashée | they started singing
• perfective (–): tlél kei at kawushee | they didnʼt start singing
• future (+): kei at kakg̱washée | they will start singing
• future (–): tlél kei at kakg̱washee | they wonʼt start singing
at ka-S-l-√shee ⁴ (na event verb – subject intransitive – open) compose; song | for S to compose songs (esp. about opposite clan) | some fluent elders say that in addition to the meaning "compose," this verb can be used to mean "sing" | ax̱ aat hás, yee daadáx̱ at kax̱wlishee → my aunts, i have composed a song about you (SN) • Alaska wuduheení daadáx̱ at kawlishee → he composed a song concerning the sale of Alaska (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: at kanalshí! | compose a song!
• progressive imperfective: yaa at kanalshéen | they are composing a song
• perfective (+): at kawlishee | they composed a song
• perfective (–): tlél at kawulshee | they didnʼt compose a song
• future (+): at kagux̱lashée | they will compose a song
• future (–): tlél at kagux̱lashee | they wonʼt compose a song
√sheech (verb root) feminine
√sheekʼw • variants: √shookʼ • cramp; shocked by electricity
√sheesʼ (verb root) strip; squeeze | squeeze empty
√sheesh ¹ (verb root) sip; slurp
√sheesh ² (verb root) outdo | outdo in eating
√sheesht (verb root) squeeze | sqeeze empty
√sheetʼ (verb root) crowd ¹; packed; jammed
√sheex̱ʼ • variants: √sheix̱ʼ • praise; glorify; commend • variants: √shéex̱ʼ •
√sheey ¹ (verb root) right ¹ | right handed
√sheey ² (verb root) knotty
√shoo ¹ (verb root) extend
N-de + ∅-√shoo ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – open) extend | for a narrow item (esp. a road or trail) to extend towards N | (JL)
• perfective (+): aadê wooshoo | it leads towards there
anax̱ + ∅-√shoo ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) stick up; stand | for a singular object to stick up, stand there | classification: singular (plural √.aa ³) | yaakw ka.aasí yanax̱ naashóo → thereʼs a mast sticking up there (SN) • x̱áay anax̱ naashóo → thereʼs one yellow cedar standing up over there (SN) • (JL)
• imperfective (+): anáx̱ naashóo | it is sticking up there
• imperfective (–): tlél anax̱ nashú | it isnʼt sticking up there
• perfective (+): anax̱ wooshoo | it stuck up through there
• perfective (–): tlél anax̱ wushú | it didnʼt stick up through there
N-t + √shoo ¹ extend | for a narrow item (esp. a road or trail) to extend to N | dei at gutóot uwashóo → the road extends to the forest (SN) • táay xéedi a shóot uwashóo → thereʼs a furrow the whole length of the garden (SN) • (JL)
• perfective (+): át uwashóo | it extends to there
N-x̱ + ∅-√shoo ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – open) hang | for a singular object to hang down from N | classification: singular (plural √xwaasʼ) | (JL)
• imperfective (+): áx̱ g̱aashóo | it is hanging down from there
• perfective (+): áx̱ wooshoo | it was hanging down from there
N-x̱ + kei + l-√shoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) extend | for a complex object (esp. road) to extend up to N | classification: complex object | (KE)
• perfective (+): áx̱ kei wlishóo | it extends up there
• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ kei wulshú | it doesnʼt extend up there
• future (+): áx̱ kei gux̱lashóo | itʼs going to extend up there
• future (–): tlél áx̱ kei gux̱lashoo | itʼs not going to extend up there
N-x̱ + ÿa-u-∅-√shoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) extend | for a slender item (esp. road) to extend around, along N | classification: slender item
• perfective (+): áx̱ yaawashóo | it extends around it
• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ yawushú | it doesnʼt extend around it
• future (+): áx̱ yakg̱washóo | it is going to extend around it
• future (–): tlél áx̱ yakg̱washoo | it isnʼt going to extend around it
√shoo ² (verb root) suffer
O-ka-∅-√shoo ʰ ² (na event verb – object intransitive intoxicate; drunk ² | for O to be intoxicated | (GD, KE)
• imperative: (góok) ikanashú! | (go ahead) get drunk!
• prohibitive: líl yoo ikoosheigíḵ! | donʼt get drunk!
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanashéin | they are getting drunk
• perfective (+): kaawashoo | they are drunk
• perfective (–): tlél kawushoo | they arenʼt drunk
• future (+): kakg̱washóo | they will get drunk
• future (–): tlél kakg̱washoo | they wonʼt get drunk
eeshandéin + yoo + O-ka-∅-√shoo ʰ ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – fading) suffer | for O to suffer | eeshandéin du een yoo x̱at kaawashoo → i suffered with him (staying up all night to care fora very sick person) (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: eeshandéin yaa kanashéin | they are starting to suffer
• perfective (+): eeshandéin yoo kaawashóo | they suffered
• perfective (–): tlél eeshandéin yoo kawushú | they didnʼt suffer
• future (+): eeshandéin yoo kakg̱washóo | they will suffer
• future (–): tlél eeshandéin yoo kakg̱washoo | they wonʼt suffer
O-ka-S-l-√shoo ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) intoxicate | for S to intoxicate O | i daa yoo tutánk x̱at kawlishoo → just thinking about you acts like an intoxicant to me (SN) • náawch kawlishoo → liquor intoxicated him (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kanalshú! | intoxicate them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keelasheigíḵ! | donʼt intoxicate them!
• progressive imperfective: yaa ash kanalshéin | they are beginning to intoxicate them
• perfective (+): ash kawlishoo | they intoxicated them
• perfective (–): tlél ash kawulshoo | they didnʼt intoxicate them
• future (+): ash kagux̱lashóo | they will intoxicate them
• future (–): tlél ash kagux̱lashoo | they wonʼt intoxicate them
eeshandéin + yoo + O-ka-S-l-√shoo ʰ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) torment; persecute; suffer | for S to torment, persecute or ill-treat O; for S to cause O to suffer | dóosh eeshandéin yoo s akwlishéik → they all are tormenting the cat (SN) • yéi jiné teen eeshandéin yoo yee kawtulishóo → we tormented you / made you desperate with so much work (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: eeshandéin yoo kalashú! | torment them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eeshandéin yoo keelasheigíḵ! | donʼt torment them!
• progressive imperfective: eeshandéin yaa ash kanalshéin | they are beginning to torment them
• perfective (+): eeshandéin yoo ash kawlishóo | they tormented them
• perfective (–): tlél eeshandéin yoo ash kawulshú | they didnʼt torment them
• future (+): eeshandéin yoo ash kagux̱lashóo | they will torment them
• future (–): tlél eeshandéin yoo ash kagux̱lashoo | they wonʼt torment them
sh ka-d+l-√shoo ʰ ² (na event verb – subject intransitive crazy | for S to go crazy | (GD, KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo sh keelshéigiḵ! | donʼt go crazy!
• progressive imperfective: yaa sh kanalshéin | they are going crazy
• perfective (+): sh kawdlishoo | they went crazy
• perfective (–): tlél sh kawulshoo | they didnʼt go crazy
• future (+): sh kakg̱walshóo | they will go crazy
• future (–): tlél sh kakg̱walshoo | they wonʼt go crazy
√shooch (verb root) soak; bathe
S-d+∅-√shooch (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) bathe; soak | for S to soak in cold waters for strength; for S to bathe, take a bath | (KE) • latseen káa dushóoch → people bathe (in the sea) for strength
• imperative: idashúch! | bathe!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl idashúchx̱iḵ! | donʼt bathe!
• imperfective (+): dashóoch | they are bathing; they bathes
• imperfective (–): tlél udashooch | they donʼt bathe
• perfective (+): wudishúch | they bathed
• perfective (–): tlél wudashooch | they didnʼt bathe
• future (+): gux̱dashóoch | they will bathe
• future (–): tlél gux̱dashooch | they wonʼt bathe
O-S-∅-√shooch (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) bathe | for S to bathe O | tʼukanéiyi x̱waashúch → i bathed the baby (SN)
• imperative: shúch! | bathe them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eeshúchx̱iḵ! | donʼt bathe them!
• imperfective (+): ashóoch | they are bathing them; they bathe them
• imperfective (–): tlél ooshooch | they arenʼt bathing them; they donʼt bathe them
• perfective (+): aawashúch | they bathed them
• perfective (–): tlél awushooch | they didnʼt bathe them
• future (+): akg̱washóoch | they will bathe them
• future (–): tlél akg̱washooch | they wonʼt bathe them
√shookʼ • variants: √sheekʼw • cramp; shock
O-ka-d+l-√shóokʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective) cramp; shock; electrocute | for O to have cramps; for O to get shocked (by electricity) | kalshukʼx̱ i x̱ʼoos ágé? → do you have a cramp in your foot? (SN) • dleewkát sh eeltín; ikoox̱dlishookʼ! → watch yourself (take care); you might get shocked! (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): kawdlishúkʼ | they got shocked
• perfective (–): tlél kawulshóokʼ | they didnʼt get shocked
• future (+): kakg̱walshóokʼ | they will get shocked
• future (–): tlél kakg̱walshóokʼ | they wonʼt get shocked
√shooḵ (verb root) laugh; smile
O-S-∅-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) laugh | for S to laugh at O | (KE)
• prohibitive: líl eeshoog̱úḵ! | donʼt laugh at them/it!
• imperfective (+): ashooḵ | they are laughing at them/it
• imperfective (–): tlél ooshooḵ | they are not laughing at them/it
• perfective (+): aawashúḵ | they laughed at them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awushooḵ | they didnʼt laugh at them/it
• future (+): akg̱washóoḵ | they will laugh at them/it
• future (–): tlél akg̱washooḵ | they wonʼt laugh at them/it
at S-∅-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) laugh | for S to laugh | ḵúnáx̱ at shooḵ → they really laughed (after an excellent joke) (SN) • tléil de at x̱washúḵx̱ → i donʼt laugh at all now (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: at shúḵ! | laugh!
• prohibitive: líl at eeshoog̱úḵ! | donʼt laugh!
• imperfective (+): at shooḵ | they are laughing; they laughs
• imperfective (–): tlél at ushooḵ | they are not laughing; they donʼt laugh
• perfective (+): at uwashúḵ | they laughed
• perfective (–): tlél at wushooḵ | they didnʼt laugh
• future (+): at gug̱ashóoḵ | they will laugh
• future (–): tlél at gug̱ashooḵ | they wonʼt laugh
at S-∅-√shooḵ (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) laugh; smile | for S to laugh; for S to smile (often with laughter) | (KE)
• imperative: at nashooḵ! | laugh!
• prohibitive: líl at eeshoog̱úḵ! | donʼt laugh!
• imperfective (+): at shooḵ | they laughs
• imperfective (–): tlél at ushooḵ | they donʼt laugh
• perfective (+): at wooshooḵ | they laughed
• perfective (–): tlél at wushooḵ | they didnʼt laugh
• future (+): at gug̱washooḵ | they will laugh
• future (–): tlél at gug̱washooḵ | they wonʼt laugh
O-ka-S-√shooḵ (∅ – transitive – closed) laugh; deride; make fun of; mock | for S to laugh at, deride, mock, make fun of O | du húnx̱w hásch yaa kanashúḵ → his older brothers are mocking him (SN) • haa kaawashúḵ → they laughed at us
O-S-∅-O-ya-S-∅-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) smile | for S to smile at O | (KE)
• prohibitive: líl eeshoog̱úḵ! | donʼt laugh at them/it!
• imperfective (+): ashooḵ | they are laughing at them/it
• imperfective (–): tlél ooshooḵ | they are not laughing at them/it
• perfective (+): aawashúḵ | they laughed at them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awushooḵ | they didnʼt laugh at them/it
• future (+): akg̱washóoḵ | they will laugh at them/it
• future (–): tlél akg̱washooḵ | they wonʼt laugh at them/it
√shoosʼ (verb root) string ² | string on a stick
√tált ˟ (verb root) discourage
√tánu (verb root) gripe
√taa ¹ (verb root) | classification: singular | plural form: √x̱éixʼw sleep ¹; rest ¹; put to sleep; put to bed
S-∅-√taa ʰ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) sleep ¹ | for (singular) S to sleep (alone) | nisdaat du gúk néeguch wosix̱éḵ; tléil kʼidéin wootaa → their earache kept them awake last night, so they didnʼt sleep well (SN) • xóots táakw kaanáx̱ nateich → bears sleep (alone) through the winter (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: natá (dé)! | go to sleep (now_!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eeteex̱íḵ! | donʼt go to sleep!
• imperfective (+): tá | they are sleeping
• imperfective (–): tlél utá | they arenʼt sleeping
• perfective (+): wootaa | they slept
• perfective (–): tlél wutaa | they didnʼt sleep
• future (+): gug̱atáa | they will sleep
• future (–): tlél gug̱ataa | they wonʼt sleep
O-S-s-√taa ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – fading) bed ³; put to bed | for S to put (singular) O to bed | i yéet nastá! → put your son to bed (to sleep)! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nastá! | put them to bed!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl isateix̱íḵ! | donʼt put him to bed!
• perfective (+): aswitaa | they put them to bed
• perfective (–): tlél awustaa | they didnʼt put them to bed
• future (+): agux̱satáa | they will put them to bed
• future (–): tlél agux̱sataa | they wonʼt put them to bed
√taa ² (verb root) ⑴ lie down || ⑵ carry | classification: dead creature or sleeping baby
(N-t) + sh S-d+s-√táan ² (* positional verb – subject intransitive – high) lie down | for (singular) S to be lying down (at N) | yee.át kát sh istáan → they are lying on the bed (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): sh istáan | they are lying down
• imperfective (–): tlél sh ustá | they arenʼt lying down
yan⁓ + sh S-d+s-√taa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) lie down | for (singular) S to lie down | yánde sh kuḵastáa → iʼm going to lie down (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yan sh eestá! | lie down!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ sh eestaayíḵ! | donʼt lie down!
• perfective (+): yan sh wudzitáa | they lay down
• perfective (–): tlél yan sh wustá | they didnʼt lie down
• future (+): yánde sh gug̱wastáa | they will lie down
• future (–): tlél yánde sh gug̱wastaa | they wonʼt lie down
√taa ³ (verb root) fat ²; prime | fat (of animal); prime (of animal) | classification: animal
√taa ⁴ (verb root) steam ¹; boil ¹ | especially meat or berries
O-S-s-√taa ʰ ⁴ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) steam ¹; boil ¹ | for S to boil, steam O (food, esp. meat) | (KE)
• imperative: satá! | steam it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl isatéix̱iḵ! | donʼt steam it!
• imperfective (+): asteix̱ | they are steaming it
• imperfective (–): tlél oosteix̱ | they arenʼt steaming it
• perfective (+): awsitáa | they steamed it
• perfective (–): tlél awustá | they didnʼt steam it
• future (+): agux̱satáa | they will steam it
• future (–): tlél agux̱sataa | they wonʼt steam it
√taakw (verb root) winter
√taaḵ ¹ (verb root) spear ¹; poke; prod | (KE)
O-S-∅-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) spear ¹; poke; prod; jab | for S to spear, prod, poke, jab O | x̱áat áadaa teen dutáḵt → salmon are speared with a spear (called áadaa) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: táḵ! | poke them/it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eetáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt poke them/it!
• perfective (+): aawatáḵ | they poked them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awutaaḵ | they didnʼt poke them/it
• future (+): akg̱watáaḵ | they will poke them/it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wataaḵ | they wonʼt poke them/it
O-ka-S-l-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) poke; prod | for S to poke, prod O (a round object, often to pop it) | classification: round object | (SN)
• imperative: kalatáḵ! | poke them/it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keelatáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt poke them/it!
• perfective (+): akawlitáḵ | they poked them/it
• perfective (–): tlél akawultaaḵ | they didnʼt poke them/it
• future (+): akagux̱latáaḵ | they will poke them/it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱lataaḵ | they wonʼt poke them/it
O-ÿa-S-∅-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) poke | for S to poke O in the face | x̱at yawsitáḵ → they poked me in the face (SN)
• imperative: yasatáḵ! | poke them/it in the face!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yeestáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt poke them/it in the face!
• perfective (+): ayawsitáḵ | they poked them/it in the face
• perfective (–): tlél ayawustaaḵ | they didnʼt poke them/it in the face
• future (+): ayagux̱satáaḵ | they will poke them/it in the face
• future (–): tlél ayagux̱sataaḵ | they wonʼt poke them/it in the face
daak + O-ÿa-S-l-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pole ²; push | for S to pole, push O (canoe, boat) out away from the shore with a pole | (KE)
• imperative: daak yalataaḵ! | push the boat out (with a pole)!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl daak yeelatáḵjiḵ! | donʼt push the boat out (with a pole)!
• imperfective (+): daak ayaltáḵt | they are pushing the boat out (with a pole)
• progressive imperfective: daak ayanaltáḵ | they are pushing the boat out (with a pole)
• perfective (+): daak ayawlitáḵ | they are pushing the boat out (with a pole); s/he pushed the boat out (with a pole)
• perfective (–): tlél daak ayawultaaḵ | they didnʼt push the boat out (with a pole)
• future (+): daak ayagux̱latáaḵ | they will push the boat out (with a pole)
• future (–): tlél daak ayagux̱lataaḵ | they wonʼt push the boat out (with a pole)
√taaḵ ² (verb root) care; serve
N + daa + O-ÿa-s-√taaḵ ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – fading) care; look after; serve; minister ¹; note | for O to care for, take care of N; for O to look after N; for O to serve N; for O to minister to N; for O to take note of N | Ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼ daat x̱at yawsitáḵ → i cared for my grandchild (SN) • ax̱ tláach a daat yawsitáḵ → my mother is taking care of him (SN) • ax̱ dàat yawsitáḵ → he served me/attended to my needs (SN) • du yoo x̱ʼatángi daat haa yawustaaḵín → we noted all that he said / took note of all his sayings (SN) • tléil at daat yawustaaḵ → he doesnʼt take note / doesnʼt pay attention to things (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl du daat iyawustaag̱íḵ! | donʼt take care of them!
• imperfective (+): du daat iyasatáḵ! | take care of them!
• perfective (+): du daat yawsitáḵ | they are taking care of them; they took care of them
• perfective (–): tlél du daat yawustaaḵ | they arenʼt taking care of them; they didnʼt take care of them
• future (+): du daadé yagux̱satáaḵ | they will take care of them
• future (–): tlél du daadé yagux̱sataaḵ | they wonʼt take care of them
√taan ¹ (verb root) carry; take | classification: empty container or hollow object
O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (usually a container or hollow object) | classification: hollow object, empty container | (KE)
• imperative: gataan! | carry it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei eetánjiḵ! | donʼt carry it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa anatán | they are carrying it
• perfective (+): aawataan | they carried it
• perfective (–): tlél awutaan | they didnʼt carry it
• future (+): kei akg̱watáan | they will carry it
• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wataan | they wonʼt carry it
N-t + O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (usually a hollow object) to N | classification: hollow object, empty container | xʼeesháa haat tán! → bring a bucket here! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át tán! | carry it there!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ eetaaníḵ! | donʼt carry it there!
• imperfective (+): aadé yaa anatán | they are carrying it there
• perfective (+): át aawatán | they carried it there
• perfective (–): tlél át awutaan | they didnʼt carry it there
• future (+): aadé akg̱watáan | they will carry it there
• future (–): tlél aadé akg̱wataan | they wonʼt carry it there
N + jee-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) give; hand ² | for S to give, hand O (usually a hollow object) to N | classification: hollow object, empty container | ax̱ jeet tán wé ḵákw! → hand me that basket! • (KE)
• imperative: du jeet tán! | give it to them!
• prohibitive: líl du jeex̱ eetaaníḵ! | donʼt give it to them
• imperfective (+): du jeedé yaa anatán | they are giving to them
• perfective (+): du jeet aawatán | they gave it to them
• perfective (–): tlél du jeet awutaan | they didnʼt give it to them
• future (+): du jeedé akg̱watáan | they will give it to them
• future (–): tlél du jeedé akg̱wataan | they wonʼt give it to them
N-t + ∅-√tán ¹ ˟ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) | for a container or hollow object to sit at N | classification: hollow object, empty container | this verb only occurs in the imperfective (+) and imperfective (–) | shál sdoox kát tán → the spoon is lying on the stovetop (NS) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): át tán | itʼs sitting there
• imperfective (–): tlél át után | itʼs not sitting there
√taan ² (verb root) cover ¹; open ¹ | open a cover
at S-∅-√taan ² (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – closed) cover ¹ | for S to cover (esp. pot, etc.), put on lid | a káx̱ g̱ataan a yana.áatʼani! → cover it/put the cover on! • yanáax̱ g̱ataan wé kóox! → put the cover on the rice! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a yanáax̱ at g̱ataan! | cover it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a yanáax̱ yei at eetánjiḵ! | donʼt cover it!
• perfective (+): a yanáax̱ at wootaan | they covered it
• perfective (–): tlél a yanáax̱ at wutaan | they didnʼt cover it
• future (+): a yanáax̱ yei at gug̱atáan | they will cover it
• future (–): tlél a yanáax̱ yei at gug̱ataan | they wonʼt cover it
héide + O-shu-S-∅-√taan ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) open ¹ | for S to open O (a hinged door or lid) | classification: hinged door or lid | x̱ʼaháat héide ashuwataan → they opened the door (SN)
• imperative: héide shunataan! | open it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl héide sheetángíḵ! | donʼt open it!
• perfective (+): héide ashuwataan | they opened it
• perfective (–): hél héide ashuwutaan | they didnʼt open it
• future (+): héide ashukg̱watáan | they will open it
• future (–): tlél héide ashukg̱wataan | they wonʼt open it
x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-shu-S-∅-√taan ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) close ¹ | for S to close O (a hinged door or lid) | classification: hinged door or lid | x̱ʼaháat x̱ʼéit ashuwatán → they closed the door (SN) • tléil x̱ʼaháat x̱ʼéix̱ shootaan → they never close the door (SN) • alʼóon x̱ʼéit shudutaanch → hunting season is closed (SN)
• imperative: x̱ʼéit shután | close it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl x̱ʼéix̱ sheetánjíḵ! | donʼt close it!
• perfective (+): x̱ʼéit ashuwatán | they closed it
• perfective (–): hél x̱ʼéit ashuwutaan | they didnʼt close it
• future (+): x̱ʼéide ashukg̱watáan | they will close it
• future (–): tlél x̱ʼéide ashukg̱wataan | they wonʼt close it
aax̱ + O-shu-S-∅-√taan ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) open ¹ | for S to open O by removing a door or lid | « aax̱ shuwatán wé x̱ʼaháat! » yóo yaawaḵaa Yéil → « open the door! » said Raven. (GD)
• imperative: aax̱ shoowatán! | open it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aax̱ shayeetánjíḵ! | donʼt open it!
• perfective (+): aax̱ ashuyawatán | they opened it
• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ ashuyawutaan | they didnʼt open it
• future (+): aax̱ ashuyakg̱watáan | they will open it
• future (–): tlél aax̱ ashuyakg̱wataan | they wonʼt open it
√taan ³ (verb root) carry; take | classification: stick-like object
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (usually long, complex object) | óonaa yaa anastán → heʼs carrying a gun (SN) • sáḵs haat satán! → bring a bow! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} satán! | carry it {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} isataaníḵ! | donʼt carry it {____}!
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awsitán | they carried it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awustaan | they didnʼt carry it {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱satáan | they will carry it {____}
• future (–): {∅ preverb} agux̱sataan | they wonʼt carry it {____}
kei + O-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) bring; unearth; lift; pick up | for S to bring out, unearth O (usually long, complex object)(esp. from a box or other container or place which o is kept); for S to pick up, lift up O | (KE)
• imperative: kei sataan! | bring it out!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei isatánjiḵ! | donʼt bring it out!
• perfective (+): kei awsitán | they brought it out
• perfective (–): tlél kei awustaan | they didnʼt bring it out
• future (+): kei agux̱satáan | they will bring it out
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱sataan | they wonʼt bring it out
yan⁓ + O-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) put down; leave | for S to put down, lay down, leave, place O (usually long, complex object) | (KE)
• imperative: yan satán! | put it down!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ isataaníḵ! | donʼt put it down!
• perfective (+): yan awsitán | they put it down
• perfective (–): tlél yan awustaan | they didnʼt put it down
• future (+): yánde agux̱satáan | they will put it down
• future (–): tlél yánde agux̱sataan | they wonʼt put it down
O-ji-S-∅-√taan ³ (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) take; lead ² | for S to take O by the hand; for S to lead O by the hand | x̱at jikg̱watáan → they will take me by the hand and lead me there (SN)
• imperative: jigataan! | take them by the hand!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei jeetánjiḵ | donʼt take them by the hand
• perfective (+): ajeewataan | they took them by the hand
• perfective (–): tlél ajiwutaan | they didnʼt take her by the hand
• future (+): kei ajikg̱watáan | they will take her by the hand
• future (–): tlél kei ajikg̱wataan | they wonʼt take them by the hand
a + tóot + O-ji-S-∅-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) take; adopt | for S to take O into a clan; for S to adopt O into a clan
• imperative: a tóot jitán! | adopt them!
• prohibitive: líl a tóot jeetaaniḵ! | donʼt adopt them
• perfective (+): a tóot ajeewatán | they adopted them
• perfective (–): tlél a tóot ajiwutaan | they didnʼt adopt them
• future (+): a tóot ajikg̱watáan | they will adopt them
• future (–): tlél a tóot ajikg̱wataan | they wonʼt adopt them
kei + ji-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) raise ¹ | for S to raise a hand | (KE)
• imperative: kei jisataan! | raise your hand!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei jeesatánjiḵ! | donʼt raise your hand!
• perfective (+): kei jiwsitán | they raised their hand
• perfective (–): tlél kei jiwustaan | they didnʼt raise their hand
• future (+): kei jigux̱satáan | they will raise their hand
• future (–): tlél kei jigux̱sataan | they wonʼt raise their hand
yan⁓ + ji-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lower | for S to lower a hand | (KE)
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ jeesataaníḵ! | donʼt put your hand down!
• perfective (+): yan jiwsitán | they put their hand down
• perfective (–): tlél yan jiwustaan | they didnʼt put their hand down
• future (+): yánde jigux̱satáan | they will put her hand down
• future (–): tlél yánde jigux̱sataan | they wonʼt put their hand down
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, stick-like object) | classification: small stick-like object | chooneit yaa akanastán → heʼs carrying an arrow (SN) • yées kooxéedaa ax̱ jeet kasatán! → hand me a new pencil! (SN)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} kasatán! | carry it {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} keesataaníḵ! | donʼt carry it {____}!
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akawsitán | they carried it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawustaan | they didnʼt carry it {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} akagux̱satáan | they will carry it {____}
• future (–): {∅ preverb} akagux̱sataan | they wonʼt carry it {____}
N-t + shu-ka-∅-√tán ³ (∅ positional verb – impersonal – invariable) extend; end ¹ | for something to extend to, end at N | (KE)
• imperfective (+): át shukatán | it extends to it; it ends there
• imperfective (–): tlél át shukootán | it doesnʼt extend to it; it doesnʼt end there
N-x̱ + + O-gu-ÿa-S-∅-√taanán ³ ˟ (na event verb – transitive – invariable) restore; set | for S to set O (dislocated body part, esp. joint) back in to place; for S to restore O (dislocated body part, esp. joint) back in to place | du x̱ʼoos woolʼéexʼ; a yáx̱ guyagax̱dutaanán → their leg broke; the bone is going to be put back into place • ax̱ jín a yíx̱ guyanataanán! → put my arm back in joint! (SN) • (JL)
• imperative: a yíx̱ guyanataanán! | set it back into place!
• perfective (+): a yíx̱ aguyaawataanán | they set it back into place
• perfective (–): tlél aguyawutaanán | they didnʼt set it back into place
• future (+): a yíx̱ aguyakg̱wataanán | they will set it back into place
• future (–): tlél a yíx̱ aguyakg̱wataanán | they wonʼt set it back into place
√taan ⁴ (verb root) wash over; rough | rough (of water)
ji-s-√taan ⁴ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) rough; waves | for the ocean to be rough | aatlein yan yoo jisitánk → the waves are really beating hard on share (SN) • deikéenáx̱ á tlákw teet áa jinastánch → the waves always come in and beat hard on the seaward side (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa jinastán | itʼs getting rough
• perfective (+): jiwsitaan | it was rough; itʼs rough
• perfective (–): tlél jiwustaan | it wasnʼt rough; it isnʼt rough
• future (+): kei jigux̱satáan | it will get rough
• future (–): tlél kei jigux̱sataan | it wonʼt get rough
yan + ji-s-√taan ⁴ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) hit; reach ¹; waves | for waves to hit, reach the beach | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa jinastán | waves are reaching the beach
• perfective (+): yan jiwsitán | waves reached the beach
• perfective (–): tlél yan jiwustaan | waves didnʼt reach the beach
• future (+): yánde jigux̱satáan | waves will reach the beach
• future (–): tlél yánde jigux̱sataan | waves wonʼt reach the beach
N + kanax̱ + ji-ÿa-s-√taan ⁴ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) waves; wash over | for waves to wash over N
• progressive imperfective: a kanax̱ yaa jiyanastán | waves are washing over it
• perfective (+): a kanax̱ jiyawsitán | waves washed over it
• perfective (–): tlél a kanax̱ jiyawustaan | waves didnʼt wash over it
• future (+): a kanax̱ jiyagux̱satáan | waves will wash over it
• future (–): tlél a kanax̱ jiyagux̱sataan | waves wonʼt wash over it
√taan ⁵ (verb root) communicate; think; talk | classification: singular | plural form √aat ⁵
N + jee⁓ + gush-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) text | for (singular) S to text N (on a phone or computer) | (PM2)
• imperative: du jeedé gushnadataan! | text them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du jeedé yoo gushidatángiḵ! | donʼt text them!
• progressive imperfective: du jeedé yaa gushnadatán | they are texting them
• perfective (+): du jeedé gushwuditaan | they texted them
• perfective (–): tlél du jeedé gushwudataan | they didnʼt text them
• future (+): du jeedé gushgux̱datáan | they will text them
• future (–): tlél du jeedé gushgux̱dataan | they wonʼt text them
N + daa + yoo + tu-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) think; consider; make up mind | for (singular) S to think over, consider, make up oneʼs mind about N | has du ḵusteeyí daa yoo tuwatánk → they all are thinking over them allʼs way of life (SN) • a daa yoo tuḵataan! → let me think it over/consider it! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a daa yoo tutánk! | think about it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a daa yoo teetángiḵ! | donʼt think about it!
• perfective (+): a daa yoo toowatán | they thought about it
• perfective (–): tlél a daa yoo tuwutaan | they didnʼt think about it
• future (+): a daa yoo tukg̱watáan | they will think about it
• future (–): tlél a daa yoo tukg̱wataan | they wonʼt think about it
• repetitive imperfective (+): a daa yoo tuwatánk | they are thinking about it; they thinks about it
• repetitive imperfective (–): | sheʼs not thinking about it; they donʼt think about it tlél a daa yoo tutánk
N + káa + yan + tu-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) trust; rely; faith | for (singular) S to put trust in, rely on, have faith in N | classification: singular | i káa yan tux̱waatán → i have faith in you / iʼm relying on you (SN) • chʼa a káa yan tután yáa yoo x̱ʼatánk! → rely on his word (scripture)! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du káa yan tután! | rely on them!
• prohibitive: líl du káa yax̱ teetaaníḵ! | donʼt rely on them!
• progressive imperfective: du káa yánde yaa tunatán | they are beginning to rely on them
• perfective (+): du káa yan toowatán | they relied on them; they are relying on them
• perfective (–): tlél du káa yan tuwutaan | they didnʼt rely on them; they arenʼt relying on them
• future (+): du káa yánde tukg̱watáan | they will rely on them
• future (–): tlél du káa yánde tukg̱wataan | they wonʼt rely on them
(yéi) + tu-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) decide; make up mind | for (singular) S to decide, make up oneʼs mind (that way) | yan g̱aḵoox̱t tuwditaan → they decided to go back (by boat or car) (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): (yéi) tuwditaan | they thought (that way)
• perfective (–): tlél (yéi) tuwdataan | they didnʼt think (that way)
• future (+): (yéi) tugux̱datáan | they will think (that way)
• future (–): tlél (yéi) tugux̱dataan | they wonʼt think (that way)
N + daatx̱ + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) change mind; reconsider | for (singular) S to change mind about N; for (singular) S to think over and reconsider N | ḵux̱ tuwditán → he was converted (changed his thinking) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a daatx̱ ḵux̱ teedatán! | change your mind about it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a daatx̱ ḵux̱ teedatánjiḵ! | donʼt change your mind about it!
• perfective (+): a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuwditán | they changed their mind about it
• perfective (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuwdataan | they didnʼt change their mind about it
• future (+): a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de tugux̱datáan | they will change their mind about it
• future (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de tugux̱dataan | they wonʼt change their mind about it
N + daax̱ + tu-ÿa-S-d+∅-√taanán ⁵ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) change mind; reconsider | for (singular) S to reconsider N, think over and change oneʼs mind about N | note that in modes which require a verbal suffix, the final syllable -án on the two-syllable stem -taanán drops off and is replaced by the verbal suffix | ax̱ káani hídi woo.oo daax̱ tuyax̱wditaanán → i was thinking of buying my brother-in-lawʼs house, but iʼve reconsidered it (and now iʼm not going to buy it) (SN) • a daax̱ ágé tuyawditaanán? → did they reconsider it? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a daax̱ tuyandataanán! | reconsider it!
• prohibitive: líl a daax̱ yoo tuydataanḵ! | donʼt reconsider it!
• perfective (+): a daax̱ tuyawditaanán | they reconsidered it
• perfective (–): tlél a daax̱ tuyawdataanán | they didnʼt reconsider it
• future (+): a daax̱ tuyagux̱dataanán | they will reconsider it
• future (–): tlél a daax̱ tuyagux̱dataanán | they wonʼt reconsider it
• repetitive imperfective (+): a daax̱ yoo tuyditaank | they are reconsidering it
yoo + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk | for (singular) S to speak, talk | the plural verb stem is used when indicating that one person is speaking with another, even though the subject is singular, as in « du een yoo x̱ʼawli.át » (they spoke with them) or « du een yoo x̱ʼax̱li.átk » (i am speaking with them) | (KE)
• imperative: yoo x̱ʼatán! | speak!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼeetángiḵ! | donʼt speak!
• perfective (+): yoo x̱ʼeiwatán | they spoke
• perfective (–): tlél yoo x̱ʼawutaan | they didnʼt speak
• future (+): yoo x̱ʼakg̱watáan | they will speak
• future (–): tlél yoo x̱ʼakg̱wataan | they wonʼt speak
• repetitive imperfective (+): yoo x̱ʼayatánk | they are speaking; they speaks
• repetitive imperfective (–): | they are not speaking; they donʼt speak tlél yoo x̱ʼeitánk
N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk | for (singular) S to speak, talk to N | classification: singular | ax̱ éet x̱ʼatán! → talk to me! (SN) • tléil has du éex̱ x̱ʼatutaan → we donʼt speak to them all (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du éet x̱ʼatán! | speak to them!
• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ x̱ʼeetaaníḵ! | donʼt speak to them!
• perfective (+): du éet x̱ʼeiwatán | they spoke to them
• perfective (–): tlél du éet x̱ʼawutaan | they didnʼt speak to them
• future (+): du eedé x̱ʼakg̱watáan | they will speak to them
• future (–): tlél du eedé x̱ʼakg̱wataan | they wonʼt speak to them
x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk; speech | for (singular) S to speak, talk, make a speech | yóode yaa x̱ʼandatán → heʼs beginning to talk (after a stroke) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: x̱ʼanidataan! | speak!
• progressive imperfective: yaa x̱ʼandatán | they are speaking
• perfective (+): x̱ʼawditaan | they spoke
• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawdataan | they didnʼt speak
• future (+): x̱ʼagux̱datáan | they will speak
• future (–): tlél x̱ʼagux̱dataan | they wonʼt speak
• repetitive imperfective (–): | donʼt speak! líl yoo x̱ʼeedatángiḵ!
N + jeedé + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) call; phone | for (singular) S to call N on telephone | (KE)
• imperative: du jeedé x̱ʼanidataan! | call them on the phone!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du jeedé yoo x̱ʼeedatángiḵ! | donʼt call them on the phone!
• progressive imperfective: du jeedé yaa x̱ʼandatán | they are calling them on the phone
• perfective (+): du jeedé x̱ʼawditaan | they called them on the phone
• perfective (–): tlél du jeedé x̱ʼawdataan | they didnʼt call them on the phone
• future (+): du jeedé x̱ʼagux̱datáan | they will call them on the phone
• future (–): tlél du jeedé x̱ʼagux̱dataan | they wonʼt call them on the phone
N + jee-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) call; phone | for S to call N on telephone | (KE)
• imperative: du jeet x̱ʼeedatán! | call them on the phone!
• prohibitive: líl du jeex̱ x̱ʼeedataaníḵ! | donʼt call them on the phone!
• perfective (+): du jeet x̱ʼawditán | they called them on the phone
• perfective (–): tlél du jeet x̱ʼawdataan | they didnʼt call them on the phone
• future (+): du jeedé x̱ʼagux̱datáan | they will call them on the phone
• future (–): tlél du jeedé x̱ʼagux̱dataan | they wonʼt call them on the phone
yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stop; talk | for (singular) S to stop talking | (KE)
• imperative: yan x̱ʼeidatán! | stop talking!
• prohibitive: líl yan x̱ʼeeydataaníḵ! | donʼt stop talking!
• perfective (+): yan x̱ʼawditán | they stopped talking
• perfective (–): tlél yan x̱ʼawdataan | they didnʼt stop talking
• future (+): yánde x̱ʼagux̱datáan | they will stop talking
• future (–): tlél yánde x̱ʼagux̱dataan | they wonʼt stop talking
√taan ⁶ (verb root) precipitate; fall | classification: precipitation
{precipitation} + daak + s-√taan ⁶ (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) precipitate; fall; rain; snow ²; hail | for {precipitation} to fall | some speakers have said that séew and dleit are the two options for this verb, but others have allowed other precipitation nouns | dleit daak gux̱satáan shákdé → maybe itʼs going to snow (SN) • kadásʼ daak wustaanín → hail was falling (SN) • séew daak satánch → itʼs always raining (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: {precipitate] daak nastán | itʼs starting to {precipitate]
• perfective (+): {precipitate] daak wusitán | itʼs {precipitating]
• perfective (–): tlél {precipitate] daak wustaan | it didnʼt {precipitate]; itʼs not {precipitating]
• future (+): {precipitate] daak gux̱satáan | it will {precipitate]
• future (–): tlél {precipitate] daak gux̱sataan | it wonʼt {precipitate]
√taan ⁷ (verb root) bend ¹; bent
O-ka-S-∅-√taan ⁷ (na event verb – transitive – closed) bend ¹ | for S to bend O (usually long, simple object) | tuháayi yóo akaawataan → he bent the nail (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kanataan! | bend it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keetángiḵ! | donʼt bend it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanatán | they are bending it
• perfective (+): akaawataan | they bent it
• perfective (–): tlél akawutaan | they didnʼt bend it
• future (+): akakg̱watáan | they will bend it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wataan | they wonʼt bend it
yóo + ka-∅-√tán ˟ (∅ positional verb – impersonal – invariable) bent | for something to be bent
• imperfective (+): yóo katán | it is bent
• imperfective (–): tlél yóo kootán | it isnʼt bent
yínde + sh ka-S-d+∅-√taan ⁷ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) bend over; lean down | for (singular) S to bend over, lean down | (KE)
• imperative: yínde sh keendataan! | bend over!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yínde yoo sh keedatángiḵ! | donʼt bend over!
• progressive imperfective: yínde yaa sh kandatán | they are bending over slowly
• perfective (+): yínde sh kawditaan | they bent over
• perfective (–): tlél yínde sh kawdataan | they didnʼt bend over
• future (+): yínde sh kagux̱datáan | they will bend over
• future (–): tlél yínde sh kagux̱dataan | they wonʼt bend over
√taan ⁸ (verb root) habit; like doing | in habit of
O-ka-u-S-sh-√tán ⁸ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) habit; like doing | for S to be in habit of doing O; for S to do O frequently because s enjoys doing it | this verb can be used to refer to hobbies, or to describe habits with a negative connotation | alʼóon katushitán → we like to go hunting (and we go frequently) (SN) • ḵukʼéetʼ akwshitán → sheʼs in the habit ofgoing berry-picking (SN) • ḵaa yatʼéi yoo x̱ʼatánk akwshitán → they likes to talk behind peopleʼs backs (KE) • akwshitán ḵaa yáx̱ kei x̱ʼadatánch → they likes to argue (KE) • tlél akooshtán daḵéisʼ → they donʼt like to sew (and therefore doesnʼt do it often) (KE)
• imperfective (+): akwshitán | they are in the habit of doing it
• imperfective (–): tlél akooshtán | they donʼt like to do it (and doesnʼt do it often)
√taan ⁹ (verb root) jump | classification: fish
√taan ¹⁰ (verb root) hunt | hunt octopus | atánxʼ nax̱too.aat! → letʼs go octopus hunting! (GD)
√taats (verb root) pick ¹; shake | pick berries by shaking or hitting branches
√taaw (verb root) steal; sneak
O-S-∅-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) steal | for S to steal O | awutáawu akaawa.aaḵw; áa jix̱wliháa → they tried to steal; i caught them in the act (SN) • ee wduwatáw agé? → did you get robbed? (SN) • (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eetáwx̱uḵ! | donʼt steal it!
• imperfective (+): atáaw | they steals it
• imperfective (–): tlél ootáaw | they donʼt steal it
• perfective (+): aawatáw | they stole it
• perfective (–): tlél awutáaw | they didnʼt steal it
• future (+): akg̱watáaw | they will steal it
• future (–): tlél akg̱watáaw | they wonʼt steal it
O-S-s-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) steal | for S to steal O (large or complex object) | classification: large or complex object | yadákʼwch at wududziḵoox̱ú át awsitáw → a young man stole a car (SN)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl isatáwx̱uḵ! | donʼt steal it!
• imperfective (+): astáaw | they steals it
• imperfective (–): tlél oostáaw | they donʼt steal it
• perfective (+): awsitáw | they stole it
• perfective (–): tlél awustáaw | they didnʼt steal it
• future (+): agux̱satáaw | they will steal it
• future (–): tlél agux̱satáaw | they wonʼt steal it
O-ka-S-∅-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) steal | for S to steal O (round, spherical object) | classification: round, spherical object | xʼáaxʼ kax̱waatáw → i stole an apple (SN)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keetáwx̱uḵ! | donʼt steal it!
• imperfective (+): akatáaw | they steals it
• imperfective (–): tlél akootáaw | they donʼt steal it
• perfective (+): akaawatáw | they stole it
• perfective (–): tlél akawutáaw | they didnʼt steal it
• future (+): akakg̱watáaw | they will steal it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱watáaw | they wonʼt steal it
O-ka-S-s-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) steal | for S to steal O (stick-like object or plural round objects) | classification: stick-like object or plural round objects | kooxéedaa akawsitáw → they stole a pencil (SN)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keesatáwx̱uḵ! | donʼt steal it!
• imperfective (+): aksatáaw | they steals it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoostáaw | they donʼt steal it
• perfective (+): akawsitáw | they stole it
• perfective (–): tlél akawultáaw | they didnʼt steal it
• future (+): akagux̱satáaw | they will steal it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱satáaw | they wonʼt steal it
√taaxʼ (verb root) bite; chew
O-S-∅-√táaxʼ (ga event verb bite | for S (esp. an insect) to bite O | táaxʼaa x̱at wusitáaxʼ → a mosquito bit me (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): awsitáaxʼ | it bit them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awustáaxʼ | it didnʼt bite them/it
• future (+): kei agux̱satáaxʼ | it will bite them/it
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱satáaxʼ | it wonʼt bite them/it
√taax̱ (verb root) dew
√taax̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) sink ¹; drown
∅-√táax̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective) sink ¹ | for something to sink | g̱uwakaan tléil yoo ootáx̱ʼwk → deer donʼt sink (because of buoyant hair) (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yei natáx̱ʼw | itʼs sinking
• perfective (+): wootáax̱ʼw | it sank
• perfective (–): tlél wootáax̱ʼw | it didnʼt sink
• future (+): gug̱atáax̱ʼw | it will sink
• future (–): tlél gug̱atáax̱ʼw | it wonʼt sink
O-S-s-√táax̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective) sink ¹ | for S to sink O; for S to cause O to sink | has du yaanaayí has awusteení, has sh wudzitáax̱ʼw → when they all (those in submarine) saw them allʼs enemy, they all sank themselves (that is, the submarine went down) (SN)
• perfective (+): awsitáax̱ʼw | they sank it
• perfective (–): tlél awustáax̱ʼw | they didnʼt sink it
• future (+): agux̱satáax̱ʼw | they will sink it
• future (–): tlél agux̱satáax̱ʼw | they wonʼt sink it
√taax̱ʼw ² (verb root) signal with smoke
√tei (verb root) rocky
√teiḵʼ (verb root) twist | classification: rope-like object
√teis (verb root) mimic
√teisʼ (verb root) flab; limp ² | flabby
√teitlʼ (verb root) fat ² | classification: animal
√teix̱ (verb root) smelly; odor
√teix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √teex̱ʼ • ⑴ wring; twist; screw ¹ || ⑵ crooked; twisted; windy ²
O-ka-d+s-√téix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective) crooked; wicked | for O to be crooked, wicked | lʼoowú kawdzitéx̱ʼ → the wood is crooked (SN) • du waaḵ kawdzitéx̱ʼ → they are cross-eyed; they have a crooked eye (SN) • du toowú kawdzitéx̱ʼ → they are crooked (working for their own ends only) (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): kawdzitéx̱ʼ | itʼs crooked
• perfective (–): tlél kawustéix̱ʼ | it isnʼt crooked
• future (+): kakg̱wastéix̱ʼ | it will be crooked
• future (–): tlél kakg̱wastéix̱ʼ | it wonʼt be crooked
O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ (na event verb – transitive – ejective) wind ² | for S to wind O | du wáaji akawlitéix̱ʼ → they wound their watch (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kanaltéex̱ʼ! | wind it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keelatíx̱ʼgiḵ! | donʼt wind it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanaltíx̱ʼ | they are winding it
• perfective (+): akawlitéex̱ʼ | they wound it
• perfective (–): tlél akawultéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt wind it
• future (+): akagux̱latéex̱ʼ | they will wind it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱latéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt wind it
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – ejective) screw ¹ | for S to screw O into N | (KE)
• imperative: át kalatíx̱ʼ! | screw it on it!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ keelatéex̱ʼiḵ! | donʼt screw it on it!
• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa akanaltíx̱ʼ | they are screwing it on it
• perfective (+): át akawlitíx̱ʼ | they screwed it on it
• perfective (–): tlél át akawultéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt screw it on it
• future (+): aadé akagux̱latéex̱ʼ | they will screw it on it
• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱latéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt screw it on it
N-dáx̱ + O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – ejective) screw ¹ | for S to unscrew O from N | the na-motion can also be used to talk about screwing something inwards, but necessarily to completion (partway in) • N-dáx̱ daak O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ • for S to remove screw(s) from N | kasʼéet aadé akawlitéix̱ʼ → he screwed (partway) in (SN) • wé kasʼéet aax̱ daak kakḵwalatéix̱ʼ → i am going to take that screw out
• imperative: aax̱ kalatéix̱ʼ! | unscrew it from it!
• prohibitive: líl aax̱ keelatéix̱ʼiḵ! | donʼt unscrew it from it!
• progressive imperfective: aax̱ yaa akanaltéx̱ʼ | they are unscrewing it from it
• perfective (+): aax̱ akawlitéix̱ʼ | they unscrewed it from it
• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ akawultéix̱ʼ | they didnʼt unscrew it from it
• future (+): aax̱ akagux̱latéix̱ʼ | they will unscrew it from it
• future (–): tlél aax̱ akagux̱latéix̱ʼ | they wonʼt unscrew it from it
x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√téex̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) lock | for S to lock O | x̱ʼéit kaylitéx̱ʼ ágé? → did you lock the door? (SN) • x̱ʼaháat x̱ʼéide kakḵwalatéix̱ʼ → iʼm going to lock the door (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: x̱ʼéit kalatíx̱ʼ! | lock it!
• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼéix̱ keelatéex̱ʼiḵ! | donʼt lock it!
• progressive imperfective: x̱ʼéide yaa akanaltíx̱ʼ | they are locking it
• perfective (+): x̱ʼéit akawlitíx̱ʼ | they locked it
• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼéit akawultéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt lock it
• future (+): x̱ʼéide akagux̱latéex̱ʼ | they will lock it
• future (–): tlél x̱ʼéide akagux̱latéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt lock it
√tíx ˟ (verb root) flea | to have fleas
√tee ¹ (verb root) be
(yéi) + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) be | for O to be (that way) | wáa sá has yatee? → how are they all? (SN) • ldakát yéide yatee wé kakéin → the yarn is all colors (SN) • chʼa wáa sá yatee → it is whichever way (KE) • tlél wáa sá utí → they/it is fine, ok (KE)
• imperative: yéi inatí! | be that way!
• prohibitive: líl yéi eetéeḵ! | donʼt be that way!
• imperfective (+): yéi yatee | they are that way
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi utí | they arenʼt that way
• progressive imperfective: yéi yaa nanein | they are becoming that way
• perfective (+): yéi wootee | they were/became that way
• perfective (–): tlél yéi wutee | they werenʼt that way
• future (+): yéi kg̱watée | they will be that way
• future (–): tlél yéi kg̱watee | they wonʼt be that way
N-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) be; stay; remain; dwell; live at | for O to be or stay at N; for O to dwell, live at N; for O to remain at N | (KE) • yáaxʼ ágé yéi yee kg̱watée? → are you going to stay here? (SN) • Sheetʼkáxʼ yéi yatee → he lives in Sitka (KE) • sgóonxʼ yéi x̱at gug̱watée seig̱án → i will be in school tomorrow (KE) • du dís néegu du jeexʼ yéi wootee → she got her period (KE)
N + ee⁓ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) affect | for O to affect N | (KE) • haa een at goog̱atée → itʼs going to affect us/we will be involved (for example, in some cultural activity) (SN) • yóo aan ka.á haa een wootee → the earthquake affected us (SN)
N + eetée-náx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) need; lacking; require | for O to need N; for O to lack N; for O to require N | (KE) • yées téel eetéenax̱ x̱at yatee → i need new shoes (SN)
N + ka-yáanáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) overpowered | for N to be overpowered by O | yá ḵutí ax̱ kayáanáx̱ yatee → the weather is stronger than me; the weather is overpowering me (TY)
tliyéi + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) wait ¹; still ²; quiet; stop | for O to be still, quiet; for O to stop (car, clock, e.g.); for O to wait | (KE) • chʼa tliyéixʼ yéi ng̱atee → let them wait there; let them be still (SN) • tléil du eeg̱áa tliyéi yéi haa utí → weʼre not waiting for them (SN)
N + tóo-g̱aa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) acceptable; satisfactory; like ¹ | for N to be acceptable to O; for N to be satisfactory to O; for N to be well-liked by O | (KE) • du yoo x̱ʼatángi ḵaa tóog̱aa yatee → his speech is acceptable/satisfactory (SN) • ax̱ sáni ḵaa tóog̱aa yatee → my uncle is popular/my uncle is acceptable to people (SN)
N + tóon + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) care about; concerned about; affected by | for N to care about O; for N to be concerned about O; for N to be affected by O | this verb has several interpretations, such as « kʼidéin du daa tuwatee, » which can mean any of the following: they thinks good of them; they are really thinking about them; s/he really cares about them | tléil has du tóon utí → they all don ʼt care (about public opinion) (SN) • (KE)
N + toowú + tliyéi + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) calm; meditate | for N to be calm; for N to meditate
N + tóo-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) remember; bear in mind | for N to remember O; for N to bear O in mind | (KE) • du ḵusax̱áni tlákw du tóoxʼ yéi yatèe → he remembered his love all the time (and this affected how he behaved) (SN)
N + waḵsheeyee-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) appear before | for O to appear before N; for O to be apparent to N | (KE) • has du waḵsheeyeexʼ yéi wootee → they appeared to them all (SN)
N + x̱án-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) near; stay by; remain by; live by | for O to be near N; for O to stay by N; for O to remain by N; for O to live by N | (KE) • i x̱ánxʼ yéi x̱at nag̱atee! → let me stay with you, at your place! (SN)
N + x̱ʼéi-g̱aa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) obey; obedient | for O to obey N; for O to be obedient to N | (KE) • ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼ ax̱ x̱ʼéig̱aa yatee → my grandchild obeys me (SN) • du x̱ʼéig̱aa inatí! → obey him! (SN)
N + yáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) like ²; similar | for O to be like N | this is a powerful verb in Tlingit oratory, used to create simile | (KE) • kooléix̱waa has yáx̱ yatee → they all are like walruses (SN) • ldakát has du tundatáanee woosh yáx̱ wooditee → all them allʼs thoughts were like each otherʼs (that is, there was unanimous agreement) (SN)
xʼóolʼ + yáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) chaos; frenzied; hectic | for O to be chaotic, frenzied, hectic | this is a powerful verb in Tlingit oratory, used to create simile | (KE) • chʼa yeisú xʼóolʼ yáx̱ teeyí wé du x̱úx̱ wé gáan ldakát at ḵoowashée → while her mate was still confused outside he was searching all over (JF) • héináx̱.á ḵwá at wuduwaxoon; xʼóolʼ yáx̱ at yatee de → on that side of the village people were packing; it was already like a whirlpool (AM)
(yéi) + ḵu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) be; weather | for the weather to be (that way) | to specify how the weather is, replace yéi with a weather term + « yáx̱ »: « séew yáx̱ ḵuwatee » (it looks like rain) | (KE) • wáa sá ḵoowatee gáanxʼ? → whatʼs the weather like outside? (SN) • tsu chʼu yéi shákdéi ḵukg̱watée séigán → maybe it will be the same weather tomorrow (SN) • tlél áyáx̱ ḵootí → the weather looks bad (KE)
• imperfective (+): yéi ḵuwatee | the weather is that way
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi ḵootí | the weather isnʼt that way
• perfective (+): yéi ḵoowatee | the weather was that way
• perfective (–): lél yéi ḵuwutee | the weather wasnʼt that way
• future (+): yéi ḵukg̱watée | the weather will be that way
O-shu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) expect | for O to be expected | x̱áa shoowatee → an attacking force was expected (SN)
O-shu-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – fading) postpone | for S to postpone O | (GD, KE)
• imperative: shukanatí! | postpone it!
• prohibitive: líl yoo shukeeteegíḵ! | donʼt postpone it!
• perfective (+): ashukaawatee | they postponed it
• perfective (–): tlél ashukawutee | they didnʼt postpone it
• future (+): ashukakg̱watée | they will postpone it
• future (–): tlél ashukakg̱watee | they wonʼt postpone it
(yéi) + O-tu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) feel; want | for O to want to do, feel like doing (that); for O to feel a certain way | (KE) • yax̱ has ayax̱lajaaḵt has toowatee → they all wanted to kill them all (SN) • gáandei tuwatee → he feels like going outside (SN)
• imperative: a daa itunatí! | care about it!
• imperfective (+): a daa tuwatee | they cares about it
• imperfective (–): tlél a daa tootí | they donʼt care about it
• future (+): a daa tukg̱watée | they will care about it
• future (–): tlél a daa tukg̱watee | they wonʼt care about it
N + daa + O-tu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) care about; think about; concerned about | for O to care about N; for N to be concerned about O; for N to be affected by O | this verb has several interpretations, such as « kʼidéin du daa tuwatee, » which can mean any of the following: they thinks good of them; they are really thinking about them; s/he really cares about them | chʼas eeshandéin du daa itunatí! → just have compassion for them! (KE)
• imperative: a daa itunatí! | care about it!
• imperfective (+): a daa tuwatee | they cares about it
• imperfective (–): tlél a daa tootí | they donʼt care about it
• future (+): a daa tukg̱watée | they will care about it
• future (–): tlél a daa tukg̱watee | they wonʼt care about it
sh + tóo-g̱aa + O-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) grateful; thankful; satisfied | for O to be grateful, thankful; for O to be satisfied | use « yís » to indicate thankfulness for something, such as: « ax̱ tʼaakxʼí yís sh tug̱áa x̱at ditee » (i am grateful/thankful for/to my family) | i eedáx̱ sh tóog̱aa x̱at ditee → I am grateful to you (SN)
• imperative: sh tóog̱aa indatí! | be grateful!
• imperfective (+): sh tóog̱aa ditee | they are grateful
• perfective (+): sh tóog̱aa wditee | they were grateful
• perfective (–): tlél sh tóog̱aa wdatee | they werenʼt grateful
• future (+): sh tóog̱aa gux̱datée | they will be grateful
• future (–): tlél sh tóog̱aa gux̱datee | they wonʼt be grateful
a-ÿa-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – fading) stormy; rough; windy ¹ | for the weather to be very windy; for the weather to be stormy, rough | (KE) • yéi x̱waajée sig̱án yei ayagux̱datée → i think itʼs going to be stormy tomorrow (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yei ayandatéen | itʼs getting stormy
• perfective (+): ayawditee | it was stormy; itʼs stormy
• perfective (–): tlél ayawdatee | it wasnʼt stormy; itʼs not stormy
• future (+): yei ayagux̱datée | it will be stormy
• future (–): tlél yei ayagux̱datee | it wonʼt be stormy
N-x̱ + O-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) be; become | for O to be N (a member of a group); for O to become N | (KE) • ḵúnáx̱ yaadachóonx̱ isitee → you are really upright/honest (SN) • ax̱ éesh asg̱eiwúx̱ sitee → my father is a seine fisherman (SN)
• imperative: (noun)-x̱ inastí! | be a (noun)!
• prohibitive: líl (noun)-x̱ yoo eesteegíḵ! | donʼt become a (noun)!
• imperfective (+): (noun)-x̱ sitee | they are a (noun)
• imperfective (–): tlél (noun)-x̱ ustí | they arenʼt a (noun)
• perfective (+): (noun)-x̱ wusitee | they became a (noun)
• perfective (–): tlél (noun)-x̱ wustee | they didnʼt become a (noun)
• future (+): (noun)-x̱ gux̱satée | they will be a (noun)
• future (–): tlél (noun)-x̱ gux̱satee | they wonʼt be a (noun)
N + een-x̱ + O-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) be with | for O to be with N | gunalchéesh haa eenx̱ isateeyí → thank you for being with us (BF)
g̱ax̱-S-s-√tee ¹ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive – fading) cry; weep; mourn; howl | for (plural) S to cry, weep, mourn; for (plural) S to howl (esp. of wolves) | classification: plural | du ítde has g̱ax̱wusitee → they all cried after him (KE)
• imperative: g̱ax̱geesatí! | you all cry!
• prohibitive: líl g̱ax̱yisatéeḵ! | donʼt you all cry!
• imperfective (+): has g̱ax̱satí | they all cry; they all are crying
• imperfective (–): tlél has ug̱ax̱satí | they all donʼt cry; theyʼre not crying
• progressive imperfective: kei (ha)s g̱ax̱nastéen | they all are beginning to cry
• perfective (+): has g̱ax̱wusitee | they all cried
• perfective (–): tlél has g̱ax̱wustí | they all didnʼt cry
• future (+): kei (ha)s g̱ax̱gax̱satée | they all will cry
• future (–): tlél kei (ha)s g̱ax̱gax̱satee | they all wonʼt cry
O-shu-S-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – transitive – fading) expect; anticipate | for S to anticipate, foresee O; for S to expect, consider O likely to happen or arrive | (KE) • Aangóon aantḵeení has ashusitee → Angoon is expecting visitors (SN) • has du éet awdlig̱ín, has du jeedáx̱ at shusati een → he looked at them all, expecting to get something from them all (SN) • shux̱sitee áyá kaxéelʼ ax̱ káa yéi wuneiyí → iʼm anticipating difficulty; iʼm expecting some bad trouble is going to hit me • g̱wátgeen sá sheesitee wé kʼisáani? → when do you expect the young men? (JL) • du dáanayi ashusitee haat jiwuhaayí → he expects his money to be sent (JL) • x̱ʼashux̱sitee a daat x̱aan yoo x̱ʼawul.aadí → iʼm expecting him to talk to me about that (JL)
• imperative: shunastí! | expect them/it!
• prohibitive: líl sheesatéeyiḵ! | donʼt expect them/it!
• imperfective (+): ashusitee | they are expecting them/it
• imperfective (–): tlél ashoostí | they arenʼt expecting them/it
• perfective (+): ashuwsitee | they expected them/it
• perfective (–): tlél ashuwustee | they didnʼt expect them/it
• future (+): ashugux̱satée | they will expect them/it
• future (–): tlél ashugux̱satee | they wonʼt expect them/it
O-ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – fading) born; exist; live | for O to be in existence; for O to be born; for O to live | in some cases speakers will use a first person singular subject pronoun for this verb, as in áa ḵux̱wdzitee (i was born there) | (KE) • i tláa ágé chʼa yeisú ḵudzitee? → is your mother still living? (SN) • tléil daa sá ḵoostí → there isnʼt anything (SN)
• imperfective (+): ḵudzitee | it exists; they are alive
• imperfective (–): tlél ḵoostí | it doesnʼt exist; they arenʼt alive
• perfective (+): ḵoowdzitee | it existed; they were born
• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwustee | it didnʼt exist; they werenʼt born
• future (+): yéi ḵukg̱wastée | it will exist; they will be born
• future (–): tlél yéi ḵukg̱wastee | they wonʼt be born
ḵu-S-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – fading) born; exist; live; subsist | for S to exist; for S to be born; for S to live; for S to subsist | in some cases speakers will use a first person singular subject pronoun for this verb, as in áa ḵux̱wdzitee (i was born there) | (CG, NS) • yadáli saayí áwé i jeewú; a yáx̱ ḵig̱eestí! → you have an important (noble) name (lit. a heavy name); live up to it! (SN) • kóox haa x̱ʼéitx̱ shuwaxeex; kʼúntsʼ ká yei ḵugax̱toostée → our rice is all used up; weʼll live on potatoes (SN)
• imperfective (+): ḵudzitee | it exists; they are alive
• imperfective (–): tlél ḵoostí | it doesnʼt exist; they arenʼt alive
• perfective (+): ḵoowdzitee | it existed; they were born
• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwustee | it didnʼt exist; they werenʼt born
• future (+): yéi ḵukg̱wastée | it will exist; they will be born
• future (–): tlél yéi ḵukg̱wastee | they wonʼt be born
N + daat + át + ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – fading) busy; occupied | for N to be busy with things; for N to be occupied with things
• imperfective (+): du daat át ḵudzitee | they are busy
• imperfective (–): tlél du daat át ḵoostí | they arenʼt busy
• perfective (+): du daat át ḵoowdzitee | they were busy
• perfective (–): tlél du daat át ḵuwustee | they werenʼt busy
• future (+): du daat át yei ḵukg̱wastée | they will be busy
• future (–): tlél du daat át yéi ḵukg̱wastee | they wonʼt be busy
tlél sh + tóo-g̱aa + O-d+sh-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) disinterested; unconcerned | for O to be disinterested, unconcerned | use « yís » to indicate thankfulness for something, such as: « ax̱ tʼaakxʼí yís sh tug̱áa x̱at ditee » (i am grateful/thankful for/to my family)
√tee ² (verb root) carry; take; give | classification: general, compact object; abstract
{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (na motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (general, compact object; abstract) | xʼúxʼ yaa anatéen → heʼs carrying a book (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} natí! | take it {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo eeteegíḵ! | donʼt take it {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa anatéen | they are taking it {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} aawatee | they took it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awutee | they didnʼt take it {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} akg̱watée | they will take it {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akg̱watee | they wonʼt take it {____}
kei + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) bring; unearth; lift; pick up | for S to bring out, unearth O (general, often compact object) (esp. from a box or other container or place which O is kept); for S to pick up, lift up O
daak + + O-sha-S-s-√tee ² anchor | for S to anchor O temporarily | daak áwé ashanastéen du yaagú → they keep moving their boat and anchoring it further out • yaakw yeex̱ yei naléini, dákde daak shanastí! → when the tide is falling near the boat, move it further out! (SN)
• imperative: daak shanastí! | anchor it!
• progressive imperfective: daak ashanastéen | they are anchoring it
• perfective (+): daak ashawsitee | they anchored it
• perfective (–): tlél daak ashawustee | they didnʼt anchor it
• future (+): daak akshagux̱satée | they will anchor it
• future (–): tlél daak akshagux̱satee | they wonʼt anchor it
√tee ³ (verb root) hang
√tee ⁴ (verb root) wear; put on
√tee ⁵ (verb root) imitate; mimic; quote
√teel ¹ (verb root) scar
√teel ² (verb root) shoe
√teen ¹ (verb root) travel; go
{na preverb} + ḵu-S-∅-√teen ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) travel; go | for S to travel, go on a trip | Juneau-dé ḵukḵwatéen → iʼm going to go to Juneau (SN) • daat g̱áa sáwé ixkéede ḵoowateen? → what did they travel down south for? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} ḵunateen! | travel {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo ḵeetéengiḵ! | donʼt travel {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa ḵunatín | they are traveling {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} ḵoowateen | they traveled {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} ḵuwuteen | they didnʼt travel {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} ḵukg̱watéen | they will travel {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} ḵukg̱wateen | they wonʼt travel {____}
{∅ preverb} + ḵu-S-∅-√teen ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) travel; go | for S to travel, go on a trip | tléil ágé haat ḵooteench? → hasnʼt he arrived yet? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} ḵutín! | travel {____}!
• prohibitive: íl {∅ preverb} ḵeeteeníḵ! | donʼt travel {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa ḵunatín | they are traveling {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} ḵuwatín | they traveled {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} ḵuwuteen | they didnʼt travel {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} ḵukg̱watéen | they will travel {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} ḵukg̱wateen | they wonʼt travel {____}
√teen ² (verb root) see; perceive
O-S-∅-√teen ² (ga state verb – transitive – closed) see; perceive | for S to see, perceive O (often abstract) | ḵeewu.aayí, ldakát át dutéen nooch → when it is daylight, everything can be seen (SN) • chʼa ax̱ shantóox’ x̱aatéen aadé yéi kḵwsasanéiyi yé → i can see in my mindʼs eye how iʼm going to make it (that is, what the finished product will look like) (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): ayatéen | they can see it
• imperfective (–): tlél ooteen | they canʼt see it
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél kei ḵunashtéen | they are losing their eyesight
• perfective (+): aawateen | they saw it
• perfective (–): tlél awuteen | they didnʼt see it
O-ÿa-S-∅-√teen ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) recognize | for S to recognize O | tléil ágé x̱at yayeeyteen? → donʼt you all recognize me? (SN) • haa yawduwatín → we were recognized (SN)
• perfective (+): ayawaatín | they recognized them
• perfective (–): tlél ayawuteen | they didnʼt recognize them
• future (+): ayakg̱watéen | they will recognize them
• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wateen | they wonʼt recognize them
O-S-s-√teen ² (g̱a event verb – transitive – closed) see; behold | for S to see, behold O (usually specific) | tléil xóots awusteen → they never saw a bear (SN) • dleit yáx̱ yateeyí át héen x̱ookaadé wududziteen → a white thing on the water was seen (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: g̱asteen! | see them/it!
• perfective (+): awsiteen | they saw them/it; they sees them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awusteen | they didnʼt see them/it; they donʼt see them/it
• future (+): yei agux̱satéen | they will see them/it
• future (–): tlél yei agux̱sateen | they wonʼt see them/it
O-S-l-√teen ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) look ¹; gaze; watch ¹; care for; look after | for S to look at, gaze at, watch O; for S to watch, take care of, mind, look after O | (KE)
• imperative: latín! | watch it!
• prohibitive: líl ilatíniḵ! | donʼt watch them/it!
• imperfective (+): altín | they are watching them/it; they watch them/it
• imperfective (–): tlél ooltín | they are not watching them/it; they donʼt watch them/it
• perfective (+): awlitín | they watched them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awulteen | they didnʼt watch them/it
• future (+): agux̱latéen | they will watch them/it
• future (–): tlél agux̱lateen | they wonʼt watch them/it
O-ka-S-l-√teen ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) observe ¹; watch ¹; browse | for S to observe, watch O; for S to look at, browse O (esp. a catalog or book with pictures) | haat x̱waagút, ḵaa ḵusteeyí kanḵaltínt → i came here, in order to observe people’s way of life • du ḵusteeyí yánde kakḵwalatín → i’m going to observe their-(s) way of life; iʼm going tow atch carefully how they act, etc. (so that i can copy them) (SN)
• imperative: kalatín! | observe it!
• prohibitive: líl keelatíniḵ! | donʼt observe them/it!
• imperfective (+): aklatín | they are observing it; they observe them/it
• imperfective (–): tlél akooltín | they are not observing them/it; they donʼt observe them/it
• perfective (+): akawlitín | they observed them/it
• perfective (–): tlél akawulteen | they didnʼt observe them/it
• future (+): akagux̱latéen | they will observe them/it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱lateen | they wonʼt observe them/it
ḵu-S-∅-√teen ² (ga state verb – subject intransitive – closed) sight; see | for S to have sight (see people); for S to be able to see | this verb is often used with the adverb « kʼidéin, » as in « tlél kʼidéin ḵoox̱ateen » (i donʼt see well) • the translation can either be "to have sight (in general)" or "to be able to see people," except in the repetitive imperfective which translates as "to recognize people" | tléil ḵoox̱shatéenin; yáa yeedát ḵu.aa ḵux̱aatéen → i was blind, and now i see (i have my sight) (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): ḵuwatéen / ḵuyatéen | they have sight
• imperfective (–): tlél ḵooteen | they donʼt see well
• progressive imperfective: kei ḵunatéen | they are beginning to be able to see
• future (+): kei ḵukg̱watéen | they will get their vision back
• future (–): tlél kei ḵukg̱watéen | they will lose their vision
tlél + ḵu-S-sh-√téen ˟ ² (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) blind | for S to be blind | jinkaat táakw tléil koox̱shatéen → iʼve been blind for ten years (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): tlél ḵooshtéen | they are blind
√teen ³ (verb root) go away mad
√tees ¹ (verb root) shuffle; step | take small rapid steps
√tees ² (verb root) make fun of
√teesʼ (verb root) stare; look for; inspect
N-g̱aa + ḵu-S-∅-√téesʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) watch ¹; search for; look for | for S to watch for N; for S to search for N (by looking around) | ax̱ éeshg̱aa ḵux̱atéesʼ → iʼm looking out for my father (expecting him to come) (SN) • chʼáakʼg̱aa ḵutéesʼ → heʼs looking for an eagle (standing and gazing around intently) (SN) • (JL)
• imperfective (+): du eeg̱áa ḵutéesʼ | they are watching for them
• imperfective (–): tlél du eeg̱áa ḵootéesʼ | they arenʼt watching for them
• perfective (+): du eeg̱áa ḵuwatéesʼ | they were watching for them
• perfective (–): tléil du eeg̱áa ḵuwutéesʼ | they werenʼt watching for them
• future (+): du eeg̱áa ḵukg̱watéesʼ | they will watch for them
• future (–): tléil du eeg̱áa ḵukg̱watéesʼ | they wonʼt watch for them
N + daadé + ḵu-S-∅-√téesʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) inspect; assess | for S to inspect the performance or circumstance of N; for S to assess N | haa daadé kukwg̱atéesʼ → heʼs going to inspect us (watch us to see we don ʼt make mistakes) (SN) • (JL)
• imperfective (+): a daadé ḵutéesʼ | they are inspecting it
• imperfective (–): tlél a daadé ḵootéesʼ | they arenʼt inspecting it
• perfective (+): a daadé ḵuwatéesʼ | they inspected it
• perfective (–): tléil a daadé ḵuwutéesʼ | they werenʼt inspecting it
• future (+): a daadé ḵukg̱watéesʼ | they will inspect it
• future (–): tléil a daadé ḵukg̱watéesʼ | they wonʼt inspect it
ka-u-l-√téesʼshán ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) watch ¹; sight | for something to be fascinating to watch, to be a wonderful sight | (KE)
• imperfective (+): kulitéesʼshán | itʼs a sight to behold
• imperfective (–): tlél kooltéesʼshán | itʼs not much to see
• perfective (+): kawlitéesʼshán | it was a sight to behold
• perfective (–): tlél kawultéesʼshán | it wasnʼt much to see
• future (+): kei kagux̱latéesʼshán | it will be a sight to behold
• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱latéesʼshán | it wonʼt be much to see
√teesh (verb root) lonesome; bored
O-l-√teesh (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) lonesome | for O to be lonesome | yee ítde yei haa gux̱latéesh → weʼre going to be lonesome for you all (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl iwulteeshíḵ! | donʼt be lonely!
• progressive imperfective: yei naltísh | they are getting lonely
• perfective (+): wuliteesh | they are lonely
• perfective (–): tlél wulteesh | they are not lonely
• future (+): yei gux̱latéesh | they will be lonely
• future (–): tlél yei gux̱lateesh | they wonʼt be lonely
√teet ¹ (verb root) wave ¹
√teet ² (verb root) caulk
√teetʼ (verb root) tense; tendon; vein
√teew (verb root) • variants: √toow • read; count; study; teach
√teexʼ (verb root) rope; twist | make rope; twist into rope
√teex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √teix̱ʼ • ⑴ wring; twist; screw ¹ || ⑵ crooked; twisted; windy ²
√teey ¹ (verb root) soak | classification: fish or seafood
√teey ² (verb root) patch
√teey ³ (verb root) carve; chisel
O-ka-S-∅-√teey ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) carve; chisel | for S to carve O (large objects using a chisel of adze); for S to chisel O (large objects using a chisel of adze) | kootéeyaa kawduwatíy → totem poles were carved (SN) • x̱útʼaa teen kadutéey → people carve with adzes (SN)
• imperative: katíy! | carve it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keetíyx̱uḵ! | donʼt carve it
• imperfective (+): akatéey | they are carving it
• imperfective (–): tlél akooteey | they arenʼt carving it
• perfective (+): akaawatíy | they carved it
• perfective (–): tlél akawuteey | they didnʼt carve it
• future (+): akakg̱watéey | they are going to carve it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wateey | they arenʼt going to carve it
√teey ⁴ (verb root) jealous | jealous (of romantic partner)
√too (verb root) clever
O-s-√too (ga state verb – object intransitive – open) clever; ingenious | for O to be clever, ingenious | need to check conjugation class
• imperfective (+): sitóo | they are clever, ingenious
• imperfective (–): tlél ustú | they are not clever
O-x̱ʼa-s-√too (ga state verb – object intransitive – open) witty; glib | for O to be witty, glib | need to check conjugation class
• imperfective (+): x̱ʼasitóo | they are glib
• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼeistú | they are not glib
√tooch (verb root) fresh; raw | classification: food
√toochʼ (verb root) rub; dab; roll | roll (into yarn)
O-S-∅-√toochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) rub | for S to rub O (on hand) | (JL)
• perfective (+): aawatúchʼ | they rubbed it (on hand)
(N-t⁓) + O-S-l-√toochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) dab; pull out | for S to dab O (paint) (onto N); for S to pull out O (wool for spinning) | these appear to the same verb, but the pulling out wool version might not have a directional preverb | (SN)
• perfective (+): át awlitúchʼ | they dabbed paint on it
O-ka-S-l-O-ka-S-l-√toochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) roll | for S to roll O up (for making yarn for woolen weaving) | (JL) • kadultóochʼ → people roll cedar bark and goat hair together (SN)
• imperative: kalatúchʼ! | roll it up (for yarn)!
• perfective (+): akawlitúchʼ | they rolled it up (for yarn)
• perfective (–): tlél akawultóochʼ | they didnʼt roll it up (for yarn)
• future (+): akagux̱latóochʼ | they will roll it up (for yarn)
• future (–): tlél akagux̱latóochʼ | they wonʼt roll it up (for yarn)
√took ¹ (verb root) explode
kei + d+sh-√tóok ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) explode | for something to explode, blow up | sdoox tóonáx̱ yóot wujitúk → the stove exploded (that is, the explosion came through the door or lid) (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): kei wjitúk | it exploded
• perfective (–): tlél kei wushtóok | it didnʼt explode
• future (+): kei kg̱washtóok | it will explode
• future (–): tlél kei kg̱washtóok | it wonʼt explode
√took ² (verb root) rancid; potent; rotten | too strong (overly fermented)
O-l-√took ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive – closed) potent; rancid | for O to be potent (esp. of old coffee), or rancid, too strong to taste good | (SN)
• perfective (+): wulitúk | it is potent
tlél + O-u-l-√took ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive – closed) clean ¹; pure; holy | for O to be clean; for O to be pure, holy | du tundatáani tléil ultóok → their thoughts are pure (SN)
• imperfective (–): tlél ultook |
√tool ¹ (verb root) drill; spin
O-S-∅-√tool ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) drill; bore | for S to drill, bore hole in O | ldakát át dutóol, lʼoowú, g̱ayéisʼ → people drill everything, wood, iron (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: túl! | drill it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eetúlx̱uḵ! | donʼt drill it!
• imperfective (+): atóol | they are drilling it
• progressive imperfective: yaa anatúl | they are drilling it
• perfective (+): aawatúl | they drilled it
• perfective (–): tlél awutool | they didnʼt drill it
• future (+): akg̱watóol | they will drill it
• future (–): tlél akg̱watool | they wonʼt drill it
∅-√tool ¹ (∅ act verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) spin | for something (top, etc.) to spin | toolchʼán yaa natúl → the top is spinning (SN)
• imperfective (+): tóol | itʼs spinning
• progressive imperfective: yaa natúl | itʼs spinning
• perfective (+): wootúl | it spun
• perfective (–): tlél wutool | it didnʼt spin
• future (+): gug̱atóol | it will spin
• future (–): tlél gug̱atool | it wonʼt spin
O-S-l-√tool ¹ (na event verb – transitive – closed) spin | for S to make O spin | sʼíxʼ awlitool → they started the plate spinning (SN) • (SN, JL)
• imperative: naltool! | make it spin!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo eelatúlguḵ! | donʼt make it spin!
• progressive imperfective: yaa analtúl | they are making it spin
• perfective (+): awlitool | they made it spin
• perfective (–): tlél awultool | they didnʼt make it spin
• future (+): agux̱latóol | they will make it spin
• future (–): tlél agux̱latool | they wonʼt make it spin
O-ka-S-l-√tool ¹ (na event verb – transitive – closed) spin | for S to make O spin | classification: rope-like object | teey woodí aklatóol naaxein sákw → they are spinning cedar bark into thread for a Chilkat blanket (SN) • (KE, JL)
• imperative: kanaltool! | make it spin!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keelatúlguḵ! | donʼt make it spin!
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanaltúl | they are making it spin
• perfective (+): akawlitool | they made it spin
• perfective (–): tlél akawultool | they didnʼt make it spin
• future (+): akagux̱latóol | they will make it spin
• future (–): tlél akagux̱latool | they wonʼt make it spin
O-ka-S-l-√tool ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) roll | for S to roll up O (anything flat and flexible) | xʼúxʼ akawlitúl → they rolled up the paper (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kalatúl! | roll it up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keelatúlx̱iḵ! | donʼt roll it up!
• imperfective (+): aklatóol | they are rolling it up
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanaltúl | they are rolling it up
• perfective (+): akawlitúl | they rolled it up
• perfective (–): tlél akawultool | they didnʼt roll it up
• future (+): akagux̱latóol | they will roll it up
• future (–): tlél akagux̱latool | they wonʼt roll it up
√tool ² (verb root) murmur
√toow (verb root) • variants: √teew • read; count; study; teach
O-S-∅-√tóow (na act verb – transitive – high) read | for S to read O | ax̱ xʼúxʼu yan x̱waatóow → iʼve finished reading my book (SN) • kéenáx̱ natóow! → read it out loud! (ND) • (KE)
• imperative: natóow! | read it!
• prohibitive: líl eetóowuḵ! | donʼt read it!
• imperfective (+): atóow | they are reading it; they reads it
• imperfective (–): tlél ootóow | they arenʼt reading it; they donʼt read it
• perfective (+): aawatóow | they read it
• perfective (–): tlél awutóow | they didnʼt read it
• future (+): akg̱watóow | they will read it
• future (–): tlél akg̱watóow | they wonʼt read it
S-d+∅-√tóow (na act verb – subject intransitive – high) read; count | for S to read, count | keenáx̱ needatóow! → read aloud! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nidatóow! | read!
• prohibitive: líl idatóowuḵ! | donʼt read!
• imperfective (+): datóow | they are reading; they reads
• imperfective (–): tlél udatóow | they arenʼt reading; they donʼt read
• perfective (+): wuditóow | they read
• perfective (–): tlél wudatóow | they didnʼt read
• future (+): gux̱datóow | they will read
• future (–): tlél gux̱datóow | they wonʼt read
N-t⁓ + S-d+s-√tóow (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) count | for S to count to N | xʼoonx̱ sáyá eestóow? → how many can you count to? (SN) • tleiḵáat eestóow! → count to twenty! (SN)
• imperative: keijínt eestóow! | count to five!
• prohibitive: líl keijínt eestóowuḵ! | donʼtt count to five!
• imperfective (+): keijínde istóow | they are counting to five; they counts to five
• imperfective (–): tlél keijínde wustóow | they arenʼt counting to five; they donʼt count to five
• perfective (+): keijínt wudzitóow | they counted to five
• perfective (–): tlél keijínt wustóow | they didnʼt count to five
• future (+): keijínde kg̱wastóow | they will count to five
• future (–): tlél keijínde kg̱wastóow | they wonʼt count to five
N-xʼ + O-S-l-√tóow (∅ act verb – transitive – high) teach | for S to teach O to N | the use of a suffix on the empty base (du ée / du éexʼ) seems to be optional and based on speaker preference | at shí haa ée awlitóow → they taught us to sing (SN) • woosh ée s awdlitóow → they all taught each other (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du ée latóow! | teach it to them!
• prohibitive: líl du éexʼ ilatóowuḵ! | donʼt teach it to them!
• imperfective (+): du éexʼ altóow | they are teaching it to them
• imperfective (–): tlél du éexʼ ooltoow | they are not teaching it to them
• perfective (+): du éexʼ awlitóow | they taught it to them
• perfective (–): tlél du éexʼ awultóow | they didnʼt teach it to them
• future (+): du éexʼ agux̱latóow | they will teach it to them
• future (–): tlél du éexʼ agux̱latoow | they wonʼt teach it to them
N-xʼ + at S-l-√tóow (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) teach | for S to teach N | the use of a suffix on the empty base (du ée / du éexʼ) seems to be optional and based on speaker preference | ḵóo at gax̱tulatóow → weʼre going to teach people (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: du éexʼ at latóow! | teach them!
• prohibitive: líl du éexʼ at ilatóowuḵ! | donʼt teach them!
• imperfective (+): du éexʼ at latóow | they are teaching them
• imperfective (–): tlél du éexʼ at ultoow | they are not teaching them
• perfective (+): du éexʼ at wulitóow | they taught them
• perfective (–): tlél du éexʼ at wultóow | they didnʼt teach them
• future (+): du éexʼ at gux̱latóow | they will teach them
• future (–): tlél du éexʼ at gux̱latoow | they wonʼt teach them
sh + tóo + O-S-d+l-√tóow (∅ act verb – transitive – high) study; practice; rehearse | for S to study, learn O; for S to practice, rehearse O | Lingít yoo x̱ʼatángi sh tóo tooltóow → weʼre studying the Tlingit language (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sh tóo iltóow! | study it!
• prohibitive: líl sh tóo eeltóowuḵ! | donʼt study it!
• imperfective (+): sh tóo altóow | they are studying it; they studies it
• imperfective (–): tlél sh tóo ooltóow | they donʼt study it
• perfective (+): sh tóo awdlitóow | they studied it
• perfective (–): tlél sh tóo awultóow | they didnʼt study it
• future (+): sh tóo akg̱waltóow | they will study it
• future (–): tlél sh tóo akg̱waltóow | they wonʼt study it
sh + tóo + at S-d+l-√tóow (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) study | for S to study, teach oneself | sh tóoxʼ ágé at iltóow? → does he study? (SN)
• imperative: sh tóo at iltóow! | study!
• prohibitive: líl sh tóo at eeltóowuḵ! | donʼt study!
• imperfective (+): sh tóo at iltóow | they are studying; they studies
• imperfective (–): tlél sh tóo at ultóow | they are not studying; they donʼt study
• perfective (+): sh tóo at wudlitóow | they studied
• perfective (–): tlél sh tóo at wultóow | they didnʼt study
• future (+): sh tóo at gug̱altóow | they will study
• future (–): tlél sh tóo at gug̱altóow | they wonʼt study
√toox ¹ (verb root) • variants: √teexw ¹ • stamp
√toox ² (verb root) • variants: √teexw ² • hop | especially flea or bedbug
√toox̱ (verb root) spit ¹; spew out
N-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+s-√toox̱ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) spit ¹ | for S to spit, spit out at N | (KE)
• imperative: yóot x̱ʼeestúx̱! | spit!
• prohibitive: líl yóox̱ x̱ʼeestooox̱úḵ! | donʼt spit!
• perfective (+): yóot x̱ʼawdzitúx̱ | they spat
• perfective (–): tlél yóot x̱ʼawustoox̱ | they didnʼt spit
• future (+): yóode x̱ʼakg̱wastóox̱ | they will spit
• future (–): tlél yóode x̱ʼakg̱wastoox̱ | they wonʼt spit
yóo⁓ + O-S-l-√toox̱ (∅ act verb – transitive spit ¹ | for S to spit out O (esp medicine) | líl yóox̱ eeltoox̱úḵ, chʼa g̱alsháat sʼé! → donʼt spit it (medicine) out; hold it in your mouth a while! (SN)
√toox̱ʼ ¹ (verb root) growl | stomach growl
ka-s-√tóox̱ʼ ˟ ¹ (∅ act verb – impersonal – invariable) growl; gurgle | for the stomach to growl, gurgle | this verb only occurs in the imperfective | (KE)
• imperfective (+): du x̱ʼóolʼ kastóox̱ʼ | their stomach is growling
• imperfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼóolʼ koostóox̱ʼ | their stomach isnʼt growling
√toox̱ʼ ² (verb root) spit ¹ | classification: octopus
√tʼaa ¹ (verb root) warm; hot
∅-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) warm; hot | for something to be warm; for something to be hot | (KE) • ḵúnáx̱ x̱at uwatʼáa → iʼm really warm (SN) • héen tléil ootʼáaych → the water isnʼt warm yet (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yaa natʼéin | itʼs getting hot
• perfective (+): uwatʼáa | itʼs hot
• perfective (–): tlél wutʼá | itʼs not hot
• future (+): gug̱atʼáa | it will get hot
• future (–): tlél gug̱atʼaa | it wonʼt get hot
ÿa-∅-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) hot; heated | for something to be hot; for something to be heated | (KE) • yaawatʼáayi héen → hot water (often designating coffee or tea) (SN) • x̱ʼàan yáx̱ yaawatʼáa → itʼs red hot (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yaa yanatʼéin | itʼs getting hot
• perfective (+): yaawatʼáa | itʼs hot; it got hot
• perfective (–): tlél yawutʼá | it isnʼt hot; it didnʼt get hot
• future (+): yakg̱watʼáa | it will get hot
• future (–): tlél yakg̱watʼaa | it wonʼt get hot
ḵu-∅-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ state verb – impersonal – fading) warm | for the weather to be warm, hot | this may be the only ∅- conjugation state verb | (KE)
• imperfective (+): ḵuwatʼáa, ḵuyatʼáa | the weather is hot
• imperfective (–): tlél ḵuwatʼaa | the weather isnʼt hot
• perfective (+): ḵoowatʼáa | the weather got hot
• perfective (–): tlél ḵoowutʼá | the weather didnʼt get hot
• future (+): ḵukg̱watʼáa | the weather will be hot
• future (–): tlél ḵukg̱watʼaa | the weather wonʼt be hot
O-S-s-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) warm | for S to warm O (water, etc.) | (KE) • héen kuḵasatʼáa → iʼm going to warm (heat) the water (SN)
• imperative: satʼá! | warm it up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl isatʼeix̱íḵ! | donʼt (ever) warm it up!
• imperfective (+): astʼeix̱ | they are warming it up
• imperfective (–): tlél x̱wasatʼeix̱ | they arenʼt warming it up
• perfective (+): awsitʼáa | they warmed it up
• perfective (–): tlél awustʼá | they didnʼt warm it up
• future (+): agux̱satʼáa | they will warm it up
• future (–): tlél agux̱satʼaa | they wonʼt warm it up
N + toowú + O-S-l-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – fading, cv́v hort/pot) comfort | for S to comfort N | literally, warmed the inner feelings of
• imperative: du toowú latʼáa! | comfort them!
• imperfective (+): du toowú altʼeix̱ | they are comforting them; they comforts them (regularly)
• imperfective (–): tlél du toowú ooltʼeix̱ | they donʼt comfort them
• perfective (+): du toowú awlitʼáa | they comforted them
• perfective (–): tlél du toowú awultʼá | they didnʼt comfort them
• future (+): du toowú agux̱latʼáa | they will comfort them
• future (–): tlél du toowú agux̱latʼaa | they wonʼt comfort them
√tʼaa ² (verb root) ripe
O-ka-∅-√tʼaa ² (na – object intransitive – open) ripe | for O to be ripe (of berries, fruit) | it is common for speakers to insert « yan » before the verb, as in « yan kaawatʼaa » (it is ripe) and « tlél yan kawutʼá » (it isnʼt ripe) | (SN, JL)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanatʼéin | it is getting ripe
• perfective (+): kaawatʼaa | it is ripe; it was ripe
• perfective (–): tlél kawutʼá | it is not ripe; it wasnʼt ripe
• future (+): kakg̱watʼáa | it will be ripe
• future (–): tlél kakg̱watʼaa | it will not ripen
O-ka-S-s-√tʼaa ² (na – transitive – open) ripe | for S to ripen O (of berries, fruit) | it is common for speakers to insert « yan » before the verb, as in « yan kaawatʼaa » (it is ripe) and « tlél yan kawutʼá » (it isnʼt ripe) | shaax̱ héen yík kanastʼéich → grey currants ripen up the river • tléiḵw g̱agaanch kawsitʼaa → the sun ripened the berries (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanastʼéin | they are ripening it
• perfective (+): akawsitʼaa | they ripened it
• perfective (–): tlél akawustʼá | they didnʼt ripen it
• future (+): akagux̱satʼáa | they will ripen it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱satʼaa | they wonʼt ripen it
√tʼaa ³ (verb root) warp ¹; bend ¹ | bend or warp by steam
√tʼaa ⁴ (verb root) board; skirting
√tʼaach (verb root) slap | slap with open hand
O-S-∅-√tʼaach (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) slap; tag | for S to slap O; for S to tag O (as in game of tag) | add the thematic « ya- » for slapping in the face, and « x̱ʼa- » for slapping in the mouth | yéi yawuḵaayí, wáachwaanch yaawatʼách → when they said that, the guard slapped them in the face (SN) • líl yeetʼáchx̱iḵ i dlaakʼ! → donʼt slap your sister in the face! • du léelkʼw áwé x̱ʼawduwatʼách → his grandparent was slapped in the mouth (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: tʼách! | slap them/it!
• prohibitive: líl eetʼáchx̱iḵ! | donʼt slap them/it!
• imperfective (+): atʼácht | they are slapping them/it
• imperfective (–): tlél ootʼácht | they arenʼt slapping them/it
• perfective (+): aawatʼách | they slapped them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awutʼaach | they didnʼt slap them/it
• future (+): akg̱watʼáach | they will slap them/it
• future (–): tlél akg̱watʼaach | they wonʼt slap them/it
(N +) jintáak + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) clap | for S to clap oneʼs hands | (SN)
• imperative: jintáak datʼách! | clap your hands!
• perfective (+): jintáak wuditʼách | they clapped their hands
jintaak + S-d+∅-√tʼácht ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) clap | for S to clap hands | (KE)
• imperative: jintaak nidatʼácht! | clap your hands!
• prohibitive: líl jintaak idatʼáchdiḵ! | donʼt clap your hands!
• imperfective (+): jintaak datʼácht | they are clappig their hands; they claps their hands
• imperfective (–): tlél jintaak udatʼácht | they arenʼt clapping their hands; they donʼt clap their hands
• perfective (+): jintaak wuditʼácht | they clapped their hands
• perfective (–): tlél jintaak wudatʼácht | they didnʼt clap their hands
• future (+): jintaak gux̱datʼácht | they will clap their hands
• future (–): tlél jintaak gux̱datʼácht | they wonʼt clap their hands
ka-S-l-√tʼaach (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) applaud; clap | for S to applaud; for S to clap | daak has kawdudlitʼách → they all applauded (by clapping) so they all had to come back (for an encore) (SN)
• perfective (+): kawlitʼách | they applauded
{na preverb} + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) swim | for S to swim (of human, using strokes which slap the water) | classification: singular subject • classification: human | héen kaanáx̱ yaa ndatʼách → heʼs swimming across the river (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} nidatʼaach! | swim {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo idatʼáchgiḵ! | donʼt swim {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa ndatʼách | they are swimming {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} wditʼaach | they swam {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wdatʼaach | they didnʼt swim {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} gux̱datʼáach | they will swim {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱datʼaach | they wonʼt swim {____}
{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) swim | for S to swim (of human, using strokes which slap the water) | classification: human | deikéet wutuditʼách → we swam way out (SN)
{na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√tʼaach (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) swim | for (plural) O (humans) to swim (using strokes which slap the water) | classification: plural subjects • classification: human | (GD, KE) • kʼisáani deikéet kandutʼáchch → young men swim way out (regularly)
• imperative: {na preverb} yee kandutʼaach! | you all swim {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo yee kadutʼáchgiḵ! | donʼt you all swim {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa (ha)s kandutʼách | they all are swimming {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} (ha)s kawduwatʼaach | they all swam {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s kawdutʼaach | they all didnʼt swim {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s kagux̱datʼáach | they all will swim {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s kagux̱datʼaach | they all wonʼt swim {____}
√tʼaak (verb root) dent; press
√tʼaakw (verb root) slap; hit | slap tail; hit solidly
a-d+sh-√tʼaakw (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) dive; slap | for something to dive into the water; for something to slap tail down hard as going down in water (esp. of killerwhale and beaver); for someone to hit out at someone and floor them; for someone to scatter down feathers from dance hat in final part of dance (by rapid movements of the head) | sʼideidí awditʼákw → the beaver slapped his tai/ hard on the water (as he entered it) (SN) • ḵúnáx̱ áyá aan awjitʼákw → they really hit out at them (fast) and floored them (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): héende awjitʼákw | it dove into the water
• perfective (–): tlél héende awushtʼaakw | it didnʼt dive into the water
• future (+): héende akg̱washtʼáakw | it will dive into the water
• future (–): tlél héende akg̱washtʼaakw | it wonʼt dive into the water
√tʼaaḵ (verb root) rock ²
√tʼaalʼ (verb root) mash; roll; flatten | roll flat; mash flat
√tʼaan (verb root) expect; impatient
√tʼaasʼ (verb root) look ¹ | look sharply, with anger
N + yaax̱ + kei + a-ka-S-d+l-√tʼáasʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) snap; askance; glance; look ¹ | for S to snap eyes at, look askance at, or glance at N (indicating anger, dislike, or suspicion) | ax̱ yaax̱ kei akooltʼáasʼch → she would snap her eyes at me (SN) • woosh yaax̱ kei s akawdlitʼásʼ → they all were looking askance at each other (real mad) (SN) • (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du yaax̱ kei akeeltʼásʼjiḵ! | donʼt snap your eyes at them!
• perfective (+): du yaax̱ kei akawdlitʼásʼ | they snapped their eyes at them
• perfective (–): tlél du yaax̱ kei akawultʼáasʼ | they didnʼt snap their eyes at them
• future (+): du yaax̱ kei akakg̱waltʼáasʼ | they will snap their eyes at them
• future (–): tlél du yaax̱ kei akakg̱waltʼáasʼ | they wonʼt snap their eyes at them
√tʼaatʼ (verb root) press; pat
√tʼaatl (verb root) splash; flap
√tʼaaxʼ (verb root) ⑴ flick | flick with thumb and forefingers || ⑵ cut ¹ | cut into pieces
√tʼaax̱ (verb root) open ¹; agape | open mouth
x̱ʼa-S-∅-√tʼaax̱ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) open ¹; agape | for S to open oneʼs mouth wide, keep oneʼs mouth open | tlákw x̱ʼeitʼáx̱ch → they leaves their mouth open all the time (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: x̱ʼatʼáx̱! | open your mouth!
• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeetʼáx̱x̱iḵ! | donʼt open your mouth!
• perfective (+): x̱ʼeiwatʼáx̱ | they opened their mouth
• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawutʼaax̱ | they didnʼt open their mouth
• future (+): x̱ʼakg̱watʼáax̱ | they will open their mouth
• future (–): tlél x̱ʼakg̱watʼaax̱ | they wonʼt open their mouth
O-x̱ʼa-S-l-√tʼaax̱ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) open ¹; hold | for S to open Oʼs mouth, hold Oʼs mouth open | (KE)
• imperative: x̱ʼalatʼáx̱! | open its mouth!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeelatʼáx̱x̱iḵ! | donʼt open its mouth!
• perfective (+): ax̱ʼawlitʼáx̱ | they opened its mouth
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawultʼaax̱ | they didnʼt open its mouth
• future (+): ax̱ʼagux̱latʼáax̱ | they will open its mouth
• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼagux̱latʼaax̱ | they wonʼt open its mouth
√tʼaax̱ʼ ¹ (verb root) pop; crackle
√tʼaax̱ʼ ² (verb root) heat; glow; radiate | radiate heat
N-t⁓ + s-√tʼáax̱ʼ ² (∅ motion verb – impersonal – ejective) hot; radiate; heat | for a fire, etc. to be hot, radiate, throw out heat at N | g̱agaan ḵúnáx̱ áx̱ satʼáax̱ʼ → the sun is really heating (SN) • wé x̱ʼaan naaléiyi yéit wusitʼáx̱ʼ → the open fire is throwing lots of heat (throwing it a long way) (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa nastʼáx̱ʼ | itʼs starting to throw heat out there
• perfective (+): át wusitʼáx̱ʼ | itʼs throwing heat out there
• perfective (–): tlél át wustʼáax̱ʼ | itʼs not throwing heat out there
• future (+): aadé gux̱satʼáax̱ʼ | it will throw heat out there
• future (–): tlél aadé gux̱satʼáax̱ʼ | it wonʼt throw heat out there
√tʼei ¹ (verb root) • variants: √tʼee • find
O-S-∅-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – invariable) find | for S to find O (to chance upon) | táḵl, nadáakw tayeedáx̱ aawatʼei → they found the hammer under the table (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: gatʼei! | find it!
• perfective (+): aawatʼei | they found it
• perfective (–): tlél awutʼei | they didnʼt find it
• future (+): kei akg̱watʼei | they will find it
• future (–): tlél kei akg̱watʼei | they wonʼt find it
O-ka-S-∅-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – invariable) find | for S to find O (usually round, spherical object) | classification: round or spherical object | tʼaawáḵ kʼwátʼi akaawatʼei → they found the Canada goose eggs (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kagatʼei! | find it!
• perfective (+): akaawatʼei | they found it
• perfective (–): tlél akawutʼei | they didnʼt find it
• future (+): kei akakg̱watʼei | they will find it
• future (–): kei akakg̱watʼei | they wonʼt find it
O-S-s-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – invariable) find | for S to find O (usually complex or large object or rope-like object) | classification: complex or large object or rope-like object | tíxʼ x̱wasitʼei → i found a rope (SN)
• imperative: gasatʼei! | find it!
• perfective (+): awsitʼei | they found it
• perfective (–): tlél awustʼei | they didnʼt find it
• future (+): kei agux̱satʼei | they will find it
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱satʼei | they wonʼt find it
O-ka-S-s-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – invariable) find | for S to find O (usually stick-like object or plural round objects) | classification: stick-like object or plural round objects | tʼáa kaadáx̱ kooxéedaa kawtusitʼei → we found a pencil on the floor (SN)
• imperative: kagasatʼei! | find it!
• perfective (+): akawsitʼei | they found it
• perfective (–): tlél akawustʼei | they didnʼt find it
• future (+): kei akagux̱satʼei | they will find it
• future (–): kei akagux̱satʼei | they wonʼt find it
√tʼei ² (verb root) behind
√tʼeix̱ (verb root) fish ² | fish with hook
a-S-d+s-√tʼeix̱ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fish ²; troll | for S to fish with hooks, catch on a hook | (KE)
• imperative: aneestʼeix̱! | fish!
• prohibitive: líl eestʼeix̱íḵ! | donʼt fish!
• imperfective (+): astʼeix̱ | they are fishing; they fish
• imperfective (–): tlél oostʼeix̱ | they are not fishing; they donʼt fish
• progressive imperfective: yaa anastʼéx̱ | they are going along fishing
• perfective (+): awdzitʼeix̱ | they fished
• perfective (–): tlél awustʼeix̱ | they didnʼt fish
• future (+): akg̱wastʼeix̱ | they will fish
• future (–): tlél akg̱wastʼeix̱ | they wonʼt fish
√tʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √tʼeex̱ʼ • pound ¹; smash; hammer ²
O-ka-S-∅-√tʼéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) smash; pound ¹; hammer ²; break | for S to smash O up by pounding; for S to mash O by pounding with something heavy; for S to pound, hammer on O; for S to break O | ax̱ táḵli teen kax̱waatʼéx̱ʼ → i smashed it with my hammer (SN) • kʼúntsʼ katʼéx̱ʼ! → mash the potatoes! (SN) • kawduwatʼéx̱ʼ wé té → that rock was pounded (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: katʼíx̱ʼ! | pound it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keetʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt pound it!
• imperfective (+): akatʼéex̱ʼ | they are pounding it
• imperfective (–): tlél akootʼéex̱ʼ | they arenʼt pounding it
• perfective (+): akaawatʼíx̱ʼ | they pounded it
• perfective (–): tlél akawutʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt pound it
• future (+): akakg̱watʼéex̱ʼ | they will pound it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱watʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt pound it
√tʼee (verb root) • variants: √tʼei ¹ • find
√tʼeek ¹ (verb root) steer; rudder
√tʼeek ² (verb root) stiff
√tʼeesh (verb root) stretch | stretch skin
√tʼeet (verb root) beachcomb; scavenge
√tʼeexʼ ¹ (verb root) ⑴ freeze; hard; difficult || ⑵
∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) hard; difficult | for something to be hard (abstract), difficult | ax̱ ḵusteeyí ax̱ jeexʼ yatʼéexʼ → my life is hard for me (SN) • at doogú ḵéisʼ yatʼéexʼ → sewing skins is hard (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yatʼéexʼ | itʼs difficult
• imperfective (–): tlél utʼéexʼ | itʼs not difficult
• progressive imperfective: kei natʼéexʼ | itʼs becoming difficult
• perfective (+): wootʼéexʼ | it became difficult
• perfective (–): tlél wutʼéexʼ | it didnʼt get difficult
• future (+): kei kg̱watʼéexʼ | it will be difficult
• future (–): tlél kei kg̱watʼéexʼ | it wonʼt be difficult
N + toowú + ∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) obstinate; stubborn | for N to be obstinate, sticking to oneʼs opinion or purpose, not yielding to reason | tlax̱ ḵúnáx̱ du toowú yatʼéexʼ → they are really obstinate / has a hard mind (is determined to go their own way) (SN)
• imperfective (+): du toowú yatʼéexʼ | they are obstinate
• imperfective (–): tlél du toowú utʼéexʼ | they are not obstinate
• progressive imperfective: du toowú kei natʼéexʼ | they are becoming obstinate
• perfective (+): du toowú wootʼéexʼ | they became obstinate
• perfective (–): tlél du toowú wutʼéexʼ | they didnʼt become obstinate
• future (+): du toowú kei kg̱watʼéexʼ | they will be obstinate
• future (–): tlél du toowú kei kg̱watʼéexʼ | they wonʼt be obstinate
ka-∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) hard; cake ¹ | for something to harden, cake up | éilʼ kaawatʼíxʼ → the salt has hardened/caked into one mass (SN) • sʼé a takáxʼ kaawatʼíxʼ → the clay has hardened at the bottom (of the bucket) (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): kayatʼéexʼ | itʼs hard
• imperfective (–): tlél kootʼéexʼ | itʼs not hard
• perfective (+): kaawatʼéexʼ | it hardened
• perfective (–): tlél kawutʼéexʼ | it didnʼt harden
• future (+): kei kakg̱watʼéexʼ | it will harden
• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱watʼéexʼ | it wonʼt harden
ka-s-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) hard | for something to be hard (esp. of round object) | this verb applies to things that have been compressed such as kaháakw (stink eggs), or seaweed, or round objects such as apples | xʼáaxʼ kasitʼéexʼ → the crab apples are hard (still green) (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): kasitʼéexʼ | itʼs hard
• imperfective (–): tlél koostʼéexʼ | itʼs not hard
• progressive imperfective: kei kanastʼéexʼ | itʼs hardening
• perfective (+): kawsitʼéexʼ | it got hard
• perfective (–): tlél kawustʼéexʼ | it didnʼt get hard
• future (+): kei kagux̱satʼéexʼ | it will get hard
• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱satʼéexʼ | it wonʼt get hard
d+l-√tʼéexʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective) hard; solidify; freeze | for something to harden, solidify; for something to freeze | dáanaa kawduḵwáatlʼi tsu iltʼíxʼx̱ → silver that has been melted solidifies again (SN) • cement de wdlitʼíxʼ → the cement has alredy hardened (SN) • yaa x̱at naltʼíxʼ → i am beginning to freeze (SN) • eesháan has sh wudlitʼíxʼ → itʼs a shame (real sad) that they all froze (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa naltʼíxʼ | itʼs freezing
• perfective (+): wudlitʼíxʼ | it froze; itʼs frozen
• perfective (–): tlél wultʼéexʼ | it didnʼt freeze; itʼs not frozen
• future (+): gug̱waltʼéexʼ | it will freeze
• future (–): tlél gug̱waltʼéexʼ | it wonʼt freeze
√tʼeexʼ ² (verb root) thick; viscious
√tʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √tʼéix̱ʼ • pound; smash; hammer
√tʼeey (verb root) elbow
√tʼooch (verb root) sting; smarts
l-√tʼooch (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) sting; burn ¹ | for medicine to sting, burn | ax̱ jín wulitʼúch → my hand is stinging (SN) • yan sh ida.ín! yáa náakw litʼoojí → be ready for it! the medicine stings • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa naltʼúch | itʼs starting to sting
• perfective (+): wulitʼúch | it stung; it stings
• perfective (–): tlél wultʼooch | it didnʼt sting; it doesnʼt sting
• future (+): gux̱latʼóoch | itʼs going to sting
• future (–): tlél gux̱latʼooch | itʼs not going to sting
N + toowú + O-S-l-√tʼooch (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) disappoint | for S to disappoint N (lit. for S to sting Nʼs mind) | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du toowú eeltʼúchx̱iḵ! | donʼt disappoint them!
• progressive imperfective: du toowú yaa analtʼúch | they are starting to disappoint them
• perfective (+): du toowú awlitʼúch | they disappointed them
• perfective (–): tlél du toowú awultʼooch | they didnʼt disappoint them
• future (+): du toowú agux̱latʼóoch | they will disappoint them
• future (–): tlél du toowú agux̱latʼooch | they wonʼt disappoint them
N + toowú + l-√tʼooch (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) disappoint | for N to be disappointed (lit. for Nʼs mind to be stinging) | ax̱ toowú wulitʼúch → iʼm disappointed (lit. my mind is stinging) (SN) • (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl i toowú ultʼúchx̱iḵ! | donʼt be disappointed!
• progressive imperfective: du toowú yaa naltʼúch | they are starting to get disappointed
• perfective (+): du toowú wulitʼúch | they are disappointed
• perfective (–): tlél du toowú wultʼooch | they arenʼt disappointed
• future (+): du toowú gux̱latʼóoch | they will be disappointed
• future (–): tlél du toowú gux̱latʼooch | they wonʼt be disappointed
√tʼoochʼ (verb root) char; black | to char or blacken
√tʼook (positional verb) shoot; select; choose | shoot bow and arrow; select gambling sticks
O-S-∅-√tʼóok (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) shoot; select; choose | for S to shoot O (with bow and arrow); for S to choose O (in gambling with sticks) | g̱útl has aawatʼúk → they all shot blunt arrows (for practice) (SN) • núkt aan x̱waatʼúkt → i shot a grouse with it (SN) • ḵaa jee dutʼúkt → people choose/point suddenly at a personʼs hand (SN) • eeyatʼúk → you chose (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: tʼúk! | shoot it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eetʼúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt shoot it!
• perfective (+): aawatʼúk | they shot it
• perfective (–): tlél awutʼóok | they didnʼt shoot it
• future (+): akg̱watʼóok | they will shoot it
• future (–): tlél akg̱watʼóok | they wonʼt shoot it
√tʼookʼ (verb root) nettle
√tʼoosʼ (verb root) toast ¹; roast; cook | cook, roast, or toast by open flame
O-S-∅-√tʼoosʼ (∅ – transitive – ejective) toast ¹ | for S to toast (esp. by open flames) O | sakwnéin aawatʼúsʼ → they toasted bread (SN)
• imperative: tʼúsʼ! | toast it!
• imperfective (+): atʼóosʼ | they are toasting it
• perfective (+): aawatʼúsʼ | they toasted it
• perfective (–): tlél awutʼóosʼ | they didnʼt toast it
• future (+): akg̱watʼóosʼ | they will toast it
• future (–): tlél akg̱watʼóosʼ | they wonʼt toast it
O-S-∅-O-S-l-√tʼoosʼ (∅ – transitive – ejective) roast; cook | for S to roast O (meat, esp. by coals or open flames) | classification: meat | dleey latʼúsʼ! → roast the meat! (SN)
• imperative: latʼúsʼ! | roast it!
• imperfective (+): altʼóosʼ | they are roasting it
• perfective (+): awlitʼúsʼ | they roasted it
• perfective (–): tlél awultʼóosʼ | they didnʼt roast it
• future (+): agux̱latʼóosʼ | they will toast it
• future (–): tlél agux̱latʼóosʼ | they wonʼt toast it
√tlaa ¹ (verb root) • variants: √dlaa • settle | settle (of sediment)
√tlaa ² (verb root) big; stout | big around in girth
(yéi) + ka-u-d+∅-√tlaa ʰ ² (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big; stout | for something to be (so) big around, in girth | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yéi yaa kundatléin | itʼs getting to be that big around
• perfective (+): yéi kwditláa | itʼs that big around
• perfective (–): tlél yéi kwdatlaa | itʼs not that big around
• future (+): yéi kagux̱datláa | it will get that big around
• future (–): tlél yéi kagux̱datlaa | it wonʼt get that big around
√tlaak (verb root) quieten
√tlaakw (verb root) ⑴ whisper; investigate || ⑵ tell | tell legend
O-S-∅-√tlaakw (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) tell; recount; narrate | for S to tell, recount, narrate O (legend, myth, fairy tale, etc.) | chʼáakw áwé yéi dutláakw → long ago they all this is how the legend is told (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ḵoon atlákw! | tell people a legend!
• imperfective (+): ḵoon atláakw | they are telling people a legend; they tells people legends
• imperfective (–): tlél ḵoon ootlaakw | they donʼt tell people legends
• perfective (+): ḵoon aawatlákw | they told people a legend
• perfective (–): tlél ḵoon awutlaakw | they didnʼt tell people a ledend
• future (+): ḵoon akg̱watláakw | they will tell people a legend
• future (–): tlél ḵoon akg̱watlaakw | they wonʼt tell people a legend
O-ka-S-∅-√tlaakw (na event verb – transitive – closed) investigate; inquire; research | for S to investigate, make inquiry into, research O | kawduwatlaakw du ḵusteeyí → his way of life was investigated (SN) • yaa kagax̱dutláakw → people are going to investigate/find out what happened (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kanatlaakw! | investigate it!
• prohibitive: líl kayitlaagúḵ! | donʼt investigate it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanatlákw | they are investigating it
• perfective (+): akaawatlaakw | they investigated it; they are investigating it
• perfective (–): tlél akawutlaakw | they didnʼt investigate it
• future (+): akakg̱watláakw | they will investigate it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱watlaakw | they wonʼt investigate it
ḵu-S-∅-√tlaakw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) whisper | for S to whisper | i een ḵukḵwatláakw → iʼm going to whisper it to you (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ḵutlákw! | whisper!
• prohibitive: líl ḵeetláaguḵ! / líl ḵuyitláguḵ! | donʼt whisper!
• imperfective (+): ḵutláakw | they are whispering
• imperfective (–): tlél ḵootláakw | they are not whispering
• progressive imperfective: yaa ḵunatlákw | they are starting to whisper
• perfective (+): ḵoowatlákw | they whispered
• perfective (–): tlél ḵoowatlaakw | they didnʼt whisper
• future (+): ḵukg̱watláakw | they will whisper
• future (–): tlél ḵukg̱watlaakw | they wonʼt whisper
√tlaax̱ (verb root) moldy
d+∅-√tlaax̱ (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) moldy | for something to be moldy | du naa.ádi wuditláx̱ → their clothes are moldy (SN) • at x̱ʼéeshi yaa ndatláx̱ → the dried fish is starting to go moldy (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa nadatláx̱ | itʼs getting moldy
• perfective (+): wuditláx̱ | it got moldy; itʼs moldy
• perfective (–): tlél wudatlaax̱ | it didnʼt get moldy; itʼs not moldy
• future (+): gux̱datláax̱ | it will get moldy
• future (–): tlél gux̱datlaax̱ | it wonʼt get moldy
√tleiḵw (verb root) ⑴ berries; pick ¹ | pick berries; be gluttonous || ⑵ gluttonous
√tleilkʼú ˟ (verb root) string figures | make string figures
√tleitʼ ¹ (verb root) lick
O-S-∅-√tléitʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) lick; lap up | for S to lick, lap up O | dóosh sh daa datléitʼ → a cat licks itself (SN) • héen x̱waatlétʼ → i licked/lapped up the water (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: (chʼa) tlétʼ! | (just) lick it!
• prohibitive: líl eetléitʼiḵ! | donʼt lick it!
• imperfective (+): atléitʼ | they are licking it
• imperfective (–): tlél ootléitʼ | they are not licking it
• perfective (+): aawatlétʼ | they licked it
• perfective (–): tlél awutléitʼ | they didnʼt lick it
• perfective (–): tlél akg̱watléitʼ | they wonʼt lick it
• future (+): akg̱watléitʼ | they will lick it
√tleitʼ ² (verb root) slide ¹ | slide down a pole
√tleiw (verb root) noisy; racket | make a racket
√tleixʼw (verb root) carry; overload; clutch | carry too much; be overloaded; clutch in order to carry too much
√tleix̱w (verb root) plunge; scare | plunge to scare fish into net
√tlúxja (verb root) put foot in mouth
kei + x̱ʼa-S-√tlúxja put foot in mouth | for S to put their foot in their mouth (figuratively) | this verb form was gleaned from a recording of Robert Zuboff telling the tide controller story. speakers consulted for this project were not familiar with the word, and no other modes have been documented | akawulx̱óox̱udáx̱ áyú, kei x̱ʼayatlúxja ḵúnáx̱ → after he wanted it, heʼs really putting his foot in his mouth. (the uncle sends his nephew after a giant octopus and after his nephew brings the octopus inside his uncleʼs house and tells it to grow, itʼs getting too big for the house and the uncle yells to get it out.) (RZ)
• imperfective (+): kei x̱ʼayatlúxja | they are putting their foot in their mouth
√tlooxʼ (verb root) crawl; drag | crawl on hands and toes with body close to ground; drag self with hands and body on the ground
{na preverb} + S-∅-√tlóoxʼ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – ejective) creep | for S to creep, crawl on hands and toes with body close to ground (usually when stalking game) | chookán tóoxʼ yaa nx̱atlúxʼ → i am creeping forward through the grass on hands and toes, keeping real low (SN) • has gug̱atlóoxʼ → they all are going to creep along (stalking game) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} natlóoxʼ! | crawl ____ on your belly!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo eetlúxʼguḵ! | donʼt crawl ____ on your belly!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa natlúxʼ | they are crawling ____ on their belly
• perfective (+): {na preverb} wootlóoxʼ | they crawled ____ on their/itʼs belly
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wutlóoxʼ | they didnʼt crawl ____ on their belly
• future (+): {na preverb} kg̱watlóoxʼ | they will crawl ____ on their/its belly
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} kg̱watlóoxʼ | they wonʼt crawl ____ on their belly
√tlʼáakʼ (verb root) wet
O-d+∅-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective) wet | for O to be wet (may be thoroughly wet, but not by actual immersion) | gán wuditlʼákʼ → the firewood is wet (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: idatlʼákʼ! | get wet!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl idatlʼákʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt get wet!
• progressive imperfective: yaa ndatlʼákʼ | they are getting wet
• perfective (+): wuditlʼákʼ | they got wet; they are wet
• perfective (–): tlél wudatlʼáakʼ | they didnʼt get wet; they arenʼt wet
• future (+): gux̱datlʼáakʼ | they will get wet
• future (–): tlél gux̱datlʼáakʼ | they wonʼt get wet
O-ka-d+∅-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective) wet | for O to be wet on the surface (may be thoroughly wet, but not by actual immersion) | ax̱ waḵdáanayi kawditlʼákʼ → my glasses are wet (steamed up) (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kandatlʼákʼ | it is getting wet
• perfective (+): kawditlʼákʼ | it got wet; it is wet
• perfective (–): tlél kawdatlʼáakʼ | it didnʼt get wet; it isnʼt wet
• future (+): kagux̱datlʼáakʼ | it will get wet
• future (–): tlél kagux̱datlʼáakʼ | it wonʼt get wet
O-S-l-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) wet | for S to wet, make wet by pouring on or immersion | tʼáa ká awlitlʼákʼ → they wet the floor (with water) (SN)
• imperative: latlʼákʼ! | wet it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eelatlʼákʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt wet it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa naltlʼákʼ | they are wetting it
• perfective (+): awlitlʼákʼ | they wet it
• perfective (–): tlél awultlʼáakʼ | they didnʼt wet it
• future (+): agux̱latlʼáakʼ | they will wet it
• future (–): tlél agux̱latlʼáakʼ | they wonʼt wet it
O-ka-S-l-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) wet | for S to wet, make wet by sprinkling | tʼáa ká awlitlʼákʼ → they wet the floor (with water) (SN)
• imperative: kalatlʼákʼ! | wet it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keelatlʼákʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt wet it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanaltlʼákʼ | they are wetting it
• perfective (+): akawlitlʼákʼ | they wet it
• perfective (–): tlél akawultlʼáakʼ | they didnʼt wet it
• future (+): akagux̱latlʼáakʼ | they will wet it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱latlʼáakʼ | they wonʼt wet it
ḵu-ka-l-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective) wet | for the outdoors to be wet | ḵukawlitlʼákʼ → all over the woods (all the vegetation) is wet (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yaa ḵukanaltlʼákʼ | the outdoors is getting wet
• perfective (+): ḵukawlitlʼákʼ | the outdoors got wet; the outdoors is wet
• perfective (–): tlél ḵukawultlʼáakʼ | the outdoors didnʼt get wet; the outdoors isnʼt wet
• future (+): ḵukagux̱latlʼáakʼ | the outdoors will be wet
• future (–): tlél ḵukagux̱latlʼáakʼ | the outdoors wonʼt be wet
√tlʼeikw ¹ (verb root) dodge
√tlʼeikw ² (verb root) eat ¹; raw | eat beach seafoods raw
√tlʼeil (verb root) • variants: √tlʼeiláḵw • milt; remove; gut | remove milt/eggs and guts from fish | classification: fish
√tlʼein (verb root) shabby
√tlʼeitʼ (verb root) climb; cling to
N + daax̱ + kei + S-d+l-√tlʼéitʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – ejective) climb | for S to climb up along N (tree, rope, etc.) by holding on tightly (often to branches or projecting rocks/plants) | aas daax̱ kei wdlitlʼétʼ → they climbed the tree (holding on around it) (SN) • shaa yadaax̱ kei naltlʼétʼ → they are climbing a steep part of the mountain (holding on and pulling self up) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a daax̱ kei eeltlʼéitʼ! | climb up it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a daax̱ kei eeltlʼétʼjiḵ! | donʼt climb up it!
• progressive imperfective: a daax̱ kei naltlʼétʼ | they are climbing up it
• perfective (+): a daax̱ kei wdlitlʼétʼ | they climbed up it
• perfective (–): tlél a daax̱ kei wultlʼéitʼ | they didnʼt climb up it
• future (+): a daax̱ kei kg̱waltlʼéitʼ | they will climb up it
• future (–): tlél a daax̱ kei kg̱waltlʼéitʼ | they wonʼt climb up it
N + yáx̱ + S-d+l-√tlʼéitʼ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – ejective) climb | for S to climb up along the face of N (mountain, cliff, fence, etc.) | (KE)
• imperative: a yáx̱ geeltlʼéitʼ! | climb the face of it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a yáx̱ kei eeltlʼétʼjiḵ! | donʼt climb the face of it!
• progressive imperfective: a yáx̱ kei naltlʼétʼ | they are climbing the face of it
• perfective (+): a yáx̱ wudlitlʼéitʼ | they climbed the face of it
• perfective (–): tlél a yáx̱ wultlʼéitʼ | they didnʼt climb the face of it
• future (+): a yáx̱ gug̱altlʼéitʼ | they will climb the face of it
• future (–): tlél a yáx̱ gug̱altlʼéitʼ | they wonʼt climb the face of it
√tlʼéiláḵw (verb root) • variants: √tlʼeil • milt; remove; gut | remove milt/eggs and guts from fish | classification: fish
√tlʼeekʼát ˟ (verb root) stiffen; thread ² | thread sticks through to stiffen
√tlʼeeḵ (verb root) pincer
√tlʼeen (verb root) tie; gather together | tie in bunch; gather cloth
√tlʼeet (verb root) abandon; leave; throw away; dispose of; divorce
O-S-l-√tlʼeet (na event verb – transitive – closed) abandon; desert; leave; throw away; dispose of; get rid of; divorce; fire ³ | for S to abandon, desert, leave O; for S to throw away, dispose of, get rid of O; for S to divorce O; for S to fire O (from a job) | ax̱ shát x̱at wulitlʼeet → my wife deserted me (SN) • dei x̱walitlʼeet → iʼve already thrown it away (SN) • ax̱ taayí x̱oo x̱latlʼéet → iʼm weeding my garden (JL) • (GD, KE)
• imperative: naltlʼeet! | get rid of it!
• prohibitive: líl yoo ilatlʼítgiḵ! | donʼt get rid of it!
• perfective (+): awlitlʼeet | they got rid of it
• perfective (–): tlél awultlʼeet | they didnʼt get rid of it
• future (+): agux̱latlʼéet | they will get rid of it
• future (–): tlél agux̱latlʼeet | they wonʼt get rid of it
N + jee-t⁓ + O-S-l-√tlʼeet (∅ – transitive – closed) turn over to | for S to turn O over to N | Deikeenaa jeet awlitlʼít → they turned it over to the Haida
√tlʼeetʼ (verb root) fill; full; overflow | classification: liquid
O-sha-S-l-√tlʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) fill; overflow | for S to fill O to overflowing (with liquid) | classification: liquid | shagax̱tootlʼéetʼ → weʼll fill it to overflowing (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: shalatlʼítʼ! | fill it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sheelatlʼítʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt fill it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa ashanaltlʼítʼ | they are filling it
• perfective (+): ashawlitlʼítʼ | they filled it
• perfective (–): tlél ashawultlʼéetʼ | they didnʼt fill it
• future (+): ashagux̱latlʼéetʼ | they will fill it
• future (–): tlél ashagux̱latlʼéetʼ | they wonʼt fill it
O-sha-∅-√tlʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) filled; full | for O to be full, be overflowing (with liquid) | classification: liquid | séew héeni shaawatlʼítʼ haa káasdi → our barrel is full to the brim of rain water (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yaa shanatlʼítʼ | they are getting full
• perfective (+): shaawatlʼítʼ | they are full
• perfective (–): tlél shawutlʼéetʼ | they arenʼt full
• future (+): shakg̱watlʼéetʼ | they will get full
• future (–): tlél shakg̱watlʼéetʼ | they wonʼt get full
√tlʼeex trash
O-d+l-√tlʼeex (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) dirty; trash | for O to be dirty, trashy | du yaagú yík wudlitlʼíx → their boat is trashy (SN)
• perfective (+): wudlitlʼíx | it is trashy
• perfective (–): tlél wultlʼeex | it isnʼt trashy
• future (+): gug̱altlʼéex | it will be trashy
• future (–): tlél gug̱altlʼeex | it wonʼt be trashy
√tlʼúnkw ˟ (verb root) mutter; grumble
√tlʼooḵ ¹ (verb root) rot ¹; decay
√tlʼooḵ ² (verb root) drip ¹ | drip slowly
√tlʼoon (verb root) close ¹ | eyes closed
√tsaa (verb root) belch; burp | belch | from the noun tsaa (seal)
a-S-d+l-√tsaa ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) burp; belch | for S to burp, belch | ax̱wdlitsaa → i belched (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: (góok) aneeltsá! | (go ahead) burp!
• prohibitive: líl eeltsaayíḵ! | donʼt burp!
• imperfective (+): altsáa | they are burping; they burps
• imperfective (–): tlél ooltsaa | they arenʼt burping; they donʼt burp
• perfective (+): awdlitsaa | they burped
• perfective (–): tlél awultsaa | they didnʼt burp
• future (+): akg̱waltsáa | they are going to burp
• future (–): tlél akg̱waltsaa | they arenʼt going to burp
√tsaakw (verb root) last ¹ | last a long time
O-∅-√tsáakw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) last ¹; durable | for O to last a long time, be durable (esp. of clothing, machinery, etc.) | dleew kát x̱alatínich áwé, wootsáakw → because i took good care of it, it lasted a long time (SN) • ax̱ kinaak.ádi tlél utsáakw → my coat is not durable (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yatsáakw | they lasts a long time
• imperfective (–): tlél utsáakw | they donʼt last a long time
• perfective (+): wootsáakw | they lasted a long time
• perfective (–): tlél wutsáakw | they didnʼt last a long time
• future (+): kei kg̱watsáakw | they will last a long time
• future (–): tlél kei kg̱watsáakw | they wonʼt last a long time
O-S-l-√tsáakw ˟ (g̱a state verb – transitive – invariable) save; keep; store ¹ | for S to keep, save, store up O (usually food for winter or for special occasion) | this verb was documented as ga-conj by Story & Naish, as shown in the example here, but other speakers confirmed it as g̱a-conj | wududlitsáakw chál káxʼ → it was kept it in the cellar (for about six months) (SN) • gax̱tulatsáagu, wé haa x̱ooní haat ḵuwuteeni yís → letʼs save it for when our friend comes (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: g̱alatsáakw! | save it!
• imperfective (+): alitsáakw | they are saving it
• imperfective (–): tlél ooltsáakw | they are not saving it
• perfective (+): awlitsáakw | they saved it
• perfective (–): tlél awultsáakw | they didnʼt save it
• future (+): yei agux̱latsáakw | they are going to save it
• future (–): tlél yei kḵwalatsáakw | they arenʼt going to save it
√tsaaḵ (verb root) poke; stick out; extend; prick; launch | classification: singular | plural form: √tsoow
daak + O-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pole ²; push | for S to pole, push O (canoe, boat) out away from the beach with a pole | (KE)
• imperative: daak latsaaḵ! | push the boat out (with a pole)!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl daak ilatsáḵjiḵ! | donʼt push the boat out (with a pole)!
• progressive imperfective: daak analstáḵ | they are pushing the boat out (with a pole)
• perfective (+): daak awlitsáḵ | they pushed the boat out (with a pole); they are pushing the boat out (with a pole)
• perfective (–): tlél daak awultsaaḵ | they didnʼt push the boat out (with a pole)
• future (+): daak agux̱latsáaḵ | they will push the boat out (with a pole)
• future (–): tlél daak agux̱latsaaḵ | they wonʼt push the boat out (with a pole)
kei + ji-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive | classification: singular raise ¹ | for (singular) S to raise the hand (in voting, etc.) | kei jilatsaaḵ i saayí wdusaayí → raise your hand when they all call your name (KE)
• imperative: kei jilatsaaḵ! | raise your hand!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei jeelatsáḵjiḵ! | donʼt raise your hand!
• progressive imperfective: kei jinaltsáḵ | they are raising a hand (slowly)
• perfective (+): kei jiwlitsáḵ | they raised a hand
• perfective (–): tlél kei jiwultsaaḵ | they didnʼt raise a hand
• future (+): kei jigux̱latsáaḵ | they will raise a hand
• future (–): tlél kei jigux̱latsaaḵ | they wonʼt raise a hand
| plural form: √tsoow(N + g̱áa) + daak + ji-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) reach ¹ | for S to reach a hand out (for N) | (KE)
• imperative: daak jeelatsaaḵ! | reach your hand out!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl daak jeelatsáḵjiḵ! | donʼt reach your hand out!
• progressive imperfective: daak jinalstáḵ | they are reaching their hand out
• perfective (+): daak jiwlitsáḵ | they reached their hand out
• perfective (–): tlél daak jiwultsaaḵ | they didnʼt reach their hand out
• future (+): daak jigux̱latsáaḵ | they will reach their hand out
• future (–): tlél daak jigux̱latsaaḵ | they wonʼt reach their hand out
náakw + N + tóo-de + S-d+l-√tsaaḵ (? event verb – subject intransitive inject; medicine | for N to get a shot (of medicine through a needle) | náakw du toodé kawdudlitsaaḵ → they got a shot (GD) • (KE)
• imperative: náakw du tóode kanaltsaaḵ! | inject medicine into them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl náakw du tóode yoo keelatsáḵgiḵ! | donʼt inject medicine into them!
• perfective (+): náakw du tóode akawlitsaaḵ | they injected medicine into them
• perfective (–): tlél náakw du tóode akawultsaaḵ | they didnʼt inject medicine into them
• future (+): náakw du tóode akagux̱latsáaḵ | they will inject medicine into them
• future (–): tlél náakw du tóode akagux̱latsaaḵ | they wonʼt inject medicine into them
O-shu-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) plug in | for S to plug in O (electrical cord) | sʼeenáa kaxéesʼi át shulatsáḵ! → plug in the light cord there! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át shulatsáḵ | plug it in!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ sheelatsaag̱íḵ! | donʼt plug it in!
• perfective (+): át ashoowlitsáḵ | they plugged it in
• perfective (–): tlél át ashoowultsaaḵ | they didnʼt plug it in
• future (+): aadé ashugux̱latsáaḵ | they will plug it in
• future (–): tlél aadé ashugux̱latsaaḵ | they wonʼt plug it in
N + kʼéenáx̱ + O-ÿa-u-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) thread ² | for S to thread N (needle) | Story & Naish documented this verb with a ka- (comparitive) prefix (O-ya-ka-u-S-l-√tsaaḵ), but other speakers use it without the comparitive prefix; both options are acceptable | yáa tás, táaxʼálʼ kʼéenáx̱ yakax̱wlitsáḵ → i threaded this needle with this thread (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a kʼéenáx̱ wultsáḵ! | thread the needle!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a kʼéenáx̱ yaa ilatsáḵjiḵ! | donʼt thread the needle!
• perfective (+): a kʼéenáx̱ ayawlitsáḵ | they threaded the needle
• perfective (–): tlél a kʼéenáx̱ ayawultsaaḵ | they didnʼt thread the needle
• future (+): a kʼéenáx̱ ayagux̱latsáaḵ | s//he will thread the needle
• future (–): tlél a kʼéenáx̱ ayagux̱latsaaḵ | they wonʼt thread the needle
√tsaatl (verb root) stuck to; plastered
√tsaay (verb root) want; ask
√tseits (verb root) injury; hurt ¹
O-ka-S-∅-√tseits (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) injure; hurt ¹ | for S to injure, hurt O | (KE) • du toowú akaawatséts → they hurt their feelings
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keetsétsx̱íḵ! | donʼt injure them/it!
• perfective (+): akaawatséts | they injured them/it
• perfective (–): tlél akawutseits | they didnʼt injure them/it
• future (+): akakg̱watséits | they will injure them/it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱watseits | they wonʼt injure them/it
at ka-S-∅-√tseits (∅ event verb – subject intransitive injured; hurt ¹ | for S to get injured; for S to have hurt feelings | (GD, KE)
• prohibitive: líl at keetsétsx̱íḵ! | donʼt get injured!
• perfective (+): at kaawatséts | they got injured
• perfective (–): tlél at kawutseits | they didnʼt get injured
• future (+): at kakg̱watséits | they will get injured
• future (–): tlél at kakg̱watseits | they wonʼt get injured
√tseix̱ (verb root) • variants: √tseex̱ • kick; trample; pedal
O-S-∅-√tseix̱ (∅ act verb – transitive kick; stamp | for S to kick O; for S to stamp O, put foot down on O violently
• imperative: tséx̱! | kick it!
• imperative: {na preverb} sh kaneeltseix̱! | bike
• prohibitive: líl eetséx̱iḵ! | donʼt kick it!
• imperfective (+): atséx̱t | they are kicking it
• imperfective (–): tlél ootséx̱t | they are not kicking it
• perfective (+): aawatséx̱ | they kicked it
• perfective (–): tlél awutseix̱ | they didnʼt kick it
• future (+): akg̱watséix̱ | they will kick it
• future (–): tlél akg̱watseix̱ | they wonʼt kick it
{na preverb} + sh ka-S-d+l-√tseix̱ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) pedal; bicycle | for S to bicycle; for S to pedal | át sh kanaltséx̱ch → theyʼre (s) pedaling around; theyʼre (s) biking around; the (SN)
• imperative: {na preverb} sh kaneeltseix̱! | bike {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo sh keeltséx̱giḵ! | donʼt bike {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa sh kanaltséx̱ | they are biking {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} sh kawdlitseix̱ | they biked {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} sh kwultseix̱ | they didnʼt bike {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} sh kakg̱waltséix̱ | they will bike {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} sh kakg̱waltseix̱ | they wonʼt bike {____}
√tseek broil; barbecue ¹
O-S-l-√tseek (∅ act verb – transitive barbecue ¹; broil | for S to broil O slowly; for S to cook O directly over live coals; for S to barbecue O | (CV́C Hort/Pot) | (KE) • yaaw awlitsík → he broiled the herring (catching the broth in a clam shell and pouring it over) (SN)
• imperative: latsík! | barbecue it!
• prohibitive: líl ilatsíkx̱iḵ! | donʼt barbecue it!
• imperfective (+): altséek | they are barbecueing it; they barbecues it
• imperfective (–): tlél ooltseek | they donʼt barbecue it
• perfective (+): awlitsík | they barbecued it
• perfective (–): tlél awultseek | they didnʼt barbecue it
• future (+): agux̱latséek | they will barbecue it
• future (–): tlél agux̱latseek | they wonʼt barbecue it
√tseen ¹ (verb root) strong; value
O-l-√tseen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive strong; powerful | for O to be strong, powerful | latseendéin dulyéix̱ → they all are building it solidly/making it strong (SN) • yá óoxjaa shákdéi kei gux̱latseen → maybe this wind will get stronger (SN) • wulitseen du yóo x̱ʼatángi → his words were powerful (KE) • tlél ayáx̱ xat ultseen kax̱wataaní wé dúḵ → iʼm not strong enough to bend the cottonwood (KE)
• imperative: iklatseen! | be strong!
• prohibitive: líl eeltseeníḵ! | donʼt be strong!
• imperfective (+): litseen | they are strong
• imperfective (–): tlél ultseen | they are not strong
• progressive imperfective: kei naltseen | they are becoming strong
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél kei unaltseen | they are not gaining strength
• perfective (+): wulitseen | they became strong
• perfective (–): tlél wultseen | they didnʼt get strong
• future (+): kei gux̱latseen | they will be strong
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱latseen | they wonʼt be strong
tlél + O-l-√tseen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive weak; anemic; mild | for O to be weak; for O to be anemic; for O to be mild (of weather) | (KE) • ax̱ tláa tléil oolcheen → my mother is weak (not strong) (SN)
• imperfective (+): tlél ultseen / tlél ulcheen | they are weak
• imperfective (+): tlél kei unalcheen | they are getting weak
• perfective (+): tlél wultseen | they were weak
• future (+): tlél kei gux̱latseen | they will be weak
O-x̱ʼa-S-l-√tseen ˟ ¹ (ga act verb – transitive cherish; value | for S to cherish, value O | (CJ) • x̱ʼatulitseen → we cherish it (CJ, NR) • x̱ʼagaylatseen, yee yoo x̱ʼatángi áyá! → you all value it, this is your language! (KE)
• imperative: x̱ʼaklatseen! | value it!
• imperfective (+): ax̱ʼalitseen | they values them/it
• imperfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼeilcheen | they donʼt value them/it
• progressive imperfective: kei ax̱ʼanaltseen | they are starting to value them/it
• perfective (+): ax̱ʼawlitseen | they valued them/it
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼeiwulcheen | they didnʼt value them/it
• future (+): kei ax̱ʼagux̱latseen | they will value them/it
• future (–): tlél kei ax̱ʼagux̱latseen | they wonʼt value them/it
x̱ʼa-l-√tseen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal precious; expensive; high-priced | for something to be precious, of great value; for something to be expensive, high-priced | (KE) • wáa sá yee ée x̱ʼawlitseen? → how expensive was it for you all? (SN)
• imperfective (+): x̱ʼalitseen | itʼs expensive
• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼeiltseen | itʼs not expensive
• perfective (–): x̱ʼawlitseen | it got expensive
• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawultseen | it didnʼt get expensive
• future (+): kei x̱ʼagux̱latseen | it will be expensive
• future (–): tlél kei x̱ʼagux̱latseen | it wonʼt be expensive
√tseen ² (verb root) alive
√tsees (verb root) float ¹; bob
√tseex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √tseix̱ʼ • strangle
√tsoow (verb root) poke; stick out; extend; prick; launch | classification: plural | singular form: √tsaaḵ
g̱agaan + N-t⁓ + x̱ʼus + ∅-√tsóow ˟ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – invariable) sun; shine | for the sun rays to shine on N | ḵúnáx̱ g̱agaan át x̱ʼus utsóowji yé áwé → thatʼs where the sun rays shine (KE)
• perfective (+): g̱agaan át x̱ʼus uwatsóow | sun rays shone on it; sun rays are shining on it
• perfective (–): g̱agaan tlél át x̱ʼus wutsóow | sun rays didnʼt shine on it; sun rays arenʼt shining on it
• future (+): g̱agaan aadé x̱ʼus gug̱watsóow | sun rays will shine on it
• future (–): g̱agaan tlél aadé x̱ʼus gug̱watsóow | sun rays wonʼt shine on it
kei + ji-S-l-√tsoow (∅ raise ¹ | for (plural) S to raise the hand (in voting, etc.) | classification: plural | (KE)
• imperative: kei jiylatsóow! | you all raise your hand!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei jiylatsóowjiḵ! | donʼt you all raise your hand!
• perfective (+): kei (ha)s jiwlitsóow | they all raised them allʼs hands
• perfective (–): tlél kei (ha)s jiwultsóow | they all didnʼt raise them allʼs hands
• future (+): kei (ha)s jigux̱latsóow | they all will raise them allʼs hands
• future (–): tlél kei (ha)s jigux̱latsóow | they all wonʼt raise them allʼs hands
√tsoox̱ (verb root) dam; obstruct
√tsoox̱ʼ (verb root) destring; come off | come off string
√tsʼaa (verb root) fragrant; sweet-smelling
O-l-√tsʼáa ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) fragrant; sweet-smelling | for O to be fragrant, sweet-smelling | táakw eetí ḵúnáx̱ latsʼáa noojéen tléiḵw → the berry bushes used to be real fragrant in spring (SN) • ḵʼeikaxwéin áa ka.éix̱: tlax̱ wáa sáyú litsʼáa → flowers grow there: how fragrant it is / how sweet it smells (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): litsʼáa | they are fragrant
• imperfective (–): tlél ultsʼáa | they arenʼt fragrant
• progressive imperfective: kei naltsʼéin | itʼs starting to smell good
• perfective (+): wulitsʼáa | they were fragrant
• perfective (–): tlél wultsʼáa | they werenʼt fragrant
• future (+): kei gux̱latsʼáa | they will be fragrant
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱latsʼáa | they wonʼt be fragrant
√tsʼaal (verb root) drip ¹
√tsʼaan (verb root) shallow
√tsʼein (verb root) • variants: √tsʼaan • stop | cause to stop
yan⁓ + S-d+∅-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive stop | for S to stop (doing something); for S to stop running (of machine) | the negative form of this verb seems to have a different meaning, so it is listed as a separate verb here | (JL)
• imperative: yan idatsʼán! | stop (doing it)!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ idatsʼáaniḵ! | donʼt stop (doing it)!
• progressive imperfective: yánde ndatsʼán | they are starting to stop (doing it)
• perfective (+): yan wuditsʼán | they stopped (doing it)
• perfective (–): tlél yan wudatsʼáan | they didnʼt stop (doing it)
• future (+): yánde gux̱datsʼáan | they will stop (doing it)
• future (–): tlél yánde gux̱datsʼáan | they wonʼt stop (doing it)
yan⁓ + O-S-l-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – transitive leave alone; stop | for S to leave O alone; for S to stop bothering O | (GD, KE) • yan has x̱walitsʼén → i leave them all alone / i donʼt bother them all (SN) • chʼa yan x̱at latsʼén! → just leave me alone! (SN)
• imperative: yan latsʼén! | leave them/it alone!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ ilatsʼéiniḵ! | donʼt leave them/it alone!
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa analtsʼén | they are leaving them/it alone
• perfective (+): yan awlitsʼén | they left them/it alone
• perfective (–): tlél yan awultsʼéin | they didnʼt leave them/it alone
• future (+): yánde agux̱latsʼéin | they will leave them/it alone
• future (–): tlél yánde agux̱latsʼéin | they wonʼt leave them/it alone
yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive stop talking; quieten down | for S to quieten down, stop talking | (GD; KE) • dei g̱áa yaa nateen: yax̱ x̱ʼakawditsʼén → heʼs getting better, so heʼs quietened down (stopped groaning) (SN)
• imperative: yan x̱ʼeedatsʼán! | quieten down!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ x̱ʼeedatsʼáaniḵ! | donʼt quieten down!
• progressive imperfective: yánde x̱ʼandatsʼán | they are starting to quieten down
• perfective (+): yan x̱ʼawditsʼán | they quietened down
• perfective (–): tlél yan x̱ʼawdatsʼáan | they didnʼt quieten down
• future (+): yánde x̱ʼagux̱datsʼáan | they will quieten down
• future (–): tlél yánde x̱ʼagux̱datsʼáan | they wonʼt quieten down
yan⁓ + O-x̱ʼa-ka-S-l-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – transitive quieten; stop talking | for S to quieten O; for S to cause O to stop talking | (GD, KE)
• imperative: yan x̱ʼalatsʼán! | quieten them!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ x̱ʼeelatsʼáaniḵ! | donʼt quieten them!
• progressive imperfective: yánde ax̱ʼanaltsʼán | they are starting to quieten them
• perfective (+): yan ax̱ʼawlitsʼán | they quietened them
• perfective (–): tlél yan ax̱ʼawultsʼáan | they didnʼt quieten them
• future (+): yánde ax̱ʼagux̱latsʼáan | they will quieten them
• future (–): tlél yánde ax̱ʼagux̱latsʼáan | they wonʼt quieten them
tlél yax̱⁓ + S-d+∅-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive mischievous; active | for S to be mischievous, be crazy, play practical jokes; for O to stop running (of machine) | the negative form of this verb seems to have a different meaning, so it is listed as a separate verb here | (JL) • tlél yax̱ udatsʼéin; tlákw at daa yéi jiné → they are always on the go; they are always working (SN)
• repetitive imperfective (–): | they are always active; they are mischievous tlél yax̱ udatsʼéin
√tsʼeitʼ (verb root) cut ¹; skin ² | cut fat or skin from a seal | classification: seal
O-S-∅-√tsʼéitʼ (na act verb – transitive – ejective) skin ²; cut ¹; operate | for S to skin, flay O; for S to operate on, cut carefully (using small strokes) | tsaa x̱atsʼéitʼ → iʼm skinning a hair seal carefully (to obtain hide) (SN) • yáa yakyee gax̱tudatsʼéitʼ → weʼre going to be skinning this afternoon (SN) • ḵaa waaḵ shagáalʼi yoo duwatsʼétʼk → a cataract is removed by careful cutting (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: natsʼéitʼ! | skin it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo eetsʼéitʼgiḵ! | donʼt skin it!
• imperfective (+): atsʼéitʼ | they are skinning it
• imperfective (–): tlél ootsʼéitʼ | they are not skinning it
• progressive imperfective: yaa anatsʼéitʼ | they are starting to skin it
• perfective (+): aawatsʼéitʼ | they skinned it
• perfective (–): tlél awutsʼéitʼ | they didnʼt skin it
• future (+): akg̱watsʼéitʼ | they will skin it
• future (–): tlél akg̱watsʼéitʼ | they wonʼt skin it
√tsʼeix̱ (verb root) indulge; taste | have a taste for
√tsʼixwaa (verb root) • variants: √tsʼixaa • sneeze
a-S-d+l-√tsʼíxaa ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) sneeze | for S to sneeze | aatlein ax̱altsʼíxaa → iʼm sneezing a lot (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: (góok) aneeltsʼíxaa! | (go ahead) sneeze!
• prohibitive: líl eeltsʼíxaaḵ! | donʼt sneeze!
• imperfective (+): altsʼíxaa | they are sneezing; they sneezes
• imperfective (–): tlél ooltsʼíxaa | they arenʼt sneezing; they donʼt sneeze
• perfective (+): awdlitsʼíxaa | they sneezed
• perfective (–): tlél awultsʼíxaa | they didnʼt sneeze
• future (+): akg̱waltsʼíxaa | they are going to sneeze
• future (–): tlél akg̱waltsʼíxaa | they arenʼt going to sneeze
√tsʼígwaa ˟ (verb root) sensitive subject; delicate matter
√tsʼeek (verb root) fuss; whine; tantrum
O-S-l-√tsʼeek (∅ – transitive – closed) fuss; whine; tantrum | for S to fuss about, whine for, throw a tantrum for O | yaakw yíkde at wulitsʼík → theyʼre whining and fussing to go on the boat • tlax̱ ḵúnáx̱ áwé altsʼeek du jín → they are really making a huge fuss about their hand (they donʼt want anyone to touch it or put medicine on it) (SN)
• imperfective (+): altsʼeek | they are making a fuss about it
• perfective (+): awlitsʼík | they made a fuss about it
• perfective (–): tlél awultsʼeek | they didnʼt make a fuss about it
• future (+): agux̱latsʼéek | they will make a fuss about it
• future (–): tlél agux̱latsʼeek | they wonʼt make a fuss about it
√tsʼeekʼw (verb root) • variants: √tsʼeekʼ • pinch | pinch with fingernails
O-S-∅-√tsʼíkʼt ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) pinch | for S to pinch O | this verb can be used to say ʼpick noseʼ by adding ʼdu lúʼ or ʼdu lutúʼ to the verb phrase, as in: du lutú atsʼíkʼt (they are picking their nose) | a daa altsʼíkʼt → sheʼs pinching him all over (SN) • natsʼíkʼt ax̱ yáaxʼ! → pinch him back for me! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: natsʼíkʼt! | keep pinching them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eetsʼíkʼdiḵ! | donʼt keep pinching them!
• imperfective (+): atsʼíkʼt | they keeps pinching them
• perfective (+): aawatsʼíkʼt | they kept pinching them
• perfective (–): tlél awutsʼíkʼt | they didnʼt keep pinching them
• future (+): akg̱watsʼíkʼt | they will keep pinching them
• future (–): tlél akg̱watsʼíkʼt | they wonʼt keep pinching them
O-ka-S-∅-√tsʼéekʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) pick ¹ | for S to pick at O | this verb can be used to say ʼpick noseʼ by adding ʼdu lúʼ or ʼdu lutúʼ to the verb phrase | (KE)
• imperative: katsʼíkʼ! | pick at it!
• prohibitive: líl keetsʼéekʼiḵ! | donʼt pick at it!
• imperfective (+): akatsʼéekʼ | they are picking at it
• imperfective (–): tlél akootsʼéekʼ | they arenʼt picking at it
• perfective (+): akaawatsʼíkʼ | they picked at it
• perfective (–): tlél akawutsʼéekʼ | they didnʼt pick at it
• future (+): akakg̱watsʼéekʼ | they will pick at it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱watsʼéekʼ | they wonʼt pick at it
O-S-l-√tsʼéekʼ (ga act verb – transitive – ejective) pinch | for s to pinch o with fingernails | du dlaakʼ tlákw altsʼéekʼw nooch → he was always pinching his sister (spitefully) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: galatsʼéekʼ! | pinch them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei ilatsʼíkʼjiḵ! | donʼt pinch them!
• imperfective (+): altsʼéekʼ | they are pinching them
• imperfective (–): tlél ooltsʼéekʼ | they arenʼt pinching them
• progressive imperfective: kei analtsʼíkʼ | they are pinching them continuously
• perfective (+): awlitsʼéekʼ | they pinched them
• perfective (–): tlél awultsʼéekʼ | they didnʼt pinch them
• future (+): kei agux̱latsʼéekʼ | they will pinch them
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱latsʼéekʼ | they wonʼt pinch them
√tsʼeetʼ (verb root) fill; full | classification: liquid
O-sha-∅-√tsʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) filled; full | for O to be full (with liquid) | classification: liquid | ḵʼateil shaawatsʼítʼ → the pitcher is full (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yaa shanatsʼítʼ | they are getting full
• perfective (+): shaawatsʼítʼ | they are full
• perfective (–): tlél shawutsʼéetʼ | they arenʼt full
• future (+): shakg̱watsʼéetʼ | they will get full
• future (–): tlél shakg̱watsʼéetʼ | they wonʼt get full
O-sha-S-l-√tsʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) fill | for S to fill O (with liquid) | classification: liquid | wé xʼeesháa héench shalatsʼítʼ! → fill that bucket with water! (SN)
• imperative: shalatsʼítʼ! | fill it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sheelatsʼítʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt fill it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa ashanaltsʼítʼ | they are filling it
• perfective (+): ashawlitsʼítʼ | they filled it
• perfective (–): tlél ashawultsʼéetʼ | they didnʼt fill it
• future (+): ashagux̱latsʼéetʼ | they will fill it
• future (–): tlél ashagux̱latsʼéetʼ | they wonʼt fill it
√tsʼoon (verb root) squint
√tsʼoot (verb root) pucker; close ¹ | press closed
√tsʼootsʼ (verb root) nibble; tug | fish to nibble or tug line
√tsʼoox̱ (verb root) budge; move ¹ | move slightly
O-S-l-√tsoox̱ (∅ act verb – transitive budge; move ¹ | for S to cause O to budge, move slightly | chʼa x̱wakitsʼúx̱ → i moved it a just a tiny bit (even though exerting all my strength) • líl g̱unayéi eelatsʼúx̱úḵ! tlax̱ a yáanáx̱ shaawatsʼítʼ → donʼt move it the slightest bit! itʼs too full (of liquid) (SN)
• imperative: latsʼúx̱! | move it a bit!
• prohibitive: líl eelatsʼúx̱úḵ! | donʼt move it one bit!
• imperfective (+): altsʼúx̱t | they are moving it a bit
• imperfective (–): tlél ooltsʼúx̱x̱ | they arenʼt moving it a bit
• perfective (+): awlitsʼúx̱ | they moved it a bit
• perfective (–): tlél awultsʼoox̱ | they didnʼt move it one bit
• future (+): agux̱latsʼóox̱ | they will move it a bit
• future (–): tlél agux̱latsʼoox̱ | they wonʼt move it one bit
√oo ¹ wear; dress ¹; put in place; use
O-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – fading) own; possess; have | for S to own, possess, have O | tlákw keitl has aya.óo → they all always own a dog (SN) • tléil ágé yaakw ee.oo? → donʼt you own a boat? (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): aya.óo | they owns it
• imperfective (–): tlél oo.oo | they donʼt own it
• future (+): akg̱wa.óo | they will own it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wa.oo | they wonʼt own it
atkʼátskʼu / yát(kʼ) + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na event verb – transitive birth; pregnant | for S to have O (baby); be pregnant with O (baby) | « atkʼátskʼu, » « yát, » or « yátkʼ » are interchangeable and do not affect meaning • using « atyátxʼi » (children) changes the meaning to having children in general | (GD, LA, KE)
• imperative: (tsu) atkʼátskʼu na.oo! | have (another) baby!
• prohibitive: líl atkʼátskʼu yoo ee.eigíḵ! | donʼt have a baby!
• perfective (+): atkʼátskʼu aawa.oo | she had a baby
• perfective (–): tlél atkʼátskʼu awu.oo | they didnʼt have a baby
• future (+): atkʼátskʼu akg̱wa.oo | sheʼs going to have a baby
• future (–): tlél atkʼátskʼu akg̱wa.oo | sheʼs not going to have a baby
yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive wear; use; dress ¹ | for S to wear, put on, dress in O; for S to use O | (KE)
• imperative: yéi na.oo! | wear it!
• prohibitive: líl yéi ee.oowúḵ! | donʼt wear it!
• imperfective (+): yéi aya.óo | they are wearing it
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi oo.oo | they arenʼt wearing it
• perfective (+): yéi aawa.oo | they wore it
• perfective (–): tlél yéi awu.oo | they didnʼt wear it
• future (+): yéi akg̱wa.óo | they will wear it
• future (–): tlél yéi akg̱wa.oo | they wonʼt wear it
chʼa + aadé + yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na event verb – transitive forgive; excuse | for S to forgive, excuse O | this phrase is not a substitution for "excuse me" in English, which can signal many different things, but functions similar to the English phrase "forgive me!" | chʼa aadéi yéi haa na.oo! → forgive us! (SN)
• imperative: chʼa aadé yéi na.oo! | forgive them!
• prohibitive: líl chʼa aadé yéi yi.oowúḵ! | donʼt forgive them!
• progressive imperfective: chʼa aadé yéi yaa ana.ein | they are starting to forgive them
• perfective (+): chʼa aadé yéi aawa.oo | they forgave them
• perfective (–): tlél chʼa aadé yéi awu.oo | they didnʼt forgive them
• future (+): chʼa aadé yéi akg̱wa.oo | they will forgive them
• future (–): tlél chʼa aadé yéi akg̱wa.oo | they wonʼt forgive them
N-xʼ + yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na event verb – object intransitive put; leave | for S to put (plural) O at N; for S to leave (plural) O at N | classification: plural objects • classification: several objects and often a variety of things | (KE) • ḵʼwátl ká yéi na.oo! → put them all in the pot! (SN) • gáaxw x̱ʼwáalʼi shayeit tóoxʼ yéi gax̱too.oo → we are going to put down feathers in the pillow (SN)
• imperative: áa yéi na.oo! | put them all there!
• prohibitive: líl áa yéi yi.eix̱íḵ! | donʼt you all put them all there!
• perfective (+): áa yéi aawa.oo | they put them all there
• perfective (–): tlél áa yéi awu.oo | they didnʼt put them all there
• future (+): áa yéi akg̱wa.oo | they will put them all there
• future (–): tlél áa yéi akg̱wa.oo | they wonʼt put them all there
N + toowú + x̱ʼool + yáx̱ + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na state verb – transitive – invariable) frustrate | for S to frustrate N
• imperative: du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ na.oo! | frustrate them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ yoo ee.eigíḵ! | donʼt frustrate them!
• imperfective (+): du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ aya.óo | they frustrates them
• imperfective (–): tlél du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ u.oo | they donʼt frustrate them
• progressive imperfective: du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ yaa ana.ein | they are starting to frustrate them
• perfective (+): du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ aawa.oo | they frustrated them
• perfective (–): tlél du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ awu.oo | they didnʼt frustrate them
• future (+): du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ akg̱wa.oo | they will frustrate them
• future (–): tlél du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ akg̱wa.oo | they wonʼt frustrate them
xʼáan + a-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na – subject intransitive – invariable) angry; mean | for S to be angry, mean | cv́v imperfective
• imperative: (góok) xʼáan ana.oo! | (go ahead) get angry!
• prohibitive: líl xʼáan ee.oowúḵ! | donʼt get angry!
• imperfective (+): xʼáan aya.óo | they are angry; they are an angry person
• imperfective (–): tlél xʼáan oo.oo | they are not angry
• perfective (+): xʼáan aawa.oo | they got angry; they are an angry person
• perfective (–): tlél xʼáan awu.oo | they didnʼt get angry
• future (+): xʼáan kei akg̱wa.oo | they will get angry
• future (–): tlél xʼáan kei akg̱wa.oo | they wonʼt get angry
N + náa + yéi + sha-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) dress ¹ | for S to dress N | a daa yéi sha.úx̱xʼ → sheʼs dressing her (a child, esp. for a special occasion) (SN) • i sée daa yéi shana.oo! → dress your doll (and make her look pretty)! (SN)
• imperative: du náa yéi shana.oo! | dress them/it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du náa yéi shee.oox̱úḵ! | donʼt dress them/it!
• imperfective (+): du náa yéi sha.úx̱xʼ | they are dressing them/it
• perfective (+): du náa yéi shaawa.oo | they dressed them/it
• perfective (–): tlél du náa yéi shawu.oo | they didnʼt dress them/it
• future (+): du náa yéi shakg̱wa.oo | they will dress them/it
• future (–): tlél du náa yéi shakg̱wa.oo | they wonʼt dress them/it
náa(xʼ) + yéi + sha-S-d+∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) dress ¹ | for S to get dressed | pronunciation of the « -xʼ » postposition is optional, with both náa and náaxʼ being acceptable | (KE)
• imperative: náa yéi sheenda.oo! | get dressed!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl náa yéi sheeda.oox̱úḵ! | donʼt get dressed!
• imperfective (+): náa yéi shada.úx̱xʼ | iʼm getting dressed
• perfective (+): náa yéi shawdi.oo | they got dressed
• perfective (–): tlél náa yéi shawda.oo | they didnʼt get dressed
• future (+): náa yéi shagux̱da.oo | they will get dressed
• future (–): tlél náa yéi shagux̱da.oo | they are not going to get dressed
√oo ² buy
O-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive buy | for S to buy O | (KE) • yanshukaadé gax̱tooḵóox̱; haa wóowu sákw gax̱too.oo → weʼre going out to camp, so we will buy food to take with us (SN) • tléil daa sá yoo ee.eigeeḵ! dei aa wtuwa.oo. → donʼt buy a thing! weʼve already bought some (SN)
• imperative: na.oo! | buy it!
• prohibitive: líl yoo ee.eigíḵ! | donʼt buy it!
• perfective (+): aawa.oo | they bought it
• perfective (–): tlél awu.oo | they didnʼt buy it
• future (+): akg̱wa.oo | they will buy it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wa.oo | they wonʼt buy it
O-ka-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ² (na event verb – transitive – invariable) buy | for S to buy O (usually round, spherical object) | koochʼéitʼaa akaawa.oo → he bought a ball (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kana.oo! | buy it!
• prohibitive: líl yoo kee.eigíḵ! | donʼt buy it!
• perfective (+): akaawa.oo | they bought it
• perfective (–): tlél akawu.oo | they didnʼt buy it
• future (+): akakg̱wa.oo | they will buy it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wa.oo | they wonʼt buy it
(N) + ḵu-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ² (na state verb – impersonal live at; own | for S to live, live at, dwell permanently (at N); for S to own property (at N) | use the suffix -xʼ to indicate living at a place, such as « Sheetʼkáxʼ ḵuya.óo » (they lives in sitka) | (KE) • du hídi yeexʼ chʼa tléináx̱ ḵoowa.óo → he lives alone in his house (SN) • woosh teen has ḵudi.óo → they all lived at the same time (SN)
• imperative: áa ḵuna.oo! | live there!
• prohibitive: líl áa ḵuyi.oowúḵ! | donʼt live there!
• imperfective (+): áa ḵuya.óo / áa ḵuwa.óo | they lives there
• imperfective (–): tlél áa ḵoo.oo | they donʼt live there
• perfective (+): áa ḵoowa.oo | they lived there
• perfective (–): tlél áa ḵuwu.oo | they didnʼt live there
• future (+): áa ḵukg̱wa.óo | they will live there
• future (–): tlél áa ḵukg̱wa.oo | they wonʼt live there
√ook ¹ (verb root) boil ¹
O-S-l-√.ook ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) boil ¹ | for S to boil O (esp. water) | héen aa la.úk! → boil the water! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: la.úk! | boil it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ila.úkx̱uḵ! | donʼt boil it!
• perfective (+): awli.úk | they boiled it
• perfective (–): tlél awul.ook | they didnʼt boil it
• future (+): agux̱la.óok | they will boil it
• future (–): tlél agux̱la.ook | they wonʼt boil it
d+l-√.óok ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) boil ¹ | for something to boil | tléil ul.úkch → it hasnʼt boiled yet (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa nal.úk | itʼs starting to boil
• perfective (+): wudli.úk | it boiled; itʼs boiling
• perfective (–): tlél wul.ook | it didnʼt boil; itʼs not boiling
• future (+): gug̱wal.óok | it will boil
• future (–): tlél gug̱wal.ook | it wonʼt boil
√ook ² (verb root) fill; overflow | classification: liquid
√ookʼ (verb root) play ¹; amuse self | play quietly
ḵu-S-d+s-√.ookʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive play ¹; amuse self | for S to play quietly; for S to entertain, amuse oneself | (GD, KE) • sée teen ḵunax̱toos.ookʼ! → letʼs play with dolls! (SN)
• imperative: ḵunees.ookʼ! | play quietly, amuse yourself!
• prohibitive: líl ḵees.ookʼúḵ (i sée teen)! | donʼt play (with your dolls)!
• imperfective (+): ḵus.ookʼ | they are playing quietly, amusing themself
• imperfective (–): tlél ḵoos.ookʼ | they arenʼt playing quietly, amusing themself
• progressive imperfective: yaa ḵunas.úkʼ | they are beginning to play quietly, amuse themself
• perfective (+): ḵoowdzi.ookʼ | they played quietly, amused themself
• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwus.ookʼ | they didnʼt play quietly, amuse themself
• future (+): ḵukg̱was.ookʼ | they will play quietly, amuse themself
• future (–): tlél ḵukg̱was.ookʼ | they wonʼt play quietly, amuse themself
x̱ʼa-S-d+s-√.ookʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive play ¹ | for S to play with food | (FS)
• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼees.ookʼúḵ! | donʼt play with your food!
• imperfective (+): x̱ʼas.ookʼ | they are playing with food
• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼeis.ookʼ | they arenʼt playing with food
• progressive imperfective: yaa x̱ʼanas.úkʼ | they are beginning to play with food
• perfective (+): x̱ʼeiwdzi.ookʼ | they played with food
• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawus.ookʼ | they didnʼt play with food
• future (+): x̱ʼakg̱was.ookʼ | they will play with food
• future (–): tlél x̱ʼakg̱was.ookʼ | they wonʼt play with food
√oon (verb root) shoot | shoot with firearm
O-S-∅-√.óon (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) shoot | for S to shoot O (with firearm) | dzískʼw x̱waa.ún → i shot a moose (SN) • sh wudi.ún → he shot himself (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: .ún! | shoot it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ee.únx̱uḵ! | donʼt shoot it!
• perfective (+): aawa.ún | they shot it
• perfective (–): tlél awu.óon | they didnʼt shoot it
• future (+): akg̱wa.óon | they will shoot it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wa.óon | they wonʼt shoot it
O-S-∅-√.únt ˟ (na act verb – transitive shoot | for S to shoot at O (with firearms) | (KE)
• imperative: na.únt! | shoot at it!
• imperfective (+): a.únt | they are shooting at it
• imperfective (–): tlél oo.únt | they arenʼt shooting at it
• future (+): akg̱wa.únt | they will shoot at it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wa.únt | they wonʼt shoot at it
√oos ¹ (verb root) pout; sulk
tu-S-d+∅-√.oos ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) pout; sulk; refuse | for S to pout, sulk, refuse to speak; for a machine to refuse to run | tudi.ús shakdéi → maybe heʼs sulking (SN) • du washéeni ash jeexʼ tudi.ús → his machine refused to work (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl tuyda.oosíḵ! | donʼt pout!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl teeda.úsx̱iḵ! | donʼt pout!
• progressive imperfective: yaa tunda.ús | they are starting to pout
• perfective (+): tuwdi.ús | they pouted; they are pouting
• perfective (–): tlél tuwda.ooS | they didnʼt pout; they arenʼt pouting
• future (+): tugux̱da.óos | they will pout
• future (–): tlél tugx̱da.oos | they wonʼt pout
√oos ² (verb root) hyperactive; wild; crazy; noisy
O-l-O-l-√.oos ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive crazy; lively; noisy; restless | for O to be crazy, lively, noisy, never still | has li.oos, has ash koolyádi → they all made lots of noise when they all played (SN) • ḵúnáx̱ li.oos → heʼs really crazy/lively (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ikla.oos! | be noisy!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ee.óosx̱uḵ! | donʼt be noisy!
• imperfective (+): li.oos | they are noisy
• imperfective (–): tlél ul.oos | they are not noisy
• perfective (+): wuli.oos | they were noisy
• perfective (–): tlél wul.oos | they werenʼt noisy
• future (+): kei gux̱la.oos | they will be noisy
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱la.oos | they wonʼt be noisy
O-ji-l-√.oos ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) meddle | for O to meddle, handle too much (esp. of small children touching otherʼs property) | ijili.oos → you are meddling (SN)
• imperative: líl ijeeil.oosíḵ! | donʼt be meddling!
• imperfective (+): jili.oos | they are meddling
• imperfective (–): tlél jil.oos | they arenʼt meddling
• progressive imperfective: kei jinal.oos | they are getting to be meddling
• perfective (+): jiwli.oos | they were meddling
• perfective (–): tlél jiwul.oos | they werenʼt meddling
• future (+): kei jigux̱la.oos | they will be meddling
• future (–): tlél kei jigux̱la.oos | they wonʼt be meddling
O-x̱ʼa-l-√.oos ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) talkative; talk; gossip; noisy | for O to be talkative, talk nonsense, be gossipy, or noisy | has x̱ʼali.oos → they all are talkative / talk all the time / talk nonsense (SN) • ḵaa x̱ʼala.oosí, gáant aawax̱ích → he talked improperly, so he was thrown out (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: líl ix̱ʼeil.oosíḵ! | donʼt be talking all the time!; donʼt be talking nonsense!
• imperfective (+): x̱ʼali.oos | they are talkative
• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼeil.oos | they arenʼt talkative
• progressive imperfective: kei x̱ʼanal.oos | they are getting to be talkative
• perfective (+): x̱ʼawli.oos | they became talkative
• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawul.oos | they didnʼt become talkative
• future (+): kei x̱ʼagux̱la.oos | they will be talkative
• future (–): tlél kei x̱ʼagux̱la.oos | they wonʼt be talkative
√oosʼ (verb root) wash ¹
O-S-∅-√.óosʼ (na act verb – transitive – ejective) wash ¹ | for S to wash O | yaakw yík na.óosʼ! → wash inside the boat! (SN) • naa.át áwé chʼa tlákw a.úsʼkw → sheʼs always washing clothes (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: na.óosʼ! | wash it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo ee.úsʼguḵ! | donʼt wash it!
• imperfective (+): a.úsʼk | they are washing it
• imperfective (–): tlél oo.úsʼk | they arenʼt washing it
• progressive imperfective: yaa ana.úsʼ | they are going along washing it
• perfective (+): aawa.óosʼ | they washed it
• perfective (–): tlél awu.óosʼ | they didnʼt wash it
• future (+): akg̱wa.óosʼ | they will wash it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wa.óosʼ | they wonʼt wash it
O-ka-S-∅-√.óosʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) wash ¹ | for S to wash O (usually surface of pot, table, etc.) | nadáakw kanaxtoo.óosʼ → letʼs wash the table
• imperative: kana.óosʼ! | wash it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo kee.óosʼguḵ! | donʼt wash it!
• imperfective (+): aka.úsʼk | they are washing it
• imperfective (–): tlél akoo.úsʼk | they are not washing it
• progressive imperfective: yaa akana.úsʼ | they are going along washing it
• perfective (+): akaawa.óosʼ | they washed it
• perfective (–): tlél akawu.óosʼ | they didnʼt wash it
daa + S-d+∅-√.óosʼ (na act verb – subject intransitive – ejective) wash ¹; bathe | for S to take a bath | (KE)
• imperative: daa nida.óosʼ! | take a bath!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo daa ida.úsʼgiḵ! | donʼt take a bath!
• imperfective (+): daa da.úsʼk | they are taking a bath
• perfective (+): daa wdi.óosʼ | they took a bath
• perfective (–): tlél daa wda.óosʼ | they didnʼt take a bath
• future (+): daa gux̱da.óosʼ | they will take a bath
• future (–): tlél daa gux̱da.óosʼ | they wonʼt take a bath
sha-S-d+∅-√.óosʼ (na act verb – subject intransitive – ejective) wash ¹ | for S to wash hair | tlél shax̱wda.óosʼ → i havenʼt washed my hair (yet) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: shinda.óosʼ! | wash your hair!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo sheeda.úsʼguḵ! | donʼt wash your hair!
• imperfective (+): shada.úsʼkw | they are washing their hair
• progressive imperfective: yaa shanda.úsʼ | they are starting to wash their hair
• perfective (+): shawdi.óosʼ | they washed their hair
• perfective (–): tlél shawda.óosʼ | they didnʼt wash their hair
• future (+): shagux̱da.óosʼ | they will wash their hair
• future (–): tlél shagux̱da.óosʼ | they wonʼt wash their hair
O-S-l-√.óosʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) wash ¹ | for S to wash O (often meat or feet) | dleey agux̱la.óosʼ → heʼs going to wash meat (SN) • ax̱ x̱ʼoos x̱ala.úsʼkw → iʼm washing my feet (SN)
• imperative: nal.óosʼ! | wash it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo ila.úsʼgiḵ! | donʼt wash it!
• imperfective (+): al.úsʼkw | they are washing it
• progressive imperfective: yaa anal.úsʼ | they are starting to wash it
• perfective (+): awli.óosʼ | they washed it
• perfective (–): tlél awul.óosʼ | they didnʼt wash it
• future (+): agux̱la.óosʼ | they are going to wash it
• future (–): tlél agux̱la.óosʼ | they arenʼt going to wash it
kwás + íxde + O-S-l-√.óosʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) flush ²; toilet | for S to flush O (a toilet) | (SaJ)
• imperative: kwás ixde nal.óosʼ! | flush the toilet!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: kwás íxde líl yoo ila.úsʼgiḵ! | donʼt flush the toilet!
• imperfective (+): kwás íxde al.úsʼkw | they are flushing the toilet
• progressive imperfective: kwás íxde yaa anal.úsʼ | they are starting to flush the toilet
• perfective (+): kwás íxde awli.óosʼ | they flushed the toilet
• perfective (–): kwás íxde tlél awul.óosʼ | they didnʼt flush the toilet
• future (+): kwás íxde agux̱la.óosʼ | they are going to flush the toilet
• future (–): kwás íx̱de tlél agux̱la.óosʼ | they arenʼt going to flush the toilet
√oosh (verb root) sulk
sh ḵʼa-S-d+l-√.oosh (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) sulk; refuse; puckered | for S to sulk, refuse to talk and have mouth puckered with bad feeling | cv́c hort/pot | daa sá yéi a daat sh ḵʼawdli.úsh? → what is he feeling so sad about, pouting and wonʼt talk? (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: (góok) sh ḵʼeel.úsh! | (go ahead) sulk!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh ḵʼeel.úshx̱iḵ! | donʼt sulk!
• progressive imperfective: yaa sh ḵʼanal.úsh | they are starting to sulk
• perfective (+): sh ḵʼawdli.úsh | they sulked; they are sulking
• perfective (–): tlél sh ḵʼawul.oosh | they didnʼt sulk; they arenʼt sulking
• future (+): sh ḵʼakg̱wal.óosh | they will sulk
• future (–): tlél sh ḵʼakg̱wal.oosh | they wonʼt sulk
√ootʼ (verb root) grasp; sucker
O-S-∅-√óotʼ (∅ – transitive – high) grasp; sucker | for S to grasp O with suckers | tlʼétlʼ té yá u.útʼch → a suckerfish fastens onto a rock and holds on by suction (SN) • (JL)
• imperfective (+): a.útʼt | it is grasping it/them by suckers
• perfective (+): aawa.útʼ | it grasped it with suckers
√ootl (verb root) boil ¹ | boil fish
O-S-sh-√.óotl (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) boil ¹ | for S to boil O (fish) | x̱áat awshi.útl → he boiled fish/salmon (SN) • cháasʼ dush.útlx̱ → people boil humpy salmon (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sha.útl! | boil it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl isha.útlx̱iḵ! | donʼt boil it!
• imperfective (+): ash.útlx̱ | they are boiling it
• progressive imperfective: yaa anash.útl | they are starting to boil it
• perfective (+): awshi.útl | they boiled it
• perfective (–): tlél awush.óotl | they didnʼt boil it
• future (+): agux̱sha.óotl | they will boil it
• future (–): tlél agux̱sha.óotl | they wonʼt boil it
√oox (verb root) blow
O-S-l-√.óox (ga act verb – transitive – high) blow | for S to blow on O | awli.óox áyá yáa ḵusax̱a ḵwáan kélʼtʼi → he blew the cannibalʼs ashes around (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: gala.óox! | blow on it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei ila.óoxjiḵ! | donʼt blow on it!
• imperfective (+): al.óox | they are blowing on it
• progressive imperfective: yaa anal.óox | they are blowing along on it
• perfective (+): awli.óox | they blew on it
• perfective (–): tlél awul.óox | they didnʼt blow on it
• future (+): kei agux̱la.óox | they will blow on it
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱la.óox | they wonʼt blow on it
O-ka-S-∅-√.oox (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) blow; inflate | for S to blow up, inflate O | tsaa yoowú kax̱waa.úx → i blew up a seal stomach. (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ka.úx! | blow it up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kee.úxx̱uḵ! | donʼt blow it up!
• imperfective (+): aka.úx | they are blowing it up
• imperfective (–): tlél akoo.úx | they arenʼt blowing it up
• perfective (+): akaawa.úx | they blew it up
• future (+): akakg̱wa.óox | they will blow it up
• future (–): tlél akawu.oox | they didnʼt blow it up
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wa.oox | they wonʼt blow it up
O-ÿa-ka-S-l-√.óox (ga event verb – transitive – high) blow | for S to blow O (light, candle, match, etc.) out | this verb appears to have a « ga » conjugation class version and a « ∅ » conjugation class version; the « ga » version is shown in these examples | a káx̱ ayakawli.óox → he blew them all out (candles on a birthday cake) (JL) • (KE)
• imperative: yakakla.óox! | blow it out!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei yakeela.óoxjiḵ! | donʼt blow it out!
• perfective (+): ayakawli.óox | they blew it out
• perfective (–): tlél ayakawul.óox | they didnʼt blow it out
• future (+): kei ayakagux̱la.óox | they will blow it out
• future (–): tlél kei ayakagux̱la.óox | they wonʼt blow it out
√waal (verb root) • variants: √wool • hole ²; outlet | have a hole; have an outlet
√waalʼ (verb root) break | classification: general objects, abstract objects
O-ka-S-∅-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) break | for S to break O (usually fairly fragile objects) | classification: fairly fragile objects | sʼíxʼ akaawawálʼ → they broke the plate (into many pieces) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kawálʼ! | break it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keewálʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt break it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanawálʼ | they are breaking it
• perfective (+): akaawawálʼ | they broke it
• perfective (–): tlél akawuwáalʼ | they didnʼt break it
• future (+): akakg̱wawáalʼ | they will break it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wawáalʼ | they wonʼt break it
ka-∅-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective) break | for something to break (usually fairly fragile objects) | classification: fairly fragile objects | kooxéedaa kaawawálʼ → the pencil is broken (crushed by something heavy, not snapped across) (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanawálʼ | itʼs starting to break
• perfective (+): kaawawálʼ | it broke; itʼs broken
• perfective (–): tlél kawuwáalʼ | it didnʼt break; itʼs not broken
• future (+): kakg̱wawáalʼ | it will break
• future (–): tlél kakg̱wawáalʼ | it wonʼt break
N + toowú + O-ka-S-l-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) break; hurt ¹ | for S to break Nʼs heart, hurt Nʼs feelings | (KE)
• imperative: du toowú kalawálʼ! | break their heart!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du toowú keelawálʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt break their heart!
• progressive imperfective: du toowú yaa akanalwálʼ | they are starting to break their heart
• perfective (+): du toowú akawliwálʼ | they broke their heart
• perfective (–): tlél du toowú akawulwáalʼ | they didnʼt break their heart
• future (+): du toowú akagux̱lawáalʼ | they will break their heart
• future (–): tlél du toowú akagux̱lawáalʼ | they wonʼt break their heart
N + toowú + ka-∅-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective) disappoint | for N to be disappointed (lit. for Nʼs mind to be broken) | ax̱ toowú kaawawálʼ → iʼm disappointed (NS) • (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl i toowú koowálʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt be disappointed!
• progressive imperfective: du toowú yaa kanawálʼ | they are starting to get disappointed
• perfective (+): du toowú kaawawálʼ | they are disappointed
• perfective (–): tlél du toowú kawuwáalʼ | they are not disappointed
• future (+): du toowú kakg̱wawáalʼ | they will be disappointed
• future (–): tlél du toowú kakg̱wawáalʼ | they wonʼt be disappointed
√waan (verb root) maggot
√waas (verb root) roast
√waasʼ (verb root) • variants: √woosʼ • ask; inquire
√waash (verb root) yawn
√waat ¹ (verb root) grow; raise ² | classification: living creature
(kei) + O-∅-√wáat ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) grow | for O to grow up (size and maturity) (esp. of human and animal) | « kei » is optional in this verb, but most speakers prefer for it to be used in all forms | tlax̱ woowáat → he was very old (that is, really matured) (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: kei nawát | they are growing up
• perfective (+): kei uwawát | they grew up
• perfective (–): tlél kei wuwáat | they didnʼt grow up
• future (+): kei kg̱wawáat | they will grow up
• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wawáat | they wonʼt grow up
O-S-s-√wáat ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) raise ²; grow | for S to raise O (child, animal); for S to grow O (plant) | ax̱ káalkʼw kei nax̱sawát → iʼm raising my nephew (SN) • kei wdudziwát → he was nourished (as a child) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sawát! | raise them/it!
• prohibitive: líl isawáadiḵ! | donʼt raise them/it!
• imperfective (+): aswáat | they raises them/it
• progressive imperfective: kei anaswát | they are raising them/it
• perfective (+): awsiwát | they raised them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awuswáat | they didnʼt raise them/it
• future (+): agux̱sawáat | they will raise them/it
• future (–): tlél agux̱sawáat | they wonʼt raise them/it
yan⁓ + ÿa-∅-√wáat ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) moon; full | for the moon to be full | adding an object to this verb (yan⁓ + O-ya-∅-√wáat ¹) changes the meaning to ʼreached the peak of oneʼs ageʼ | dís yan yaawawát → itʼs a full moon (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa yanawát | itʼs getting to be a full moon
• perfective (+): yan yaawawát | itʼs a full moon
• perfective (–): tlél yan yawuwáat | itʼs not a full moon
• future (+): yánde yakg̱wawáat | it will be a full moon
• future (–): tlél yánde yakg̱wawáat | it wonʼt be a full moon
√waat ² (verb root) stretch; measure | stretch limbs; measure with outstretched limbs
√weisʼ (verb root) louse
√weit (verb root) menstruate
√wéinaa (verb root) powder ¹
√woo ¹ (verb root) order ²; send; picnic
N-g̱áa + a-S-∅-√woo ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) send; order ² | for S to send for, order N (usually from a catalog) | xʼúxʼ káx̱ awéisʼ → heʼs ordering from a book (that is, the catalog) (SN) • líl aag̱áa ayeewóoḵ! → donʼt send for it! (SN) • (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aag̱áa eewéix̱iḵ! | donʼt order it!
• imperfective (+): aag̱áa awóo! | order it!
• perfective (+): aag̱áa aawawóo | they ordered it
• perfective (–): tlél aag̱áa awuwú | they didnʼt order it
• future (+): aag̱áa akg̱wawóo | they will order it
• future (–): tlél aag̱áa akg̱wawoo | they wonʼt order it
N² + jeet + N¹-ch + a-S-s-√woo ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) send | for S to send N¹ to N² through mail or electronically | tsaa dleeyí áwé i x̱ʼéide ách aa akḵwasawóo → iʼm going to send you some seal meat (SN) • yee éech ágé aduswéix̱? → did somebody send you all (to do this work)? (SN) • laaḵʼáskch du yéet jeexʼ awsiwóo → they sent the black seaweed by their son
• imperative: du jeet asawóo! | send it to them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du jeet eesawéix̱iḵ! | donʼt send it to them!
• perfective (+): du jeet awsiwóo | they sent it to them
• perfective (–): tlél du jeet awuswú | they didnʼt send it to them
• future (+): du jeet agux̱sawóo | they will send it to them
• future (–): tlél du jeet agux̱sawoo | they wonʼt send it to them
O-S-d+∅-√woo ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) lunch; picnic; take | for S to take O (food) along (for lunch or a picnic) | has wudiwóo ágé? → did they all take them allʼs lunch? (SN) • gax̱tudawóo → weʼre going to take a picnic (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: idawóo! | take food!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl idawóox̱uḵ! | donʼt take food!
• perfective (+): awdiwóo | they took food
• perfective (–): tlél awdawú | they didnʼt take food
• future (+): agux̱dawóo | they will take food
• future (–): tlél agux̱dawoo | they wonʼt take food
√woo ² (verb root) fair | fair skinned; fair complexioned
O-d+l-√wóo ˟ ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) fair | for O to be fair skinned, fair complexioned | wéi ḵáa dliwóo → that man is very fair-skinned (SN) • yéil ilwéini … → when raven turns white … (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): dliwóo | they are fair-skinned
• imperfective (–): tlél ulwóo | they arenʼt fair-skinned
ÿa-ka-S-d+l-√wóo ˟ ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) powder ¹ | for S to powder oneʼs face | the stem of this verb can be either √wóo or √wéinaa | yakḵwalwéinaa → iʼm going to powder my face (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yakeelwóo! | powder your face!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yakeelwóox̱iḵ! | donʼt powder your face!
• imperfective (+): yakalwóo | they are powdering their face
• perfective (+): yakawdliwóo | they powdered their face
• perfective (–): tlél yakawulwóo | they didnʼt powder their face
• future (+): yakakg̱walwóo | they will powder their face
• future (–): tlél yakakg̱walwóo | they wonʼt powder their face
√woo ³ (verb root) float ¹
√woo ⁴ (verb root) dare
√woochʼ (verb root) stubborn
O-tu-l-√woochʼ stubborn; unyielding | for O to be stubborn; for O to harden themself, refuse to give in | tlél x̱at toolwóochʼ; x̱at tuli.aan → iʼm not stubborn; iʼm kind (said jokingly) (SN)
• imperfective (+): tuliwóochʼ | theyʼre stubborn, unyielding
√wooḵ ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | fabric to move
√wooḵ ² (verb root) lack confidence
√wool (verb root) • variants: √waal • hole ²; outlet | have a hole; have an outlet
∅-√wóol ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) hole ²; outlet | for something to have a hole, outlet | x̱ʼaháat katéx̱ʼaa eetí ágé yawóol? → is there a keyhole in your door? (SN) • ax̱ lú tléil uwóol → my nose is blocked (that is, has no outlet)
• imperfective (+): yawóol | it has a hole in it
• imperfective (–): tlél uwóol | it doesnʼt have a hole in it
• future (+): kei kg̱wawóol | it will get holes in it
• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wawóol | it wonʼt get holes in it
√woolʼ (verb root) peel
√woosʼ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √wáasʼ • ask; inquire
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√wóosʼ ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) ask; question | for S to ask, question O | a kát x̱at x̱ʼawóosʼ → they are asking me about it (SN) • tléil yoo x̱ʼeiwóosʼguḵ → donʼt ask them! (SN) • woosh has x̱ʼadawóosʼ → they all were asking each other (asked among themselves) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: x̱ʼanawóosʼ! | ask them!
• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeewóosʼiḵ! | donʼt ask them!
• imperfective (+): ax̱ʼawóosʼ | they are asking them
• imperfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼeiwóosʼ | they arenʼt asking them
• perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwawóosʼ | they asked them
• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawuwóosʼ | they didnʼt ask them
• future (+): ax̱ʼakg̱wawóosʼ | they will ask them
• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wawóosʼ | they wonʼt ask them
√woosʼ ² (verb root) • variants: √woochʼ • murky
√woosʼ ³ (verb root) tough; hard
√wootl (verb root) hurry; trouble
sh + yáa + S-d+∅-√wootl (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) hurry | for S to be in a hurry | sh yáa has udawútlch → they all are always in a hurry (SN) • sh yáa ágé idawútl? → are you hurrying? (SN) • sh yáa x̱wdiwútl astʼeix̱ x̱waḵoox̱ú → iʼm in a hurry to go fishing (KE)
• imperative: sháa idawútl! | hurry!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sháa idawútlx̱iḵ! | donʼt (ever) hurry!
• perfective (+): sháa wdiwútl | they are in a hurry
• perfective (–): tlél sháa wdawootl | they are not in a hurry
• future (+): sháa gux̱dawóotl | they will be in a hurry
• future (–): tlél sháa gux̱dawootl | they wonʼt be in a hurry
√wootlʼ (verb root) persistent; strong-willed
a-d+∅-√wóotlʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) stuck; immobile | for something to be stuck in place, immobile
• imperfective (+): adawóotlʼ | they are strong-willed
• imperfective (–): tlél ulwóotlʼ | they are not strong-willed
• progressive imperfective: kei nalwóotlʼ | they are getting strong-willed
• perfective (+): wuliwóotlʼ | they became strong-willed
• perfective (–): tlél wulwóotlʼ | they didnʼt become strong-willed
• future (+): kei gux̱lawóotlʼ | they will be strong-willed
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lawóotlʼ | they wonʼt be strong-willed
O-l-√wóotlʼ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) strong-willed; persistent | for O to be mentally strong, persistent
• imperative: i toowú klawóotlʼ! | be strong (mentally)!
• imperfective (+): liwóotlʼ | they are strong-willed
• imperfective (–): tlél ulwóotlʼ | they are not strong-willed
• progressive imperfective: kei nalwóotlʼ | they are getting strong-willed
• perfective (+): wuliwóotlʼ | they became strong-willed
• perfective (–): tlél wulwóotlʼ | they didnʼt become strong-willed
• future (+): kei gux̱lawóotlʼ | they will be strong-willed
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lawóotlʼ | they wonʼt be strong-willed
√woox̱ (verb root) tide ¹ | neap tide
√woox̱ʼ (verb root) wide; broad
√xaa (verb root) pour; dump ¹
N-dé + O-ka-S-∅-√xaa (na motion verb – transitive – open) pour; dump ¹; empty ¹ | for S to pour O into N, pour O out at N; for S to dump, empty O in one mass (by turning over container) at N | (KE)
• imperative: aadé kanasxá! | pour it out there!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aadé yoo keesaxéijiḵ! | donʼt pour it out there!
• perfective (+): aadé akawsixaa | they poured it out there
• perfective (–): tlél aadé akawusxaa | they didnʼt pour it out there
• future (+): aadé akagux̱saxáa | they will pour it out there
• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱saxaa | they wonʼt pour it out there
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-s-√xaa (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) pour; dump ¹; empty ¹ | for S to pour, dump, empty O at N | tléil coffee yax̱ akoosxáaych → he hasnʼt poured the coffee yet (SN) • a káa yax̱ aa ksaxá héen! → pour some water in it! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át kasaxá! | pour it there!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ keesaxaaḵ! | donʼt pour it there!
• perfective (+): át akawsixáa | they poured it there
• perfective (–): tlél át akawusxá | they didnʼt pour it there
• future (+): aadé akagux̱saxáa | they will pour it there
• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱saxaa | they wonʼt pour it there
N-dé + ÿa-S-s-√xaa (na motion verb – transitive – open) pour | for S to pour O on N; for S to pour O in N | héen ax̱ jeet yasaxá! → pour me some water! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a kaadé yanasxá! | pour it on there!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a kaadé yoo yeesaxéigiḵ! | donʼt pour it on there!
• progressive imperfective: a kaadé yaa ayanasxéin (dé) | they are (already) pouring it on there
• perfective (+): a kaadé ayawsixaa | they poured it on there
• perfective (–): tlél a kaadé ayawusxaa | they didnʼt pour it on there
• future (+): a kaadé ayagux̱saxáa | they will pour it on there
• future (–): tlél a kaadé ayagux̱saxaa | they wonʼt pour it on there
√xaach (verb root) give up; put off
(N-xʼ) + a-S-l-√xaach (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) despair; give up; put off; defer; delay | for S to despair, give up hope (on N); for S to put off, defer, delay doing, or give up (doing N) | yaa antoolxách → we are giving up hope (SN) • ax̱ tuwatee gáalʼ kahaa; ax̱ toowú ḵu.aa awlixaach → i was wanting to dig clams, but i gave up (having thought about it, but never getting to it) (SN) • áa ax̱wlixaach → i talk about doing something but never get to it / i keep putting it off • i éexʼ ax̱wlixaach → iʼm giving up on you (KE)
• imperative: (áa) analxaach! | give up hope (on it)!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl (áa) yoo eelaxaajíḵ! | donʼt give up hope (on it)!
• progressive imperfective: (áa) yaa analxách | they are giving up hope (on it)
• perfective (+): (áa) awlixaach | they gave up hope (on it)
• perfective (–): tlél (áa) awulxaach | they didnʼt give up hope (on it)
• future (+): (áa) agux̱laxáach | they will give up hope (on it)
• future (–): tlél (áa) agux̱laxaach | they wonʼt give up hope (on it)
√xaak ¹ (verb root) desiccated; skeletal
√xaak ² (verb root) fragrant
√xaakw (verb root) grind; whip up
O-ka-S-l-√xaakw (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) grind; whip up; beat ¹ | for S to grind up O; for S to beat, whip O up (esp. soapberries) | dleey aklaxákwlʼ → they are grinding meat (SN) • i jínch kalaxákw! → beat it (soapberries) with your hands! (SN) • xákwlʼi katulaxákwlʼ → weʼre beating up soapberries (SN)
• imperative: kalaxákw! | whip it up!
• imperfective (+): akalaxákwlʼ | they are whipping it up
• perfective (+): akawlixákw | they whipped it up
• perfective (–): tlél akawulxaakw | they didnʼt wip it up
• future (+): akagux̱laxáakw | they will whip it up
• future (–): tlél akagux̱laxaakw | they wonʼt whip it up
√xaasʼ (verb root) scrape; shave; sand ²
O-S-∅-√xáasʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) scrape | for S to scrape O | x̱áat kʼáax̱ʼi x̱axáasʼ → iʼm scraping out the black part along the bone of the fish (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: xásʼ! | scrape it!
• prohibitive: líl eexáasʼiḵ! | donʼt scrape it!
• imperfective (+): axáasʼ | they are scraping it; they scrapes it
• imperfective (–): tlél ooxáasʼ | they arenʼt scraping it; they donʼt scrape it
• perfective (+): aawaxásʼ | they scraped it
• perfective (–): tlél awuxáasʼ | they didnʼt scrape it
• future (+): akg̱waxáasʼ | they will scrape it
• future (–): tlél akg̱waxáasʼ | they wonʼt scrape it
N + x̱ʼus + daa + O-S-∅-√xáasʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) shave | for S to shave Nʼs legs | N + {body part} + O-S-∅-√xáasʼ | for S to shave Nʼs {body part} | i éenyee xásʼ! → shave under your arms! (KE)
• imperative: i x̱ʼus daa xásʼ! | shave your legs!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl i x̱ʼus daa eexásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt shave your legs!
• imperfective (+): du x̱ʼus daa axáasʼ | they are shaving their legs
• perfective (+): du x̱ʼus daa aawaxásʼ | they shaved their legs
• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼus daa awuxáasʼ | they didnʼt shave their legs
• future (+): du x̱ʼus daa akg̱waxáasʼ | they will shave their legs
• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼus daa akg̱waxáasʼ | they wonʼt shave their legs
ÿa-S-d+∅-√xáasʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – ejective) shave | for S to shave (face) | yakḵwadaxáasʼ → iʼm going to shave (SN) • yasx̱aawúch, tlákw yadaxáasʼ → because his face is so hairy, heʼs always shaving (SN) • (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yeedaxásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt shave your face!
• imperfective (+): yeedaxásʼ! | shave your face!
• imperfective (+): yadaxáasʼ | they are shaving their face
• imperfective (–): tlél yoodaxáasʼ | they arenʼt shaving their face
• perfective (+): yawdixásʼ | they shaved their face
• perfective (–): tlél yawdaxáasʼ | they didnʼt shave their face
• future (+): yagux̱daxáasʼ | they are going to shave their face
• future (–): tlél yagux̱daxáasʼ | they are not going to shave their face
√xaash (verb root) cut ¹; saw ¹
O-S-∅-√xaash (na act verb – transitive – closed) cut ¹; saw ¹ | for S to cut O with knife; for S to saw O | sʼísaa aawaxaash, ḵaashaxáshaa teen → he cut the cloth in two, with scissors (SN) • lítaach áwé x̱waaxaash → i cut it with a knife (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: naxaash! | cut it!
• prohibitive: líl eexaashíḵ! | donʼt cut it!
• imperfective (+): axáash | they are cutting it; they cuts it
• imperfective (–): tlél ooxaash | they arenʼt cutting it; they donʼt cut it
• progressive imperfective: yaa anaxásh | they are (in the process of) cutting it
• perfective (+): aawaxaash | they cut it
• perfective (–): tlél awuxaash | they didnʼt cut it
• future (+): akg̱waxáash | they will cut it
• future (–): tlél akg̱waxaash | they wonʼt cut it
aax̱ + O-S-∅-√xaash (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) cut ¹; saw ¹ | for S to cut, saw O off (esp. cutting something off or cutting wood) | often uses « aax̱ » in the preverb for "cutting off" | (KE)
• imperative: aax̱ xásh! | saw it off!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aax̱ eexáshjiḵ! | donʼt saw it off!
• imperfective (+): aax̱ axáash | they are sawing it off
• imperfective (–): tlél aax̱ ooxáash | they arenʼt sawing it off
• perfective (+): aax̱ aawaxásh | they sawed it off
• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ awuxaash | they didnʼt saw it off
• future (+): aax̱ akg̱waxáash | they will saw it off
• future (–): tlél aax̱ akg̱waxaash | they wonʼt saw it off
S-d+∅-√xaash (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) cut ¹ | for S to cut | (KE) • (KE)
• imperative: nidaxaash! | cut!
• prohibitive: líl idaxaashíḵ! | donʼt cut!
• imperfective (+): daxáash | they are cutting; they cuts
• imperfective (–): tlél udaxaash | they arenʼt cutting; they donʼt cut
• perfective (+): wudixaash | they cut
• perfective (–): tlél wudaxaash | they didnʼt cut
• perfective (–): tlél gux̱daxaash | they wonʼt cut
• future (+): gux̱daxáash | they will cut
O-S-l-√xaash (na act verb – transitive – closed) cut ¹ | for S to cut O (esp. rope-like object) | classification: rope-like object | (KE)
• imperative: nalxaash! | cut it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo eelaxáshgiḵ! | donʼt cut it!
• imperfective (+): alxáash | they are cutting it
• perfective (+): awlixaash | they cut it
• perfective (–): tlél awulxaash | they didnʼt cut it
• perfective (–): tlél agux̱laxaash | they wonʼt cut it
• future (+): agux̱laxáash | they will cut it
O-ka-S-∅-√xaash (g̱a event verb – transitive – closed) cut ¹; carve; slice | for S to cut O in several pieces; for S to carve O (on surface); for S to slice O (e.g., bread) | at doogú kax̱waaxaash → i cut the skin in several pieces (SN) • kées akaxáash → heʼs carving a bracelet (SN) • sakwnéin akaawaxaash → he sliced the bread (cut it in several pieces) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kag̱axaash! | cut it up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei keexáshjiḵ! | donʼt cut it up!
• imperfective (+): yei akanaxásh | they are cutting it up
• perfective (+): akaawaxaash | they cut it up
• perfective (–): tlél akawuxaash | they didnʼt cut it up
• future (+): yei akakg̱waxáash | they will cut it up
• future (–): tlél yei akakg̱waxaash | they wonʼt cut it up
O-sha-S-l-√xaash (na act verb – transitive – closed) cut ¹ | for S to cut the hair of O | ax̱ tláa tlél shawdulxaash → my mother has never had her hair cut (SN) • x̱at shagux̱laxáash → they are going to cut my hair (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: shanalxaash! | cut their hair!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo shilaxáshgiḵ! | donʼt cut their hair!
• imperfective (+): ashalxáash | they are cutting their hair
• perfective (+): ashawlixaash | they cut their hair
• perfective (+): ashagux̱laxáash | they will cut their hair
• perfective (–): tlél ashawulxaash | they didnʼt cut their hair
• future (–): tlél ashagux̱laxaash | they wonʼt cut their hair
√xaat ¹ (verb root) pull tight; fasten; extend; stick out
ka-∅-√xaat ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: ka-d+∅-√xaat ¹ • tight | for a lid, rope, etc. to be tight | two forms are given for each mode here, one with the ∅ classifier (kaawaxát) and one with the d+∅ classifier (kawdixát) because different speakers are giving one form or the other; this could be a case of regional variation, but more research is necessary to establish this | yaa kanaxát → it (rope) is getting tight (SN) • yáa kasʼéet tlax̱ ḵúdáx̱ ax̱ káa kaawaxát → this bandage is too tight on me (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanaxát / yaa kandaxát | itʼs getting tight
• perfective (+): kaawaxát / kawdixát | it got tight; itʼs tight
• perfective (–): tlél kawuxaat / tlél kawdaxaat | itʼs not tight
• future (+): kakg̱waxáat / kagux̱daxáat | it will be tight
• future (–): tlél kakg̱waxaat / tlél kagux̱daxaat | it wonʼt be tight
O-ka-S-s-√xaat ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) tighten; pull; tug | for S to tighten O (which is fastened to something at the other end); for S to tug, pull (on something fastened at the other end) | this verb can be used in a metaphorical sense: « du jeeyís akawsixát » (they are pulling for them, this could be used in reference to someone running for office, or a competitor in a race of any kind) | tíxʼ ḵux̱ jikawdigásʼ; ách áwé kax̱wsixát → the line was hanging down, so I tightened it (SN) • tíxʼ akagux̱saxáat → they are going to pull on the rope (SN) • woosh kawdudzixát → they all had a tug of war (SN)
• imperative: ksaxát! | pull it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keesaxátx̱iḵ! | donʼt pull it!
• perfective (+): akawsixát | they pulled it
• perfective (–): tlél akawusxaat | they didnʼt pull it
• future (+): akagux̱saxáat | they will pull it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱saxaat | they wonʼt pull it
(N-dé) + O-ka-S-s-√xaat ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) connect; attach; tie | for S to connect, attach, tie O (to N) | replace « aadé » throughout the paradigm with « yánde » to give the meaning "tie it up”: « yánde akawsixát » (they tied it up), and « yánde ksaxát! » (tie it up!) | yáade kawtusixát → we connected it up/tied it up to this (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: aadé ksaxát! | tie it there!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aadé keesaxátx̱iḵ! | donʼt tie it there!
• perfective (+): aadé akawsixát | they tied it there
• perfective (–): tlél aadé akawusxaat | they didnʼt tie it there
• future (+): aadé akagux̱saxáat | they will tie it there
• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱saxaat | they wonʼt tie it there
N-(dé) + ka-s-√xaat ¹ (∅ state verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) connect; attach; tie | for something to be connected, attached, tied (to) N | kaxéesʼ aadé ksixát → the wire is connected up with it (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): aadé kasixát | itʼs tied there
• imperfective (–): tlél aadé koosxát | itʼs not tied there
• perfective (+): aadé kawsixát | it was tied there
• perfective (–): tlél aadé kawusxaat | it wasnʼt tied there
• future (+): aadé kagux̱saxáat | it will be tied there
• future (–): tlél aadé kagux̱saxaat | it wonʼt be tied there
√xaat ² shape; resemble; look like | resemble (in shape); look like (in shape)
N + yáx̱ + ka-∅-√xaat ² (∅ state verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) resemble; look like | for something to resemble N (esp. in shape) | this verb can also refer to oneʼs behavior: « tlél a yáx̱ kooxát wéitʼaa » (that one doesnʼt act normal, right) | shál tlein yáx̱ kaaxát → it (a bailer) is like a large spoon (SN) • a yáx̱ kaxádin → it was the same shape (KE)
• imperfective (+): a yáx̱ kaaxát | it looks like it
• imperfective (–): tlél a yáx̱ kooxát | it doesnʼt look like it
• progressive imperfective: a yáx̱ yaa kanaxát | itʼs starting to look like it
• future (+): a yáx̱ kakg̱waxáat | it will look like it
• future (–): tlél a yáx̱ kakg̱waxaat | it wonʼt look like it
√xaatʼ ¹ (verb root) drag; pull | classification: heavy object or limp object such as dead animal
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√xáatʼ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – ejective) drag; pull; haul; transport | for S to drag, pull O (esp. heavy object or limp object such as dead animal); for S to haul, transport O (by non-motor power) | xʼúxʼ wéide yaa s anasxátʼ → they all are hauling the mail (using a motor truck) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} nasxáatʼ! | drag it {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo isaxátʼgiḵ! | donʼt drag it {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa anasxátʼ | they are dragging it {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} awsixáatʼ | they dragged it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awusxáatʼ | they didnʼt drag it {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱saxáatʼ | they will drag it {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱saxáatʼ | they wonʼt drag it {____}
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√xáatʼ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – ejective) drag; pull; haul; transport | for S to drag, pull O (esp. heavy object or limp object such as dead animal); for S to haul, transport O (by non-motor power) | xátʼaa yeit yaa kdusxátʼch → people used to drag (laden) sleds along (SN) • haat awsixátʼ → he dragged it over here (heavy object on a line) (SN)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} saxátʼ! | drag it {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yoo isaxátʼgiḵ! | donʼt drag it {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa anasxátʼ | they are dragging it {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awsixátʼ | they dragged it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awusxáatʼ | they didnʼt drag it {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱saxáatʼ | they will drag it {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱saxáatʼ | they wonʼt drag it {____}
√xaatʼ ² (verb root) suspended | suspended without visible support | classification: celestial bodies
√xaatsʼ (verb root) sky; clear | clear sky
a-ka-∅-√xáatsʼ (na event verb – impersonal – ejective) sky; clear | for the sky to be clear, cloudless | akakg̱waxáatsʼ shákdé → maybe the sky is going to clear (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanaxátsʼ | the sky is starting to clear up
• perfective (+): akaawaxáatsʼ | the sky is clear
• perfective (–): tlél akawuxáatsʼ | the sky isnʼt clear
• future (+): akakg̱waxáatsʼ | the sky will be clear
• future (–): tlél akakg̱waxáatsʼ | the sky wonʼt be clear
√xeikʼw (verb root) sip; inhale; slurp
O-S-s-√xéikʼw ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) slurp; sip; drink ¹; snort | for S to slurp, drink O by sipping noisily (esp. drawing in air to cool the drink); for S to snort O | yawutʼaayéech áyá, x̱asaxéikʼw → itʼs because it is hot i am sipping it noisily (SN) • tléil isaxéikʼuḵ; i leitóox̱t g̱waaxeex! → donʼt sip it like that; you will choke! (SN) • kei aawaxékʼw du lú → they snorted it (FS) • (KE)
• imperative: nasxéikʼw! | slurp it!
• prohibitive: líl isaxéikʼuḵ! | donʼt slurp it!
• imperfective (+): asxéikʼw | they are slurping it
• perfective (+): awsixéikʼw | they slurped it
• perfective (–): tlél awusxéikʼw | they didnʼt slurp it
• future (+): agux̱saxéikʼw | they will slurp it
• future (–): tlél agux̱saxéikʼw | they wonʼt slurp it
√xeilʼ (verb root) drooling
√xein (verb root) scabby; sored; spotted; old
√xeis (verb root) trap ¹; catch | catch with container
√xeit (verb root) winded | wind knocked out
O-d+∅-√xeit (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) winded | for O to have the wind knocked out of them | wudixét → they had the wind knocked out of her (fell on stomach and canʼt regain breath) (SN) • kindayígin x̱at wudzigeet; x̱at wudixét → i fell flat on my back; it knocked the wind out of me (SN)
• perfective (+): wudixét | they had the wind knocked out of them
• perfective (–): tlél wudaxeit | they didnʼt have the wind knocked out of them
• future (+): gux̱daxéit | they will have the wind knocked out of them
• future (–): tlél gux̱daxeit | they wonʼt have the wind knocked out of them
O-S-s-√xeit (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) winded | for S to knock the wind out of O | ash koolchʼéitʼaa has ash koolyádi awsixét → they knocked the wind out of them playing basketball (SN)
• imperative: saxét! | knock the wind out of them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl isaxétx̱iḵ! | donʼt knock the wind out of them!
• perfective (+): awsixét | they knocked the wind out of them
• perfective (–): tlél awusxeit | they didnʼt knock the wind out of them
• future (+): agux̱saxéit | they will knock the wind out of them
• future (–): tlél agux̱saxeit | they wonʼt knock the wind out of them
√xeech (verb root) exert; concentrate | exert strength; concentrate on
O-S-∅-√xeech (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) exert; concentrate | for S to exert oneʼs full strength on, strive for O; for S to concentrate on, put effort into O | a x̱áa wutuwaxích → we paddled with all our strength (SN) • at wooskú x̱waaxích → i exerted myself fully/put great effort into learning (SN) • Lingít yoo x̱ʼatángi wutuwaxích → we concentrated on the Tlingit language (put effort into speaking Tlingit) (SN) • chʼa neechxʼ áwé x̱waaxích → i exerted myself all for naught (KE)
• imperative: eexích! | exert your full strength on it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eexíchx̱iḵ! | donʼt exert your full strength on it!
• perfective (+): aawaxích | they exerted their full strength on it; they are exerting their full strength on it
• perfective (–): tlél awuxeech | they didnʼt exert their full strength on it; they arenʼt exerting their full strength on it
• future (+): akg̱waxéech | they will exert their full strength on it
• future (–): tlél akg̱waxeech | they wonʼt exert their full strength on it
√xeelʼ ¹ (verb root) trouble; tangle; mess
O-ka-S-∅-√xéelʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) bother; trouble; anxiety | for S to bother, trouble, cause trouble or anxiety for O | dáanaa áwé ash kaawaxílʼ → money is troubling them (that is, their financial state) (SN) • ax̱ yátxʼi naa.átxʼi x̱at kaawaxílʼ → my childrenʼs clothing is causing me anxiety (because it is all wearing out) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kaxílʼ! | bother them!
• prohibitive: líl kayixéelʼiḵ! | donʼt bother them!
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanaxílʼ | they are starting to bother them
• perfective (+): akaawaxílʼ | they bothered them; they are bothering them
• perfective (–): tlél akawuxéelʼ | they didnʼt bother them; they arenʼt bothering them
• future (+): akakg̱waxéelʼ | they will bother them
• future (–): tlél akakg̱waxéelʼ | they wonʼt bother them
√xeelʼ ² (verb root) erase
√xeen (verb root) frown; scowl
N + yát + a-S-s-√xeen (∅ – subject intransitive – closed) frown; scowl | for S to frown, scowl at N | (SN)
• perfective (+): a yát awsixín | they frowned at it
√xeesʼ ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | move in arc
√xeesʼ ² (verb root) tangled
ka-d+l-√xéesʼ ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective) tangled | for a rope-like object to be tangled | tíxʼ kawdlixísʼ → the rope is tangled (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanalxísʼ | itʼs getting tangled
• perfective (+): kawdlixísʼ | itʼs tangled
• perfective (–): tlél kawulxéesʼ | itʼs not tangled
• future (+): kakg̱walxéesʼ | it will get tangled
• future (–): tlél kakg̱walxéesʼ | it wonʼt get tangled
√xeet (verb root) ⑴ furrow; plow || ⑵ write; draw ¹ || ⑶ move ¹ | classification: stick-like object
O-ka-S-sh-√xeet (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) write; draw ¹; paint ²; print ¹; photograph ¹; document | for S to write, draw, or paint a picture of; for S to print O by hand; for S to photograph, take pictures, x-rays of O | xʼúxʼ tlein akagux̱shaxéet → they are going to write a big book (SN) • du éesh akshaxéet → they are taking pictures of their father (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kashaxít! | write it!
• prohibitive: líl keeshaxeedíḵ! | donʼt write it!
• imperfective (+): akshaxeet | they are writing it; they writes it
• imperfective (–): tlél akooshxeet | they are not writing it; they donʼt write it
• perfective (+): akawshixít | they wrote it
• perfective (–): tlél akawushxeet | they didnʼt write it
• future (+): akagux̱shaxéet | they will write it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱shaxeet | they wonʼt write it
ka-S-d+sh-√xeet (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) write; draw ¹; paint ²; print ¹; photograph ¹; document | for S to write, draw, or paint; for S to print by hand; for S to photograph, take pictures, x-rays | yakʼéi wé xʼúxʼ ax̱ jeedé kayeeshxeedí → that was a good letter you wrote me (SN) • kawdujixídi sʼísaa → hand-printed cloth (SN) • tlél tudatóow ḵa tlél katooshxeet → we canʼt read or write (KE)
• imperative: keeshxít! | write!
• prohibitive: líl keeshxeedíḵ! | donʼt write!
• imperfective (+): kashxeet | they are writing; they writes
• imperfective (–): tlél kooshxeet | they arenʼt writing; they donʼt write
• perfective (+): kawjixít | they wrote
• perfective (–): tlél kawushxeet | they didnʼt write
• future (+): kakg̱washxéet | they will write
• future (–): tlél kakg̱washxeet | they wonʼt write
N + een + woosh + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√xéet ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) argue; quarrel | for S to argue, quarrel with N | dáanaa daat woosh has x̱ʼawdixéet → hey argued over money (KE)
• imperative: du een woosh x̱ʼeendaxéet! | argue with them!
• prohibitive: líl du een woosh x̱ʼeedaxéediḵ! | donʼt argue with them!
• imperfective (+): du een woosh x̱ʼadaxéet | they are arguing with them
• perfective (+): du een woosh x̱ʼawdixéet | they argued with them
• perfective (–): tlél du een woosh x̱ʼawdaxéet | they didnʼt argue with them
• future (+): du een woosh x̱ʼagux̱daxéet | they will argue with them
• future (–): tlél du een woosh x̱ʼagux̱daxéet | they wonʼt argue with them
√xeetʼ (verb root) brush ³; scrape; sweep
O-S-∅-√xéetʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – ejective) sweep | for S to sweep O (esp. floor) | neil yee duxítʼt → the floor indoors is being swept (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: tʼaa ká g̱axéetʼ! | sweep the floor!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl tʼaa ká yei eexéetʼjiḵ! | donʼt sweep the floor!
• imperfective (+): tʼaa ká axítʼkw | they are sweeping the floor; they sweeps the floor
• imperfective (–): tlél tʼaa ká ooxítʼkw | they donʼt sweep the floor
• perfective (+): tʼaa ká aawaxéetʼ | they swept the floor
• perfective (–): tlél tʼaa ká awuxéetʼ | they didnʼt sweep the floor
• future (+): tʼaa ká yei akg̱waxéetʼ | they will sweep the floor
• future (–): tlél tʼaa ká yei akg̱waxéetʼ | they wonʼt sweep the floor
S-d+∅-√xéetʼ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive – ejective) sweep | for S to sweep | « tlél udaxítʼk » (they donʼt sweep) is an expression commonly used to insinuate that the person is slovenly, lazy | (KE)
• imperative: g̱idaxéetʼ! | sweep!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei idaxéetʼjiḵ! | donʼt sweep!
• imperfective (+): daxítʼkw | they are sweeping; they sweeps
• imperfective (–): tlél udaxítʼkw | they arenʼt sweeping; they donʼt sweep
• perfective (+): wudixéetʼ | they swept
• perfective (–): tlél wudaxéetʼ | they didnʼt sweep
• future (+): yei gux̱daxéetʼ | they will sweep
• future (–): tlél yei gux̱daxéetʼ | they wonʼt sweep
√xeetl ¹ (verb root) fish ²; rake | fish with rake
√xeetl ² (verb root) drift ¹; drag; move ¹ | drag anchor; move off course or uncrontrollably
√xeex ¹ (verb root) fall; drop ¹; hit | classification: singular
∅-√xeex ¹ (g̱a motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall | for an object (usually small, compact) to fall | xʼúxʼ nadáak kaadáx̱ daak uwaxíx → the book fell from the table (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): a káa wooxeex | it fell on it
• perfective (–): tlél a káa wuxeex | it didnʼt fall on it
• future (+): a káa yei kg̱waxéex | it will fall on it
• future (–): tlél a káa yei kg̱waxeex | it wonʼt fall on it
N-t⁓ + ∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall; drop ¹; hit; rumor | for something to fall or drop on N; for a bullet to hit N; for a rumor, news to spread, go around at N | át uwaxíx → the bullet hit it (the place aimed for) (SN) • du éet uwaxíx → it hit them/it (was killed by a shot) (SN) • neek yéi g̱unayéi uwaxíx, governor yáa yéi kg̱watée → a rumor began to spread that the governor is going to be here (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): át uwaxíx | it fell on it
• perfective (–): tlél át wuxeex | it didnʼt fall on it
• future (+): aadé kg̱waxéex | it will fall on it
• future (–): tlél aadé kg̱waxeex | it wonʼt fall on it
N-t + ∅-√xeex ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall | for something to fall around at N (esp. inside a container) | (KE)
• perfective (+): át wooxeex | itʼs falling around
• perfective (–): tlél át wuxeex | itʼs not falling around
• future (+): át gug̱axéex | it will fall around
• future (–): tlél át gug̱axeex | it wonʼt fall around
daak + ∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) sun; moon; fall; drop ¹ | for the sun, moon to come out; for something (esp. a small, compact object) to fall, drop | this verb can also be used in expressions such as: déix̱ yagiyee káxʼ áwé daak uxeexch (it falls on a tuesday) | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: daak naxíx | itʼs starting to come out
• perfective (+): daak uwaxíx | it came out
• perfective (–): tlél daak wuxeex | it didnʼt come out
• future (+): daak gug̱axéex | it will come out
• future (–): tlél daak gug̱axeex | it wonʼt come out
N + leitóox̱-t⁓ + ∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) choke; stuck | for something to be stuck in Nʼs throat; for N to choke on something | sʼaaḵ du leitóox̱t uwaxíx → they choked on a bone (SN) • tléil isaxéikʼuḵ; i leitóox̱t g̱waaxeex! → donʼt sip it like that; you will choke! (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl i leitóox̱x̱ uxeexíḵ! | donʼt choke!
• admonitive: i leitóox̱ tsá xéex! | see that it doesnʼt get stuck in your throat!
• perfective (+): du leitóox̱t uwaxíx | itʼs stuck in his/her throat
• perfective (–): tlél du leitóox̱t wuxeex | itʼs not stuck in his/her throat
• future (+): du leitóox̱de kg̱waxéex | it will get stuck in his/her throat
• future (–): tlél du leitóox̱de kg̱waxeex | it wonʼt get stuck in his/her throat
N + tóot + ∅-√xeex ¹ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) worry | for something to worry N; for N to have something constantly on the mind | « du tóot wooxeex» literally translates to ʼitʼs rolling around inside her/himʼ | daa sá i tóot wooxeex? → what is worrying you / what is on your mind all the time? (SN) • du yéi jineiyí du tóot wooxeex → they are constantly concerned about their work (what there is to be done) (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl i tóot wuxeexíḵ! | donʼt worry about them/it!
• perfective (+): du tóot wooxeex | they are worried about them/it
• perfective (–): tlél du tóot wuxeex | they are not worried about them/it
• future (+): du tóot gug̱axéex | they will worry about them/it
• future (–): tlél du tóot gug̱axeex | they wonʼt worry about them/it
N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) hit; fall; drop ¹ | for something (usually a round , spherical object such as a bullet, ball) to hit, fall against, drop into N | kʼúntsʼ daak kaawaxíx → the potato fell down (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): át kaawaxíx | it hit it
• perfective (–): tlél át kawuxeex | it didnʼt hit it
• future (+): aadé kakg̱waxéex | it will hit it
• future (–): tlél aadé kakg̱waxeex | it wonʼt hit it
N-náx̱ + ka-∅-√xeex ¹ (g̱a motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall; drop ¹ | for something (usually a round object) to fall, drop through N | du waaḵnáx̱ kaawaxeex → they are staring at it (lit: it fell through their eye) (KE)
• perfective (+): anax̱ kaawaxeex | it fell through it
• perfective (–): tlél anax̱ kawuxeex | it didnʼt fall through it
• future (+): anax̱ yei kakg̱waxéex | it will fall through it
• future (–): tlél anax̱ yei kakg̱waxeex | it wonʼt fall through it
√xeex ² (verb root) run ¹ | classification: singular subject | plural form: √gooḵ ²
{na preverb} + S-d+sh-√xeex ² (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (singular) S to run | note that the +d –i classifier sh- combined with the verb stem -xeex becomes -sheex, except in Yakutat where it will be -shxeex | ḵoo at latóowug̱áa neeshéex; sh yáa idawútl! → run for the teacher; hurry! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} neesheex! | run {____}!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo eeshíxgiḵ! | donʼt run {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa nashíx | they are running {____}
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yaa unashíx | they arenʼt running {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} wujixeex | they ran {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wusheex | they didnʼt run {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} gug̱ashéex | they will run {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gug̱asheex | they wonʼt run {____}
{∅ preverb} + S-d+sh-√xeex ² (∅ – subject intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (singular) S to run | note that the +d –i classifier sh- combined with the verb stem -xeex becomes -sheex, except in Yakutat where it will be -shxeex | tláakw ḵux̱ wujixíx du aat x̱ánde → they ran quickly back to their auntʼs place (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} eeshíx! | run {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} eesheexíḵ! | donʼt run {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa nashíx | they are running {____}
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} yaa unashíx | they arenʼt running {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wujixíx | they ran {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wusheex | they didnʼt run {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} kg̱washéex | they will run {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} kg̱washeex | they wonʼt run {____}
g̱unéi + S-d+sh-√xeex ² (∅ – subject intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (singular) S to begin running | (KE)
• imperative: g̱unéi eeshíx! | start running!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl g̱unéi eeshíxx̱iḵ! | donʼt start running!
• progressive imperfective: g̱unéi yaa nashíx | they are starting to run
• perfective (+): g̱unéi wujixíx | they started running
• perfective (–): tlél g̱unéi wusheex | they didnʼt start running
• future (+): g̱unéi kg̱washéex | they will start running
• future (–): tlél g̱unéi kg̱washeex | you wonʼt start running
ḵut + S-d+sh-√xeex ² (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) run away | for (singular) S to run away | (KE)
• imperative: ḵut geesheex! | run away!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ḵut kei eeshíxjiḵ! | donʼt run away!
• progressive imperfective: ḵut kei nashíx | they are running away
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél ḵut kei unashíx | they arenʼt running away
• perfective (+): ḵut wujixeex | they ran away
• perfective (–): tlél ḵut wusheex | they didnʼt run away
• future (+): ḵut kei kg̱washéex | they will run away
• future (–): tlél ḵut kei kg̱washeex | they wonʼt run away
shu-∅-√xeex ² (na event verb – impersonal – closed) end ¹; pass ¹; used up | for something to end, come to an end, pass; for something to be used up (of supplies, etc.) | yéi jineiyí yei shuxíxch → they all ran out of workers (there was a shortage) (SN) • násʼk yakyee shunaxéex → three days ago (that is, three days had passed) (SN) • shukg̱waxéex haa yoo x̱ʼatángi → our language is going to run out / come to an end (SN) • kóox haa x̱ʼéitx̱ shuwaxeex; kʼúntsʼ káa yei ḵugax̱toostée → our rice is all used up; weʼll live on potatoes (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa shunaxíx | itʼs coming to an end
• perfective (+): shuwaxeex | it came to an end
• perfective (–): tlél shuwuxeex | it didnʼt come to an end
• future (+): shukg̱waxéex | it will come to an end
• future (–): tlél shukg̱waxeex | it wonʼt come to an end
N + jeet⁓ + shu-∅-√xeex ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) run out | for N to run out of something | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: du jeedé yaa shunaxíx | they are running out of it
• perfective (+): du jeet shuwaxíx | they ran out of it
• perfective (–): tlél du jeet shuwuxeex | they didnʼt run out of it
• future (+): du jeedé shukg̱waxéex | they will run out of it
• future (–): tlél du jeedé shukg̱waxeex | they wonʼt run out of it
√xeex ³ (verb root) rise; set ¹; move ¹; blow | classification: celestial body, wind
∅-√xeex ³ (na motion verb – impersonal blow | for the wind to blow | itʼs possible to simply say « wooxeex » ("it blew"), the sentence sounds more natural when « kʼeeljáa » ("wind") is included | (GD, KE)
• progressive imperfective: (kʼeeljáa) yaa naxíx | itʼs starting to blow
• perfective (+): (kʼeeljáa) wooxeex | it blew
• perfective (–): (kʼeeljáa) tlél wuxeex | it didnʼt blow
• future (+): (kʼeeljáa) gug̱axéex | it will blow
• future (–): (kʼeeljáa) tlél gug̱axeex | it wonʼt blow
N-t⁓ + ∅-√xeex ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal blow | for a strong wind to blow at N | (GD, KE) • ḵúnáx̱ át uwaxíx yá xáanaa → itʼs blowing hard this evening (SN) • kʼeeljáa has du kát uwaxíx → the storm is blowing on them all (SN)
• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa naxíx | itʼs starting to blow there
• perfective (+): át uwaxíx | it blew there
• perfective (–): tlél át wuxeex | it didnʼt blow there
• future (+): aadé kg̱waxéex | it will blow there
• future (–): tlél aadé kg̱waxeex | it wonʼt blow there
kei + ∅-√xeex ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal rise | for the sun, moon to rise | this verb can also be used in expressions that donʼt pertain to the sun or moon, as in: neekw kei uwaxíx ʼnews/gossip went aroundʼ | g̱agaan kei naxíx → the sun is rising (SN)
• progressive imperfective: kei naxíx | itʼs rising
• perfective (+): kei uwaxíx | it rose
• perfective (–): tlél kei wuxeex | it didnʼt rise
• future (+): kei kg̱waxéex | it will rise
yínde + ∅-√xeex ³ (na motion verb – impersonal set ¹ | for the sun, moon to set | another way to say ‘the sun went down’ is: yan tʼéide wooxeex or a tʼéide wooxeex | (KE) • g̱agaan anax̱ yei naxíx → the sun is setting (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yínde yaa naxíx | it is setting
• perfective (+): yínde wooxeex | it set
• perfective (–): tlél yínde wuxeex | it didnʼt set
• future (+): yínde kg̱waxéex | it will set
• future (–): tlél yínde kg̱waxeex | it wonʼt set
√xeex ⁴ (verb root) occur; happen
ÿa-∅-√xeex ⁴ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) take place; occur; happen | for something to take place, occur, happen
O-ÿa-S-s-√xeex ⁴ (na – transitive – closed) social event; celebrate | for S to hold a social event for O; for S to celebrate O | ḵu.éexʼ g̱unayéi ayasaxíxx̱ → they began to run the ḵu.éexʼ / they caused the ḵu.éexʼ to get under way (SN) • tléináx̱ ḵáa yá g̱ayéisʼ hítdáx̱ jix̱anáḵx̱, aag̱áa yá Passover yaa yanaysaxix yé → i always set a prisoner free during the time you are celebrating the Passover (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yaa ayanasxíx | they are celebrating it
• perfective (+): ayawsixeex | they celebrated it
• perfective (–): tlél ayawusxeex | they didnʼt celebrate it
• future (+): ayagux̱saxéex | they will celebrate it
• future (–): tlél ayagux̱saxeex | they wonʼt celebrate it
sh + kalyéi + O-ÿa-S-∅-√xeex ⁴ (na – transitive – closed) intercourse; sex; affair | for S to fool around sexually with O; for S to have an affair with O
• progressive imperfective: sh kalyéi yaa has ayanasxíx | they all are fooling around
• perfective (+): sh kalyéi has ayawdzixeex | they all fooled around
• perfective (–): tlél sh kalyéi has ayawusxeex | they all didnʼt fool around
• future (+): sh kalyéi has ayakg̱wasxéex | they all are going to fool around
• future (–): sh kalyéi has ayakg̱wasxeex | they all arenʼt going to fool around
√xoo ¹ (verb root) steam ¹
√xoo ² (verb root) weigh down; rock pile
√xook (verb root) dry
∅-√xook (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) dry | for something to be dry, dried | i óosʼi de uwaxúk → your laundry has dried already (SN) • ax̱ leitóox̱ uwaxúk → my throat is dry (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa naxúk | itʼs drying
• perfective (+): uwaxúk | it dried
• perfective (–): tlél wuxook | it didnʼt dry
• future (+): gug̱axóok | it will dry
• future (–): tlél gug̱axook | it wonʼt dry
O-S-s-√xook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) dry | for S to dry O (by any method) | g̱uwakaan dleeyí gax̱tusaxóok → we are going to dry deer meat (SN) • ldakát ax̱ naa.ádi washéench wusixúk → all my clothes were dried by machine (that is, in the clothes drier) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: saxúk! | dry it!
• prohibitive: líl isaxoogúḵ! | donʼt dry it!
• imperfective (+): asxook | they are drying it
• imperfective (–): tlél oosxook | they arenʼt drying it
• progressive imperfective: yaa anasxúk | they are drying it
• perfective (+): awsixúk | they dried it
• perfective (–): tlél awusxook | they didnʼt dry it
• future (+): agux̱saxóok | they will dry it
• future (–): tlél agux̱saxook | they wonʼt dry it
ka-∅-√xook (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) dry | for something to be dry (of inside of container or of loose objects) | classification: in container or loose objects | yáatʼaa tléil kawuxook → this one isnʼt dry (inside of a pot) (SN) • sakwnéin kaawaxúk → he flour is drymy throat is dry (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanaxúk | itʼs drying
• perfective (+): kaawaxúk | it dried
• perfective (–): tlél kawuxook | it didnʼt dry
• future (+): kakg̱waxóok | it will dry
• future (–): tlél kakg̱waxook | it wonʼt dry
O-ka-S-s-√xook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) dry | for S to dry O (inside a container) | classification: inside a container | ḵʼwátl akawsixúk → they dried out the pot (SN)
• imperative: kasaxúk! | dry it!
• prohibitive: líl keesaxoogúḵ! | donʼt dry it!
• imperfective (+): akasxook | they are drying it
• imperfective (–): tlél akusxook | they arenʼt drying it
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanasxúk | they are drying it
• perfective (+): akawsixúk | they dried it
• perfective (–): tlél akawusxook | they didnʼt dry it
• future (+): akagux̱saxóok | they will dry it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱saxook | they wonʼt dry it
ḵu-∅-√xook (ga state verb – impersonal – closed) dry | for the weather to be dry | xóon ayawdateeyí ítdáx̱ ḵugaxúkch → after the north wind has been blowing, everything seems to be dry (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yaa ḵunaxúk | the weather is getting dry
• perfective (+): ḵuwaxúk | the weather is dry; the weather was dry
• perfective (–): tlél ḵooxook | the weather isnʼt dry; the weather wasnʼt dry
• future (+): ḵukg̱waxóok | the weather will be dry
• future (–): tlél ḵukg̱waxook | the weather wonʼt be dry
√xool (verb root) sex; intercourse
O-S-∅-√xool (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) sex; intercourse | for S to have sex with O | (JL)
• imperative: xúl! | have sex with them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eexúlx̱iḵ! | donʼt have sex with them
• imperfective (+): axóol | they are having sex with them
• perfective (–): tlél awuxool | they didnʼt have sex with them
• future (+): akg̱waxóol | they will have sex with them
• future (–): tlél akg̱waxool | they wonʼt have sex with them
√xoon ¹ (verb root) thin; lose | get thin; lose weight
O-l-√xoon ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) lose; thin | for O to lose weight, become thin | yei x̱at nalxún → iʼm losing weight (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yei nalxún | they are starting to lose weight
• perfective (+): wulixoon | they lost weight
• perfective (–): tlél wulxoon | they didnʼt lose weight
• future (+): yei gux̱laxóon | they will lose weight
• future (–): tlél yei gux̱laxoon | they wonʼt lose weight
sh S-d+l-√xoon ¹ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – closed) thin; lose | for S to cause oneself to lose weight, slim down | yei sh gax̱toolxóon → weʼre going to slim down (SN)
• imperative: sh g̱eelxoon! | lose weight!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei sh eelxúnjiḵ! | donʼt lose weight!
• progressive imperfective: yei sh nalxún | they are starting to lose weight
• perfective (+): sh wudlixoon | they lost weight
• perfective (–): tlél sh wulxoon | they didnʼt lose weight
• future (+): yei sh gug̱alxóon | they will lose weight
• future (–): tlél yei sh gug̱alxoon | they wonʼt lose weight
√xoon ² (verb root) reveal; show ¹ | reveal faces; move faces | classification: plural | singular form: √aa ²
ÿa-S-d+∅-√xoon ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) show ¹; reveal; dance ¹ | for S to show face (as entering in ceremonial dance) | neildé s yandixún → they all are showing them allʼs faces (and masks) as they all enter dancing (one at a time) (SN) • eet tʼéináx̱ neil has yawdixún → from behind the room they all came in dancing and showing them allʼs faces (KE) • naaxein tóot neil has yawdixún → they all are showing them allʼs faces as they all are entering in chilkat robes (KE)
• imperative: neil yaydaxún! | come in dancing and showing your faces!
• progressive imperfective: neildé yaa s yandaxún | theyʼre entering dancing and showing them allʼs faces
• perfective (+): neil has yawdixún | they all entered dancing and showing them allʼs faces
• perfective (–): tlél neil has yawdaxoon | they all didnʼt enter dancing and showing them allʼs faces
• future (+): neildé has yagux̱daxóon | they all will enter dancing and showing them allʼs faces
• future (–): tlél neildé has yagux̱daxoon | they all wonʼt enter dancing and showing them allʼs faces
N + tóot⁓ + ÿa-d+∅-√xoon ² (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) possessed | for S to be possessed, have evil spirits | yan kawtusinúk i tóot at yadaxúni → we know for sure that you have a demon (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): du tóot yawdixún | they are possessed
• perfective (–): tlél du tóot yawdaxoon | they arenʼt possessed
• future (+): du tóode yagux̱daxóon | they will be possessed
• future (–): tlél du tóode yagux̱daxoon | they wonʼt be possessed
√xoon ³ (verb root) prepare; travel | prepare for travel
S-∅-√xoon ³ (ga – subject intransitive – fading) prepare; travel | for S to prepare for travel | this verb usually appears with the object pronoun « at» (something), but a noun can appear in place to prepare for something specific | alʼoon x̱waaxoon → iʼm getting ready to go hunting (SN) • daaxʼoon yakyee x̱ʼáanáx̱ at wooxoon → it took him four days to prepare (for a trip) (SN) • (SH)
• imperative: at gaxoon! | get ready to go!
• progressive imperfective: at wooxoon | they got ready to go
• perfective (–): tlél at wuxoon | they didnʼt get ready to go
• future (+): kei at gug̱axóon | they will get ready to go
• future (–): kei at gug̱axóon | they wonʼt get ready to go
√xoosh (verb root) singe; smolder
√xoots ¹ (verb root) char
√xoots ² (verb root) dominate; overpower
N + een + sh ka-S-d+l-√xoots ² (∅ – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) dominate; trounce; overpower | for S to try to dominate or trounce or attempt to overpower N (like a brown bear) | ḵoon sh kawdlixúts → they all (big team) were trouncing (the other team) without giving them all a chance (SN) • tléináx̱ ḵáa alʼóon wugoodí xóots tóot akawlidútl, du een sh kawdlixúts → a man went hunting alone and called up a brown bear, and it tried to overpower him (KE)
• imperative: du een sh keelxúts! | try to dominate them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du een sh keelxútsx̱iḵ! | donʼt try to dominate them!
• progressive imperfective: du een yaa sh kanalxúts | they are trying to dominate them
• perfective (+): du een sh kawdlixúts | they tried to dominate them
• perfective (–): tlél du een sh kawulxoots | they didnʼt try to dominate them
• future (+): du een sh kakg̱walxóots | they will try to dominate them
• future (–): tlél du een sh kakg̱walxoots | they wonʼt try to dominate them
√xwaach (verb root) soft; flexible
O-S-l-√xwaach (∅ – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) soften; scrape | for S to soften, make O flexible; for S to scrape O (hide) to soften it | tsaa doogú kuḵalawáach → iʼm going to soften the seal skin (SN) • ax̱ káani at doogú áwé alxwáchsʼ → my in-law is scraping a skin (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: laxwách! | scrape it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilaxwáchx̱iḵ! | donʼt scrape it!
• imperfective (+): alxwácht | they are scraping it
• imperfective (–): tlél oolxwácht | they arenʼt scraping it
• perfective (+): awlixwách | they scraped it
• perfective (–): tlél awulxwaach | they didnʼt scrape it
• future (+): agux̱laxwáach | they will scrape it
• future (–): tlél agux̱laxwaach | they wonʼt scrape it
√xwaan (verb root) frost
ḵu-ka-d+l-√xwáan (∅ state verb – impersonal – closed) frost | for the ground or weather to be frosty | (SN)
• perfective (+): ḵukawdlixwán | it was frosty; it is frosty
• future (+): ḵukakg̱walxwáan | it is going to be frosty
√xwaasʼ (verb root) hang | hang in clusters
√xwaats (verb root) paint ² | paint face (esp with black paint)
√xwei (verb root) tease; taunt
O-S-∅-√xwéi ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) tease; joke; bad-mouth | for S to tease, joke about O (esp. particular tribal relations, such as paternal uncle); for S to bad-mouth O | du sáni aawaxwéi → he made jokes about his paternal uncle (SN) • has haa xwéi, "tlél aan yádi yee x̱oo" → they all teased us, "thereʼs no noble person among you" (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl yoo eexwéiyiḵ! | donʼt joke about them!
• perfective (+): aawaxwéi | they joked about them
• perfective (–): tlél awuxwéi | they didnʼt joke about them
• future (+): akg̱waxwéi | they will joke about them
• future (–): tlél akg̱waxwéi | they wonʼt joke about them
√xwein ¹ (verb root) ladle ¹; spoon ²; shovel ¹
O-S-∅-√xwein ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) ⑴ ladle ¹; spoon ²; shovel ¹ | for S to shovel O; for S to spoon, dish out O | ḵútlʼkw x̱waaxwén → i shoveled the mud (SN) • (KE) ⒜ | kʼwátlxʼ kaadé axwéin; they are spooning it into the pots; (SN)
• imperative: xwén! | dish it out!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ixwénx̱iḵ! | donʼt dish it out!
• imperfective (+): axwéin | they are dishing it out
• progressive imperfective: yaa anaxwén | they are starting to dish it out
• perfective (+): aawaxwén | they dished it out
• perfective (–): tlél awuxwein | they didnʼt dish it out
• future (+): akg̱waxwéin | they are going to dish it out
• future (–): tlél akg̱waxwein | they arenʼt going to dish it out
√xwein ² (verb root) puckered | face puckered and ready to cry
√xwein ³ (verb root) blossom; flower ¹
O-ḵʼa-ka-d+l-√xwein ˟ ³ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – invariable) flower ¹; blossom | for O to flower, blossom | yei ḵʼeikanalxwéin → itʼs beginning to flower / coming into bloom (SN) • chʼa aanáx̱ tléiḵw ḵʼeikawdlixwéin → the salmon berry is flowering (SN)
• progressive imperfective: yei ḵʼeikanalxwéin | it is flowering
• perfective (+): ḵʼeikawdlixwéin | it flowered
• perfective (–): tlél ḵʼeikawulxwéin | it didnʼt flower
• future (+): yei ḵʼeikakg̱walxwéin | it will flower
• future (–): tlél yei ḵʼeikakg̱walxwéin | it wonʼt flower
√xweitl ¹ (verb root) tired; weary
O-d+∅-√xweitl ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) tired; weary | for O to be tired, weary | x̱at wudixwétl → iʼm tired (SN) • yées ḵáa tléil udaxwétlx̱ → a young person shouldnʼt be tired (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: idaxwétl! | be tired!
• prohibitive: líl iwdaxweidlíḵ! | donʼt be tired!
• progressive imperfective: yaa ndaxwétl | they are getting tired
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél yaa undaxwétl | they are not getting tired
• perfective (+): wudixwétl | they were tired; they are tired
• perfective (–): tlél wudaxweitl | they are not tired
• future (+): gux̱daxwéitl | they will be tired
• future (–): tlél gux̱daxweitl | they wonʼt be tired
O-S-l-√xweitl ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) tired | for S to tire O, make O tired (either physically or emotionally) | kashx̱ʼílʼx̱ x̱at laxwétlx̱ → ironing tires me (SN) • x̱ay yilixwétl → you make me tired (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: laxwétl! | make them tired!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilaxwétlx̱iḵ! | donʼt make them tired!
• progressive imperfective: yaa ash nalxwétl | they are making them tired
• progressive imperfective (–): tlél yaa ash unalxwétl | they arenʼt making them tired
• perfective (+): ash wulixwétl | they made them tired
• perfective (–): tlél ash wulxweitl | they didnʼt make them tired
• future (+): ash gux̱laxwéitl | they will make them tired
• future (–): tlél ash gux̱laxweitl | they wonʼt make them tired
√xweitl ² (verb root) itch; tickle
ka-S-l-√xweitl ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) itch; tickle | for S to itch, tickle | ax̱ daa yaa kanalxwétl → my body is starting to itch all over (SN) • ax̱ leitóox̱ kawlixwétl → my throat is tickling (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanalxwétl | itʼs starting to itch
• perfective (+): kawlixwétl | itʼs itchy
• perfective (–): tlél kawulxweitl | itʼs not itchy
• future (+): kagux̱laxwéitl | it will be itchy
• future (–): tlél kagux̱laxweitl | it wonʼt be itchy
√xweix̱ (verb root) silent | silent; quiet
√xweix̱ʼ (verb root) emaciated
√xʼaa (verb root) twist; limber | twist to limber
√xʼaak ¹ (verb root) swim | swim underwater (esp. fish and sea mammals)
{∅ preverb} + S-√xʼaak ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) swim | for singular S (esp. large fish and sea mammals) to swim under water | classification: singular | yáay anax̱ kei x̱ʼákch → a whale is surfacing there (swimming up to the surface) (SN) • héen wátt uwaxʼák wé tʼási → the grayling swam to the mouth of the river. (KE)
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa naxʼák | itʼs swimming {____}
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} uwaxʼák | it swam {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wuxʼaak | it didnʼt swim {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} kg̱waxʼáak | it will swim {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} kg̱waxʼaak | it wonʼt swim {____}
{na preverb} + ∅-√xʼaak ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) swim | for singular S (esp. large fish and sea mammals) to swim under water | classification: singular | íxde yaa naxʼák → it (fish) is swimming downstream (SN) • aadé naxʼákni wé tóosʼch gug̱wax̱áa → if it swims over there, the shark is going to eat it (KE)
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa naxʼák | itʼs swimming there under water {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} wooxʼaak | it swam there under water {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wuxʼaak | it didnʼt swim there under water {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} kg̱waxʼáak | it will swim there under water {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} kg̱waxʼaak | it wonʼt swim there under water {____}
{na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√xʼaak ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) swim | for (plural) O (esp. large fish and sea mammals) to swim under water | classification: plural | yáay deikéex̱ yaa kanduxʼák → whales are swimming way out there (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa (ha)s kanduxʼák | they all are swimming under water {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} (ha)s kawduwaxʼaak | they all swam under water {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s kawduwaxʼaak | they all didnʼt swim under water {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s kagax̱duxʼáak | they all will swim under water {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s kagax̱duxʼaak | they all wonʼt swim under water {____}
√xʼaak ² (verb root) rough; course
√xʼaaḵw ¹ (verb root) forget; come to an end
N + ká-t⁓ + O-sa-∅-√xʼaaḵw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) forget | for O to forget N | a kát haa saxʼaaḵw → we forget (SN) • tléil ax̱ kát sawuxʼaaḵw → they didnʼt forget me (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: a kát saxʼáḵw! | forget it!
• prohibitive: líl a káx̱ iseixʼaag̱úḵ! | donʼt forget it!
• perfective (+): a kát seiwaxʼáḵw | they forgot
• perfective (–): tlél a kát seiwuxʼaaḵw | they didnʼt forget
• future (+): a kaadé sakg̱waxʼáaḵw | they will forget
• future (–): tlél a kaadé sakg̱waxʼaaḵw | they wonʼt forget
N + ká-t⁓ + O-sa-S-l-√xʼaaḵw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) forget | for S to cause O to forget N | has du toowú néegu, a kát has sawtulixʼáḵw → we made them all forget them allʼs sorrow (SN)
• imperative: a kát salaxʼáḵw! | make them forget it!
• prohibitive: líl a káx̱ seelaxʼaag̱úḵ! | donʼt make them forget it!
• perfective (+): a kát sawlaxʼáḵw | they made them forget
• perfective (–): tlél a kát sawulxʼaaḵw | they didnʼt make them forget
• future (+): a kaadé sagux̱laxʼáaḵw | they will make them forget
• future (–): tlél a kaadé sagux̱laxʼaaḵw | they wonʼt make them forget
√xʼaaḵw ² (verb root) comfortable | situate comfortably
yan⁓ + sh ka-S-d+l-√xʼaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) comfortable | for S to be make themselves comfortable, settle in a comfortable position | yan sh x̱wadlijáḵw → iʼm making myself thoroughly comfortable (SN)
• imperative: yan sh keelxʼáḵw! | make yourself comfortable!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ sh keelxʼaag̱úḵ! | donʼt make yourself comfortable!
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa sh kanalxʼáḵw | they are making themself comfortable
• perfective (+): yan sh kawdliixʼáḵw | they are making themself comfortable
• perfective (–): tlél yan sh kawulxʼaaḵw | they are not making themself comfortable
• future (+): yánde sh kakg̱walxʼáaḵw | they will make themself comfortable
• future (–): tlél yánde sh kakg̱walxʼaaḵw | they wonʼt make themself comfortable
sh ka-S-d+sh-√xʼaaḵw ² (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) comfortable | for S to be comfortable, sit or lie comfortably | du yee.ádi káxʼ sh kax̱wjixʼaaḵw → iʼm comfortable on their bed (KE)
• imperative: sh kaneeshxʼaaḵw! | get comfortable!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo sh keeshxʼáḵwguḵ! | donʼt get comfortable!
• progressive imperfective: yaa sh kanashxʼáḵw | they are getting comfortable
• perfective (+): sh kawjixʼaaḵw | they are comfortable
• perfective (–): tlél sh kawushxʼaaḵw | they are not comfortable
• future (+): sh kakg̱washxʼáaḵw | they will be comfortable
• future (–): tlél sh kakg̱washxʼaaḵw | they wonʼt be comfortable
yan⁓ + sh ka-d+sh-√xʼaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) comfortable | for S to be comfortable, sit or lie comfortably | yan sh kax̱wjixʼáḵw → iʼm sitting very comfortably, just the way i want to be (SN) • yánde sh kakḵwashxʼáaḵw → iʼm going to make myself really comfortable (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yan sh keeshxʼáḵw! | get comfortable!
• prohibitive: líl yax̱ sh keeshxʼaag̱úḵ! | donʼt get comfortable!
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa sh kanashxʼáḵw | they are getting comfortable
• perfective (+): yan sh kawjixʼáḵw | they are comfortable
• perfective (–): tlél yan sh kawushxʼaaḵw | they are not comfortable
• future (+): yánde sh kakg̱washxʼáaḵw | they will be comfortable
• future (–): tlél yánde sh kakg̱washxʼaaḵw | they wonʼt be comfortable
√xʼaan
√xʼaan ¹ (verb root) smoke ¹ | smoke food, especially fish
at S-∅-√xʼaan ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) dry; smoke ¹ | for S to dry (fish, meat) over fire, smoke lightly | (KE, CG, JL)
• imperative: at xʼán! | dry fish!
• prohibitive: líl at eexʼaaníḵ! | donʼt dry fish!
• imperfective (+): at xʼáan | they are drying fish; they dries fish
• imperfective (–): tlél at ooxʼaan | they donʼt dry fish
• perfective (+): at uwaxʼán | they dried fish
• perfective (–): tlél at wuxʼaan | they didnʼt dry fish
• future (+): at gug̱axʼáan | they will dry fish
• future (–): tlél at gug̱axʼaan | they wonʼt dry fish
√xʼaan ² (verb root) anger; angry
O-∅-√xʼaan ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive – closed) angry | for O to be angry, in a bad mood (all the time)
• perfective (+): uwaxʼán | they were angry (all the time); they are angry (all the time)
• perfective (–): tlél wuxʼaan | they werenʼt angry
• future (+): gug̱axʼáan | they will be angry
• future (–): tlél gug̱axʼaan | they wonʼt be angry
√xʼaas (verb root) ⑴ fall; cascade | classification: liquid || ⑵ drip ¹ | drip at a fast rate
ka-l-√xʼáas ˟ (∅ event verb – impersonal – invariable) drip ¹; leak | for something to drip, leak (at fairly fast rate) | gúxʼaa kaadé kawdlixʼáas → it drips into a can (fairly constantly) (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): kawlixʼáas | itʼs leaking
• perfective (–): tlél kawulxʼáas | itʼs not leaking
• future (+): kagux̱laxʼáas | it will leak
• future (–): tlél kagux̱laxʼáas | it wonʼt leak
√xʼaasʼ (verb root) slice; scrape
√xʼaash (verb root) bewitch
√xʼaat (verb root) file; sharpen
O-ÿa-S-∅-√xʼáat (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) sharpen | for S to sharpen O (an edge) with a file | shunax̱wáayi yax̱waaxʼát → i sharpened an axe with a file (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: yaxʼát! | sharpen it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yeexʼátx̱iḵ! | donʼt sharpen it!
• imperfective (+): ayaxʼáat | they are sharpening it
• perfective (+): ayaawaxʼát | they sharpened it
• perfective (–): tlél ayawuxʼáat | they didnʼt sharpen it
• future (+): ayakg̱waxʼáat | they will sharpen it
• future (–): tlél ayakg̱waxʼáat | they wonʼt sharpen it
√xʼeit (verb root) • variants: √xʼeet • hunting
√xʼeen (verb root) grimace
√xʼees (verb root) swell up; boil ² | for skin to swell; have a boil (on skin)
d+∅-√xʼees (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) swell up; boil ² | for something to swell, be swollen locally; for something to have a boil on it (of skin) | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa ndaxʼís | itʼs beggining to swell
• perfective (+): wudixʼís | itʼs swollen
• perfective (–): tlél wudaxʼees | itʼs not swollen
• future (+): gux̱daxʼées | it will swell
• future (–): tlél gux̱daxʼees | it wonʼt swell
√xʼeesʼ (verb root) tangled
√xʼeesh (verb root) skin ² | to remove the skin
O-S-l-√xʼeesh (na act verb – transitive – closed) skin ²; flay | for S to skin, flay O | g̱uwakaan x̱alaxʼéesh → iʼm skinning a deer (SN) • x̱alakʼách yoo dudlixʼíshk → people regularly skin porcupines • (KE)
• imperative: nalxʼeesh! | skin it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo ilaxʼíshgiḵ! | donʼt skin it!
• imperfective (+): alxʼeesh | they are skinning it
• imperfective (–): tlél oolxʼeesh | they are not skinning it
• progressive imperfective: yaa analxʼísh | they are starting to skin it
• perfective (+): awlixʼeesh | they skinned it
• perfective (–): tlél awulxʼeesh | they didnʼt skin it
• future (+): agux̱laxʼéesh | they will skin it
• future (–): tlél agux̱laxʼeesh | they wonʼt skin it
√xʼeet (verb root) uproot
√xʼeexʼ (verb root) nip
√xʼoo ¹ (verb root) peg; nail ³
O-ka-S-s-√xʼoo ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) nail ³ | for S to nail O | a postpositional phrase such as át/aadé/áx̱ (on it) is not required with this verb, but is shown in the forms here to show how the postposition changes with each mode • without the át, one could say: akawsixʼóo ʼs/he drove nails in itʼ | tuháayi yaa akanasxʼwéin → they are driving in nails (SN) • át at kasaxʼú! → nail something over it (rat hole)! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át kasaxʼú! | nail it on it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl át keesaxʼoogúḵ! | donʼt nail it on it!
• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa akanasxʼwéin | they are nailing it on it
• perfective (–): tlél át akawusxʼú | they didnʼt nail it on it
• future (+): át akawsixʼóo | they nailed it on it
• future (+): aadé akagux̱saxʼóo | they will nail it on it
• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱saxʼoo | they wonʼt nail it on it
√xʼoo ² (verb root) blanket | wear a blanket
√xʼook (verb root) steam
√xʼoolʼ ¹ (verb root) tide ¹; whirlpool | rip tide
√xʼoolʼ ² (verb root) pluck
√xʼootʼ ¹ (verb root) glide; soar
√xʼootʼ ² (verb root) scratch | scratch with point
√xʼootʼ ³ (verb root) pull | link and pull middle fingers
√xʼwán ˟ (verb root) boot
√xʼwásḵ ˟ (verb root) numb; no feeling
l-√xʼwásʼḵ ˟ (na event verb – impersonal – invariable) numb; no feeling | for something to be numb, have no feeling | ax̱ x̱ʼoos wulixʼwásʼḵ → my foot has gone to sleep/is numb (SN) • yéi ee.aayí i daa.ittú kei gux̱laxʼwásʼḵ → the way you are sitting, you will get numb (esp. your legs) (SN) • ax̱ x̱ʼoos wulxʼwásʼg̱i tlél aadé yaa kḵwaagoodi yé → i canʼt walk when my leg is numb (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa nalxʼwásʼḵ | itʼs beginning to get numb
• perfective (+): wulixʼwásʼḵ | itʼs numb
• perfective (–): tlél wulxʼwásʼḵ | itʼs not numb
• future (+): gux̱laxʼwásʼḵ | it will get numb
• future (–): tlél gux̱laxʼwásʼḵ | it wonʼt get numb
√x̱án (verb root) love; accompany
O-S-s-√x̱án ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) love | for S to love O | tusix̱án; shuxʼáanáx̱ haa wusx̱ánich → we love him, because he first loved us (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: gasax̱án! | love them/it!
• imperfective (+): asix̱án | they loves them/it
• imperfective (–): tlél oosx̱án | they donʼt love them/it
• perfective (+): awsix̱án | they loved them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awusx̱án | they didnʼt love them/it
• future (+): kei agux̱sax̱án | they will love them/it
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱sax̱án | they wonʼt love them/it
N-xʼ + sh S-d+l-√x̱án ˟ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) accompany; like ¹; follow ¹ | for S to accompany N; for S to take (a liking) to N; for S to follow N around | ax̱ ée sh dlix̱án wé keitl → that dog really likes me; that dog follows me around (SN) • áa yaa sh nalx̱án → they are beginning to go round with them; they are becoming friendly with them (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): áa sh dlix̱án | they are taking a liking to them/it
• progressive imperfective: áa yaa sh nalx̱án | they are beginning to take a liking to them/it
• perfective (+): áa sh wudlix̱án | they took a liking to them/it
• perfective (–): tlél áa sh wulx̱án | they didnʼt take a liking to them/it
• future (+): áa kei sh gug̱alx̱án | they are going to take a liking to them/it
• future (–): tlél áa kei gug̱alx̱án | they arenʼt going to take a liking to them/it
√x̱aa ¹ (verb root) eat ¹
O-S-∅-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) eat ¹ | for S to eat O | g̱uwakaan dleeyí gax̱toox̱áa → we will eat deer meat (SN) • sh tóog̱aa has wudix̱áa → they all ate as much as they all wanted (SN) • yan x̱at wátni, daatg̱áa sáwé yéi ḵukḵwastée? haa jináḵ ḵut kei shandulxíx yá toox̱áa nooch x̱áat → when i reach the peak of my age, what am i going to live on? theyʼre killing off the salmon that we eat (KE)
• imperative: x̱á! | eat it!
• prohibitive: líl eex̱áaḵ! | donʼt eat it!
• imperfective (+): ax̱á | they are eating it; they eats it
• imperfective (–): tlél oox̱á | they arenʼt eating it; they donʼt eat it
• progressive imperfective: yaa anax̱éin | they are going along eating it
• perfective (+): aawax̱áa | they ate it
• perfective (–): tlél awux̱á | they didnʼt eat it
• future (+): akg̱wax̱áa | they will eat it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wax̱aa | they wonʼt eat it
at S-∅-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) eat ¹ | for S to eat | coffee daak duséench donuts aan toox̱áaych → we always eat donuts with coffee brought to us (SN)
• imperative: at x̱á! | eat!
• prohibitive: líl at eex̱áaḵ! | donʼt eat!
• imperfective (+): at x̱á | they are eating; they eats
• imperfective (–): tlél at ux̱á | they arenʼt eating; they donʼt eat
• perfective (+): at uwax̱áa | they ate
• perfective (–): tlél at wux̱á | they didnʼt eat
• future (+): at gug̱ax̱áa | they will eat
• future (–): tlél at gug̱ax̱aa | they wonʼt eat
O-S-s-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) eat ¹ | for S to eat O (small amounts or a variety of things) | ldakát át has asx̱á, Lingít → Tlingits eat everything (that is, have a varied diet) (SN) • du jín asx̱á → they (an infant) is eating their hand (SN)
• imperative: sax̱á! | eat it in small pieces!
• prohibitive: líl eesx̱áaḵ! | donʼt eat it in small pieces!
• progressive imperfective: yaa anasx̱éin | they are eating it in small pieces
• perfective (+): awsix̱áa | they ate it in small pieces
• perfective (–): tlél awusx̱á | they didnʼt eat it in small pieces
• future (+): agux̱sax̱áa | they will eat it in small pieces
• future (–): tlél agux̱sax̱aa | they wonʼt eat it in small pieces
yax̱ + O-ÿa-S-s-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) eat ¹ | for S to eat up, finish, consume O (eating lots of pieces) | (KE)
• imperative: yax̱ yasax̱á! | eat it all up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yax̱ yisax̱éix̱iḵ! | donʼt eat it all up!
• progressive imperfective: yax̱ yaa ayanasx̱éin | they are eating it all up
• perfective (+): yax̱ ayawsix̱áa | they ate it all up
• perfective (–): tlél yax̱ ayawusx̱á | they didnʼt eat it all up
• future (+): yax̱ ayagux̱sax̱áa | they will eat it all up
• future (–): tlél yax̱ ayagux̱sax̱aa | they wonʼt eat it all up
O-ka-S-d+sh-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) eat ¹ | for S to eat O (berries off the bush) | ilí chʼas l keeshx̱áaḵ; ḵukʼítʼ ḵu.aa! → donʼt just eat the berries; pick them all (that is, for taking home)! (SN)
• imperative: kashx̱á! | eat the berries off the bush!
• prohibitive: líl keeshx̱áaḵ! | donʼt eat the berries off the bush!
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanashx̱éin | they are eating the berries off the bush
• perfective (+): akawjix̱áa | they ate the berries off the bush
• perfective (–): tlél akawushx̱á | they didnʼt eat the berries off the bush
• future (+): akag̱washx̱áa | they will eat the berries off the bush
• future (–): tlél akag̱washx̱aa | they wonʼt eat the berries off the bush
√x̱aa ² paddle ¹; row
a-S-∅-√x̱aa ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) paddle ¹; row | for S to paddle, row | Éeḵ Héenidé adux̱áa noojéen → people used to paddle to Copper River (SN) • tláakw ax̱áa! → paddle quickly! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ax̱áa! | row!
• prohibitive: líl eex̱áaḵ! | donʼt row!
• imperfective (+): ax̱áa | they are rowing
• imperfective (–): tlél oox̱áa | they arenʼt rowing
• perfective (+): aawax̱áa | they rowed
• perfective (–): tlél awux̱á | they didnʼt row
• future (+): akg̱wax̱áa | they will row
• future (–): tlél akg̱wax̱aa | they wonʼt row
{∅ preverb} + O-ÿa-S-∅-√x̱aa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) transport; bring; take; fetch | for S to transport O by boat or car; for S to bring, take or fetch O by boat or car | haa atx̱aayí haat yawduwax̱áa → our food was brought here by boat (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} woox̱á! | transport them/it {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yayix̱aaḵ! | donʼt transport them/it {____}!
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} ayaawax̱áa | they transported them/it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} ayawux̱á | they didnʼt transport them/it {____}
• future (+): {∅ preverb} ayakg̱wax̱áa | they will transport them/it {____}
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} ayakg̱wax̱aa | they wonʼt transport them/it {____}
{na preverb} + O-ÿa-S-∅-√x̱aa ² (na motion verb – transitive – open) transport; bring; take; fetch | for S to transport O by boat or car; for S to bring, take or fetch O by boat or car | yaa ḵuwunax̱éin → they are transporting people by boat (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} yanax̱á! | transport them/it {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yayix̱aaḵ! | donʼt transport them/it {____}!
• perfective (+): {na preverb} ayaawax̱aa | they transported them/it {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} ayawux̱aa | they didnʼt transport them/it {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} ayakg̱wax̱áa | they will transport them/it {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} ayakg̱wax̱aa | they wonʼt transport them/it {____}
O-ÿa-S-∅-√x̱áaxʼw ˟ ² (na act verb – transitive – invariable) • variants: O-ya-S-∅-√x̱éixʼw ² ˟ • transport; haul | for S to regularly transport, haul O by boat or car | ḵuyax̱áaxʼw yaakw yíkt → they are transporting people by boat (KE)
• imperative: yanax̱áaxʼw! | haul it!
• prohibitive: líl yoo yeex̱áaguḵ! | donʼt haul it!
• imperfective (+): ayax̱áaxʼw | they are hauling it; they hauls it
• imperfective (–): tlél awoox̱áaxʼw | they arenʼt hauling it; they donʼt haul it
• perfective (+): ayaawax̱áaxʼw | they hauled it
• perfective (–): tlél ayawux̱áaxʼw | they didnʼt haul it
• future (+): ayakg̱wax̱áaxʼw | they will haul it
• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wax̱áaxʼw | they wonʼt haul it
√x̱aa ³ (verb root) war; attack | attack in fleet; attack in pod
√x̱aach (verb root) tow | tow (usually by boat)
O-S-∅-√x̱aach (na motion verb – transitive – closed) tow | for S to tow O (usually by boat) | aas yaa anax̱ách → they are towing timber / a tree (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nax̱aach! | tow it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo eex̱áchgiḵ! | donʼt tow it!
• progressive imperfective: yaa anax̱ách | they are towing it
• perfective (+): aawax̱aach | they towed it
• perfective (–): tlél awux̱aach | they didnʼt tow it
• future (+): akg̱wax̱áach | they will tow it
• future (–): tlél akg̱wax̱aach | they wonʼt tow it
√x̱aak ¹ (verb root) sting | sting (of nettles)
√x̱aak ² (verb root) shrink; shrivel
d+∅-√x̱aak ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) shrink | for something to shrink, be shrunken (esp. cloth) | kʼoodásʼ wudix̱ák → the shirt shrank (SN) • i xʼóowu gux̱dax̱áak → your blanket is going to shrink (SN) • dax̱ákx̱ wé lʼée → that cloth shrinks (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa ndax̱ák | itʼs shrinking
• perfective (+): wudix̱ák | it shrank
• perfective (–): tlél wudax̱aak | it didnʼt shrink
• future (+): gux̱dax̱áak | it will shrink
• future (–): tlél gux̱dax̱aak | it wonʼt shrink
√x̱aakw (verb root) claw; cling
√x̱aal (verb root) fascinating
√x̱aan (verb root) barb
√x̱aanásʼ (verb root) raft; rack | make a raft; make a rack
√x̱aasʼ (verb root) boil ¹; reduce | strengthen by boiling
√x̱aasʼ ¹ (verb root) scrape
√x̱aasʼ ² (verb root) mend | mend crack
√x̱aash (verb root) ready ¹ | ready to gather (of roots)
√x̱aat (verb root) fish; fin
√x̱aatʼ (verb root) whip; spring ³; bend ¹ | bend under pressure
√x̱aaw (verb root) hairy
N + daa-d+s-√x̱áaw ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) hairy | for N to have a hairy body | note that the possessive pronoun is used with this verb when talking about a person, such as: du daadzix̱áaw (they are hairy) and ax̱ daadzix̱áaw (i am hairy) | (KE)
• imperfective (+): daadzix̱áaw | it is hairy
• imperfective (–): tlél daa.usx̱áaw | it isnʼt hairy
• future (+): kei kg̱wasx̱áaw | it will be hairy
• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wasx̱áaw | it wonʼt be hairy
√x̱aaxʼ (verb root) split | split into layers
√x̱aax̱ʼ (verb root) dew
√x̱ei (verb root) • variants: √x̱ee • ⑴ pass ¹ | for a day to pass; pass through night || ⑵ camp ¹; overnight; stay
O-∅-√x̱ei ʰ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – fading) camp ¹; overnight; stay | for O to stay overnight, spend the night, camp out overnight | déix̱ haa x̱áni uwax̱ée → they stayed with us two nights (SN) • áa x̱at gug̱ax̱ée → iʼm going to camp there (SN)
• imperative: (áa) ix̱é! | stay overnight (there)!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl (áa) ix̱éix̱iḵ! | donʼt stay overnight (there)!
• perfective (+): (áa) uwax̱éi | they stayed overnight (there)
• perfective (–): tlél (áa) wux̱é | they didnʼt stay overnight (there)
• future (+): (áa) gug̱wax̱éi | they will stay overnight (there)
• future (–): tlél (áa) kg̱wax̱ei | they wonʼt stay overnight (there)
O-x̱ʼa-∅-√x̱ei (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) fast ²; refrain from | for O to fast, refrain from eating (for 24 hours at a time) | daaxʼoon x̱at x̱ʼeiwax̱ée → i fasted for four days (SN) • alʼóon yayeedé ḵaa x̱ʼax̱éex̱ → people fasted before going out on hunting trips (SN) • x̱ʼax̱éini kʼidéin sh tugux̱danóok → if they fasts s/heʼll feel better (KE)
• imperative: ix̱ʼax̱é! | fast!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ix̱ʼeix̱éix̱iḵ! | donʼt fast!
• progressive imperfective: yaa x̱ʼanax̱éin | they are fasting
• perfective (+): x̱ʼeiwax̱éi | they fasted
• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawux̱é | they didnʼt fast
• future (+): x̱ʼakg̱wax̱éi | they will fast
• future (–): tlél x̱ʼakg̱wax̱ei | they wonʼt fast
ÿa-∅-√x̱ei (∅ event verb – impersonal – open) • variants: ya-∅-√x̱ee • pass ¹; elapse | for 24 hours to pass, elapse | xʼoon sá yaawax̱ée? → how many 24 hours have passed (that is, what date is it)? (SN) • jinkaat ḵa déix̱ yaawax̱ée yáa dís → twelve have passed this month (it is the twelfth) (SN) • déix̱ yagiyee a yáanáx̱ yaawax̱ée yá asg̱eiwú yagiyeeyí → itʼs two days past the seine closure (it closed two days ago) (KE) • seig̱án déix̱ yagiyee yakg̱wax̱ée yá dís yát → tomorrow will be the 2nd of this month (KE) • yeisú tlél jinkaat a yáanáx̱ woox̱éeych ḵáaḵwt x̱at wuneiyídáx̱ → ten days havenʼt passed since my accident yet (KE)
• perfective (+): déix̱ yaawax̱ée | two days have passed
• perfective (–): tlél déix̱ yawux̱í | two days havenʼt passed
• future (+): déix̱ yakg̱wax̱ée | two days will pass
• future (–): tlél déix̱ yakg̱wax̱ee | two days wonʼt pass
√x̱eiḵ (verb root) wakeful; awake • variants: √x̱eek •
O-d+∅-√x̱eiḵ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – fading) wakeful | for O to be wakeful; for O to not get enough sleep
• perfective (+): wudix̱éḵ | they are wakeful
• perfective (–): tlél wudax̱eiḵ | they are not wakeful
• future (+): gux̱dax̱éiḵ | they are going to be wakeful
• future (–): tlél gux̱dax̱eiḵ | they arenʼt going to be wakeful
O-S-s-√x̱eiḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) awake | for S to keep O awake | sh gax̱toosx̱éiḵ → weʼre going to wake up early (SN) • du akeedí x̱at wusix̱éḵ → their snoring keeps me awake (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sax̱éḵ! | keep them awake!
• prohibitive: líl yisax̱eig̱íḵ! | donʼt keep them awake!
• perfective (+): ash wusix̱éḵ | they kept them awake
• perfective (–): tlél ash wusx̱eiḵ | they didnʼt keep them awake
• future (+): ash gux̱sax̱éiḵ | they will keep them awake
• future (–): tlél ash gux̱sax̱eiḵ | they wonʼt keep them awake
√x̱eil ¹ (verb root) • variants: √x̱eel • foam
√x̱eil ² (verb root) • variants: √x̱eel • coil
√x̱eilʼ (verb root) paralyze
√x̱ein (verb root) • variants: x̱een • move ¹ | move through space
√x̱eisʼ (verb root) wish ¹
a-S-d+l-√x̱éisʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) wish ¹ | for S to wish strongly, make a strong wish (often bringing supernatural results) | geesh kadóotl a kaadé kwshé alx̱éisʼ → he (Raven) made a strong wish that he might land on a tangle of kelp (SN) • ax̱alx̱éisʼ → iʼm wishing (SN) • yéi analx̱éisʼni, yéi kg̱watée → if she wishes for it, it will be so (KE)
• imperative: yéi aneelx̱éisʼ! | wish for that!
• prohibitive: líl yéi eelx̱éisʼiḵ! | donʼt wish for that!
• imperfective (+): alx̱éisʼ | they are wishing
• imperfective (–): tlél oolx̱éisʼ | they arenʼt wishing
• perfective (+): awdlix̱éisʼ | they wished
• perfective (–): tlél awulx̱éisʼ | they didnʼt wish
• future (+): akg̱walx̱éisʼ | they will wish
• future (–): tlél akg̱walx̱éisʼ | they wonʼt wish
√x̱eitl (verb root) • variants: √x̱eetl ² • blessed; lucky
O-l-√x̱éitl ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) blessed; lucky | for O to be blessed, be lucky | ḵúnáx̱ haa wlix̱éitl → we were really blessed (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): lix̱éitl | they are lucky
• imperfective (–): tlél ulx̱éitl | they are not lucky
• progressive imperfective: kei nalx̱éitl | they are getting lucky
• perfective (+): wulix̱éitl | they got lucky
• perfective (–): tlél wulx̱éitl | they didnʼt get lucky
• future (+): kei gux̱lax̱éitl | they will get lucky
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lax̱éitl | they wonʼt get lucky
tlél + O-sh-√x̱éitl ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) unlucky | for O to be unlucky
• imperfective (–): tlél ushx̱éitl | they are unlucky
• perfective (–): tlél wushx̱éitl | they were unlucky
• future (–): tlél kei gux̱shax̱éitl | they will be unlucky
√x̱eitlʼ (verb root) • variants: √x̱eetlʼ • afraid; fearful
N-xʼ + a-ka-u-S-d+l-√x̱éitlʼ ˟ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) afraid; fearful | for S to be afraid of, fear N | ax̱ keidlíxʼ ágé akeedlix̱éetlʼ? → are you afraid of my dog? (SN) • sh ḵʼuḵwalyeilín, du éexʼ ḵu.aa akux̱dlix̱éitlʼ → i would have lied but iʼm afraid of him (KE)
• imperative: áa kageelx̱éitlʼ | be afraid of it!
• prohibitive: líl áa akeelx̱éitlʼiḵ! | donʼt be afraid of it!
• imperfective (+): áa akwdlix̱éitlʼ | they are afraid of it
• imperfective (–): tlél áa akoolx̱éitlʼ | they arenʼt afraid of it
• perfective (+): áa akawdlix̱éitlʼ | they were afraid of it
• perfective (–): tlél áa akawulx̱éitlʼ | they werenʼt afraid of it
• future (+): áa kei akakg̱walx̱éitlʼ | they will be afraid of it
• future (–): tlél áa kei akakg̱walx̱éitlʼ | they wonʼt be afraid of it
O-ka-u-l-√x̱éitlʼshán ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) scary; dangerous | for O to be scary, dangerous | teet jiwustaan kulix̱éitlʼsháni átx̱ sitee → itʼs a dangerous thing when the waves are beating hard (SN) • xóots kulix̱éitlʼshán → brown bears are dangerous (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): kulix̱éitlʼshán | itʼs scary
• imperfective (–): tlél koolx̱éitlʼshán | it isnʼt scary
• progressive imperfective: kei kunalx̱éitlʼshán | itʼs getting scary
• perfective (+): kawlix̱éitlʼshán | it was scary
• perfective (–): tlél kawulx̱éitlʼshán | it wasnʼt scary
• future (+): kei kagux̱lax̱éitlʼshán | it will be scary
• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱lax̱éitlʼshán | it wonʼt be scary
√x̱eixʼw (verb root) | classification: plural | singular form: √taa ¹ ⑴ sleep ¹; rest ¹; put to sleep; put to bed || ⑵
S-∅-√x̱éixʼw (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) sleep ¹ | for (plural) S to sleep, sleep in company with others, go to bed | classification: plural | ax̱ yátxʼi hít shantóoxʼ has x̱éxʼwx̱ → my children sleep upstairs (SN) • chʼa yeisú tléil ux̱éxʼw → they all havenʼt gone to bed yet (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nayx̱éixʼw! | you all go to bed!
• imperfective (+): has x̱éxʼw | theyʼre sleeping
• imperfective (–): tlél has ux̱éxʼw | theyʼre not sleeping
• perfective (+): has woox̱éixʼw | they all slept
• perfective (–): tlél has wux̱éixʼw | they all didnʼt sleep
• future (+): has gug̱ax̱éixʼw | they all will go to sleep
• future (–): tlél has gug̱ax̱éixʼw | they all wonʼt go to sleep
O-S-s-√x̱éixʼw (na event verb – transitive – closed) bed ³; put to bed | for S to put (plural) O to bed | classification: plural objects | síkʼ, i yátxʼi nasx̱éixʼw! → daughter, put your children to bed! (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nasx̱éixʼw! | put them all to bed!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo isax̱éxʼwguḵ! | donʼt put them all to bed!
• perfective (+): awsix̱éixʼw | they put them all to bed
• perfective (–): tlél awusx̱éixʼw | they didnʼt put them all to bed
• future (+): agux̱sax̱éixʼw | they will put them all to bed
• future (–): tlél agux̱sax̱éixʼw | they wonʼt put them all to bed
√x̱ee (verb root) • variants: √x̱ei • ⑴ pass: for a day to pass; pass through night || ⑵ camp ¹; overnight; stay
√x̱eech ¹ (verb root) ⑴ throw ⒜ | classification: singular animate object || ⒝ | classification: object in a container
N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√x̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw O (esp. an animate object) to N | to give the meaning ʼthrow outʼ, use « yóo-t⁓ » ʼover thereʼ, for example: yóot akaawax̱ích – ʼs/he threw it (liquid) out.ʼ | keitl gáant aawax̱ích → they threw the dog out (SN) • yan sh wudix̱ích → they threw themself down (SN)
• imperative: át x̱ích! | throw it to it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl áx̱ eex̱eejíḵ! | donʼt throw it to it!
• perfective (+): át aawax̱ích | they threw it to it
• perfective (–): tlél át awux̱eech | they didnʼt throw it to it
• future (+): aadé akg̱wax̱éech | they will throw it to it
• future (–): tlél aadé akg̱wax̱eech | they wonʼt throw it to it
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√x̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw O (esp. liquid) to N | classification: liquid (from a container) | to give the meaning ʼthrow outʼ, use « yóo-t⁓ » ʼover thereʼ, for example: yóot akaawax̱ích – ʼs/he threw it (liquid) out.ʼ | héen gáant kax̱waax̱ích → i threw the water outside (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át kax̱ích! | throw it to it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl áx̱ keex̱eejíḵ! | donʼt throw it to it!
• perfective (+): át akaawax̱ích | they threw it to it
• perfective (–): tlél át akawux̱eech | they didnʼt throw it to it
• future (+): aadé akakg̱wax̱éech | they will throw it to it
• future (–): tlél aadé akakg̱wax̱eech | they wonʼt throw it to it
yax̱ + O-ka-S-∅-√x̱eech ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) ⑴ spill; upset | for S to spill, upset O from a container | kóox yax̱ akaawax̱ích → they spilled the rice (SN) • sʼíxʼ ka.ádi yax̱ kax̱waax̱ích → i spilled the contents of the dish (SN) • (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yax̱ keex̱íchx̱iḵ! | donʼt spill it!
• admonitive: yax̱ tsá keex̱éech! | be sure not to spill it!
• perfective (+): yax̱ akaawax̱ích | they spilled it
• perfective (–): tlél yax̱ akawux̱eech | they didnʼt spill it
• future (+): tlél yax̱ kakḵwax̱eech | i wonʼt spill it
• future (–): tlél yax̱ akakg̱wax̱eech | they wonʼt spill it
|| ⑵ | for S to slam O (door, lid) at NN-t⁓ + O-shu-S-∅-√x̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) slam | for S to slam O (door, lid) at N | x̱ʼéit ashuwax̱ích → he slammed the door shut (SN) • yáa x̱ʼaháat ax̱ yát ashuwax̱ích → he slammed the door in my face (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át shux̱ích! | slam it shut!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ sheex̱eejiḵ! | donʼt slam it shut!
• perfective (+): át ashuwax̱ích | they slammed it shut
• perfective (–): tlél át ashuwux̱eech | they didnʼt slam it shut
• future (+): aadé ashukg̱wax̱éech | they will slam it shut
• future (–): tlél aadé ashukg̱wax̱eech | they wonʼt slam it shut
√x̱eech ² (verb root) club ¹; beat ¹ | beat with stick-like object
O-sha-S-∅-√x̱eech ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) club ¹; hit | for S to club, hit O on the head | cháatl ashaawx̱ích → they hit the halibut on the head (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: shax̱ích! | club it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sheex̱íchx̱iḵ! | donʼt club it!
• perfective (+): ashaawax̱ích | they clubbed it
• perfective (–): tlél ashawux̱eech | they didnʼt club it
• future (+): ashakg̱wax̱éech | they will club it
• future (–): tlél ashakg̱wax̱eech | they wonʼt club it
√x̱eek (verb root) shoulder; flap | flap arms or shoulders
√x̱eel (verb root) • variants: √x̱eil ¹ • foam
√x̱eelʼ (verb root) slimy
ka-sh-√x̱éelʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal slimy; slippery | for something to be slimy, slippery | úsʼaa kawshix̱ílʼ → soap is slippery (SN)
• imperfective (+): kashix̱éelʼ | itʼs slimy
• imperfective (–): tlél kooshx̱éelʼ | itʼs not slimy
• progressive imperfective: kei kanashx̱éelʼ | itʼs getting slimy
• perfective (+): kawshix̱éelʼ | it got slimy
• perfective (–): tlél kawushx̱éelʼ | it didnʼt get slimy
• future (+): kei kagux̱shax̱éelʼ | it will be slimy
• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱shax̱éelʼ | it wonʼt be slimy
√x̱een (verb root) • variants: √x̱ein • move ¹ | move through space | classification: stick-like object or container
N-t⁓ + d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall; drop | for a stick-like object or container to fall | classification: stick-like object or container | a káa g̱washx̱eenín kʼidéin akaawadóoxʼ → t would have fallen on it, but he tied it good (KE)
• perfective (+): a kát wujix̱ín | it fell on it
• perfective (–): tlél a kát wushx̱een | it didnʼt fall on it
• future (+): a kaadé kg̱washx̱éen | it will fall on it
• future (–): tlél a kaadé kg̱washx̱een | it wonʼt fall on it
yax̱ + ka-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) spill; upset | for something to spill, be upset from a container | yax̱ kawjix̱ín yáa héen → the water spilled (SN) • tléil yax̱ kawushx̱een wé xʼeesháa → the bucket isnʼt spilled (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): yax̱ kawjix̱ín | it spilled
• perfective (–): tlél yax̱ kawushx̱een | it didnʼt spill
• future (+): yax̱ kakg̱washx̱éen | it will spill
• future (–): tlél yax̱ kakg̱washx̱een | it wonʼt spill
N-x̱ʼéidáx̱ + shu-ÿa-u-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) open | for N (season, show, etc.) to be open | Story & Naish document this verb theme as: x̱ʼéi-dax̱ + shu-ji-x̱een, but other speakers include the additional thematic prefixes ya- and u-; SN documented an event verb, while this one is a motion verb | ḵutaan yaa shunaxíxi, alʼóon x̱ʼéidáx̱ shushx̱ínch → at the end of the summer, the hunting season opens (SN) • tlél unaléi x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuwushx̱eení → it will soon be open / it isnʼt far from opening time (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuyawjix̱ín | it opened
• perfective (–): tlél a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuyawushx̱een | it didnʼt open
• future (+): a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuyakg̱washx̱éen | it will open
• future (–): tlél a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuyakg̱washx̱een | it wonʼt open
yan⁓ + shu-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) end ¹; close ¹; finish | for a season, show, etc. to come to an end, close, finish | táakw yánde yaa shunashx̱ín → winter is coming to an end (SN) • g̱uwakaan lʼóon yan shoowjix̱ín → the deer hunting season is closed / has ended (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa shunashx̱ín | itʼs coming to an end
• perfective (+): yan shoowjix̱ín | it ended
• perfective (–): tlél yan shuwushx̱een | it didnʼt end
• future (+): yánde shukg̱washx̱éen | it will end
• future (–): tlél yánde shukg̱washx̱een | it wonʼt end
√x̱eesh (verb root) rash
√x̱eet ¹ (verb root) • variants: √x̱eit • breed; mate ¹; spawn; multiply | classification: animals
O-S-s-√x̱eet ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – closed) • variants: O-S-s-√x̱eit • breed; multiply | for S to breed O | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei isax̱étjiḵ! | donʼt breed them all!
• progressive imperfective: kei anasx̱ét | they are breeding them all
• perfective (+): awsix̱eit | they bred them all
• perfective (–): tlél awusx̱eit | they didnʼt breed them all
• future (+): kei agux̱sax̱éit | they will breed them all
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱sax̱eit | they wonʼt breed them all
d+s-√x̱eet ¹ (ga event verb – impersonal – closed) multiply; increase; breed | for something to multiply, increase in numbers; for animals to produce young, breed | based on the samples in SN and notes of JL, there appears to be both na and ga conjugations of this verb; more research is needed | keitl wudzix̱eet → the dog produced young ones (SN) • yaa nasx̱ít → the numbers (of animals) are getting bigger (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: kei (ha)s nasx̱ét | they all are multiplying
• perfective (+): has wudzix̱eit | they all multiplied
• perfective (–): tlél has wusx̱eit | they all didnʼt multiply
• future (+): kei (ha)s gug̱asx̱éit | they all will multiply
• future (–): tlél kei (ha)s gug̱asx̱eit | they all wonʼt multiply
√x̱eet ² (verb root) drizzle; rain
a-ka-s-√x̱eet ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) drizzle; rain | for it to drizzle rain | (CV́C Hort/Pot) | (GD, KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa akanasx̱ít | itʼs beginning to drizzle rain
• perfective (+): akawsix̱ít | itʼs drizzling rain
• perfective (–): tlél akawusx̱eet | itʼs not drizzling rain
• future (+): akagux̱sax̱éet | itʼs going to drizzle rain
• future (–): tlél akagux̱sax̱eet | itʼs not going to drizzle rain
√x̱eetl ¹ (verb root) newborn
√x̱eetl ² (verb root) blessed; lucky
√x̱eetl ³ (verb root) hem; trim
√x̱eetlʼ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √x̱éitlʼ • afraid; fearful
√x̱oo (verb root) neap; tide ¹ | small tide
√x̱oonáḵw ˟ (verb root) drown
√x̱ootʼ ¹ (verb root) drag; pull
{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√x̱óotʼ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – ejective) drag; pull | for S to drag, pull O (esp. person); for S to pull O in quick movements | (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} nax̱óotʼ! | drag them/it ____!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo eex̱útʼgiḵ! | donʼt drag them/it ____!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa anax̱útʼ | they are dragging them/it ____
• perfective (+): {na preverb} aawax̱óotʼ | they dragged them/it ____
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awux̱óotʼ | they didnʼt drag them/it ____
• future (+): {na preverb} akg̱wax̱óotʼ | they will drag them/it ____
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akg̱wax̱óotʼ | they wonʼt drag them/it ____
{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√x̱óotʼ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – ejective) drag; pull | for S to drag, pull O (esp. person); for S to pull O in quick movements | haat aawax̱útʼ → they dragged it over here (light object) (SN) • lítaa aax̱ kei aawax̱útʼ → they pulled out a knife (SN)
• imperative: líl {∅ preverb} yoo eex̱útʼiḵ! | drag them/it ____!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yoo eex̱útʼgiḵ! | donʼt drag them/it ____!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa anax̱útʼ | they are dragging them/it ____
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} aawax̱útʼ | they dragged them/it ____
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awux̱óotʼ | they didnʼt drag them/it ____
• future (+): {∅ preverb} akg̱wax̱óotʼ | they will drag them/it ____
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akg̱wax̱óotʼ | they wonʼt drag them/it ____
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√x̱óotʼ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – ejective) drag; pull; haul; transport | for S to drag, pull O; for S to haul, transport O (by motor power) | ixkéede haa gax̱dusx̱óotʼ → weʼre going to be transported south (SN) • xʼúxʼ wéide yaa ndusx̱útʼ → the mail is being hauled (using a motor truck) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} nasx̱óotʼ! | drag it ____!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo isax̱útʼgiḵ! | donʼt drag it ____!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa anasx̱útʼ | they are dragging it ____
• perfective (+): {na preverb} awsix̱óotʼ | they dragged it ____
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awusx̱óotʼ | they didnʼt drag it ____
• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱sax̱óotʼ | they will drag it ____
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱sax̱óotʼ | they wonʼt drag it ____
a-sha-S-d+l-√x̱óotʼ ¹ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fish ² | for S to fish with rod, sportfish, cast | tlél yaaw ashoolx̱óotʼ → they are not jigging herring (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ashaneelx̱óotʼ! | sportfish!
• prohibitive: líl asheelx̱óotʼiḵ! | donʼt sportfish!
• imperfective (+): ashalx̱óotʼ | they are sportfishing
• imperfective (–): tlél ashoolx̱óotʼ | they are not sportfishing
• perfective (+): ashawdlix̱óotʼ | they sportfished
• perfective (–): tlél ashawulx̱óotʼ | they didnʼt sportfish
• future (+): ashakg̱walx̱óotʼ | they will sportfish
• future (–): tlél ashakg̱walx̱óotʼ | they wonʼt sportfish
√x̱ootʼ ² (verb root) adze; chip; chop
O-S-∅-√x̱óotʼ ² (∅ act verb – transitive – ejective) adze; chip; chop | for S to chip O out (with adze); for S to chop O (wood) | yaakw sákw dúḵ ax̱óotʼ → they are chipping out a cottonwood tree for a canoe (SN) • at kaayí aawax̱útʼ → they chopped a cord of wood (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: x̱útʼ! | chip it out!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eex̱útʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt chip it out!
• imperfective (+): ax̱óotʼ | they are chipping it out
• imperfective (–): tlél oox̱óotʼ | they arenʼt chipping it out
• progressive imperfective: kei anax̱útʼ | they are starting to chip it out
• perfective (+): aawax̱útʼ | they chipped it out
• perfective (–): tlél awux̱óotʼ | they didnʼt chip it out
• future (+): akg̱wax̱óotʼ | they will chip it out
• future (–): tlél akg̱wax̱óotʼ | they wonʼt chip it out
O-ka-S-l-√x̱óotʼ ² (g̱a act verb – transitive – ejective) chop; split | for S to chop up O; for S to split O (wood) | gán xáashi akawlix̱útʼ → they chopped up large blocks for firewood (SN) • ldakát ḵáa kalx̱útʼt → everybody chops wood (SN) • gán kadulx̱útʼt → people split firewood (SN) • (KE) • (KE)
• imperative: kax̱lax̱óotʼ! | chop it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei keelax̱útʼjiḵ! | donʼt chop it!
• imperfective (+): aklax̱útʼt | they are chopping it
• perfective (+): akawlix̱óotʼ | they chopped it
• perfective (–): tlél akawulx̱óotʼ | they didnʼt chop it
• future (+): yei akagux̱lax̱óotʼ | they will chop it
• future (–): tlél yei akagux̱lax̱óotʼ | they wonʼt chop it
√x̱oow (verb root) peel; bark ¹ | peeling bark; pulling slabs of bark
√x̱oox̱ (verb root) summon; call; ask for
O-S-∅-√x̱oox̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) call; summon | for S to call, summon O | ḵunáagu g̱ax̱oox̱! → call a doctor! (SN) • Chʼáakʼ Hítde iwduwax̱oox̱; ḵaa jigax̱duḵéi → you are called to the Eagle House; people are going to be paid off (at a ḵu.éexʼ) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: g̱ax̱oox̱! | call them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei eex̱úx̱jiḵ! | donʼt call them!
• imperfective (+): ax̱oox̱ | they are calling them
• imperfective (–): tlél oox̱oox̱ | they arenʼt calling them
• perfective (+): aawax̱oox̱ | they called them
• perfective (–): tlél awux̱oox̱ | they didnʼt call them
• future (+): yei akg̱wax̱oox̱ | they will call them
• future (–): tlél yei akg̱wax̱oox̱ | they wonʼt call them
N + éex̱ + O-∅-√x̱oox̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) ask for | for S to ask for O (from N) | tléiḵw du éex̱ x̱waax̱oox̱ → i asked them for fruit / berries (SN) • dáanaa x̱áax̱ woox̱oox̱ → they asked me for money (SN)
• imperative: du éex̱ g̱ax̱oox̱! | ash them! for it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du éex̱ yei eex̱úx̱jiḵ! | donʼt ask them for it!
• imperfective (+): du éex̱ ax̱oox̱ | they are asking them for it
• imperfective (–): tlél du éex̱ oox̱oox̱ | they arenʼt asking them for it
• perfective (+): du éex̱ aawax̱oox̱ | they asked them for it
• perfective (–): tlél du éex̱ awux̱oox̱ | they didnʼt ask them for it
• future (+): du éex̱ yei akg̱wax̱oox̱ | they will ask them for it
• future (–): tlél du éex̱ yei akg̱wax̱oox̱ | they wonʼt ask them for it
(N + éedáx̱) + O-ka-S-l-√x̱óox̱ ˟ (na event verb – transitive – invariable) ask for | for S to ask for O (from N) | dáanaa tlákw akunalx̱úx̱ch → they are always asking for money (SN) • sháal akawlix̱oox̱ → they asked for a fish trap (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kanalx̱óox̱! | ask for it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keelax̱óox̱guḵ! | donʼt ask for it!
• perfective (+): akawlix̱óox̱ | they asked for it
• perfective (–): tlél akawulx̱óox̱ | they didnʼt ask for it
• future (+): akagux̱lax̱óox̱ | they will ask for it
• future (–): tlél akagux̱lax̱óox̱ | they wonʼt ask for it
√x̱waal (verb root) tremble; shake
O-S-l-√x̱waal (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) shake; tremble | for S to make O shake, tremble | a yayeedé sh wudlix̱wál → they made themselves tremble (before taking part in gambling or wrestling) • néekw x̱at wulix̱wál → the sickness made me shake all over (SN) • (JL)
• imperative: lax̱wál! | shake it!
• perfective (+): awlix̱wál | they made it tremble, shake
• perfective (–): tlél awulx̱waal | they didn't make it tremble, shake
• future (+): agux̱lax̱wáal | they will make it tremble, shake
• future (–): tlél agux̱lax̱waal | they wonʼt make it tremble, shake
√x̱ʼátʼ ˟ (verb root) unripe
ka-d+l-√x̱ʼátʼ ˟ (* state verb – impersonal – invariable) unripe | for berries to be unripe, green and hard | this verb only occurs in the imperfective
• imperfective (+): kadlix̱ʼátʼ | theyʼre green (unripe)
√x̱ʼaalʼ (verb root) ⑴ wither | wither || ⑵ cook | cook by blanching
O-ka-S-sh-√x̱ʼáalʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) cook | for S to cook O (herring eggs) by dipping in boiling water and oil | g̱áaxʼw kakḵwashax̱ʼáalʼ → iʼm going to cook herring eggs (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: keeshx̱ʼálʼ (dé)! | cook the herring eggs (now)!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keeshx̱ʼálʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt cook the herring eggs!
• perfective (+): akawshix̱ʼálʼ | they cooked the herring eggs
• perfective (–): tlél akawushx̱ʼáalʼ | they didnʼt cook the herring eggs
• future (+): akakg̱washx̱ʼáalʼ | they will cook the herring eggs
• future (–): tlél akakg̱washx̱ʼáalʼ | they wonʼt cook the herring eggs
O-ka-sh-√x̱ʼáalʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective, CV́C hort/pot) wither | for O to wither | kayaaní kawshix̱ʼálʼ → the leaves are withered (SN) • g̱áaxʼw tsú kashax̱ʼálʼx̱ → herring eggs whither too (when dipped in boiling water) (SN)
• perfective (+): akawshix̱ʼálʼ | it is withered
• perfective (–): tlél akawushx̱ʼáalʼ | it isnʼt withered
• future (+): akakg̱washx̱ʼáalʼ | it will be withered
• future (–): tlél akakg̱washx̱ʼáalʼ | it wonʼt be withered
√x̱ʼaan (verb root) smolder; fire ²
√x̱ʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √x̱ʼeex̱ʼ • burn ¹; scald | classification: skin or flesh
√x̱ʼeelʼ (verb root) slippery; slip ¹
O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive – ejective) slip ¹; slide ¹ | for O to slip, slide around at N | (KE)
• perfective (+): át wushix̱ʼéelʼ | he/she/it slid around; he/she/it is sliding around
• perfective (–): tlél át wushx̱ʼéelʼ | he/she/it didnʼt slide around; he/she/it isnʼt sliding around
• future (+): át gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ | he/she/it will slide around
• future (–): tlél át gux̱shax̱ʼeelʼ | he/she/it wonʼt slide around
{na preverb} + O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive – ejective) slip ¹; slide ¹ | for O to slip, slide
• imperative: {na preverb} nashax̱ʼéelʼ | slide ____!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: {na preverb} yoo eex̱ʼílʼguḵ! | donʼt slide ____!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa nashx̱ʼílʼ | they are sliding ____
• perfective (+): {na preverb} wushix̱ʼéelʼ | he/he/it slid ____
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wushx̱ʼéelʼ | they didnʼt slide ____
• future (+): {na preverb} gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ | they will slide ____
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱shax̱ʼeelʼ | they wonʼt slide ____
{∅ preverb} + O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – ejective) slip ¹; slide ¹ | for O to slip, slide | dleit daak wushx̱’ílʼ → the snow slid down (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: {∅ preverb} ishax̱ʼílʼ! | slide ____!
• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} eeshx̱ʼéelʼiḵ! | donʼt slide ____!
• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa nashx̱ʼílʼ | they are sliding ____
• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wushix̱ʼílʼ | they slid ____
• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wushx̱ʼéelʼ | they didnʼt slide ____
• future (+): {∅ preverb} gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ | they will slide ____
• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ | they wonʼt slide ____
O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – ejective) slip ¹; slide ¹ | for O to slip, slide | tʼéexʼ káa yei gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ → they will slip on the ice (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yei nashx̱ʼílʼ | they are slipping
• perfective (+): wushix̱ʼéelʼ | they slipped
• perfective (–): tlél wushx̱ʼéelʼ | they didnʼt slip
• future (+): yei gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ | they will slip
• future (–): tlél yei gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ | they wonʼt slip
yáanáx̱ + yei + O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (∅ – object intransitive – ejective) slip ¹; fall | for O to slip and fall down | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yáanáx̱ yei eeshx̱ʼílʼjiḵ! | donʼt slip and fall down!
• perfective (+): yáanáx̱ yei wshix̱ʼílʼ | they slipped and fell down
• perfective (–): tlél yáanáx̱ yei wushx̱ʼéelʼ | they didnʼt slip and fall down
• future (+): yáanáx̱ yei gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ | they will slip and fall down
• future (–): tlél yáanáx̱ yei gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ | they wonʼt slip and fall down
ka-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (∅ state verb – impersonal – ejective) slippery | for something to be slippery (oil, ice, wet rocks, etc.) | wé éech ká kashix̱ʼíkʼkw → those rocks/reefs are slippery (SN) • kashax̱ʼílʼni lʼéiw áa yéi kḵwa.oo → if itʼs slippery, iʼll put sand there (KE)
• imperfective (+): kashix̱ʼílʼk | itʼs slippery
• imperfective (–): tlél kooshx̱ʼílʼk | itʼs not slippery
• perfective (+): kawshix̱ʼílʼ | it was slippery
• perfective (–): tlél kawushx̱ʼéelʼ | it wasnʼt slippery
• future (+): kagux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ | it will be slippery
• future (–): tlél kagux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ | it wonʼt be slippery
√x̱ʼeexʼ (verb root) squeeze; stuck | squeeze through narrow space; stuck in narrow space
N-x̱ + O-ka-l-√x̱ʼéexʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive – ejective) squeeze; stuck | for O to get stuck, be squeezed at N | this verb would be used to indicate that someone is stuck in a tight space, but not in the non-literal sense used in phrases such as "stuck at home" or "stuck there (due to weather)", etc. | keitl ḵanáax̱an x̱ʼáax̱ kawlix̱ʼéexʼ → a dog got stuck in the fence (SN) • (KE)
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ ikawulx̱ʼéexʼiḵ! | donʼt get stuck there!
• perfective (+): áx̱ kawlix̱ʼéexʼ | they are stuck there
• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ kawulx̱ʼéexʼ | they arenʼt stuck there
• future (+): áx̱ kagux̱lax̱ʼéexʼ | they will get stuck there
• future (–): tlél áx̱ kagux̱lax̱ʼéexʼ | they wonʼt get stuck there
√x̱ʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √x̱ʼeix̱ʼ • burn ¹; scald | classification: skin or flesh
O-d+∅-√x̱ʼéex̱ʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective) burn ¹ | for O to be burned (of flesh, skin), become shriveled and brittle through burning | wé at doogú wudix̱ʼéx̱ʼ → that skin has been burned / shriveled up by heat (SN • (KE)
• admonitive: idax̱ʼíx̱ʼ tsá! | see that you donʼt get burned!
• perfective (+): wudix̱ʼíx̱ʼ | they got burned
• perfective (–): tlél wudax̱ʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt get burned
• future (+): gux̱dax̱ʼéex̱ʼ | they will get burned
• future (–): tlél gux̱dax̱ʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt get burned
O-S-l-√x̱ʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – ejective) burn ¹; scald | for S to burn O (flesh, skin); for S to scald O | du jín yatʼaayí héench wulix̱ʼéx̱ʼ → they scalded their hand with hot water (SN) • ax̱ jín x̱walix̱ʼéx̱ʼ, yú sdóox tóot ax̱a.aagí → i burnt my hand making up the fire in the stove (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: lax̱ʼéx̱ʼ! | burn it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilax̱ʼéx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt burn them/it!
• perfective (+): awlix̱ʼéx̱ʼ | they burned them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awulx̱ʼéix̱ʼ | they didnʼt burn them/it
• future (+): agux̱lax̱ʼéix̱ʼ | they will burn them/it
• future (–): tlél agux̱lax̱ʼéix̱ʼ | they wonʼt burn them/it
√x̱ʼwaasʼ ¹ (verb root) remove; lose; bald | remove hair; lose hair; become bald
O-S-l-√x̱ʼwáasʼ ¹ (na event verb remove | for S to remove hair from O (hide) | g̱uwakaan doogú yaa analx̱ʼwásʼ → they are taking the hair off a deer hide (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: nalx̱ʼwáasʼ! | remove its hair!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo ilax̱ʼwásʼgiḵ! | donʼt remove its hair!
• progressive imperfective: yaa analx̱ʼwásʼ | they are removing its hair
• perfective (+): awlix̱ʼwáasʼ | they removed its hair
• perfective (–): tlél awulx̱ʼwáasʼ | they didnʼt remove its hair
• future (+): agux̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ | they will remove its hair
• future (–): tlél agux̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ | they wonʼt remove its hair
l-√x̱ʼwáasʼ ¹ (na event verb – impersonal – ejective) lose; bald | for something to lose its hair, become bald | at doogú wulix̱ʼwáasʼ → the skin has no hair on it (SN) • du shax̱aawú yaa nalx̱ʼwásʼ → heʼs getting bald-headed (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa nalx̱ʼwásʼ | itʼs losing its hair
• perfective (+): wulix̱ʼwáasʼ | it has no hair
• perfective (–): tlél wulx̱ʼwáasʼ | it didnʼt lose its hair
• future (+): gux̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ | it will lose its hair
• future (–): tlél gux̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ | it wonʼt lose its hair
O-sha-l-√x̱ʼwáasʼ ¹ (na event verb – object intransitive – ejective) bald | for O (human) to become bald | aanḵáawu yáx̱ shawlix̱ʼwáasʼ → they are bald like a rich person (SN) • (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa shanalx̱ʼwásʼ | they are starting to go bald
• perfective (+): shawlix̱ʼwáasʼ | they are bald
• perfective (–): tlél shawulx̱ʼwáasʼ | they arenʼt bald
• future (+): shagux̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ | they will go bald
• future (–): tlél shagux̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ | they wonʼt go bald
√x̱ʼwaasʼ ² (verb root) obtain; easy | easy to obtain
√yáshḵ (verb root) scarce
√yát (verb root) child
ash + ka-u-S-d+l-√yát ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) play ¹ | for S to play (esp. active games) | ash kanax̱toolyát! → letʼs play! (SN) • gáanxʼ has ash kawdliyát → they all played outside (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: ash kaneelyát! | play!
• prohibitive: líl ash keelyádiḵ! | donʼt play!
• imperfective (+): ash koolyát | they are playing; they plays
• imperfective (–): tlél ash koolyát | they are not playing; they donʼt play
• perfective (+): ash kawdliyát | they played
• perfective (–): tlél ash kawulyát | they didnʼt play
• future (+): ash kakg̱walyát | they will play
• future (–): tlél ash kakg̱walyát | they wonʼt play
O-ka-d+∅-√yát ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) pregnant | for O to be pregnant | (KE)
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ikadayátx̱iḵ! | donʼt get pregnant!
• imperfective (+): kadiyát | she is pregnant
• imperfective (–): tlél koodayát | sheʼs not pregnant
• perfective (+): kawdiyát | she got pregnant
• perfective (–): tlél kawdayát | she didnʼt get pregnant
• future (+): kei kagux̱dayát | she is going to get pregnant
• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱dayát | she is not going to get pregnant
√yaa ¹ (verb root) move ¹; disappear | move uncertainly
√yaa ² (verb root) pack; carry | carry on back; pack on back
O-S-∅-√yaa ² (ga event verb – transitive – open) pack; carry | for S to carry O on back; for S to pack O on back | in the progressive aspect, there is dialect variation between yaa anayáan and yaa anayéin and in the perfective habitual there is dialect variation between agayáach and agayéich | g̱uwakaan yaa anayáan → they are carrying a deer on their back (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: gayá! | carry it on your back!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei eeyéijiḵ! | donʼt carry it on your back!
• progressive imperfective: yaa anayáan / yaa anayéin | they are carrying in on their/its back
• perfective (+): aawayaa | they carried it on their/its back
• perfective (–): tlél awuyaa | they didnʼt carry it on their/its back
• future (+): kei akg̱wayáa | they will carry it on their/its back
• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wayaa | they wonʼt carry it on their/its back
at S-∅-√yaa ² (ga event verb – subject intransitive – open) pack; carry | for S to pack things on back; for S to carry things on back | in the progressive aspect, there is dialect variation between yaa at nayáan and yaa at nayéin | (KE)
• imperative: at gayá! | carry things on your back!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei at eeyéijiḵ! | donʼt carry things on your back!
• progressive imperfective: yaa at nayáan / yaa at nayéin | they are carrying things on their/its back
• perfective (+): at wooyaa | they carried things on their/its back
• perfective (–): tlél at wuyaa | they didnʼt carry things on their/its back
• future (+): kei at gug̱ayáa | they will carry things on their/its back
• future (–): tlél kei at gug̱ayaa | they wonʼt carry things on their/its back
√yaa ³ (verb root) lower
O-sha-S-s-√yaa ³ (na event verb – transitive – open) anchor | for S to anchor O (a boat) | ax̱ yaagú shax̱wsiyaa → i anchored my boat (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: shanasyá! | anchor the boat!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo sheesayéigiḵ! | donʼt anchor the boat!
• perfective (+): ashawsiyaa | they anchored the boat
• perfective (–): tlél ashawusyaa | they didnʼt anchor the boat
• future (+): ashagux̱sayáa | they will anchor the boat
• future (–): tlél ashagux̱sayaa | they wonʼt anchor the boat
sha-S-d+s-√yaa ³ (na event verb – subject intransitive – open) anchor | for S to anchor, lower anchor | yóoxʼ shagax̱toosyáa → weʼre going to anchor over there (SN)
• imperative: shaneesyá! | anchor!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo sheesyéigiḵ! | donʼt anchor!
• perfective (+): shawdziyaa | they anchored
• perfective (–): tlél shawusyaa | they didnʼt anchor
• future (+): shakg̱wasyáa | they will anchor
• future (–): tlél shakg̱wasyaa | they wonʼt anchor
O-tu-ka-d+sh-√yaa ³ (∅ – object intransitive – open) reluctant; unwilling | for O to be reluctant; for O to back out of a task; for O to be unwilling
√yaa ⁴ (verb root) spread out
N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√yaa ⁴ (g̱a motion verb – transitive – open) spread out; unfold; lay out | for S to spread out, unfold, lay out (singular) O along N | classification: singular | xʼóow yáx̱ akaawayaa → they spread the blanket (SN) • yées tʼaakasʼélʼi a yeex̱ yei s akayéich → they all are spreading a new linoleum in there (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: áx̱ kag̱ayá! | spread it out!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ kayiyaaḵ! | donʼt spread it out!
• progressive imperfective: áx̱ yei akanayéin | they are spreading it out
• perfective (+): áx̱ akaawayaa | they spread it out
• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ akawuyaa | they didnʼt spread it out
• future (+): áx̱ yei akakg̱wayáa | they will spread it out
• future (–): tlél áx̱ yei akakg̱wayaa | they wonʼt spread it out
N-x̱ + O-ka-S-s-√yaa ⁴ (g̱a motion verb – transitive – open) spread out; unfold; lay out | for S to spread out, unfold, lay out (plural) O along N | classification: plural | xʼóow yax̱ akawsiyaa → they spread all the blankets (SN) • ax̱ naa.ádi lʼéiw kaadé koox̱sayáaych → i always spread out my clothes on the sand (SN)
• imperative: áx̱ kag̱asayá! | spread it out!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ kaysayaaḵ! | donʼt spread it out!
• progressive imperfective: áx̱ yei akanasyéin | they are spreading it out
• perfective (+): áx̱ akawsiyaa | they spread it out
• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ akawusyaa | they didnʼt spread it out
• future (+): áx̱ yei akagux̱sayáa | they will spread it out
• future (–): tlél áx̱ yei akagux̱sayaa | they wonʼt spread it out
sha-ka-S-d+s-√yaa ⁴ (g̱a – subject intransitive – open) comb; brush ³ | for S to comb or brush their hair
• imperative: shakag̱eesyaa! | comb your hair!
• prohibitive: líl shakeesyéigiḵ! | donʼt comb your hair!
• imperfective (+): shakasyéikw | they are combing their hair
• perfective (+): shakawdziyaa | they combed their hair
• perfective (–): tlél shakawusyaa | they didnʼt comb their hair
• future (+): yei shakag̱wasyáa | they are going to comb their hair
• future (–): tlél yei shakag̱wasyaa | they wonʼt comb their hair
√yaa ⁵ (verb root) resemble
O-u-S-∅-√yaa ⁵ (g̱a state verb – transitive – open) resemble; look like | for S to resemble, look like O; for S to be almost identical with O | in the negative, this verb can take on the meaning ʼimproper,ʼ for example: tlél oowaa ʼitʼs not right; itʼs not properʼ or ʼit doesnʼt look like itʼ | woosh kikyátxʼi woosh oodiyáa → twins resemble each other closely (SN) • tléil daa sá oodag̱ayaa → they all donʼt resemble anything (of modern paintings) (SN) • a looní chʼa woosh oodiyáa → the bark (of those trees) is just the same/there is no difference between them all (SN) • ax̱ kéekʼ a tláa oowayáa → my younger sister looks just like my mother (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): oowayáa | it looks like it
• imperfective (–): tlél oowaa | it doesnʼt look like it
• progressive imperfective: yei anayéin | itʼs beginning to look like it
• future (+): yei akg̱wayáa | it will look like it
• future (–): tlél yei akg̱wayaa | it wonʼt look like it
√yaachʼ (verb root) short | too short
√yaakw (verb root) deny
N-x̱ + a-ka-u-S-l-√yáakw ˟ (na state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) deny | for S to deny, cotradict, declare N untrue | du éex̱ akax̱wliyáakw → i denied what he said/contradicted him (SN) • tléil aadé áx̱ akanax̱tuliyáagu yé → we cannot deny it/we cannot say it isnʼt true (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: áx̱ akunalyáakw! | deny it!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ akeelayáaguḵ! | donʼt deny it!
• imperfective (+): áx̱ akwliyáakw | they denies it
• imperfective (–): tlél áx̱ akoolyáakw | they donʼt deny it
• perfective (+): áx̱ akawliyáakw | they denied it
• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ akawulyáakw | they didnʼt deny it
• future (+): áx̱ akagux̱layáakw | they will deny it
• future (–): tlél áx̱ akagux̱layáakw | they wonʼt deny it
√yaaḵw ¹ (verb root) compare
yéi + O-S-l-√yaaḵw ¹ (na – transitive liken; represent | for S to represent as O; for S to portray, liken to O | x̱át áyá sakwnéin ax̱ daadleeyí yéi x̱wliyaaḵw → i portray my body as bread • x̱ʼaháat yóo sh x̱wadliyaaḵw → i represent myself as the door (SN)
√yaaḵw ² (verb root) bequeath
√yaasʼ (verb root) step; smooth
O-ka-d+∅-√yáasʼ (g̱a – object intransitive – high) smooth; spread out | for O to be smooth; for O to be spread out | ax̱ naa.ádi kawdiyáasʼ → my clothes are smooth of their own accord (esp. drip-dry clothes) (SN) • (JL)
O-ka-S-l-√yáasʼ (g̱a – transitive – high) smooth; spread out | for S to smooth out, spread out O | with «yax̱» in the preverb, it becomes ∅-conjugation, as in: yax̱ kalayásʼ (spread it out smoothly)! | sʼísaa akawliyáasʼ → they spread out the cloth, smoothed the wrinkles (SN) • (JL)
ka-S-d+l-√yáasʼ (∅ – subject intransitive – high) step | for S to step, place oneʼs foot | du x̱ʼus.eetíx̱ keelyásʼ! → step in their footprints! • yan kawdliyásʼ → they put their foot down (SN)
ka-S-d+l-√yáasʼ (g̱a – subject intransitive – high) stretch | for S to stetch out oneʼs legs | (SN)
• imperative: kag̱eelyáasʼ | stretch out your legs!
√yaash (verb root) platform; porch
√yaat (verb root) pleat
√yaatʼ (verb root) long
∅-√yáatʼ (na state verb – impersonal – ejective) long | for an object to be long (usually stick-like objects) | woosáani yayátʼ → the seal spear shaft is long (SN) • ḵáasʼ yayátʼ → the stick is long (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yayátʼ | it is long
• imperfective (–): tlél ooyátʼ | itʼs not long
• progressive imperfective: yaa nayátʼ | itʼs becoming long
• perfective (+): wooyáatʼ | it became long
• perfective (–): tlél wuyáatʼ | it didnʼt become long
• future (+): gug̱ayáatʼ | it will become long
• future (–): tlél gug̱ayáatʼ | it wonʼt be long
(yéi) + ka-u-∅-√yáatʼ (na state verb – impersonal – ejective) long | for an object (usually stick-like) to be (so) long | (KE)
• imperfective (+): yéi koowáatʼ | it is that long
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi kooyáatʼ | itʼs not that long
• progressive imperfective: yéi yaa kunayátʼ | it is getting that long
• perfective (+): yéi kaawayáatʼ | it got that long
• perfective (–): tlél yéi kawuyáatʼ | it didnʼt get that long
• future (+): yéi kakg̱wayáatʼ | it will get that long
• future (–): tlél yéi kakg̱wayáatʼ | it wonʼt get that long
yee-∅-√yáatʼ (na state verb – impersonal – ejective) long | for something to be long (of time) | yakyee yeeyayátʼ → the days are long (SN) • tléil yeenayátʼch → not long ago (SN) • wáa sá áa yeekg̱wayáatʼ? → how long is they going to stay? (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yeeyayátʼ | itʼs long (time)
• imperfective (–): yaa yeenayátʼ | itʼs getting longer (time) (the days, e.g.)
• perfective (+): yeeywooyáatʼ | it was long (time)
• perfective (–): tlél yeewooyáatʼ | it wasnʼt long (time)
• future (+): yeekg̱wayáatʼ | it will be long (time)
• future (–): tlél yeekg̱wayáatʼ | it wonʼt be long (time)
l-√yátʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) long | for something to be long (of time or physical object) | speakers accept this verb with either a short, high stem -yátʼ or a long, high stem -yáatʼ | du shax̱aawú yaa nalyátʼ → their hair is getting long (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): liyátʼ | itʼs long
• imperfective (–): tlél ulyátʼ | itʼs not long
• progressive imperfective: yaa nalyátʼ | itʼs getting long
• perfective (+): wuliyátʼ | it became long
(yéi) + ka-u-l-√yáatʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) long | for something to be (so) long | jinkaat ḵaa x̱ʼoos yéi kwliyáatʼ → it is ten feet long (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yéi kwliyáatʼ | itʼs that long
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koolyáatʼ | itʼs not that long
• future (+): yéi kagux̱layáatʼ | it will be that long
• future (–): tlél yéi kagux̱layaatʼ | it wonʼt be that long
√yaatlʼ (verb root) short
yéi + ka-u-l-√yáatlʼ (na state verb – impersonal – ejective) short | for a rope-like object to be short | classification: rope-like object | tlél yánde kḵwasanee; ax̱ tási yéi kwliyáatlʼ → iʼm not going to get it finished; my thread is too short (SN) • yéi kwliyáatlʼ du lʼeet wé dóosh → that cat has a short tail (SN) • (KE)
• imperfective (+): yéi kwliyáatlʼ | itʼs short
• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koolyáatlʼ | itʼs not short
• future (+): yéi kagux̱layáatlʼ | it will be short
• future (–): tlél yéi kagux̱layáatlʼ | it wonʼt be short
√yaax̱áḵw (verb root) plan
√yaayi (verb root) lively; hyperactive
√yék˟ ¹ (verb root) roomy
l-√yék˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) roomy; contain | for something to be roomy; for something to hold more, contain more; for something to hold a lot | this verb only occurs in the imperfective • to specify the amount that something holds, state the amount followed by –yáx̱, as in: tléixʼ gúxʼaa yáx̱ liyék ʼit holds one cupʼ | i yaagú liyék → your boat holds more (SN) • déix̱ ḵʼateil yáx̱ liyék → it holds two gallons (SN) • yáatʼaa yáanáx̱ liyék wéitʼaa → this one holds more than that one (KE) • wooch yáx̱ liyék → they all hold the same amount (KE)
• imperfective (+): liyék | it holds a lot; it holds more (than you think)
• imperfective (–): tlél ulyék | it doesnʼt hold much
√yék˟ ² (verb root) fast ¹; excessive | too fast
√yei (verb root) strange; promiscuous
√yeik ¹ (verb root) stalk
√yeik ² (verb root) spirit | to have a spirit
√yeik ³ (verb root) sway; swing
{na preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-l-√yeik ³ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) stagger | for O to stagger | (KE)
• imperative: {na preverb} iyakanalyeik! | stagger {____}!
• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} iyakawulyeigíḵ! | donʼt stagger {____}!
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa yakanalyék | they are staggering along {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} yakawliyeik | they staggered {____}; they are staggering around
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yakawulyeik | they didnʼt stagger {____}; they arenʼt staggering {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} yakagux̱layéik | they will stagger {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} yakagux̱layeik | they wonʼt stagger {____}
√yeiḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √yeeḵ ¹ • pull; draw ²
√yeiḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √yeeḵ ² • mark ¹; draw ¹ | mark with a line; draw with a line
√yeil (verb root) ⑴ raven ²; pretend; lie ²; cheat; deceive || ⑵ ḵut O-S-
O-l-√yeil (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) pretend; deceive | for S to pretend to do O; for S to do O without knowing what theyʼre doing | du yéi jineiyí awliyél → they pretended they were working and that they knew their job
• imperative: layél! | pretend you know how to do it!
• perfective (+): awliyél | they pretended they knew how to do it
• perfective (–): tlél awulyeil | they didnʼt pretend they knew how to do it
• future (+): agux̱layéil | they will pretend to know how to do it
• future (–): tlél agux̱layeil | they wonʼt pretend to know how to do it
ḵut + O-l-√yeil (ga event verb – transitive – closed) cheat; deceive; fool | for S to cheat, deceive, fool O | dahooní ḵut x̱at wuliyeil → the storekeeper cheated me (SN) • ḵut wudulyeilích áwé. xʼáant uwanúk → they got mad because they had been cheated (SN)
• imperative: ḵut galayeil! | cheat them!
• perfective (+): ḵut awliyeil | they cheated them
• perfective (–): tlél ḵut awulyeil | they didnʼt cheat them
• future (+): ḵut agux̱layéil | theyʼre going to cheat them
• future (–): tlél ḵut agux̱layeil | theyʼre not going to cheat them
at ḵʼa-S-d+l-√yeil (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) lie ²; deceive | for S to lie, deceive | to specify who one is lying to, use N + een (to n), for example: du een sh ḵʼawdliyél (they lied to them) | tléil sh ḵʼeilyélx̱iḵ! xʼéig̱aa át kadunéek → donʼt tell lies! people tell the truth (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: sh ḵʼeelyél! | lie!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh ḵʼeelyélx̱iḵ! | donʼt lie!
• progressive imperfective: yaa sh ḵʼanalyél | they are lying
• perfective (+): sh ḵʼawdliyél | they lied
• perfective (–): tlél sh ḵʼawulyeil | they didnʼt lie
• future (+): sh ḵʼakg̱walyéil | they will lie
• future (–): tlél sh ḵʼakg̱walyeil | they wonʼt lie
√yeilʼ (verb root) calm; peaceful
ka-du-∅-√yéilʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective) calm; peaceful | for something (esp. bodies of water) to be calm, peaceful | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa kanduyélʼ | itʼs calming down
• perfective (+): kawduwayélʼ | itʼs calm
• perfective (–): tlél kawduyéilʼ | it isnʼt calm
• future (+): kagax̱duyéilʼ | it will calm down
• future (–): tlél kagax̱duyéilʼ | it wonʼt calm down
ḵu-ka-du-∅-√yéilʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – ejective) calm; peaceful | for the weather to be calm, peaceful, without storm | (KE)
• progressive imperfective: yaa ḵukanduyélʼ | the weather is calming down
• perfective (+): ḵukawduwayélʼ | the weather is calm
• perfective (–): tlél ḵukawduyéilʼ | the weather isnʼt calm
• future (+): ḵukagax̱duyéilʼ | the weather will calm down
• future (–): tlél ḵukagax̱duyéilʼ | the weather wonʼt calm down
√yein (verb root) wave ²; shake
O-sha-ka-S-l-√yéin (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) wag; wave ²; twirl; spin | for S to wag O (tail); for S to wave O (hand, etc.); for S to twirl, spin O around above oneʼs head | two speakers from Hoonah pronounce this verb stem -yáan/-yán, as in: ashakawliyán • add N + yáade to the preverb for "wave at N" | ḵaa yaadé shakeelyén! → you all wave at the people! (JM) • du lʼeet ashakoolyénch → they always wags their tail (SN) • lug̱wéinaa ax̱ yaadé ashaklayénxʼ → they are waving her hanky at me (SN) • tíxʼ shakdulyénxʼ → people twirl rope around (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: shaklayén! | wave it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl shakeelayénx̱iḵ! | donʼt wave it!
• perfective (+): ashakawliyén | they waved it; they are waving it
• perfective (–): tlél ashakawulyéin | they didnʼt wave it; they are not waving it
• future (+): ashakagux̱layéin | they will wave it
• future (–): tlél ashakagux̱layein | they wonʼt wave it
√yeisʼ (verb root) bruised; discolored
O-ka-d+∅-√yéisʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – ejective) bruised; discolored; colored | for O to be colored, discolored, bruised | i yá kawdiyésʼ → your face is discolored (for any reason, such as jaundice, bruising, etc.) (SN) • (KE)
• perfective (+): kawdiyésʼ | they are bruised
• perfective (–): tlél kawdayéisʼ | they arenʼt bruised
• future (+): kagux̱dayéisʼ | they will be bruised
• future (–): tlél kagux̱dayéisʼ | they wonʼt be bruised
√yeix̱ ¹ (verb root) make; use; whittle
O-S-l-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) build; make; construct | for S to build O; for S to make, construct O | yéi ayawsiḵaa yaakw tlein ax̱layeix̱it → he told him to build a large boat (SN) • dei yaa s analyéx̱ → they all are constructing a road (SN) • chʼa neek áwé ax̱ daat alyéix̱ → they are just making up stories (gossip) about me (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: layéx̱! | build it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilayéx̱x̱iḵ! | donʼt build it!
• imperfective (+): alyéix̱ | they are building it
• imperfective (–): tlél oolyéx̱ | they arenʼt building it
• perfective (+): awliyéx̱ | they built it
• perfective (–): tlél awulyeix̱ | they didnʼt build it
• future (+): agux̱layéix̱ | they will build it
• future (–): tlél agux̱layeix̱ | they wonʼt build it
N-x̱ + O-S-l-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) use; make | for S to use O for N; for S to make O into N | loan words are quite frequently used with this verb, as in the examples below | tíxʼ x̱átʼaax̱ awliyéx̱ → they used a rope for a whip / they made a rope into a whip (SN) • kakéin átx̱ tulayéix̱ → we are using the yarn (for it) (SN) • tlél ldakát report-x̱ dulyeix̱ch → they all havenʼt all reported yet (SN) • yáa yeedát start-x̱ gax̱tulayéix̱ → we are going to start now (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: átx̱ layéx̱! | use it for it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl átx̱ ilayeix̱íḵ! | donʼt use it for it!
• imperfective (+): átx̱ alyéix̱ | they are using it for it; they uses it for it
• imperfective (–): tlél átx̱ oolyeix̱ | they arenʼt using it for it; they donʼt use it for it
• perfective (+): átx̱ awliyéx̱ | they used it for it
• perfective (–): tlél átx̱ awulyeix̱ | they didnʼt use it for it
• future (+): átx̱ agux̱layéix̱ | they will use it for it
• future (–): tlél átx̱ agux̱layeix̱ | they wonʼt use it for it
hóochʼx̱ + O-S-l-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) destroy; disregard | for S to destroy O; for S to make O into nothing | hóochʼx̱ has agux̱layéix̱ haa x̱ʼagáaxʼ daakahídi → they all will destroy our temple (SN) • ḵaa yoo x̱ʼatángi hóochʼx̱ awliyéx̱ → they made nothing of the speeches / they threw them all out as being worthless (SN)
• imperative: hóochʼx̱ layéx̱! | destroy it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl hóochʼx̱ ilayeix̱íḵ! | donʼt destroy it!
• imperfective (+): hóochʼx̱ alyéix̱ | they are destroying it
• imperfective (–): tlél hóochʼx̱ oolyeix̱ | they arenʼt destroying it
• perfective (+): hóochʼx̱ awliyéx̱ | they destroyed it
• perfective (–): tlél hóochʼx̱ awulyeix̱ | they didnʼt destroy it
• future (+): hóochʼx̱ agux̱layéix̱ | they will destroy it
• future (–): tlél hóochʼx̱ agux̱layeix̱ | they wonʼt destroy it
N + een-x̱ + sh S-d+l-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) accompany | for S to use accompany N; for S to be with N all the time | (SN)
• imperative: du eenx̱ sh eelyéx̱! | accompany them!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du eenx̱ sh eelyeix̱íḵ! | donʼt accompany them!
• imperfective (+): du eenx̱ sh ilyéix̱ | they are accompanying them; they accompany them
• imperfective (–): tlél du eenx̱ sh wulyeix̱ | they arenʼt accompanying them; they donʼt accompany them
• perfective (+): du eenx̱ sh wudliyéx̱ | they accompanied them
• perfective (–): tlél du eenx̱ sh wulyeix̱ | they didnʼt accompany them
• future (+): du eenx̱ sh gug̱alyéix̱ | they will accompany them
• future (–): tlél du eenx̱ sh gug̱alyeix̱ | they wonʼt accompany them
O-ka-S-∅-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) whittle; kindling | for S to whittle O; for S to make O (kindling) | tsʼootaat niyís téil sákw akayéix̱ → they are whittling (wood) to make fast-burning kindling for the morning (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: kayéx̱! | whittle it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keeyéx̱x̱iḵ! | donʼt whittle it!
• imperfective (+): akayéix̱ | they are whittling it
• imperfective (–): tlél akooyeix̱ | they are not whittling it
• perfective (+): akaawayéx̱ | they whittled it
• perfective (–): tlél akawuyeix̱ | they didnʼt whittle it
• future (+): akakg̱wayéix̱ | they will whittle it
• future (–): tlél akakg̱wayeix̱ | they wonʼt whittle it
√yeix̱ ² (verb root) gone; lack; remaining
O-u-∅-√yeix̱ ² (na act verb – object intransitive – closed) lack; gone; remaining | for O to be lacking; for O to be gone; for O (time) to be remaining | the concept in this verb is that an amount is lacking, but that amount could be lacking from either what is present or what is missing | tléixʼ dáanaa wooyeix̱ → it lacks one dollar (either one is missing, or one is needed in order to buy something) (SN) • násʼk sʼíxʼ áwé uyéx̱ → there are three plates too few (implying these should be brought right away) (SN) • tléixʼ sunday uyéx̱, haadé ḵukg̱wateení → he will be coming one week from now (that is, it lacks one week, when he will be coming) (SN) • keijín wínits uyéx̱ → there are five minutes left • tléixʼ yagiyee áwé kg̱waḵóox̱ yóo yaawaḵaa; dáx̱ aa yagiyee áwé aadé uyéx̱ → he said he was going for one day; heʼs been there for two days now (KE)
• imperfective (+): uyéx̱ | itʼs lacking; they are gone
• perfective (+): wooyeix̱ | it was lacking; they were gone
• future (+): gug̱ayéix̱ | it will be lacking; they will be gone
√yeech (verb root) fly ¹ | classification: plural subject | singular form: √ḵeen ¹
{na preverb} + O-ka-l-√yeech (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fly ¹ | for (plural) O (birds or planes) to fly | tʼaawáḵ nánde yaa s kanalyích → the geese are flying northward (migrating) (SN) • yéil shaanáx̱ kaanáx̱ kalyíchx → the ravens are flying across the valley
• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa s kanalyích | they are flying {____}
• perfective (+): {na preverb} has kawdliyeech | they flew {____}
• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} has kawulyeech | they didnʼt fly {____}
• future (+): {na preverb} has kakg̱walyéech | they will fly {____}
• future (–): tlél {na preverb} kakg̱walyeech | they wonʼt fly {____}
√yeeḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √yeiḵ ¹ • pull; draw ²
x̱ʼoos-dáx̱ + O-d+∅-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) take off | for S to take off O (shoes, socks, pants) | (KE)
• imperative: x̱ʼoosdáx̱ idayíḵ! | take them all off!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl x̱ʼoosdáx̱ idayíḵx̱iḵ | donʼt take them all off!
• imperfective (+): x̱ʼoosdáx̱ adayeeḵ | they are taking them all off
• perfective (+): x̱ʼoosdáx̱ awdiyíḵ | they took them all off
• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼoosdáx̱ awdayeeḵ | they didnʼt take them all off
• future (+): x̱ʼoosdáx̱ agux̱dayéeḵ | they will take them all off
• future (–): tlél x̱ʼoosdáx̱ agux̱dayeeḵ | they wonʼt take them all off
x̱ʼoos-dé + O-S-d+∅-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) put on; pull on | for S to put on, pull on O (shoes, socks, pants) | (KE)
• imperative: x̱ʼoosx̱ idayíḵ! | put them all on!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl x̱ʼoosx̱ idayíḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt put them all on!
• imperfective (+): x̱ʼoosx̱ adayeeḵ | they are putting them all on; they puts them all on
• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼoosx̱ oodayeeḵ | they are not putting them all on; they donʼt put them all on
• perfective (+): x̱ʼoosx̱ awdiyíḵ | they put them all on
• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼoosx̱ awdayeeḵ | they didnʼt put them all on
• future (+): x̱ʼoosdé agux̱dayéeḵ | they will put them all on
• future (–): tlél x̱ʼoosdé agux̱dayeeḵ | they wonʼt put them all on
N-t⁓ + O-S-s-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pull; haul; hoist; hang | for S to pull, haul, hoist O to N (esp. on line); for S to hang O (a human) by the neck | kínde at sayíḵxʼ → they are pulling goods/hauling up stuff (SN) • tʼá kínde awsiyíḵ → they hauled in (caught) a king salmon (SN) • aast wududziyíḵ → they were hung on a tree (SN) • yan sh wudziyíḵ → they hung themself (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: át sayíḵ! | pull it there!
• prohibitive: líl áx̱ isayeeg̱íḵ! | donʼt pull it there!
• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa anasyíḵ | they are pulling it there
• perfective (+): át awsiyíḵ | they pulled it there
• perfective (–): tlél át awusyeeḵ | they didnʼt pull it there
• future (+): aadé agux̱sayéeḵ | they will pull it there
• future (–): tlél aadé agux̱sayeeḵ | they wonʼt pull it there
kei + O-S-s-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pull; haul; hoist | for S to pull, haul O (esp. of line) up; for S to hoist O up | (KE)
• imperative: kei sayíḵ! | pull it up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei isayíḵjiḵ! | donʼt pull it up!
• progressive imperfective: kei anasyíḵ | they are pulling it up
• perfective (+): kei awsiyíḵ | they pulled it up
• perfective (–): tlél kei awusyeeḵ | they didnʼt pull it up
• future (+): kei agux̱sayéeḵ | they will pull it up
• future (–): tlél kei agux̱sayeeḵ | they wonʼt pull it up
ḵu-ka-S-d+s-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) fish ²; jig | for S to fish with a line, jig for fish | this verb seems to appear with or without the thematic prefix ḵu- | daat x̱áat sá has akasyeeḵ → what kind of fish are they all catching (with a line)? (SN) • (KE, JL)
• imperative: ḵukeesyíḵ! | jig!
• prohibitive: líl ḵukeesyeig̱íḵ! | donʼt jig!
• imperfective (+): ḵukasyeeḵ | they are jigging
• imperfective (–): tlél ḵukoosyeeḵ | they arenʼt jigging
• perfective (+): ḵukawdziyíḵ | they jigged
• perfective (–): tlél ḵukawusyeeḵ | they didnʼt jig
• future (+): ḵukakg̱wasyéeḵ | they will jig
• future (–): tlél ḵukakg̱waseeḵ | they wonʼt jig
√yeeḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √yéiḵ ² • mark ¹; draw ¹ | mark with a line; draw with a line
√yeeḵ ³ (verb root) bite; carry | carry in mouth
O-S-∅-√yeeḵ ³ (ga event verb – transitive – closed) bite; carry | for S to bite O; for S to carry O in mouth (of animal) | keitl x̱at wuyeeḵ → a dog bit me (SN) • sʼaaḵ yaa anayíḵ → it (a dog) is carrying a bone in its mouth (SN)
• imperative: gayeeḵ! | bite it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei eeyíḵjiḵ! | donʼt bite them/it!
• perfective (+): aawayeeḵ | they bit them/it
• perfective (–): tlél awuyeeḵ | they didnʼt bite them/it
• future (+): kei akg̱wayéeḵ | they will bite them/it
• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wayeeḵ | they wonʼt bite them/it
√yeeḵ ⁴ (verb root) swampy; sink ¹; pulled under; weigh down; stop flowing; backed up; fill gradually
√yeesh (verb root) pull | classification: fairly light object
(kínde) + kei + O-S-∅-√yeesh (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pull; open | for S to pull O up; for S to open O (window) by pulling up | (KE)
• imperative: kínde kei yeesh! | pull it up!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kínde kei eeyíshjiḵ! | donʼt pull it up!
• progressive imperfective: kínde kei anayísh | they are pulling it up
• perfective (+): kínde kei aawayísh | they pulled it up
• perfective (–): tlél kínde kei awuyeesh | they didnʼt pull it up
• future (+): kínde kei akg̱wayéesh | they will pull it up
• future (–): tlél kínde kei akg̱wayeesh | they wonʼt pull it up
N-dáx̱ + kei + O-S-∅-√yeesh (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pull | for S to pull O (a fairly light object) up out of N
• imperative: aax̱ kei yeesh! | pull it out of there!
• progressive imperfective: aax̱ kei nayísh | they are pulling it out of there
• perfective (+): aax̱ kei aawayísh | they pulled it out of there
• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ kei awuyeesh | they didnʼt pull it out of there
• future (+): aax̱ kei akg̱wayéesh | they will pull it out of there
• future (–): tlél aax̱ kei akg̱wayeesh | they wonʼt pull it out of there
N + káx̱ + O-S-∅-√yeesh (g̱a motion verb – transitive – closed) pull; cover ¹ | for S to pull O (fairly light object) over N; for S to cover N with O | some speakers add the thematic prefix ÿa- (vertical surface) to this verb, and this does not appear to alter the meaning | (KE)
• imperative: a káx̱ g̱ayeesh! | pull it over it!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a káx̱ yei eeyíshjiḵ! | donʼt pull it over it!
• progressive imperfective: a káx̱ yei akanayísh | they are pulling it over it
• perfective (+): a káx̱ aawayeesh | they pulled it over it
• perfective (–): tlél a káx̱ awuyeesh | they didnʼt pull it over it
• future (+): a káx̱ yei kg̱wayéesh | they will pull it over it
• future (–): tlél a káx̱ yei kg̱wayeesh | they wonʼt pull it over it
N-x̱ + O-S-∅-√yeesh (g̱a motion verb – transitive – closed) pull; close ¹ | for S to pull O down along N; for S to close O (window) by pulling down along N | x̱aawaag̱í x̱ʼéix̱ aawayeesh → they closed the window (pulled it closed) (SN) • (KE)
• imperative: áx̱ g̱ayeesh! | pull it down!
• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl áx̱ yei eeyíshjiḵ! | donʼt pull it down!
• progressive imperfective: áx̱ yei anayísh | they are pulling it down
• perfective (+): áx̱ aawayeesh | they pulled it down
• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ awuyeesh | they didnʼt pull it down
• future (+): áx̱ yei akg̱wayéesh | they will pull it down
• future (–): tlél áx̱ yei akg̱wayeesh | they wonʼt pull it down
√yeet ¹ (verb root) greasy; oily
√yeet ² (verb root) stretch
√yeey (verb root) tie; twine
√yoo (verb root) address | address as (using a kinship term)
(yéi) + N + yát⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+l-√yoo (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) address; adopt | for S to address, call N by certain relationship term and thus adopt that relationship | yéi can be replaced with a name or kinship term, as in: léelkʼw du yáx̱ x̱ʼax̱alyoo (i call her grandma) | i yát x̱ʼax̱wdliyóo ax̱ kéekʼ sákw, ax̱ kéekʼx̱ inax̱sateet → iʼm addressing you as my younger sister, so that you will become my younger sister (SN) • du kéekʼ yóo áyá x̱ʼalyóo → he always addressed him (and treated him) as younger brother (SN) • has du dachx̱án áyá yéi a yáx̱ has x̱ʼalyoo yá náaḵw → this is them allʼs grandchild, thatʼs how they all address it, this (giant) octopus (KE)
• imperative: yéi du yát x̱ʼeelyú! | address them that way!
• prohibitive: líl yéi du yáx̱ x̱ʼeelyooḵ! | donʼt address them that way!
• perfective (+): yéi du yát x̱ʼawdliyóo | they addressed them that way
• perfective (–): tlél yéi du yát x̱ʼawulyú | they didnʼt address them that way
• future (+): yéi du yaadé x̱ʼakg̱walyóo | they will address them that way
• future (–): tlél yéi du yaadé x̱ʼakg̱walyoo | they wonʼt address them that way
√yook (verb root) shake
O-sha-ka-S-∅-√yook (∅ – transitive – closed) shake | for S to shake O | chʼu l eedanáayji, shakayúk! → before you drink it (medicine), shake it up! (SN) • ax̱ kinaak.ádi shakx̱waayúk → i shooke my coat (to remove dust) (SN)
• imperative: shakayúk! | shake it up!
• perfective (+): ashakaawayúk | they shoot it up
• perfective (–): tlél ashakawuyook | they didnʼt shake it up
• future (+): ashakakg̱wayóok | they will shake it up
• future (–): tlél ashakakg̱wayook | they wonʼt shake it up
O-tu-ka-d+∅-√yook (∅ state verb – object intransitive – closed) nervous; worried; shook up; excited | for O to be nervous, worried, shook up; for O to be excited | (JM, KE)
• perfective (+): tukawdiyúk | they are nervous
O-tu-ka-S-s-√yook (∅ state verb – transitive – closed) nervous; worried; shook up | for S to cause O to be nervous, worried, shook up | (JL) • sh tukawdziyúk → they got themself shook up (JL)
• perfective (+): atukaysiyúk | they made them worried
√yoox̱ʼ ¹ (verb root) soak
√yoox̱ʼ ² (verb root) remove | remove bones with teeth