Lingít Yéi Daadunéiyi Át

aa ¹ (3) sit seated (to have live creature seated there) N-t O-S-s-√.aa (position) for S to have O (live creature) seated at N

si-.aa

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. Note that this verb could be used to indicate that one has a child or animal seated, but would generally not be used to refer to an adult. át as.áa s/he has her/him seated there tlél át oos.áa s/he doesnʼt have her/him seated there [does not occur] [does not occur] situated there (of a building) N-t l-√.áa ˟ (position) for a building to be situated at N

li-.aa

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. át la.áa itʼs situated there tlél át ul.aa itʼs not situated there [does not occur] [does not occur] sit (for singular subject to be seated) S-∅-√.aa (position) for (singlular) S to be seated

ya-.aa

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. Note that a noun phrase with (-t) postposition is used to indicate where one is sitting, but this noun phrase is not required by the verb. For example, one could say: .áa "s/he is sitting", or: át .áa "s/he is sitting there." The plural verb stem is used when indicating that one person is sitting with another, even though the subject is singular. For example, du een ḵéen "s/he is sitting with her/him" or du een x̱aḵéen "I am sitting with her/him". [does not occur] Líl ee.aayíḵ! Donʼt be sitting! x̱a.áa I sit; I am sitting ee.áa you sit; you are sitting .áa s/he sits; s/he is sitting a.áa someone sits; someone is sitting tlél x̱wa.aa I donʼt sit; I am not sitting tlél ee.aa you donʼt sit; you arenʼt sitting tlél u.aa s/he doesnʼt sit; s/he isnʼt sitting wé aa aa the one who sits; the one who is sitting .aayín s/he was sitting tlél oo.aayín s/he wasnʼt sitting aa ² (2) examine, kiss, consider, think over, come to senses examine, inspect it; judge, assess it N daa ya-S-d-s-√.aa (na act) for S to examine, inspect, look into, judge, assess N

a daa + ya-dzi-.aa

A daa yanees.á! Examine it! A daa yanayis.á! You all examine it! Líl a daa yees.éix̱iḵ! Donʼt examine it! Líl a daa yayis.éix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all examine it! a daa yas.éix̱ s/he is examining it tlél a daa yoos.éix̱ s/he isnʼt examining it a daa yawdzi.aa s/he examined it tlél a daa yawus.aa s/he didnʼt examine it a daa yakg̱was.áa s/he will examine it tlél a daa yakg̱was.aa s/he wonʼt examine it a daa yang̱as.aa let her/him examine it a daa yanas.éich s/he examines it (every time) tlél a daa yoonas.éich s/he hasnʼt examined it yet tlél aadé a daa yanax̱dzi.aayi yé no way can s/he examine it a daa yang̱was.aayín s/he would have examined it a daa yanas.éini if/when s/he examines it a daa yas.éix̱ s/he examines it (regularly) kiss her/him N x̱ʼéi-t~ ya-S-d+s-√.aa (∅ motion) for S to kiss N

x̱ʼéi- + ya-dzi-.aa

Ax̱ x̱ʼéit yees.á! Kiss me! Ax̱ x̱ʼéit yayis.á! You all kiss me! Líl ax̱ x̱ʼéix̱ yees.aayéeḵ! Donʼt kiss me! Líl ax̱ x̱ʼéix̱ yayis.aayéeḵ! Donʼt you all kiss me! [does not occur] [does not occur] du x̱ʼéit yax̱wdzi.áa I kissed her/him ax̱ x̱ʼéit yaydzi.áa you kissed me ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawdzi.áa s/he kissed me du x̱ʼéit yawtudzi.áa we kissed her/him ax̱ x̱ʼéit yayeeydzi.áa you all kissed me ax̱ x̱ʼéit has yawdzi.áa they kissed me ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawdudzi.áa I was kissed tlél du x̱ʼéit yax̱was.á I didnʼt kiss her/him tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit yayis.á you didnʼt kiss me tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawus.á s/he didnʼt kiss me tlél du x̱ʼéit yawtoos.á we didnʼt kiss her/him tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit yayeeys.á you all didnʼt kiss me tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit has yawus.á they didnʼt kiss me tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawdus.á I wasnʼt kissed ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawus.aayín s/he had kissed me; s/he kissed me (but...) tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawus.aayín s/he hadnʼt kissed me; s/he didnʼt kiss me (at the time, but...) wé ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawdzi.aayi aa the one who kissed me du x̱ʼéide yakḵwas.áa I will kiss her/him ax̱ x̱ʼéide yakg̱ees.áa you will kiss me ax̱ x̱ʼéide yakg̱was.áa s/he will kiss me du x̱ʼéide yagax̱toos.áa we will kiss her/him ax̱ x̱ʼéide yagax̱yis.áa you all will kiss me ax̱ x̱ʼéide has yakg̱was.áa they will kiss me ax̱ x̱ʼéide yagax̱dus.áa I will be kissed tlél du x̱ʼéide yakḵwas.aa I wonʼt kiss her/him tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéide yakg̱is.aa you wonʼt kiss me tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéide yakg̱was.aa s/he wonʼt kiss me tlél du x̱ʼéide yagax̱toos.aa we wonʼt kiss her/him tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéide yagax̱yis.aa you all wonʼt kiss me tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéide has yakg̱was.aa they wonʼt kiss me tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéide yagax̱dus.aa I wonʼt be kissed du x̱ʼéit yaḵas.aa let me kiss her/him ax̱ x̱ʼéit yag̱as.aa let her/him kiss me du x̱ʼéit yax̱toos.aa let us kiss her/him du x̱ʼéit woox̱as.áaych I kiss her/him (every time) ax̱ x̱ʼéit yees.áaych you kiss me (every time) ax̱ x̱ʼéit woos.áaych s/he kisses me (every time) du x̱ʼéit yatoos.áaych we kiss her/him (every time) ax̱ x̱ʼéit yayis.áaych you all kiss me (every time) ax̱ x̱ʼéit has woos.áaych they kiss me (every time) ax̱ x̱ʼéit wudus.áaych I am kissed (every time) tlél du x̱ʼéit woox̱as.áaych I havenʼt kissed her/him yet tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit yees.áaych you havenʼt kissed me yet tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit woos.áaych s/he hasnʼt kissed me yet tlél du x̱ʼéit yatoos.áaych we havenʼt kissed her/him yet tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit yayis.áaych you all havenʼt kissed me yet tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit has woos.áaych they havenʼt kissed me yet tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit wudus.áaych I havenʼt been kissed yet tlél aadé ax̱ x̱ʼéit wux̱dzi.aayi yé no way can s/he kiss me ax̱ x̱ʼéit wug̱as.aayín s/he would have kissed me ax̱ x̱ʼéit yas.éini if/when s/he kisses me ax̱ x̱ʼéix̱ yas.aa s/he kisses me (repeatedly) Ax̱ tuwáa sigóo ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawus.aayí. I want somebody to kiss me. Tlél du x̱ʼéit yax̱was.aa, ách áwé g̱áax̱. Sheʼs crying because I didnʼt kiss her. Yaa sh ḵʼanalyél áwé, hél du x̱ʼéit yax̱was.aa! Heʼs lying, I didnʼt kiss him! Ax̱ x̱ʼéit yag̱as.aa x̱ʼax̱waawóosʼ tlei ax̱ náḵ wujixeex. I asked her to kiss me and she ran away from me. aa ³ (7) grow, turn on, flow, run (fish), quake, daylight, celebrate grow it (plant); turn it on (hose) O-ka-S-s-√.aa (na act) for S to cause O (plant) to grow; for S to turn on O (hose), cause O to flow

ka-si-.aa

Kanas.á! Grow it! Kanaysa.á! You all grow it! Líl keesa.éix̱iḵ! Donʼt grow it! Líl kaysa.éix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all grow it! aksa.éix̱ s/he grows it; s/heʼs growing it tlél akoos.éix̱ s/he doesnʼt grow it; s/he isnʼt growing it akawsi.aa s/he grew it tlél akawus.aa s/he didnʼt grow it akagux̱sa.áa s/he will grow it tlél akagux̱sa.aa s/he wonʼt grow it akanax̱sa.aa let her/him grow it akanas.éich s/he grows it (every time) tlél akoonas.éich s/he hasnʼt grown it yet tlél aadé akunax̱si.aayi yé no way can s/he grow it akunax̱sa.aayín s/he would have grown it akanas.éini if/when s/he grows it yoo aksi.éik s/he grows it (regularly) celebrate, set apart (a particular day) Note that Story & Naish (1973) document this verb with the prefix ḵee- while the speaker consulted here pronounces this ḵei-. Both are acceptable. O-ḵei-S-s-√.aa (na event) for S to celebrate O, set apart O (a particular day)

ḵee-si-.aa

O-ḵee-S-s-.aa~ (na event) ḵeinas.á! Celebrate it! ḵeinaysa.á! You all celebrate it! Líl yoo ḵeesa.éigiḵ! Donʼt celebrate it! Líl yoo ḵeeysa.éigiḵ! Donʼt you all celebrate it! [does not occur] yaa aḵeinas.éin s/he is celebrating it ḵeix̱wsi.aa I celebrated it aḵeiwsi.aa s/he celebrated it tlél ḵeix̱wsa.aa I didnʼt celebrate it tlél aḵeiwus.aa s/he didnʼt celebrate it aḵeigux̱sa.áa s/he will celebrate it tlél aḵeigux̱sa.aa s/he wonʼt celebrate it aḵeinax̱sa.aa let her/him celebrate it aḵeinas.éich s/he celebrates it (every time) tlél aḵeinas.éich s/he hasnʼt celebrated it yet tlél aadé aḵeinax̱si.aayi yé no way can s/he celebrate it aḵeinax̱sa.aayín s/he would have celebrated it aḵeinas.éini if/when s/he celebrates it yoo aḵeisi.éik s/he celebrates it (regularly) Du kayageeyí ḵeewdudzi.aa. They celebrated his birthday. [Story & Naish 1973: 44] Christmas has aḵeegux̱sa.áa. They are going to celebrate Christmas. [Story & Naish 1973: 44] Du yagiyeeyí ḵeiwdus.aayí a kaax̱ du toowú yakʼéi. He was real happy that they celebrated his birthday. grow (of plant); flow, pour forth (of water) ka-∅-√.aa (na act) for a plant to grow; for a stream of water to flow, pour forth

ka-ya-.aa

ka.éix̱ it grows; itʼs growing tlél koo.éix̱ it doesnʼt grow; itʼs not growing yaa kana.éin itʼs growing kaawa.aa it grew tlél kawu.aa it didnʼt grow kei kakg̱wa.áa it will grow tlél kei kakg̱wa.aa it wonʼt grow kang̱a.aa let it grow kana.éich it grows (every time) tlél koona.éich it hasnʼt grown yet tlél aadé koong̱aa.aayi yé no way can it grow koong̱a.aayín it would have grown kana.éini if/when it grows yoo kaya.éik it grows (regularly) grow (of plant) ka-s-√.aa (na act) for a plant to grow

ka-si-.aa

In classical Tlingit, this verb meant specifically for a plant with a long stalk to grow (the length of the plant indicated by the s- classifier), however this meaning has been lost for most current speakers, and now just means for a plant in general to grow. kasa.éix̱ it grows; itʼs growing tlél koos.éix̱ it doesnʼt grow; itʼs not growing kei kanas.éin itʼs growing kawsi.aa it grew tlél kawus.aa it didnʼt grow kagux̱sa.áa it will grow tlél kagux̱sa.aa it wonʼt grow kanax̱sa.aa let it grow kanas.éich it grows (every time) tlél koonas.éich it hasnʼt grown yet tlél aadé kunax̱si.aayi yé no way can it grow kunax̱sa.aayín it would have grown kanas.éini if/when it grows yoo ksi.éik it grows (regularly) daylight (become daylight, dawn) ḵei-∅-√.aa (na event) for it to become daylight, dawn

ḵee-ya-.aa

ḵee-∅-.aa (na event) [does not occur] yaa ḵeina.éin itʼs getting to be daylight ḵeiwa.aa itʼs daylight tlél ḵeiwu.aa itʼs not daylight ḵeikg̱wa.áa it will be daylight tlél ḵeikg̱wa.aa it wonʼt be daylight (chʼa) ḵeing̱a.aa (just) let it be daylight ḵeina.éich itʼs daylight (every time) (at 6:00 for example) tlél ḵeina.éich itʼs not daylight yet ḵeina.éini if/when itʼs daylight Tlél ḵeikg̱wa.aa déix̱ gaaw x̱ʼáanáx̱. It wonʼt be daylight within the next two hours. Gu.aal ḵeiwa.aaḵ. I hope itʼs daylight. Chʼa tlákw tsʼootaat ḵeina.éich tleidooshú gaawxʼ. Every morning itʼs daylight at six. Kʼidéin ḵeiwu.aayí gax̱too.áat. When itʼs daylight, weʼll go. run, migrate (of fish) VII ya-∅-√.aa (na motion) for fish to run, migrate

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Leer 1973: 02/14 [does not occur] yaa yana.éin the fish are running yaawa.aa the fish are running; the fish ran tlél yawu.aa the fish arenʼt running; the fish didnʼt run yakg̱wa.áa the fish will run tlél yakg̱wa.aa the fish wonʼt run yang̱a.aa let the fish run yana.éich the fish run (every time) tlél woona.éich the fish havenʼt run yet tlél aadé woong̱aa.aayi yé no way can the fish run woong̱a.aayín the fish would have run yana.éini if/when the fish run yoo yaa.éik the fish run (regularly) Tsa yóokʼ yang̱a.aa yá x̱áat yéi has oolx̱éisʼ. Let the salmon run early, this is what theyʼre wishing for. Taakw.eetíxʼ áwé yoo yaya.éik wé g̱aat. The sockeye run in the spring. run, migrate (of fish) II N-t~ ya-∅-√.aa (∅ motion) for fish to run at N

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Leer 1973: 02/14 [does not occur] aadé yaa yana.éin the fish are running there át yaawa.áa the fish ran there tlél át yawu.á the fish didnʼt run there aadé yakg̱wa.áa the fish will run there tlél aadé yakg̱wa.aa the fish wonʼt run there át yag̱a.aa let the fish run there át yoo.áaych the fish run there (every time) tlél át yoo.áaych the fish havenʼt run there yet tlél aadé át yag̱waa.aayi yé no way can the fish run there át yag̱wa.aayín the fish would have run there át ya.éini if/when the fish run there áx̱ ya.aa the fish run there (regularly) Wé x̱áat tlél át yawu.á a x̱ʼanaa has awsihát. The salmon didnʼt run there, they blocked it off. Haa x̱ánt yaawa.áa. The fish run came to our area. at yana.á fish run at yana.á dísi March (fish run month) aak ¹ fire build a fire shóo-t~ a-S-d+∅-√.aak (∅ event) for S to build a fire (using wood)

shóo- + a-di-.aak

Shóot eeda.ák! Build a fire! Shóot ayda.ák! You all build a fire! Líl shóox̱ eeda.aagíḵ! Donʼt build a fire! Líl shóox̱ ayda.aagíḵ! Donʼt you all build a fire! [does not occur] [does not occur] shóot ax̱wdi.ák I built a fire shóot awdi.ák s/he built a fire tlél shóot ax̱wda.aak I didnʼt build a fire tlél shóot awda.aak s/he didnʼt build a fire shóode akḵwada.áak I will build a fire shóode agux̱da.áak s/he will build a fire tlél shóode akḵwada.aak I wonʼt build a fire tlél shóode agux̱da.aak s/he wonʼt build a fire shóot aḵda.aak let me build a fire shóot ax̱da.aak let her/him build a fire shóot oox̱da.aakch I build a fire (every time) shóot ooda.aakch s/he builds a fire (every time) tlél shóot oox̱da.aakch I havenʼt built a fire yet tlél shóot ooda.aakch s/he hasnʼt built a fire yet tlél aadé shóot oox̱di.aagi yé no way can s/he build a fire shóot oox̱da.aagín s/he would have built a fire shóot ada.ákni if/when s/he builds a fire shóox̱ ada.aak s/he builds a fire (regularly) aak ³ paralyzed paralyzed (with fright, shock, or surprise), panic, be incapable of action Note that Story & Naish (1973) document this verb as having the stem: .eik, while the speaker consulted for this project (from Kake) pronounces the verb with the stem: .aak. Leer (1973) documents both stem pronunciations in his notes, indicating that the .aak variant is used in Yakutat. Story & Naish (1973) provide an example sentence of this verb in the perfective form, having a long high vowel in the verb stem, which would indicate that the verb belongs to the na, ga, or g̱a conjugation category. For the speaker consulted here, the verb belongs to the ∅ conjugation category. Leer (1973) documents two perfective forms: wudi.ék (∅ conjugation) and wudi.éik (na, ga, or g̱a conjugation). It appears that this is a dual conjugation verb, however more research is necessary to determine which of the conjugation categories it belongs to. O-d+∅-√.áak (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for O to be paralyzed with fright, shock or surprise; for O to Nanic, be incapable of action

di-.eik

Leer 1973: 02/210-212 O-d-.éik~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) [does not occur] x̱at wudi.ák I was paralyzed with fear wudi.ák s/he was paralyzed with fear tlél x̱at wuda.áak I wasnʼt paralyzed with fear tlél wuda.áak s/he wasnʼt paralyzed with fear gux̱da.áak s/he will be paralyzed with fear tlél gux̱da.áak s/he wonʼt be paralyzed with fear (chʼa) g̱ada.ák (just) let her/him be paralyzed with fear uda.ákch s/he is paralyzed with fear (every time) tlél uda.ákch s/he hasnʼt been paralyzed with fear yet tlél aadé ux̱di.ági yé no way can s/he be paralyzed with fear ux̱da.ágin s/he would have been paralyzed with fear da.ákni if/when s/he is paralyzed with fear da.ákx̱ s/he is paralyzed with fear (regularly) x̱at wudi.éik. It paralyzed me / I was so shocked I couldnʼt act. [Story & Naish 1973: 145] Áa wudi.ék. (While climbing a high ladder, e.g.) he became incapable of going any further. [Leer 1973: 02/211] aaḵw (7) give orders, decide, plan, try try it, attempt it Note that in classical Tlingit, this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which seems to be falling out of modern day speech, especially in the imperative form for this verb. This is indicated in the theme as (u)-. Alternate forms given here show one form with the thematic (u)- and one without, both of which are acceptable in modern speech. O-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ (na act) for S to try, attempt O

ka-ya-.aaḵw

Kana.aaḵw! / Kuna.aaḵw! Try it! Kanay.aaḵw! / Kunay.aaḵw! You all try it! Líl kee.aag̱úḵ! Donʼt try it! Líl keey.aag̱úḵ! Donʼt you all try it! kax̱wa.aaḵw I am trying it akoo.aaḵw s/he is trying it tlél kax̱wa.aaḵw Iʼm not trying it tlél akoo.aaḵw s/he isnʼt trying it yaa akuna.áḵw s/he is starting to try it kax̱waa.aaḵw I tried it akaawa.aaḵw s/he tried it tlél kax̱wa.aaḵw I didnʼt try it tlél akawu.aaḵw s/he didnʼt try it akakg̱wa.aaḵw s/he will try it tlél akakg̱wa.aaḵw s/he wonʼt try it akang̱a.aaḵw let her/him try it akuna.aaḵwch s/he tries it (every time) tlél akuna.aaḵwch s/he hasnʼt tried it yet tlél aadé akoong̱aa.aag̱u yé no way can s/he try it akoong̱a.aag̱ún s/he would have tried it akuna.aaḵwní if/when s/he tries it yoo akuya.aaḵwk s/he tries it (regularly) Akoo.aaḵw wé yéi jiné. Heʼs giving the job a try. [Leer 1976:121.] plan it O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw (∅ act) for S to Nlan O

ka-ya-.aaḵw

Ka.áḵw! Plan it! Kay.áḵw! You all plan it! Líl kayi.aag̱úḵ! Donʼt plan it! Líl kayeey.aag̱úḵ! Donʼt you all plan it! kax̱wa.aaḵw I am planning it akoo.aaḵw s/he is planning it yaa akana.áḵw s/he is starting to Nlan it kax̱waa.áḵw I planned it akaawa.áḵw s/he planned it tlél kax̱wa.aaḵw I didnʼt plan it tlél akawu.aaḵw s/he didnʼt plan it akakg̱wa.áaḵw s/he will plan it tlél akakg̱wa.aaḵw s/he wonʼt plan it akag̱a.aaḵw let her/him plan it akoo.aaḵwch s/he plans it (every time) tlél akoo.aaḵwch s/he hasnʼt planned it yet tlél aadé akoog̱aa.aag̱u yé no way can s/he plan it akoog̱a.aag̱ún s/he would have planned it aka.áḵwni if/when s/he plans it aka.áḵwx̱ s/he plans it Has du ḵu.éexʼi has akaawa.áḵw. They have all the plans set for their party. [Leer 1976:121.] order her/him, give her/him instructions (esp. concerning work) át O-ji-ka-u-S-∅-√.aaḵw (na act) for S to give O orders, instructions (esp. concerning work)

ji-ka-ya-.aaḵw

Át jikuna.aaḵw! Give her/him things to do! Át jikunay.aaḵw! You all give her/him things to do! Líl át jikayi.aag̱úḵ! Donʼt give her/him things to do! Líl át jikayeey.aag̱úḵ! Donʼt you all give her/him things to do! át jikoox̱a.aaḵw I am giving her/him things to do; I give her/him things to do át ajikoo.aaḵw s/he is giving her/him things to do; s/he gives her/him things to do át yaa ajikuna.áḵw s/he is starting to give her/him things to do át jikax̱waa.aaḵw I gave her/him things to do át ajikaawa.aaḵw s/he gave her/him things to do tlél át jikax̱wa.aaḵw I didnʼt give her/him things to do tlél át ajikawu.aaḵw s/he didnʼt give her/him things to do át ajikakg̱wa.áaḵw s/he will give her/him things to do tlél át ajikakg̱wa.aaḵw s/he wonʼt give her/him things to do át ajikang̱a.aaḵw let her/him give her/him things to do át ajikuna.áḵwch s/he gives her/him things to do (every time) tlél át ajikoona.áḵwch s/he hasnʼt given her/him things to do yet tlél aadé át ajikung̱aa.aag̱u yé no way can s/he give her/him things to do át ajikung̱a.aag̱ún s/he would have given her/him things to do át ajikuna.áḵwni if/when s/he gives her/him things to do át yoo ajikuya.áḵwk s/he gives her/him things to do (regularly) Át ajikung̱a.aag̱ún tlél ḵwá haat wugoot. She would have given him things to do but he didnʼt come. give her/him orders; command, instruct her/him át O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw (na event) for S to give orders to, command, instruct O

át + ka-ya-.aaḵw

Át kana.aaḵw! Give her/him orders! Át kanay.aaḵw! You all give her/him orders! Líl át kayi.aag̱úḵ! Donʼt give her/him orders! Líl át kayeey.aag̱úḵ! Donʼt you all give her/him orders! [does not occur] át kax̱waa.aaḵw I gave her/him orders át akaawa.aaḵw s/he gave her/him orders tlél át kax̱wa.aaḵw I didnʼt give her/him orders tlél át akawu.aaḵw s/he didnʼt give her/him orders át kakḵwa.áaḵw I will give her/him orders át akakg̱wa.áaḵw s/he will give her/him orders tlél át kakḵwa.aaḵw I wonʼt give her/him orders tlél át akakg̱wa.aaḵw s/he wonʼt give her/him orders át kanḵa.aaḵw let me give her/him orders át akang̱a.aaḵw let her/him give her/him orders át kanx̱a.áḵwch I give her/him orders (every time) át akana.áḵwch s/he gives her/him orders (every time) tlél át koonx̱a.áḵwch I havenʼt given her/him orders yet tlél át akoona.áḵwch s/he hasnʼt given her/him orders yet tlél aadé át akoong̱aa.aag̱u yé no way can s/he give her/him orders át akoong̱a.aag̱ún s/he would have given her/him orders át akana.áḵwni if/when s/he gives her/him orders át yoo akaya.áḵwk s/he gives her/him orders (regularly) Át akaawa.aaḵw wé yéi jiné. Heʼs directing/supervising the job. [Leer 1976:121.] Át sh kawdi.aaḵw. Heʼs telling himself to do it (being his own boss). give her/him an opportunity to speak; give her/him directions as to what to say This is one of a group of verb themes sharing the stem -.aaḵw which in classical Tlingit had the thematic prefix (u-). This prefix seems to be falling out of modern day speech in some of the forms, and is indicated in the theme as (u)-. Alternate forms given here show one form with the thematic (u)- and one without, both of which are acceptable in modern speech. O-x̱ʼa-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ (na act) for S to give O an opportunity to speak; for S to give O directions as to what to say

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x̱ʼakuna.aaḵw! / x̱ʼakana.aaḵw Give her/him an opportunity to speak! x̱ʼakunay.aaḵw! / x̱ʼakanay.aaḵw You all give her/him an opportunity to speak! Líl yoo x̱ʼakee.aag̱úḵ! Donʼt give her/him an opportunity to speak! Líl yoo x̱ʼakay.aag̱úḵ! Donʼt you all give her/him an opportunity to speak! ax̱ʼakoo.aaḵw s/he is giving her/him an opportunity to speak x̱ʼakax̱waa.aaḵw I gave her/him an opportunity to speak ax̱ʼakaawa.aaḵw s/he gave her/him an opportunity to speak tlél ax̱ʼakawu.aaḵw s/he didnʼt give her/him an opportunity to speak ax̱ʼakakg̱wa.aaḵw s/he will give her/him an opportunity to speak tlél ax̱ʼakakg̱wa.aaḵw s/he wonʼt give her/him an opportunity to speak ax̱ʼakung̱a.aaḵw / ax̱ʼakang̱a.aaḵw let her/him give her/him an opportunity to speak ax̱ʼakuna.aaḵwch / ax̱ʼakana.aaḵwch s/he gives her/him an opportunity to speak (every time) tlél ax̱ʼakoona.aaḵwch s/he hasnʼt given her/him an opportunity to speak yet tlél aadé ax̱ʼakoong̱aa.aag̱u yé no way can s/he give her/him an opportunity to speak ax̱ʼakoong̱a.aag̱ún s/he would have given her/him an opportunity to speak ax̱ʼakuna.aaḵwní / ax̱ʼakana.aaḵwní if/when s/he gives her/him an opportunity to speak yoo ax̱ʼakaya.aaḵwk s/he gives her/him an opportunity to speak (regularly) Ax̱ʼakaawa.aaḵw yoo x̱ʼatánk ḵóot x̱ʼag̱ataaní. He asked him to say a few words (to the other tribe). decide about it; plan it yan~ O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw (∅ motion) for S to make a decision about O; for S to finish planning O

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Yan ka.áḵw (dé)! Make a decision (now)! Yan kay.áḵw (dé)! You all make a decision (now)! Líl yan kayi.aag̱úḵ (tsá)! Donʼt make a decision (yet)! Líl yan kayeey.aag̱úḵ (tsá)! Donʼt you all make a decision (yet)! [does not occur] yánde yaa kanx̱a.áḵw Iʼm making a decision yánde yaa akana.áḵw s/heʼs making a decision yan kax̱waa.áḵw I made a decision yan akaawa.áḵw s/he made a decision tlél yan kax̱wa.aaḵw I didnʼt make a decision tlél yan akaawa.aaḵw s/he didnʼt make a decision yánde kakḵwa.áaḵw I will make a decision yánde akakg̱wa.áaḵw s/he will make a decision tlél yánde kakḵwa.aaḵw I wonʼt make a decision tlél yánde akakg̱wa.aaḵw s/he wonʼt make a decision yan kaḵa.aaḵw let me make a decision yan akag̱a.aaḵw let her/him make a decision yan koox̱a.aaḵwch I make a decision (every time) yan akoo.aaḵwch s/he makes a decision (every time) tlél yan koox̱a.aaḵwch I havenʼt made a decision yet tlél yan akoo.aaḵwch s/he hasnʼt made a decision yet tlél aadé yan kooḵaa.aag̱u yé no way can I make a decision tlél aadé yan akoog̱aa.aag̱u yé no way can s/he make a decision yan kooḵa.aag̱ún I would have made a decision yan akoog̱a.aag̱ún s/he would have made a decision yan kax̱a.áḵwni if/when I make a decision yan aka.áḵwni if/when s/he makes a decision [does not occur] order oneself to do it; make oneself do it át sh ji-ka-S-d+∅-√.aaḵw (na event) for S to make oneself do something

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Át sh jikanida.aaḵw! Make yourself do it! Át sh jikanayda.aaḵw! Make yourselves do it! Líl át sh jikayida.aag̱úḵ! Donʼt make yourself do it! Líl át sh jikayeeyda.aag̱úḵ! Donʼt make yourselves do it! [does not occur] át sh jikax̱wdi.aaḵw I made myself do it át sh jikawdi.aaḵw s/he made herself/himself do it tlél át sh jikawda.aaḵw s/he didnʼt make herself/himself do it át sh jikagux̱da.áaḵw s/he will make herself/himself do it tlél át sh jikagux̱da.aaḵw s/he wonʼt make herself/himself do it át sh jikanax̱da.aaḵw let her/him make himself/herself do it át sh jikanda.áḵwch s/he makes herself/himself do it (every time) tlél át sh jikoonda.áḵwch s/he hasnʼt made herself/himself do it yet tlél aadé át sh jikoonax̱di.aag̱u yé no way can s/he make herself/himself do it át sh jikoonax̱da.aag̱ún s/he would have made herself/himself do it át sh jikunda.áḵwní if/when s/he makes herself/himself do it át yoo sh jikadi.áḵwk s/he makes herself/himself do it (regularly) Du ée kei kg̱wakʼéi á́t sh jikunda.áḵwní. It will be good for him if he makes himself do it. aan ¹ (2) kind, good-looking kind, gentle O-tu-l-√.aan ˟ (ga state) for O to be kind, gentle

tu-li-.aan

Itukla.aan! Be kind! Yee tukla.aan! You all be kind! x̱at tuli.aan I am kind tuli.aan s/he is kind tlél x̱at tool.aan Iʼm not kind tlél tool.aan s/he isnʼt kind [does not occur] [does not occur] kei x̱at tugux̱la.aan I will be kind kei tugux̱la.aan s/he will be kind tlél kei x̱at tugux̱la.aan I wonʼt be kind tlél kei tugux̱la.aan s/he wonʼt be kind x̱at tugax̱la.aan let me be kind tugax̱la.aan let her/him be kind [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] tukla.aanní if/when s/he is kind kei tula.aanch s/he is kind (regularly) attractive, good-looking, pleasant-faced To apply this verb to a non-human, remove the ya- thematic prefix, as in: kasi.aan du naa.ádi "his clothes are attractive". O-ya-ka-s-√.aan ˟ (ga state) for O to be attractive, good-looking, pleasant-faced

ya-ka-si-.aan

x̱at yaksi.aan I am good-looking yaksi.aan s/he is good-looking tlél x̱at yakoos.aan Iʼm not good-looking tlél yakoos.aan s/he isnʼt good-looking kei yakanas.aan s/he is starting to become good-looking yakawsi.aan s/he became good-looking tlél yakawus.aan s/he didnʼt become good-looking kei yakagux̱sa.aan s/he will be good-looking tlél kei yakagux̱sa.aan s/he wonʼt be good-looking tlél yakagoos.aanch s/he hasnʼt gotten to be good-looking yet yakagoox̱sa.aanín s/he would have been good-looking yakaksa.aanní if/when s/he becomes good-looking Du yáanáx̱ x̱at yaksi.aan. Iʼm better looking than he is. aat ¹ (18) go, walk, lead, gather together, go to bathroom, attack, appoint, let in, let out appoint, choose for a certain position (plural object) I a tóo daak O-S-s-√.aat (∅ motion) for S to appoint (plural) O, choose O for a certain position

a tóo + daak si-.aat

A tóo daak has sa.á! Appoint them! Líl a tóo daak has isa.átjiḵ! Donʼt appoint them! [does not occur] a tóo daak has x̱wasi.át I appointed them a tóo daak has awsi.át s/he appointed them tlél a tóo daak has x̱wasa.aat I didnʼt appoint them tlél a tóo daak has awus.aat s/he didnʼt appoint them a tóo daak has agux̱sa.áat s/he will appoint them tlél a tóo daak has agux̱sa.aat s/he wonʼt appoint them a tóo daak has ax̱sa.aat let her/him appoint them a tóo daak has oos.aatch s/he appoints them (every time) tlél a tóo daak has oos.aatch s/he hasnʼt appointed them yet tlél aadé a tóo daak has oox̱si.aadi yé no way can s/he appoint them a tóo daak has oox̱sa.aadín s/he would have appointed them a tóo daak has as.átni if/when s/he appoints them a tóo daak has as.átch s/he appoints them (regularly) A tóo daak has wududzi.át. They were appointed. [Story & Naish 1973: 21] lead them yaa O-shu-S-∅-.aat~ (ga event) for S to lead (plural) O (especially by walking ahead)

shu-ya-.aat

Note that yaa occurs in every form except the perfective. This verb has a plural stem, meaning that multiple people or animals are being led. In the paradigm given here, the plural object pronoun has "them" is used. One could also use ḵaa "people", as in: ḵaa shoowa.aat "s/he led people". Another option is the object prefix ḵu- "people", as in: ḵushoowa.aat "s/he led people". For both of these, note that the third person object pronoun a- on the verb is dropped. If you want to indicate that animals are being led, omit the has/ḵaa/ḵu- and use: ashoowa.aat "s/he led them (animals)". Yaa (ha)s shuga.á! Lead them! Yaa (ha)s shugay.á! You all lead them! Líl has shuyi.aadíḵ! Donʼt lead them! Líl has shuyeey.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all lead them! [does not occur] yaa (ha)s shunx̱a.át I am leading them yaa (ha)s ashuna.át s/he is leading them has shux̱waa.aat I led them has ashoowa.aat s/he led them tlél has shux̱wa.aat I didnʼt lead them tlél has ashuwu.aat s/he didnʼt lead them yaa (ha)s shukḵwa.áat I will lead them yaa (ha)s ashukg̱wa.áat s/he will lead them tlél yaa (ha)s shukḵwa.aat I wonʼt lead them tlél yaa (ha)s ahsukg̱wa.aat s/he wonʼt lead them yaa (ha)s shukḵa.aat let me lead them yaa (ha)s ashukg̱a.aat let her/him lead them yaa (ha)s shukx̱a.átch I lead them (every time) yaa (ha)s ashuga.átch s/he leads them (every time) tlél yaa (ha)s shukx̱a.átch I havenʼt led them yet tlél yaa (ha)s ashuga.átch s/he hasnʼt led them yet tlél aadé yaa (ha)s ashukg̱waa.aadi yé no way can s/he lead them yaa (ha)s ashukg̱wa.aadín s/he would have led them yaa (ha)s ashuga.átni if/when s/he leads them kei (ha)s ashu.átch s/he leads them (regularly) go on foot (plural subject) II N-t~ S-∅-.aat~ (∅ motion) for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) to N

ya-.aat

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace át/áx̱/aadé ʼarriving at Nʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-t (~x̱~dei) arriving at N, coming to N yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving ashore, coming to rest, to a stop, setting down N-náx̱ yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving across P, to the other side of P neil (~neilx̱~neildéi) moving inside, coming home haat (~haax̱~haa(n)déi) coming here yóot (~yóox̱~yóodei) going away As seen in the paradigm below, forms ending in -x̱ are used in the repetetive imperfective; forms ending in -de are used in the progressive imperfective; and forms ending in -t / -0(plain) are used elsewhere. Át yi.á! You all go there! Líl áx̱ yi.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all go there! Líl át yeey.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all go there! [does not occur] aadé yaa ntoo.át we are going there aadé yaa nay.át you all are going there aadé yaa (ha)s na.át they are going there aadé yaa ana.át people are going there tlél aadé yaa ntoo.át weʼre not going there tlél aadé yaa nay.át you all are not going there tlél aadé (ha)s yaa una.át theyʼre not going there tlél aadé yaa oona.át nobody is going there át wutuwa.át we arrived there át yeey.át you all arrived there át has uwa.át they arrived there át aawa.át people arrived there tlél át wutoo.aat we didnʼt arrive there tlél át yeey.aat you all didnʼt arrive there tlél át has wu.aat they didnʼt arrive there tlél át awu.aat nobody arrived there wé át has wu.aadi aa the ones who arrived there aadé gax̱too.áat we will go there aadé gax̱yi.áat you all will go there aadé (ha)s gug̱a.áat they will go there aadé akg̱wa.áat people will go there tlél aadé gax̱too.aat we wonʼt go there tlél aadé gax̱yi.aat you all wonʼt go there tlél aadé (ha)s gug̱a.aat they wonʼt go there tlél aadé akg̱wa.aat people wonʼt go there át g̱atoo.aat let us go there át has g̱a.aat let them go there át too.aatch we go there (every time) át yeey.aatch you all go there (every time) át has u.aatch they go there (every time) át oo.aatch people go there (every time) tlél át too.aatch we havenʼt arrived there yet tlél át yeey.aatch you all havenʼt arrived there yet tlél át has u.aatch they havenʼt arrived there yet tlél át oo.aatch nobody has arrived there yet tlél aadé át has g̱waa.aadi yé no way can they get there át has g̱wa.aadín they would have gone there át has .átni if/when they go there áx̱ has .aat they go there (regularly) Tlél át awu.aat. Nobody arrived there; They (regular crowd) werenʼt there. Yax̱ iltʼéexʼ, tʼéexʼ kát aa uwa.át. When it froze, they walked over ice. Chʼa yeisú l unaliyéit has u.aatjí tsu x̱áaw tsu át yatán. They hadnʼt been going far when another log was lying there. Ách áwé du x̱ándáx̱ yóot aawa.át. This was why they left her. walking, going along there (of plural subjects) This is an example of a progressive epiaspectual paradigm (Leer, 91), which basically means that all forms are based on the progressive aspect. The progressive epiaspect is characterized by: 1)having the yaa preverb in all forms, 2)having no perfective form, and 3)denotes semantically a continuous transition from one location or state to another. N-x̱ yaa S-∅-.aat~ (ga motion) for (plural) S to be walking, going (by foot or as general term) along N (basically plural; see goot for singular)

ya-.aat

Áx̱ yaa gay.á! You all be walking along there! Líl áx̱ yaa yi.átjiḵ Donʼt you all be walking along there! [does not occur] áx̱ yaa ntoo.át weʼre walking along there áx̱ yaa (ha)s na.át they are walking along there [does not occur] áx̱ yaa (ha)s gug̱a.áat they will be walking along there tlél áx̱ yaa (ha)s gug̱a.aat they wonʼt be walking along there á́x̱ yaa (ha)s gag̱a.aat let them be walking along there áx̱ yaa (ha)s ga.átch they are walking along there (every time) tlél áx̱ yaa (ha)s goo.átch they havenʼt been walking along there yet tlél aadé áx̱ yaa (ha)s goog̱aa.aadi yé no way can they be walking along there áx̱ yaa (ha)s goog̱a.aadín they would have been walking along there áx̱ yaa (ha)s ga.átni if/when they are walking along there áx̱ yaa (ha)s ga.átch they are walking along there (regularly) Kag̱ít tóox̱ yaa s gag̱a.aat. Let them be walking through the darkness. Wé kag̱ít tóox̱ yaa ntoo.ádi awdlidées. As we walked along in the darkness, the moon shined bright. Wé dzískʼu tlein ítx̱ yaa na.át wé g̱ooch. The wolves are following behind the big moose. go on foot (plural subject) IX N-x̱ S-∅-.aat~ (g̱a motion) for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) down along P

ya-.aat

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace yaa ʼdownʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. yaa (deletes before aspect marker yei) moving down yaax̱ getting into canoe, boat, or other vehicle N-x̱ moving down along héenx̱ moving into the water N-náx̱ moving down by way of P, through P Áx̱ yaa g̱ay.á! You all walk down along it! Líl áx̱ yei yi.átjiḵ! Donʼt you all walk down along it! [does not occur] áx̱ yei ntoo.át we are walking down along it áx̱ yei nay.át you all are walking down along it áx̱ yei (ha)s na.át they are walking down along it áx̱ yei ana.át people are walking down along it tlél áx̱ yei ntoo.át weʼre not walking down along it tlél áx̱ yei nay.át you all are not walking down along it tlél áx̱ yei (ha)s una.át theyʼre not walking down along it tlél áx̱ yei oona.át nobody is walking down along it áx̱ wtuwa.aat we walked down along it áx̱ yeey.aat you all walked down along it áx̱ (ha)s woo.aat they walked down along it áx̱ aawa.aat people walked down along it tlél áx̱ wtoo.aat we didnʼt walk down along it tlél áx̱ yeey.aat you all didnʼt walk down along it tlél áx̱ (ha)s wu.aat they didnʼt walk down along it tlél áx̱ awu.aat nobody walked down along it wé áx̱ yaa (ha)s woo.aadi aa (has) the ones who walked down along it áx̱ yei gax̱too.áat we will walk down along it áx̱ yei gax̱yi.áat you all will walk down along it áx̱ yei has gug̱a.áat they will walk down along it áx̱ yei akg̱wa.áat people will walk down along it tlél áx̱ yei gax̱too.aat we wonʼt walk down along it tlél áx̱ yei gax̱yi.aat you all wonʼt walk down along it tlél áx̱ yei (ha)s gug̱a.aat they wonʼt walk down along it tlél áx̱ yei akg̱wa.aat nobody will walk down along it áx̱ yaa g̱aax̱too.aat let us walk down along it áx̱ yaa (ha)s g̱aag̱a.aat let them walk down along it áx̱ yaa g̱atoo.átch we walk down along it (every time) áx̱ yaa g̱ay.átch you all walk down along it (every time) áx̱ yaa (ha)s g̱a.átch they walk down along it (every time) áx̱ yaa ag̱a.átch people walk down along it (every time) tlél áx̱ yaa g̱atoo.átch we havenʼt walked down along it yet tlél áx̱ yaa g̱ay.átch you all havenʼt walked down along it yet tlél áx̱ yaa (ha)s g̱wa.átch they havenʼt walked down along it yet tlél áx̱ yaa ag̱wa.átch nobody has walked down along it yet tlél aadé áx̱ yaa (ha)s g̱waag̱aa.aadi yé no way can they walk down along it áx̱ yaa (ha)s g̱waag̱a.aadín they would have walked down along it áx̱ yaa (ha)s g̱a.átni if/when they walk down along it áx̱ yei (ha)s .átch they walk down along it (regularly) Anax̱ áyá yaa ag̱a.átjeen yóo aan tayeedéi. This is what they came down on to go underneath the village. Sʼootaat áwé yaax̱ has woo.aat. At dawn they went aboard. go on foot (plural subject) V N jikaadáx̱ ya-u-S-∅-.aat~ (∅ motion) for (plural) S to get out of Nʼs way

ya-.aat

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace du jikaadáx̱ ʼgetting out of his/her wayʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-x̱ moving circuitously, obliquely along P N daax̱ circling around N haandéi moving over this way (toward speaker) héidei moving over that way (away from speaker) N jikaadáx̱ / N jikaax̱ getting out of Nʼs way N-náx̱ moving circuitously, obliquely through P N eetíx̱ taking Nʼs place; trading places with N; missing N Du jikaadáx̱ yay.á! You all get out of his/her way! Líl du jikaadáx̱ yaa yi.átjiḵ! Donʼt you all get out of his/her way! [does not occur] du jikaadáx̱ yaa ntoo.át we are getting out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yaa nay.át you all are getting out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yaa (ha)s na.át they are getting out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yaa ana.át people are getting out of his/her way [does not occur] du jikaadáx̱ yawtuwa.át we got out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yayeey.át you all got out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ has yaawa.át they got out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ ayaawa.át people got out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ yawtoo.aat we didnʼt get out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ yayeey.aat you all didnʼt get out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ has yawu.aat they didnʼt get out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ ayawu.aat nobody got out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yagax̱too.áat we will get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yagax̱yee.áat you all will get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ has yakg̱wa.áat they will get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ ayakg̱wa.áat people will get out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ yagax̱too.aat we wonʼt get out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ yagax̱yi.aat you all wonʼt get out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ has yakg̱wa.aat they wonʼt get out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ ayakg̱wa.aat people wonʼt get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yax̱too.aat let us get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ has yag̱a.aat let them get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yatoo.átch we get out of his/her way (every time) du jikaadáx̱ yay.átch you all get out of his/her way (every time) du jikaadáx̱ has woo.átch they get out of his/her way (every time) du jikaadáx̱ awoo.átch people get out of his/her way (every time) tlél du jikaadáx̱ yatoo.aatch we havenʼt gotten out of his/her way yet tlél du jikaadáx̱ yay.aatch you all havenʼt gotten out of his/her way yet tlél du jikaadáx̱ has woo.aatch they havenʼt gotten out of his/her way yet tlél du jikaadáx̱ awoo.aatch people havenʼt gotten out of his/her way yet tlél aadé du jikaadáx̱ has yag̱waa.aadi yé no way can they get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ has woog̱a.aadín they would have gotten out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ has ya.átni if/when they get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yaa (ha)s .átch they get out of his/her way (regularly) Chʼu tle tláakw áwé ḵa wé áx̱ ayaawa.adi yéix̱ yaa nagút. She went quickly and along where people had walked. Tle a kanax̱ has yaawa.át. They went over it. Nasʼgiyeekáxʼ a kaanáx̱ has yaawa.át. They walked for three days. go on foot (plural subject) III gági S-∅-.aat~ (∅ motion) for (plural) S to emerge, walk out into the open

ya-.aat

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace gági ʼcoming outʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N yáa coming up to N N g̱unayáa separating from N N shukáxʼ getting ahead of N gági emerging, coming out into the open dáag̱i coming out of the water héeni going to the sea; getting into the water g̱unayéi / g̱unéi starting off, beginning to go N-x̱ moving in place at N, trying to move while stuck at N Gági yi.á! You all come out! Líl gági yeey.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all come out! [does not occur] gági yaa ntoo.át we are coming out gági yaa nay.át you all are coming out gági yaa (ha)s na.át they are coming out gági yaa ana.át people are coming out tlél gági yaa ntoo.át weʼre not coming out tlél gági yaa nay.át you all are not coming out tlél gági (ha)s yaa una.át theyʼre not coming out tlél gági oona.át nobody is coming out gági wutuwa.át we came out gági yeey.át you all came out gági has uwa.át they came out gági aawa.át people came out tlél gági wutoo.aat we didnʼt come out tlél gági yeey.aat you all didnʼt come out tlél gági (ha)s woo.aat they didnʼt come out tlél gági awu.aat nobody came out wé gági (ha)s wu.aadi aa the ones who came out gági gax̱too.áat we will come out gági gax̱yi.áat you all will come out gági (ha)s gug̱a.áat they will come out gági akg̱wa.áat people will come out tlél gági gax̱too.aat we wonʼt come out tlél gági gax̱yi.aat you all wonʼt come out tlél gági (ha)s gug̱a.aat they wonʼt come out tlél gági akg̱wa.aat nobody will come out gági g̱atoo.aat let us come out gági (ha)s g̱a.aat let them come out gági too.aatch we come out (every time) gági yeey.aatch you all come out (every time) gági (ha)s u.aatch they come out (every time) gági oo.aatch people come out (every time) tlél gági too.aatch we havenʼt come out yet tlél gági yeey.aatch you all havenʼt come out yet tlél gági has u.aatch they havenʼt come out yet tlél gági oo.aatch nobody has come out yet tlél aadé gági (ha)s g̱waa.aadi yé no way can they come out gági (ha)s g̱wa.aadín they would have come out gági (ha)s .átni if/when they come out gági (ha)s .átx̱ they come out (repeatedly) Du daadéi g̱unayéi a.áat. They began to gather around him. go to the bathroom (plural subject) VII Much like the English phrase "go to the bathroom", gánde (ha)s woo.aat is a euphemism for urinating and/or defecating. gánde S-∅-.aat~ (na motion) for (plural) S to go to the bathroom

ya-.aat

Gánde nay.á! You all go to the bathroom! Líl gánde yoo yi.átgiḵ! Donʼt you all go to the bathroom! Líl gánde yeey.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all go to the bathroom! [does not occur] gánde yaa (ha)s na.át they are going to the bathroom gánde wtuwa.aat we went to the bathroom gánde (ha)s woo.aat they went to the bathroom tlél gánde wtoo.aat we didnʼt go to the bathroom tlél gánde (ha)s wu.aat they didnʼt go to the bathroom wé gánde (ha)s wu.aadi aa the ones who went to the bathroom gánde (ha)s gug̱a.áat they will go to the bathroom tlél gánde (ha)s gug̱a.aat they wonʼt go to the bathroom gánde (ha)s nag̱a.aat let them go to the bathroom gánde (ha)s na.átch they go to the bathroom (every time) tlél gánde (ha)s una.átch they havenʼt gone to the bathroom yet tlél aadé gánde (ha)s nag̱waa.aadi yé no way can they go to the bathroom gánde (ha)s nag̱wa.aadín they would have gone to the bathroom gánde (ha)s na.átni if/when they go to the bathroom gánde yoo (ha)s ya.átk they go to the bathroom (regularly) go on foot (plural subject) VI a-ya-u-S-d-.aat~ (∅ motion) for (plural) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term)

a-ya-di-.aat

-- turn back, return, retreat, go back kei escape, flee Ayeeda.á! You all turn back! Líl ayeeda.átx̱iḵ Donʼt you all turn back! [does not occur] yaa ayantuda.át we are turning back yaa ayanayda.át you all are turning back yaa (ha)s ayanda.át they are turning back yaa ayandu.át people are turning back [does not occur] ayawtudi.át we turned back ayaydi.át you all turned back has ayawdi.át they turned back ayawduwa.át people turned back tlél ayawtuda.aat we didnʼt turn back tlél ayayda.aat you all didnʼt turn back tlél has ayawda.aat they didnʼt turn back tlél ayawdu.aat (check prefix combos) nobody turned back wé has ayawdi.adi aa the ones who turned back ayagax̱tuda.áat we will turn back ayagax̱yida.áat you all will turn back has ayagux̱da.áat they will turn back ayagux̱du.áat people will turn back tlél ayagax̱tuda.aat we wonʼt turn back tlél ayagax̱yida.aat you all wonʼt turn back tlél has ayagux̱da.aat they wonʼt turn back tlél ayagax̱du.aat nobody will turn back ayax̱tuda.aat let us turn back has ayax̱da.aat let them turn back ayatuda.átch we turn back (every time) ayayda.átch you all turn back (every time) has ayada.átch they turn back (every time) ayadu.átch people turn back (every time) tlél ayawtuda.aatch we havenʼt turned back yet tlél ayayda.aatch you all havenʼt turned back yet tlél has awooda.aatch they havenʼt turned back yet tlél awoodu.aatch nobody has turned back yet tlél aadé has awux̱di.aadi yé no way can they turn back has awux̱da.aadín they would have turned back has ayada.átni if/when they turn back has ayada.átx̱ they turn back (regularly) Dé du náḵ ayagux̱da.at aa du x̱oonxʼí áwé át náḵ wé a yeexʼ du náḵ akg̱wa.at hídi. The relatives who were going to leave her were standing by her in the house they were lieaving her in. go on foot (plural subject) VII N-dé S-∅-.aat~ (na motion) for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) to N

ya-.aat

Note that -g̱aa takes the opposite tone of the final syllable of the noun that it attaches to. Hence: kanatʼág̱aa "(going) after blueberries", but shaawg̱áa "(going) after gumboots". Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace aadé ʼtoward thereʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about P N-dé(i) moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of P yux̱ moving out of house P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱aa going to get P Aadé nay.á! You all go there! Líl aadé yoo yi.átgiḵ! Donʼt you all go there! Líl aadé yeey.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all go there! [does not occur] aadé yaa ntoo.át we are going there aadé yaa nay.át you all are going there aadé yaa (ha)s na.át they are going there aadé yaa ana.át people are going there tlél aadé yaa ntoo.át weʼre not going there tlél aadé yaa nay.át you all are not going there tlél aadé yaa (ha)s una.át theyʼre not going there tlél aadé yaa oona.át nobody is going there [does not occur] aadé wtuwa.aat we went there aadé yeey.aat you all went there aadé (ha)s woo.aat they went there aadé aawa.aat people went there tlél aadé wtoo.aat we didnʼt go there tlél aadé yeey.aat you all didnʼt go there tlél aadé (ha)s wu.aat they didnʼt go there tlél aadé awu.aat nobody went there wé aadé (ha)s wu.aadi aa the ones who went there aadé gax̱too.áat we will go there aadé gax̱yi.áat you all will go there aadé (ha)s gug̱a.áat they will go there aadé akg̱wa.áat people will go there tlél aadé gax̱too.aat we wonʼt go there tlél aadé gax̱yi.aat you all wonʼt go there tlél aadé (ha)s gug̱a.aat they wonʼt go there tlél aadé akg̱wa.aat nobody will go there aadé nax̱too.aat let us go there aadé (ha)s nag̱a.aat let them go there aadé ntoo.átch we go there (every time) aadé nay.átch you all go there (every time) aadé (ha)s na.átch they go there (every time) aadé ana.átch people go there (every time) tlél aadé ntoo.átch we havenʼt gone there yet tlél aadé nay.átch you all havenʼt gone there yet tlél aadé (ha)s una.átch they havenʼt gone there yet tlél aadé oona.átch nobody has gone there yet tlél aadé aadé (ha)s nag̱waa.aadi yé no way can they go there aadé (ha)s nag̱wa.aadín they would have gone there aadé (ha)s na.átni if/when they go there aadé yoo (ha)s ya.átk they go there (regularly) Chʼu tle, chʼu yaa has na.ádi áwé, chʼu tle ḵaa x̱oot has uwa.át. Then, while they were walking along then they came upon people. A daat aawa.aat. People are walking around on it. Lingítch aadéi s at in yé, yú heentak ádi tsu aadéi kéi s ashátji yé ḵa yá át woo.aadi át, yá héen x̱ukaanáx̱ aa aadéi s a.eeni yé áwé wdudzikóo ḵa yú dáaḵt woo.aadi át x̱á. Tlingits knew how to hunt things, those sea mammals too, and how to catch those animals that walked, how to harvest those on the sea and those that walked inland. Yá aan tayeedéi, téil kagánee káaxʼ áyú ana.átch, yá aan tayeedéi. They would go underneath the village in a grotto, by the light of sapwood, underneath the village. Sagú yáx̱ ḵaa yayík du.ax̱ji nuch héendei yáa ana.ádi. Their voices would sound happy when they went to the sea. Dleeyg̱áa áwé aadéi aawa.aat. They went for meat. Tlél tsu naliyéidei s wu.aadí áwé x̱áaw át yatán. They hadnʼt gone very far when a log was lying there. go on foot (plural subject) I kei S-∅-.aat~ (∅ motion) for (plural) S to walk up, go up (by walking or as a general term)

ya-.aat

Note that there is no "yaa" preverb in the progressive imperfective form with this particular group of adverbs. Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace kei "up" in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. kei moving up ux̱ kei moving out of control, blindly, amiss; going the wrong way yei getting out of a canoe, boat, vehicle yeeḵ / yeiḵ / eeḵ moving down; moving toward beach, shore daaḵ moving up from beach, back away from open, inland daak moving out to sea, into open, onto fire ḵux̱ / ḵúx̱dei (requires d- element) returning, going/coming back Kei yi.á! You all go up! Líl kei yi.átjiḵ! Donʼt you all go up! Líl kei yeey.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all go up! [does not occur] kei ntoo.át we are going up kei nay.át you all are going up kei (ha)s na.át they are going up kei ana.át people are going up tlél kei ntoo.át weʼre not going up tlél kei nay.át you all are not going up tlél kei (ha)s una.át theyʼre not going up tlél kei oona.át nobody is going up kei wutuwa.át we went up kei yeey.át you all went up kei (ha)s uwa.át they went up kei aawa.át people went up tlél kei wutoo.aat we didnʼt go up tlél kei yeey.aat you all didnʼt go up tlél kei (ha)s wu.aat they didnʼt go up tlél kei awu.aat nobody went up wé kei (ha)s wu.aadi aa the ones who went up kei gax̱too.áat we will go up kei gax̱yi.áat you all will go up kei (ha)s gug̱a.áat they will go up kei akg̱wa.áat people will go up tlél kei gax̱too.aat we wonʼt go up tlél kei gax̱yi.aat you all wonʼt go up tlél kei (ha)s gug̱a.aat they wonʼt go up tlél kei akg̱wa.aat nobody will go up kei g̱atoo.aat let us go up kei (ha)s g̱a.aat let them go up kei too.aatch we go up (every time) kei yeey.aatch you all go up (every time) kei has u.aatch they go up (every time) kei oo.aatch people go up (every time) tlél kei too.aatch we havenʼt gone up yet tlél kei yeey.aatch you all havenʼt gone up yet tlél kei (ha)s u.aatch they havenʼt gone up yet tlél kei oo.aatch nobody has gone up yet tlél aadé kei (ha)s g̱waa.aadi yé no way can they go up kei (ha)s g̱wa.aadín they would have gone up kei (ha)s .átni if/when they go up kei (ha)s .átch they go up (regularly) Ách áwé áa kei has uwa.át tsu. So they moved up there again. ḵux̱ yawdi.át tsu. They left again. Daak ana.át. People are coming out. attack someone ji-S-d-.aat~ (∅ motion) for (plural) S to attack, assault, fall upon

ji-di-.aat

To indicate who is being attacked, use: N éet~ ʼto Nʼ. For example: Haa éet has jiwdi.át. ʼThey attacked usʼ. It is also acceptable to use this verb without specifying who was attacked. For example: Has jiwdi.át ʼThey attackedʼ. Therefore, the N éet~ is not given in the theme above. ḵaa éet jeeyda.á! You all attack someone! Líl ḵaa éex̱ jeeyda.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all attack anyone! [does not occur] ḵaa éede yaa jintuda.át weʼre attacking someone ḵaa éede yaa (ha)s jinda.át theyʼre attacking people ḵaa éet jiwtudi.át we attacked someone ḵaa éet has jiwdi.át they attacked someone tlél ḵaa éet jiwtuda.aat we didnʼt attack anyone tlél ḵaa éet has jiwda.aat they didnʼt attack anyone ḵaa eedé jigax̱tuda.áat we will attack someone ḵaa eedé has jigux̱da.áat they will attack someone tlél ḵaa eedé jigax̱tuda.aat we wonʼt attack anyone tlél ḵaa eedé (ha)s jigux̱da.aat they wonʼt attack anyone ḵaa éet jix̱tuda.aat let us attack someone ḵaa éet has jix̱da.aat let them attack someone [does not occur] tlél ḵaa éet jituda.aatch we havenʼt attacked anyone yet tlél ḵaa éet has jeeda.aatch they havenʼt attacked anyone yet tlél aadé ḵaa éet jix̱tudi.aadi yé no way can we attack someone tlél aadé ḵaa éet has jeex̱di.aadi yé no way can they attack someone ḵaa éet jix̱tuda.aadín we would have attacked someone ḵaa éet has jeex̱da.aadín they would have attacked someone ḵaa éex̱ jituda.aat we attack people (regularly) ḵaa éex̱ has jida.aat they attack people (regularly) ḵaa éet has jida.átni if/when they attack people Xʼwás teen ḵaa éet has jiwdi.át. They attacked people with clubs. go on foot (plural subject) VIII ḵut S-∅-.aat~ (ga motion) for (plural) S to get lost (on foot)

ya-.aat

-- taking off, starting off N-dáx̱ taking off from N; starting off from N ḵut going astray, getting lost [does not occur] Líl ḵut kei yi.átjiḵ! Donʼt you all get lost! [does not occur] ḵut kei ntoo.át we are getting lost ḵut kei nay.át you all are getting lost ḵut kei (ha)s na.át they are getting lost ḵut kei ana.át people are getting lost [does not occur] [does not occur] ḵut wutuwa.aat we got lost ḵut yeey.aat you all got lost ḵut has woo.aat they got lost ḵut aawa.aat people got lost tlél ḵut wutoo.aat we didnʼt get lost tlél ḵut yeey.aat you all didnʼt get lost tlél ḵut has wu.aat they didnʼt get lost tlél ḵut aawu.aat nobody got lost ḵut kei gax̱too.áat we will get lost ḵut kei gax̱yi.áat you all will get lost ḵut kei (ha)s gug̱a.áat they will get lost ḵut kei akg̱wa.áat people will get lost tlél ḵut kei gax̱too.aat we wonʼt get lost tlél ḵut kei gax̱yi.aat you all wonʼt get lost tlél ḵut kei (ha)s gug̱a.aat they wonʼt get lost tlél ḵut kei akg̱wa.aat nobody will get lost ḵut gax̱too.aat let us get lost ḵut has gag̱a.aat let them get lost ḵut gatoo.átch we get lost (every time) ḵut gay.átch you all get lost (every time) ḵut has ga.átch they get lost (every time) ḵut aga.átch people get lost (every time) tlél ḵut gatoo.átch we havenʼt gotten lost yet tlél ḵut gay.átch you all havenʼt gotten lost yet tlél ḵut has goo.átch they havenʼt gotten lost yet tlél ḵut agoo.átch nobody has gotten lost yet tlél aadé ḵut has gag̱waa.aadi yé no way can they get lost ḵut has gag̱wa.aadín they would have gotten lost ḵut has ga.átni if/when they get lost ḵut kei (ha)s .átch they get lost (regularly) go back (plural subject) I ḵux̱~ S-d-.aat~ (∅ motion) for (plural) S to go back, return

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ḵux̱ yida.á! You all go back! Líl ḵux̱ yida.átjíḵ! Donʼt you all go back! [does not occur] ḵúx̱de yaa (ha)s nada.át they are beginning to go back ḵux̱ wutudi.át we went back ḵux̱ has wudi.át they went back tlél ḵux̱ wutuda.aat we didnʼt go back tlél ḵux̱ has wuda.aat they didnʼt go back ḵúx̱de has gux̱da.áat they are going to go back tlél ḵúx̱de has gux̱da.aat they arenʼt going to go back (chʼa) ḵux̱ has g̱ada.aat (just) let them go back ḵux̱ has uda.aatch they go back (every time) tlél ḵux̱ has uda.aatch they havenʼt gone back yet tlél aadé ḵux̱ has ux̱di.aadi yé no way can they go back ḵux̱ has ux̱da.aadín they would have gone back ḵux̱ has da.átni if/when they go back ḵux̱ has da.átch they go back (regularly) ḵux̱ has wuda.aadí has jigax̱duḵéi. If they go back, theyʼll get paid. let in (esp. animal); welcome in, receive (plural object) II neil~ O-S-s-.aat~ (∅ motion) for S to let in, welcome in (plural) O

si-.aat

Neil has sa.á! Let them in! Líl neilx̱ has isa.aadíḵ! Donʼt let them in! [does not occur] neil has x̱wasi.át I let them in neil has awsi.át s/he let them in tlél neil has x̱wasa.aat I didnʼt let them in tlél neil has awus.aat s/he didnʼt let them in neildé has agux̱sa.áat s/he will let them in tlél neildé has agux̱sa.aat s/he wonʼt let them in neil has ax̱sa.aat let her/him let them in neil has oos.aatch s/he lets them in (every time) tlél neil has oos.aatch s/he hasnʼt let them in yet tlél aadé neil has oox̱si.aadi yé no way can s/he let them in neil has oox̱sa.aadín s/he would have let them in neil has as.átni if/when s/he lets them in neilx̱ has as.aat s/he lets them in (regularly) Keitlxʼ neil wududzi.át. They let the dogs in. [Story & Naish 1973: 124] gather together, assemble, congregate (esp. for meetings) woosh kaanáx̱ S-d-.aat~ (ga event) for (plural) S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings)

woosh kaa-nax̱ + di-.aat

Woosh kaanáx̱ gayda.á! You all gather together! Líl woosh kaanáx̱ kei yda.átjiḵ! Donʼt you all gather together! [does not occur] woosh kaanáx̱ kei ntuda.át we are beginning to gather together woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s nada.át they are beginning to gather together woosh kaanáx̱ wutudi.aat we gathered together woosh kaanáx̱ has wudi.aat they gathered together tlél woosh kaanáx̱ wutuda.aat we didnʼt gather together tlél woosh kaanáx̱ has wuda.aat they didnʼt gather together woosh kaanáx̱ kei gax̱tuda.áat we will gather together woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s gug̱a.áat they will gather together tlél woosh kaanáx̱ kei gax̱tuda.aat we wonʼt gather together tlél woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s gug̱a.aat they wonʼt gather together woosh kaanáx̱ gax̱tuda.aat let us gather together woosh kaanáx̱ has gax̱da.aat let them gather together woosh kaanáx̱ gatuda.átch we gather together (every time) woosh kaanáx̱ has gada.átch they gather together (every time) tlél woosh kaanáx̱ gatuda.átch we havenʼt gathered together yet tlél woosh kaanáx̱ has gada.átch they havenʼt gathered together yet tlél aadé woosh kaanáx̱ gax̱tudi.aadi yé no way can we gather together tlél aadé woosh kaanáx̱ has gux̱di.aadi yé no way can they gather together woosh kaanáx̱ gax̱tuda.aadín we would have gagthered together woosh kaanáx̱ has gux̱da.aadín they would have gagthered together woosh kaanáx̱ gatuda.átni if/when we gather together woosh kaanáx̱ has gada.átni if/when they gather together woosh kaanáx̱ kei tuda.átch we gather together (regularly) woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s da.átch they gather together (regularly) gather, assemble, congregate (esp. for meetings) II woosh x̱oo-t~ S-d-.aat~ (∅ motion) for S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings)

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Woosh and wooch seem to be interchangeable here. Woosh x̱oot yida.á! You all come together! Líl woosh x̱oox̱ yida.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all come together! [does not occur] woosh x̱oodé yaa ntuda.át we are coming together woosh x̱oodé yaa (ha)s nada.át they are coming together woosh x̱oot wutudi.át we came together woosh x̱oot has wudi.át they came together tlél woosh x̱oot wutuda.aat we didnʼt come together tlél woosh x̱oot has wuda.aat they didnʼt come together woosh x̱oodé gax̱tuda.áat we will come together woosh x̱oodé has gux̱da.áat they will come together tlél woosh x̱oodé gax̱tuda.aat we wonʼt come together tlél woosh x̱oodé has gux̱da.aat they wonʼt come together woosh x̱oot g̱atuda.aat let us come together woosh x̱oot has g̱ada.aat let them come together woosh x̱oot tuda.aatch we come together (every time) woosh x̱oot has uda.aatch they come together (every time) tlél woosh x̱oot tuda.aatch we havenʼt come together yet tlél woosh x̱oot has uda.aatch they havenʼt come together yet tlél aadé woosh x̱oot g̱atudi.aadi yé no way can we come together tlél aadé woosh x̱oot has ux̱di.aadi yé no way can they come together woosh x̱oot g̱atuda.aadín we would have come together woosh x̱oot has ux̱da.aadín they would have come together woosh x̱oot tuda.átni if/when we come together woosh x̱oot has da.átni if/when they come together woosh x̱oox̱ tuda.aat we come together (regularly) woosh x̱oox̱ has da.aat they come together (regularly) bend over, lean down (plural subject) yínde sh ka-S-l-.aat~ (na motion) for (plural) S to bend over, lean down

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Yínde sh kanayil.á! You all bend over! Líl yínde yoo sh kayil.átgiḵ! Donʼt you all bend over! [does not occur] yínde yaa has sh kanal.át they are bending over slowly yínde sh kawtudli.aat we bent over yínde has sh kawdli.aat they bent over tlél yínde sh kawtool.aat we didnʼt bend over tlél yínde has sh kawul.aat they didnʼt bend over yínde has sh kakg̱wal.áat they will bend over tlél yínde has sh kakg̱wal.aat they wonʼt bend over yínde has sh kang̱al.aat let them bend over yínde has sh kanal.átch they bend over (every time) tlél yínde has sh koonal.átch they havenʼt bent over yet tlél aadé yínde has sh koonax̱dli.aadi yé no way can they bend over yínde has sh koong̱al.aadín they would have bent over yínde has sh kanal.átni if/when they bend over yínde yoo has sh kadli.átk they bend over (regularly) Wóosh tin yínde sh kawtool.aadí woosh yát sh kawtuditʼíx̱ʼ. We bent over at the same time and knocked heads. aat ² (17) think, give, take, carry, lie ², speak, turn, change mind think over, consider, make up oneʼs mind about (plural subject) N daa yoo tu-S-l-.aat~ (∅ act) for (plural) S to think over, consider, make up oneʼs mind about N

a daa + tu-yali-.aat

A daa yoo teeyla.át! You all think about it! Líl a daa yoo tuyla.átgiḵ! Donʼt you all think about it! a daa yoo tutuli.átk we think about it; we are thinking about it a daa yoo tuyli.átk you all think about it; you all are thinking about it a daa yoo (ha)s tuli.átk they think about it; they are thinking about it [does not occur] tlél a daa yoo tutula.átk we donʼt think about it; weʼre not thinking about it tlél a daa yoo tuyla.átk you all donʼt think about it; you all are not thinking about it tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tool.átk they donʼt think about it; they arenʼt thinking about it tlél a daa yoo tudul.átk nobody thinks about it; nobody is thinking about it [does not occur] a daa yoo tuwtuli.át we thought about it a daa yoo tuyeeyli.át you all thought about it a daa yoo (ha)s tuwli.át they thought about it a daa yoo tuwdudli.át people thought about it tlél a daa yoo tuwtula.aat we didnʼt think about it tlél a daa yoo tuyeeyla.aat you all didnʼt think about it tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tuwul.aat they didnʼt think about it tlél a daa yoo tuwdul.aat nobody thought about it a daa yoo tugax̱tula.áat we will think about it a daa yoo tugax̱yila.áat you all will think about it a doo yoo (ha)s tugux̱la.áat they will think about it a daa yoo tugax̱dul.áat people will think about it tlél a daa yoo tugax̱tula.aat we wonʼt think about it tlél a daa yoo tugax̱yila.aat you all wonʼt think about it tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tugux̱la.aat they wonʼt think about it tlél a daa yoo tugax̱dul.aat people wonʼt think about it a daa yoo tux̱tula.aat let us think about it [does not occur] tlél a daa yoo tutula.aatch we havenʼt thought about it yet tlél a daa yoo tuyla.aatch you all havenʼt thought about it yet tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tool.aatch they havenʼt thought about it yet tlél a daa yoo tudul.aatch nobody has thought about it yet tlél aadé a daa yoo (ha)s toox̱li.aadi yé no way can they think about it a daa yoo toox̱la.aadín they would have thought about it a daa yoo (ha)s tula.átni if/when they think about it a daa yoo (ha)s tuli.átk they think about it (regularly) change oneʼs mind; think it over and reconsider, be converted (plural subject) N daatx̱ ḵux̱ tu-S-d-l-.aat~ (∅ motion) for (plural) S to change mind about N; for (plural) S to think over and reconsider N

ḵux̱ tu-dli-.aat

Leer 1973: 06/51 A daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuyil.át! Change your minds about it! Líl a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuyil.átjiḵ! Donʼt change your minds about it! [does not occur] a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuwtudli.át we changed our minds about it a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tuwdli.át they changed their minds about it tlél a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuwtool.aat we didnʼt change our minds about it tlél a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tuwul.aat they didnʼt change their minds about it a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de has tukg̱wal.áat they will change their minds about it tlél a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de has tukg̱wal.aat they wonʼt change their minds about it (chʼa) a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tug̱al.aat (just) let them change their minds about it a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tool.aatch they change their minds about it (every time) tlél a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tool.aatch they havenʼt changed their minds about it yet tlél aadé a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tux̱wdli.aadi yé no way can they change their minds about it a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tug̱wal.aadín they would have changed their minds about it a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tul.átni if/when they change their minds about it a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tul.átch they change their minds about it (regularly) ḵux̱ has toowdli.át. They were converted (changed their thinking). [Story & Naish 1973: 55] Alʼóon has gug̱aḵoox̱ú a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has toowdli.át. When they were going to go hunting, they changed their minds. button it up aanáx̱ O-ka-S-l-.aat~ (∅ act) for S to button up O

A-nax̱ + ka-li-.aat

Aanáx̱ kala.á! Button it up! Aanáx̱ kayla.á! You all button it up! Líl aanáx̱ keela.átx̱iḵ! Donʼt button it up! Líl aanáx̱ kayla.átx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all button it up! aanáx̱ akla.aat s/he is buttoning it up tlél aanáx̱ akool.aat s/he isnʼt buttoning it up aanáx̱ kax̱wli.át I buttoned it up aanáx̱ akawli.át s/he buttoned it up tlél aanáx̱ kax̱wal.aat I didnʼt button it up tlél aanáx̱ akawul.aat s/he didnʼt button it up aanáx̱ akagux̱la.áat s/he will button it up tlél aanáx̱ akagux̱la.aat s/he wonʼt button it up (chʼa) aanáx̱ akax̱la.aat (just) let her/him button it up aanáx̱ akool.aatch s/he buttons it up (every time) tlél aanáx̱ akool.aatch s/he hasnʼt buttoned it up yet tlél aadé aanáx̱ akoox̱li.aadi yé no way can s/he button it up aanáx̱ akoox̱la.aadín s/he would have buttoned it up aanáx̱ akla.átni if/when s/he buttons it up aanáx̱ akla.átx̱ s/he buttons it up (regularly) I kʼoodásʼi aanáx̱ kala.á! Button up your shirt! Aanáx̱ akawli.át wé ḵaayakʼóotʼi. She buttoned up the buttons. lying there (to have small objects lying there) N-t O-ka-S-l-.át (position) for S to have O (small objects) lying at N

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This verb only occurs in the imperfective. Note that in the example sentence, the classifier in the verb: waaḵt akal.át is l- and NOT la- . For some common nouns such as waaḵ "eye", it is possible to leave off the overt possessor du "his/her". The D- element of the classifier (in this case l-) replaces the overt possessor. Therefore, in the sentence below there is no overt possessor of waaḵ, and the verb has the D- component of the classifier (l-), producing the phrase: waaḵt akal.át. át akla.át s/he has them lying there tlél át akool.át s/he doesnʼt have them lying there [does not occur] [does not occur] Waḵdáanaa waaḵt akal.át. She has eyeglasses on. (Lit: She has glasses lying on her eyes.) lie there (of small objects) N-t ka-l-.át (position) for small objects to lie at N

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This verb only occurs in the imperfective. át kala.át they are lying there tlél át kool.át theyʼre not lying there [does not occur] [does not occur] lie there (of several things; of dead or unconscious persons or animals) N-t l-.át (position) for several things to lie at N; for several persons or animals to lie dead, unconscious, or incapacitated at N

li-.aat

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. át la.át theyʼre lying there tlél át ul.át theyʼre not lying there [does not occur] [does not occur] carry them, take them (esp. baggage) VII N-dé O-S-l-.aat~ (na motion) for S to carry, take (plural) O (esp. baggage) to N

li-.aat

-- carrying it (along) N-t carrying it around, about N (no repetitive imperfective form) P-dei carrying it toward P N-dáx̱ picking it up off of N N-náx̱ stopping over at N with it; dropping it off at N yux̱ carrying it out of house Aadé nal.aat! Carry them there! Aadé nayla.aat! You all carry them there! Líl aadé yoo ila.átgiḵ! Donʼt carry them there! Líl aadé yoo yila.átgiḵ! Donʼt you all carry them there! [does not occur] aadé yaa nax̱la.át I am carrying it there aadé yaa anal.át s/he is carrying them there aadé x̱wali.aat I carried them there aadé awli.aat s/he carried them there tlél x̱wala.aat I didnʼt carry them there tlél aadé awul.aat s/he didnʼt carry them there aadé kḵwala.áat I will carry them there aadé agux̱la.áat s/he will carry them there tlél aadé kḵwala.aat I wonʼt carry them there tlél aadé agux̱la.aat s/he wonʼt carry them there aadé naḵala.aat let me carry them there aadé anax̱la.aat let her/him carry them there aadé nax̱ala.átch I carry them there (every time) aadé anal.átch s/he carries them there (every time) tlél aadé nax̱wala.átch I havenʼt carried them there yet tlél aadé oonal.átch s/he hasnʼt carried them there yet tlél aadé aadé naḵwali.aadi yé no way can I carry them there tlél aadé aadé anax̱wli.aadi yé no way can s/he carry them there aadé naḵwala.aadín I would have carried them there aadé anax̱wla.aadín s/he would have carried them there aadé nax̱la.átni if/when I carry them there aadé anal.átni if/when s/he carries them there aadé yoo x̱ali.átk I carry them there (regularly) aadé yoo ali.átk s/he carries them there (regularly) speak, talk to her/him (plural subject) N ée-t~ x̱ʼa-S-l-.aat~ (∅ motion) for (plural) S to speak, talk to N

x̱ʼa-li-.aat

In classical Tlingit, the verb stem -taan refered to a singular subject and the verb stem -.aat was used to indicate a plural subject. In modern Tlingit however, this distinction is being lost. Many speakers use the verb stem -taan for both singular and plural subject, as in: du éet has x̱ʼeiwatán "they spoke to her/him". Speakers also use: du éet has x̱ʼawli.át "they spoke to her/him". Both options for the plural subjects are correct. Du éet x̱ʼayla.á! You all speak to her/him! Líl du éex̱ x̱ʼayla.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all speak to her/him! [does not occur] [does not occur] du éet x̱ʼawtuli.át we spoke to her/him du éet x̱ʼayeeyli.át you all spoke to her/him du éet has x̱ʼawli.át they spoke to her/him du éet x̱ʼawdudli.át someone spoke to her/him tlél du éet x̱ʼawtula.aat we didnʼt speak to her/him tlél du éet x̱ʼayeeyla.aat you all didnʼt speak to her/him tlél du éet has x̱ʼawul.aat they didnʼt speak to her/him tlél du éet x̱ʼawdul.aat nobody spoke to her/him du eedé x̱ʼagax̱tula.áat we will speak to her/him du eedé x̱ʼagax̱yila.áat you all will speak to her/him du eedé (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.áat they will speak to her/him du eedé x̱ʼagax̱dul.áat someone will speak to her/him tlél du eedé x̱ʼagax̱tula.aat we wonʼt speak to her/him tlél du eedé x̱ʼagax̱yila.aat you all wonʼt speak to her/him tlél du eedé (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.aat they wonʼt speak to her/him tlél du eedé x̱ʼagax̱dul.aat nobody will speak to her/him du éet x̱ʼax̱tula.aat let us speak to her/him du éet has x̱ʼax̱la.aat let them speak to her/him du éet x̱ʼatool.aatch we speak to her/him (every time) du éet x̱ʼayil.aatch you all speak to her/him (every time) du éet has x̱ʼeil.aatch they speak to her/him (every time) du éet x̱ʼadul.aatch someone speaks to her/him (every time) tlél du éet x̱ʼatool.aatch we havenʼt spoken to her/him yet tlél du éet x̱ʼayil.aatch you all havenʼt spoken to her/him yet tlél du éet has x̱ʼeil.aatch they havenʼt spoken to her/him yet tlél du éet x̱ʼadul.aatch nobody has spoken to her/him yet tlél aadé du éet has x̱ʼeix̱li.aadi yé no way can they speak to her/him du éet has x̱ʼeix̱la.aadín they would have spoken to her/him du éet has x̱ʼala.átni if/when they speak to her/him du éex̱ has x̱ʼala.aat they speak to her/him (regularly) give, take, hand it to her/him (small, round or hoop-like objects) N jee-t~ O-ka-S-l-.aat~ (∅ event) for S to give, take, hand O (small, round or hoop-like objects) to N

ḵaa jee- + ka-li-.aat

Du jeet kala.á! Give them to her/him! Du jeet kayla.á! You all give them to her/him! Líl du jeex̱ keela.aadíḵ! Donʼt give them to her/him! Líl du jeex̱ kayla.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all give them to her/him! [does not occur] du jeet kax̱wli.át I gave them to her/him du jeet akawli.át s/he gave them to her/him tlél du jeet kax̱wla.aat I didnʼt give them to her/him tlél du jeet akawul.aat s/he didnʼt give them to her/him du jeedé kakḵwala.áat I will give them to her/him du jeedé akagux̱la.áat s/he will give them to her/him tlél du jeedé kakḵwala.aat I wonʼt give them to her/him tlél du jeedé akagux̱la.aat s/he wonʼt give them to her/him du jeet kaḵala.aat / du jeet kaḵala.aadí let me give them to her/him du jeet akax̱la.aat / du jeet akax̱la.aadí let her/him give them to her/him du jeet koox̱la.aatch I give them to her/him (every time) du jeet akool.aatch s/he gives them to her/him (every time) tlél du jeet koox̱la.aatch I havenʼt given them to her/him yet tlél du jeet akool.aatch s/he hasnʼt given them to her/him yet tlél aadé du jeet kooḵali.aadi yé no way can I give them to her/him tlél aadé du jeet akoox̱li.aadi yé no way can s/he give them to her/him du jeet kooḵala.aadín I would have given them to her/him du jeet akoox̱la.aadín s/he would have given them to her/him du jeet kax̱la.átni if/when I give them to her/him du jeet akla.átni if/when s/he gives them to her/him du jeex̱ kax̱la.aat I give them to her/him (regularly); I am trying to give them to her/him du jeex̱ akla.aat s/he gives them to her/him (regularly); s/he is trying to give them to her/him give, take, hand them to her/him (esp. baggage and personal belongings) N jee-t~ O-S-l-.aat~ (∅ motion) for S to give, take, hand (plural) O (esp. baggage and personal belongings) to N

ḵaa jee- + li-.aat (basically plural; see taan for singular)

Du jeet la.át! Give them to her/him Du jeet yila.át! You all give them to her/him Líl du jeex̱ ila.aadíḵ! Donʼt give them to her/him! Líl du jeex̱ yila.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all give them to her/him! [does not occur] du jeet x̱wali.át I gave them to her/him du jeet awli.át s/he gave them to her/him tlél du jeet x̱wala.aat I didnʼt give them to her/him tlél du jeet awul.aat s/he didnʼt give them to her/him du jeedé kḵwala.áat I will give them to her/him du jeedé agux̱la.áat s/he will give them to her/him tlél du jeedé kḵwala.aat I wonʼt give them to her/him tlél du jeedé agux̱la.aat s/he wonʼt give them to her/him du jeet ḵala.aat / du jeet ḵala.aadí let me give them to her/him du jeet ax̱la.aat / du jeet ax̱la.aadí let her/him give them to her/him du jeet x̱wala.aatch I give them to her/him (every time) du jeet ool.aatch s/he gives them to her/him (every time) tlél du jeet x̱wala.aatch / tlél du jeet ux̱la.aatch I havenʼt given them to her/him yet tlél du jeet ool.aatch s/he hasnʼt given them to her/him yet tlél aadé du jeet ḵwali.aadi yé no way can I give them to her/him tlél aadé du jeet oox̱li.aadi yé no way can s/he give them to her/him du jeet ḵwala.aadín I would have given them to her/him du jeet oox̱la.aadín s/he would have given them to her/him du jeet x̱ala.átni if/when I give them to her/him du jeet al.átni if/when s/he gives them to her/him du jeex̱ x̱ala.aat I give them to her/him (regularly); I am trying to give them to her/him du jeex̱ al.aat s/he gives them to her/him (regularly); s/he is trying to give them to her/him lying down (of human) (plural subject) (N-t) sh S-d-l-.át (position) for (plural) S to be lying down (at N)

sh dli-.aat

sh tool.át we are lying down has sh il.át they are lying down tlél sh tool.át we arenʼt lying down tlél has sh ul.át they arenʼt lying down Yee.át kát has sh il.át. They are lying on the bed. Dei s sh il.át. They are already lying down. [Story & Naish 1973: 125] speak, talk, make speech (plural subject) x̱ʼa-S-l-.aat~ (na event) or (plural) S to speak, talk, make a speech

x̱ʼa-li-.aat

In classical Tlingit, the verb stem -taan refered to a singular subject and the verb stem -.aat was used to indicate a plural subject. In modern Tlingit however, this distinction is being lost. Many speakers use the verb stem -taan for both singular and plural subject, as in: has x̱ʼawditaan "they spoke". Speakers also use: has x̱ʼawli.aat "they spoke". Both options for the plural subjects are correct. x̱ʼanayil.á! You all speak! Líl yoo x̱ʼayla.átgiḵ! Donʼt you all speak! [does not occur] yaa x̱ʼantula.át weʼre speaking yaa x̱ʼanayla.át you all are speaking yaa (ha)s x̱ʼanal.át they are speaking yaa x̱ʼandul.át soemone is speaking [does not occur] x̱ʼawtuli.aat we spoke x̱ʼayeeyli.aat you all spoke has x̱ʼawli.aat they spoke x̱ʼawdudli.aat someone spoke tlél x̱awtula.aat we didnʼt speak tlél x̱ʼayeeyla.aat you all didnʼt speak tlél has x̱ʼawul.aat they didnʼt speak tlél x̱ʼawdul.aat nobody spoke x̱ʼagax̱tula.áat we will speak x̱ʼagax̱yila.áat you all will speak has x̱ʼagux̱la.áat they will speak x̱ʼagax̱dul.áat someone will speak tlél x̱ʼagax̱tula.aat we wonʼt speak tlél x̱ʼagax̱yila.aat you all wonʼt speak tlél has x̱ʼagux̱la.aat they wonʼt speak tlél x̱ʼagax̱dul.aat nobody will speak x̱ʼanax̱tula.aat let us speak has x̱ʼanax̱la.aat let them speak x̱ʼantula.átch we speak (every time) x̱ʼanayla.átch you all speak (every time) has x̱ʼanal.átch they speak (every time) x̱ʼandul.átch someone speaks (every time) tlél x̱ʼantula.átch we havenʼt spoken yet tlél x̱ʼanayla.átch you all havenʼt spoken yet tlél has x̱ʼeinal.átch they havenʼt spoken yet tlél x̱ʼandul.átch nobody has spoken yet tlél aadé (ha)s x̱ʼanax̱wli.aadi yé no way can they speak has x̱ʼanax̱wla.aadín they would have spoken has x̱ʼanal.átni if/when they speak yoo (ha)s x̱ʼali.átk they speak (regularly) turn the wheel (boat, car) I kei O-ya-S-l-.aat~ (∅ motion) for S to turn O (boat, car)

kei + ya-li-.aat

Kei yala.á! Turn the wheel! Líl kei yeela.átjiḵ! Donʼt turn the wheel! [does not occur] kei yaa ayanal.át s/he is turning the wheel kei ayawli.át s/he turned the wheel tlél kei ayawul.aat s/he didnʼt turn the wheel kei ayagux̱la.áat s/he will turn the wheel tlél kei ayagux̱la.aat s/he wonʼt turn the wheel kei ayax̱la.aat let her/him turn the wheel kei awul.aatch s/he turns the wheel (every time) tlél kei awul.aatch s/he hasnʼt turned the wheel yet tlél aadé kei awux̱li.aadi yé no way can s/he turn the wheel kei awux̱la.aadín s/he would have turned the wheel kei ayala.átni if/when s/he turns the wheel kei ayala.átch s/he turns the wheel (regularly); s/he is trying to turn the wheel put it down, leave it (esp. baggage and personal belongings) yan~ O-S-l-.aat~ (∅ motion) for S to Nut down, lay down, leave (plural) O (esp. baggage and personal belongings)

li-.aat

Yan la.át! Put them down! Yan yila.át! You all put them down! Líl yax̱ ila.aadíḵ! Donʼt put them down! Líl yax̱ yila.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all put them down! [does not occur] yan x̱wali.át I put them down yan awli.át s/he put them down tlél yan x̱wala.aat I didnʼt put them down tlél yan awul.aat s/he didnʼt put them down yánde kḵwala.áat I will put them down yánde agux̱la.áat s/he will put them down tlél yánde kḵwala.aat I wonʼt put them down tlél yánde agux̱la.aat s/he wonʼt put them down yan ḵala.aat let me put them down yan ax̱la.aat let her/him put them down yan x̱wala.aatch I put them down (every time) yan ool.aatch s/he puts them down (every time) tlél yan x̱wala.aatch I havenʼt put them down yet tlél yan ool.aatch s/he hasnʼt put them down yet tlél aadé yan ḵwali.aadi yé no way can I put them down tlél aadé yan oox̱li.aadi yé no way can s/he put them down yan ḵwala.aadín I would have put them down yan oox̱la.aadín s/he would have put them down yan x̱ala.átni if/when I put them down yan al.átni if/when s/he puts them down yax̱ x̱ala.aat I put them down (regularly) yax̱ al.aat s/he puts them down (regularly) lie down (of human) (plural subject) yan~ sh S-d-l-.aat~ (∅ motion) for (plural) S to lie down

sh dli-.aat

Leer 1973: 02/84 Yan sh yil.á! You all lie down! Líl yax̱ sh yil.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all lie down! [does not occur] yan sh wutudli.át we lay down yan has sh wudli.át they lay down tlél yan sh wutool.aat we didnʼt lie down tlél yan has sh wul.aat they didnʼt lie down yánde has sh gug̱wal.áat they will lie down tlél yánde has sh gug̱wal.aat they wonʼt lie down (chʼa) yan has sh g̱al.aat (just) let them lie down yan has sh ul.aatch they lie down (every time) tlél yan has sh ul.aatch they havenʼt lain down yet tlél aadé yan has sh ux̱dli.aadi yé no way can they lie down yan has sh g̱wal.aadín they would have lain down yan has sh il.átni if/when they lie down yax̱ has sh il.aat they lie down (regularly) Tʼaa káxʼ yan has sh wudli.át nisdaat. They lay on the floor last night. stop speaking, stop talking (plural subject) II yan~ x̱ʼa-S-l-.aat~ (∅ motion) for (plural) S to stop talking

---

Yan x̱ʼayla.á! You all stop talking! Líl yan x̱ʼayla.aadíḵ! Donʼt you all stop talking! [does not occur] yan x̱ʼawtuli.át we stopped talking yan has x̱ʼawli.át they stopped talking tlél yan has x̱ʼawul.aat they didnʼt stop talking yánde has x̱ʼagux̱la.áat they will stop talking tlél yánde has x̱ʼagux̱la.aat they wonʼt stop talking (chʼa) yan has x̱ʼax̱la.aat (dé) (just) let them stop talking (now) yan has x̱ʼeil.aatch they stop talking (every time) tlél yan has x̱ʼeil.aatch they havenʼt stopped talking yet tlél aadé yan has x̱ʼeix̱li.aadi yé no way can they stop talking yan has x̱ʼeix̱la.aadín they would have stopped talking yan has x̱ʼala.átni if/when they stop talking yax̱ has x̱ʼala.aat they stop talking (regularly) speak to, talk to, converse (plural subject) yoo x̱ʼa-S-l-.aat~ (∅ act) for (plural) S to speak, talk, converse

x̱ʼa-li-.aat

Yoo x̱ʼayla.á! You all converse! Líl yoo x̱ʼayla.átgiḵ! Donʼt you all converse! yoo x̱ʼatuli.átk we converse; we are conversing yoo x̱ʼayeeli.átk you all converse; you all are conversing yoo (ha)s x̱ʼali.átk they converse; they are conversing yoo x̱ʼadudli.átk people converse; people are conversing tlél yoo x̱ʼatula.átk we donʼt converse; weʼre not conversing tlél yoo x̱ʼayla.átk you all donʼt converse; you all are not conversing tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼeil.átk they donʼt converse; theyʼre not conversing tlél yoo x̱ʼadul.átk nobody converses; nobody is conversing (yeisú) yaa x̱ʼantula.át we are (still) conversing (yeisú) yaa x̱ʼanayla.át you all are (still) conversing (yeisú) yaa (ha)s x̱ʼanal.át they are (still) conversing (yeisú) yaa x̱ʼandul.át people are (still) conversing [does not occur] yoo x̱ʼawtuli.át we conversed yoo x̱ʼayeeyli.át you all conversed yoo (ha)s x̱ʼawli.át they conversed yoo x̱ʼawdudli.át people conversed tlél yoo x̱ʼawtula.aat we didnʼt converse tlél yoo x̱ʼayeeyla.aat you all didnʼt converse tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼawul.aat they didnʼt converse tlél yoo x̱ʼawdul.aat nobody conversed yoo x̱ʼagax̱tula.áat we will converse yoo x̱ʼagax̱yila.áat you all will converse yoo (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.áat they will converse yoo x̱ʼagax̱dul.áat people will converse tlél yoo x̱ʼagax̱tula.aat we wonʼt converse tlél yoo x̱ʼagax̱yila.aat you all wonʼt converse tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.aat they wonʼt converse tlél yoo x̱ʼagax̱dul.aat nobody will converse yoo x̱ʼax̱tula.aat let us converse yoo (ha)s x̱ʼax̱la.aat let them converse [does not occur] tlél yoo x̱ʼatula.aatch we havenʼt conversed yet tlél yoo x̱ʼayla.aatch you all havenʼt conversed yet tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼeil.aatch they havenʼt conversed yet tlél yoo x̱ʼadul.aatch nobody has conversed yet tlél aadé yoo (ha)s x̱ʼeix̱li.aadi yé no way can they converse yoo (ha)s x̱ʼeix̱la.aadín they would have conversed yoo (ha)s x̱ʼala.átni if/when they converse yoo (ha)s x̱ʼali.átk they converse (regularly) aatlʼ insufficient insufficient, not enough ya-ka-u-∅-.áatlʼ (na state) for something to be insufficient, not enough

ya-ka-ya-.aatlʼ

yakoo.áatlʼ itʼs insufficient yakaawa.áatlʼ it was insufficient yakakg̱wa.áatlʼ it will be insufficient yakoona.áatlʼch itʼs insufficient (every time) tlél aadé yakoong̱aa.áatlʼi yé no way can it be insufficient yakoong̱a.áatlʼin it would have been insufficient yakoona.áatlʼni if itʼs insufficient Yakoo.áatlʼ ḵaa x̱ooxʼ yéi shukg̱waxéex. Itʼs insufficient, it wonʼt be enough for everyone. ḵaa jee x̱oox̱ kei kandulgéini yakoo.áatlʼ ḵaa x̱oox̱ shuwaxeex. There isnʼt enough to give to everyone, it ran out. Yakawu.áatlʼi tsu aa kḵwa.oo. If itʼs not enough, Iʼll buy more. Yakoona.áatlʼni yís yáatʼaa yéi na.oo. If itʼs insufficient use this one. I toowóoch ágé yakakg̱wa.áatlʼ? Do you think itʼs going to be insufficient? [Story & Naish 1973: 115] Yáa atx̱á yagoo.áatlʼ. This food is not enough This food is not enough. [Story & Naish 1973: 115] aatʼ (5) cold, cool, chill chill it; make it cold O-S-s-.áatʼ~ (∅ act) for S to make O cold, cool

si-.aatʼ

The form: as.átʼx̱ gives both a basic imperfective meaning "s/he is chilling it" and a repetitive imperfective meaning "s/he chills it (regularly)". Sa.átʼ! Chill it! Yisa.átʼ! You all chill it! Líl isa.átʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt chill it! Líl yisa.átʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all chill it! x̱asa.átʼx̱ I am chilling it as.átʼx̱ s/he is chilling it tlél x̱wasa.átʼx̱ Iʼm not chilling it tlél oos.átʼx̱ s/heʼs not chilling it yaa ana.úsʼ s/he is (in the process of) chilling it x̱wasi.átʼ I chilled it awsi.átʼ s/he chilled it tlél x̱wasa.áatʼ I didnʼt chill it tlél awus.áatʼ s/he didnʼt chill it kḵwasa.áatʼ I will chill it agux̱sa.áatʼ s/he will chill it tlél kḵwasa.áatʼ I wonʼt chill it tlél agux̱sa.áatʼ s/he wonʼt chill it ḵasa.áatʼ let me chill it ax̱sa.áatʼ let her/him chill it ux̱sa.átʼch I chill it (every time) oos.átʼch s/he chills it (every time) tlél x̱wasa.átʼch I havenʼt chilled it yet tlél oos.átʼch s/he hasnʼt chilled it yet tlél aadé oox̱si.áatʼi yé no way can s/he chill it oox̱sa.áatʼin s/he would have chilled it as.átʼni if/when s/he chills it as.átʼx̱ s/he chills it (regularly) cold (of weather) ḵu-s-.áatʼ (ga state) for the weather to be cold

ḵu-si-.aatʼ

ḵusi.áatʼ the weather is cold tlél ḵoos.áatʼ the weather isnʼt cold kei ḵunas.áatʼ the weather is getting cold ḵusa.áatʼin the weather used to be cold tlél ḵoos.áatʼin the weather didnʼt used to be cold ḵuwsi.áatʼ the weather got cold tlél ḵuwus.áatʼ the weather didnʼt get cold ḵuwsa.áatʼin the weather had been cold; the weather was cold (but...) tlél ḵuwsa.áatʼin the weather hadnʼt been cold; the weather wasnʼt cold (at the time, but...) kei ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ the weather will be cold tlél kei ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ the weather wonʼt be cold ḵugux̱sa.áatʼi let the weather be cold ḵusa.áatʼ nooch the weather is always cold ḵuksa.áatʼch the weather gets cold (every time) tlél ḵugus.áatʼch the weather hasnʼt gotten cold yet tlél aadé ḵugux̱si.áatʼi yé no way can the weather be cold ḵugux̱sa.áatʼin the weather would have been cold ḵugas.áatʼni if/when the weather gets cold kei ḵusa.áatʼch the weather gets cold (regularly) Táakwxʼ ḵusi.áatʼ. Winters are cold. cold (feel cold, of person) O-sa-∅-.áatʼ~ (∅ event) for O (person) to feel cold

sa-ya-.aatʼ

I sa.átʼ tsáa! See that you donʼt get cold! Yee sa.átʼ tsáa! See that you all donʼt get cold! [does not occur] yaa sana.átʼ s/he is starting to get cold x̱at seiwa.átʼ Iʼm cold seiwa.átʼ s/he is cold tlél x̱at sawu.áatʼ Iʼm not cold tlél sawu.áatʼ s/he isnʼt cold x̱at sakg̱wa.áatʼ I will be cold sakg̱wa.áatʼ s/he will be cold tlél x̱at sakg̱wa.áatʼ I wonʼt be cold tlél sakg̱wa.áatʼ s/he wonʼt be cold (chʼa) sag̱a.áatʼ (just) let her/him be cold sei.áatʼch s/he gets cold (every time) tlél sei.áatʼch s/he isnʼt cold yet tlél aadé sag̱waa.áatʼi yé no way can s/he be cold sag̱wa.áatʼin s/he would have been cold sa.átʼni if/when s/he is cold sa.átʼx̱ s/he gets cold (regularly) Sa.átʼni xʼóow du kináax̱ yei kagax̱tooyáa. If she is cold, weʼll spread a blanket over her. cold (of inanimate object) s-.áatʼ (∅ state) for an inanimate object to be cold

si.-aatʼ

si.áatʼ itʼs cold tlél us.áatʼ it isnʼt cold wé si.áatʼi aa the cold one yaa nas.átʼ it is getting cold tlél yaa unas.átʼ itʼs not getting cold sa.áatʼin it used to be cold tlél us.áatʼin it didnʼt used to be cold wusi.áatʼ it got cold tlél wus.áatʼ it didnʼt get cold gug̱as.áatʼ it will be cold tlél gug̱as.áatʼ it wonʼt be cold g̱as.áatʼ let it be cold sa.áatʼ nooch itʼs always cold us.áatʼch it gets cold (every time) tlél us.áatʼch it hasnʼt gotten cold yet tlél aadé ux̱dzi.áatʼi yé no way can it be cold g̱was.áatʼin it would have been cold sa.áatʼni if/when it is cold [does not occur] cold (of face) O-ya-d-s-.áatʼ~ (∅ event) for Oʼs face to be cold

ya-dzi-.aatʼ

I yas.átʼ tsáa! See that your face doesnʼt get cold! Yee yas.átʼ tsáa! See that your faces donʼt get cold! [does not occur] yaa yanas.átʼ his/her face is getting cold x̱at yawdzi.átʼ my face is cold yawdzi.átʼ his/her face is cold tlél x̱at yawus.áatʼ my face isnʼt cold tlél yawus.áatʼ his/her face isnʼt cold yakg̱was.áatʼ his/her face will be cold tlél yakg̱was.áatʼ his/her face wonʼt be cold (chʼa) yag̱as.áatʼ (just) let his/her face be cold woos.áatʼch his/her face gets cold (every time) tlél woos.áatʼch his/her face isnʼt cold yet tlél aadé woox̱dzi.áatʼi yé no way can his/her face be cold woog̱as.áatʼin his/her face would have been cold yas.átʼni if/when his/her face is cold yas.átʼx̱ his/her face gets cold (regularly) ḵusa.áatʼ tóo yux̱ wugoodí tle yas.átʼx̱. His face gets cold if he goes out into the cold. aaw tie tie up with a string, put a strap on it O-ya-S-s-.áaw~ (∅ event) for S to tie up O with a string, put a strap on O

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Leer 1973: 02/48 Yasa.áw! Tie it up with a string! Líl yeesa.áwx̱uḵ! Donʼt tie it up with a string! [does not occur] yaa ayanas.áw s/he is tying it up with a string yax̱wsi.áw I tied it up with a string ayawsi.áw s/he tied it up with a string tlél yax̱wsa.áaw I didnʼt tie it up with a string tlél ayawus.áaw s/he didnʼt tie it up with a string ayagux̱sa.áaw s/he will tie it up with a string tlél ayagux̱sa.áaw s/he wonʼt tie it up with a string ayax̱sa.áaw let her/him tie it up with a string awoos.áwch s/he ties it up with a string (every time) tlél awoos.áwch s/he hasnʼt tied it up with a string yet tlél aadé awux̱si.áawu yé no way can s/he tie it up with a string awux̱sa.áawun s/he would have tied it up with a string ayasa.áwni if/when s/he ties it up with a string ayasa.áwx̱ s/he ties it up with a string (regularly) Atkʼátskʼux̱ x̱at sateeyí ax̱ tuḵʼatáali tíxʼ tin woox̱sa.áwch. When I was a little boy I used to tie my pants up with a string. Séek eetíxʼ tíxʼ tin ayawsi.áw du tuḵʼatáali. In place of a belt he tied his pants up with a string. Yax̱wsi.áaw. I strapped it. [Leer 1973: 02/48] Ayasa.áwx̱. He is putting a strap on it. [Leer 1973: 02/48] aaxʼw ¹ bitter, spicy bitter, spicy O-s-.áaxʼw (ga state) for O to be bitter; for O to be spicy hot

si-.aaxʼw

si.áaxʼw itʼs bitter tlél us.áaxʼw itʼs not bitter wé si.áaxʼu aa the one that is bitter kei nas.áaxʼw itʼs getting bitter sa.áaxʼun it used to be bitter tlél us.áaxʼun it didnʼt used to be bitter wusi.áaxʼw it got bitter tlél wus.áaxʼw it didnʼt get bitter kei gux̱sa.áaxʼw it will be bitter tlél kei gux̱sa.áaxʼw it wonʼt be bitter gax̱sa.áaxʼw let it be bitter gasa.áaxʼwch it gets bitter (every time) tlél goos.áaxʼwch it hasnʼt gotten bitter yet tlél aadé gux̱si.áaxʼu yé no way can it be bitter gux̱sa.áaxʼun it would have been bitter gasa.áaxʼwni if/when it is bitter kei sa.áaxʼwch it gets bitter (regularly) Wusi.áaxʼw du yóo x̱ʼatángi, chʼa aan áwé du x̱ʼéit ḵoodudzi.áx̱. His words were biting, yet people listened to him. ḵútx̱ kei nas.áaxʼw. Itʼs getting too spicy. aax̱ ¹ (9) listen listen for her/him/it VII P-g̱aa ḵu-S-s-.aax̱~ (na motion) for S to listen for P

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A kayéikg̱aa ḵunees.aax̱! Listen for the sound of it! A kayéikg̱aa ḵunayis.aax̱! You all listen for the sound of it! [does not occur] a kayéikg̱aa ḵux̱wdzi.aax̱ I listened for the sound of it a kayéikg̱aa ḵoowdzi.aax̱ s/he listened for the sound of it tlél a kayéikg̱aa ḵux̱was.aax̱ I didnʼt listen for the sound of it tlél a kayéikg̱aa ḵuwus.aax̱ s/he didnʼt listen for the sound of it a kayéikg̱aa ḵukg̱was.áax̱ s/he will listen for the sound of it tlél a kayéikg̱aa ḵukg̱was.aax̱ s/he wonʼt listen for the sound of it a kayéikg̱aa ḵunas.áx̱ch s/he listens for the sound of it (every time) tlél a kayéikg̱aa ḵoonas.áx̱ch s/he hasnʼt listened for the sound of it yet tlél aadé a kayéikg̱aa ḵoonax̱dzi.aax̱i yé no way can s/he listen for the sound of it a kayéikg̱aa ḵoong̱as.aax̱ín s/he would have listened for the sound of it a kayéikg̱aa ḵunas.áx̱ni if/when s/he listens for the sound of it a kayéikg̱aa yoo ḵudzi.áx̱k s/he listens for the sound of it (regularly) A kayéikg̱aa ḵunees.áx̱ni, gag̱ee.áax̱. If you listen for the sound of it, youʼll hear it. Tlél aadé a kayéikg̱aa ḵoonax̱dzi.aax̱i yé wé washéen yaa kanajíx wé tʼéixʼ. Thereʼs no way he can listen for the sound of it, the machine is running at the back. hear it O-S-∅-.aax̱~ (∅ event) for S to hear O

ya-.aax̱

.Áx̱! Hear it! Yi.áx̱! You all hear it! [does not occur - see aya.áx̱ch] [does not occur - see aya.áx̱ch] x̱waa.áx̱ I heard it iya.áx̱ you heard it aawa.áx̱ s/he heard it wutuwa.áx̱ we heard it yeey.áx̱ you all heard it has aawa.áx̱ they heard it wuduwa.áx̱ it was heard tlél x̱wa.aax̱ I didnʼt hear it tlél yi.aax̱ you didnʼt hear it tlél awu.aax̱ s/he didnʼt hear it tlél wutoo.aax̱ we didnʼt hear it tlél yeey.aax̱ you all didnʼt hear it tlél has awu.aax̱ they didnʼt hear it tlél wudu.aax̱ it wasnʼt heard kuḵa.áax̱ I will hear it gag̱ee.áax̱ you will hear it akg̱wa.áax̱ s/he will hear it gax̱too.áax̱ we will hear it gax̱yi.áax̱ you all will hear it has akg̱wa.áax̱ they will hear it gax̱du.áax̱ it will be heard tlél kuḵa.aax̱ I wonʼt hear it tlél gag̱ee.aax̱ you wonʼt hear it tlél akg̱wa.aax̱ s/he wonʼt hear it tlél gax̱too.aax̱ we wonʼt hear it tlél gax̱yi.aax̱ you all wonʼt hear it tlél has akg̱wa.aax̱ they wonʼt hear it tlél gax̱du.aax̱ it wonʼt be heard ḵa.aax̱ let me hear it ag̱a.aax̱ let her/him hear it g̱atoo.aax̱ let us hear it x̱waa.aax̱ch I hear it (every time) iya.aax̱ch you hear it (every time) oo.aax̱ch s/he hears it (every time) tuwa.aax̱ch we hear it (every time) yeey.aax̱ch you all hear it (every time) has oo.aax̱ch they hear it (every time) duwa.aax̱ch it can be heard (every time) tlél x̱wa.aax̱ch I havenʼt heard it yet tlél ee.aax̱ch you havenʼt heard it yet tlél oo.aax̱ch s/he hasnʼt heard it yet tlél too.aax̱ch we havenʼt heard it yet tlél yi.aax̱ch you all havenʼt heard it yet tlél has oo.aax̱ch they havenʼt heard it yet tlél du.aax̱ch it hasnʼt been heard it yet tlél aadé ḵwaa.aax̱i yé no way can I hear it tlél aadé oog̱aa.aax̱i yé no way can s/he hear it ḵwa.aax̱ín I would have heard it oog̱a.aax̱ín s/he would have heard it x̱a.áx̱ni if/when I hear it a.áx̱ni if/when s/he hears it x̱a.áx̱ Iʼm hearing it (strange sounds, e.g.) a.áx̱ s/heʼs hearing it (strange sounds, e.g.) Tsʼootaatxʼ shakḵwadanóok chʼa l Yéil du.aax̱jí. Iʼm going to get up in the morning before Raven is heard. ḵwa.aax̱ín wé washéen ḵu yaa kanajúx. I would have heard it, but that machine is running. hear her/him/it (usually voice) sa-S-∅-.aax̱~ (∅ event) for S to hear O (a voice, esp. singing)

sa-ya-.aax̱

[does not occur] sax̱waa.áx̱ I heard a voice aseiwa.áx̱ s/he heard a voice tlél sax̱wa.aax̱ I didnʼt hear a voice tlél asawu.aax̱ s/he didnʼt hear a voice sakḵwa.áax̱ I will hear a voice asakg̱wa.áax̱ s/he will hear a voice tlél sakḵwa.aax̱ I wonʼt hear a voice tlél asakg̱wa.aax̱ s/he wonʼt hear a voice saḵa.aax̱ let me hear a voice asag̱a.aax̱ let her/him hear a voice sax̱wa.áx̱ch I hear a voice (every time) asei.áx̱ch s/he hears a voice (every time) tlél seix̱wa.aax̱ch I havenʼt heard a voice yet tlél asei.aax̱ch s/he hasnʼt heard a voice yet tlél aadé seiḵwaa.aax̱i yé no way can I hear a voice tlél aadé aseig̱waa.aax̱i yé no way can s/he hear a voice seiḵwa.aax̱ín I would have heard a voice aseig̱wa.aax̱ín s/he would have heard a voice sax̱a.áx̱ni if/when I hear a voice asa.áx̱ni if/when s/he hears a voice sax̱aa.áx̱ch I hear a voice (regularly) asaya.áx̱ch s/he hears a voice (regularly) Tlél iseix̱a.áx̱ch. I canʼt hear you. Núkt sax̱wa.áx̱. I heard a grouse. listen to it N-t~ S-s-.aax̱~ (∅ motion) for S to listen to N

A- + si-.aax̱

Át sa.áx̱! Listen to it! Át yisa.áx̱! You all listen to it! Líl áx̱ isa.aax̱íḵ! Donʼt listen to it! Líl áx̱ yisa.aax̱íḵ! Donʼt you all listen to it! [does not occur] át x̱wasi.áx̱ Iʼm listening to it; I listened to it át wusi.áx̱ s/heʼs listening to it; s/he listened to it tlél át x̱wasa.aax̱ Iʼm not listening to it; I didnʼt listen to it tlél át wus.aax̱ s/heʼs not listening to it; s/he didnʼt listen to it aadé kḵwasa.áax̱ I will listen to it aadé gux̱sa.áax̱ s/he will listen to it tlél aadé kḵwasa.aax̱ I wonʼt listen to it tlél aadé gux̱sa.aax̱ s/he wonʼt listen to it át ḵasa.aax̱ let me listen to it át g̱asa.aax̱ let her/him listen to it át x̱wasa.aax̱ch I listen to it (every time) át us.aax̱ch s/he listens to it (every time) tlél át x̱wasa.aax̱ch I havenʼt listened to it yet tlél át us.aax̱ch s/he hasnʼt listened to it yet tlél aadé át ux̱si.aax̱i yé no way can s/he listen to it át ux̱sa.aax̱ín s/he would have listened to it át sa.áx̱ni if/when s/he listens to it áx̱ sa.aax̱ s/he listens to it (regularly) Wéi a tóode sh kadulnik át kʼidéin át sa.áx̱! Listen closely to the radio! Yadujeeyí tlél áx̱ us.aax̱. She doesnʼt listen to lecturing. play it (musical instrument) O-S-l-.aax̱~ (∅ act) for S to Nlay O (musical instrument)

li-.aax̱

The form: ali.áx̱ch gives both a basic imperfective meaning "s/he is playing it" and a repetitive imperfective meaning "s/he plays it (regularly)". La.áx̱! Play it! Yila.áx̱! You all play it! Líl ila.áx̱jiḵ! Donʼt play it! Líl yil.áx̱jiḵ! Donʼt you all play it! ali.áx̱ch s/he is playing it tlél ool.áx̱ch s/he isnʼt playing it al.áx̱ nooch s/he always plays it x̱wali.áx̱ I played it awli.áx̱ s/he played it tlél x̱wala.aax̱ I didnʼt play it tlél awul.aax̱ s/he didnʼt play it kuḵala.áax̱ I will play it agux̱la.áax̱ s/he will play it tlél kuḵala.aax̱ I wonʼt play it tlél agux̱la.aax̱ s/he wonʼt play it ḵala.aax̱ let me play it ax̱la.aax̱ let her/him play it x̱wala.aax̱ch I play it (every time) ool.aax̱ch s/he plays it (every time) tlél x̱wala.aax̱ch I havenʼt played it yet tlél ool.aax̱ch s/he hasnʼt played it yet tlél aadé ux̱li.aax̱i yé no way can s/he play it ux̱la.aax̱ín s/he would have played it al.áx̱ni if/when s/he plays it ali.áx̱ch s/he plays it (regularly) understand, comprehend her/him/it; hear her/him/it with understanding O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-.aax̱~ (∅ event) for S to hear O with understanding; for S to understand, comprehend O

x̱ʼa-ya-.aax̱

[does not occur] [does not occur] x̱ʼax̱waa.áx̱ I understood her/him ax̱ʼeiwa.áx̱ s/he understood her/him tlél x̱ʼax̱wa.aax̱ I didnʼt understand her/him tlél ax̱ʼawu.aax̱ s/he didnʼt understand her/him x̱ʼakḵwa.áax̱ I will understand her/him ax̱ʼakg̱wa.áax̱ s/he will understand her/him tlél x̱ʼakḵwa.aax̱ I wonʼt understand her/him tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wa.aax̱ s/he wonʼt understand her/him [does not occur] x̱ʼeix̱a.aax̱ch I understand her/him (every time) ax̱ʼei.aax̱ch s/he understands her/him (every time) tlél x̱ʼeix̱a.aax̱ch I havenʼt understood her/him yet tlél ax̱ʼei.aax̱ch s/he hasnʼt understood her/him yet tlél aadé x̱ʼeiḵwaa.aax̱u yé no way can I understand her/him tlél aadé ax̱ʼeig̱waa.aax̱u yé no way can s/he understand her/him x̱ʼeiḵwa.aax̱ún I would have understood her/him ax̱ʼeig̱wa.aax̱ún s/he would have understood her/him x̱ʼax̱a.áx̱ni if/when I understand her/him ax̱ʼa.áx̱ni if/when s/he understands her/him x̱ʼax̱aa.áx̱ch I understand her/him (regularly) ax̱ʼaya.áx̱ch s/he understands her/him (regularly) Tlél ḵool.áx̱ch ách áwé tlél ax̱ʼawu.aax̱. Heʼs deaf, thatʼs why he didnʼt hear her. Tlél a daat tooshtí ách áwé tlél ax̱ʼei.áx̱ch. Heʼs not paying attention, thatʼs why he doesnʼt hear him. hear it (be able to hear it) O-S-∅-.áx̱ch (ga state) for S to be able to hear O

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For the forms that do not occur with this verb, see the ∅- conjugation eventive verb aawa.áx̱ ʼs/he heard itʼ, which occurs in all modes except the imperfective. [does not occur] Líl ee.áx̱jiḵ! Donʼt hear it! Líl yi.áx̱jiḵ! Donʼt you all hear it! x̱aa.áx̱ch I can hear it iya.áx̱ch you can hear it aya.áx̱ch s/he can hear it tuwa.áx̱ch we can hear it yeey.áx̱ch you all can hear it has aya.áx̱ch they can hear it duwa.áx̱ch it can be heard tlél x̱wa.áx̱ch I canʼt hear it tlél ee.áx̱ch you canʼt hear it tlél oo.áx̱ch s/he canʼt hear it tlél too.áx̱ch we canʼt hear it tlél yi.áx̱ch you all canʼt hear it tlél has oo.áx̱ch they canʼt hear it tlél du.áx̱ch it canʼt be heard wé aya.áx̱chi aa the one who hears it a.áx̱jin s/he used to hear it tlél oo.áx̱jin s/he didnʼt used to hear it [does not occur] [does not occur - see aawa.áx̱] kei kḵwa.áx̱ch I will be able to hear it kei kg̱ee.áx̱ch you will be able to hear it kei akg̱wa.áx̱ch s/he will be able to hear it kei gax̱too.áx̱ch we will be able to hear it kei gax̱yi.áx̱ch you all will be able to hear it kei (ha)s akg̱wa.áx̱ch they will be able to hear it kei gax̱du.áx̱ch someone will be able to hear it tlél kei kḵwa.áx̱ch I wonʼt be able to hear it tlél kei kg̱ee.áx̱ch you wonʼt be able to hear it tlél kei akg̱wa.áx̱ch s/he wonʼt be able to hear it tlél kei gax̱too.áx̱ch we wonʼt be able to hear it tlél kei gax̱yi.áx̱ch you all wonʼt be able to hear it tlél kei (ha)s akg̱wa.áx̱ch they wonʼt be able to hear it tlél kei gax̱du.áx̱ch nobody will be able to hear it [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] aga.áx̱chni if/when s/he can hear it [does not occur] Tlél ushikʼéiyi aa yóo x̱ʼatánk áwé tsá a.áx̱ji nooch . S/he only hears the bad talk. listen to her/him (take time to listen) N x̱ʼéide ḵu-S-s-.aax̱~ (na motion) for S to (take time to) listen to N

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One fluent speaker suggests the finer meaning "take time to listen" for this verb, thus distinguishing it slightly from the related verb: du x̱ʼéit wusi.áx̱ "s/he listened to, obeyed her/him". Du x̱ʼéide ḵunees.aax̱! Listen to her/him! Du x̱ʼéide ḵunayis.aax̱! You all listen to her/him! Líl du x̱ʼéide yoo ḵees.áx̱giḵ! Donʼt listen to her/him! Líl du x̱ʼéide yoo ḵayis.áx̱giḵ! Donʼt you all listen to her/him! [does not occur] [does not occur] du x̱ʼéide ḵux̱wdzi.aax̱ I listened to her/him du x̱ʼéide ḵuwdzi.aax̱ s/he listened to her/him tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵux̱was.aax̱ I didnʼt listen to her/him tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵuwus.aax̱ s/he didnʼt listen to her/him du x̱ʼéide ḵukḵwas.áax̱ I will listen to her/him du x̱ʼéide ḵukg̱was.áax̱ s/he will listen to her/him tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵukḵwas.aax̱ I wonʼt listen to her/him tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵukg̱was.aax̱ s/he wonʼt listen to her/him du x̱ʼéide ḵunḵas.aax̱ let me listen to her/him du x̱ʼéide ḵung̱as.aax̱ let her/him listen to her/him du x̱ʼéide ḵunx̱as.áx̱ch I listen to her/him (every time) du x̱ʼéide ḵunas.áx̱ch s/he listens to her/him (every time) tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵunx̱was.áx̱ch I havenʼt listened to her/him yet tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵoonas.áx̱ch s/he hasnʼt listened to her/him yet tlél aadé du x̱ʼéide ḵoonḵadzi.aax̱i yé no way can I listen to her/him tlél aadé du x̱ʼéide ḵoonax̱dzi.aax̱i yé no way can s/he listen to her/him ḵunḵwas.aax̱ín I would have listened to her/him du x̱ʼéide ḵung̱was.aax̱ín s/he would have listened to her/him du x̱ʼéide ḵunx̱as.áx̱ni if/when I listen to her/him du x̱ʼéide ḵunas.áx̱ni if/when s/he listens to her/him du x̱ʼéide yoo ḵux̱dzi.áx̱k I listen to her/him (regularly) du x̱ʼéide yoo ḵudzi.áx̱k s/he listens to her/him (regularly) listen to, obey her/him N x̱ʼéi-t~ S-s-.aax̱~ (∅ motion) for S to listen to, obey, give heed to N

ḵaa x̱ʼéi- + si-.aax̱

Du x̱ʼéit sa.áx̱! Listen to her/him! Du x̱ʼéit yisa.áx̱! You all listen to her/him! Líl du x̱ʼéix̱ isa.aax̱íḵ! Donʼt listen to her/him! Líl du x̱ʼéix̱ yisa.aax̱íḵ! Donʼt you all listen to her/him! [does not occur] du x̱ʼéit x̱wasi.áx̱ Iʼm listening to her/him; I listen to her/him du x̱ʼéit wusi.áx̱ s/heʼs listening to her/him; s/he listens to her/him tlél du x̱ʼéit x̱wasa.aax̱ Iʼm not listening to her/him; I donʼt listen to her/him tlél du x̱ʼéit wus.aax̱ s/heʼs not listening to her/him; s/he doesnʼt listen to her/him du x̱ʼéide kḵwasa.áax̱ I will listen to her/him du x̱ʼéide gux̱sa.áax̱ s/he will listen to her/him tlél du x̱ʼéide kḵwasa.aax̱ I wonʼt listen to her/him tlél du x̱ʼéide gux̱sa.aax̱ s/he wonʼt listen to her/him du x̱ʼéit ḵasa.aax̱ let me listen to her/him du x̱ʼéit g̱asa.aax̱ let her/him listen to her/him du x̱ʼéit x̱wasa.aax̱ch I listen to her/him (every time) du x̱ʼéit us.aax̱ch s/he listens to her/him (every time) tlél du x̱ʼéit x̱wasa.aax̱ch I havenʼt listened to her/him yet tlél du x̱ʼéit us.aax̱ch s/he hasnʼt listened to her/him yet tlél aadé du x̱ʼéit ḵwasi.aax̱i yé no way can I listen to her/him tlél aadé du x̱ʼéit ux̱si.aax̱i yé no way can s/he listen to her/him du x̱ʼéit ḵwasa.aax̱ín I would have listened to her/him du x̱ʼéit ux̱sa.aax̱ín s/he would have listened to her/him du x̱ʼéit x̱asa.áx̱ni if/when I listen to her/him du x̱ʼéit sa.áx̱ni if/when s/he listens to her/him du x̱ʼéix̱ x̱asa.aax̱ I listen to her/him (regularly) du x̱ʼéix̱ sa.aax̱ s/he listens to her/him (regularly) aax̱ ² (4) give, take, carry, lie ² carry it, take it (textile-like object, blanket, coat, robe, sheet, etc.) VII N-t O-S-∅-.aax̱~ (na motion) for S to carry, take O (a textile-like object, blanket, coat, robe, sheet) around at N

ya-.aax̱

-- carrying it (along) N-t carrying it around, about N (no repetitive imperfective form) P-dei carrying it toward P N-dáx̱ picking it up off of N N-náx̱ stopping over at N with it; dropping it off at N yux̱ carrying it out of house Át na.aax̱! Carry it around! Át nay.aax̱! You all carry it around! Líl át yi.aax̱íḵ! Donʼt carry it around! Líl át yeey.aax̱íḵ! Donʼt you all carry it around! [does not occur] át x̱waa.aax̱ Iʼm carrying it around; I carried it around át aawa.aax̱ s/heʼs carrying it around; s/he carried it around tlél át x̱wa.aax̱ I didnʼt carry it around tlél át awu.aax̱ s/he didnʼt carry it around át kuḵa.áax̱ I will carry it around át akg̱wa.áax̱ s/he will carry it around tlél át kuḵa.aax̱ I wonʼt carry it around tlél át akg̱wa.aax̱ s/he wonʼt carry it around át naḵa.aax̱ let me carry it around át ang̱a.aax̱ let her/him carry it around át nax̱a.áx̱ch I carry it around (every time) át ana.áx̱ch s/he carries it around (every time) tlél át nax̱wa.áx̱ch I havenʼt carried it around yet tlél át oona.áx̱ch s/he hasnʼt carried it around yet tlél aadé át oong̱aa.aax̱i yé no way can s/he carry it around át oong̱a.aax̱ín s/he would have carried it around át ana.áx̱ni if/when s/he carries it around át yoo aya.áx̱k s/he carries it around (regularly) Wéi yátkʼw du xʼóowu át ana.áx̱ch. The child carries his blanket around. Chʼa wulchʼéix̱ʼu, chʼa aan áwé át ana.áx̱ch du xʼóowu. Even though itʼs dirty, he carries his blanket around. Chʼáagu ádi áwé wéi naaxein - ách áwé líl át yeey.aax̱íḵ! That Chilkat robe is very old - so donʼt you all carry it around! Líl át yi.aax̱íḵ wéi i xʼóowu - gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw! Donʼt carry your blanket around - itʼs going to get dirty! lie there (of hide-like object, blanket, coat, robe, sheet) N-t ∅-.áx̱ (position) for a hide-like object, blanket, coat, robe, sheet to lie at N

ya-.aax̱

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. át .áx̱ itʼs lying there tlél át u.áx̱ itʼs not lying there [does not occur] [does not occur] give, take, hand it to her/him (textile-like object, blanket, coat, robe, sheet, etc.) N jee-t~ O-S-∅-.aax̱~ (∅ motion) for S to give, take, hand O (textile-like object) to N

ḵaa jee- + ya-.aax̱

Du jeet .áx̱! Give it to her/him! Du jeet yi.áx̱! You all give it to her/him! Líl du jeex̱ ee.aax̱íḵ! Donʼt give it to her/him! Líl du jeex̱ yi.aax̱íḵ! Donʼt you all give it to her/him! [does not occur] du jeedé yaa nx̱a.áx̱ Iʼm giving it to her/him du jeedé yaa ana.áx̱ s/heʼs giving it to her/him du jeet x̱waa.áx̱ I gave it to her/him du jeet aawa.áx̱ s/he gave it to her/him tlél du jeet x̱wa.aax̱ I didnʼt give it to her/him tlél du jeet awu.aax̱ s/he didnʼt give it to her/him du jeedé kḵwa.áax̱ I will give it to her/him du jeedé akg̱wa.áax̱ s/he will give it to her/him tlél du jeedé kḵwa.aax̱ I wonʼt give it to her/him tlél du jeedé akg̱wa.aax̱ s/he wonʼt give it to her/him du jeet ḵa.aax̱ let me give it to her/him du jeet ag̱a.aax̱ let her/him give it to her/him du jeet x̱wa.aax̱ch I give it to her/him (every time) du jeet oo.aax̱ch s/he gives it to her/him (every time) tlél du jeet x̱wa.aax̱ch I havenʼt given it to her/him yet tlél du jeet oo.aax̱ch s/he hasnʼt given it to her/him yet tlél aadé du jeet ḵwaa.aax̱i yé no way can I give it to her/him tlél aadé du jeet oog̱aa.aax̱i yé no way can s/he give it to her/him du jeet ḵwa.aax̱ín I would have given it to her/him du jeet oog̱a.aax̱ín s/he would have given it to her/him du jeet x̱a.áx̱ni if/when I give it to her/him du jeet a.áx̱ni if/when s/he gives it to her/him du jeex̱ x̱a.aax̱ I give it to her/him (regularly) du jeex̱ a.aax̱ s/he gives it to her/him (regularly) take it off (shirt, dress, coat, etc.) I For taking off oneʼs hat, replace kaax̱ with sháatx̱ "off the head" throughout the paradigm, as in: sháatx̱ kei awdi.áx̱ "s/he took off his/her hat". Note that this verb is not used for taking off pants, shoes, socks, etc. For these, use: x̱ʼoosdáx̱ awdiyíḵ "s/he took them off (pants, socks, shoes)". kaax̱ kei O-S-d-.aax̱~ (∅ motion) for S to take off O (shirt, dress, coat, etc.)

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Kaax̱ kei ida..áx̱! Take it off! Kaax̱ kei yida.áx̱! You all take them off! Líl kaax̱ kei ida.áx̱jíḵ! Donʼt take it off! Líl kaax̱ kei yida.áx̱jíḵ! Donʼt you all take them off! [does not occur] kaax̱ kei nax̱da.áx̱ I am taking it off kaax̱ kei anda.áx̱ s/he is taking it off kaax̱ kei x̱wdi.áx̱ I took it off kaax̱ kei awdi.áx̱ s/he took it off tlél kaax̱ kei x̱wda.aax̱ I didnʼt take it off tlél kaax̱ kei awda.aax̱ s/he didnʼt take it off kaax̱ kei kḵwada.áax̱ I will take it off kaax̱ kei agux̱da.áax̱ s/he will take it off tlél kaax̱ kei kḵwada.aax̱ I wonʼt take it off tlél kaax̱ kei agux̱da.aax̱ s/he wonʼt take it off kaax̱ kei ḵda.aax̱ let me take it off kaax̱ kei ax̱da.aax̱ let her/him take it off kaax̱ kei x̱wda.aax̱ch I take it off (every time) kaax̱ kei ooda.aax̱ch s/he takes it off (every time) tlél kaax̱ kei x̱wda.aax̱ch I havenʼt taken it off yet tlél kaax̱ kei ooda.aax̱ch s/he hasnʼt taken it off yet tlél aadé kaax̱ kei oox̱di.aax̱i yé no way can s/he take it off kaax̱ kei oox̱da.aax̱ín s/he would have taken it off kaax̱ kei ada.áx̱ni if/when s/he takes it off kaax̱ kei ada.áx̱ch s/he takes it off (regularly) Ax̱ yéet du kinaak.ádi du káx̱ x̱wa.aax̱í, tle kaax̱ kei ooda.aax̱ch. Every time I put my sonʼs coat on him, he takes it off. aax̱w (2) tie, wrap wrap it up; tie it in a bundle O-daa-S-s-.aax̱w~ (∅ act) for S to tie O together in a bundle; for S to wrap O up

daa-si-.aax̱w

Daasa.áx̱w! Wrap it up! Daaysa.áx̱w! You all wrap it up! Líl daa.ees.aax̱úḵ! Donʼt wrap it up! Líl daa.yis.aax̱úḵ! Donʼt you all wrap it up! adaasa.áax̱w s/heʼs wrapping it up tlél adaa.us.aax̱w s/heʼs not wrapping it up adaawsi.áx̱w s/he wrapped it up tlél adaawus.aax̱w s/he didnʼt wrap it up adaagux̱sa.áax̱w s/he will wrap it up tlél adaagux̱sa.aax̱w s/he wonʼt wrap it up adaax̱sa.aax̱w let her/him wrap it up adaa.us.áax̱wch s/he wraps it up (every time) tlél adaa.us.áax̱wch s/he hasnʼt wrapped it up yet tlél aadé adaa.ux̱si.aax̱u yé no way can s/he wrap it up adaa.ux̱sa.aax̱ún s/he would have wrapped it up adaasa.áx̱wni if/when s/he wraps it up adaasa.áx̱wx̱ s/he wraps it up (regularly) tie it up, secure it (esp. a boat to shore) yánde O-S-∅-.aax̱w~ (∅ act) for S to tie up, secure O (esp. a boat to shore)

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Yánde .áx̱w! Tie it up! Yánde y.áx̱w! You all tie it up! Líl yánde yi.áx̱uḵ! Donʼt tie it up! Líl yánde yeey.áx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all tie it up! yánde a.aax̱w s/heʼs tying it up; s/he ties it up tlél yánde oo.aax̱w s/he isnʼt tying it up; s/he doesnʼt tie it up yánde aawa.áx̱w s/he tied it up tlél yánde awu.aax̱w s/he didnʼt tie it up yánde akg̱wa.áax̱w s/he will tie it up tlél yánde akg̱wa.aax̱w s/he wonʼt tie it up yánde ag̱a.aax̱w let her/him tie it up yánde oo.áx̱wch s/he ties it up (every time) tlél yánde oo.aax̱wch / tlél yánde oo.áx̱wch s/he hasnʼt tied it up yet tlél aadé yánde oog̱aa.aax̱u yé no way can s/he tie it up yánde oog̱a.aax̱ún s/he would have tied it up yánde a.áx̱wni if/when s/he ties it up [does not occur] chaa strain, filter, drain strain, filter it; drain it off O-ka-S-l-chaa~ (∅ act) for S to strain, filter, drain off O

ka-li-chaa

Kalachá! Strain it! Kaylachá! You all strain it! Líl keelachéix̱iḵ! Donʼt strain it! Líl kaylachéix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all strain it! kax̱lachéix̱ I am straining it aklachéix̱ s/he is straining it tlél koox̱lacheix̱ Iʼm not straining it tlél akoolcheix̱ s/he isnʼt straining it yaa kanax̱lachéin I am (in the process of) straining it yaa akanalchéin s/heʼs (in the process of) straining it kax̱lachéix̱ nooch I always strain it aklachéix̱ nooch s/he always strains it kax̱wlicháa I strained it akawlicháa s/he strained it tlél kax̱wlachá I didnʼt strain it tlél akawulchá s/he didnʼt strain it kakḵwalacháa I will strain it akagux̱lacháa s/he will strain it tlél kakḵwalachaa I wonʼt strain it tlél akagux̱lachaa s/he wonʼt strain it kaḵlachaa let me strain it akax̱lachaa let her/him strain it koox̱lacháaych I strain it (every time) akoolcháaych s/he strains it (every time) tlél koox̱lacháaych I havenʼt strained it yet tlél akoolcháaych s/he hasnʼt strained it yet tlél aadé kooḵalichaayi yé no way can I strain it tlél aadé akoox̱lichaayi yé no way can s/he strain it kooḵalachaayín I would have strained it akoox̱lachaayín s/he would have strained it kax̱lachéini if/when I strain it aklachéini if/when s/he strains it kax̱lachéix̱ I strain it (regularly) aklachéix̱ s/he strains it (regularly) chaak pile, pack, stack pack it; pile up, stack it O-ka-S-∅-cháak~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to Nile, stack away neatly, pack O (food, clothing, firewood, etc.)

ka-ya-chaak

Kachák! Pack it! Kaychák! You all pack it! Líl kayeecháagiḵ! Donʼt pack it! Líl kayeeycháagiḵ! Donʼt you all pack it! akacháak s/heʼs packing it tlél akoocháak s/he isnʼt packing it akacháak nooch s/he always packs it akaawachák s/he packed it tlél akawucháak s/he didnʼt pack it akakg̱wacháak s/he will pack it tlél akakg̱wacháak s/he wonʼt pack it akg̱achák let her/him pack it akoochákch s/he packs it (every time) tlél akoochákch / tlél akoocháakch s/he hasnʼt packed it yet tlél aadé ookg̱aachági yé no way can s/he pack it ookg̱achágin s/he would have packed it akachákni if s/he packs it akachákx̱ s/he packs it (regularly) chán stink, smell stink, smell strongly O-l-chán (ga state) for O to stink, have unpleasant odor, smell bad; for O to smell strongly

li-chaan

Líl eelchániḵ Donʼt be stinky! Líl yee lachániḵ Donʼt you all be stinky! x̱at lichán I stink ilichán you stink lichán he/she/it stinks haa lichán we stink yee lichán you all stink has lichán they stink ḵulichán somebody stinks tlél x̱at ulchán I donʼt stink tlél eelchán you donʼt stink tlél ulchán he/she/it doesnʼt stink tlél haa ulchán we donʼt stink tlél yee ulchán you all donʼt stink tlél has ulchán they donʼt stink tlél ḵoolchán nobody stinks wé lichani aa the one who stinks kei ax̱ nalchán Iʼm starting to stink kei inalchán youʼre starting to stink kei nalchán he/she/it is starting to stink kei haa nalchán we are starting to stink kei yee nalchán you all are starting to stink kei has nalchán they are starting to stink kei ḵunalchán people are starting to stink lachánin he/she/it used to stink tlél ulchánin he/she/it didnʼt used to stink ax̱ wulichán I stank iwlichán you stank wulichán he/she/it stank haa wlichán we stank yee wlichán you all stank has wulichán they stank ḵuwlichán people stank tlél ax̱ wulchán I didnʼt stink tlél iwulchán you didnʼt stink tlél wulchán he/she/it didnʼt stink tlél haa wulchán we didnʼt stink tlél yee wulchán you all didnʼt stink tlél has wulchán they didnʼt stink tlél ḵuwulchán nobody stank kei ax̱ gux̱lachán I will stink kei igux̱lachán you will stink kei gux̱lachán he/she/it will stink kei haa gux̱lachán we will stink kei yee gux̱lachán you all will stink kei (ha)s gux̱lachán they will stink kei ḵugux̱lachán people will stink tlél kei ax̱ gux̱lachán I wonʼt stink tlél kei igux̱lachán you wonʼt stink tlél kei gux̱lachán he/she/it wonʼt stink tlél kei haa gux̱lachán we wonʼt stink tlél kei yee gux̱lachán you all wonʼt stink tlél kei (ha)s gux̱lachán they wonʼt stink tlél kei ḵugux̱lachán nobody will stink ax̱ gax̱lachán let me stink gax̱lachán let her/him/it stink haa gax̱lachán let us stink lachán nooch he/she/it always stinks tlél aadé gux̱lichani yé no way can he/she/it stink gux̱lacháneen he/she/it would have stunk lachánni if/when he/she/it stinks kei lachánch he/she/it stinks (regularly) ` ` Yee lichán You all stink (often used in reference to alcohol on the breath). Chʼa yéi x̱at kasnéexʼi tín, has du yáanáx̱ át x̱wasikóo. Even though I stink, I know more than they do. choon (2) injure injure, hurt, wound, bruise her/him O-S-l-choon~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to injure, hurt, wound, bruise O

li-choon

Lachún! Injure her/him/it! Yilachún! You all injure her/him/it! Líl ilachúnx̱iḵ! Donʼt injure her/him/it Líl yilachúnx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all injure her/him/it [does not occur] x̱walichún I injured her/him/it awlichún s/he injured her/him/it tlél x̱walachoon I didnʼt injure her/him/it tlél awulchoon s/he didnʼt injure her/him/it agux̱lachóon s/he will injure her/him/it tlél agux̱lachoon s/he wonʼt injure her/him/it (chʼa) ax̱lachún (just) let her/him injure her/him/it oolchúnch s/he injures her/him/it (every time) tlél oolchúnch s/he hasnʼt injured her/him/it yet tlél aadé oox̱lichúni yé no way can s/he injure her/him/it oox̱lachúnin s/he would have injured her/him/it alchúnni if/when s/he injures her/him/it alchúnx̱ s/he injures it (regularly) I jin tsá ilachóon! See that you donʼt injure your hand! Du goosh awlichún. He hurt his thumb. Ilachúnni, i éede jikḵwadagóot. If you hurt him, I will attack you. injured, wounded, bruised (physically); hurt (emotionally) O-d-choon~ (∅ event) for O to be wounded, injured, bruised; for O to be hurt (emotionally)

li-choon

The most common use of this verb is in the perfective form. Note that it can also refer to a mental state, as in: ḵúnáx̱ haa wdichún "weʼre really hurting (emotionally)" (after the loss of a family member, e.g.). [does not occur] x̱at wudichún I got injured wudichún s/he got injured tlél x̱at wudachoon I didnʼt get injured tlél wudachoon s/he didnʼt get injured [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé ux̱dichooni yé no way can s/he get injured g̱wadachoonín s/he would have gotten injured dachúnni if/when s/he gets injured dachúnx̱ s/he gets injured (regularly) choox knead, press, pat knead it, press it, pat it (with palm of hand) O-ka-S-∅-choox~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to knead, press, pat O with palm of hand -cheexw~

ka-ya-choox

Kachúx! Knead it! Kaychúx! You all knead it! Líl keechooxúḵ! Donʼt knead it! Líl kaychooxúḵ! Donʼt you all knead it! kax̱achóox I knead it; I am kneading it keechóox you knead it; you are kneading it akachóox s/he kneads it; s/he is kneading it katoochóox we knead it; we are kneading it kaychóox you all knead it; you all are kneading it has akachóox they knead it; they are kneading it kaduchóox it is kneaded; it is being kneaded tlél koox̱achoox I donʼt knead it; Iʼm not kneading it tlél keechoox you donʼt knead it; you arenʼt kneading it tlél akoochoox s/he doesnʼt knead it; s/he isnʼt kneading it tlél katoochoox we donʼt knead it; we arenʼt kneading it tlél kaychoox you all donʼt knead it; you all arenʼt kneading it tlél has akoochoox they donʼt knead it; they arenʼt kneading it tlél kaduchoox it isnʼt kneaded; it isnʼt being kneaded wé akachoox aa the one who kneads it; the one who is kneading it akachooxún s/he used to knead it tlél akoochooxún s/he didnʼt used to knead it kax̱waachúx I kneaded it keeyachúx you kneaded it akaawachúx s/he kneaded it kawtuwachúx we kneaded it kayeeychúx you all kneaded it has akaawachúx they kneaded it kawduwachúx it was kneaded tlél kax̱wachoox I didnʼt knead it tlél kayichoox you didnʼt knead it tléil akawuchoox s/he didnʼt knead it tlél kawtoochoox we didnʼt knead it tlél kayeeychoox you all didnʼt knead it tlél has akawuchoox they didnʼt knead it tlél kawduchoox it wasnʼt kneaded kakḵwachóox I will knead it kakg̱eechóox you will knead it akakg̱wachóox s/he will knead it kagax̱toochóox we will knead it kagax̱yeechóox you all will knead it has akakg̱wachóox they will knead it kagax̱duchóox it will be kneaded tlél kakḵwachoox I wonʼt knead it tlél kakg̱eechoox you wonʼt knead it tlél akakg̱wachoox s/he wonʼt knead it tlél kagax̱toochoox we wonʼt knead it tlél kagax̱yeechoox you all wonʼt knead it tlél has akakg̱wachoox they wonʼt knead it tlél kagax̱duchoox it wonʼt be kneaded kaḵachúx let me knead it akg̱achúx let her/him knead it kax̱toochúx let us knead it akachoox nooch s/he always kneads it koox̱achúxch I knead it (every time) keechúxch you knead it (every time) akoochúxch s/he kneads it (every time) katoochúxch we knead it (every time) kaychúxch you all knead it (every time) has akoochúxch they knead it (every time) kaduchúxch it is kneaded (every time) tlél koox̱achúxch I havenʼt kneaded it yet tlél keechúxch you havenʼt kneaded it yet tlél akoochúxch s/he hasnʼt kneaded it yet tlél katoochúxch we havenʼt kneaded it yet tlél kaychúxch you all havenʼt kneaded it yet tlél has akoochúxch they havenʼt kneaded it yet tlél kooduchúxch it hasnʼt been kneaded yet tlél aadé akg̱waachúxu yé no way can s/he knead it akg̱wachúxun she would have kneaded it akachúxni if/when s/he kneads it akachúxx̱ s/he kneads it (regularly) ` ` ` ` choox̱ (2) mooch mooch, freeload; obtain things often without payment at u-S-∅-choox̱ (g̱a act) for S to mooch, freeload; for S to obtain things often without payment

ya-choox̱

Leer 1973: 10/228-229 At g̱achoox̱! Freeload! At g̱aychoox̱! You all freeload! Líl at eechoox̱úḵ! Donʼt freeload! Lílt at yichoox̱úḵ! Donʼt you all freeload! at uchoox̱ s/he is freeloading; s/he freeloads tlél at uchoox̱ s/he isnʼt freeloading; s/he doesnʼt freeload at uchoox̱ nooch s/he is always freeloading at x̱waachoox̱ I freeloaded at woochoox̱ s/he freeloaded tlél at x̱wachoox̱ I didnʼt freeload tlél at wuchoox̱ s/he didnʼt freeload yei at gug̱wachoox̱ s/he will freeload tlél yei at gug̱wachoox̱ s/he wonʼt freeload (chʼa) at g̱aag̱achoox̱ (just) let her/him freeload at g̱achoox̱ch s/he freeloads (every time) tlél at g̱wachoox̱ch s/he hasnʼt freeloaded yet tlél aadé at g̱waag̱aachoox̱u yé no way can s/he freeload at g̱waag̱achoox̱ún s/he would have freeloaded at g̱achoox̱ní if/when s/he freeloads yei at uchoox̱ch s/he freeloads (regularly) Du éech yaa akandushkʼán ḵúdáx̱ at uchoox̱. Theyʼre starting to get angry with him, he freeloads too much. At uchoox̱ akwshitán. Heʼs in the habit of mooching things. mooch, bum, scrounge it; obtain it often without payment (N eex̱) O-u-S-∅-choox̱ (g̱a act) for S to mooch, bum, scrounge O (off of N); for S to obtain O (from N) often without payment

ya-choox̱

Leer 1973: 10/228-229 (Du eex̱) g̲̲achoox̱! Mooch it (off of her/him)! Líl (du eex̱) eechoox̱úḵ! Donʼt mooch it (off of her/him)! (du eex̱) oochoox̱ s/he is mooching it (off of her/him); s/he mooches it (off of her/him) tlél (du eex̱) oochoox̱ s/he isnʼt mooching it (off of her/him); s/he doesnʼt mooch it (off of her/him) (du eex̱) oochoox̱ nooch s/he always mooches it (off of her/him) (du eex̱) x̱waachoox̱ I mooched it (off of her/him) (du eex̱) aawachoox̱ s/he mooched it (off of her/him) tlél (du eex̱) x̱wachoox̱ I didnʼt mooch it (off of her/him) tlél (du eex̱) awuchoox̱ s/he didnʼt mooch it (off of her/him) (du eex̱) yei akg̱wachoox̱ s/he will mooch it (off of her/him) tlél (du eex̱) yei akg̱wachoox̱ s/he wonʼt mooch it (off of her/him) (chʼa) (du eex̱) ag̱aag̱achoox̱ (just) let her/him mooch it (off of her/him) (du eex̱) oog̱achoox̱ch s/he mooches it (off of her/him) (every time) tlél (du eex̱) oog̱achoox̱ch s/he hasnʼt mooched it (off of her/him) yet tlél aadé (du eex̱) ag̱waag̱aachoox̱u yé no way can s/he mooch it (off of her/him) (du eex̱) ag̱waag̱achoox̱ún s/he would have mooched it (off of her/him) (du eex̱) ag̱achoox̱ní if/when s/he mooches it (off of her/him) (du eex̱) yei oochoox̱ch s/he mooches it (off of her/him) (regularly) Tlákw dáanaa oochoox̱ nuch. Heʼs always mooching money. Du eex̱ yei kḵwachoox̱. Iʼm going to sponge it off of him. [Leer 1973: 10/229] chʼaakʼw carve carve it O-ka-S-∅-chʼáakʼw~ (∅ act; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to carve O (usually smaller, detailed work) using a knife

ka-ya-chʼaakʼw

Kachʼákʼw! Carve it! Kaychʼákʼw! You all carve it! Líl keechʼákʼx̱uḵ! Donʼt carve it! Líl kaychʼákʼx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all carve it! akachʼáakʼw s/he is carving it tlél akoochʼáakʼw s/he isnʼt carving it akaawachʼákʼw s/he carved it tlél akawuchʼáakʼw s/he didnʼt carve it akakg̱wachʼáakʼw s/he will carve it tlél akakg̱wachʼáakʼw s/he wonʼt carve it akg̱achʼákʼw let her/him carve it akoochʼákʼwch s/he carves it (every time) tlél akoochʼáakʼwch s/he hasnʼt carved it yet tlél aadé ookg̱aachʼákʼu yé no way can s/he carve it ookg̱achʼákʼun s/he would have carved it akachʼákʼwni if/when s/he carves it akachʼákʼwx̱ s/he carves it (regularly) chʼáchʼx̱ spotted spotted ka-d-l-chʼáchʼx̱ (ga state) for a natural object (wood, rock, etc.) to be spotted

ka-dli-chʼáchʼx̱

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. kadlichʼáchʼx̱ itʼs spotted tlél koolchʼáchʼx̱ itʼs not spotted [does not occur] [does not occur] chʼeesh (2) splash splash, be splashed ka-d-chʼeesh~ (∅ act) for a liquid to splash, be splashed

ka-di-chʼeesh

Leer 1973: 10/260-261 kadachʼéesh it is splashing kawdichʼísh it splashed tlél kawdachʼeesh it didnʼt splash kagux̱dachʼéesh it will splash tlél kagux̱dachʼeesh it wonʼt splash kax̱dachʼeesh let it splash koodachʼeeshch it splashes (every time) tlél koodachʼeeshch it hasnʼt splashed yet tlél aadé koox̱dichʼeeshi yé no way can it splash koox̱dachʼeeshín it would have splashed kadachʼíshni if/when it splashes kadachʼíshx̱ it splashes (regularly) Du yát kawdichʼísh. It splashed his face. splash it (N daadé) O-ka-S-l-chʼeesh~ (∅ act) for S to splash O (on N)

ka-li-chʼeesh

Leer 1973: 10/260-261 (Du daadé) kalachʼísh! Splash it (on her/him)! (Du daadé) kaylachʼísh! You all splash it (on her/him)! Líl (du daadé) keelachʼíshx̱iḵ! Donʼt splash it (on her/him)! Líl (du daadé) kalyachʼíshx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all splash it (on her/him)! (du daadé) aklachʼéesh s/he is splashing it (on her/him) tlél (du daadé) akoolchʼéesh s/he isnʼt splashing it (on her/him) (du daadé) kax̱wlichʼísh I splashed it (on her/him) (du daadé) akawlichʼísh s/he splashed it (on her/him) tlél (du daadé) kax̱wlachʼeesh I didnʼt splash it (on her/him) tlél (du daadé) akawulchʼeesh s/he didnʼt splash it (on her/him) (du daadé) akagux̱lachʼéesh s/he will splash it (on her/him) tlél (du daadé) akagux̱lachʼeesh s/he wonʼt splash it (on her/him) (du daadé) akax̱lachʼeesh let her/him splash it (on her/him) (du daadé) aklachʼeeshch s/he splashes it (on her/him) (every time) tlél (du daadé) akoolchʼeeshch s/he hasnʼt splashed it (on her/him) yet tlél aadé (du daadé) akoox̱lichʼeeshi yé no way can s/he splash it (on her/him) (du daadé) akoox̱lachʼeeshín s/he would have splashed it (on her/him) (du daadé) aklachʼíshni if/when s/he splashes it (on her/him) (du daadé) aklachʼíshx̱ s/he splashes it (on her/him) (regularly) Yáa héen ax̱ daat kaylichʼísh. You splashed some water on me. [Story & Naish 1973: 204] Du daat aklachʼíshni xʼáan yáx̱ du toowú kg̱washx̱éen. If he splashes it on her, sheʼll get angry. chʼeex̱ʼ point (with finger) point (with finger) -chʼeix̱ʼ N-t~ S-∅-chʼéex̱ʼ~ (∅ motion) for S to Noint in the direction of P

ya-chʼeix̱ʼ

Át eechʼíx̱ʼ! Point there! Át yeechʼíx̱ʼ! You all point there! Líl át yichʼéex̱ʼiḵ! Donʼt point there! Líl át yeeychʼéex̱ʼiḵ! Donʼt you all point there! [does not occur] aadé yaa nachʼíx̱ʼ s/heʼs pointing there át x̱waachʼíx̱ʼ I pointed there át iyachʼíx̱ʼ you pointed there át uwachʼíx̱ʼ s/he pointed there át wutuwachʼíx̱ʼ we pointed there át yeeychʼíx̱ʼ you all pointed there át has uwachʼíx̱ʼ they pointed there át aawachʼíx̱ʼ people pointed there tlél át x̱wachʼéex̱ʼ I didnʼt point there tlél át yichʼéex̱ʼ you didnʼt point there tlél át woochʼéex̱ʼ s/he didnʼt point there tlél át wutoochʼéex̱ʼ we didnʼt point there tlél át yeeychʼéex̱ʼ you all didnʼt point there tlél át has woochʼéex̱ʼ they didnʼt point there tlél át aawuchʼéex̱ʼ nobody pointed there át wuchʼéix̱ʼin s/he had pointed there; s/he pointed there (but...) aadé kḵwachʼéex̱ʼ I will point there aadé kg̱eechʼéex̱ʼ you will point there aadé kg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ s/he will point there aadé gax̱toochʼéex̱ʼ we will point there aadé gax̱yichʼéex̱ʼ you all will point there aadé (ha)s gug̱achʼéex̱ʼ they will point there aadé akg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ someone will point there tlél aadé kḵwachʼéex̱ʼ I wonʼt point there tlél aadé kg̱eechʼéex̱ʼ you wonʼt point there tlél aadé kg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ s/he wonʼt point there tlél aadé gax̱toochʼéex̱ʼ we wonʼt point there tlél aadé gax̱yichʼéex̱ʼ you all wonʼt point there tlél aadé (ha)s gug̱achʼéex̱ʼ they wonʼt point there tlél aadé akg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ nobody will point there át ḵachʼéex̱ʼ let me point there át g̱achʼéex̱ʼ let her/him point there át g̱atoochʼéex̱ʼ let us point there át x̱wachʼíx̱ʼch I point there (every time) át eechʼíx̱ʼch you point there (every time) át uchʼíx̱ʼch s/he points there (every time) át toochʼíx̱ʼch we point there (every time) át yeechʼíx̱ʼch you all point there (every time) át has uchʼíx̱ʼch they point there (every time) át oochʼíx̱ʼch people point there (every time) tlél át x̱wachʼíx̱ʼch I havenʼt pointed there yet tlél át eechʼíx̱ʼch you havenʼt pointed there yet tlél át uchʼíx̱ʼch s/he hasnʼt pointed there yet tlél át toochʼíx̱ʼch we havenʼt pointed there yet tlél át yeechʼíx̱ʼch you all havenʼt pointed there yet tlél át has uchʼíx̱ʼch they havenʼt pointed there yet tlél át oochʼíx̱ʼch nobody has pointed there yet tlél aadé át g̱waachʼíx̱ʼi yé no way can s/he point there át g̱wachʼíx̱ʼin s/he would have pointed there át chʼíx̱ʼni if/when s/he points there áx̱ chʼéex̱ʼ s/he points there (regularly) Chʼa tlákw át x̱achʼéix̱ʼ nooch. I always point there. chʼéeyáḵw (2) slow slow O-l-chʼéeyáḵw (ga state) for O to be slow

li-chʼéeyaḵw

Leer 1973: 10/250-251 x̱at lichʼéeyáḵw I am slow lichʼéeyáḵw s/he is slow tlél x̱at ulchʼéeyáḵw Iʼm not slow tlél ulchʼéeyáḵw s/he isnʼt slow kei nalchʼéeyáḵw s/he is starting to slow down; s/he is getting slow wulichʼéeyáḵw s/he got slow tlél wulchʼéeyáḵw s/he didnʼt get slow gux̱lachʼéeyáḵw s/he will be slow tlél gux̱lachʼéeyáḵw s/he wonʼt be slow (chʼa) gax̱lachʼéeyáḵw (just) let her/him be slow galachʼéeyáḵwch s/he gets slow (every time) tlél goolchʼéeyáḵwch s/he hasnʼt gotten slow yet tlél aadé gux̱lichʼéeyág̱u yé no way can s/he be slow gux̱lachʼéeyág̱un s/he would have been slow galachʼéeyákwni if/when s/he gets slow kei lachʼéeyáḵwch s/he gets slow (regularly) Neilyeexʼ yéi jiné aan x̱at lichʼéeyaḵw. Iʼm slow at housework. [Story & Naish 1973: 197] A yáanáx̱ lichʼéeyaḵw: yasátgi shí áwé. Itʼs too slow (that is, you are singing it too slowly): itʼs a fast song. [Story & Naish 1973: 197] Tlax̱ ḵútx̱ wulichʼéeyáḵw. He was entirely too slow. [Leer 1973: 10/251] slow (in speaking or eating) Leer (1973: 10/251) documents this verb as x̱ʼayawlichʼéeyáḵw, having a ya- thematic prefix. Story & Naish (1973: 306) document the verb without the ya- thematic prefix: x̱ʼawlichʼéeyáḵw, and this is how speakers consulted for this project pronounced the verb as well. Please note that both forms are acceptable. O-x̱ʼa-l-chʼéeyáḵw (ga state) for O to be slow in eating or talking

x̱ʼa-li-chʼéeyaḵw

Leer 1973: 10/250-251 x̱at x̱ʼalichʼéeyáḵw I am a slow eater/talker x̱ʼalichʼéeyáḵw s/he is a slow eater/talker tlél x̱at x̱ʼeilchʼéeyáḵw Iʼm not a slow eater/talker tlél x̱ʼeilchʼéeyáḵw s/he isnʼt a slow eater/talker kei x̱ʼanalchʼéeyáḵw s/he is getting to be a slow eater/talker x̱ʼawlichʼéeyáḵw s/he became a slow eater/talker tlél x̱ʼawulchʼéeyáḵw s/he didnʼt become a slow eater/talker x̱ʼagux̱lachʼéeyáḵw s/he will be a slow eater/talker tlél x̱ʼagux̱lachʼéeyáḵw s/he wonʼt be a slow eater/talker (chʼa) x̱ʼagax̱lachʼéeyáḵw (just) let her/him be a slow eater/talker x̱ʼaklachʼéeyáḵwch s/he gets to be a slow eater/talker (every time) tlél x̱ʼagoolchʼéeyáḵwch s/he hasnʼt gotten to be a slow eater/talker yet tlél aadé x̱ʼagoox̱lichʼéeyág̱u yé no way can s/he be a slow eater/talker x̱ʼagoox̱lachʼéeyág̱un s/he would have been a slow eater/talker x̱ʼaklachʼéeyákwni if/when s/he is a slow eater/talker kei x̱ʼalachʼéeyáḵwch s/he gets to be a slow eater/talker (regularly) Atx̱á teen x̱at x̱ʼalichʼéeyaḵw. Iʼm slow in eating / I eat slowly. [Story & Naish 1973: 197] chʼeix̱ʼ (2) point point at it, point it out O-S-∅-chʼéix̱ʼ~ (∅ event) for S to Noint at, point out O

ya-chʼeix̱ʼ

Leer 1973: 10/262-263 Chʼéx̱ʼ! Point at it! Yichʼéx̱ʼ! You all point at it! Líl eechʼéx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt point at it! Líl yichʼéx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all point at it! [does not occur] x̱waachʼéx̱ʼ I pointed at it aawachʼéx̱ʼ s/he pointed at it tlél x̱wachʼéix̱ʼ I didnʼt point at it tlél awuchʼéix̱ʼ s/he didnʼt point at it akg̱wachʼéix̱ʼ s/he will point at it tlél akg̱wachʼéix̱ʼ s/he wonʼt point at it (chʼa) ag̱achʼéix̱ʼ (just) let her/him point at it oochʼéix̱ʼch s/he points at it (every time) tlél oochʼéix̱ʼch s/he hasnʼt pointed at it yet tlél aadé ag̱waachʼéix̱ʼi yé no way can s/he point at it ag̱wachʼéix̱ʼin s/he would have pointed at it achʼéx̱ʼni if/when s/he points at it achʼéx̱ʼx̱ s/he points at it (regularly) Yaakw aawachʼéx̱ʼ. He pointed at the boat. [Story & Naish 1973: 154] Wé at yahaayí chʼíx̱ʼ. Point at the picture. point at a person (with finger) O-ya-S-∅-chʼéex̱ʼ~ (∅ act) for S to Noint at O (with finger)

ya-ya-chʼeix̱ʼ

Leer 1973: 10/262-263 O-ya-S-∅-chʼéix̱ʼ~ (∅ act) Yachʼíx̱ʼ! Point at her/him! Yaychʼíx̱ʼ! You all point at her/him! Líl yeechʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt point at her/him! Líl yaychʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all point at her/him! ayachʼíx̱ʼt s/he is pointing at her/him tlél awoochʼíx̱ʼt s/he isnʼt pointing at her/him yax̱waachʼíx̱ʼ I pointed at her/him ayaawachʼíx̱ʼ s/he pointed at her/him tlél yax̱wachʼéex̱ʼ I didnʼt point at her/him tlél ayawuchʼéex̱ʼ s/he didnʼt point at her/him ayakg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ s/he will point at her/him tlél ayakg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ s/he wonʼt point at her/him (chʼa) ayag̱achʼéex̱ʼ (just) let her/him point at her/him awoochʼéex̱ʼch s/he points at her/him (every time) tlél awoochʼéex̱ʼch s/he hasnʼt pointed at her/him yet tlél aadé awoog̱aachʼéex̱ʼi yé no way can s/he point at her/him awoog̱achʼéex̱ʼin s/he would have pointed at her/him ayachʼíx̱ʼni if/when s/he points at her/him ayachʼíx̱ʼx̱ s/heʼs still pointing at her/him Kudigéiḵ ḵuyaduchʼíx̱ʼx̱i. Itʼs not polite to Noint at Neople. chʼeix̱ʼw (2) dirty, soil soil it, get it dirty O-S-l-chʼéix̱ʼw~ (∅ event) for S to dirty, soil O (esp. clothing or person)

li-chʼeix̱ʼw

Lachʼéx̱ʼw! Get it dirty! Yeeylachʼéx̱ʼw! You all get it dirty! Líl ilachʼéx̱ʼwx̱uḵ! Donʼt get it dirty! Líl yilachʼéx̱ʼwx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all get it dirty! [does not occur] yaa nx̱alachʼéx̱ʼw I am getting it dirty yaa analchʼéx̱ʼw s/heʼs getting it dirty x̱walichʼéx̱ʼw I got it dirty awlichʼéx̱ʼw s/he got it dirty tlél x̱walachʼéix̱ʼw I didnʼt get it dirty tlél awulchʼéix̱ʼw s/he didnʼt get it dirty kuḵalachʼéix̱ʼw I will get it dirty agux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw s/he will get it dirty tlél kuḵalachʼéix̱ʼw I wonʼt get it dirty tlél agux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw s/he wonʼt get it dirty ḵalachʼéix̱ʼw let me get it dirty ax̱lachʼéix̱ʼw let her/him get it dirty x̱walachʼéx̱ʼwch I get it dirty (every time) oolchʼéx̱ʼwch s/he gets it dirty (every time) tlél x̱walachʼéx̱ʼwch I havenʼt gotten it dirty yet tlél oolchʼéx̱ʼwch s/he hasnʼt gotten it dirty yet tlél aadé ḵwalichʼéix̱ʼu yé no way can I get it dirty tlél aadé oox̱lichʼéix̱ʼu yé no way can s/he get it dirty ḵwalachʼéix̱ʼun I would have gotten it dirty oox̱lachʼéix̱ʼun s/he would have gotten it dirty x̱alachʼéx̱ʼwni if/when I get it dirty alchʼéx̱ʼwni if/when s/he gets it dirty x̱alachʼéx̱ʼwx̱ I get it dirty (regularly) alchʼéx̱ʼwx̱ s/he gets it dirty (regularly) Tlél x̱walachʼéix̱ʼw ax̱ dleit kʼoodásʼi. I didnʼt dirty my white shirt. Chʼa tlákw oolchʼéx̱ʼwch du at xáshdi téeli. He always dirties his moccasins. Tlákw áwé alchʼéx̱ʼwx̱ du naa.ádi. She always dirties her clothes. Wé yées yee.át kasʼísayi tlél x̱walachʼéix̱ʼw. I didnʼt dirty the new sheet. dirty (on surface) O-l-chʼéix̱ʼw~ (∅ event) for O to be dirty

li-chʼeix̱ʼw

Ilachʼéx̱ʼw! Get dirty! Yilachʼéx̱ʼw! You all get dirty! Líl ilchʼéx̱ʼx̱uḵ! Donʼt get dirty! Líl yee lachʼéx̱ʼx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all get dirty! [does not occur] yaa x̱at nalchʼéx̱ʼw Iʼm getting dirty yaa inalchʼéx̱ʼw youʼre getting dirty yaa nalchʼéx̱ʼw he/she/it is getting dirty yaa haa nalchʼéx̱ʼw weʼre getting dirty yaa yee nalchʼéx̱ʼw you all are getting dirty yaa (ha)s nalchʼéx̱ʼw they are getting dirty [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱at wulichʼéx̱ʼw Iʼm dirty iwlichʼéx̱ʼw youʼre dirty wulichʼéx̱ʼw he/she/it is dirty haa wlichʼéx̱ʼw weʼre dirty yee wlichʼéx̱ʼw you all are dirty has wulichʼéx̱ʼw theyʼre dirty tlél x̱at wulchʼéix̱ʼw Iʼm not dirty tlél iwulchʼéix̱ʼw youʼre not dirty tlél wulchʼéix̱ʼw s/heʼs not dirty tlél haa wulchʼéix̱ʼw weʼre not dirty tlél yee wulchʼéix̱ʼw you all arenʼt dirty tlél has wulchʼéix̱ʼw theyʼre not dirty tlél ḵuwulchʼéix̱ʼw nobody is dirty x̱at gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw I will get dirty igux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw you will get dirty gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw s/he will get dirty haa gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw we will get dirty yee gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw you all will get dirty has gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw they will get dirty ḵugux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw someone will get dirty tlél x̱at gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw I wonʼt get dirty tlél igux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw you wonʼt get dirty tlél gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw s/he wonʼt get dirty tlél haa gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw we wonʼt get dirty tlél yee gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw you all wonʼt get dirty tlél has gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw they wonʼt get dirty tlél ḵugux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw nobody will get dirty x̱at g̱alachʼéix̱ʼw let me be dirty g̱alachʼéix̱ʼw let her/him be dirty haa g̱alachʼéix̱ʼw let us be dirty x̱at ulchʼéx̱ʼwch I get dirty (every time) eelchʼéx̱ʼwch you get dirty (every time) ulchʼéx̱ʼwch s/he gets dirty (every time) haa ulchʼéx̱ʼwch we get dirty (every time) yee ulchʼéx̱ʼwch you all get dirty (every time) has ulchʼéx̱ʼwch they get dirty (every time) ḵoolchʼéx̱ʼwch someone gets dirty (every time) tlél x̱at ulchʼéx̱ʼwch I havenʼt gotten dirty yet tlél eelchʼéx̱ʼwch you havenʼt gotten dirty yet tlél ulchʼéx̱ʼwch he/she/it hasnʼt gotten dirty yet tlél haa ulchʼéx̱ʼwch we havenʼt gotten dirty yet tlél yee ulchʼéx̱ʼwch you all havenʼt gotten dirty yet tlél has ulchʼéx̱ʼwch they havenʼt gotten dirty yet tlél ḵoolchʼéx̱ʼwch nobody has gotten dirty yet tlél aadé ux̱lichʼéix̱ʼu yé no way can s/he get dirty ux̱lachʼéix̱ʼun s/he would have gotten dirty lachʼéx̱ʼwni if/when s/he gets dirty lachʼéx̱ʼwx̱ he/she/it gets dirty (regularly) daa ¹ (6) flow, rise (tide), bleed, run (nose) flow there; flood it (of tide) N-náx̱ ya-∅-daa~ (∅ motion) for water, the tide to flow through N; for water, the tide to flood P

ya-daa

[does not occur] anax̱ yaa yanadéin itʼs flowing there anax̱ yaawadáa it flowed there tlél anax̱ yawudá it didnʼt flow there anax̱ yakg̱wadáa it will flow there tlél anax̱ yakg̱wadaa it wonʼt flow there anax̱ yag̱adaa (dé) let it flow there (now) anax̱ yoodáaych it flows there (every time) tlél anax̱ woodáaych it hasnʼt flowed there yet tlél aadé anax̱ yag̱waadaayi yé no way can it flow there anax̱ yag̱wadaayín it would have flowed there anax̱ yadéini if/when it flows there [does not occur] Ax̱ sélʼ kinaak.ádi tóonáx̱ yaawadáa wé séew. The rain leaked through my raincoat. rise, come in (of tide) daaḵ ∅-daa~ (∅ motion) for the tide to rise, come in

ya-daa

[does not occur] daaḵ nadéin the tide is coming in daaḵ uwadáa the tide is in [does not occur] daaḵ gug̱adáa the tide will rise [does not occur] [does not occur] daaḵ udáaych the tide comes in (every time) tlél daaḵ udáaych the tide hasnʼt come in yet [does not occur] [does not occur] daaḵ déini if/when the tide comes in [does not occur] flow (water, blood); run (of nose) VII ka-∅-daa~ (na motion) for water, blood to flow; for a nose to run

ka-ya-daa

kanaadaa itʼs flowing yaa kanadéin itʼs starting to flow kaawadaa it flowed; itʼs flowing tlél kawudaa it didnʼt flow; itʼs not flowing kakg̱wadáa it will flow tlél kakg̱wadaa it wonʼt flow kang̱adaa let it flow kanadéich it flows (every time) tlél koonadéich it hasnʼt flowed yet tlél aadé koong̱aadaayi yé no way can it flow koong̱adaayín it would have flowed kanadéini if/when it flows yoo kayadéik it flows (regularly) Héen tlél kawudaa, wudlitʼíxʼ. The water isnʼt flowing, itʼs frozen. Tle yaadé yoo kayadéik. It flows here. Ax̱ lú kaawadaa. My nose is running. Ldakát tsʼootaat áwé shí du lóot kanadéich. Every morning his nose bleeds. g̱ílʼ yáx̱ kanaadaa wé héen. The water is flowing down the face of the rock cliff. Du tlʼátgi dagiygé áwé héenákʼw áx̱ kanaadaa. A small stream flows in the middle of her land. rise (of water level, tide) kei ∅-daa~ (∅ motion) for water level, tide to rise

ya-daa

[does not occur] kei nadéin itʼs rising kei uwadáa it rose tlél kei wudá it didnʼt kei kg̱wadáa it will rise tlél kei kg̱wadaa it wonʼt [does not occur] kei udáaych it rises (every time) tlél kei udáaych it hasnʼt risen yet tlél aadé kei g̱waadaayi yé no way can it rise kei g̱wadaayín it would have risen kei déini if/when it rises [does not occur] Tlél aadé kei g̱waadaayi yé, tlél séew daak ustaanch ách áwé. Thereʼs no way the water level can rise because it hasnʼt rained yet. Áyáx̱ kei uwadáa wé yaakw héende wusx̱óotʼi. The tide is just right for putting the boat in the water. bleed, run (of nose) To say "my nose is running", replace shí "blood" throughout the paradigm with héen "water", as in: héen ax̱ lóot uwadáa. shí N lóot~ ∅-daa~ (∅ motion) for Nʼs nose to bleed

---

[does not occur] shí du lóode yaa nadéin his/her nose is starting to bleed shí ax̱ lóot uwadáa my nose is bleeding shí du lóot uwadáa his/her nose is bleeding; his/her nose bled tlél shí ax̱ lóot wudá my nose isnʼt bleeding; my nose didnʼt bleed tlél shí du lóot wudá his/her nose isnʼt bleeding; his/her nose didnʼt bleed shí du lóode kg̱wadáa his/her nose is going to bleed tlél shí du lóode kg̱wadaa his/her nose isnʼt going to bleed shí du lóot g̱adaa let his/her nose bleed shí du lóot udáaych his/her nose bleeds (every time) tlél shí du lóot udáaych his/her nose hasnʼt bled yet tlél aadé shí du lóot g̱waadaayi yé no way can his/her nose bleed shí du lóot g̱wadaayín his/her nose would have bled shí du lóot déini if/when his/her nose bleeds shí du lóox̱ daa his/her nose bleeds (regularly) Ldakát yagiyee shí du lóot udáaych. Her nose bleeds every day. Shí ax̱ lóot déini doctor x̱ánde x̱at yagax̱dux̱áa. If my nose bleeds theyʼll take me to the doctor. rise (of water level); flow (of water) II N-t~ ka-∅-daa~ (∅ motion) for water to flow, rise to N

ka-ya-daa

[does not occur] wé héen aadé yaa kanadéin the water level is starting to rise to there wé héen át kaawadáa the water level rose to there wé héen tlél át kawudá the water level didnʼt rise to there wé héen aadé kakg̱wadáa the water level will rise to there wé héen tlél aadé kakg̱wadaa the water level wonʼt rise to there wé héen át kag̱adaa let the water level rise to there wé héen át koodáaych the water level rises to there (every time) wé héen tlél át koodáaych the water level hasnʼt risen to there yet wé héen tlél aadé át koog̱aadaayi yé no way can the water level rise to there wé héen át koog̱adaayín the water level would have risen to there wé héen át kadéini if/when the water level rises to there wé héen áx̱ kadaa the water level rises to there (regularly) Yeisú át kaawadáa. Itʼs still rising. Át kadéini át shután wé héen. When it reaches tha level, turn off the water. daa ² (3) used to, watch watch, keep an eye on her/him/it II N káa yan~ ya-u-S-∅-daa~ (∅ motion) for S to keep an eye on, watch N

A- + ya-ya-daa

A káa yan woodá! Keep an eye on her/him/it! A káa yan yaydá! You all keep an eye on her/him/it! Líl a káa yax̱ yeedaayíḵ! Donʼt keep an eye on her/him/it! Lil a káa yax̱ yaydaayíḵ! Donʼt you all keep an eye on her/him/it! [does not occur] a káa yan yax̱waadáa I kept an eye on her/him/it a káa yan yaawadáa s/he kept an eye on her/him/it tlél a káa yan yax̱wadá I didnʼt keep an eye on her/him/it tlél a káa yan yawudá s/he didnʼt keep an eye on her/him/it a káa yánde yakg̱wadáa s/he will keep an eye on her/him/it tlél a káa yánde yakg̱wadaa s/he wonʼt keep an eye on her/him/it (chʼa) a káa yan yag̱adaa (just) let her/him keep an eye on her/him/it a káa yan yoodáaych s/he keeps an eye on her/him/it (every time) tlél a káa yan yoodáaych s/he hasnʼt kept an eye on her/him/it yet tlél aadé a káa yan yoog̱aadaayi yé no way can s/he keep an eye on her/him/it a káa yan yoog̱adaayín s/he would have kept an eye on her/him/it a káa yan woodéini if/when s/he keeps an eye on her/him/it a káa yax̱ woodaa s/he keeps an eye on her/him/it (regularly) Tlél wáa sá kg̱watee a káa yan woodéini. It will be OK if he keeps an eye on it. watch, keep an eye on her/him/it N kát~ ya-u-S-∅-daa~ (∅ act) for S to keep an eye on , watch N

A- + ya-ya-daa

A kát woodá! Keep an eye on her/him/it! A kát yaydá! You all keep an eye on her/him/it! Líl a káx̱ yeedaayíḵ! Donʼt keep an eye on her/him/it! Líl a káx̱ yaydaayíḵ! Donʼt you all keep an eye on her/him/it! a kát woox̱adéin Iʼm keeping an eye on her/him/it a kát woodéin s/he is keeping an eye on her/him/it tlél a kát woox̱adéin Iʼm not keeping an eye on her/him/it! tlél a kát woodéin s/he isnʼt keeping an eye on her/him/it a kát yax̱waadáa I kept an eye on her/him/it a kát yaawadáa s/he kept an eye on her/him/it tlél a kát yax̱wadá I didnʼt keep an eye on her/him/it tlél a kát yawudá s/he didnʼt keep an eye on her/him/it a kaadé yakg̱wadáa s/he will keep an eye on her/him/it tlél a kaadé yakg̱wadaa s/he wonʼt keep an eye on her/him/it a kát yag̱adaa let her/him keep an eye on her/him/it a kát woodáaych s/he keeps an eye on her/him/it (every time) tlél a kát woodáaych s/he hasnʼt kept an eye on her/him/it yet tlél aadé a kát woog̱aadaayi yé no way can s/he keep an eye on her/him/it a kát woog̱adaayín s/he would have kept an eye on her/him/it a kát woodéini if/when s/he keeps an eye on her/him/it a káx̱ woodaa s/he keeps an eye on her/him/it (regularly) Du yátxʼi gáanxʼ has ash koolyát a kát woodéin. Heʼs keeping an eye on his children playing outside. used to it, accustomed to it (pronunciation or flavor of something) N x̱ʼéix̱ ∅-daa~ (na event) for N to become used to, accustomed to it (of manner of speech or flavor of food)

ḵaa x̱ʼéi-x̱ + ya-daa

I x̱ʼéix̱ nadá! Get used to it! Yee x̱ʼéix̱ nadá! You all get used to it! [does not occur] du x̱ʼéix̱ yaa nadéin s/he is getting used to it ax̱ x̱ʼéix̱ woodaa I got used to it du x̱ʼéix̱ woodaa s/he got used to it tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ wudaa s/he didnʼt get used to it du x̱ʼéix̱ gug̱adáa s/he will get used to it tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ gug̱adaa s/he wonʼt get used to it du x̱ʼéix̱ nag̱adaa let her/him get used to it du x̱ʼéix̱ nadéich s/he gets used to it (every time) tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ unadéich s/he hasnʼt gotten used to it yet tlél aadé du x̱ʼéix̱ nag̱waadaayi yé no way can s/he get used to it du x̱ʼéix̱ nag̱wadaayín s/he would have gotten used to it du x̱ʼéix̱ nadéini it/when s/he gets used to it du x̱ʼéix̱ yoo yadéik s/he gets used to it (regularly) Wé kʼínkʼ tlél aadé du x̱ʼéix̱ nag̱waadaayi yé. She canʼt get used to eating the stink heads. daakw render render down (for oil) (esp. seal blubber) a-S-∅-daakw~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to render something down (for oil) (esp. seal blubber)

a-ya-daakw

Adákw! Render it! Líl eedákwx̱uḵ! Donʼt render it! adáakw s/he is rendering it ax̱waadákw I rendered it aawadákw s/he rendered it tlél ax̱wadaakw I didnʼt render it tlél awudaakw s/he didnʼt render it akg̱wadáakw s/he will render it tlél akg̱wadaakw s/he wonʼt render it ag̱adákw let her/him render it oodákwch s/he renders it (every time) tlél oodákwch s/he hasnʼt rendered it yet tlél aadé oog̱aadágu yé no way can s/he render it oog̱adágun s/he would have rendered it adákwni if/when s/he renders it adákwx̱ s/he is trying to render it Tsaa taayí aawadákw. He rendered seal oil. [Story & Naish 1973: 171] Agax̱toodáakw. We are going to render it down. [Story & Naish 1973: 171] Kʼidéin ashigóok, chʼa hóoch ag̱adákw. He knows how to do it real well, let him render it. daaḵ ¹ sober up, come to sober up, regain consciousness, come to N daa a-∅-daaḵ~ (na event) for N to sober up

ḵaa daa a-ya-daaḵ

I daa anadaaḵ (dé)! Sober up (now)! Yee daa anadaaḵ (dé)! You all sober up (now)! [does not occur] du daa yaa anadáḵ s/he is beginning to sober up ax̱ daa aawadaaḵ I sobered up du daa aawadaaḵ s/he sobered up tlél ax̱ daa awudaaḵ I didnʼt sober up tlél du daa awudaaḵ s/he didnʼt sober up du daa akg̱wadáaḵ s/he will sober up tlél du daa akg̱wadaaḵ s/he wonʼt sober up du daa ang̱adaaḵ let her/him sober up du daa anadáḵch s/he sobers up (every time) tlél du daa oonadáḵch s/he hasnʼt sobered up yet tlél aadé du daa ang̱waadaag̱i yé no way can s/he sober up du daa ang̱wadaag̱ín s/he would have sobered up du daa anadáḵni if/when s/he sobers up du daa yoo ayadáḵk s/he sobers up (regularly) Si.aatʼi héen du kát akaawax̱ích du daa ang̱adaaḵt. She threw cold water on him to sober him up. Yéi jiné du jeet yéi kḵwatée du daa anadáḵni . When he sobers up Iʼll give him a job. Daa akg̱wadáaḵ. Heʼs going to get back to his senses. [Story & Naish 1973:52] ḵaa daa yaa anadáḵ. Heʼs coming to/coming back to consciousness after drinking. [Story & Naish 1973:52] daaḵ ² move, migrate migrate, move household (permanantly) kei O-s-daaḵ~ (∅ motion) for O to move household (permanently), migrate

si-daaḵ

[does not occur] aax̱ kei x̱at wusidáḵ I moved from there aax̱ kei wsidáḵ s/he moved from there tlél aax̱ kei x̱at wusdaaḵ I didnʼt move from there tlél aax̱ kei wusdaaḵ s/he didnʼt move from there aax̱ kei gux̱sadáaḵ s/he will move from there tlél aax̱ kei gux̱sadaaḵ s/he wonʼt move from there tlél aax̱ kei usdaaḵch s/he hasnʼt moved from there yet tlél aadé aax̱ kei ux̱sidaag̱i yé no way can s/he move from there aax̱ kei ux̱sadaag̱ín s/he would have moved from there aax̱ kei isdáḵni if/when s/he moves from there Tléi chʼáakw x̱á wé aatx̱ kei haa wsidáḵ. It was a long time ago that we migrated from there. wé aax̱ kei haa wsidaḵi yé the place where we migrated from Tlél yáadáx̱ kei has wusdaaḵ. They didnʼt migrate from here. Tlákw Aandáx̱ haat haa wsidáḵ. We migrated here from Klukwan. daalʼ type type it O-ka-S-l-dáalʼ~ (∅ act) for S to type O

ka-li-daalʼ

Kaladálʼ! Type it! Kayladálʼ! You all type it! Líl keeldáalʼiḵ! Donʼt type it! Líl kayildáalʼiḵ! Donʼt you all type it! kax̱ladáalʼ Iʼm typing it; I type it akladáalʼ s/he is typing it tlél koox̱ladáalʼ Iʼm not typing it tlél akooldáalʼ s/he doesnʼt type it; s/he isnʼt typing it yaa kanax̱ladálʼ I am (in the process of) typing it yaa akanaldálʼ s/he is (in the process of) typing it akladáalʼin s/he used to type it kax̱wlidálʼ I typed it akawlidálʼ s/he typed it tlél kax̱wladáalʼ I didnʼt type it tlél akawuldáalʼ s/he didnʼt type it kakḵwaladáalʼ I will type it akagux̱ladáalʼ s/he will type it tlél kakḵwaladáalʼ I wonʼt type it tlél akagux̱ladáalʼ s/he wonʼt type it kaḵladáalʼ let me type it akax̱ladáalʼ let her/him type it akladáalʼ nooch s/he always types it koox̱ladáalʼch I type it (every time) akooldáalʼch s/he types it (every time) tlél koox̱ladáalʼch I havenʼt typed it yet tlél akooldáalʼch s/he hasnʼt typed it yet tlél aadé akoox̱lidáalʼi yé no way can s/he type it akoox̱ladáalʼin s/he would have typed it akladálʼni if/when s/he types it akladálʼx̱ s/he types it (regularly) Ax̱ jeeyís xʼwán keeldálʼ! Type this for me! daan snow snow heavily a-ya-ka-∅-dáan~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for it to snow heavily

ya-ka-ya-daan

Leer 1973: 05/32-33 yaa ayakanadán itʼs starting to snow heavily ayakaawadán itʼs snowing heavily; it snowed heavily tlél ayakawudáan itʼs not snowing heavily; it didnʼt snow heavily ayakakg̱wadáan it will snow heavily tlél ayakakg̱wadáan it wonʼt snow heavily (chʼa) ayakag̱adán (just) let it snow heavily ayakoodánch it snows heavily (every time) tlél ayakoodánch it hasnʼt snowed heavily yet ayakadánni if/when it snows heavily ayakadánx̱ it snows heavily (regularly) Dleit ayakadánni ax̱ dleit xwéini aax̱ daak kuḵwasaḵóox̱. If it snows heavily, Iʼll have to get my snow blower out. daasʼ snare snare it O-S-d-l-dáasʼ~ (∅ event) for S to snare O

dli-daasʼ

Eeldásʼ! Snare it! Yeeldásʼ! You all snare it! Líl eeldásʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt snare it! Líl yeeldásʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt snare it! [does not occur] x̱wadlidásʼ I snared it awdlidásʼ s/he snared it tlél awuldáasʼ s/he didnʼt snare it akg̱waldáasʼ s/he will snare it tlél akg̱waldáasʼ s/he wonʼt snare it ag̱aldáasʼ let her/him snare it ooldáasʼch s/he snares it (every time) tlél ooldáasʼch s/he hasnʼt snared it yet tlél aadé oox̱dlidáasʼi yé no way can s/he snare it oog̱aldáasʼin s/he would have snared it aldásʼni if/when s/he snares it aldásʼx̱ s/he snares it (regularly) Aldásʼni haa atx̱aayí sákw. If he snares it, it will be our dinner. Tlél aadé oox̱dlidáasʼi yé ḵúdáx̱ yaa ḵuwdzigéi wé nukshiyáan. He canʼt snare that weasel, itʼs too smart. dáskw quick-tempered quick-tempered Note that Leer (1976: 325) documents this verb slightly differently (without the u- thematic prefix): tukayadáskw and translates it as "easily embarassed". The speaker consulted here, however translates this verb as "quick-tempered." O-tu-ka-u-∅-dáskw (ga state) for O to be quick-tempered

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Leer 1976: 325 Líl itukoodásguḵ! Donʼt be quick-tempered! Líl yee tukoodásguḵ! Donʼt you all be quick-tempered! x̱at tukuwadáskw I am quick-tempered tukuwadáskw s/he is quick-tempered tlél x̱at tukoodáskw Iʼm not quick-tempered tlél tukoodáskw s/he isnʼt quick-tempered kei tukunadáskw s/he is getting to be quick-tempered tukaawadáskw s/he was quick-tempered tlél tukawudáskw s/he wasnʼt quick-tempered kei tukakg̱wadáskw s/he will be quick-tempered tlél kei tukakg̱wadáskw s/he wonʼt be quick-tempered (chʼa) tukakg̱adáskw (just) let her/him be quick-tempered tukagadáskwch s/he gets to be quick-tempered (every time) tlél tukoogadáskwch s/he hasnʼt gotten to be quick-tempered yet tukugadáskwni if/when s/he is quick-tempered kei tukadáskwch s/he is quick-tempered (regularly) ḵúdáx̱ tukuwadáskw, tlél ax̱ tuwáa ushgú ax̱ yaagú yík átx̱ x̱walayeix̱í. Heʼs too quick-tempered, I donʼt want to use him on my boat. Tukugadáskwni yan latsʼén. If he gets quick-tempered, leave him alone. Hél ḵaa tuwáa ushgú ḵaa x̱ooníx̱ wudulyeix̱í ḵúdáx̱ tukuwadáskw. Nobody wants to make friends with him because heʼs too quick-tempered. Ldakát yagiyee at danaayí áwé tukagadáskwch. Every time he drinks he gets to be quick-tempered. deekʼ (2) constipate constipate her/him; plug it O-S-s-déekʼ~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to constipate, plug O

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Leer 1973: 05/122-123 [does not occur] ash wusidíkʼ it constipated her/him tlél ash wusdéekʼ it didnʼt constipate her/him ash gux̱sadéekʼ it will constipate her/him tlél ash gux̱sadéekʼ it wonʼt constipate her/him (chʼa) ash g̱asdíkʼ (just) let it constipate her/him ash usdíkʼch it constipates her/him (every time) tlél ash usdíkʼch it hasnʼt constipated her/him yet tlél aadé ash ux̱sidíkʼi yé no way can it constipate her/him ash ux̱sadíkʼin it would have constipated her/him ash sadíkʼni if/when it constipates her/him ash sadíkʼx̱ it constipates her/him (regularly) Sakwnéin awux̱aayí áwé ash sadíkʼx̱. When he eats bread, it constipates him. constipated, plugged O-d-s-déekʼ~ (∅ event; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for O to be constipated, plugged

dzi-deekʼ

Leer 1973: 05/122-123 [does not occur] yaa nasdíkʼ s/he is getting constipated x̱at wudzidíkʼ I am constipated wudzidíkʼ s/he is constipated tlél x̱at wusdéekʼ Iʼm not constipated tlél wusdéekʼ s/heʼs not constipated gug̱asdéekʼ s/he is going to be constipated tlél gug̱asdéekʼ s/he isnʼt going to be constipated (chʼa) g̱asdíkʼ (just) let her/him be constipated usdíkʼch s/he gets constipated (every time) tlél usdíkʼch s/he hasnʼt gotten constipated yet tlél aadé ux̱dzidíkʼi yé no way can s/he be constipated g̱wasdíkʼin s/he would have been constipated isdíkʼni if/when s/he gets constipated isdíkʼx̱ s/he gets constipated (regularly) tlel usdíkʼx̱ s/he never gets constipated Wé náakw tuwáadáx̱ áwé tlél usdíkʼx̱. Because of the medicine, he never gets constipated. dees shine shine (of moon) a-d-l-dées (g̱a event) for the moon to shine

a-dli-dees

[does not occur] [does not occur] awdlidées the moon is shining tlél awuldées the moon isnʼt shining yei akg̱waldées the moon will shine tlél yei akg̱waldées the moon wonʼt shine ag̱aag̱aldées let the moon shine ag̱aldéesch the moon shines (every time) tlél oog̱aldéesch the moon hasnʼt shone yet [does not occur] [does not occur] ag̱aldéesni if/when the moon shines yei aldéesch the moon shines (regularly) deexʼ (2) cork up, shut, cover cork it up (bottle); shut, cover his/her/its mouth O-x̱ʼe-S-∅-déexʼ~ (∅ event) for S to cork up (bottle), shut mouth of O

x̱ʼa-ya-deexʼ

x̱ʼadíxʼ! Cork it up! x̱ʼaydíxʼ You all cork it up! Líl x̱ʼeedíxʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt cork it up! Líl x̱ʼaydíxʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all cork it up! [does not occur] x̱ʼax̱waadíxʼ I corked it up ax̱ʼeiwadíxʼ s/he corked it up tlél x̱ʼax̱wadéexʼ I didnʼt cork it up tlél ax̱ʼawudéexʼ s/he didnʼt cork it up x̱ʼakḵwadéexʼ I will cork it up ax̱ʼakg̱wadéexʼ s/he will cork it up tlél x̱ʼakḵwadéexʼ I wonʼt cork it up tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wadéexʼ s/he wonʼt cork it up x̱ʼaḵadéexʼ let me cork it up ax̱ʼag̱adéexʼ let her/him cork it up x̱ʼux̱adíxʼch I cork it up (every time) ax̱ʼeidíxʼch s/he corks it up (every time) tlél x̱ʼux̱adíxʼch I havenʼt corked it up yet tlél ax̱ʼeidíxʼch s/he hasnʼt corked it up yet tlél aadé x̱ʼaḵwaadéexʼi yé no way can I cork it up tlél aadé ax̱ʼag̱waadéexʼi yé no way can s/he cork it up x̱ʼaḵwadéexʼin I would have corked it up ax̱ʼag̱wadéexʼin s/he would have corked it up x̱ʼax̱adíxʼni if/when I cork it up ax̱ʼadíxʼni if/when s/he corks it up x̱ʼax̱adíxʼx̱ I cork it up (regularly) ax̱ʼadíxʼx̱ s/he corks it up (regularly) plug it (a hole) O-S-∅-déexʼ~ (∅ event) for S to Nlug up O (a hole in a surface)

ya-deexʼ

I gúk díxʼ! Plug your ears! Yee gúk yidíxʼ! You all plug your ears! Líl i gúk idíxʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt plug your ears! Líl yee gúk yidíxʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all plug your ears! [does not occur] ax̱ gúk x̱waadíxʼ I plugged my ears du gúk aawadíxʼ s/he plugged his/her ears tlél ax̱ gúk x̱wadéexʼ I didnʼt plug my ears tlél du gúk awudéexʼ s/he didnʼt plug his/her ears du gúk akg̱wadéexʼ s/he will plug his/her ears tlél du gúk akg̱wadéexʼ s/he wonʼt plug his/her ears du gúk ag̱adéexʼ let her/him plug his/her ears du gúk oodíxʼch s/he plugs his/her ears (every time) tlél du gúk oodíxʼch s/he hasnʼt plugged his/her ears yet tlél aadé du gúk oog̱aadéexʼi yé no way can s/he plug his/her ears du gúk oog̱adéexʼin s/he would have plugged his/her ears du gúk adíxʼni if/when s/he plugs his/her ears du gúk adíxʼx̱ s/he plugs his/her ears (regularly) x̱ʼax̱waadíxʼ. I covered her mouth. Wé x̱aawag̱ei eetí gax̱toodéexʼ. We are going to stuff up the hole in the window. [Story & Naish 1973: 154] deil watch watch, keep watch, keep a lookout II yan~ a-S-∅-deil~ (∅ motion) for S to keep watch, keep a lookout

yan a-ya-deil

Yan adél! Keep watch! Yan aydél! You all keep watch! Líl yax̱ eedeilíḵ! Donʼt keep watch! Líl yax̱ aydeilíḵ! Donʼt you all keep watch! [does not occur] yan ax̱waadél I kept watch yan aawadél s/he kept watch tlél yan ax̱wadeil I didnʼt keep watch tlél yan awudeil s/he didnʼt keep watch yánde akg̱wadéil s/he will keep watch tlél yánde akg̱wadeil s/he wonʼt keep watch (chʼa) yan ag̱adeil (just) let her/him keep watch yan oodeilch s/he keeps watch (every time) tlél yan oodeilch s/he hasnʼt kept watch yet tlél aadé yan ag̱waadeili yé no way can s/he keep watch yan ag̱wadeilín s/he would have kept watch yan adélni if/when s/he keeps watch yax̱ adeil s/he keeps watch (regularly) Wé keitl áxʼ yax̱ adeil wé hít. The dog keeps watch there over the house. Sháal káx̱ yan aawadél. He watched the fishtrap. [Story & Naish 1973: 243] A káx̱ yan ax̱waadél. I kept watch over it. dlaaḵ get, succeed, accomplish, defeat, win win, gain, get, obtain it; acquire it; succeed, accomplish it; defeat her/him/it O-ya-S-∅-dlaaḵ~ (na event) for S to gain, get, obtain, acquire O; for S to succeed, accomplish O; for S to defeat, beat O

ya-ya-dlaaḵ

The prohibitive forms "Donʼt win it!" require context in order to make sense. An example would be this statement, said jokingly: Líl yoo yeedláḵgiḵ - yakḵwadláaḵ! "Donʼt win it - Iʼm going to win it!" Yanadlaaḵ! Win it! Yanaydlaaḵ! You all win it! Líl yoo yeedláḵgiḵ! Donʼt win it! Líl yoo yaydláḵgiḵ! Donʼt you all win it! [does not occur] yax̱waadlaaḵ I won it ayaawadlaaḵ s/he won it tlél yax̱wadlaaḵ I didnʼt win it tlél ayawudlaaḵ s/he didnʼt win it yakḵwadláaḵ I will win it ayakg̱wadláaḵ s/he will win it tlél yakḵwadlaaḵ I wonʼt win it tlél ayakg̱wadlaaḵ s/he wonʼt win it yanḵadlaaḵ let me win it ayang̱adlaaḵ let her/him win it yanx̱adláḵch I win it (every time) ayanadláḵch s/he wins it (every time) tlél yoonx̱adláḵch I havenʼt won it yet tlél awunadláḵch s/he hasnʼt won it yet tlél aadé yoonḵaadlaag̱i yé no way can I win it tlél aadé ayang̱waadlaag̱i yé no way can s/he win it yoonḵadlaag̱ín I would have won it ayang̱wadlaag̱ín s/he would have won it yanx̱adláḵni if/when I win it ayanadláḵni if/when s/he wins it yoo yax̱aadláḵk I win it (regularly) yoo ayaadláḵk s/he wins it (regularly) dlaan (2) deep deep (of water, snow, etc.) ∅-dlaan~ (g̱a state) for water, snow, etc. to be deep, to be piled thickly

ya-dlaan

This verb is one of a very small set of dimensional verbs with extensional imperfective forms (Leer, 1991). It is distinguished by an imperfective form whch requires the g̱a- conjugation prefix. g̱aadlaan itʼs deep tlél g̱wadlaan itʼs not deep yei nadlán itʼs getting deep woodlaan it became deep tlél wudlaan it didnʼt become deep yei kg̱wadláan it will get deep tlél yei kg̱wadlaan it wonʼt get deep [does not occur] g̱adlánch it gets deep (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé g̱waadlaani yé no way can it get deep g̱wadlaanín it would have gotten deep g̱adlánni if/when it gets deep yei dlánch it gets deep (regularly) deep, thick, piled up (of snow, pine needles, etc) yan~ ka-∅-dlaan~ (∅ motion) for grain-like objects, pine needles, snow to be deep, thick, pile up

ka-ya-dlaan

Note that some forms above require context in order to make sense. For example the hortative form: yan kag̱adlaan might be said in the context "let the snow pile up more before you go out and shovel". [does not occur] yánde yaa kanadlán itʼs beginning to Nile up yan kaawadlán itʼs piled up tlél yan kawudlaan itʼs not piled up; it didnʼt stick (of snow) yánde kakg̱wadláan itʼs going to Nile up tlél yánde kakg̱wadlaan itʼs not going to Nile up yan kag̱adlaan let it pile up yan koodlaanch it piles up (every time) tlél yan koodlaanch it hasnʼt piled up yet tlél aadé yan kag̱waadlaani yé no way can it pile up yan kag̱wadlaanín it would have piled up yan kadlánni if/when it piles up [does not occur] Yánde yaa kanadlán wé dleit, déix̱ aa yagiyee áyá daak wusitán. The snow is beginning to Nile up, itʼs the second day itʼs been snowing. Wéi shaa kei wushtóogu, kélʼt yánde yaa kanadlán. When the mountain erupts, ash begins to Nile up. Yan kawudlaaní tsá wéi dleit aag̱áa tsá nag̱ilatlʼéet. When the snow piles up, then you can shovel. dléigu (2) shake hands, pat pat, pet her/him (esp. under chin or on back, to express affection) O-S-l-dléigu (na act) for S to Nat, pet O (esp. under chin or on back, to express affection)

li-dléigoo

Naldléigu! Pat her/him! Nayladléigu! You all pat her/him! Líl iladléiguḵ! Donʼt pat her/him! Líl yiladléiguḵ! Donʼt you all pat her/him! x̱aladléigu I am patting her/him aldléigu s/he is patting her/him x̱walidléigu I patted her/him awlidléigu s/he patted her/him tlél x̱waladléigu I didnʼt pat her/him tlél awuldléigu s/he didnʼt pat her/him agux̱ladléigu s/he will pat her/him tlél agux̱ladléigu s/he wonʼt pat her/him anax̱ladléigu let her/him pat her/him analdléiguch s/he pats her/him (every time) tlél oonaldléiguch s/he hasnʼt patted her/him yet tlél aadé oonax̱lidléigu yé no way can s/he pat her/him oonax̱ladléigun s/he would have patted her/him analdléikwni if/when s/he pats her/him yoo alidléikwk s/he pats her/him (regularly) Analdléikwni, táach gug̱wajáak. If she pats him, heʼll fall asleep. Át anasnúkni agux̱ladléigu. When he carries her around, he will pat her (putting baby to sleep). Tʼukanéiyi aldléigu. Sheʼs rocking/patting the baby. [Story & Naish 1973:146] Du x̱ʼásʼ x̱walidléigu. I patted her on the chin (esp. grandparent, of child). [Story & Naish 1973:146] shake hands with her/him N jín S-l-dléigu (na act) for S to shake hands with N

ḵaa jín + li-dléigoo

Du jín naldléigu! Shake his/her hand! Du jín nayladléigu! You all shake his/her hand! Líl du jín iladléiguḵ! Donʼt shake his/her hand! Líl du jín yiladléiguḵ! Donʼt you all shake his/her hand! du jín x̱aladléigu I am shaking his/her hand du jín aldléigu s/he is shaking his/her hand tlél du jín ooldléigu s/he isnʼt shaking his/her hand du jín x̱walidléigu I shook his/her hand du jín awlidléigu s/he shook his/her hand tlél du jín awuldléigu s/he didnʼt shake his/her hand du jín agux̱ladléigu s/he will shake his/her hand tlél du jín agux̱ladléigu s/he wonʼt shake his/her hand du jín anax̱ladléigu let her/him shake his/her hand du jín analdléiguch s/he shakes his/her hand (every time) tlél du jín oonaldléiguch s/he hasnʼt shaken his/her hand yet tlél aadé du jín oonax̱lidléigu yé no way can s/he shake his/her hand du jín oonax̱ladléigun s/he would have shaken his/her hand du jín analdléikwni if/when s/he shakes his/her hand du jín yoo alidléiguk s/he shakes his/her hand (regularly) Tlél aadé du jín oonax̱lidléigu yé, du jín woolʼéexʼ. He canʼt shake his hand, his hand is broken. Ldakát át kei kg̱wakʼéi du jín awuldléigu. If he shakes his hand, everything will be ok. dleikw scare scare, startle her/him/it O-S-l-dléikw~ (∅ event) for S to scare O

li-dleikw

Ladlékw! Scare her/him! Yiladlékw! You all scare her/him! Líl iladlékwx̱uḵ! Donʼt scare her/him! Líl yiladlékwx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all scare her/him! [does not occur] x̱walidlékw I scared her/him awlidlékw s/he scared her/him tlél x̱waladléikw I didnʼt scare her/him tlél awuldléikw s/he didnʼt scare her/him agux̱ladléikw s/he will scare her/him tlél agux̱ladléikw s/he wonʼt scare her/him (chʼa) ax̱ladléikw (just) let her/him scare her/him ooldléikwch he/she/it scares her/him/it (every time) tlél ooldléikwch s/he hasnʼt scared her/him yet tlél aadé oox̱lidléigu yé no way can s/he scare her/him oox̱ladléigun s/he would have scared her/him aldlékwni if/when s/he scares her/him aldlékwx̱ s/he scares her/him (regularly) x̱at yilidlékw. You scared me. dlénx̱aa tempt, try, test tempt her/him; test her/him/it; try it out O-ka-u-S-∅-dlénx̱aa (na act) for S to tempt, try out, test O

ka-ya-dlénx̱aa

Kanadlénx̱aa! Tempt her/him! Kanaydlénx̱aa! You all tempt her/him! Líl keedlénx̱aayiḵ! Donʼt tempt her/him! Líl kaydlénx̱aayiḵ! Donʼt you all tempt her/him! kux̱adlénx̱aa I am tempting her/him akoodlénx̱aa he/she/it is tempting her/him tlél kux̱adlénx̱aa Iʼm not tempting her/him tlél akoodlénx̱aa he/she/it isnʼt tempting her/him kux̱waadlénx̱aa I tempted her/him akaawadlénx̱aa he/she/it tempted her/him tlél kux̱wadlénx̱aa I didnʼt tempt her/him tlél akawudlénx̱aa he/she/it didnʼt tempt her/him kakḵwadlénx̱aa I will tempt her/him akakg̱wadlénx̱aa he/she/it will tempt her/him tlél kakḵwadlénx̱aa I wonʼt tempt her/him tlél akakg̱wadlénx̱aa he/she/it wonʼt tempt her/him koonḵadlénx̱aa let me tempt her/him akoong̱adlénx̱aa let her/him/it tempt her/him [does not occur] tlél kunx̱adlénx̱aach I havenʼt tempted her/him yet tlél akunadlénx̱aach he/she/it hasnʼt tempted her/him yet tlél aadé akung̱aadlénx̱aayi yé no way can he/she/it tempt her/him akung̱adlénx̱aayin he/she/it would have tempted her/him akanadlénx̱aaní if/when he/she/it tempts her/him yoo akayadlénx̱aa he/she/it tempts her/him (regularly) dootl hug hug her/him II N séit~ ka-S-d-dootl~ (∅ motion) for S to hug N

---

Du séit keedadútl! Hug her/him! Du séit kaydadútl! You all hug her/him! Líl du séix̱ keedadoodlíḵ! Donʼt hug her/him! Líl du séix̱ kaydadoodlíḵ! Donʼt you all hug her/him! [does not occur] du séit kax̱wdidútl I hugged her/him du séit kawdidútl s/he hugged her/him tlél du séit kawdadootl s/he didnʼt hug her/him du séide kagux̱dadóotl s/he will hug her/him tlél du séide kagux̱dadootl s/he wonʼt hug her/him du séit kax̱dadootl let her/him hug her/him du séit koodadootlch s/he hugs her/him every time tlél du séit koodadootlch s/he hasnʼt hugged her/him yet tlél aadé du séit koox̱didoodli yé no way can s/he hug her/him du séit koox̱dadoodlín s/he would have hugged her/him du séit kadadútlni if/when s/he hugs her/him du séix̱ kadadootl s/he hugs her/him (regularly) Tlél du tuwáa ushgú du séix̱ kadudoodlí yeedát. He doesnʼt want to be hugged now. dootl ² entice entice, call or bring to oneself (esp. child or wild animal) II tóo-t~ O-ka-S-l-dootl~ (∅ motion) for S to entice, call, or bring O to oneself (esp. child or wild animal)

ka-li-dootl

Tóot kaladútl! Call it over to you! Líl tóox̱ keeladoodlíḵ! Donʼt call it over to you! [does not occur] tóode yaa akanaldútl s/he is calling her/him/it over to her/him tóot kax̱wlidútl I called her/him/it over to me tóot akawlidútl s/he called her/him/it over to her tlél tóot kax̱wladootl I didnʼt call her/him/it over to me tlél tóot akawuldootl s/he didnʼt call her/him/it over to her/him tóode akagux̱ladóotl s/he will call her/him/it over to her/him tlél tóode akagux̱ladootl s/he wonʼt call her/him/it over to her/him tóot akax̱ladootl let her/him call her/him/it over to her/him tóot akooldootlch s/he calls her/him/it over to her/him (every time) tlél tóot akooldootlch s/he hasnʼt called her/him/it over to her/him yet tlél aadé tóot akoox̱lidoodli yé no way can s/he call her/him/it over to her/him tóot akoox̱ladoodlín s/he would have called her/him/it over to her/him tóot akladútlni if/when s/he calls her/him/it over to her/him tóox̱ akladootl s/he calls her/him/it over to her/him (regularly) Tléináx̱ ḵáa alʼóon wugoodí xóots tóot akawlidútl, du een sh kawdlixúts. A man went hunting alone and called up a brown bear, and it tried to overpower him. Kuna.aaḵw tóot kayladoodlí. Try calling it to you. Taan tóot kayladoodlí wé saak i xhánxʼ woosh kaanáx̱ kei akakg̱awaháa. If you call the sea lion to you, the hooligans will all school up next to you. Tóot kax̱wlidútl wé atkʼátskʼu. Iʼve got that child used to me (with candy, etc.) so heʼll do what I please. [Story & Naish 1973: 80] Tsaa kax̱wlidútl. I called up a seal (brought it close enough to shoot). [Story & Naish 1973: 80] dooxʼ tie tie it in a knot O-ka-S-∅-dóoxʼ~ (∅ act; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to tie O in a knot

ka-ya-dooxʼ

Kadúxʼ! Tie it! Kaydúxʼ You all tie it! Líl keedúxʼx̱uḵ! Donʼt tie it! Líl kayduxʼx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all tie it! akadóoxʼ s/heʼs tying it tlél akoodóoxʼ s/heʼs not tying it akaawadúxʼ s/he tied it tlél akawudóoxʼ s/he didnʼt tie it akakg̱wadóoxʼ s/he will tie it tlél akakg̱wadóoxʼ s/he wonʼt tie it akg̱adúxʼ let her/him tie it akoodúxʼch s/he ties it (every time) tlél akoodúxʼch s/he hasnʼt tied it yet tlél aadé akoog̱aadúxʼu yé no way can s/he tie it akoog̱adúxʼun s/he would have tied it akadúxʼni if s/he ties it akadúxʼx̱ s/he ties it (regularly) dzee difficult, frustrating difficult, almost impossible, hard (in abstract), frustrating O-l-dzée (ga state) for O to be very difficult, frustrating, almost impossible, hard, (in abstract)

li-dzee

lidzée itʼs difficult tlél uldzée itʼs not difficult wé lidzéeyi aa the difficult one kei naldzéen itʼs getting difficult tlél kei unaldzéen itʼs getting easier ladzée nooch itʼs always difficult wulidzée it became difficult tlél wuldzée it didnʼt get difficult kei gux̱ladzée it will be difficult tlél kei gux̱ladzée it wonʼt be difficult gax̱ladzée let it be difficult galadzéech it gets difficult (every time) tlél gooldzéech it hasnʼt gotten difficult yet tlél aadé gux̱lidzéeyi yé no way can it be difficult gux̱ladzéeyin it would have been difficult galadzéeni if/when it is difficult kei ladzéech it gets difficult (regularly) Ax̱ jee lidzée wé kasné. Knitting is difficult for me. Du tuwóo lidzée. S/heʼs a difficult, stubborn person Ax̱ tuwáa lidzée. It looks difficult to me. Wulidzée ḵustí. Life was difficult. Kei gux̱ladzée ináḵ yaa ḵunatín It will be difficult to leave you. déixʼ (2) shame shamed or embarrassed by another, be put to shame O-ka-S-l-déixʼ (na act) for O to be shamed, embarrassed by S; for O to be put to shame by S

ka-li-déixʼ

x̱at kalidéixʼ he/she/it makes me ashamed akalidéixʼ he/she/it makes her/him ashamed tlél x̱at kooldéixʼ he/she/it doesnʼt make me ashamed tlel akooldéixʼ he/she/it doesnʼt make her/him ashamed kei akanaldéixʼ he/she/it is starting to make her/him ashamed x̱at kawlidéixʼ he/she/it made me ashamed akawlidéixʼ he/she/it made her/him ashamed tlél akawuldéixʼ he/she/it didnʼt make her/him ashamed akagux̱ladéixʼ he/she/it will make her/him ashamed tlél akagux̱ladéixʼ he/she/it wonʼt make her/him ashamed (chʼa) akanax̱ladéixʼ (just) let her/him/it make her/him ashamed akanaldéixʼch he/she/it makes her/him ashamed (every time) tlél akoonaldéixʼch he/she/it hasnʼt made her/him ashamed yet tlél aadé akoonax̱lidéixʼi yé no way can he/she/it make her/him ashamed akoonax̱ladéixʼin he/she/it would have made her/him ashamed akanaldéixʼni if/when he/she/it makes her/him ashamed yoo akalidéixʼk he/she/it makes her/him ashamed (regularly) x̱at kaniladéixʼni... If you are ashamed of me... [Leer 1973:05/99] ashamed, feel shame O-ka-∅-déixʼ (na state) for O to be ashamed, feel shame

ka-ya-déixʼ

Ikanadéixʼ! Be ashamed! Yee kanadéixʼ! You all be ashamed! Líl ikoodéixʼiḵ! Donʼt be ashamed! Líl yee koodéixʼiḵ! Donʼt you all be ashamed! x̱at kayadéixʼ / x̱at kaadéixʼ I am ashamed kayadéixʼ / kaadéixʼ s/he is ashamed tlél x̱at koodéixʼ Iʼm not ashamed tlél koodéixʼ s/he isnʼt ashamed yaa kanadéixʼ s/he is starting to be ashamed kadéixʼin s/he was ashamed kaawadéixʼ s/he became ashamed tlél kawudéixʼ s/he didnʼt become ashamed kakg̱wadéixʼ s/he will be ashamed tlél kakg̱wadéixʼ s/he wonʼt be ashamed (chʼa) kang̱adéixʼ (dé) (just) let her/him be ashamed (now) kanadéixʼch s/he is ashamed (every time) tlél koonadéixʼch s/he hasnʼt been ashamed yet tlél aadé koong̱aadéixʼi yé no way can s/he be ashamed koong̱adéixʼin s/he would have been ashamed kanadéixʼni if/when s/he is ashamed yoo kayadéixʼk s/he is ashamed (regularly) Ax̱ dláakʼ kayadéixʼ. My sister is ashamed. [Story & Naish 1973:186] ee (3) cook cook at S-s-.ee~ (∅ act) for S to cook

si-.ee

At sa.í! Cook! At yisa.í! You all cook! Líl at isa.éex̱iḵ! Donʼt cook! Líl at yisa.éex̱iḵ! Donʼt you all cook! at x̱asa.ée I cook; I am cooking at sa.ée she cooks; s/he is cooking tlél at ux̱sa.ee I donʼt cook; Iʼm not cooking tlél at us.ee s/he doesnʼt cook; sheʼs not cooking wé at is.ee aa the one who cooks; the one who is cooking [does not occur] at x̱wasi.ée I cooked at wusi.ée s/he cooked tlél at x̱wasa.í I didnʼt cook tlél at wus.í s/he didnʼt cook at kuḵasa.ée I will cook at gux̱sa.ée s/he will cook tlél at kuḵasa.ee I wonʼt cook tlél at gux̱sa.ee s/he wonʼt cook at ḵasa.ee let me cook at g̱asa.ee let her/him cook is.ee nooch s/he always cooks at x̱wasa.éeych I cook (every time) at us.éeych s/he cooks (every time) tlél at x̱wasa.éeych I havenʼt cooked yet tlél at us.éeych s/he hasnʼt cooked yet tlél aadé at ux̱si.eeyi yé no way can s/he cook ux̱sa.eeyín s/he would have cooked at sa.éeni if/when s/he cooks at is.éex̱ s/he cooks (regularly) cook it O-S-s-.ee~ (∅ act) for S to cook O

si-.ee

Sa.í! Cook it! Yisa.í! You all cook it! Líl isa.éex̱iḵ! Donʼt cook it! Líl yisa.éex̱iḵ! Donʼt you all cook it! x̱asa.ée I cook it; I am cooking it isa.ée you cook it; you are cooking it as.ée s/he cooks it; s/he is cooking it tusa.ée we cook it; we are cooking it yisa.ée you all cook it; you all are cooking it has as.ée they cook it; they are cooking it dus.ée someone cooks it; someone is cooking it tlél ux̱sa.ee I donʼt cook it; I am not cooking it tlél isa.ee you donʼt cook it; you arenʼt cooking it tlél oos.ee s/he doesnʼt cook it; s/he isnʼt cooking it tlél tusa.ee we donʼt cook it; we arenʼt cooking it tlél yisa.ee you all donʼt cook it; you all arenʼt cooking it tlél has oos.ee they donʼt cook it; they arenʼt cooking it tlél dus.ee itʼs not to be cooked wé as.ee aa the one who cooks it; the one who is cooking it [does not occur] as.eeyín s/he used to cook it tlél as.eeyín s/he didnʼt used to cook it x̱wasi.ée I cooked it yisi.ée you cooked it awsi.ée s/he cooked it wutusi.ée we cooked it yeeysi.ée you all cooked it has awsi.ée they cooked it wududzi.ée it was cooked tlél x̱wasa.í I didnʼt cook it tlél yisa.í you didnʼt cook it tlél awus.í s/he didnʼt cook it tlél wutusa.í we didnʼt cook it tlél yeeysa.í you all didnʼt cook it tlél has awus.í they didnʼt cook it tlél wudus.í it wasnʼt cooked kuḵasa.ée I will cook it gag̱isa.ée you will cook it agux̱sa.ée s/he will cook it gax̱tusa.ée we will cook it gax̱yisa.ée you all will cook it has agux̱sa.ée they will cook it gax̱dus.ée it will be cooked tlél kuḵasa.ee I wonʼt cook it tlél gag̱isa.ee you wonʼt cook it tlél agux̱sa.ee s/he wonʼt cook it tlél gax̱tusa.ee we wonʼt cook it tlél gax̱yisa.ee you all wonʼt cook it tlél has agux̱sa.ee they wonʼt cook it tlél gax̱dus.ee nobody will cook it ḵasa.ee let me cook it ax̱sa.ee let her/him cook it g̱atusa.ee let us cook it as.ee nooch s/he always cooks it x̱wasa.éeych I cook it (every time) isa.éeych you cook it (every time) oos.éeych s/he cooks it (every time) tusa.éeych we cook it (every time) yisa.éeych you all cook it (every time) has oos.éeych they cook it (every time) dus.éeych it is cooked (every time) tlél x̱wasa.éeych I havenʼt cooked it yet tlél isa.éeych you havenʼt cooked it yet tlél oos.éeych s/he hasnʼt cooked it yet tlél tusa.éeych we havenʼt cooked it yet tlél yisa.éeych you all havenʼt cooked it yet tlél has oos.éeych they havenʼt cooked it yet tlél dus.éeych it hasnʼt been cooked yet tlél aadé oox̱si.eeyi yé no way can s/he cook it oox̱sa.eeyín s/he would have cooked it as.éeni if/when s/he cooks it as.éex̱ s/he cooks it (regularly) Tlél x̱wasa.éex̱ wé g̱áaxʼw. I donʼt cook the herring eggs. cooked yan~ ∅-.ee~ (∅ motion) for food to be cooked, done cooking

ya-.ee

[does not occur] yánde yaa na.éen itʼs cooking yan uwa.ée itʼs cooked tlél yan wu.í it isnʼt cooked yánde kg̱wa.ée it will be cooked tlél yánde kg̱wa.ee it wonʼt be cooked [does not occur] yan oo.éeych it gets cooked (every time) tlél yan oo.éeych it isnʼt cooked yet tlél aadé yan g̱waa.eeyi yé no way can it get cooked yan g̱wa.eeyín it would have gotten cooked yan .éeni if/when itʼs cooked yax̱ .ee it cooks (regularly, quickly) een ¹ (5) give, take, carry, pick pick it O-S-∅-.een~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to Nick O (esp. berries) into a container

ya-.een

.Ín! Pick them! Yee.ín! You all pick them! Líl ee.eeníḵ! Donʼt pick them! Líl yi.eeníḵ! Donʼt you all pick them! a.éen s/heʼs picking them; s/he picks them Tlél oo.een s/he isnʼt picking them; s/he doesnʼt pick them aawa.ín s/he picked them tlél awu.een s/he didnʼt pick them akg̱wa.éen s/he will pick them tlél akg̱wa.een s/he wonʼt pick them ag̱a.ín let her/him pick them oo.ínch s/he picks them (every time) tlél oo.eench / tlél oo.ínch s/he hasnʼt picked them yet tlél aadé oog̱aa.íni yé no way can s/he pick them oog̱a.ínin s/he would have picked them a.ínni if s/he picks them a.ínx̱ s/he picks them (regularly) carry it, take it (container full of liquid or small objects) II N-t~ O-S-s-.een~ (∅ motion) for S to carry O (container full of liquid or small objects) to N

si-.een

N-t (~x̱~dei) carrying it to N yan (~yax̱~yándei) setting it down neil (~neilx̱~neildéi) carrying it inside, carrying it home haat (~haax̱~haa(n)déi) carrying it here Át sa.ín! Carry it there! Át yisa.ín! You all carry it there! Líl áx̱ isa.eeníḵ! Donʼt carry it there! Líl áx̱ yisa.eeníḵ! Donʼt you all carry it there! [does not occur] aadé yaa anas.ín s/he is carrying it there át awsi.ín s/he carried it there tlél át awus.een s/he didnʼt carry it there aadé agux̱sa.éen s/he will carry it there tlél aadé agux̱sa.een s/he wonʼt carry it there át ax̱sa.een let her/him carry it there át oos.eench s/he carries it there (every time) tlél át oos.eench s/he hasnʼt carried it there yet tlél aadé át ux̱si.eeni yé no way can s/he carry it there át ux̱sa.eenín s/he would have carried it there át as.ínni if/when s/he carries it there áx̱ as.een s/he carries it there (regularly) give, take, hand it to her/him (container full of liquid or small objects) N jee-t~ O-S-s-.een~ (∅ motion) for S to give, take, hand O (container full of liquid or small objects) to N

si-.een

Du jeet sa.ín! Give it to her/him! Du jeet yisa.ín! You all give it to her/him! Líl du jeex̱ isa.eeníḵ! Donʼt give it to her/him! Líl du jeex̱ yisa.eeníḵ! Donʼt you all give it to her/him! [does not occur] du jeet x̱wasi.ín I gave it to her/him du jeet awsi.ín s/he gave it to her/him tlél du jeet x̱wasa.een I didnʼt give it to her/him tlél du jeet awus.een s/he didnʼt give it to her/him du jeedé kḵwasa.éen I will give it to her/him du jeedé agux̱sa.éen s/he will give it to her/him tlél du jeedé kḵwasa.een I wonʼt give it to her/him tlél du jeedé agux̱sa.een s/he wonʼt give it to her/him du jeet ḵasa.een let me give it to her/him du jeet ax̱sa.een let her/him give it to her/him du jeet x̱wasa.eench I give it to her/him (every time) du jeet oos.eench s/he gives it to her/him (every time) tlél du jeet x̱wasa.eench I havenʼt given it to her/him yet tlél du jeet oos.eench s/he hasnʼt given it to her/him yet tlél aadé du jeet ḵwasi.eeni yé no way can I give it to her/him tlél aadé du jeet oox̱si.eeni yé no way can s/he give it to her/him du jeet ḵwasa.eenín I would have given it to her/him du jeet oox̱sa.eenín s/he would have given it to her/him du jeet x̱asa.ínni if/when I give it to her/him du jeet as.ínni if/when s/he gives it to her/him du jeex̱ x̱asa.een I give it to her/him (regularly) du jeex̱ as.een s/he gives it to her/him (regularly) bring, carry it inside (of container full of liquid or small objects) neil O-S-s-.een~ (∅ motion) for S to bring O (container full of liquid or small objects) inside

si-.een

Neil sa.ín! Bring it inside! Neil yisa.ín! You all bring it inside! Líl neilx̱ isa.eeníḵ! Donʼt bring it inside! Líl neilx̱ yisa.eeníḵ! Donʼt you all bring it inside! [does not occur] neil x̱wasi.ín I brought it inside neil awsi.ín s/he brought it inside tlél neil x̱wasa.een I didnʼt bring it inside tlél neil awus.een s/he didnʼt bring it inside neildé kḵwasa.éen I will bring it inside neildé agux̱sa.éen s/he will bring it inside tlél neildé kḵwasa.een I wonʼt bring it inside tlél neildé agux̱sa.een s/he wonʼt bring it inside neil ax̱sa.een let her/him bring it inside neil x̱wasa.eench I bring it inside (every time) neil oos.eench s/he brings it inside (every time) tlél neil x̱wasa.eench I havenʼt brought it inside tlél neil oos.eench s/he hasnʼt brought it inside yet tlél aadé neil oox̱si.eeni yé no way can s/he bring it inside neil oox̱sa.eenín s/he would have brought it inside neil as.éeni if/when s/he brings it inside neilx̱ as.een s/he brings it inside (regularly) put it down; leave it (container full of liquid or small objects) yan~ O-S-s-.een~ (∅ motion) for S to Nut down, lay down, leave, place O (a container full of liquid or small objects)

si-.een

Yan sa.ín! Put it down! Yan yisa.ín! You all put it down! Líl yax̱ isa.eeníḵ! Donʼt put it down! Líl yax̱ yisa.eeníḵ! Donʼt you all put it down! [does not occur] yan x̱wasi.ín I put it down yan awsi.ín s/he put it down tlél yan x̱wasa.een I didnʼt put it down tlél yan awus.een s/he didnʼt put it down yánde kḵwasa.éen I will put it down yánde agux̱sa.éen s/he will put it down tlél yánde kḵwasa.een I wonʼt put it down tlél yánde agux̱sa.een s/he wonʼt put it down yan ḵasa.een let me put it down yan ax̱sa.een let her/him put it down yan x̱wasa.eench I put it down (every time) yan oos.eench s/he puts it down (every time) tlél yan x̱wasa.eench I havenʼt put it down yet tlél yan oos.eench s/he hasnʼt put it down yet tlél aadé yan x̱wasi.eeni yé no way can I put it down tlél aadé yan oox̱si.eeni yé no way can s/he put it down yan x̱wasa.eenín I would have put it down yan oox̱sa.eenín s/he would have put it down yan x̱asa.ínni if/when I put it down yan as.ínni if/when s/he puts it down yax̱ x̱asa.een I put it down (regularly) yax̱ as.een s/he puts it down (regularly) eesh string together string them together (esp. beads) O-ka-S-l-.eesh~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to thread O (esp. beads), string together

ka-li-eesh

Kala.ísh! String them together! Kayla.ísh! You all string them together! Líl keel.íshx̱iḵ! Donʼt string them together! Líl kayla.íshx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all string them together! kax̱la.eesh Iʼm stringing them together akla.eesh s/he is stringing them together tlél kux̱la.eesh I didnʼt string them together tlél akool.eesh s/he isnʼt stringing them together kax̱wli.ísh I strung them together akawli.ísh s/he strung them together tlél kax̱wla.eesh I didnʼt string them together tlél akawul.eesh s/he didnʼt string them together kakḵwala.éesh I will string them together akagux̱la.éesh s/he will string them together tlél kakḵwala.eesh I wonʼt string them together tlél akagux̱la.eesh s/he wonʼt string them together kaḵala.ísh let me string them together akax̱la.ísh let her/him string them together koox̱la.eeshch I string them together (every time) akool.eeshch s/he strings them together (every time) tlél koox̱la.eeshch I havenʼt strung them together yet tlél akool.eeshch s/he hasnʼt strung them together yet tlél aadé akoox̱li.íshi yé no way can s/he string them together akoox̱la.íshin s/he would have strung them together akla.íshni if/when s/he strings them together akla.íshx̱ s/he strings them together (regularly) eetʼ soaked soaked, waterlogged O-ka-d-.éetʼ~ (∅ event; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for O to be soaked, waterlogged

ka-di-.eetʼ

(Góok) ikada.ítʼ! (Go ahead) get soaked! Líl ikooda.ítʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt get soaked! [does not occur] yaa kanda.ítʼ itʼs getting soaked x̱at kawdi.ítʼ Iʼm soaked kawdi.ítʼ it is soaked tlél x̱at kawda.éetʼ Iʼm not soaked tlél kawda.éetʼ itʼs not soaked kagux̱da.éetʼ it will get soaked tlél kagux̱da.éetʼ it wonʼt get soaked (chʼa) kax̱da.ítʼ (just) let it get soaked kooda.ítʼch it gets soaked (every time) tlél kooda.ítʼch it hasnʼt gotten soaked yet tlél aadé koox̱di.ítʼi yé no way can it get soaked koox̱da.ítʼin it would have gotten soaked kada.ítʼni if/when it gets soaked kada.ítʼx̱ it gets soaked (regularly) Ax̱ yaagú yaa kanda.ítʼ. My boat is waterlogged (so heavy with water in the boards that it is going to sink). [Story & Naish 1973: 201] Séew daak wusitán, ikagux̱da.éetʼ. Itʼs raining, youʼre going to get soaked. eexʼ (2) call out, invite call out to her/him; shout to, holler at her/him O-S-∅-.éexʼ (na act) for S to call out to, shout to, holler at O

ya-.eexʼ

Na.éexʼ! Call out to her/him! Nay.éexʼ! You all call out to her/him! Líl ee.éexʼiḵ! Donʼt call out to her/him! Líl yi.éexʼiḵ! Donʼt you all call out to her/him! x̱a.éexʼ I call out to her/him; I am calling out to her/him a.éexʼ s/he calls out to her/him; s/he is calling out to her/him tlél x̱wa.éexʼ I donʼt call out to her/him; Iʼm not calling out to her/him tlél oo.éexʼ s/he doesnʼt call out to her/him; s/he isnʼt calling out to her/him x̱waa.éexʼ I called out to her/him aawa.éexʼ s/he called out to her/him tlél x̱wa.eexʼ I didnʼt call out to her/him tlél awu.éexʼ s/he didnʼt call out to her/him kuḵa.éexʼ I will call out to her/him akg̱wa.éexʼ s/he will call out to her/him tlél kuḵa.éexʼ I wonʼt call out to her/him tlél akg̱wa.éexʼ s/he wonʼt call out to her/him naḵa.éexʼ let me call out to her/him ang̱a.éexʼ let her/him call out to her/him nax̱a.éexʼch I call out to her/him (every time) ana.éexʼch s/he calls out to her/him (every time) tlél nax̱wa.éexʼch I havenʼt called out to her/him yet tlél oona.éexʼch s/he hasnʼt called out to her/him yet tlél aadé oong̱aa.éexʼi yé no way can s/he call out to her/him oong̱a.éexʼin s/he would have called out to her/him ana.éexʼni if/when s/he calls out to her/him yoo aya.éexʼk s/he calls out to her/him (regularly) I keidlí na.éexʼ! Call your dog! x̱at na.éexʼ xʼwán wulaayí. Be sure and holler at me when it thaws out. x̱waa.áx̱, x̱at woo.éexʼi. I heard her call me. invite her/him O-S-∅-.éexʼ (g̱a event) for S to invite O, ask O to a party

ya-.eexʼ

g̱a.éexʼ! Invite her/him! g̱ay.éexʼ! You all invite her/him! Líl yei ee.éexʼjiḵ! Donʼt invite her/him! Líl yei yi.éexʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all invite her/him! [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱waa.éexʼ I invited her/him yee.éexʼ you invited her/him aawa.éexʼ s/he invited her/him wutuwa.éexʼ we invited her/him yeey.éexʼ you all invited her/him has aawa.éexʼ they invited her/him wuduwa.éexʼ someone invited her/him tlél x̱wa.éexʼ I didnʼt invite her/him tlél yi.éexʼ you didnʼt invite her/him tlél awu.éexʼ s/he didnʼt invite her/him tlél wutoo.éexʼ we didnʼt invite her/him tlél yeey.éexʼ you all didnʼt invite her/him tlél has awu.éexʼ they didnʼt invite her/him tlél wudu.éexʼ nobody invited her/him yei kḵwa.éexʼ I will invite her/him yei kg̱ee.éexʼ you will invite her/him yei akg̱wa.éexʼ s/he will invite her/him yei gax̱too.éexʼ we will invite her/him yei gax̱yi.éexʼ you all will invite her/him yei (ha)s akg̱wa.éexʼ they will invite her/him yei gax̱du.éexʼ someone will invite her/him tlél yei kḵwa.éexʼ I wonʼt invite her/him tlél yei kg̱ee.éexʼ you wonʼt invite her/him tlél yei akg̱wa.éexʼ s/he wonʼt invite her/him tlél yei gax̱too.éexʼ we wonʼt invite her/him tlél yei gax̱yi.éexʼ you all wonʼt invite her/him tlél yei (ha)s akg̱wa.éexʼ they wonʼt invite her/him tlél yei gax̱du.éexʼ nobody will invite her/him ḵaaḵa.éexʼ let me invite her/him ag̱aag̱a.éexʼ let her/him invite her/him g̱aax̱too.éexʼ let us invite her/him ḵa.éexʼch I invite her/him (every time) g̱ee.éexʼch you invite her/him (every time) ag̱a.éexʼch s/he invites her/him (every time) g̱atoo.éexʼch we invite her/him (every time) g̱ay.éexʼch you all invite her/him (every time) has ag̱a.éexʼch they invite her/him (every time) g̱adu.éexʼch someone invites her/him (every time) tlél ḵwa.éexʼch I havenʼt invited her/him yet tlél g̱ee.éexʼch you havenʼt invited her/him yet tlél oog̱a.éexʼch s/he hasnʼt invited her/him yet tlél g̱atoo.éexʼch we havenʼt invited her/him yet tlél g̱ay.éexʼch you all havenʼt invited her/him yet tlél has oog̱a.éexʼch they havenʼt invited her/him yet tlél g̱adu.éexʼch s/he hasnʼt been invited yet tlél aadé ag̱waag̱aa.éexʼi yé no way can s/he invite her/him ag̱waag̱a.éexʼin s/he would have invited her/him ag̱a.éexʼni if/when s/he invites her/him yei a.éexʼch s/he invites her/him (regularly) x̱at woo.éexʼ atx̱á daakahídidé. She invited me to the restaurant. ei answer answer, reply to a greeting or to oneʼs name a-S-d-.ei (na act) for S to answer, reply to a greeting or to oneʼs name

a-di-.ei

Leer 1973: 02/186-187 Anida.ei! Answer! ada.ei s/he is answering ax̱wdi.ei I answered awdi.ei s/he answered tlél ax̱wda.ei I didnʼt answer tlél awda.ei s/he didnʼt answer agux̱da.ei s/he will answer tlél agux̱da.ei s/he wonʼt answer anax̱da.ei let her/him answer anada.eich s/he answers (every time) tlél oonda.eich s/he hasnʼt answered yet tlél aadé oonax̱di.eiyi yé no way can s/he answer oonax̱da.eiyín s/he would have answered anada.einí if/when s/he answers ada.eix̱ s/he answers (regularly) I .éexʼ áwé: anida.ei! Heʼs calling you: answer him! [Story & Naish 1973: 20] Dei ax̱wdi.ei. I answered already / I said "yes" already. [Story & Naish 1973: 20] eikw whistle whistle a-ka-u-S-∅-.éikw (na act) for S to whistle

a-ka-ya-.eikw

Leer 1973: 02/214-215 Akuna.éikw! Whistle! Líl akee.éiguḵ! Donʼt whistle! akx̱wa.éikw Iʼm whistling akoo.éikw s/he is whistling tlél akx̱wa.éikw Iʼm not whistling; I donʼt whistle tlél akoo.éikw s/heʼs not whistling; s/he doesnʼt whistle yaa akuna.éikw s/he is going along whistling akx̱waa.éikw I whistled akaawa.éikw s/he whistled tlél akx̱wa.éikw I didnʼt whistle tlél akawu.éikw s/he didnʼt whistle akakg̱wa.éikw s/he will whistle tlél akakg̱wa.éikw s/he wonʼt whistle akang̱a.éikw let her/him whistle akana.éikwch s/he whistles (every time) tlél akoona.éikwch s/he hasnʼt whistled yet tlél aadé akoong̱aa.éigu yé no way can s/he whistle akoong̱a.éigun s/he would have whistled akana.éikwni if/when s/he whistles yoo akaa.éikwk s/he whistles (regularly) Ash yaadé akoo.éikw. He is whistling to her. [Leer 1973: 02/215] Du yaadé akx̱waa.éikw. I whistled at her. [Leer 1973: 02/214] g̱unéi akaawa.éikw. She started whistling. [Leer 1973: 02/214] Kei akaawa.éikw. He started up whistling. [Leer 1973: 02/214] eilʼ salty salty l-éilʼ (ga state) for something to be salty

li-.eilʼ

li.éilʼ itʼs salty tlél ul.éilʼ itʼs not salty wé li.éilʼi aa the salty one kei nal.éilʼ it is getting salty la.éilʼin it used to be salty tlél ul.éilʼin it didnʼt used to be salty wuli.éilʼ it got salty tlél wul.éilʼ it didnʼt get salty kei gux̱la.éilʼ it will be salty tlél kei gux̱la.éilʼ it wonʼt be salty gax̱la.éilʼ let it be salty la.éilʼ nooch itʼs always salty gala.éilʼch it gets salty (every time) tlél gool.éilʼch it hasnʼt gotten salty yet tlél aadé gux̱li.éilʼi yé no way can it be salty gux̱la.éilʼin it would have been salty gala.éilʼni if/when itʼs salty kei la.éilʼch it gets salty eis stagger stagger (esp. of young child or drunkard) VII N-t O-ya-ka-l-.eis (na motion) for O to stagger around at N (esp. of young child or drunkard)

ya-ka-li-.eis

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼstaggerʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace át ʼaroundʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about P N-dé(i) moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of P yux̱ moving out of house P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱aa going to get P Át iyakanal.eis Stagger around! Át yee yakanal.eis! You all stagger around! Líl át iyakawul.eisíḵ! Donʼt stagger around! Líl át yee yakawul.eisíḵ! Donʼt you all stagger around! [does not occur] át x̱at yakawli.eis I am staggering around; I staggered around át yakawli.eis s/he is staggering around; s/he staggered around tlél át x̱at yakawul.eis Iʼm not staggering around; I didnʼt stagger around tlél át yakawul.eis s/he isnʼt staggering around; s/he didnʼt stagger around át yakagux̱la.eis s/he will stagger around tlél át yakagux̱la.eis s/he wonʼt stagger around át yakanax̱la.eis let her/him stagger around át yakanal.eisch s/he staggers around (every time) tlél át yakoonal.eisch s/he hasnʼt staggered around yet tlél aadé át yakoonax̱li.eisi yé no way can s/he stagger around át yakoong̱al.eisín s/he would have staggered around át yakanal.eisní if/when s/he staggers around át yoo yakali.eisk s/he staggers around (regularly) Át yakoong̱al.eisín taat kaanáx̱ hél du eeg̱áa haat wuḵoox̱ú. He would have staggered around all night if she didnʼt come pick him up. Át iyakanal.eisní g̱ayéisʼ hít yeedé igax̱dux̱éech. If you stagger around theyʼre going to throw you in jail. gaa ʰ ¹ tide slack (of tide) du-∅-gaa ʰ~ (∅ event) for the tide to be slack

doo-ya-gaa

Leer 1973: f05/2 [does not occur] yaa ndugéin itʼs gettig to be slack tide wuduwagáa itʼs slack tide tlél wudugá itʼs not slack tide gax̱dugáa it will be slack tide tlél gax̱dugaa it wonʼt be slack tide tlél dugáaych itʼs not slack tide yet dugéini if/when itʼs slack tide dugeix̱ itʼs slack tide (regularly) Wuduwagáa yá ḵéesʼ. Itʼs slack tide. Násʼk gaawxʼ áwé gux̱dagáa wé ḵéesʼ. Itʼs going to be slack tide at three oʼclock. Yaa kdugéini g̱unéi kg̱waḵóox̱. When itʼs slack tide heʼll get going. Haat ḵux̱ shoowdaxeexí shukwát dugeix̱. Before the tide turns itʼs slack. gaa ¹ (2) predict predict it O-shu-S-s-gaa~ (na act) for S to Nredict O

---

Shunasgá! Predict it! Shunaysagá! You all predict it! Líl yoo sheesagéigiḵ! Donʼt predict it! Líl yoo shaysagéigiḵ! Donʼt you all predict it! shux̱sageitʼ I am predicting it ashoosgeitʼ s/he is predicting it tlél shux̱wsageitʼ Iʼm not predicting it tlél ashoosgeitʼ s/heʼs not predicting it shux̱wsigaa I predicted it ashoowsigaa s/he predicted it tlél shux̱wsagaa I didnʼt predict it tlél ashuwusgaa s/he didnʼt predict it ashagux̱sagáa s/he will predict it tlél ashagux̱sagaa s/he wonʼt predict it ashunax̱sagaa let her/him predict it ashunasgéich s/he predicts it (every time) tlél ashoonasgéich s/he hasnʼt predicted it yet tlél aadé ashunax̱sigaayi yé no way can s/he predict it ashunax̱sagaayín s/he would have predicted it ashunasgéini if/when s/he predicts it yoo ashasigéik s/he predicts it (regularly) Dleit haa káa yéi kg̱wasgéet, yéi áwé shux̱wsigaa. Itʼs going to snow on us, thatʼs what I predict. Yá yéi adaané yéi jiné a tóonáx̱ ḵáakwt ikg̱wanéi yéi áwé shux̱wsigaa. I predict that youʼre going to get hurt doing that work. x̱áat haa x̱ánde yakg̱wa.áa. Yéi áwé shudusgeitʼ. Thereʼs going to be a big salmon run. Thatʼs what theyʼre predicting. Dleit shudusgeitʼ. Theyʼre predicting snow. Ldakát yagiyee yéi wuneiyí hóoch áwé ashoowsigaa. Every time it happens, heʼs the one that Nredicts it. Yéi áwé shudusgeitʼín. Thatʼs what they predicted. delay, wait, take oneʼs time, be detained To say "wait for someone" use: ash eeg̱áa yax̱ kaawagaa "s/he waited for her/him". To say "wait there (deliberately) use: áx̱ sh akwdligaa "s/he is waiting there". N-x̱ O-ka-∅-gaa~ (g̱a motion) for O to delay, wait, pause, take oneʼs time, stay behind, or be detained at N

A-x̱ + ka-ya-gaa

Leer 1973: f05/3; Leer 1976: 642 Áx̱ ikag̱agá! Take your time there! Áx̱ yee kag̱agá! You all take your time there! Líl áx̱ yei ikoogéijiḵ! Donʼt delay there! Líl áx̱ yei yee koogéijiḵ! Donʼt you all delay there! [does not occur] áx̱ x̱at kaawagaa Iʼm delayed there áx̱ kaawagaa s/heʼs delayed there tlél áx̱ x̱at kawugaa Iʼm not delayed there tlél áx̱ kawugaa s/heʼs not delayed there áx̱ yei kakg̱wagáa s/he will delay there tlél áx̱ yei kakg̱wagaa s/he wonʼt delay there (chʼa) áx̱ kag̱aag̱agaa (just) let her/him delay there áx̱ kag̱agéich s/he delays there (every time) tlél áx̱ koog̱agéich s/he hasnʼt delayed there yet tlél aadé áx̱ kag̱aag̱aagaayi yé no way can s/he delay there áx̱ kag̱aag̱agaayín s/he would have delayed there áx̱ kag̱agéini if/when s/he delays there áx̱ yei kagéich s/he delays there (regularly) Chʼa yáax̱ x̱at kakg̱wagáa tléixʼ sunday. Iʼm going to be detained here one week. [Story & Naish 1973:65] ḵéesʼ kul.aan áwé yax̱ haa kaawagaa. Weʼre delayed because of the tide. Áx̱ kag̱agéini seig̱ánxʼ yéi gax̱tusanéi. If she delays there, weʼll do it tomorrow. Chʼa wáa sá yaa iganéini tlél áx̱ yei ikoogéijiḵ! Whatever you do, donʼt delay there! Áx̱ ikag̱agá, tlél sháa yidawóodliḵ! Take your time there, donʼt hurry! Kʼeeljáa ḵúx̱de yoo daneiyí eeg̱áa áx̱ kaawagaa. Heʼs waiting there for the storm to cease. gaa ² put up, store up put up, store up, accumulate, stock up (esp. food for winter); finish distributing things (esp. at Narty) yan~ O-ka-S-l-gaa~ (∅ motion) for S to Nut up, store up, accumulate O (esp. food for winter)

yan ka-li-gaa

Yan kalagá! Put up food! Yan kaylagá! You all put up food! [does not occur] [does not occur] yánde yaa kanax̱lagéin I am putting up food yánde yaa akanalgéin s/he is putting up food yan kax̱wligáa I put up food yan akawligáa s/he put up food tlél yan kax̱wlagá I didnʼt put up food tlél yan akawulgá s/he didnʼt put up food yánde kakḵwalagáa I will put up food yánde akagux̱lagáa s/he will put up food tlél yánde kakḵwalagaa I wonʼt put up food tlél yánde akagux̱lagaa s/he wonʼt put up food yan kaḵlagaa let me put up food yan akax̱lagaa let her/him put up food yan koox̱lagáaych I put up food (every time) yan akoolgáaych s/he puts up food (every time) tlél yan koox̱lagáaych I havenʼt put up food yet tlél yan akoolgáaych s/he hasnʼt put up food yet tlél aadé yan kooḵaligaayi yé no way can I put up food tlél aadé yan akax̱wligaayi yé no way can s/he put up food yan kooḵalagaayín I would have put up food yan akoox̱lagaayín s/he would have put up food yan kax̱lagéini if/when I put up food yan aklagéini if/when s/he puts up food yax̱ kax̱lagaa I put up food (regularly) yax̱ aklagaa s/he puts up food (regularly) Tlél táakw atx̱aayí yan katulagáaych. We havenʼt finished putting up winter food yet. Tlél yan katulagáaych wé tléiḵw. We didnʼt finish putting up our berries yet. Aatlein at x̱ʼéeshi ḵa tléiḵw yan kawtuligáa. We put up a lot of dryfish and berries. Sʼeiḵ x̱áat ḵa tsaa dleeyí yan kawtuligáa. We put up smoked fish and seal meat. gaaḵ visit visit (esp. for pleasure); meet with people O-S-∅-gaaḵ~ (g̱a event) for S to visit O

ya-gaaḵ

[does not occur] Líl yei eegáḵjiḵ! Donʼt visit her/him! Líl yei yeegáḵjiḵ! Donʼt you all visit her/him! [does not occur] x̱waagaaḵ I visited her/him aawagaaḵ s/he visited her/him tlél x̱wagaaḵ I didnʼt visit her/him tlél awugaaḵ s/he didnʼt visit her/him yei kḵwagáaḵ I will visit her/him yei akg̱wagáaḵ s/he will visit her/him tlél yei kḵwagaaḵ I wonʼt visit her/him tlél yei akg̱wagaaḵ s/he wonʼt visit her/him ḵaaḵagaaḵ let me visit her/him ag̱aag̱agaaḵ let her/him visit her/him g̱ax̱agáḵch I visit her/him (every time) ag̱agáḵch s/he visits her/him (every time) tlél g̱oox̱agáḵch I havenʼt visited her/him yet tlél oog̱agáḵch s/he hasnʼt visited her/him yet tlél aadé ḵwaaḵaagaag̱i yé no way can I visit her/him tlél aadé ag̱waag̱aagaag̱i yé no way can s/he visit her/him ḵwaaḵagaag̱ín I would have visited her/him ag̱waag̱agaag̱ín s/he would have visited her/him g̱ax̱agáḵni if/when I visit her/him ag̱agáḵni if/when s/he visits her/him yei x̱agáḵch I visit her/him (regularly) yei agáḵch s/he visits her/him (regularly) Haa wduwagaaḵ. We had visitors. Yei haa gax̱dugáaḵ. We will have visitors. gaan ¹ (5) burn, shine, light burn, catch alight; for a light to be on N-t~ a-ka-∅-gaan~ (∅ motion) for N (light) to be on; for N (fire) to burn, catch alight

A- + a-ka-ya-gaan

[does not occur] át akaawagán itʼs lit tlél át akawugaan itʼs not lit aadé akakg̱wagáan it will be lit tlél aadé akakg̱wagaan it wonʼt be lit át akg̱agaan let it be lit át akoogaanch it lights (every time) tlél át akoogaanch it hasnʼt lit yet tlél aadé át akg̱waagaani yé no way can it light át akg̱wagaanín it would have lit át akagánní if/when it lights áx̱ akagaan it is lit (regularly) light; set fire to; cause to shine; turn on (light) N-t~ a-ka-S-l-gaan~ (∅ motion) for S to light, set fire to, cause N to shine; for S to turn N on (light)

A- + a-ka-li-gaan

Át aklagán! Light it! Át akaylagán! You all light it! Líl áx̱ akeelagaaníḵ Donʼt light it! Líl áx̱ akaylagaaníḵ! Donʼt you all light it! [does not occur] [does not occur] át akax̱wligán I lit it át akawligán s/he lit it tlél át akax̱wlagaan I didnʼt light it tlél át akawulgaan s/he didnʼt light it aadé akakḵwalagáan I will light it aadé akagux̱lagáan s/he will light it tlél aadé akakḵwalagaan I wonʼt light it tlél aadé akagux̱lagaan s/he wonʼt light it át akḵalagaan let me light it át akax̱lagaan let her/him light it át akoox̱algaanch I light it (every time) át akoolgaanch s/he lights it (every time) tlél át akoox̱algaanch I havenʼt lit it yet tlél át akoolgaanch s/he hasnʼt lit it yet tlél aadé át akux̱ligaani yé no way can s/he light it át akux̱lagaanín s/he would have lit it át aklagánni if/when s/he lights it áx̱ aklagaan s/he lights it (regularly) shine (of sun) a-d-gaan~ (g̱a event) for the sun to shine

a-di-gaan

[does not occur] yei andagán the sun is coming out awdigaan itʼs sunny tlél awdagaan it isnʼt sunny awdagaanín it had been sunny; it was sunny (but...) tlél awdagaanín it hadnʼt been sunny; it wasnʼt sunny (at the time, but...) yei agux̱dagáan it will be sunny tlél yei agux̱dagaan it wonʼt be sunny agax̱dagaan let it be sunny ax̱dagánch it gets sunny (every time) tlél oox̱dagánch it hasnʼt been sunny yet tlél aadé ag̱waax̱digaani yé no way can it be sunny ag̱waax̱dagaanín it would have been sunny ax̱dagánni if/when itʼs sunny yei adagánch the sun shines (regularly) Tlákw yei adagánch. The sun used to shine. A kát awdagáani. Sunshine rays hit it. Yaa andagán. The sun is peeking through; Sun rays are moving. Yei andagán. The sun is beginning to shine. shine, be bright; produce light by burning ka-d-gáan~ (∅ event) for something to shine, produce light by burning

ka-di-gaan

[does not occur] kawdigán itʼs bright tlél kawdagáan it isnʼt bright kagux̱dagáan it will be bright tlél kagux̱dagáan it wonʼt be bright kax̱dagáan let it be bright koodagánch it gets bright (every time) tlél koodagánch it hasnʼt gotten bright yet tlél aadé koox̱digáani yé no way can it get bright koox̱dagáanin it would have gotten bright kadagánni if/when itʼs bright kadagánx̱ it brightens (regularly) Kʼidéin kawdagáani áwé tsá x̱daḵéisʼ. When itʼs really bright I sew. burn it up kei O-S-s-gaan~ (∅ motion) for S to burn O up

si-gaan

Kei sagaan! Burn it up! Kei yisagaan! You all burn it up! Líl kei isagánjiḵ! Donʼt burn it up! Líl kei yisagánjiḵ! Donʼt you all burn it up! [does not occur] kei nax̱sagán I am burning it up kei anasgán s/he is burning it up kei x̱wsigán I burned it up kei awsigán s/he burned it up tlél kei x̱wsagaan I didnʼt burn it up tlél kei awusgaan s/he didnʼt burn it up kei kḵwasagáan I will burn it up kei agux̱sagáan s/he will burn it up tlél kei kḵwasagaan I wonʼt burn it up tlél kei agux̱sagaan s/he wonʼt burn it up kei ḵasagaan let me burn it up kei ax̱sagaan let her/him burn it up kei x̱wsagaanch I burn it up (every time) kei oosgaanch s/he burns it up (every time) tlél kei x̱wsagaanch I havenʼt burned it up yet tlél kei oosgaanch s/he hasnʼt burned it up yet tlél aadé kei ax̱wsigaani yé no way can s/he burn it up kei oox̱sagaanín s/he would have burned it up kei asgánni if/when s/he burns it up kei asgánch s/he burns it up (regularly) gaasʼ (4) leap, pounce leap, pounce on her/him/it II N-t~ sh S-d-l-gáasʼ~ (∅ motion) for S to leap, pounce on P

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A kát sh eelgásʼ! Leap on it! A kát sh yilgásʼ! You all leap on it! Líl a káx̱ sh eelgáasʼiḵ! Donʼt leap on it! Líl a káx̱ sh yilgáasʼíḵ! Donʼt you all leap on it! [does not occur] a kát sh x̱wadligásʼ I leapt on it a kát sh wudligásʼ he/she/it leaped on it tlél a kát sh x̱walgáasʼ I didnʼt leap on it tlél a kát sh wulgáasʼ he/she/it didnʼt leap on it a kát sh gug̱algáasʼ he/she/it will leap on it tlél a kát sh gug̱algáasʼ he/she/it wonʼt leap on it a kát sh g̱algáasʼ let her/him/it leap on it a kát sh ulgáasʼch he/she/it leaps on it (every time) tlél a kát sh ulgáasʼch he/she/it hasnʼt leaped on it yet tlél aadé a kát sh ux̱dligáasʼi yé no way can he/she/it leap on it a kat sh g̱walgáasʼin he/she/it would have leaped on it a kát sh ilgásʼni if/when he/she/it leaps on it a káx̱ sh ilgáasʼ he/she/it leaps on it (regularly) ḵaa kát sh wudligásʼ. She pounced on someone. A wándáx̱ áwé a yíkt sh wudligásʼ wé yéil. The raven leaped into it from the edge. Yóot sh wudligásʼ a ḵoowúdáx̱. It charged out of its den. move there VII N-dé O-l-gáasʼ~ (na motion) for O to move household (with future plans unspecified) to N

li-gaasʼ

Aadé inalgáasʼ! Move there! Aadé yee nalgáasʼ! You all move there! Líl aadé yoo ilgásʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt move there! Líl aadé yoo yee lgásʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all move there! [does not occur] aadé x̱at wuligáasʼ I moved there aadé wligáasʼ s/he moved there tlél aadé x̱at wulgáasʼ I didnʼt move there tlél aadé wulgáasʼ s/he didnʼt move there aadé x̱at gux̱lagáasʼ I will move there aadé gux̱lagáasʼ s/he will move there tlél aadé x̱at gux̱lagáasʼ I wonʼt move there tlél aadé gux̱lagáasʼ s/he wonʼt move there aadé x̱at nax̱lagáasʼ let me move there aadé nax̱lagáasʼ let her/him move there aadé x̱at nalgásʼch I move there (every time) aadé nalgásʼch s/he moves there (every time) tlél aadé x̱at unalgásʼch I havenʼt moved there yet tlél aadé unalgásʼch s/he hasnʼt moved there yet tlél aadé aadé nax̱ligáasʼi yé no way can s/he move there aadé nax̱lagáasʼin s/he would have moved there aadé nlagásʼni if/when s/he moves there yoo ligásʼk s/he moves (regularly); s/heʼs always on the move move there II N-t~ O-l-gáasʼ~ (∅ motion) for O to move household (with future plans unspecified) to N

li-gaasʼ

Át eelgásʼ! Move there! Át yee lagásʼ! You all move there! Líl áx̱ eelgáasʼiḵ! Donʼt move there! Líl áx̱ yee ulgáasʼiḵ! Donʼt you all move there! [does not occur] át x̱at wuligásʼ I moved there át wuligásʼ s/he moved there tlél át x̱at wulgáasʼ I didnʼt move there tlél át wulgáasʼ s/he didnʼt move there aadé x̱at gux̱lagáasʼ I will move there aadé gux̱lagáasʼ s/he will move there tlél aadé x̱at gux̱lagáasʼ I wonʼt move there tlél aadé gux̱lagáasʼ s/he wonʼt move there át x̱at g̱alagáasʼ let me move there át g̱alagáasʼ let her/him move there át x̱at ulgáasʼch I move there (every time) át ulgáasʼch s/he moves there (every time) tlél át x̱at ulgáasʼch I havenʼt moved there yet tlél át ulgáasʼch s/he hasnʼt moved there yet tlél aadé át g̱waligáasʼi yé no way can s/he move there át g̱walagáasʼin s/he would have moved there át lagásʼni if/when s/he moves there áx̱ lagáasʼ s/he moves there (regularly) Kulix̱éitlʼshán áwé wéi Mountain View, líl aadé yoo ilgásʼx̱iḵ! Mountain View is scary, donʼt move there! Aadé wulgáasʼí kaxéelʼ tóo yei kg̱watée. If she moves there, sheʼll get into trouble. fall on face; nod off, fall asleep while sitting up yan~ O-ya-∅-gáasʼ~ (∅ motion) for O to fall on face; for O to nod off, fall asleep while sitting up

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Yan tsá iyagáasʼ! See that you donʼt fall on your face! Yan tsá yee yagáasʼ! See that you all donʼt fall on your faces! [does not occur] yan x̱at yaawagásʼ I fell on my face yan yaawagásʼ s/he fell on his/her face tlél yan x̱at yawugáasʼ I didnʼt fall on my face tlél yan yawugáasʼ s/he didnʼt fall on his/her face yánde x̱at yakg̱wagáasʼ I will fall on my face yánde yakg̱wagáasʼ s/he will fall on his/her face tlél yánde x̱at yakg̱wagáasʼ I wonʼt fall on my face tlél yánde yakg̱wagáasʼ s/he wonʼt fall on his/her face (chʼa) yan x̱at yag̱agáasʼ (dé) (just) let me fall on my face (now) (chʼa) yan yag̱agáasʼ (dé) (just) let her/him fall on his/her face (now) yan x̱at woogáasʼch I fall on my face (every time) yan woogáasʼch s/he falls on her face (every time) tlél yan x̱at woogáasʼch I havenʼt fallen on my face yet tlél yan woogáasʼch s/he hasnʼt fallen on his/her face yet tlél aadé yan x̱at wug̱aagáasʼi yé no way can I fall on my face tlél aadé yan wug̱aagáasʼi yé no way can s/he fall on his/her face yan x̱at wug̱agáasʼin I would have fallen on my face yan wug̱agáasʼin s/he would have fallen on his/her face yan x̱at yagásʼni if/when I fall on my face yan yagásʼni if/when s/he falls on his/her face yax̱ x̱at yagáasʼ I am nodding off, falling asleep while sitting yax̱ yagáasʼ s/he is nodding off, falling asleep while sitting Tlél awusháadi yan wug̱agáasʼin. If she didnʼt catch him, he would have fallen on his face. Yan x̱at yaawagásʼ wé couch káxʼ. I fell on my face on the couch (fell asleep). gaaw (3) fight fight for, defend N káx̱ ḵu-S-l-gaaw (na act) for S to fight for, defend N

ḵaa káx̱ + ḵu-li-gaaw

Note that when replacing the N in the theme with the reflexive pronoun chush, the d component of the classifier is required, as in: chush káx̱ ḵoowdligaaw "s/he defended himself/herself". Remember that the reflexive set of pronouns are always accompanied by the d component of the classifier. Du káx̱ ḵunalgaaw! Fight for her/him! Du káx̱ ḵunaylagaaw! You all fight for her/him! Líl du káx̱ yoo keelagaawúḵ! Donʼt fight for her/him! Líl du káx̱ yoo keeylagaawúḵ! Donʼt you all fight for her/him! du káx̱ ḵux̱lagaaw I am fighting for her/him du káx̱ ḵulagaaw s/he is fighting for her/him du káx̱ ḵux̱wligaaw I fought for her/him du káx̱ ḵoowligaaw s/he fought for her/him tlél du káx̱ ḵuwulgaaw s/he didnʼt fight for her/him du káx̱ ḵugux̱lagaaw s/he will fight for her/him tlél du káx̱ ḵugux̱lagaaw s/he wonʼt fight for her/him du káx̱ ḵunax̱lagaaw let her/him fight for her/him du káx̱ ḵunalgaawch s/he fights for her/him (every time) tlél du káx̱ ḵoonalgaawch s/he hasnʼt fought for her/him yet tlél aadé du káx̱ ḵoonax̱ligaawu yé no way can s/he fight for her/him du káx̱ ḵoonax̱lagaawún s/he would have fought for her/him du káx̱ ḵunalgaawní if/when s/he fights for her/him du káx̱ yoo ḵuligaawk s/he fights for her/him (regularly) Du kéekʼ kawdaxéelʼi du káx̱ ḵoowligaaw. When his little brother got into trouble, he fought for him. Yóo keitl tlein chush káx̱ ḵoowdligaaw. The big dog defended himself. [Story & Naish 1973:65] loud-voiced O-sa-l-gaaw (ga state) for O to be loud-voiced, noisy in speech

sa-li-gaaw

Note a related verb with a similar meaning: x̱ʼaligaaw "s/he has a loud, powerful voice." Isaklagaaw! Be loud! Yee saklagaaw! You all be loud! Líl isalagaawúḵ! Donʼt be loud! Líl yee salagaawúḵ! Donʼt you all be loud! x̱at saligaaw I am loud-voiced saligaaw he/she/it is loud-voiced tlél x̱at seilgaaw Iʼm not loud-voiced tlél seilgaaw he/she/it isnʼt loud-voiced x̱at sawligaaw I was loud-voiced sawligaaw he/she/it was loud-voiced tlél x̱at sawulgaaw I wasnʼt loud-voiced tlél sawulgaaw he/she/it wasnʼt loud-voiced kei x̱at sagux̱lagaaw I will be loud-voiced kei sagux̱lagaaw he/she/it will be loud-voiced tlél kei x̱at sagux̱lagaaw I wonʼt be loud-voiced tlél kei sagux̱lagaaw he/she/it wonʼt be loud-voiced x̱at sagax̱lagaaw let me be loud-voiced sagax̱lagaaw let her/him/it be loud-voiced [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] saklagaawní if/when he/she/it is loud-voiced kei salagaawch he/she/it gets loud-voiced (regularly) fight (N een) ḵu-S-l-gaaw (na act) for S to fight (with N)

ḵu-li-gaaw

Note that du een is not required by the verb. For example, one can simply say: ḵax̱wligaaw "I fought". Replace the N in the theme with the appropriate possessive pronoun to specify who the subject fought with, as in: du een kax̱wligaaw "I fought her/him". (Du een) ḵunalgaaw! Fight (her/him)! (Du een) ḵunaylagaaw! You all fight (her/him)! Líl (du een) yoo keelagaawúḵ! Donʼt fight (her/him)! Líl (du een) yoo keeylagaawúḵ! Donʼt you all fight (her/him)! (du een) ḵux̱lagaaw I am fighting (her/him) (du een) ḵulagaaw s/he is fighting (her/him) (du een) ḵux̱wligaaw I fought (her/him) (du een) ḵoowligaaw s/he fought (her/him) tlél (du een) ḵuwulgaaw s/he didnʼt fight (her/him) (du een) ḵugux̱lagaaw s/he will fight (her/him) tlél (du een) ḵugux̱lagaaw s/he wonʼt fight (her/him) (du een) ḵunax̱lagaaw let her/him fight (her/him) (du een) ḵunalgaawch s/he fights (her/him) (every time) tlél (du een) ḵoonalgaawch s/he hasnʼt fought (her/him) yet tlél aadé (du een) ḵoonax̱ligaawu yé no way can s/he fight (her/him) (du een) ḵoonax̱lagaawún s/he would have fought (her/him) (du een) ḵunalgaawní if/when s/he fights (her/him) (du een) yoo ḵuligaawk s/he fights (her/him) (regularly) gaaxʼ pray pray sh káa x̱ʼe-S-d-gáaxʼ~ (∅ act; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to Nray

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Sh káa x̱ʼeedagáxʼ! Pray! Sh káa x̱ʼaydagáxʼ! You all pray! Líl sh káa x̱ʼeidagáxʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt pray! Líl sh káa x̱ʼeeydagáxʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all pray! sh káa x̱ʼadagáaxʼ s/he prays; s/he is praying tlél sh káa x̱ʼeidagáaxʼ s/he doesnʼt pray sh káa x̱ʼawdigáxʼ s/he prayed tlél sh káa x̱ʼawdagáaxʼ s/he didnʼt pray sh káa x̱ʼagux̱dagáaxʼ s/he will pray tlél sh káa x̱ʼagux̱dagáaxʼ s/he wonʼt pray sh káa x̱ʼax̱dagáxʼ let her/him pray sh káa x̱ʼeidagáxʼch s/he prays (every time) tlél sh káa x̱ʼeidagáxʼch s/he hasnʼt prayed yet tlél aadé sh káa x̱ʼeix̱digáxʼi yé no way can s/he pray sh káa x̱ʼax̱dagáxʼin s/he would have prayed sh káa x̱ʼadagáxʼni if/when s/he prays sh káa x̱ʼadagáxʼx̱ s/he prays (regularly) geen (2) wrinkle wrinkle it O-ka-S-sh-géen~ (∅ event) for S to wrinkle O

ka-shi-geen

Kashagín! Wrinkle it! Kayshagín! You all wrinkle it! Líl keeshagínx̱iḵ! Donʼt wrinkle it! Líl kayshagínx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all wrinkle it! [does not occur] yaa kanax̱shagín Iʼm starting to wrinkle it yaa akanashgín s/he is starting to wrinkle it kax̱wshigín I wrinkled it akawshigín s/he wrinkled it tlél kax̱wshagéen I didnʼt wrinkle it tlél akawushgéen s/he didnʼt wrinkle it kakḵwashagéen I will wrinkle it akagux̱shagéen s/he will wrinkle it tlél kakḵwashagéen I wonʼt wrinkle it tlél akagux̱shagéen s/he wonʼt wrinkle it kaḵashagéen let me wrinkle it akax̱shagéen let her/him wrinkle it koox̱shagínch I wrinkle it (every time) akooshgínch s/he wrinkles it (every time) tlél koox̱shagínch I havenʼt wrinkled it yet tlél akooshgínch s/he hasnʼt wrinkled it yet tlél aadé kooḵashigéeni yé no way can I wrinkle it tlél aadé akoox̱shigéeni yé no way can s/he wrinkle it kooḵashagéenin I would have wrinkled it akoox̱shagéenin s/he would have wrinkled it kax̱shagínni if/when I wrinkle it akshagínni if/when s/he wrinkles it kax̱shagínx̱ I wrinkle it (regularly) akshagínx̱ s/he wrinkles it (regularly) Akshagínni du koodásʼi akagux̱shaxʼéelʼ. If he wrinkles his shirt, heʼll have to iron it. wrinkled O-ka-d-sh-géen~ (∅ event) for O to be wrinkled

ka-shi-geen

[does not occur] yaa kanashgín itʼs starting to get wrinkled kawjigín itʼs wrinkled tlél kawushgéen itʼs not wrinkled kakg̱washgéen it will be wrinkled tlél kakg̱washgéen it wonʼt get wrinkled kag̱ashgéen let it get wrinkled kooshgínch it gets wrinkled (every time) tlél kooshgínch it hasnʼt gotten wrinkled yet tlél aadé koox̱jigéeni yé no way can it get wrinkled koog̱ashgéenin it would have gotten wrinkled kashgínni if/when it gets wrinkled kashgínx̱ it wrinkles easily Ax̱ yá kawjigín. My face is wrinkled. Tlél tʼaa káx̱ eex̱eejíḵ, kakg̱washgéen. Donʼt throw it on the floor, it will get wrinkled. geet ¹ (7) fall, wake up, lost fall into it N-dé O-d-s-geet~ (na motion) for O (live creature) to fall into N

dzi-geet

Líl aadé yoo eesgítgiḵ! Donʼt fall there! [does not occur] aadé wdzigeet he/she/it fell there tlél aadé wusgeet he/she/it didnʼt fall there aadé kg̱wasgéet he/she/it will fall there tlél aadé kg̱wasgeet he/she/it wonʼt fall there aadé ng̱asgeet let her/him/it fall there aadé nasgítch he/she/it falls there (every time) tlél aadé unasgítch he/she/it hasnʼt fallen there yet tlél aadé aadé nax̱wsigeedi yé no way can s/he fall there aadé ng̱wasgeedín s/he would have fallen there aadé nasgítni if/when s/he falls there aadé yoo dzigítk he/she/it falls there (regularly) fall, trip N-náx̱ yei O-d-s-geet~ (∅ motion) for O (live creature) to fall down, trip over P

dzi-geet

To give the meaning trip over something, use N kaanáx̱ (over N). For example: A kaanáx̱ yei wdzigít. "S/he tripped over it." [does not occur] Líl anax̱ yei eesgítjiḵ! Donʼt fall down there! Líl anax̱ yei yee sgítjiḵ! Donʼt you all fall down there! [does not occur] anax̱ yei x̱at wudzigít I fell down there anax̱ yei wdzigít s/he fell down there tlél anax̱ yei x̱at wusgeet I didnʼt fall down there tlél anax̱ yei wusgeet s/he didnʼt fall down there anax̱ yei x̱at gug̱asgéet I will fall down there anax̱ yei kg̱wasgéet s/he will fall down there tlél anax̱ yei x̱at gug̱asgeet I wonʼt fall down there tlél anax̱ yei kg̱wasgeet s/he wonʼt fall down there anax̱ yei x̱at g̱asgeet let me fall down there anax̱ yei g̱asgeet let her/him fall down there anax̱ yei x̱at usgítch I fall down there (every time) anax̱ yei usgítch s/he falls down there (every time) tlél anax̱ yei x̱at usgítch I havenʼt fallen down there yet tlél anax̱ yei usgítch s/he hasnʼt fallen down there yet tlél aadé anax̱ yei x̱wdzigeedi yé no way can s/he fall down there anax̱ yei g̱wasgeedín s/he would have fallen down there anax̱ yei isgítni if/when s/he falls down there [does not occur] Yaa nashíxi áwé anax̱ yei wdzigít. When he was running, he fell down there. Du x̱ʼoos kaanáx̱ yei wdzigít. He tripped over his feet. fall into, against it N-t~ O-d-s-geet~ (∅ motion) for O (live creature) to fall into, against P

dzi-geet

[does not occur] [does not occur] át x̱at wudzigít I fell against it át wudzigít s/he fell against it tlél át x̱at wusgeet I didnʼt fall against it tlél át wusgeet s/he didnʼt fall against it aadé x̱at gug̱asgéet I will fall against it aadé kg̱wasgéet s/he will fall against it tlél aadé x̱at gug̱asgeet I wonʼt fall against it tlél aadé kg̱wasgeet s/he wonʼt fall against it át x̱at g̱asgeet let me fall against it át g̱asgeet let her/him fall against it át x̱at usgeetch I fall against it (every time) át usgeetch s/he falls against it (every time) tlél át x̱at usgeetch I havenʼt fallen against it yet tlél át usgeetch s/he hasnʼt fallen against it yet tlél aadé át g̱wadzigeedi yé no way can s/he fall against it át g̱wasgeedín s/he would have fallen against it át isgítni if/when s/he falls against it [does not occur] fall (esp. off of something) daak O-d-s-geet~ (∅ motion) for O to fall (esp. off of something)

dzi-geet

This verb is most commonly used to indicate falling off of something, such as in: Aadáx̱ daak wudzigít. "He fell down off of it." Tlél daak isgítjiḵ! Donʼt fall! Tlél daak yee sgítjiḵ! Donʼt you all fall! Daak tsá isgéet! See that you donʼt fall! Daak tsá yee sgéet! See that you all donʼt fall! [does not occur] [does not occur] daak x̱at wudzigít I fell daak wudzigít s/he fell tlél daak x̱at wusgeet I didnʼt fall tlél daak wusgeet s/he didnʼt fall daak x̱at gug̱asgéet I will fall daak gug̱asgéet s/he will fall tlél daak x̱at gug̱asgeet I wonʼt fall tlél daak gug̱asgeet s/he wonʼt fall daak x̱at g̱asgeet let me fall daak g̱asgeet let her/him fall daak x̱at usgeetch I fall (every time) daak usgeetch s/he falls (every time) tlél daak x̱at usgeetch I havenʼt fallen yet tlél daak usgeetch s/he hasnʼt fallen yet tlél aadé daak x̱at g̱wadzigeedi yé no way can I fall tlél aadé daak g̱wadzigeedi yé no way can s/he fall daak x̱at g̱asgeedín I would have fallen daak g̱wasgeedín s/he would have fallen daak x̱at isgítni if/when I fall daak isgítni if/when s/he falls daak x̱at isgítch I fall (regularly) daak isgítch s/he falls (regularly) Wé át .aayí aadáx̱ daak wudzigít. He fell from where he was sitting. Káayag̱ijeit kaax̱ daak wudzigít. She fell off the chair. wake her/him up; rouse her/him from sleep kei O-S-s-geet~ (∅ motion) for S to wake O up, rouse O from sleep

kei si-geet

Kei sageet! Wake her/him up! Kei ysageet! You all wake her/him up! Líl kei eesgítjiḵ! Donʼt wake her/him up! Líl kei yisagítjiḵ! Donʼt you all wake her/him up! [does not occur] [does not occur] kei x̱wsigít I woke her/him up kei yisigít you woke her/him up kei awsigít s/he woke her/him up kei wtusigít we woke her/him up kei yeeysigít you all woke her/him up kei (ha)s awsigít they woke her/him up kei wdudzigít someone woke her/him up tlél kei x̱wsageet I didnʼt wake her/him up tlél kei ysageet you didnʼt wake her/him up tlél kei awusgeet s/he didnʼt wake her/him up tlél kei wtusageet we didnʼt wake her/him up tlél kei yeeysageet you all didnʼt wake her/him up tlél kei (ha)s awusgeet they didnʼt wake her/him up tlél kei wdusgeet nobody woke her/him up kei kḵwasagéet I will wake her/him up kei kg̱isagéet you will wake her/him up kei agux̱sagéet s/he will wake her/him up kei gax̱tusagéet we will wake her/him up kei gax̱yisagéet you all will wake her/him up kei (ha)s agux̱sagéet they will wake her/him up kei gax̱dusgéet someone will wake her/him up tlél kei kḵwasageet I wonʼt wake her/him up tlél kei kg̱isageet you wonʼt wake her/him up tlél kei agux̱sageet s/he wonʼt wake her/him up tlél kei gax̱tusageet we wonʼt wake her/him up tlél kei gax̱yisageet you all wonʼt wake her/him up tlél kei (ha)s agux̱sageet they wonʼt wake her/him up tlél kei gax̱dusgeet nobody will wake her/him up kei ḵasageet let me wake her/him up kei ax̱sageet let her/him wake her/him up kei g̱atusageet let us wake her/him up kei x̱wsageetch I wake her/him up (every time) kei isageetch you wake her/him up (every time) kei oosgeetch s/he wakes her/him up (every time) kei tusageetch we wake her/him up (every time) kei yisageetch you all wake her/him up (every time) kei (ha)s oosgeetch they wake her/him up (every time) kei dusgeetch someone wakes her/him up (every time) tlél kei x̱wsageetch / tlél kei ux̱sageetch I havenʼt woken her/him up yet tlél kei isageetch you havenʼt woken her/him up yet tlél kei oosgeetch s/he hasnʼt woken her/him up yet tlél kei tusageetch we havenʼt woken her/him up yet tlél kei yisageetch you all havenʼt woken her/him up yet tlél kei (ha)s oosgeetch they havenʼt woken her/him up yet tlél kei dusgeetch nobody has woken her/him up yet tlél aadé kei oox̱sigeedi yé no way can s/he wake her/him up kei oox̱sageedín s/he would have woken her/him up kei asgítni if/when s/he wakes her/him up kei asgítch s/he wakes her/him up (regularly) I léelkʼu na.éexʼ - chʼa yeisú tlél kei ux̱sageetch. Call your grandmother - I havenʼt woken her up yet. I yeeg̱áa áyá - tlél kei ux̱sageetch. Iʼm waiting for you - I havenʼt woken him up yet. wake up kei O-s-geet~ (∅ motion) for O to wake up

kei si-geet

[does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] kei x̱at wudzigít I woke up kei iwdzigít you woke up kei wdzigít s/he woke up kei haa wudzigít we woke up kei yee wdzigít you all woke up kei (ha)s wudzigít they woke up kei ḵuwdzigít someone woke up tlél kei x̱at wusgeet I didnʼt wake up tlél kei iwusgeet you didnʼt wake up tlél kei wusgeet s/he didnʼt wake up tlél kei haa wusgeet we didnʼt wake up tlél kei yee wusgeet you all didnʼt wake up tlél kei (ha)s wusgeet they didnʼt wake up tlél kei ḵuwusgeet nobody woke up kei x̱at gug̱asgéet I will wake up kei ikg̱wasgéet you will wake up kei kg̱wasgéet s/he will wake up kei haa kg̱wasgéet we will wake up kei yee kg̱wasgéet you all will wake up kei (ha)s gug̱asgéet they will wake up kei ḵukg̱wasgéet someone will wake up tlél kei x̱at gug̱asgeet I wonʼt wake up tlél kei ikg̱wasgeet you wonʼt wake up tlél kei kg̱wasgeet s/he wonʼt wake up tlél kei haa kg̱wasgeet we wonʼt wake up tlél kei yee kg̱wasgeet you all wonʼt wake up tlél kei (ha)s gug̱asgeet they wonʼt wake up tlél kei ḵukg̱wasgeet nobody will wake up kei x̱at g̱asgeet let me wake up kei g̱asgeet let her/him wake up kei haa g̱asgeet let us wake up kei x̱at usgeetch I wake up (every time) kei eesgeetch you wake up (every time) kei usgeetch s/he wakes up (every time) kei haa usgeetch we wake up (every time) kei yee usgeetch you all wake up (every time) kei (ha)s usgeetch they wake up (every time) kei ḵoosgeetch someone wakes up (every time) tlél kei x̱at usgeetch I havenʼt woken up yet tlél kei eesgeetch you havenʼt woken up yet tlél kei usgeetch s/he hasnʼt woken up yet tlél kei haa usgeetch we havenʼt woken up yet tlél kei yee usgeetch you all havenʼt woken up yet tlél kei (ha)s usgeetch they havenʼt woken up yet tlél kei ḵoosgeetch nobody has woken up yet tlél aadé kei ux̱sigeedi yé no way can s/he wake up kei ux̱sageedín s/he would have woken up kei isgítni if/when s/he wakes up [does not occur] lost ḵut O-d-s-geet~ (ga motion) for O to lose oneself, be lost, usure of oneʼs location

ḵut dzi-geet

ḵut igasgeet! Get lost! [does not occur] ḵut tsá igasgéet! Be sure not to get lost! [does not occur] [does not occur] ḵut x̱at wudzigeet I got lost ḵut wudzigeet s/he got lost tlél ḵut x̱at wusgeet I didnʼt get lost tlél ḵut wusgeet s/he didnʼt get lost ḵut kei x̱at gug̱asgéet I will get lost ḵut kei kg̱wasgéet s/he will get lost tlél ḵut kei x̱at gug̱asgeet I wonʼt get lost tlél ḵut kei kg̱wasgeet s/he wonʼt get lost [does not occur] (chʼa) ḵut gag̱asgeet (just) let her/him get lost ḵut x̱at gasgítch I get lost (every time) ḵut gasgítch s/he gets lost (every time) tlél ḵut x̱at goosgítch I havenʼt gotten lost yet tlél ḵut goosgítch s/he hasnʼt gotten lost yet tlél aadé ḵut x̱at gax̱wdzigeedi yé no way can I get lost tlél aadé ḵut gax̱wdzigeedi yé no way can s/he get lost ḵut x̱at goox̱asgeedín I would have gotten lost ḵut goox̱asgeedín s/he would have gotten lost ḵut x̱at gasgítni if/when I get lost ḵut gasgítni if/when s/he gets lost ḵut kei x̱at isgítch I get lost (regularly) ḵut kei isgítch s/he gets lost (regularly) geet ² break (law), do violate, break a law; do something wrong at géit~ S-d-s-geet~ (∅ event) for S to violate, break (law or custom), to do something wrong

a géi- + dzi-geet

[does not occur] Líl at géix̱ eesgeedíḵ! Donʼt do anything wrong! Líl at géix̱ yisgeedíḵ! Donʼt you all do anythig wrong! [does not occur] at géide yaa nx̱asgít Iʼm doing something wrong at géide yaa nasgít s/heʼs doing something wrong at géit x̱wadzigít I did something wrong at géit wudzigít s/he did something wrong tlél at géit x̱wasgeet I didnʼt do anything wrong tlél at géit wusgeet s/he didnʼt do anything wrong at géide kḵwasgéet I will do something wrong at géide kg̱wasgéet s/he will do something wrong tlél at géide kḵwasgeet I wonʼt do anything wrong tlél at géide kg̱wasgeet s/he wonʼt do anything wrong (chʼa) at géit ḵasgeet (dé) (just) let me do something wrong (now) (chʼa) at géit g̱asgeet (dé) (just) let her/him do something wrong (now) at géit x̱wasgeetch I do something wrong (every time) at géit usgeetch s/he does something wrong (every time) tlél at géit x̱wasgeetch I havenʼt done anything wrong yet tlél at géit usgeetch s/he hasnʼt done anything wrong yet tlél aadé at géit ḵwadzigeedi yé no way can I do anything wrong tlél aadé at géit g̱wadzigeedi yé no way can s/he do anything wrong at géit ḵwasgeedín I would have done something wrong at géit g̱wasgeedín s/he would have done something wrong at géit x̱asgítni if/when I do something wrong at géit isgítni if/when s/he does something wrong [does not occur] gei ʰ ¹ (2) big, many big, many (yéi) k-u-ya-gei ʰ~ (na state) for a thing to be (so) big; for things to be (so) many

ya-gei

yéi koogéi itʼs that big tlél yéi koogei it isnʼt that big yéi kaawagei it got that big tlél yéi kawugei it didnʼt get that big yéi kakg̱wagéi it will get that big tlél yéi kakg̱wagei it wonʼt get that big yéi kung̱agei let it get that big yéi kunageich it gets that big (every time) tlél yéi koonageich it hasnʼt gotten that big yet tlél aadé yéi kung̱aageiyi yé no way can it be that big yéi kung̱ageiyín it would have gotten that big yéi kunagéini if/when it gets that big yéi koogeix̱ it gets that big (regularly) big (that big, of plural things) (yéi) + ka-u-d-gei ʰ~ (na state) for (plural) things to be (so) big

ya-gei

yéi kwdigéi theyʼre that big tlél yéi koodagei theyʼre not that big yéi yaa kundagéin theyʼre getting that big [does not occur] yéi kagux̱dagéi they will be that big tlél yéi kagux̱dagei they wonʼt be that big yéi kunax̱dagei let them get that big yéi kundageich they get that big (every time) tlél yéi kundageich they havenʼt gotten that big yet tlél aadé yéi kunax̱digeiyi yé no way can they be that big yéi kunax̱dageiyín they would have been that big yéi kundagéini if/when they are that big [does not occur] gei ¹ (4) big big (of singular, spherical object) ka-∅-gei~ (na state) for a singular, usually spherical object to be big

ka-ya-gei

kayagéi itʼs big tlél koogé itʼs not big yaa kanagéin itʼs getting big [does not occur] kakg̱wagéi it will be big kanagéich it gets big (every time) tlél koonagéich it hasnʼt gotten big yet yoo kayagéik it gets big (regularly) (balloon, e.g.) kanagéini if/when it gets big tall, big O-l-gei~ (na state) for O (esp. live creature or building) to be big, tall

li-gei

[does not occur] [does not occur] x̱at ligéi Iʼm tall iligéi youʼre tall ligéi he/she/it is tall haa ligéi weʼre tall yee ligéi you all are tall has ligéi they are tall ḵuligéi people are tall tlél x̱at ulgé Iʼm not tall tlél eelgé youʼre not tall tlél ulgé he/she/it isnʼt tall tlél haa ulgé weʼre not tall tlél yee ulgé you all are not tall tlél has ulgé they arenʼt tall tlél ḵoolgé nobody is tall wé ligéiyi aa the tall one yaa x̱at nalgéin Iʼm getting tall yaa inalgéin youʼre getting tall yaa nalgéin he/she/it is getting tall yaa haa nalgéin weʼre getting tall yaa yee nalgéin you all are getting tall yaa (ha)s nalgéin they are getting tall yaa ḵunalgéin people are getting tall lagéiyin s/he used to be tall tlél ulgéiyin s/he didnʼt used to be tall x̱at wuligei I got tall iwligei you got tall wuligei he/she/it got tall haa wuligei we got tall yee wligei you all got tall has wuligei they got tall tlél x̱at wulgé I didnʼt get tall tlél iwulgé you didnʼt get tall tlél wulgé he/she/it didnʼt get tall tlél haa wulgé we didnʼt get tall tlél yee wulgé you all didnʼt get tall tlél has wulgé they didnʼt get tall tlél ḵuwulgé nobody got tall kei x̱at gux̱lagéi I will be tall kei igux̱lagéi you will be tall kei gux̱lagéi he/she/it will be tall kei haa gux̱lagéi we will be tall kei yee gux̱lagéi you all will be tall kei (ha)s gux̱lagéi they will be tall kei ḵugux̱lagéi people will be tall tlél kei ax̱ gux̱lagei I wonʼt be tall tlél kei igux̱lagei you wonʼt be tall tlél kei gux̱lagei he/she/it wonʼt be tall tlél kei haa gux̱lagei we wonʼt be tall tlél kei yee gux̱lagei you all wonʼt be tall tlél kei (ha)s gux̱lagei they wonʼt be tall tlél kei ḵugux̱lagei nobody will be tall [does not occur] has lagéi nooch they are always tall [does not occur] tlél x̱at unalgeich I havenʼt gotten tall yet tlél inalgeich you havenʼt gotten tall yet tlél unalgeich he/she/it hasnʼt gotten tall yet tlél haa unalgeich we havenʼt gotten tall yet tlél yee unalgeich you all havenʼt gotten tall yet tlél has unalgeich they havenʼt gotten tall yet tlél ḵoonalgeich nobody has gotten tall yet tlél aadé yéi koonax̱ligeiyi yé no way can he/she/it be that tall nax̱lageiyín he/she/it would have been tall nalgéini if/when he/she/it gets tall [does not occur] Tle yá x̱ʼeitakw kudasáa téel x̱ʼoosdé x̱wdayeeg̱é, tle ax̱ nalgeich. When I put on my high heeled shoes, I become tall. many, plenty, lots (of solid mass or abstracts) ∅-gei~ (na state) for a solid mass or abstracts to be plentiful, be lots, many

ya-gei

yagéi there are many tlél ugé there arenʼt many yaa nagéin itʼs increasing (in number) tlél yaa unagéin itʼs not increasing (in number) géiyin there used to be many tlél ugéiyin there didnʼt use to be many woogei there got to be many tlél wugei there werenʼt many gug̱agéi there will be many tlél gug̱agei there wonʼt be many nag̱agei let there be many géi nooch there are always many nageich there are many (every time) tlél unageich it hasnʼt increased (in number) yet tlél aadé ng̱waageiyi yé no way can there be many nag̱wageiyín there would have been many nagéini if/when there are many yoo yagéik there gets to be many (regularly) Yagéiyi yéi jiné áwé yan awsinei. S/he did a big job. Chʼa yéi koong̱agei. Leave it as it is (as in size, amount). g̱agaan eetináx̱ tlél gug̱agei shákw. Without sunshine, there wonʼt be many strawberries. A géide yéi a daaneiyí yoo yagéik. When he does it wrong, it gets to be more (work). small (of grain-like objects) (yéi) ka-u-d-s-gei~ (ga state) for grain-like objects to be small

yéi + ka-dzi-gei

yéi kwdzigéi theyʼre small tlél yéi koosgei theyʼre not small [does not occur] [does not occur] yéi kagoosgéini if/when theyʼre small gei ² (3) undertand, intelligent, foolish understand, comprehend N daa yaa ḵu-shu-s-géi (ga state) for N to understand, comprehend

ḵaa daa + yaa ḵu-shu-si-gei

I daa yaa ḵushuksagéi (dé)! Understand (now)! Yee daa yaa ḵushuksagéi (dé)! You all understand (now)! du daa yaa ḵushusigéi s/he understands tlél du daa yaa ḵushusgé s/he doesnʼt understand du daa kei yaa ḵushunasgéin s/he is beginning to understand du daa yaa ḵushuwsigéi s/he came to understand tlél du daa yaa ḵushuwusgéi s/he didnʼt come to understand du daa kei yaa ḵushugux̱sagéi s/he will understand tlél du daa kei yaa ḵushugux̱sagéi s/he wonʼt understand du daa yaa ḵushugax̱sagéi let her/him understand du daa yaa ḵushuksagéich s/he understands (every time) tlél du daa yaa ḵushuksagéich s/he doesnʼt understand yet tlél aadé du daa yaa ḵushux̱sigéiyi yé no way can s/he understand it du daa yaa ḵushux̱sageiyín s/he would have understood it du daa yaa ḵushuksagéini if/when s/he understands it du daa kei yaa ḵushusagéich s/he understands (quickly) foolish, dull, unwise, crazy tlél yaa ḵu-S-d-sh-géi (ga state) for S to be foolish, dull, unwise, or crazy

tléil + yaa ḵu-ji-gei

Leer 1973: f05/62 Líl yaa ḵeeshgéiḵ! Donʼt be foolish! Líl yaa ḵayeeshgéiḵ! Donʼt you all be foolish! tlél yaa ḵoox̱ashgé I am foolish tlél yaa ḵooshgé s/he is foolish tlél yaa ḵuwushgéi s/he became foolish tlél kei yaa ḵukg̱washgéi s/he is going to be foolish (chʼa) tlél yaa ḵukg̱ashgéi (dé) (just) let her/him be foolish (now) Tlél yaa ḵooshgé, tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit wus.aax̱. Heʼs kind of crazy, he didnʼt listen to me. At wudanaayí tlél yaa ḵooshgé nooch. When he drinks he always gets crazy. Chʼa keetáanáx̱, líl yaa ḵeeshgéiḵ! Cool it, donʼt get crazy! intelligent, smart, wise yaa ḵu-S-d-s-géi (ga state) for S to be intelligent, smart, wise

yaa ḵu-dzi-gei

Leer 1973: f05/62 Yaa ḵugeesgéi! Be smart! Yaa ḵugayisgéi! You all be smart! yaa ḵux̱dzigéi I am smart yaa ḵudzigéi s/he is smart tlél yaa ḵoox̱asgé Iʼm not smart tlél yaa ḵoosgé s/he isnʼt smart kei yaa ḵunasgéin s/heʼs getting smart yaa ḵoowdzigéi s/he got smart tlél yaa ḵuwusgéi s/he didnʼt get smart kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgéi s/he is going to be smart tlél kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgéi s/he isnʼt going to be smart (chʼa) yaa ḵukg̱asgéi / (chʼa) yaa ḵukg̱asgéiyi (just) let her/him be smart yaa ḵugasgéich s/he gets smart (every time) tlél yaa ḵugoosgéich s/he hasnʼt gotten smart yet tlél aadé yaa ḵugoox̱dzigéiyi yé no way can s/he be smart yaa ḵugoog̱asgéiyin s/he would have been smart yaa ḵugasgéini if/when s/he gets smart kei yaa ḵusgéich s/he gets smart (regularly) Yaa ḵoosgeiyí yóo áwé yéi agux̱sanéi. If heʼs smart, heʼll do it this way. Adawóotl tóonáx̱ kei yaa ḵusgéich. Through hard times, he gets smart. geiḵ improper improper; against the law ku-d-géiḵ (ga state)

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kudigéiḵ itʼs improper tlél koodagéiḵ itʼs not improper kawdigéiḵ it became improper tlél kawdagéiḵ it didnʼt become improper kei kagux̱dagéiḵ it will be improper tlél kei kagux̱dagéiḵ it wonʼt be improper tlél aadé kagoox̱digéig̱i yé no way can it be improper kagoox̱dagéig̱in it would have been improper kakdagéiḵni if/when itʼs improper kei kadagéiḵch it becomes improper (regularly) Astʼeix̱ át shux̱dután kudigéiḵ adustʼeix̱í. Itʼs against the law to fish when theyʼve closed the fishery. Kudigéíḵ dei káxʼ at dunaayí. Itʼs illegal to drink on the street. Kudigéiḵ aan x̱ʼayee adulʼúkx̱u. Itʼs illegal to urinate on the street. Kagoox̱dagéig̱in x̱ʼax̱waawóosʼi. It would have been improper for me to ask him. goo ¹ (3) happy, want, like, fun happy, glad N toowú s-góo (ga state) for N to be happy, glad

ḵaa toowoo + si-goo

I toowú ksagóo! Be happy! Yee toowú ksagóo! You all be happy! [does not occur] ax̱ toowú sigóo I am happy du toowú sigóo s/he is happy tlél ax̱ tooshgú I am not happy tlél du tooshgú s/he isnʼt happy [does not occur] du toowú sagóowun s/he used to be happy ax̱ toowú wsigóo I became happy du toowú wsigóo s/he became happy tlél ax̱ toowú wushgóo I wasnʼt happy tlél du toowú wushgóo s/he wasnʼt happy ax̱ toowú kei gux̱sagóo I will be happy du toowú kei gux̱sagóo s/he will be happy tlél ax̱ toowú kei gux̱sagóo I wonʼt be happy tlél du toowú kei gux̱sagóo s/he wonʼt be happy ax̱ toowú gax̱sagóo let me be happy du toowú gax̱sagóo let her/him be happy du toowú sagóo nooch s/he is always happy ax̱ toowú ksagwéich I get happy (every time) du toowú ksagwéich s/he gets happy (every time) [does not occur] [does not occur] du toowú gax̱sagóowun s/he would have been happy du toowú ksagwéini if/when s/heʼs happy du toowú kei sagóoch s/he gets happy (regularly) want, like N tuwáa S-s-góo (ga state) for N to want, like, desire S; for S to be pleasing to N

ḵaa toowáa + si-goo

ax̱ tuwáa sigóo I want it i tuwáa sigóo you want it du tuwáa sigóo s/he wants it haa tuwáa sigóo we want it yee tuwáa sigóo you all want it has du tuwáa sigóo they want it ḵáa tuwáa sigóo he/she/it is liked tlél ax̱ tuwáa ushgú I donʼt want it tlél i tuwáa ushgú you donʼt want it tlél du tuwáa ushgú s/he doesnʼt want it tlél haa tuwáa ushgú we donʼt want it tlél yee tuwáa ushgú you all donʼt want it tlél has du tuwáa ushgú they donʼt want it tlél ḵáa tuwáa ushgú he/she/it isnʼt liked wé du tuwáa sigóowu aa the one who wants it ax̱ tuwáa kei nasgwéin I am beginning to want it i tuwáa kei nasgwéin you are beginning to want it du tuwáa kei nasgwéin s/he is beginning to want it haa tuwáa kei nasgwéin we are beginning to want it yee tuwáa kei nasgwéin you all are beginning to want it has du tuwáa kei nasgwéin they are beginning to want it ḵáa tuwáa kei nasgwéin it is beginning to be liked du tuwáa sagóowun s/he used to want it tlél du tuwáa ushgóowun s/he didnʼt used to want it ax̱ tuwáa wsigóo I wanted it i tuwáa wsigóo you wanted it du tuwáa wsigóo s/he wanted it haa tuwáa wsigóo we wanted it yee tuwáa wsigóo you all wanted it has du tuwáa wsigóo they wanted it ḵáa tuwáa wsigóo he/she/it was liked tlél ax̱ tuwáa wushgóo I didnʼt want it tlél i tuwáa wushgóo you didnʼt want it tlél du tuwáa wushgóo s/he didnʼt want it tlél haa tuwáa wushgóo we didnʼt want it tlél yee tuwáa wushgóo you all didnʼt want it tlél has du tuwáa wushgóo they didnʼt want it tlél ḵáa tuwáa wushgóo he/she/it wasnʼt liked ax̱ tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo I will want it i tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo you will want it du tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo s/he will want it haa tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo we will want it yee tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo you all will want it has du tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo they will want it ḵáa tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo he/she/it will be liked tlél ax̱ tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo I wonʼt want it tlél i tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo you wonʼt want it tlél du tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo s/he wonʼt want it tlél haa tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo we wonʼt want it tlél yee tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo you all wonʼt want it tlél has du tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo they wonʼt want it tlél ḵáa tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo he/she/it wonʼt be liked ax̱ tuwáa gax̱sagóo let me want it du tuwáa gax̱sagóo let her/him want it haa tuwáa gax̱sagóo let us want it du tuwáa sagóo nooch s/he always wants it ax̱ tuwáa gasgóoch I want it (every time) i tuwáa gasgóoch you want it (every time) du tuwáa gasgóoch s/he wants it (every time) haa tuwáa gasgóoch we want it (every time) yee tuwáa gasgóoch you all want it (every time) has du tuwáa gasgóoch they want it (every time) ḵáa tuwáa gasgóoch he/she/it is wanted (every time) tlél ax̱ tuwáa goosgóoch I havenʼt wanted it yet tlél i tuwáa goosgóoch you havenʼt wanted it yet tlél du tuwáa goosgóoch s/he hasnʼt wanted it yet tlél haa tuwáa goosgóoch we havenʼt wanted it yet tlél yee tuwáa goosgóoch you all havenʼt wanted it yet tlél has du tuwáa goosgóoch they havenʼt wanted it yet ḵáa tuwáa goosgóoch he/she/it hasnʼt been liked yet tlél aadé du tuwáa gux̱sigóowu yé no way can s/he want it du tuwáa gux̱sagóowun s/he would have wanted it du tuwáa ksagwéini if/when s/he wants it du tuwáa kei sagóoch s/he wants it (regularly) ` ` Chʼas ḵʼasagóo áwé du tuwáa sagóo nooch. All s/he cares about is fun. Woosh tuwáa has wusigóo. They liked each other. Chʼas x̱ʼalitseeni aa áwé du tuwáa gasgóoch. S/he always likes the expensive things. unhappy, lonesome tlél O-tu-sh-góo (ga state) for O to be unhappy, lonesome

tléil + tu-shi-goo

[see ʼhappyʼ] tlél x̱at tooshgú I am unhappy tlél tooshgú s/he is unhappy [does not occur] [see ʼhappyʼ] tlél x̱at tuwushgóo I was unhappy tlél tuwushgóo s/he became unhappy tlél kei x̱at tugux̱shagóo I will be unhappy tlél kei tugux̱shagóo s/he will be unhappy [does not occur] tlél tooshgú nooch s/heʼs always unhappy [see ʼhappyʼ] [does not occur] tlél aadé tlél tugaax̱wshigóowu yé no way can s/he be unhappy tlél tugaax̱wshagóowun s/he would have been unhappy tlél tukshagwéini if/when s/he is unhappy tlél kei tooshgóoch s/he is unhappy (regularly) gook know, learn know how to do it; learn how to do it O-S-sh-góok (ga state) for S to know, learn how to do O

shi-gook

Gashgóok! Learn how to do it! Gayshagóok! You all learn how to do it! ashigóok s/he knows how to do it tlél ooshgóok s/he doesnʼt know how to do it awshigóok s/he learned how to do it tlél awushgóok s/he didnʼt learn how to do it kei agux̱shagóok s/he will know how to do it tlél kei agux̱shagóok s/he wonʼt know how to do it agax̱shagóok let her/him learn how to do it akshagóokch s/he learns how to do it (every time) tlél ooxshagóokch s/he hasnʼt learned how to do it yet tlél aadé agoox̱shigóogu yé no way can s/he learn how to do it agoox̱shagóogun s/he would have learned how to do it ag̱ashgóokni if/when s/he learns how to do it kei ashgóokch s/he learns (fast) how to do it Tlél daa sá ooshgóok. He doesnʼt know (how to do) anything. gooḵ (5) run (plural subject) run after her/him/it (plural subject) N ítx̱ O-lu-∅-gooḵ~ (na motion) for (plural) O to run after N

lu-ya-gooḵ

A ítx̱ yee lunagúḵ! You all run after it! Líl a ítx̱ yoo yee lugúḵguḵ! Donʼt you all run after it! [does not occur] a ítx̱ yaa haa lunagúḵ we are running after it a ítx̱ yaa (ha)s lunagúḵ they are running after it a ítx̱ haa loowagooḵ we ran after it a ítx̱ has loowagooḵ they ran after it tlél a ítx̱ haa luwugooḵ we didnʼt run after it tlél a ítx̱ has luwugooḵ they didnʼt run after it a ítx̱ haa lukg̱wagóoḵ we will run after it a ítx̱ has lukg̱wagóoḵ they will run after it tlél a ítx̱ haa lukg̱wagooḵ we wonʼt run after it tlél a ítx̱ has lukg̱wagooḵ they wonʼt run after it a ítx̱ haa lung̱agooḵ let us run after it a ítx̱ has lung̱agooḵ let them run after it a ítx̱ haa lunagúḵch we run after it (every time) a ítx̱ has lunagúḵch they run after it (every time) tlél a ít haa loonagúḵch we havenʼt run after it yet tlél a ítx̱ has loonagúḵch they havenʼt run after it yet tlél aadé a ítx̱ haa loong̱aagoog̱u yé no way can we run after it tlél aadé a ítx̱ has loong̱aagoog̱u yé no way can they run after it a ítx̱ haa loong̱agoog̱ún we would have run after it a ítx̱ has loong̱agoog̱ún they would have run after it a ítx̱ haa lunagúḵni if/when we run after it a ítx̱ has lunagúḵni if/when they run after it a ítx̱ yoo haa luwagúḵk we run after it (regularly) a ítx̱ yoo (ha)s luwagúḵk they run after it (regularly) Has du ítx̱ haa loong̱agoog̱ún haa yáanáx̱ ḵu.aa has yasátkw. We would have run after them, but they are faster than us. A ítx̱ haa loong̱agoog̱ún ḵútx̱ ḵu.aa haa shaawahík. We would have run after it, but we were too full. run (plural subject) II N-t~ O-lu-∅-gooḵ~ (∅ motion) for (plural) O to run to N, arrive at N by running

lu-ya-gooḵ

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb "go on foot" to specify the direction of motion. Replace át/áx̱/aadé "arriving at NO" in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-t (~x̱~dei) arriving at NO, coming to N yan (~yax̱~yándei) coming to rest, to a stop N-náx̱ yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving across P, to the other side of P neil (~neilx̱~neildéi) moving inside, coming home haat (~haax̱~haa(n)déi) coming here yóot (~yóox̱~yóodei) going away Át yee lugúḵ! You all run to it! Líl áx̱ yee lugoog̱úḵ! Donʼt you all run to it! [does not occur] aadé yaa haa lunagúḵ we are running to it aadé yaa yee lunagúḵ you all are running to it aadé yaa (ha)s lunagúḵ they are running to it aadé yaa ḵulunagúḵ people are running to it tlél aadé yaa haa loonagúḵ weʼre not running to it tlél aadé yaa yee loonagúḵ you all are not running to it tlél aadé yaa (ha)s loonagúḵ theyʼre not running to it tlél aadé yaa ḵuloonagúḵ nobody is running to it [does not occur] át haa luwagúḵ we ran to it át yee luwagúḵ you all ran to it át has luwagúḵ they ran to it át ḵuluwagúḵ people ran to it tlél át haa luwugooḵ we didnʼt run to it tlél át yee luwugooḵ you all didnʼt run to it tlél át (ha)s luwugooḵ they didnʼt run to it tlél ḵuluwugooḵ nobody ran to it aadé haa lukg̱wagóoḵ we will run to it aadé yee lukg̱wagóoḵ you all will run to it aadé (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ they will run to it aadé ḵulukg̱wagóoḵ people will run to it tlél aadé haa lukg̱wagooḵ we wonʼt run to it tlél aadé yee lukg̱wagooḵ you all wonʼt run to it tlél aadé (ha)s lukg̱wagooḵ they wonʼt run to it tlél aadé ḵulukg̱wagooḵ nobody will run to it át haa lug̱agooḵ let us run to it át has lug̱agooḵ let them run to it [does not occur] át haa loogooḵch we run to it (every time) át yee loogooḵch you all run to it (every time) át has loogooḵch they run to it (every time) át ḵuloogooḵch people run to it (every time) tlél át haa loogooḵch we havenʼt run to it yet tlél át yee loogooḵch you all havenʼt run to it yet tlél át has loogooḵch they havenʼt run to it yet tlél át ḵuloogooḵch nobody has run to it yet tlél aadé át has loog̱aagoog̱u yé no way can they run to it át has loog̱agoog̱ún they would have run to it át has lugúḵni if/when they run to it áx̱ has lugooḵ they run to it (regularly) run (plural subject) III g̱unéi O-lu-∅-gooḵ~ (∅ motion) for (plural) O to begin running

lu-ya-gooḵ

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace g̱unéi "starting off" in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N yáa coming up to N N g̱unayáa separating from N N shukáxʼ getting ahead of N gági emerging, coming out into the open dáag̱i coming out of the water héeni going to the sea; going into the water g̱unayéi / g̱unéi starting off, beginning to go N-x̱ moving in place at N, trying to move while stuck at P g̱unéi yee lugooḵ! You all start running! Líl g̱unéi yee luwugoog̱úḵ! Donʼt you all start running! [does not occur] [does not occur (with g̱unéi)] [does not occur] [does not occur] g̱unéi haa loowagúḵ we started running g̱unéi yee loowagúḵ you all started running g̱unéi (ha)s loowagúḵ they started running g̱unéi ḵuloowagúḵ people started running tlél g̱unéi haa luwugooḵ we didnʼt start running tlél g̱unéi yee luwugooḵ you all didnʼt start running tlél g̱unéi (ha)s luwugooḵ they didnʼt start running tlél g̱unéi ḵuluwugooḵ nobody started running g̱unéi haa lukg̱wagóoḵ we will start running g̱unéi yee lukg̱wagóoḵ you all will start running g̱unéi (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ they will start running g̱unéi ḵulukg̱wagóoḵ people will start running tlél g̱unéi haa lukg̱wagooḵ we wonʼt start running tlél g̱unéi yee lukg̱wagooḵ you all wonʼt start running tlél g̱unéi (ha)s lukg̱wagooḵ they wonʼt start running tlél g̱unéi ḵulukg̱wagooḵ nobody will start running g̱unéi haa lug̱agooḵ let us start running g̱unéi (ha)s lug̱agooḵ let them start running g̱unéi haa loogooḵch we start running (every time) g̱unéi yee loogooḵch you all start running (every time) g̱unéi has loogooḵch they start running (every time) g̱unéi ḵuloogooḵch people start running (every time) tlél g̱unéi haa loogooḵch we havenʼt started running yet tlél g̱unéi yee loogooḵch you all havenʼt started running yet tlél g̱unéi (ha)s loogooḵch they havenʼt started running yet tlél g̱unéi ḵuloogooḵch nobody has started running yet tlél aadé g̱unéi (ha)s lug̱waagoog̱u yé no way can they start running g̱unéi (ha)s lug̱wagoog̱ún they would have started running g̱unéi (ha)s lugúḵni if/when they start running g̱unéi (ha)s lugúḵx̱ they start running (regularly) run (plural subject) VII N-dé O-lu-∅-gooḵ~ (na motion) for (plural) O to run toward P

lu-ya-gooḵ

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace aadé ʼtoward thereʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about N (no repetitive form) P-dei moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of N; stopped at N on the way by yux̱ moving out of house P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱aa going to get P Yee lunagúḵ! You all run! Líl yee luwugoog̱úḵ Donʼt you all run! [does not occur] yaa haa lunagúḵ we are running yaa yee lunagúḵ you all are running yaa has lunagúḵ they are running yaa ḵulunagúḵ people are running tlél yaa haa loonagúḵ weʼre not running tlél yaa yee loonagúḵ you all are not running tlél yaa (ha)s loonagúḵ theyʼre not running tlél yaa ḵuloonagúḵ nobody is running [does not occur] haa loowagooḵ we ran yee loowagooḵ you all ran has loowagooḵ they ran ḵuloowagooḵ people ran tlél haa luwugooḵ we didnʼt run tlél yee luwugooḵ you all didnʼt run tlél has luwugooḵ they didnʼt run tlél ḵuluwugooḵ nobody ran wé has loowagoog̱u aa the ones who ran haa lukg̱wagóoḵ we will run yee lukg̱wagóoḵ you all will run has lukg̱wagóoḵ they will run ḵulukg̱wagóoḵ people will run tlél haa lukg̱wagooḵ we wonʼt run tlél yee lukg̱wagooḵ you all wonʼt run tlél has lukg̱wagooḵ they wonʼt run tlél ḵulukg̱wagooḵ nobody will run haa lung̱agooḵ let us run has lung̱agooḵ let them run haa lunagúḵch we run (every time) yee lunagúḵch you all run (every time) has lunagúḵch they run (every time) ḵulunagúḵch people run (every time) tlél haa loonagúḵch we havenʼt run yet tlél yee loonagúḵch you all havenʼt run yet tlél has loonagúḵch they havenʼt run yet tlél ḵuloonagúḵch nobody has run yet tlél aadé (ha)s loong̱aagoog̱u yé no way can they run has loong̱agoog̱ún they would have run has lunagúḵni if/when they run yoo (ha)s luwagúḵk they run (regularly) run (plural subject) VIII ḵut O-lu-∅-gooḵ~ (ga motion) for (plural) O to run away

lu-ya-gooḵ

-- taking off, starting off N-dáx̱ taking off from NO; starting off from NO ḵut going astray, getting lost ḵut yee lugagooḵ! You all run away! Líl ḵut yee luwugoog̱úḵ! Donʼt you all run away! [does not occur] ḵut kei haa lunagúḵ we are running away ḵut kei yee lunagúḵ you all are running away ḵut kei (ha)s lunagúḵ they are running away ḵut kei ḵulunagúḵ people are running away tlél ḵut kei haa loonagúḵ weʼre not running away tlél ḵut kei yee loonagúḵ you all are not running away tlél ḵut kei (ha)s loonagúḵ theyʼre not running away tlél ḵut kei ḵuloonagúḵ nobody is running away [does not occur] ḵut haa loowagooḵ we ran away ḵut yee loowagooḵ you all ran away ḵut has loowagooḵ they ran away ḵut ḵuloowagooḵ people ran away tlél ḵut haa luwugooḵ we didnʼt run away tlél ḵut yee luwugooḵ you all didnʼt run away tlél ḵut has luwugooḵ they didnʼt run away tlél ḵut ḵuluwugooḵ nobody ran away ḵut kei haa lukg̱wagóoḵ we will run away ḵut kei yee lukg̱wagóoḵ you all will run away ḵut kei (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ they will run away ḵut kei ḵulukg̱wagóoḵ people will run away tlél ḵut kei haa lukg̱wagooḵ we wonʼt run away tlél ḵut kei yee lukg̱wagooḵ you all wonʼt run away tlél ḵut kei has lukg̱wagooḵ they wonʼt run away tlél ḵut kei ḵulukg̱wagooḵ nobody will run away ḵut haa lukg̱agooḵ let us run away ḵut has lukg̱agooḵ let them run away [does not occur] ḵut haa lugagúḵch we run away (every time) ḵut yee lugagúḵch you all run away (every time) ḵut has lugagúḵch they run away (every time) ḵut ḵulugagúḵch people run away (every time) tlél ḵut haa loogagúḵch we havenʼt run away yet tlél ḵut yee loogagúḵch you all havenʼt run away yet tlél ḵut has loogagúḵch they havenʼt run away yet tlél ḵut ḵuloogagúḵch nobody has run away yet tlél aadé ḵut has lookg̱aagoog̱u yé no way can they run away ḵut has lookg̱agoog̱ún they would have run away ḵut has lugagúḵni if/when they run away ḵut kei (ha)s lugúḵch they run away (regularly) góosʼ cloudy cloudy ḵu-l-góosʼ (ga state) for the sky to be cloudy

ḵu-li-goosʼ

ḵuligóosʼ itʼs cloudy tlél ḵoolgóosʼ itʼs not cloudy kei ḵunalgóosʼ itʼs getting cloudy ḵulagóosʼ nooch itʼs always cloudy ḵoowligóosʼ it got cloudy tlél ḵuwulgóosʼ it didnʼt get cloudy kei ḵugux̱lagóosʼ it will be cloudy tlél kei ḵugux̱lagóosʼ it wonʼt be cloudy ḵugax̱lagóosʼ let it be cloudy ḵugalgóosʼch it gets cloudy (every time) tlél ḵugoolgóosʼch it hasnʼt gotten cloudy yet [does not occur] [does not occur] ḵuklagóosʼni if/when it gets cloudy kei ḵulagóosʼch it gets cloudy (regularly) goot ¹ (13) go, walk, follow, go to bathroom, appoint. let in, let out follow her/him/it (singular subject) IX N ítx̱ yaa S-∅-goot~ (ga motion) for (singular) S to follow N (on foot)

ya-goot

Note that the preverb yaa does not occur in the perfective form. A ítx̱ yaa gagú! Follow it! Líl a ítx̱ yaa eegútjiḵ! Donʼt follow it! [does not occur] a ítx̱ yaa nax̱agút Iʼm following it a ítx̱ yaa nagút he/she/it is following it a ítx̱ x̱waagoot I followed it a ítx̱ woogoot he/she/it followed it tlél a ítx̱ x̱wagoot I didnʼt follow it tlél a ítx̱ wugoot he/she/it didnʼt follow it a ítx̱ yaa kḵwagóot I will follow it a ítx̱ yaa kg̱wagóot he/she/it will follow it tlél a ítx̱ yaa kḵwagoot I wonʼt follow it tlél a ítx̱ yaa kg̱wagoot he/she/it wonʼt follow it a ítx̱ yaa kḵagoodí let me follow it a ítx̱ yaa kg̱agoodí let her/him/it follow it a ítx̱ yaa gax̱agútch I follow it (every time) a ítx̱ yaa gagútch he/she/it follows it (every time) tlél a ítx̱ yaa goox̱agútch I havenʼt followed it yet tlél a ítx̱ yaa googútch he/she/it hasnʼt followed it yet tlél aadé a ítx̱ yaa kḵwaagoodi yé no way can I follow it tlél aadé a ítx̱ yaa kg̱waagoodi yé no way can he/she/it follow it a ítx̱ yaa kḵwagoodín I would have followed it a ítx̱ yaa kg̱wagoodín he/she/it would have followed it a ítx̱ yaa gax̱agútni if/when I follow it a ítx̱ yaa gagútni if/when he/she/it follows it [does not occur] appoint, choose for a certain position (singular object) I a tóo daak O-S-s-goot~ (∅ motion) for S to appoint (singular) O, choose O for a certain position

a tóo + daak si-goot

A tóo daak sagú! Appoint her/him! Líl a tóo daak isagútjiḵ! Donʼt appoint her/him! [does not occur] a tóo daak x̱wasigút I appointed her/him a tóo daak awsigút s/he appointed her/him tlél a tóo daak x̱wasagoot I didnʼt appoint her/him tlél a tóo daak awusgoot s/he didnʼt appoint her/him a tóo daak agux̱sagóot s/he will appoint her/him tlél a tóo daak agux̱sagoot s/he wonʼt appoint her/him a tóo daak ax̱sagoot let her/him appoint her/him a tóo daak oosgootch s/he appoints her/him (every time) tlél a tóo daak oosgootch s/he hasnʼt appointed her/him yet tlél aadé a tóo daak oox̱sigoodi yé no way can s/he appoint her/him a tóo daak oox̱sagoodín s/he would have appointed her/him a tóo daak asgútni if/when s/he appoints her/him a tóo daak asgútch s/he appoints her/him (regularly) Ax̱ éeshch a tóo daak x̱at wusigút. My father appointed me (to fill the position). [Story & Naish 1973: 21] A tóo daak isagútni tlél yei haa kagux̱dakei. If you appoint him, we wonʼt fail. go on foot (singular subject) II N-t~ S-∅-goot~ (∅ motion) for (singular) S to arrive at N, go to N (by walking or as general term)

ya-goot

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace át/áx̱/aadé ʼarriving at Pʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-t (~x̱~dei) arriving at N, coming to N yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving ashore, coming to rest, to a stop, setting down N-náx̱ yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving across P, to the other side of P neil (~neilx̱~neildéi) moving inside, coming home haat (~haax̱~haa(n)déi) coming here yóot (~yóox̱~yóodei) going away As seen in the paradigm below, forms ending in -x̱ are used in the repetetive imperfective; forms ending in -de are used in the progressive imperfective; and forms ending in -t / -0(plain) are used elsewhere. Át gú! Go there! Líl áx̱ eegoodíḵ! Donʼt go there! Líl át yigoodíḵ! Donʼt go there! [does not occur] aadé yaa nx̱agút I am going there aadé yaa neegút you are going there aadé yaa nagút s/he is going there aadé yaa anagút someone is going there tlél aadé yaa nx̱wagút Iʼm not going there tlél aadé yaa neegút youʼre not going there tlél aadé yaa unagút s/heʼs not going there [does not occur] át x̱waagút I arrived there át iyagút you arrived there át uwagút s/he arrived there át aawagút someone arrived there tlél át x̱wagoot I didnʼt arrive there tlél át yigoot you didnʼt arrive there tlél át wugoot s/he didnʼt arrive there [does not occur] wé át wugoodi aa the one who arrived there aadé kḵwagóot I will go there aadé kg̱eegóot you will go there aadé gug̱agóot s/he will go there aadé akg̱wagóot someone will go there tlél aadé kḵwagoot I wonʼt go there tlél aadé kg̱eegoot you wonʼt go there tlél aadé kg̱wagoot s/he wonʼt go there [does not occur] át ḵagoot let me go there át g̱agoot let her/him go there át x̱wagootch I go there (every time) át eegootch you go there (every time) át ugootch s/he goes there (every time) át oogootch someone goes there (every time) tlél át x̱wagootch I havenʼt arrived there yet tlél át eegootch you havenʼt arrived there yet tlél át ugootch s/he hasnʼt arrived there yet [does not occur] tlél aadé át g̱waagoodi yé no way can s/he get there tlél aadé át has g̱waa.aadi yé no way can they get there át g̱wagoodín s/he would have gone there át gútni if/when s/he goes there áx̱ goot s/he goes there (regularly) Has du waḵsheeyeet gú! Show yourself to them! A x̱ánt uwagút. He went up to her. Tle ash x̱ándei yaa nagúdi teen áwé yéi akaayaḵá, "Ax̱ een na.á". As soon as he came by her he said to her, "Come with me". Chʼáakwx̱ sateeyí áwé wéináx̱ neil uwagút. After a while he came inside. Eeḵnáx̱ áwé awsikóo yú anax̱ haat uwagudi yé yú dáaḵnáx̱ yú shaa tʼéináx̱. He knew how he had come along the shore line through the forest from behind the mountain. Yóot uwagút héen áyá yaa anas.ín. He left, carrying water. go on foot (singular subject) IX N-x̱ S-∅-goot~ (g̱a motion) for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) down along P

ya-goot

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace yaa ʼdownʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. yaa (deletes before aspect marker yei) moving down yaax̱ getting into canoe, boat, or other vehicle N-x̱ moving down along héenx̱ moving into the water N-náx̱ stopping by P Áx̱ yaa g̱agú! Walk down along it! Líl áx̱ yei eegútjiḵ! Donʼt walk down along it! [does not occur] áx̱ yei nx̱agút I am walking down along it áx̱ yei neegút you are walking down along it áx̱ yei nagút s/he is walking down along it tlél áx̱ yei nx̱wagút Iʼm not walking down along it tlél áx̱ yei neegút youʼre not walking down along it tlél áx̱ yei unagút s/heʼs not walking down along it áx̱ x̱waagoot I walked down along it áx̱ yeegoot you walked down along it áx̱ woogoot s/he walked down along it tlél áx̱ x̱wagoot I didnʼt walk down along it tlél áx̱ yigoot you didnʼt walk down along it tlél áx̱ woogoot s/he didnʼt walk down along it wé áx̱ yaa woogoodi aa the one who walked down along it áx̱ yei kḵwagóot I will walk down along it áx̱ yei kg̱eegóot you will walk down along it áx̱ yei gug̱agóot s/he will walk down along it tlél áx̱ yei kḵwagoot I wonʼt walk down along it tlél áx̱ yei kg̱eegoot you wonʼt walk down along it tlél áx̱ yei gug̱agoot s/he wonʼt walk down along it áx̱ yaa g̱aaḵagoot let me walk down along it áx̱ yaa g̱aag̱agoot let her/him walk down along it áx̱ yaa ḵagútch I walk down along it (every time) áx̱ yaa g̱eegútch you walk down along it (every time) áx̱ yaa g̱agútch s/he walks down along it (every time) tlél áx̱ yaa ḵwagútch I havenʼt walked down along it yet tlél áx̱ yaa g̱eegútch you havenʼt walked down along it yet tlél áx̱ yaa g̱wagútch s/he hasnʼt walked down along it yet tlél aadé áx̱ yaa g̱waag̱aagoodi yé no way can s/he walk down along it áx̱ yaa g̱waag̱agoodín s/he would have walked down along it áx̱ yaa g̱agútni if/when s/he walks down along it áx̱ yei gútch s/he walks down along it (regularly) Hú tsú, g̱aa yatee wé x̱ʼayaaḵuwdlig̱adi aa; g̱aa yatee. Yaax̱ g̱aag̱agoot! Her too, itʼs ok to take the one who broke the taboo; itʼs ok. Let her come aboard! Tléikʼ, tlél yaax̱ yéi kḵwagoot! No, I wonʼt go aboard! Shaa yáx̱ yei nx̱agút. I am climbing down along the face of the mountain. Ha tsu héenx̱ g̱agú! Now go into the water again! go on foot (singular subject) V N jikaadáx̱ ya-u-S-∅-goot~ (∅ motion) for (singular) S to get out of Nʼs way

ya-goot

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace du jikaadáx̱ ʼgetting out of his/her wayʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-x̱ moving circuitously, obliquely along P N daax̱ circling around N haandéi moving over this way (toward speaker) héidei moving over that way (away from speaker) N jikaadáx̱ / N jikaax̱ getting out of Nʼs way N-náx̱ moving circuitously, obliquely through P N eetíx̱ taking Nʼs place; trading places with N; missing N Du jikaadáx̱ woogú! Get out of his/her way! Líl du jikaadáx̱ yaa eegútjiḵ! Donʼt get out of his/her way! [does not occur] du jikaadáx̱ yaa wunx̱agút I am getting out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yaa wuneegút you are getting out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yaa wunagút s/he is getting out of his/her way [does not occur] du jikaadáx̱ yax̱waagút I got out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yiyagút you got out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yaawagút s/he got out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ yax̱wagoot I didnʼt get out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ yayigoot you didnʼt get out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ yawugoot s/he didnʼt get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yakḵwagóot I will get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yakg̱eegóot you will get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yakg̱wagóot s/he will get out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ yakḵwagoot I wonʼt get out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ yakg̱eegoot you wonʼt get out of his/her way tlél du jikaadáx̱ yakg̱wagoot s/he wonʼt get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yaḵagoot let me get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yag̱agoot let her/him get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yoox̱wagútch I get out of his/her way (every time) du jikaadáx̱ yeegútch you get out of his/her way (every time) du jikaadáx̱ woogútch s/he gets out of his/her way (every time) tlél du jikaadáx̱ yoox̱wagootch I havenʼt gotten out of his/her way yet tlél du jikaadáx̱ yeegootch you havenʼt gotten out of his/her way yet tlél du jikaadáx̱ woogootch s/he hasnʼt gotten out of his/her way yet tlél aadé du jikaadáx̱ yag̱waagoodi yé no way can s/he get out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ woog̱agoodín s/he would have gotten out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yagútni if/when s/he gets out of his/her way du jikaadáx̱ yaa gútch s/he gets out of his/her way (regularly) Chʼu tle tláakw áwé ḵa wé áx̱ ayaawa.adi yéix̱ yaa nagút. She went quickly and along where people had walked. Yeisú áx̱ yaawagút. It had just gone along there. go on foot (singular subject) VI a-ya-u-S-d-goot~ (∅ motion) for (singular) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term)

a-ya-di-goot

-- turn back, return, retreat, go back kei escape, flee Ayeedagú! Turn back! Líl ayeedagútx̱iḵ! Donʼt turn back! [does not occur] yaa ayanax̱dagút I am turning back yaa ayanidagút you are turning back yaa awundagút s/he is turning back [does not occur] ayax̱wdigút I turned back ayaydigút you turned back ayawdigút s/he turned back tlél ayax̱wdagoot I didnʼt turn back tlél ayaydagoot you didnʼt turn back tlél ayawdagoot s/he didnʼt turn back wé ayawdigudi aa the one who turned back ayakḵwadagóot I will turn back ayakg̱idagóot you will turn back ayakg̱wadagóot s/he will turn back tlél ayakḵwadagoot I wonʼt turn back tlél ayakg̱idagoot you wonʼt turn back tlél ayakg̱wadagoot s/he wonʼt turn back ayaḵadagoot let me turn back ayax̱dagoot let her/him turn back ayax̱dagútch I turn back (every time) ayidagútch you turn back (every time) ayadagútch s/he turns back (every time) tlél awoox̱dagootch I havenʼt turned back yet tlél ayeedagootch you havenʼt turned back yet tlél awoodagootch s/he hasnʼt turned back yet tlél aadé awux̱digoodi yé no way can s/he turn back awux̱dagoodín s/he would have turned back ayadagútni if/when s/he turns back ayadagútx̱ s/he turns back (regularly) Aan ayagux̱dagóot. It will go back with it. Yáaxʼ áwé has du x̱oo ayawdigút. Hereʼs when she turned on them. go on foot (singular subject) III gági S-∅-goot~ (∅ motion) for (singular) S to emerge, walk out into the open

ya-goot

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace gági ʼcoming outʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N yáa coming up to N N g̱unayáa separating from N N shukáxʼ getting ahead of N gági emerging, coming out into the open dáag̱i coming out of the water héeni going to the sea; going into the water g̱unayéi / g̱unéi starting off, beginning to go N-x̱ moving in place at N, trying to move while stuck at N Gági gú! Come out! Líl gági yigoodíḵ! Donʼt come out! [does not occur] gági yaa nx̱agút I am coming out gági yaa neegút you are coming out gági yaa nagút s/he is coming out gági yaa anagút someone is coming out tlél gági yaa nx̱wagút Iʼm not coming out tlél gági yaa neegút youʼre not coming out tlél gági yaa unagút s/heʼs not coming out [does not occur] gági x̱waagút I came out gági iyagút you came out gági uwagút s/he came out gági aawagút someone came out tlél gági x̱wagoot I didnʼt come out tlél gági yigoot you didnʼt come out tlél gági wugoot s/he didnʼt come out [does not occur] wé gági wugoodi aa the one who came out gági kḵwagóot I will come out gági kg̱eegóot you will come out gági kg̱wagóot s/he will come out gági akg̱wagóot someone will come out tlél gági kḵwagoot I wonʼt come out tlél gági kg̱eegoot you wonʼt come out tlél gági kg̱wagoot s/he wonʼt come out [does not occur] gági ḵagoot let me come out gági g̱agoot let her/him come out gági x̱wagootch I come out (every time) gági eegootch you come out (every time) gági ugootch s/he comes out (every time) gági oogootch someone comes out (every time) tlél gági x̱wagootch I havenʼt come out yet tlél gági eegootch you havenʼt come out yet tlél gági ugootch s/he hasnʼt come out yet [does not occur] tlél aadé gági g̱waagoodi yé no way can s/he come out gági g̱wagoodín s/he would have come out gági gútni if/when s/he comes out gági gútx̱ s/he comes out (repeatedly) Gágí gútx̱i áwé yatee. It is as if s/he keeps coming out. Yee tula.eesháani káx̱ áwé gági uwagudi yáx̱. As if he came out for your grief. Chʼa g̱oot héeni yoo uwagút. He went to the sea alone. Dáḵdei g̱unayéi uwagút. He started (walking) up. go to the bathroom (singular subject) VII Much like the English phrase "go to the bathroom", gánde woogoot is a euphemism for urinating and/or defecating. gánde S-∅-goot~ (na motion) for (singular) S to go to the bathroom

ya-goot

Gánde nagú! Go to the bathroom! Líl gánde yoo eegútgiḵ (tsá)! Donʼt go to the bathroom (yet)! [does not occur] gánde yaa nagút s/he is going to the bathroom gánde x̱waagoot I went to the bathroom gánde woogoot s/he went to the bathroom tlél gánde wugoot s/he didnʼt go to the bathroom wé gánde wugoodi aa the one who went to the bathroom gánde kg̱wagóot s/he will go to the bathroom tlél gánde kg̱wagoot s/he wonʼt go to the bathroom gánde ng̱agoot let her/him go to the bathroom gánde nagútch s/he goes to the bathroom (every time) tlél gánde unagútch s/he hasnʼt gone to the bathroom yet tlél aadé gánde ng̱waagoodi yé no way can s/he go to the bathroom gánde ng̱wagoodín s/he would have gone to the bathroom gánde nagútni if/when s/he goes to the bathroom gánde yoo yagútk s/he goes to the bathroom (regularly) A tóoxʼ gé gánde yigoot? Did you go to the bathroom in your clothes? Wé kwás káxʼ gánde nagú! Go potty on the toilet! go on foot (singular subject) I kei S-∅-goot~ (∅ motion) for (singular) S to walk, go up (by walking or as general term)

ya-goot

Note that there is no "yaa" preverb in the progressive imperfective form with this particular group of adverbs. Also note that the form ḵux̱ wudigút also has a metaphorical meaning to "come back to life". Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb "go on foot" to specify the direction of motion. Replace kei "up" in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. kei moving up ux̱ kei moving out of control, blindly, amiss; going the wrong way yei getting out of a canoe, boat, vehicle yeeḵ / yeiḵ / eeḵ moving down; moving toward beach, shore daaḵ moving up from beach, back away from open, inland daak moving out to sea, into open, onto fire ḵux̱ / ḵúx̱dei (requires d- element) returning, going/coming back Kei gú! Go up! Líl kei eegútjiḵ! Donʼt go up! Líl kei yigoodíḵ! Donʼt go up! [does not occur] kei nx̱agút I am going up kei neegút you are going up kei nagút s/he is going up kei anagút someone is going up tlél kei nx̱wagút Iʼm not going up tlél kei neegút youʼre not going up tlél kei unagút s/heʼs not going up [does not occur] kei x̱waagút I went up kei iyagút you went up kei uwagút s/he went up kei aawagút someone went up tlél kei x̱wagoot I didnʼt go up tlél kei yigoot you didnʼt go up tlél kei wugoot s/he didnʼt go up tlél kei awugoot someone didnʼt go up wé kei wugoodi aa the one who went up kei kḵwagóot I will go up kei kg̱eegóot you will go up kei kg̱wagóot s/he will go up kei akg̱wagóot someone will go up tlél kei kḵwagoot I wonʼt go up tlél kei kg̱eegoot you wonʼt go up tlél kei kg̱wagoot s/he wonʼt go up tlél kei akg̱wagoot someone wonʼt go up kei ḵagoot let me go up kei g̱agoot let her/him go up kei x̱wagootch I go up (every time) kei eegootch you go up (every time) kei ugootch s/he goes up (every time) kei oogootch someone goes up (every time) tlél kei x̱wagootch I havenʼt gone up yet tlél kei eegootch you havenʼt gone up yet tlél kei ugootch s/he hasnʼt gone up yet [does not occur] tlél aadé kei g̱waagoodi yé no way can s/he go up kei g̱wagoodín s/he would have gone up kei gútni if/when s/he goes up kei gútch s/he goes up (regularly) A ítx kei uwagút. She caught up to him. Áwé yéi uwagút áwé yú.á. Itʼs said he stepped out of the canoe. Tlél yeiḵ wugoot. S/he didnʼt come down. Áa ash shukaawajáa anax̱ yeiḵ gug̱agut yé; chʼu yeedát áwu á. He showed him to where he was coming down; itʼs still there today. Anax̱ yei uwagút. She got off there (boat, train, bus, etc.). Daaḵ uwagút. S/he got out (of the hospital, prison, eg). Chʼu yeisú akoo.aag̱ú áyá ḵáaḵwx̱ daak uwagúdi yáx̱ áyú yatee. After trying for a while he stepped into a dangerous place. go on foot (singular subject) VIII ḵut S-∅-goot~ (ga motion) for (singular) S to get lost (on foot)

ya-goot

-- taking off, starting off N-dáx̱ taking off from N; starting off from N ḵut going astray, getting lost [does not occur] Líl ḵut kei eegútjiḵ! Donʼt get lost! [does not occur] ḵut kei nx̱agút I am getting lost ḵut kei neegút you are getting lost ḵut kei nagút s/he is getting lost [does not occur] [does not occur] ḵut x̱waagoot I got lost ḵut yeegoot you got lost ḵut woogoot s/he got lost tlél ḵut x̱wagoot I didnʼt get lost tlél ḵut yigoot you didnʼt get lost tlél ḵut wugoot s/he didnʼt get lost ḵut kei kḵwagóot I will get lost ḵut kei kg̱eegóot you will get lost ḵut kei kg̱wagóot s/he will get lost tlél ḵut kei kḵwagoot I wonʼt get lost tlél ḵut kei kg̱eegoot you wonʼt get lost tlél ḵut kei kg̱wagoot s/he wonʼt get lost ḵut gaḵagoot let me get lost ḵut gag̱agoot let her/him get lost [does not occur] ḵut gax̱agútch I get lost (every time) ḵut geegútch you get lost (every time) ḵut gagútch s/he gets lost (every time) tlél ḵut goox̱agútch I havenʼt gotten lost yet tlél ḵut geegútch you havenʼt gotten lost yet tlél ḵut googútch s/he hasnʼt gotten lost yet tlél aadé ḵut gag̱waagoodi yé no way can s/he get lost ḵut gag̱wagoodín s/he would have gotten lost ḵut gagútni if/when s/he gets lost ḵut kei gútch s/he gets lost (regularly) Chʼa tle yóox̱ áwé kei nagút. He was approaching up there. A wánx̱ áwé yaa gagútch wé kaxéelʼ tin. S/he walks on the edge of trouble. A ítx̱ kei gútch. She catches up to him. go back (singular subject) I ḵux̱~ S-d-goot~ (∅ motion) for (singular) S to go back, return

---

ḵux̱ idagú! Go back! Líl ḵux̱ idagútjiḵ! Donʼt go back! [does not occur] ḵúx̱de yaa ndagút s/he is starting to go back ḵux̱ x̱wadigút I went back ḵux̱ wudigút s/he went back tlél ḵux̱ x̱wadagoot I didnʼt go back tlél ḵux̱ wudagoot s/he didnʼt go back ḵúx̱de gux̱dagóot s/he will go back tlél ḵúx̱de gux̱dagoot s/he wonʼt go back ḵux̱ g̱adagoot / g̱adagoodí let her/him go back ḵux̱ udagútch s/he goes back (every time) tlél ḵux̱ udagútch s/he hasnʼt gone back yet tlél aadé ḵux̱ ux̱digoodi yé no way can s/he go back ḵux̱ ux̱dagoodín s/he would have gone back ḵux̱ dagútni if/when s/he goes back ḵux̱ dagútch s/he goes back (regularly) ḵux̱ dagútni du jeedé yéi agux̱sanéi du átxʼi. If he goes back, sheʼll give him his things. let in (esp. animal); welcome in, receive (singular object) II neil~ O-S-s-goot~ (∅ motion) for S to let in, welcome in (singular) O

neil si-goot

Neil sagú! Let her/him/it in! Líl neilx̱ isagoodíḵ! Donʼt let her/him/it in! [does not occur] neil x̱wasigút I let her/him/it in neil awsigút s/he let her/him/it in tlél neil x̱wasagoot I didnʼt let her/him/it in tlél neil awusgoot s/he didnʼt let her/him/it in neildé agux̱sagóot s/he will let her/him/it in tlél neildé agux̱sagoot s/he wonʼt let her/him/it in neil ax̱sagoot let her/him let her/him/it in neil oosgootch s/he lets her/him/it in (every time) tlél neil oosgootch s/he hasnʼt let her/him/it in yet tlél aadé oox̱sigoodi yé no way can s/he let her/him/it in neil oox̱sagoodín s/he would have let her/him/it in neil asgútni if/when s/he lets her/him/it in neilx̱ asgoot s/he lets her/him/it in (regularly) Dóosh neil sagú! Let the cat in! [Story & Naish 1973: 124] Aadóoch sá neil wusgoodí yáa kax̱waaḵaayi aa, x̱át tsú neilx̱ x̱at sagoot. Whoever receives and welcomes anyone I send, receives me also. [Story & Naish 1973: 245] Neilx̱ ágé isagoot? Did you welcome him / take him into the home? [Story & Naish 1973: 245] go on foot (singular subject) VII N-dé S-∅-goot~ (na motion) for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as general term) away from N

ya-goot

Note that -g̱aa takes the opposite tone of the final syllable of the noun that it attaches to. Hence: kanatʼág̱aa "(going) after blueberries", but shaawg̱áa "(going) after gumboots". Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace aadé ʼtoward thereʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about P N-dé(i) moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of P yux̱ moving out of house P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱aa going to get P Aadé nagú! Go there! Líl aadé yoo eegútgiḵ! Donʼt go there! Líl aadé yigoodíḵ! Donʼt go there! [does not occur] aadé yaa nx̱agút I am going there aadé yaa neegút you are going there aadé yaa nagút s/he is going there tlél aadé yaa nx̱wagút Iʼm not going there tlél aadé yaa neegút youʼre not going there tlél aadé yaa unagút s/heʼs not going there [does not occur] aadé x̱waagoot I went there aadé yeegoot you went there aadé woogoot s/he went there tlél aadé x̱wagoot I didnʼt go there tlél aadé yigoot you didnʼt go there tlél aadé wugoot s/he didnʼt go there wé aadé wugoodi aa the one who went there aadé kḵwagóot I will go there aadé kg̱eegóot you will go there aadé kg̱wagóot s/he will go there tlél aadé kḵwagoot I wonʼt go there tlél aadé kg̱eegoot you wonʼt go there tlél aadé kg̱wagoot s/he wonʼt go there aadé nḵagoot let me go there aadé ng̱agoot let her/him go there aadé nx̱agútch I go there (every time) aadé neegútch you go there (every time) aadé nagútch s/he goes there (every time) tlél aadé nx̱wagútch I havenʼt gone there yet tlél aadé neegútch you havenʼt gone there yet tlél aadé unagútch s/he hasnʼt gone there yet tlél aadé aadé ng̱waagoodi yé no way can s/he go there aadé ng̱wagoodín s/he would have gone there aadé nagútni if/when s/he goes there aadé yoo yagútk s/he goes there (regularly) Wé du kéekʼ ḵwá tle ash náḵ woogoot. But her sister had already left her. Geesh daax̱ woogoodi yéil áyá. Itʼs Raven who walked along the bull kelp. Chʼu tle tláakw áwé ḵa wé áx̱ ayaawa.adi yéix̱ yaa nagút. She went quickly and along where people had walked. Ash ítx̱ yaa nagút. She ʼs walking behind her. A áyá a kʼwátʼi áyá tle a tóonáx̱ yóot wugoodí áyá; tle awsineix̱ yá shaatkʼátskʼooch. It was when it came out of its egg this little girl saved it. Aag̱áa áwé tsá yá gáanax̱ áwé a ḵoowú x̱ʼé áwé áa yux̱ woogoot wé shaawát. Thatʼs when the woman finally went out to the entrance of the den. Yux̱ yaa kḵwagóot du jiyeexʼ. I will go out to him. Ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼ ax̱ náḵ wugoodí x̱at galtíshch. I get lonely every time my grandchild leaves me. gwaal (3) beat, ring, stab, hit beat it; ring it; stab it O-S-∅-gwaal~ (ga act) for S to beat O (esp. drum), ring (bell); for S to stab O

ya-gwaal

Gagwaal! Beat it! Gaygwaal! You all beat it! Líl eegwaalíḵ! Donʼt beat it! Líl yigwaalíḵ! Donʼt you all beat it! agwáal s/he beats it; s/he is beating it tlél oogwaal s/he doesnʼt beat it; s/he isnʼt beating it agwál nooch s/he always beats it aawagwaal s/he beat it tlél awugwaal s/he didnʼt beat it kei akg̱wagwáal s/he will beat it tlél kei akg̱wagwaal s/he wonʼt beat it akg̱agwaal let her/him beat it agagwálch s/he beats it (every time) tlél agoogwálch s/he hasnʼt beat it yet tlél aadé akg̱waagwaali yé no way can s/he beat it akg̱wagwaalín s/he would have beat it agagwálni if s/he beats it [does not occur] hit her/him/it in the face; punch her/him O-ya-S-∅-gwaal~ (∅ event) for S to hit O in the face (with fist), punch O

ya-ya-gwaal

Yagwál! Hit her/him in the face! Yaygwál! You all hit her/him in the face! Líl yeegwálx̱iḵ! Donʼt hit her/him in the face! Líl yaygwálx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all hit her/him in the face! [does not occur] yax̱waagwál I hit her/him in the face ayaawagwál s/he hit her/him in the face tlél yax̱wagwaal I didnʼt hit her/him in the face tlél ayawugwaal s/he didnʼt hit her/him in the face yakḵwagwáal I will hit her/him in the face ayakg̱wagwáal s/he will hit her/him in the face tlél yakḵwagwaal I wonʼt hit her/him in the face tlél ayakg̱wagwaal s/he wonʼt hit her/him in the face yaḵagwaal let me hit her/him in the face ayag̱agwaal let her/him hit her/him in the face yax̱wagwaalch I hit her/him in the face (every time) ayoogwaalch s/he hits her/him in the face (every time) tlél yax̱wagwaalch I havenʼt hit her/him in the face yet tlél ayoogwaalch s/he hasnʼt hit her/him in the face yet tlél aadé ayag̱waagwaali yé no way can s/he hit her/him in the face ayag̱wagwaalín s/he would have hit her/him in the face ayagwálni if/when s/he hits her/him in the face ayagwálx̱ s/he hits her/him in the face (regularly) Du x̱úx̱ kaawashoowú áwé tlei ash yagwálx̱. When her husband is drunk, he hits her. Xʼáant wunoogú áwé tlei ayagwálx̱. When she gets angry, she hits him. g̱alsháat i kʼéekʼ kaawashoo, tlél ayoogwálx̱iḵ wé du dlaaḵʼ. Grab your little brother, heʼs drunk - donʼt let him hit his sister. Sh kahaadíx̱ yaa nastéen tlél ḵuwugwálx̱iḵ. Heʼs going crazy, donʼt let him hit anyone. ring (telephone or bell) sh da-gwaal~ (∅ act) for a telephone or bell to ring

ya-gwaal

sh dagwáal itʼs ringing [does not occur] sh wudigwál it rang tlél sh wudagwaal it didnʼt ring sh gux̱dagwáal it will ring tlél sh gux̱dagwaal it wonʼt ring [does not occur] sh udagwaalch it rings (every time) tlél sh udagwaalch it hasnʼt rung yet tlél aadé sh g̱wadigwaali yé no way can it ring sh g̱wadagwaalín it would have rung sh dagwálni if/when it rings sh dagwálx̱ it rings (regularly) gwaasʼ foggy foggy (of weather) ḵu-d-gwáasʼ~ (∅ event) for the weather to be foggy

ḵu-di-gwaasʼ

[does not occur] yaa ḵundagwásʼ it is getting foggy ḵuwdigwásʼ it is foggy; it got foggy tlél ḵuwdagwáasʼ it isnʼt foggy; it didnʼt get foggy ḵuwdagwáasʼin it had been foggy; it was foggy (but...) tlél ḵuwdagwáasʼin it hadnʼt been foggy; it wasnʼt foggy (at the time, but...) ḵugux̱dagwáasʼ it will be foggy tlél ḵugux̱dagwáasʼ it wonʼt be foggy ḵux̱dagwáasʼ let it be foggy ḵoodagwásʼch it gets foggy (every time) tlél ḵoodagwásʼch it hasnʼt gotten foggy yet tlél aadé ḵoox̱digwáasʼi yé no way can it be foggy ḵoox̱dagwáasʼin it would have been foggy ḵudagwásʼni if/when itʼs foggy ḵudagwásʼx̱ it gets foggy (regularly) Tlél aadé nax̱wdiḵeeni yé, ḵútx̱ ḵoowdigwásʼ. No way can he fly there, itʼs too foggy. gwaatl (7) roll, rock, fold up, bend, astonished roll it (log, barrel, etc.) Note that the forms listed here have the ka- thematic prefix (akawligwáatl), while Story & Naish (1973) document it without this prefix (awligwáatl). According to speakers consulted for this project, both forms are acceptable and mean the same thing. O-ka-S-l-gwáatl~ (na motion) for S to roll O (log, barrel, etc.)

li-gwaatl

Kanalgwáatl! Roll it! Kanaylagwáatl! You all roll it! Líl yoo keelagwátlgiḵ! Donʼt roll it! Líl yoo kaylagwátlgiḵ! Donʼt you all roll it! [does not occur] yaa akanalgwátl s/he is rolling it kax̱wligwáatl I rolled it akawligwáatl s/he rolled it tlél kax̱wlagwáatl I didnʼt roll it tlél akawulgwáatl s/he didnʼt roll it akagux̱lagwáatl s/he will roll it tlél akagux̱lagwáatl s/he wonʼt roll it akanax̱lagwáatl let her/him roll it akanalgwátlch s/he rolls it (every time) tlél akoonalgwátlch s/he hasnʼt rolled it yet tlél aadé akoonax̱ligwáadli yé no way can s/he roll it akoonax̱lagwáadlin s/he would have rolled it akanalgwátlni if/when s/he rolls it yoo akligwátlk s/he rolls it (regularly) Káast yaa nax̱lagwátl. I am rolling a barrel. [Story & Naish 1973: 175] Héent sh wudligwátl. He rolled himself into the water. [Story & Naish 1973: 175] bend limb (arm, leg); fold up (paper, etc.) in loose roll Note that although the translation given throughout the paradigm here is given as "bend a limb", this verb can also mean "fold something up in a loose roll." Just replace du tʼeeyshú "his/her elbow" with xʼúxʼ "paper" or some other flexible object to convey the meaning "fold up". O-ka-S-l-gwaatl~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to bend O (limb); for S to fold up O (paper, etc.) in a loose roll

ka-li-gwaatl

(I tʼeeyshú) kalagwátl! Bend (your elbow)! Líl (i tʼeeyshú) keelagwátlx̱iḵ! Donʼt bend (your elbow)! (du tʼeeyshú) aklagwáatl s/he is bending (his/her elbow) (du tʼeeyshú) yaa akanalgwátl s/he is starting to bend (his/her elbow) (ax̱ tʼeeyshú) kax̱wligwátl I bent (my elbow) (du tʼeeyshú) akawligwátl s/he bent (his/her elbow) tlél (ax̱ tʼeeyshú) kax̱wlagwaatl I didnʼt bend (my elbow) tlél (du tʼeeyshú) akawulgwaatl s/he didnʼt bend (his/her elbow) (du tʼeeyshú) akagux̱lagwáatl s/he will bend (his/her elbow) tlél (du tʼeeyshú) akagux̱lagwaatl s/he wonʼt bend (his/her elbow) (du tʼeeyshú) akax̱lagwátl let her/him bend (his/her elbow) (du tʼeeyshú) akoolgwátlch s/he bends (his/her elbow) (every time) (du tʼeeyshú) tlél akoolgwátlch s/he hasnʼt bent (his/her elbow) yet (du tʼeeyshú) tlél aadé akoox̱ligwádli yé no way can s/he bend (his/her elbow) (du tʼeeyshú) akoox̱lagwádlin s/he would have bent (his/her elbow) (du tʼeeyshú) aklagwátlni if/when s/he bends (his/her elbow) (du tʼeeyshú) aklagwátlx̱ s/he bends (his/her elbow) (regularly) Tléináx̱ aanáx̱ ḵu.aa chʼa aklagwátlx̱. He can bend one leg. [Story & Naish 1973: 28] Tlél du x̱eek akawulgwaatl. He didnʼt bend his arm. [Story & Naish 1973: 28] Du keeyshá akawligwátl. He bent his knee. Du tʼeeyshú akawligwátl. She bent her elbow. Wé xʼúxʼ akawligwátl. She folded up the paper in a loose roll. roll (of spherical object) N-t~ ka-∅-gwáatl~ (∅ motion) for a spherical object to roll to N

ka-ya-gwaatl

[does not occur] aadé yaa kanagwátl itʼs rolling to it át kaawagwátl it rolled to it tlél át kawugwáatl it didnʼt roll to it aadé kakg̱wagwáatl it will roll to it tlél aadé kakg̱wagwáatl it wonʼt roll to it át kag̱agwáatl let it roll to it át koogwáatlch it rolls to it (every time) tlél át koogwáatlch it hasnʼt rolled to it yet tlél aadé át koog̱waagwáadli yé no way can it roll to it át koog̱wagwáadlin it would have rolled to it át kagwátlni if/when it rolls to it áx̱ kagwáatl it rolls to it (regularly) astonished, flabbergasted, be left open-mouthed O-ḵʼa-d-gwáatl~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for O to be astonished, flabbergasted, left open-mouthed

ḵʼa-di-gwaatl

[does not occur] yaa ḵʼandagwátl s/he is getting to be astonished x̱at ḵʼawdigwátl Iʼm astonished ḵʼawdigwátl s/he is astonished tlél x̱at ḵʼawdagwáatl Iʼm not astonished tlél ḵʼawdagwáatl sheʼs not astonished ḵʼagux̱dagwáatl s/he is going to be astonished tlél ḵʼagux̱dagwáatl s/he isnʼt going to be astonished (chʼa) ḵʼax̱dagwátl (just) let her/him be astonished ḵʼeidagwátlch s/he is astonished (every time) tlél ḵʼeidagwátlch s/he hasnʼt been astonished yet tlél aadé ḵʼeix̱digwádli yé no way can s/he be astonished ḵʼeix̱dagwádlin s/he would have been astonished ḵʼadagwátlni if/when s/he is astonished ḵʼadagwátlch s/he is astonished (regularly) x̱at ḵʼawdigwátl wé i shkalneegí. Iʼm very surprised at what you are telling me. [Story & Naish 1973: 23] capsize, overturn (of canoe, boat) III áa yax̱ ∅-gwáatl~ (∅ motion) for a boat to capsize, overturn

áa + yax̱ ya-gwaatl

[does not occur] áa yax̱ yaa nagwátl itʼs starting to capsize áa yax̱ uwagwátl it capsized tlél áa yax̱ wugwáatl it didnʼt capsize áa yax̱ gug̱wagwáatl itʼs going to capsize tlél áa yax̱ gug̱wagwáatl itʼs not going to capsize (chʼa) áa yax̱ g̱agwáatl (just) let it capsize áa yax̱ ugwáatlch it capsizes (every time) tlél áa yax̱ ugwáatlch it hasnʼt capsized yet tlél aadé áa yax̱ g̱waagwáadli yé no way can it capsize áa yax̱ g̱wagwáadlin it would have capsized áa yax̱ gwátlni if/when it capsizes áa yax̱ gwátlx̱ it capsizes (regularly) Áa yax̱ gwátlni yánde has kagux̱datʼáach. When it capsizes, theyʼll swim ashore. Du yaagú du een áa yax̱ uwagwátl. His boat capsized with him. [Story & Naish 1973: 41] rock, roll it (canoe, boat) Note that this verb theme has two ka- prefixes. However the future verb form that was provided by the consultant has only one ka- prefix (át akagux̱lagwáatl), possibly because two ka- prefixes are expecially awkward to Nronounce in the future form. N-t O-ka-ka-S-l-gwáatl~ (na motion) for S to rock, roll O (boat) at N

ka-ka-li-gwaatl

Át kakanalgwáatl! Rock the boat! Át kakanaylagwáatl! You all rock the boat! Líl át kakaylagwáadliḵ! Donʼt rock the boat! Líl át kakayeeylagwáadliḵ! Donʼt you all rock the boat! [does not occur] át kakax̱wligwáatl I am rocking the boat; I rocked the boat át akakawligwáatl s/he is rocking the boat; s/he rocked the boat tlél át kakax̱wlagwáatl Iʼm not rocking the boat; I didnʼt rock the boat tlél át akakawulgwáatl s/he isnʼt rocking the boat át akagux̱lagwáatl s/he will rock the boat tlél át akagux̱lagwáatl s/he wonʼt rock the boat (chʼa) át akakanax̱lagwáatl (just) let her/him rock the boat át akakanalgwátlch s/he rocks the boat (every time) tlél át akakoonalgwátlch s/he hasnʼt rocked the boat yet tlél aadé át akakoonax̱ligwáadli yé no way can s/he rock the boat át akakoong̱algwáadlin s/he would have rocked the boat át akakanalgwátlni if/when s/he rocks the boat át yoo akakligwátlk s/he rocks the boat (regularly) Tlél ushkʼé yaakw át kakawdulgwáadli. Itʼs bad to roll or rock the boat. [Story & Naish 1973: 175] Yaakw át akakawligwáatl. Heʼs making the boat roll. [Story & Naish 1973: 175] rock, roll (of canoe, boat) Note that this verb theme has two ka- prefixes. However the future verb form that was provided by the consultant has only one ka- prefix (át kakg̱wagwáatl), possibly because two ka- prefixes are expecially awkward to Nronounce in the future form. N-t ka-ka-∅-gwáatl~ (na motion) for a canoe, boat to rock, roll around

ka-ka-ya-gwaatl

[does not occur] át kakaawagwáatl itʼs rolling around; it rolled around tlél át kakawugwáatl itʼs not rolling around; it didnʼt roll around át kakg̱wagwáatl it will roll around tlél át kakg̱wagwáatl it wonʼt roll around (chʼa) át kakang̱agwáatl (just) let it roll around át kakanagwátlch it rolls around (every time) tlél át kakoonagwátlch it hasnʼt rolled around yet tlél aadé át kakoong̱aagwáadli yé no way can it roll around át kakoong̱agwáadlin it would have rolled around át kakanagwátlni if/when it rolls around át yoo kakayagwátlk it rolls around (regularly) Teet jiwustaaní yaakw át kakanagwátlch. When the waves are beating hard, the boat really rolls. [Story & Naish 1973: 175] g̱aas (2) forbidden, superstitious, abstain superstitious; abstain, refrain from, keep from doing (usually for ceremonial or religious reasons, esp. of Lent) at S-l-g̱aas (ga state) for S to be superstitious; for S to abstain, refrain from, keep from doing (usually for ceremonial or religious reasons, esp. of Lent)

li-g̱aas

Líl at ilag̱aasíḵ! Donʼt be superstitious! at x̱alig̱aas Iʼm superstitious at lig̱aas s/he is superstitious tlél at ux̱lag̱aas Iʼm not superstitious tlél at ulg̱aas s/he isnʼt superstitious kei at nalg̱aas s/he is becoming superstitious at wulig̱aas s/he became superstitious tlél at wulg̱aas s/he didnʼt become superstitious kei at gux̱lag̱aas s/he will be superstitious tlél kei at gux̱lag̱aas s/he wonʼt be superstitious (chʼa) at gax̱lag̱aas (just) let her/him be superstitious tlél at goolg̱aasch s/he isnʼt superstitious yet tlél aadé at goox̱lig̱aasi yé no way can s/he be superstitious at goox̱lag̱aasín s/he would have been superstitious at galg̱aasní if/when s/he is superstitious Chʼa yeisú at dudlig̱aas. People are still superstitious. Áa at dudlig̱aas. People are superstitious of that Nlace. At x̱alig̱aas. I abstain (from things such as eating meat). [Story & Naish 1973: 15] Wududlig̱aas. They are keeping from various foods and activities (in observance of Lent). [Story & Naish 1973: 15] forbidden, taboo li-g̱aas (ga state) for something to be forbidden, taboo, not allowed by custom

li-g̱aas

lig̱aas itʼs forbidden tlél ulg̱aas itʼs not forbidden galag̱aasní if/when its forbidden Íx̱tʼ ádi át awusheeyí lig̱aas. Itʼs forbidden to touch the medicine manʼs things. [Story & Naish 1973: 96] g̱aasʼ (3) scratch scratch it to relieve itching O-S-l-g̱áasʼ~ (∅ act) for S to scratch O to relieve itching

li-g̱aasʼ

Lag̱ásʼ! Scratch it! Líl ilag̱ásʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt scratch it! alg̱ásʼx̱ s/he is scratching it yaa analg̱ásʼ s/he is starting to scratch it x̱walig̱ásʼ I scratched it awlig̱ásʼ s/he scratched it tlél x̱walag̱áasʼ I didnʼt scratch it tlél awulg̱áasʼ s/he didnʼt scratch it agux̱lag̱áasʼ s/he will scratch it tlél agux̱lag̱áasʼ s/he wonʼt scratch it (chʼa) ax̱lag̱áasʼ (dé) / (chʼa) ax̱lag̱áasʼi (dé) (just) let her/him scratch it (now) oolg̱ásʼch s/he scratches it (every time) tlél oolg̱ásʼch s/he hasnʼt scratched it yet tlél aadé ax̱wlig̱áasʼi yé no way can s/he scratch it ax̱wlag̱áasʼin s/he would have scratched it alg̱ásʼni if/when s/he scratches it alg̱ásʼx̱ s/he scratches it (regularly) Yei nanéx̱ich áwé kalaxweidlí: tlél ilag̱ásʼx̱iḵ! Itʼs itching because itʼs healing: donʼt scratch it! [Story & Naish 1973: 182] Kawlixwédli yé lag̱ásʼ! Scratch the itchy area! striped ka-d-l-g̱áasʼ (ga state) for something to be striped

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This verb only occurs in the imperfective. kadlig̱áasʼ itʼs striped tlél koolg̱áasʼ itʼs not striped [does not occur] [does not occur] scratch oneself to relieve itching sh S-d-l-g̱áasʼ~ (∅ act) for S to scratch oneself to relieve itching

li-g̱aasʼ

Sh eelg̱ásʼ! Scratch yourself! Líl sh eelg̱ásʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt scratch yourself! sh ilg̱ásʼx̱ he/she/it is scratching her/him/itself yaa sh nalg̱ásʼ her/him/itself is starting to scratch her/him/itself sh x̱wadlig̱ásʼ I scratched myself sh wudlig̱ásʼ he/she/it scratched her/him/itself tlél sh x̱walg̱áasʼ I didnʼt scratch myself tlél sh wulg̱áasʼ he/she/it didnʼt scratch her/him/itself sh gug̱walg̱áasʼ he/she/it will scratch her/him/itself tlél sh gug̱walg̱áasʼ he/she/it wonʼt scratch her/him/itself (chʼa) sh g̱alg̱áasʼ (dé) / (chʼa) sh g̱alg̱áasʼi (dé) (just) let her/him/it scratch her/him/itself (now) sh ulg̱ásʼch he/she/it scratches her/him/itself (every time) tlél sh ulg̱ásʼch he/she/it hasnʼt scratched her/him/itself yet tlél aadé sh g̱wadlig̱áasʼi yé no way can he/she/it scratch her/him/itself sh g̱walg̱áasʼin he/she/it would have scratched her/him/itself sh ilg̱ásʼni if/when he/she/it scratches her/him/itself sh ilg̱ásʼx̱ he/she/it scratches her/him/itself (regularly) Keitl sh wudlig̱ásʼ. The dog is scratching himself. [Story & Naish 1973: 182] Sh wudlig̱ásʼ du daa kawlixwétl. He scratched himself, his body was itchy. g̱aat (7) dizzy, confused, sprinkle, sift, wander sift it O-ka-S-l-g̱áat~ (∅ act) for S to sift O

ka-li-g̱aat

Kalag̱át! Sift it! Líl keelag̱átx̱iḵ! Donʼt sift it! aklag̱át s/he is sifting it tlél akoolg̱át s/he isnʼt sifting it yaa akanalg̱át s/he is sifting it along kax̱wlig̱át I sifted it akawlig̱át s/he sifted it tlél kax̱wlag̱áat I didnʼt sift it tlél akawulg̱áat s/he didnʼt sift it akagux̱lag̱áat s/he will sift it tlél akagux̱lag̱áat s/he wonʼt sift it akax̱lag̱áat let her/him sift it akoolg̱átch s/he sifts it (every time) tlél akoolg̱átch s/he hasnʼt sifted it yet tlél aadé akoox̱lig̱áadi yé no way can s/he sift it akoox̱lag̱áadin s/he would have sifted it aklag̱átni if/when s/he sifts it aklag̱átch s/he sifts it (regularly) Kalag̱át wé sakwnéin kaxook! Sift the flour! Sakwnéin akagux̱lag̱áat. Sheʼs going to sift the flour. [Story & Naish 1973: 190] sprinkle it, scatter it carefully O-ka-S-l-g̱átch (na act) for S to sprinkle, scatter O carefully

ka-li-g̱aat

Kanalg̱átch! Sprinkle it! Líl keelag̱átjiḵ! Donʼt sprinkle it! aklag̱átch s/he is sprinkling it yaa akanalg̱átch s/he is sprinkling it along kax̱wlig̱átch I sprinkled it akawlig̱átch s/he sprinkled it tlél kax̱wlag̱átch I didnʼt sprinkle it tlél akawulg̱átch s/he didnʼt sprinkle it akagux̱lag̱átch s/he is going to sprinkle it tlél akagux̱lg̱átch s/he isnʼt going to sprinkle it (chʼa) akanax̱lag̱átch (just) let her/him sprinkle it akanalg̱átch s/he sprinkles it (every time) tlél akoonalg̱átch s/he hasnʼt sprinkled it yet tlél aadé akoonax̱lig̱átji yé no way can s/he sprinkle it akoonax̱lag̱átjin s/he would have sprinkled it akanalg̱átchni if/when s/he sprinkles it yoo aklig̱átchk s/he sprinkles it (regularly) Du atx̱aayí kaadé éilʼ akawlig̱átch. She sprinkled salt on her food. Éilʼ i at.éewu kaadé kanalg̱átch! Sprinkle salt on your cooking! Éilʼ aklag̱átch. He sprinkles salt. [Story & Naish 1973: 207] Dei kaadé lʼéiw akawlig̱átch. He sprinkled sand on the road. [Story & Naish 1973: 207] wander, wander around trying to find the way Note that this verb has an invariable stem which is long and high (-g̱áat) according to the speaker consulted for this project as well as Leerʼs notes (1973). However, the example sentence provided by Story & Naish (1973) gives a perfective form with a long, low stem (-g̱aat). I suspect that this is a typo, but because they provide only one example, it is uncertain. N-t yaa ḵu-S-d-l-g̱áat (na motion) for S to wander around at N; for S to wander around at N trying to find the way

yaa ḵu-dli-g̱aat

Leer 1973: f02/110 (Chʼa) át yaa ḵuneelg̱áat! (Just) wander around! Líl át yaa ḵuyeelg̱áadiḵ! Donʼt wander around! [does not occur] át yaa ḵux̱wdlig̱áat Iʼm wandering around; I wandered around át yaa ḵuwdlig̱áat s/he is wandering around; s/he wandered around tlél át yaa ḵux̱walg̱áat Iʼm not wandering around; I didnʼt wander around tlél át yaa ḵuwulg̱áat s/he isnʼt wandering around; s/he didnʼt wander around át yaa ḵukg̱walg̱áat s/he will wander around tlél át yaa ḵukg̱walg̱áat s/he wonʼt wander around (chʼa) át yaa ḵung̱alg̱áat (just) let her/him wander around át yaa ḵunalg̱áatch s/he wanders around (every time) tlél át yaa ḵoonalg̱áatch s/he hasnʼt wandered around yet tlél aadé át yaa ḵunax̱dlig̱áadi yé no way can s/he wander around át yaa ḵung̱alg̱áadin s/he would have wandered around át yaa ḵunalg̱áatni if/when s/he wanders around Chʼa koogéiyi át yaa ḵunalg̱áatch. Heʼs always wandering around in a daze. [Leer 1973: f02/110] Sʼeenáa gé wéidu? Kag̱ít tóot yaa ḵux̱wdlig̱aat. Is there a light there? Iʼm wandering in the dark. [Story & Naish 1973: 241] Líl chʼa koogéiyi át yigoodíḵ, ḵut kei yaa ḵukg̱eelg̱áat. Donʼt wander around any old way, youʼll get lost. trap it, catch it in trap (deadfall or other, but not fishtrap) O-S-d-s-g̱aat~ (∅ event) for S to trap, catch O in trap (deadfall or other, but not fishtrap)

a-dzi-g̱aat

Leer 1973: f02/109 Eesg̱át! Trap it! Yisg̱át! You all trap it! Líl eesg̱átx̱iḵ! Donʼt trap it! Líl yisg̱átx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all trap it! asg̱átt s/hes trapping it x̱wadzig̱át I trapped it awdzig̱át s/he trapped it tlél x̱wasg̱áat I didnʼt trap it tlél awusg̱áat s/he didnʼt trap it akg̱wasg̱áat s/he will trap it tlél akg̱wasg̱áat s/he wonʼt trap it (chʼa) ag̱asg̱áat (just) let her/him trap it oosg̱áatch s/he traps it (every time) tlél oosg̱áatch s/he hasnʼt trapped it yet tlél aadé oox̱dzig̱áadi yé no way can s/he trap it oog̱asg̱áadin s/he would have trapped it asg̱átni if/when s/he traps it asg̱átx̱ s/he traps it (regularly) Kʼóox asg̱átx̱. He traps marten. dizzy (be dizzy) N daa yaa ḵu-∅-g̱áat~ (∅ event) for N to be dizzy

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Leer 1973: f02/110 [does not occur] du daa yaa ḵunag̱át s/he is starting to get dizzy ax̱ daa yaa ḵoowag̱át Iʼm dizzy du daa yaa ḵoowag̱át s/he is dizzy tlél ax̱ daa yaa ḵuwug̱áat Iʼm not dizzy tlél du daa yaa ḵuwug̱áat s/he isnʼt dizzy du daa yaa ḵukg̱wag̱áat s/he will get dizzy tlél du daa yaa ḵukg̱wag̱áat s/he wonʼt get dizzy du daa yaa ḵug̱ag̱áat let her/him get dizzy du daa yaa ḵoog̱áatch s/he gets dizzy (every time) tlél du daa yaa ḵoog̱áatch s/he hasnʼt gotten dizzy yet tlél aadé du daa yaa ḵoog̱aag̱áadi yé no way can s/he get dizzy du daa yaa ḵoog̱ag̱áadin s/he would have gotten dizzy du daa yaa ḵug̱átni if/when s/he gets dizzy du daa yaa ḵug̱átch / du daa yaa ḵug̱átx̱ s/he gets dizzy (regularly) daa yaa ḵug̱átch dizziness [Leer 1973: f02/110] Kei ndaháni áwé tle du daa yaa ḵoog̱áatch. Every time he stands up he gets dizzy. dizzy (make her/him dizzy) Note that Story & Naish (1973) document this verb with the s- classifier, as in: du daa yaa ḵuwsig̱át "it makes him dizzy", while speakers consulted for this project use the l- classifier to give the same meaning, as in: du daa yaa ḵuwlig̱át. Therefore two themes are given below, one with the s- classifier and one with the l- classifier. N daa yaa ḵu-S-l-g̱áat~ (∅ event) for S to make N dizzy

ḵaa daa + yaa ḵu-si-g̱aat

Leer 1973: f02/110 N daa yaa ḵu-S-s-g̱áat~ (∅ event) Du daa yaa ḵulag̱át! Make her/him dizzy! Du daa yaa ḵuylag̱át! You all make her/him dizzy! Líl du daa yaa ḵeelag̱átx̱iḵ! Donʼt make her/him dizzy! Líl du daa yaa ḵaylag̱átx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all make her/him dizzy! [does not occur] du daa yaa ḵunalg̱át it is starting to make her/him dizzy du daa yaa ḵux̱wlig̱át I made her/him dizzy du daa yaa ḵuwlig̱át it made her/him dizzy tlél du daa yaa ḵux̱wlag̱áat I didnʼt make her/him dizzy tlél du daa yaa ḵuwulg̱áat it didnʼt make her/him dizzy du daa yaa ḵug̱ux̱lag̱áat it will make her/him dizzy tlél du daa yaa ḵug̱ux̱lag̱áat it wonʼt make her/him dizzy du daa yaa ḵux̱lag̱áat let it make her/him dizzy du daa yaa ḵoolg̱áatch it makes her/him dizzy (every time) tlél du daa yaa ḵoolg̱áatch it hasnʼt made her/him dizzy yet tlél aadé du daa yaa ḵoox̱lig̱áadi yé no way can it make her/him dizzy du daa yaa ḵoox̱lag̱áadin it would have made her/him dizzy du daa yaa ḵulag̱átni if/when it makes her/him dizzy du daa yaa ḵulag̱átch / du daa yaa ḵulag̱átx̱ it makes her/him dizzy (regularly) Ax̱ daa yaa ḵusag̱átx̱. Iʼm dizzy all the time. [Story & Naish 1973: 71] g̱ílʼ shakéedáx̱ yínde awulg̱een, ḵaa daa yaa ḵusag̱áadi. Looking down from a cliff top makes one dizzy. [Story & Naish 1973: 71] Wé naakwch du daa yaa ḵuwlig̱át. The medicine made him dizzy. Ax̱ daa yaa ḵuwlig̱át. It made me dizzy forget her/him/it yaa O-ḵu-S-l-g̱áat~ (∅ event) for S to forget O

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Yaa ḵulag̱át! Forget it! Yaa ḵuylag̱át! You all forget it! Líl yaa ḵeelag̱átjiḵ! Donʼt forget it! Líl yaa ḵaylag̱átjiḵ! Donʼt you all forget it! yaa aḵunalg̱át s/he is starting to forget it yaa ḵux̱wlig̱át I forgot it yaa aḵoowlig̱át s/he forgot it tlél yaa ḵux̱wlag̱áat I didnʼt forget it tlél yaa aḵuwulg̱áat s/he didnʼt forget it yaa ḵukḵwalag̱áat I will forget it yaa aḵugux̱lag̱áat s/he will forget it tlél yaa aḵugux̱lag̱áat s/he wonʼt forget it yaa aḵux̱lag̱áat let her/him forget it yaa aḵoolg̱áatch s/he forgets it (every time) tlél yaa aḵoolg̱áaatch s/he hasnʼt forgotten it yet tlél aadé yaa aḵoox̱lig̱áadi yé no way can s/he forget it yaa aḵoox̱lag̱áadin s/he would have forgotten it yaa aḵulag̱átni if/when s/he forgets it yaa aḵulag̱átx̱ s/he forgets it (regularly) Ldakát yagiyee x̱wsateení ax̱ saayí yaa aḵulag̱átx̱. Every time I see him he forgets my name. Ax̱ oox̱ yaa ḵux̱wlig̱át. I forgot my dentures. Yaa x̱at ḵoowlig̱át. He forgot me. Yaa ḵux̱wlig̱át ax̱ dáanaa daakeidí. I forgot my wallet. g̱aax̱ (4) cry cry (make her/him cry), cause her/him to cry O-ka-S-s-g̱aax̱~ (na event) for S to make O cry, cause O to cry

ka-si-g̱aax̱

Kanasg̱aax̱! Make her/him cry! Líl yoo keesag̱áx̱giḵ! Donʼt make her/him cry! [does not occur] kax̱wsig̱aax̱ I made her/him cry akawsig̱aax̱ s/he made her/him cry tlél kax̱wsag̱aax̱ I didnʼt make her/him cry tlél akawusg̱aax̱ s/he didnʼt make her/him cry akagux̱sag̱áax̱ s/he will make her/him cry tlél akagux̱sag̱aax̱ s/he wonʼt make her/him cry akanax̱sag̱aax̱ let her/him make her/him cry akanasg̱áx̱ch s/he makes her/him cry (every time) tlél akoonasg̱áx̱ch s/he hasnʼt made her/him cry yet tlél aadé akoonax̱sig̱aax̱i yé no way can s/he make her/him cry akoonax̱sag̱aax̱ín s/he would have made her/him cry akanasg̱áx̱ni if/when s/he makes her/him cry yoo aksig̱áx̱k s/he makes her/him cry (regularly) Chʼa tlákw wooch x̱ánt has wuda.aadí akanasg̱áx̱ch. Every time theyʼre together she makes him cry. ask for it; cry for it O-S-d-s-g̱áax̱ (g̱a act) for S to cry for, ask for O

dzi-g̱aax̱

g̱eesg̱áax̱! Ask for it! g̱ayisg̱áax̱! You all ask for it! Líl yei eesg̱áax̱jiḵ! Donʼt ask for it! Líl yei yisg̱áax̱jiḵ! Donʼt you all ask for it! x̱asg̱áax̱ Iʼm asking for it asg̱áax̱ s/he is asking for it tlél x̱wasg̱áax̱ Iʼm not asking for it tlél oosg̱áax̱ s/he isnʼt asking for it asg̱áax̱ nooch s/he always asks for it x̱wadzig̱áax̱ I asked for it awdzig̱áax̱ s/he asked for it tlél x̱wasg̱áax̱ I didnʼt ask for it tlél awusg̱áax̱ s/he didnʼt ask for it yei kḵwasg̱áax̱ I will ask for it yei akg̱wasg̱áax̱ s/he will ask for it tlél yei kḵwasg̱áax̱ I wonʼt ask for it tlél yei akg̱wasg̱áax̱ s/he wonʼt ask for it ḵaaḵasg̱áax̱ let me ask for it ag̱aag̱asg̱áax̱ let her/him ask for it ḵasg̱áax̱ch I ask for it (every time) ag̱asg̱áax̱ch s/he asks for it (every time) tlél ḵwasg̱áax̱ch I havenʼt asked for it yet tlél oog̱asg̱áax̱ch s/he hasnʼt asked for it yet tlél aadé ag̱aax̱wdzig̱áax̱i yé no way can s/he ask for it ag̱aag̱wasg̱áax̱in s/he would have asked for it ag̱asg̱áax̱ni if /when s/he asks for it yei asg̱áax̱ch s/he asks for it (regularly) cry loudly; cry out, scream out (in fear or pain) ka-S-d-g̱aax̱~ (ga act) for S to cry loudly (of child, or person in great pain), to cry out or scream (in fear or pain)

ka-di-g̱aax̱

Líl keedag̱aax̱íḵ! Donʼt cry out! Líl kaydag̱aax̱íḵ! Donʼt you all cry out! kax̱dag̱áax̱ Iʼm crying out; I cry out kadag̱áax̱ he/she/it is crying out; he/she/it cries out tlél kax̱wdag̱aax̱ Iʼm not crying out; I donʼt cry out tlél koodag̱aax̱ he/she/it isnʼt crying out; he/she/it doesnʼt cry out kadag̱áx̱ nooch he/she/it always cries out kei kandag̱áx̱ he/she/it is beginning to cry out kax̱wdig̱aax̱ I cried out kawdig̱aax̱ he/she/it cried out tlél kax̱wdag̱aax̱ I didnʼt cry out tlél kawdag̱aax̱ he/she/it didnʼt cry out kei kakḵwadag̱áax̱ I will cry out kei kagux̱dag̱áax̱ he/she/it will cry out tlél kei kagux̱dag̱aax̱ he/she/it wonʼt cry out kakḵag̱aax̱ let me cry out kakg̱ag̱aax̱ let her/him/it cry out [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] kakdag̱áx̱ni if/when s/he cries out kei kdag̱áx̱ch he/she/it cries out (regularly) cry, weep; mourn, lament (singular subject) S-∅-g̱aax̱~ (ga act) for (singluar) S to cry, weep; for (singular) S to mourn, lament

ya-g̱aax̱

Gag̱aax̱! Cry! Líl eeg̱aax̱íḵ! Donʼt cry! x̱ag̱áax̱ I cry; I am crying eeg̱áax̱ you cry; you are crying g̱áax̱ s/he cries; s/he is crying ag̱áax̱ someone cries; someone is crying tlél x̱wag̱aax̱ I donʼt cry; Iʼm not crying tlél eeg̱aax̱ you donʼt cry; youʼre not crying tlél ug̱aax̱ s/he doesnʼt cry; s/heʼs not crying tlél oog̱aax̱ one doesnʼt cry; it isnʼt proper to cry wé g̱áx̱ aa the one who cries kei nx̱ag̱áx̱ I am beginning to cry kei neeg̱áx̱ you are beginning to cry kei nag̱áx̱ s/he is beginning to cry kei anag̱áx̱ someone is beginning to cry [does not occur] g̱aax̱ín s/he used to cry x̱waag̱aax̱ I cried yeeg̱aax̱ you cried woog̱aax̱ s/he cried aawag̱aax̱ someone cried tlél x̱wag̱aax̱ I didnʼt cry tlél yig̱aax̱ you didnʼt cry tlél wug̱aax̱ s/he didnʼt cry [does not occur] kei kḵwag̱áax̱ I will cry kei kg̱eeg̱áax̱ you will cry kei kg̱wag̱áax̱ s/he will cry [does not occur] tlél kei kḵwag̱aax̱ I wonʼt cry tlél kei kg̱eeg̱aax̱ you wonʼt cry tlél kei kg̱wag̱aax̱ s/he wonʼt cry [does not occur] gaḵag̱aax̱ let me cry gag̱ag̱aax̱ let her/him cry gax̱ag̱áx̱ch I cry (every time) geeg̱áx̱ch you cry (every time) gag̱áx̱ch s/he cries (every time) tlél goox̱ag̱áx̱ch I havenʼt cried yet tlél geeg̱áx̱ch you havenʼt cried yet tlél goog̱áx̱ch s/he hasnʼt cried yet [does not occur] tlél aadé gug̱aag̱aax̱i yé no way can s/he cry gug̱ag̱aax̱ín s/he would have cried gag̱áx̱ni if/when s/he cries kei g̱áx̱ch s/he cries (regularly) Du tláa ítde áwé g̱áax̱. He cries after his mother. Tlél du x̱ʼéit yax̱was.aa, ách áwé g̱áax̱. Sheʼs crying because I didnʼt kiss her. Ax̱ x̱ʼayeet woog̱aax̱. I made him cry (heʼs crying because of what I said). g̱aax̱ʼ thin thin, lean, skinny O-sh-g̱áax̱ʼ (g̱a event) for O to be thin, lean, skinny

shi-g̱aax̱ʼ

Leer 1973: f03/142-143 [does not occur] yei nashg̱áax̱ʼ s/he is getting thin x̱at wushig̱áax̱ʼ I am thin wushig̱áax̱ʼ he/she/it is thin tlél x̱at wushg̱áax̱ʼ Iʼm not thin tlél wushg̱áax̱ʼ he/she/it isnʼt thin yei gux̱shag̱áax̱ʼ s/he will be thin tlél yei gux̱shag̱áax̱ʼ s/he wonʼt be thin (chʼa) g̱aax̱shag̱áax̱ʼ (dé) (just) let her/him be thin g̱ashg̱áax̱ʼch s/he gets thin (every time) tlél g̱ooshg̱áax̱ʼch he/she/it hasnʼt gotten thin yet tlél aadé g̱oox̱shig̱áax̱ʼi yé no way can he/she/it be thin g̱oox̱shag̱áax̱ʼin he/she/it would have been thin g̱ashg̱áax̱ʼni if/when he/she/it is thin yei shag̱áax̱ʼch s/he gets thin (regularly) g̱ashg̱áax̱ʼni kʼidéin du x̱ʼéix̱ at kuḵwatée. If heʼs skinny, Iʼll feed him well. Líl yei sh eelxúnjiḵ, ḵúdáx̱ áwé iwshig̱áax̱ʼ! Donʼt lose weight, youʼre too skinny! Wushig̱áax̱ʼ wé g̱uwakaan. The deer is skinny. Tlél kídéin at oox̱á ách áwé wushig̱áax̱ʼ. He doesnʼt eat well, thatʼs why heʼs skinny. Laaxw jeet wushig̱áax̱ʼ. He got skinny from starving. g̱eech (2) pierce pierce, prick it VII N-dé ya-d-g̱eech~ (na motion) for a sharp object to Nierce, enter, prick N; for an animal to bite P

A- + ya-di-g̱eech

Leer 1973: f02/184 [does not occur] aadé yawdig̱eech it pierced it tlél aadé yawdag̱eech it didnʼt pierce it aadé yagux̱dag̱éech it will pierce it tlél aadé yagux̱dag̱eech it wonʼt pierce it aadé yanax̱dag̱eech let it pierce it aadé yandag̱íchch it pierces it (every time) tlél aadé yoondag̱íchch it hasnʼt pierced it yet tlél aadé yoonax̱dig̱eeji yé no way can it pierce it aadé yoonax̱dag̱eejín it would have pierced it aadé yandag̱íchni if/when it pierces it aadé yoo yadig̱íchk it pierces it (regularly) Tlél du tlʼeiḵ tóode yawdag̱eech. It didnʼt pierce his finger. Táaxʼálʼ xʼaan áwé ax̱ tlʼeiḵ tóode yawdig̱eech. The needle point poked my finger. Du jín tóode yawdig̱eech wé keitl oox̱ú. The dogʼs tooth pierced through his hand. pierce, prick it (of many sharp objects) II N-t~ ya-d-l-g̱eech~ (∅ motion) for (plural) sharp objects to Nierce, enter, prick P

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Leer 1973: f02/184 [does not occur] át yawdlig̱ích they peirced it tlél át yawulg̱eech they didnʼt pierce it aadé yakg̱walg̱éech they will pierce it tlél aadé yakg̱walg̱eech they wonʼt pierce it (chʼa) át yag̱alg̱eech let them pierce it át woolg̱eechch they pierce it (every time) tlél át woolg̱eechch they havenʼt pierced it yet tlél aadé át woox̱dlig̱eeji yé no way can they pierce it át woog̱alg̱eejín they would have pierced it át yalg̱íchni if/when they pierce it áx̱ yalg̱eech they pierce it (regularly) Wé x̱alakʼáchʼ x̱aawú ax̱ keidlí x̱ʼéit yawdlig̱ích. The porupine quills stuck in my dogʼs mouth. g̱eel blunt, dull dull, blunt ya-d-g̱éel~ (∅ event) for an edge to be blunt, dull

ya-di-g̱eel

[does not occur] yaa yandag̱íl itʼs getting dull yawdig̱íl itʼs dull tlél yawdag̱éel it isnʼt dull yagux̱dag̱éel it will get dull tlél yagux̱dag̱éel it wonʼt get dull yax̱dag̱éel let it get dull woodag̱ílch it gets dull (every time) tlél woodag̱ílch it hasnʼt gotten dull yet tlél aadé yax̱wdig̱éeli yé no way can it get dull yax̱wdag̱éelin it would have gotten dull yadag̱ílni if/when it gets dull yadag̱ílx̱ it gets dull (regularly) g̱eelʼ (2) polish polish it O-ka-S-sh-g̱éelʼ~ (∅ act; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to Nolish O

ka-shi-g̱eelʼ

Leer 1973: f02/174 Kashag̱ílʼ! Polish it! Kayshag̱ílʼ! You all polish it! Líl keeshag̱ílʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt polish it! Líl kayshag̱ílʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all polish it! akshag̱ílʼx̱ s/he is polishing it tlél akooshg̱ílʼx̱ s/he isnʼt polishing it kax̱wshig̱ílʼ I polished it akawshig̱ílʼ s/he polished it tlél kax̱wshag̱éelʼ I didnʼt polish it tlél akawushg̱éelʼ s/he didnʼt polish it akagux̱shag̱éelʼ s/he will polish it tlél akagux̱shag̱éelʼ s/he wonʼt polish it akax̱shag̱ílʼ let her/him polish it akooshg̱ílʼch s/he polishes it (every time) tlél akooshg̱ílʼch s/he hasnʼt polished it yet tlél aadé akoox̱shig̱ílʼi yé no way can s/he polish it akoox̱shag̱ílʼin s/he would have polished it akshag̱ílʼni if/when s/he polishes it akshag̱ílʼx̱ s/he polishes it (regularly) Wé tʼaa ká akshag̱ʼilʼni kei kagux̱lag̱éi. If he polishes the floor, it will look nice. sharpen it (esp. knife, with a grindstone) O-ya-S-∅-g̱éelʼ~ (∅ act) for S to sharpen O (with a grindstone)

ya-ya-g̱eelʼ

Yag̱ílʼ! Sharpen it! Yeeyg̱ílʼ! You all sharpen it! Líl yeeg̱ílʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt sharpen it! Líl yeeyg̱ílʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all sharpen it! yax̱ag̱éelʼ I am sharpening it ayag̱éelʼ s/he is sharpening it [does not occur] yax̱waag̱ílʼ I sharpened it ayaawag̱ílʼ s/he sharpened it tlél yax̱wag̱éelʼ I didnʼt sharpen it tlél ayawug̱éelʼ s/he didnʼt sharpen it yakḵwag̱éelʼ I will sharpen it ayakg̱wag̱éelʼ s/he will sharpen it tlél yakḵwag̱éelʼ I wonʼt sharpen it tlél ayakg̱wag̱éelʼ s/he wonʼt sharpen it yaḵag̱éelʼ let me sharpen it ayag̱ag̱éelʼ let her/him sharpen it yoox̱ag̱ílʼch I sharpen it (every time) awug̱ílʼch s/he sharpens it (every time) tlél yoox̱ag̱ílʼch I havenʼt sharpened it yet tlél awug̱ílʼch / tlél ayug̱ílʼch s/he hasnʼt sharpened it yet tlél aadé ayag̱waag̱éelʼi yé no way can s/he sharpen it ayag̱wag̱éelʼin s/he would have sharpened it ayag̱ílʼni if/when s/he sharpens it ayag̱ílʼx̱ s/he sharpens it (regularly) g̱een look look at it -g̱een N-t~ a-S-d-l-g̱ein~ (∅ motion) for S to look at N

A- + a-dli-g̱een

Át eelg̱én! Look at it! Át yilg̱én! You all look at it! Líl áx̱ eelg̱einíḵ! Donʼt look at Líl áx̱ ayilg̱einíḵ! Donʼt you all look at it! [does not occur] aadé yaa anx̱alg̱én Iʼm going to look at it aadé yaa aneelg̱én youʼre going to look at it aadé yaa analg̱én s/heʼs going to look at it aadé yaa antoolg̱én weʼre going to look at it aadé yaa anayilg̱én you all are going to look at it aadé yaa has analg̱én theyʼre going to look at it aadé yaa andulg̱én someone is going to look at it [does not occur] át ax̱wdlig̱én I looked at it át aydlig̱én you looked at it át awdlig̱én s/he looked at it át awtudlig̱én we looked at it át ayidlig̱én you all looked at it át has awdlig̱én they looked at it át awdudlig̱én it was looked at tlél át ax̱walg̱ein I didnʼt look at it tlél át ayilg̱ein you didnʼt look at it tlél át awulg̱ein s/he didnʼt look at it tlél át awtulg̱ein we didnʼt look at it tlél át ayeeyilg̱ein you all didnʼt look at it tlél át has awulg̱ein they didnʼt look at it tlél át awdulg̱ein it wasnʼt looked at át awulg̱einín s/he had looked at it; s/he looked at it (but...) tlél át awulg̱einín s/he hadnʼt looked at it; s/he didnʼt look at it (at the time, but...) wé át awdlig̱eni aa the one who looked at it aadé akḵwalg̱éin I will look at it aadé akg̱eelg̱éin you will look at it aadé akg̱walg̱éin s/he will look at it aadé agax̱toolg̱éin we will look at it aadé agax̱yilg̱éin you all will look at it aadé has akg̱walg̱éin they will look at it aadé agax̱dulg̱éin it will be looked at tlél aadé akḵwalg̱ein I wonʼt look at it tlél aadé akg̱eelg̱ein you wonʼt look at it tlél aadé akg̱walg̱ein s/he wonʼt look at it tlél aadé agax̱toolg̱ein we wonʼt look at it tlél aadé agax̱yilg̱ein you all wonʼt look at it tlél aadé has akg̱walg̱ein they wonʼt look at it tlél aadé agax̱dulg̱ein it wonʼt be looked at át aḵalg̱ein let me look at it át ag̱alg̱ein let her/him look at it át ax̱toolg̱ein let us look at it át oox̱alg̱einch I look at it (every time) át eelg̱einch you look at it (every time) át oolg̱einch s/he looks at it (every time) át atoolg̱einch we look at it (every time) át ayilg̱einch you all look at it (every time) át has oolg̱einch they look at it (every time) át adulg̱einch it is looked at (every time) tlél át oox̱alg̱einch I havenʼt looked at it yet tlél át eelg̱einch you havenʼt looked at it yet tlél át oolg̱einch s/he hasnʼt looked at it yet tlél át atoolg̱einch we havenʼt looked at it yet tlél át ayilg̱einch you all havenʼt looked at it yet tlél át has oolg̱einch they havenʼt looked at it yet tlél át adulg̱einch it hasnʼt been looked at yet tlél aadé át oox̱dlig̱eini yé no way can s/he look at it át oog̱alg̱einín s/he would have looked at it át alg̱énni if/when s/he looks at it áx̱ alg̱ein s/he looks at it (regularly) Tlél át awulg̱einín. He never paid any attention to her. Tlél aadé át ooḵdlig̱eini yé - tlei x̱ag̱ax̱ nooch. I canʼt look at it - I always cry. Át ax̱walg̱einní, áx̱ kawdihaa. When I looked at it, it disappeared. Líl áx̱ ayilg̱einíḵ gisʼóoḵ át wu.aadí. Donʼt you all look at the Northern lights when they are moving about! Líl áx̱ ayilg̱einíḵ wé g̱agaan! Donʼt you all look at the sun! A yáanáx̱ áwé shéex̱ sitee - tlél aadé át ooḵdlig̱eini yé. Itʼs too bloody - I canʼt look at it. g̱eet (2) rain, snow, dark precipitate (rain, snow, etc., esp. hard) a-∅-g̱éet (na event) for rain, hail, snow to fall (often hard, in dark rainstorm)

a-ya-g̱eet

[does not occur] aawag̱éet itʼs raining; it rained tlél awug̱éet itʼs not raining akg̱wag̱éet it will rain tlél akg̱wag̱éet it wonʼt rain ang̱ag̱éet let it rain anag̱éetch it rains (every time) tlél oonag̱éetch it hasnʼt rained yet tlél aadé ang̱waag̱éedi yé no way can it rain ang̱wag̱éedin it would have rained anag̱éetni if/when it rains yóo ayag̱éetk it rains (regularly) dark (of sky) ḵu-ka-j-g̱éet~ (∅ event) for the sky to be dark

ka-ji-g̱eet

The ḵu- prefix refers to weather or the sky in general. Without the ḵu- prefix, this verb can also refer to darkness of a room. For example: kawjig̱ít "itʼs dark". [does not occur] yaa ḵukanashg̱ít itʼs getting dark ḵukawjig̱ít itʼs dark tlél ḵukawushg̱éet it isnʼt dark ḵukakg̱washg̱éet it will get dark tlél ḵukakg̱washg̱éet it wonʼt get dark [does not occur] ḵukooshg̱éetch it gets dark (every time) tlél ḵukooshg̱éetch it hasnʼt gotten dark yet [does not occur] [does not occur] ḵukashg̱ítni if/when it gets dark ḵukashg̱ítx̱ it gets dark (regularly) Yínde wuxeexí wé g̱agaan, haa káa kakg̱washg̱éet. When the sun sets, itʼs going to get dark on us. g̱eexʼ (6) donate, load, shoot, lose, throw donate it; load it (gun); shoot it (basketball) O-ka-S-∅-g̱éexʼ (na event) for S to donate O (esp. money); for S to load O (gun), put bullet in; for S to shoot O (basketball)

ka-ya-g̱eexʼ

To include the recipient of the donation in the sentence, you would use: du jeet "to her/him", as in: Du jeet akaawag̱éexʼ. "S/he donated it to her/him." If the recipient is an organization, you would use: a kagéi yís "to it", replacing the a with the name of the organization. For example, Wé Salvation Army kagéi yís akaawag̱éexʼ. "S/he donated it to the Salvation Army." To give the meaning "load (a gun)", use a tóo, as in: a tóo akaawag̱éexʼ. "S/he loaded it." Kanag̱éexʼ! Donate it! Kanayg̱éexʼ! You all donate it! Líl yoo keeg̱íxʼgiḵ! Donʼt donate it! Líl yoo kayg̱íxʼgiḵ! Donʼt you all donate it! [does not occur] kax̱waag̱éexʼ I donated it akaawag̱éexʼ s/he donated it tlél kax̱wag̱éexʼ I didnʼt donate it tlél akawug̱éexʼ s/he didnʼt donate it kakḵwag̱éexʼ I will donate it akakg̱wag̱éexʼ s/he will donate it tlél kakḵwag̱éexʼ I wonʼt donate it tlél akakg̱wag̱éexʼ s/he wonʼt donate it kanḵag̱éexʼ let me donate it akang̱ag̱éexʼ let her/him donate it kanx̱ag̱íxʼch I donate it (every time) akanag̱íxʼch s/he donates it (every time) tlél koonx̱ag̱íxʼch I havenʼt donated it yet tlél akoonag̱íxʼch s/he hasnʼt donated it yet tlél aadé akoong̱aag̱éexʼi yé no way can s/he donate it akoong̱ag̱éexʼin s/he would have donated it akanag̱éexʼni if/when s/he donates it yoo akayag̱íxʼk s/he donates it (regularly) A tóo kei kag̱éexʼ wé óonaa - wé xóots wudihaan. Load the gun - the bear stood up. Keeyag̱éexʼ gé dáanaa has du jeedé? Did you donate money to them? Tlél a tóo kei x̱waag̱éexʼch wé óonaa déi haa x̱ánde yaa nagút wéi xóots. I Havenʼt loaded the gun, now the bear is coming toward us. Góok - kanag̱éexʼ dé wéi koochʼéetʼaa! Go ahead - shoot the ball! Tlél kei akoog̱íxʼjiḵ wéi koochʼéetʼaa - du x̱ʼanaa yan hán! Donʼt let him shoot the ball - stand in front of him! contribute to it; donate to it; add to it N-t~ ka-S-d-g̱éexʼ~ (∅ motion) for S to donate, contribute, add to N

ya-g̱eexʼ

Át keedag̱íxʼ! Contribute to it! Át kaydag̱íxʼ! You all contribute to it! Líl áx̱ keedag̱éexʼiḵ! Donʼt contribute to it! Líl áx̱ kaydag̱éexʼiḵ! Donʼt you all contribute to it! [does not occur] át kax̱wdig̱íxʼ I contributed to it át kawdig̱íxʼ s/he contributed to it tlél át kax̱wdag̱éexʼ I didnʼt contribute to it tlél át kawdag̱éexʼ s/he didnʼt contribute to it aadé kakḵwadag̱éexʼ I will contribute to it aadé kagux̱dag̱éexʼ s/he will contribute to it tlél aadé kakḵwadag̱éexʼ I wonʼt contribute to it tlél aadé kagux̱dag̱éexʼ s/he wonʼt contribute to it át kaḵadag̱éexʼ let me contribute to it át kax̱dag̱éexʼ let her/him contribute to it át koox̱dag̱éexʼch I contribute to it (every time) át koodag̱éexʼch s/he contributes to it (every time) tlél át koox̱dag̱éexʼch I havenʼt contributed to it yet tlél át koodag̱éexʼch s/he hasnʼt contributed to it yet tlél aadé át koox̱dig̱éexʼi yé no way can s/he contribute to it át koox̱dag̱éexʼin s/he would have contributed to it át kadag̱íxʼni if/when s/he contributes to it áx̱ kadag̱éexʼ s/he contributes to it (regularly) contribute, donate ka-S-d-g̱éexʼ~ (na event) for S to donate, contribute

ka-ya-g̱eexʼ

Kanidag̱éexʼ! Contribute! Kanaydag̱éexʼ! You all contribute! Líl kaydag̱éexʼiḵ! Donʼt contribute! Líl kayeeydag̱éexʼiḵ! Donʼt you all contribute! [does not occur] yaa kanax̱dag̱íxʼ I am contributing yaa kandag̱íxʼ s/he is contributing kax̱wdig̱éexʼ I contributed kawdig̱éexʼ s/he contributed tlél kax̱wdag̱éexʼ I didnʼt contribute tlél kawdag̱éexʼ s/he didnʼt contribute kuḵadag̱éexʼ I will contribute kagux̱dag̱éexʼ s/he will contribute tlél kuḵadag̱éexʼ I wonʼt contribute tlél kagux̱dag̱éexʼ s/he wonʼt contribute kanḵadag̱éexʼ let me contribute kanax̱dag̱éexʼ let her/him contribute kanax̱dag̱íxʼch I contribute (every time) kandag̱íxʼch s/he contributes (every time) tlél kunax̱dag̱íxʼch I havenʼt contributed yet tlél kundag̱íxʼch s/he hasnʼt contributed yet tlél aadé kunax̱dig̱éexʼi yé no way can s/he contribute kunax̱dag̱éexʼin s/he would have contributed kandag̱íxʼni if/when s/he contributes yoo kdig̱íxʼk s/he contributes (regularly) Kawdug̱éexʼi áwé sh tóog̱aa haa ndateech. When people contribute, we are grateful. Kawdag̱éexʼi ítdáx̱ áwé woogoot. After he contributed, he left. Kanax̱dag̱éexʼi áwé woogoot. He went to contribute. Ax̱ check-i áwé hél cash-x̱ ux̱layéx̱chʼ ách áwé tlél kunax̱dag̱íxʼch. I havenʼt cashed my check yet, thatʼs why I havenʼt contributed yet. Tlél dáanaa x̱wa.oo ách áwé tlél kunax̱dag̱íxʼch. I donʼt have any money, thatʼs why I havenʼt contributed yet. throw it up in the air (esp. ball) I kei O-ka-S-∅-g̱éexʼ~ (∅ motion) for S to throw O (esp. ball) up in the air

A- + ka-ya-g̱eexʼ

Kei kag̱éexʼ! Throw it! Kei keeyg̱éexʼ! You all throw it! Líl kei keeg̱íxʼjiḵ! Donʼt throw it! Líl kei keeyg̱íxʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all throw it! [does not occur] kei kx̱waag̱íxʼ I threw it kei akaawag̱íxʼ s/he threw it tlél kei akawug̱éexʼ s/he didnʼt throw it kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ s/he will throw it tlél kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ s/he wonʼt throw it kei akag̱ag̱éexʼ let her/him throw it kei akoog̱éexʼch s/he throws it (every time) tlél kei akoog̱éexʼch s/he hasnʼt thrown it yet tlél aadé kei akg̱waag̱éexʼi yé no way can s/he throw it kei akg̱wag̱éexʼin s/he would have thrown it kei akag̱íxʼni if/when s/he throws it kei akag̱íxʼch s/he throws it (regularly) Kei akag̱íxʼni wé atkʼátskʼu du jeetx̱ kagax̱tootée. If the boy throws it weʼre going to take it away from him. lose it ḵut O-S-∅-g̱éexʼ~ (ga motion) for S to lose O

ḵut ya-g̱eexʼ

Note that this verb can be used figuratively to refer to losing oneʼs mind or health. ḵut gag̱éexʼ! Lose it! ḵut gayg̱éexʼ! You all lose it! Líl ḵut kei eeg̱íxʼjiḵ! Donʼt lose it! Líl ḵut kei yig̱íxʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all lose it! [does not occur] ḵut kei nx̱ag̱íxʼ Iʼm losing it ḵut kei anag̱íxʼ s/he is losing it ḵut x̱waag̱éexʼ I lost it ḵut aawag̱éexʼ s/he lost it tlél ḵut x̱wag̱éexʼ I didnʼt lose it tlél ḵut awug̱éexʼ s/he didnʼt lose it ḵut kei kḵwag̱éexʼ I will lose it ḵut kei akg̱wag̱éexʼ s/he will lose it tlél ḵut kei kḵwag̱éexʼ I wonʼt lose it tlél ḵut kei akg̱wag̱éexʼ s/he wonʼt lose it (chʼa) ḵut gaḵag̱éexʼ (just) let me lose it (chʼa) ḵut akg̱ag̱éexʼ (just) let her/him lose it ḵut gax̱ag̱íxʼch I lose it (every time) ḵut agag̱íxʼch s/he loses it (every time) tlél ḵut goox̱ag̱íxʼch I havenʼt lost it yet tlél ḵut agoog̱íxʼch s/he hasnʼt lost it yet tlél aadé ḵut gooḵaag̱éexʼi yé no way can I lose it tlél aadé ḵut akg̱waag̱éexʼi yé no way can s/he lose it ḵut gooḵag̱éexʼin I would have lost it ḵut akg̱wag̱éexʼin s/he would have lost it ḵut gax̱ag̱íxʼni if/when I lose it ḵut agag̱íxʼni if/when s/he loses it ḵut kei x̱ag̱íxʼch I lose it (regularly) ḵut kei ag̱íxʼch s/he loses it (regularly) Du toowú ḵut aawag̱éexʼ kaawashoowú. He lost his mind when he was drunk. lose it (round, spherical object) ḵut O-ka-S-∅-g̱éexʼ~ (ga motion) for S to lose O (round, spherical object)

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Líl ḵut kei keeg̱íxʼjiḵ! Donʼt lose it! Líl ḵut kei kayg̱íxʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all lose it! [does not occur] ḵut kax̱waag̱éexʼ I lost it ḵut akaawag̱éexʼ s/he lost it tlél ḵut kax̱wag̱éexʼ I didnʼt lose it tlél ḵut akawug̱éexʼ s/he didnʼt lose it ḵut kei kakḵwag̱éexʼ I will lose it ḵut kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ s/he will lose it tlél ḵut kei kakḵwag̱éexʼ I wonʼt lose it tlél ḵut kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ s/he wonʼt lose it (chʼa) ḵut kaḵag̱éexʼi (dé) (just) let me lose it (now) (chʼa) ḵut akg̱ag̱éexʼi (dé) (just) let her/him lose it (now) ḵut kakx̱ag̱íxʼch I lose it (every time) ḵut akagag̱íxʼch s/he loses it (every time) tlél ḵut kakx̱wag̱íxʼch I havenʼt lost it yet tlél ḵut akagoog̱íxʼch s/he hasnʼt lost it yet tlél aadé ḵut kakḵwaag̱éexʼi yé no way can I lose it tlél aadé ḵut akakg̱waag̱éexʼi yé no way can s/he lose it ḵut kakḵwag̱éexʼin I would have lost it ḵut akakg̱waag̱éexʼin s/he would have lost it ḵut kakx̱ag̱íxʼni if/when I lose it ḵut akgag̱íxʼni if/when s/he loses it ḵut kei kax̱ag̱íxʼch I lose it (regularly) ḵut kei akag̱íxʼch s/he loses it (regularly) g̱ei (4) proud, fancy, pretty proud, pleased N toowú ka-l-g̱éi (ga state) for N to be proud of, highly pleased with

ḵaa toowú + ka-li-g̱ei

To add who one is proud of in the sentence, use: N kaax̱ ʼof Nʼ. For example: Mary toowú klig̱éi John kaax̱. ʼMary is proud of John.ʼ I toowú kaklag̱éi! Be proud! Yee toowú kaklag̱éi! You all be proud! [does not occur] du toowú klig̱éi s/he is proud tlél du toowú koolg̱é s/he isnʼt proud du toowú klig̱éi nooch s/he is always proud du toowú kawlig̱éi s/he became proud tlél du toowú kawulg̱éi s/he wasnʼt proud du toowú kei kagux̱lag̱éi s/he will be proud tlél du toowú kei kagux̱lag̱éi s/he wonʼt be proud du toowú kagaax̱lag̱éi let her/him be proud du toowú kaklag̱éich s/he gets proud (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé du toowú kagax̱wlig̱éiyi yé no way can s/he be proud du toowú kagax̱wlag̱éiyin s/he would have been proud du toowú kaklag̱éini if/when s/he is proud du toowú kei klag̱éich s/he gets proud (regularly) fancy, prominent, conspicuous, attracting attention O-ka-l-g̱éi (ga state) for O to be fancy, prominent (esp. in appearance), conspicuous, attracting attention

ka-li-g̱ei

kalig̱éi he/she/it is fancy tlél koolg̱é he/she/it isnʼt fancy kawlig̱éi he/she/it got fancy tlél kawulg̱éi he/she/it didnʼt get fancy kei kagux̱lag̱éi he/she/it will be fancy tlél kei kagux̱lag̱éi he/she/it wonʼt be fancy kagax̱lag̱éi let her/him/it be fancy kaklag̱éich he/she/it gets fancy (every time) [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] kei klag̱éich he/she/it gets fancy (regularly) kaklag̱éini if/when he/she/it gets fancy proud (esp. of oneself), conceited; particular, picky sh tu-ka-S-d-l-g̱éi (ga state) for S to be proud (esp. of oneself), conceited; for S to be particular, picky, snooty

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This verb only occurs in the imperfective. Note that it can have a negative connotation, meaning "to be conceited." It can also be used to indicate that one is proud of something or someone by inserting N kaax̱ (proud of N) into the sentence. Usually the N represents something or someone that the individual has a personal stake in. For example: A kaax̱ sh tukdlig̱éi du dachx̱ánxʼiyán. "She is proud of her grandchildren." Otherwise, another verb is used: Du toowú klig̱éi du kaadáx̱. "She is proud of him." [does not occur] sh tukax̱dlig̱éi I am proud (conceited) sh tukdlig̱éi s/he is proud (conceited) tlél sh tukx̱walg̱é Iʼm not proud (conceited) tlél sh tukoolg̱é s/he isnʼt proud (conceited) [does not occur] [does not occur] pretty, cute O-sha-ka-l-g̱éi (ga state) for O to be pretty, cute

sha-ka-li-g̱ei

This verb is used to describe a beautiful woman or something cute such as a puppy or kitten. It isnʼt generally used to describe pretty objects such as beadwork. x̱at shaklig̱éi Iʼm pretty shaklig̱éi she is pretty tlél x̱at shakoolg̱é Iʼm not pretty tlél shakoolg̱é she isnʼt pretty kei x̱at shakanalg̱éin I am becoming pretty kei shakanalg̱éin she is becoming pretty shaklag̱éiyin she used to be pretty [does not occur] kei x̱at shakagux̱lag̱éi I will be pretty kei shakagux̱lag̱éi she will be pretty tlél kei x̱at shakagux̱lag̱éi I wonʼt be pretty tlél kei shakagux̱lag̱éi she wonʼt be pretty [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱at shakaklag̱éini if/when I am pretty shakaklag̱éini if/when she is pretty [does not occur] g̱eiḵ ¹ (2) swing swing, sway her/him/it to and fro N-t O-S-l-g̱eiḵ~ (na motion) for S to swing O back and forth at N

li-g̱eiḵ

N-t O-S-l-g̱eeḵ~ (na motion) Át nalg̱eeḵ! Swing her/him/it back and forth! Át naylag̱eeḵ! You all swing her/him/it back and forth! Líl át yoo ilag̱íḵgiḵ! Donʼt swing her/him/it back and forth! Líl át yoo yilag̱íḵgiḵ! Donʼt you all swing her/him/it back and forth! [does not occur] yaa analg̱íḵ s/he is swinging her/him/it back and forth át x̱walig̱eeḵ Iʼm swinging her/him/it back and forth; I swung her/him/it back and forth át awlig̱eeḵ s/he is swinging her/him/it back and forth; s/he swung her/him/it back and forth tlél át x̱walag̱eeḵ Iʼm not swinging her/him/it back and forth; I didnʼt swing her/him/it back and forth tlél át awulg̱eeḵ s/heʼs not swinging her/him/it back and forth; s/he didnʼt swing her/him/it back and forth át agux̱lag̱éeḵ s/he will swing her/him/it back and forth tlél át agux̱lag̱eeḵ s/he wonʼt swing her/him/it back and forth át anax̱lag̱eeḵ let her/him swing her/him/it back and forth át analg̱íḵch s/he swings her/him/it back and forth (every time) tlél át oonalg̱íḵch s/he hasnʼt swung her/him/it back and forth yet tlél aadé át oonax̱lig̱eeg̱i yé no way can s/he swing her/him/it back and forth át oonax̱lag̱eeg̱ín s/he would have swung her/him/it back and forth át analg̱íḵni if s/he swings her/him/it back and forth át yoo alig̱íḵk s/he swings her/him/it back and forth (regularly) g̱eeg̱áchʼ kát át agux̱lag̱éeḵ du yéet. He will swing his son back and forth on the swing. Du óonayi yaa analg̱éḵ. He was swinging his rifle. [Story & Naish 1973: 222] swing, sway back and forth N-t O-l-g̱eiḵ~ (na motion) for O to swing, sway back and forth at N

li-g̱eiḵ

N-t O-l-g̱eeḵ~ (na motion) Át inalg̱eeḵ! Swing back and forth! Át yee nalg̱eeḵ! You all swing back and forth! Líl át yoo ilag̱íḵgiḵ! Donʼt swing back and forth! Líl át yoo yee lag̱íḵgiḵ! Donʼt you all swing back and forth! [does not occur] yaa nalg̱íḵ s/he is swinging back and forth át x̱at wulig̱eeḵ I am swinging back and forth; I swung back and forth át wulig̱eeḵ he/she/it is swinging back and forth; he/she/it swung back and forth tlél át x̱at wulg̱eeḵ Iʼm not swinging back and forth; I didnʼt swing back and forth tlél át wulg̱eeḵ he/she/it isnʼt swinging back and forth; he/she/it didnʼt swing back and forth át gux̱lag̱éeḵ he/she/it will swing back and forth tlél át gux̱lag̱eeḵ he/she/it wonʼt swing back and forth át nax̱lag̱eeḵ let her/him/it swing back and forth át nalg̱íḵch he/she/it swings back and forth (every time) tlél át unalg̱íḵch he/she/it hasnʼt swung back and forth yet tlél aadé át unax̱lig̱eeg̱i yé no way can he/she/it swing back and forth át unax̱lag̱eeg̱ín he/she/it would have swung back and forth át nalg̱íḵni if/when he/she/it swings back and forth át yoo lig̱íḵk he/she/it swings back and forth (regularly) Tíxʼ daax̱ kei naltlʼét du een wukʼoodzí kaawayíkt wulig̱eeḵ. The rope he was climbing up with got caught around something and he was swinging back and forth in mid-air. g̱eiḵ ² stingy stingy, unwilling to give or share much O-sh-g̱eeḵ (ga state) for O to be stingy, unwilling to give or share much

shi-g̱eiḵ

O-sh-g̱eiḵ (ga state) Ikshag̱eeḵ! Be stingy! Yee kshag̱eeḵ! You all be stingy! Líl eeshg̱eeg̱íḵ! Donʼt be stingy! Líl yee shg̱eeg̱íḵ! Donʼt you all be stingy! x̱at shig̱eeḵ I am stingy shig̱eeḵ s/he is stingy tlél x̱at ushg̱eeḵ Iʼm not stingy tlél ushg̱eeḵ s/he isnʼt stingy wushig̱eeḵ s/he became stingy tlél wushg̱eeḵ s/he didnʼt become stingy kei gux̱shag̱eeḵ s/he will be stingy tlél kei gux̱shag̱eeḵ s/he wonʼt be stingy (chʼa) g̱ashag̱eeḵ (just) let her/him be stingy gashg̱eeḵch s/he is stingy (every time) tlél gooshg̱eeḵch s/he hasnʼt been stingy yet tlél aadé goox̱shig̱eeg̱i yé no way can s/he be stingy goox̱shag̱eeg̱ín s/he would have been stingy gashag̱eeḵní if/when s/he is stingy kei shag̱eeḵch s/he gets stingy (regularly) Yaa shunaxíx wé i dáanayí ikshag̱eeḵ! Your money is running out, get stingy! g̱ein look look around, about VII N-t a-S-d-l-g̱ein~ (na motion) for S to look around, about P

A- + a-dli-g̱een

-g̱een~ (An) Át aneelg̱ein! Look around! Át anayilg̱ein! You all look around! Líl át ayilg̱einíḵ! Donʼt look around! Líl át ayeeylg̱einíḵ! Donʼt you all look around! [does not occur] [does not occur] át ax̱wdlig̱ein I am looking around; I looked around át aydlig̱ein you are looking around; you looked around át awdlig̱ein s/he is looking around; s/he looked around át awtudlig̱ein we are looking around; we looked around át ayidlig̱ein you all are looking around; you all looked around át has awdlig̱ein they are looking around; they looked around át awdudlig̱ein people are looking around; people looked around tlél át ax̱walg̱ein Iʼm not looking around; I didnʼt look around tlél át ayilg̱ein youʼre not looking around; you didnʼt look around tlél át awulg̱ein s/heʼs not looking around; s/he didnʼt look around tlél át awtoolg̱ein weʼre not looking around; we didnʼt look around tlél át ayeeyilg̱ein you all are not looking around; you all didnʼt look around tlél át has awulg̱ein theyʼre not looking around; they didnʼt look around tlél át awdulg̱ein nobody is looking around; nobody looked around át awulg̱einín s/he had looked around; s/he looked around (but...) tlél át awulg̱einín s/he hadnʼt looked around; s/he didnʼt look around (at the time, but...) wé át awdlig̱eini aa the one who looked around át akḵwalg̱éin I will look around át akg̱eelg̱éin you will look around át akg̱walg̱éin s/he will look around át agax̱toolg̱éin we will look around át agax̱yilg̱éin you all will look around át has akg̱walg̱éin they will look around át agax̱dulg̱éin people will look around tlél át akḵwalg̱ein I wonʼt look around tlél át akg̱eelg̱ein you wonʼt look around tlél át akg̱walg̱ein s/he wonʼt look around tlél át agax̱tulg̱ein we wonʼt look around tlél át agax̱yilg̱ein you all wonʼt look around tlél át has akg̱walg̱ein they wonʼt look around tlél át agax̱dulg̱ein nobody will look around át anḵalg̱ein(í) let me look around át ang̱alg̱ein(í) let her/him look around át anax̱toolg̱ein(í) let us look there around át anx̱alg̱énch I look around (every time) át aneelg̱énch you look around (every time) át analg̱énch s/he looks around (every time) át antoolg̱énch we look around (every time) át anayilg̱énch you all look around (every time) át has analg̱énch they look around (every time) át andulg̱énch people look around (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé át anax̱wdlig̱eini yé no way can s/he look around át oong̱walg̱einín s/he would have looked around át analg̱énni if/when s/he looks around Át ax̱walg̱einí x̱aatéen haa daadéi áyá yaa ḵushunaxíx. When I look around I see that we are losing a lot of people. Át aneelg̱ein i dlaakʼg̱áa! Look around for your sister! Gáande aneelg̱ein g̱ayéisʼg̱aa! Look outside for some iron! I léelkʼu keekándei aneelg̱ein - x̱áat yéi adaané! Go check on your grandpa - heʼs working on fish! Líl aadé yoo eelg̱éingiḵ! Donʼt look there! Aadé yoo s adlig̱énk. They check on him regularly. g̱eiwoo seine, fish fish (with net); seine a-S-s-g̱eiwú (na act) for S to fish with net, seine

a-dzi-g̱eiwoo

Aneesg̱eiwú! Seine! Anayisg̱eiwú! You all seine! Líl eesg̱eiwúḵ! Donʼt seine! Líl Ayisg̱eiwúḵ! Donʼt you all seine! ax̱asg̱eiwú I seine; I am seining eesg̱eiwú you seine; you are seining asg̱eiwú s/he seines; s/he is seining atoosg̱eiwú we seine; we are seining ayeesg̱eiwú you all seine; you all are seining has asg̱eiwú they seine; they are seining adusg̱eiwú people seine; people are seining tlél oox̱asg̱eiwú I donʼt seine; Iʼm not seining tlél eesg̱eiwú you donʼt seine; youʼre not seining tlél oosg̱eiwú s/he doesnʼt seine; s/heʼs not seining tlél atoosg̱eiwú we donʼt seine; weʼre not seining tlél ayeesg̱eiwú you all donʼt seine; you all arenʼt seining tlél has oosg̱eiwú they donʼt seine; theyʼre not seining tlél adusg̱eiwú nobody seines; nobody is seining wé asg̱eiwú aa the one who seines [does not occur] asg̱eiwún s/he used to seine tlél oosg̱eiwún s/he didnʼt used to ax̱wdzig̱eiwú I seined aydzig̱eiwú you seined awdzig̱eiwú s/he seined awtudzig̱eiwú we seined ayeedzig̱eiwú you all seined has awdzig̱eiwú they seined adudzig̱eiwú people seined tlél ax̱wasg̱eiwú I didnʼt seine tlél ayisg̱eiwú you didnʼt seine tlél awusg̱eiwú s/he didnʼt seine tlél awtoosg̱eiwú we didnʼt seine tlél ayisg̱eiwú you all didnʼt seine tlél has awusg̱eiwú they didnʼt seine tlél awdusg̱eiwú nobody seined akḵwasg̱eiwú I will seine akg̱isg̱eiwú you will seine akg̱wasg̱eiwú s/he will seine agax̱toosg̱eiwú we will seine agax̱yisg̱eiwú you all will seine has akg̱wasg̱eiwú they will seine agax̱dusg̱eiwú people will seine tlél akḵwasg̱eiw I wonʼt seine tlél akg̱isg̱eiw you wonʼt seine tlél akg̱wasg̱eiw s/he wonʼt seine tlél agax̱toosg̱eiw we wonʼt seine tlél agax̱yisg̱eiw you all wonʼt seine tlél has akg̱wasg̱eiw they wonʼt seine tlél agax̱dusg̱eiw people wonʼt seine anḵasg̱eiwú let me seine ang̱asg̱eiwú let her/him seine anax̱toosg̱eiwú let us seine asg̱eiwú nooch s/he always seines [does not occur] tlél anx̱wasg̱eiwúch I havenʼt seined yet tlél aneesg̱eiwúch you havenʼt seined yet tlél oonasg̱eiwúch s/he hasnʼt seined yet tlél antoosg̱eiwúch we havenʼt seined yet tlél anayisg̱eiwúch you all havenʼt seined yet tlél has oonasg̱eiwúch they havenʼt seined yet tlél andusg̱eiwúch nobody has seined yet tlél aadé anax̱wdzig̱eiwu yé no way can s/he seine ang̱wasg̱eiwún s/he would have seined anasg̱eiwúni if/when s/he seines [does not occur] g̱eiy dress dress up, smarten up, make an effort to look different sh ka-S-d-j-g̱eiy (∅ event) for S to dress up, smarten up, make an effort to look different

sh ka-ji-g̱eiy

Sh keeshg̱éiy! Get dressed up! Sh kayeeshg̱éiy! You all get dressed up! Líl sh keeshg̱éiyx̱iḵ! Donʼt get all dressed up! Líl sh kayeeshg̱éix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all get all dressed up! [does not occur] yaa sh kanashg̱éiyn s/heʼs getting all dressed up sh kax̱wjig̱éiy I got all dressed up sh kawjig̱éiy s/he got all dressed up tlél sh kawushg̱éiy s/he didnʼt get all dressed up sh kakg̱washg̱éiy s/he will get all dressed up tlél sh kakg̱washg̱éiy s/he wonʼt get all dressed up sh kag̱ashg̱éiy let her/him get all dressed up sh kooshg̱éiych s/he gets all dressed up (every time) tlél sh kooshg̱éiych s/he hasnʼt gotten all dressed up yet tlél aadé sh koox̱jig̱éiyi yé no way can s/he get all dressed up sh koog̱ashg̱éiyin s/he would have gotten all dressed up sh kashg̱éiyni if/when s/he gets all dressed up sh kashg̱éiyx̱ s/he gets all dressed up (regularly) Du shaatkʼí waḵshiyeeg̱áa sh kawjig̱éiy. He got all dressed up for his girlfriend. Daat yís sá kwshé gé sh kawjig̱éiy? I wonder why heʼs all dressed up? g̱oo wipe, mop wipe it; mop it O-S-l-g̱oo~ (g̱a act) for S to wipe, mop, clean O by wiping

li-g̱oo

g̱alg̱ú! Wipe it! g̱aylag̱ú! You all wipe it! Líl yei ilag̱wéijuḵ! Donʼt wipe it! Líl yei yilag̱wéijuḵ! Donʼt you all wipe it! alg̱éikw s/he wipes it; s/heʼs wiping it tlél oolg̱éikw s/he doesnʼt wipe it; s/he isnʼt wiping it alg̱éikw nooch s/he always wipes it awlig̱oo s/he wiped it tlél awulg̱oo s/he didnʼt wipe it yei agux̱lag̱óo s/he will wipe it tlél yei agux̱lag̱oo s/he wonʼt wipe it ag̱aax̱lag̱oo let her/him wipe it [does not occur] tlél oox̱lag̱wéich s/he hasnʼt wiped it yet tlél aadé ag̱aax̱wlig̱oowu yé no way can s/he wipe it ag̱aax̱wlag̱oowún s/he would have wiped it ax̱lag̱wéini if/when s/he wipes it yei alg̱wéich s/he wipes it (regularly) g̱ook clutch clutch, hold tightly O-ka-S-∅-g̱ook~ (∅ event) for S to clutch, hold tightly onto O

ka-ya-g̱ook

Kag̱úk! Clutch it! Líl keeg̱úkx̱uḵ! Donʼt clutch it! [does not occur] kax̱waag̱úk I am clutching it akaawag̱úk s/he is clutching it tlél kax̱wag̱ook Iʼm not clutching it tlél akawug̱ook s/he isnʼt clutching it akakg̱wag̱óok s/he will clutch it tlél akakg̱wag̱ook s/he wonʼt clutch it (chʼa) akag̱ag̱ook (just) let her/him clutch it akoog̱ookch s/he clutches it (every time) tlél akoog̱ookch s/he hasnʼt clutched it yet tlél aadé akoog̱aag̱oogu yé no way can s/he clutch it akoog̱ag̱oogún s/he would have clutched it akag̱úkni if/when s/he clutches it akag̱úkx̱ s/he clutches it (regularly) Kʼidéin akaawag̱úk. He is holding on to it tight. Latseen tín akaawag̱úk. He is holding on to it tight. Du tláa du náḵ gug̱agoodí du x̱eek akaawag̱úk. When is his mom is going to leave, he clutches on to her arm. g̱ootl mash, squeeze mash it; sqeeze it O-ka-S-∅-g̱ootl~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to mash O by squeezing in the hand; for S to squeeze O tightly

ka-ya-g̱ootl

Kag̱útl! Mash it! Kayg̱útl! You all mash it! Líl keeg̱útlx̱iḵ! Donʼt mash it! Líl kayg̱útlx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all mash it! akag̱útlx̱ s/he is mashing it tlél akoog̱útlx̱ s/he isnʼt mashing it akaawag̱útl s/he mashed it tlél akawug̱ootl s/he didnʼt mash it akakg̱wag̱óotl s/he will mash it tlél akakg̱wag̱ootl s/he wonʼt mash it akg̱ag̱útl let her/him mash it akoog̱útlch s/he mashes it (every time) tlél akoog̱ootlch / tlél akoog̱útlch s/he hasnʼt mashed it yet tlél aadé akg̱waag̱údli yé no way can s/he mash it akg̱wag̱údlin s/he would have mashed it akag̱útlni if s/he mashes it akag̱útlx̱ s/he mashes it (regularly) g̱waatʼ ¹ (2) crawl crawl VII N-t S-d-g̱wáatʼ~ (na motion) for S (esp. child) to crawl around on hands and knees at N

di-g̱waatʼ

Át nidag̱wáatʼ! Crawl around there! Át naydag̱wáatʼ! You all crawl around there! Líl át yidag̱wáatʼiḵ! Donʼt crawl around there! Líl át yeeydag̱wáatʼiḵ! Donʼt you all crawl around there! [does not occur] át x̱wadig̱wáatʼ I am crawling around there; I crawled around there át wudig̱wáatʼ s/he is crawling around there; s/he crawled around there tlél át x̱wadag̱wáatʼ I didnʼt crawl around there tlél át wudag̱wáatʼ s/he didnʼt crawl around there át kuḵadag̱wáatʼ I will crawl around there át gux̱dag̱wáatʼ s/he will crawl around there tlél át kuḵadag̱wáatʼ I wonʼt crawl around there tlél át gux̱dag̱wáatʼ s/he wonʼt crawl around there át naḵadag̱wáatʼ let me crawl around there át nax̱dag̱wáatʼ let her/him crawl around there át nax̱dag̱wátʼch I crawl around there (every time) át nadag̱wátʼch s/he crawls around there (every time) tlél át nax̱dag̱wátʼch I havenʼt crawled around there yet tlél át nadag̱wátʼch s/he hasnʼt crawled around there yet tlél aadé át nax̱wdig̱wáatʼi yé no way can s/he crawl around there át nax̱wdag̱wáatʼin s/he would have crawled around there át nadag̱wátʼni if/when s/he crawls around there át yoo dig̱wátʼk s/he crawls around there (regularly) crawl I Note that the consultant recorded here pronounces this verb stem -g̱aatʼ (as opposed to -g̱waatʼ). daak S-d-g̱wáatʼ~ (∅ motion) for S (esp. child) to crawl out (into the open) on hands and knees

di-g̱waatʼ

daak S-d-g̱áatʼ~ (∅ motion) Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb "crawl" to specify the direction of motion. Replace daak "out into the open" in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. kei moving up ux̱ kei moving out of control, blindly, amiss; going the wrong way yei getting out of a canoe, boat, vehicle yeeḵ / yeiḵ / eeḵ moving down; moving toward beach, shore daaḵ moving up from beach, back away from open, inland daak moving out to sea, into open, onto fire ḵux̱ / ḵúx̱dei (requires d- element) returning, going/coming back Daak idag̱wáatʼ! Crawl out! Daak yidag̱wáatʼ! You all crawl out! Líl daak idag̱wátʼjiḵ! Donʼt crawl out! Líl daak yidag̱wátʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all crawl out! [does not occur] daak nadag̱wátʼ s/he is crawling out daak x̱wadig̱wátʼ I crawled out daak wudig̱wátʼ s/he crawled out tlél daak x̱wadag̱wáatʼ I didnʼt crawl out tlél daak wudag̱wáatʼ s/he didnʼt crawl out daak gux̱dag̱wáatʼ s/he will crawl out tlél daak gux̱dag̱wáatʼ s/he wonʼt crawl out daak g̱adag̱wáatʼ let her/him crawl out daak udag̱wáatʼch s/he crawls out (every time) tlél daak udag̱wáatʼch s/he hasnʼt crawled out yet tlél aadé daak ux̱dig̱wáatʼi yé no way can s/he crawl out daak ux̱dag̱wáatʼin s/he would have crawled out daak dag̱wátʼni if/when s/he crawls out daak dag̱wátʼch s/he crawls out (regularly); s/he is trying to crawl out A káx̱ daak wudigwátʼ wé aas tʼáni. He crawled out on the branch of the tree. A náḵ daak idag̱wáatʼ! Crawl out of there (tunnel, e.g.)! Daak gux̱dag̱wáatʼ du koowúdáx̱. Heʼs going to crawl out of his den. Áx̱ kei ndag̱wátʼ wé aas. Itʼs crawling up the tree. g̱unéi wdig̱wátʼ. She started crawling. haa ʰ many, plenty, lots many, plenty, lots O-sha-ya-d-haa ʰ~ (na state) for O to be many, plenty, lots

sha-ya-di-haa

shayadihéin there are a lot tlél shawoodahéin there arenʼt a lot yaa s shayandahéin there are getting to be a lot shayawdihaa there got to be a lot tlél shayawdahaa there werenʼt a lot shayagux̱daháa there will be a lot tlél shayagux̱dahaa there wonʼt be a lot shanax̱dahaa let there be a lot shayandaheich there get to be a lot (every time) tlél shawoondaheich there hasnʼt gotten to be a lot yet tlél aadé shayanax̱wdihaayi yé no way can there be a lot shayanax̱wdahaayín there would have been a lot shayandahéini if/when thereʼs a lot yoo shayadiheik there gets to be a lot (regularly) haa (14) dig, gather, time for it, hungry, obvious, want, remind, polish, injure, crowded, plant, have a turn polish, rub until shiny N daatx̱ ḵu-ka-S-s-haa~ (na act) for S to Nolish N; for S to rub N until shiny

A-dax̱ + ḵu-ka-si-haa

Leer 1973: 01/8 A daatx̱ ḵukanas.há! Polish it! A daatx̱ ḵukanayis.há You all polish it! Líl a daatx̱ ḵukeesahéix̱iḵ! Donʼt polish it! Líl a daatx̱ ḵukaysahéix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all polish it! a daatx̱ ḵuksahéix̱ s/he is polishing it tlél a daatx̱ ḵukoos.héix̱ s/he isnʼt polishing it a daatx̱ ḵukax̱wsihaa I polished it a daatx̱ ḵukawsihaa s/he polished it tlél a daatx̱ ḵukax̱wsahaa I didnʼt polish it tlél a daatx̱ ḵukawus.haa s/he didnʼt polish it a daatx̱ ḵukagux̱saháa s/he will polish it tlél a daatx̱ ḵukagux̱sahaa s/he wonʼt polish it a daatx̱ ḵukanax̱sahaa let her/him polish it tlél a daatx̱ ḵukanashéich s/he hasnʼt polished it yet tlél aadé a daatx̱ ḵukoonax̱sihaayi yé no way can s/he polish it a daatx̱ ḵukoonax̱sahaayín s/he would have polished it a daatx̱ ḵukanas.héini if/when s/he polishes it a daatx̱ yoo ḵukasihéik s/he polishes it (regularly) tlél a daatx̱ yoo ḵukoos.héik s/he never polishes it A daatx̱ ḵukoonax̱sahaayín tlél a yís sʼísaa du jee. She would have polished it, but she doesnʼt have a cloth for it. Ax̱ kéesi daatx̱ ḵukakḵwasaháa. Iʼm going to Nolish my bracelet. remind, cause to remember, bring to mind N káa daak O-sa-S-l-haa~ (∅ event; CV́V Hort/Pot) for S to remind O about N

a káa + daak sa-li-haa

A káa daak salaháa! Remind her/him about it! A káa daak saylaháa! You all remind her/him about it! Líl a káa daak seelahéich! Donʼt remind her/him about it! Líl a káa daak saylahéich! Donʼt you all remind her/him about it! [does not occur] a káa daak sax̱wliháa I reminded her/him about it a káa daak asawliháa s/he reminded her/him about it tlél a káa daak sax̱wlahaa I didnʼt remind her/him about it tlél a káa daak asawulhaa s/he didnʼt remind her/him about it a káa daak asagux̱laháa s/he will remind her/him about it tlél a káa daak asagux̱lahaa s/he wonʼt remind her/him about it a káa daak asax̱laháa let her/him remind her/him about it a káa daak aseelháaych s/he reminds her/him about it (every time) tlél a káa daak aseelháaych s/he hasnʼt reminded her/him about it yet tlél aadé a káa daak aseex̱liháayi yé no way can s/he remind her/him about it a káa daak aseex̱laháayin s/he would have reminded her/him about it a káa daak asalahéini if/when s/he reminds her/him about it a káa daak asalahéich s/he reminds her/him about it (regularly) Chʼa tlakw tsʼootaat du náagu káa daak aseelhéich. Every morning she reminds him about his medication. A káa daak asalahéini yéi agux̱sanéi. If she reminds him about it, heʼll do it. A káxʼ ágé daak has sayliháa? Did you remind them? [Story & Naish 1973:170] Atx̱á haat yéi ḵasaneet, a káa daak x̱at sawliháa. He reminded me to fetch the food. [Story & Naish 1973:170] garden; dig a-ka-S-∅-haa~ (na act) for S to garden, dig

ka-ya-haa

Akanahá! Garden! Akanayhá! You all garden! Líl akeehéix̱iḵ! Donʼt garden! Líl akayhéix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all garden! akx̱ahéix̱ I garden akeehéix̱ you garden akahéix̱ s/he gardens aktoohéix̱ we garden akayhéix̱ you all garden has akahéix̱ they garden akduhéix̱ people garden tlél akx̱wahéix̱ I donʼt garden tlél akeehéix̱ you donʼt garden tlél akoohéix̱ s/he doesnʼt garden tlél aktoohéix̱ we donʼt garden tlél akayhéix̱ you all donʼt garden tlél has akoohéix̱ they donʼt garden tlél akduhéix̱ nobody gardens wé akahéix̱ aa the one who gardens yaa akanahéix̱ s/he is gardening along [does not occur] akahéix̱in s/he used to garden akoohéix̱in s/he didnʼt used to garden akax̱waahaa I gardened akeeyahaa you gardened akaawahaa s/he gardened akawtuwahaa we gardened akayeeyhaa you all gardened has akaawahaa they gardened akawduwahaa people gardened tlél akax̱wahaa I didnʼt garden tlél akayahaa you didnʼt garden tlél akawuhaa s/he didnʼt garden tlél akawtoohaa we didnʼt garden tlél akayahaa you all didnʼt garden tlél has akawuhaa they didnʼt garden tlél akawduhaa nobody gardened akakḵwaháa I will garden akakg̱eeháa you will garden akakg̱waháa s/he will garden akagax̱tooháa we will garden akagax̱yiháa you all will garden has akakg̱waháa they will garden akagax̱duháa people will garden tlél akakḵwahaa I wonʼt garden tlél akakg̱eehaa you wonʼt garden tlél akakg̱wahaa s/he wonʼt garden tlél akagax̱toohaa we wonʼt garden tlél akagax̱yihaa you all wonʼt garden tlél has akakg̱wahaa they wonʼt garden tlél akagax̱duhaa nobody will garden akanḵahaa let me garden akang̱ahaa let her/him garden kanax̱toohaa let us garden akahéix̱ nooch s/he always gardens akanx̱ahéich I garden (every time) akaneehéich you garden (every time) akanahéich s/he gardens (every time) akantoohéich we garden (every time) akanayhéich you all garden (every time) has akanahéich they garden (every time) akanduhéich people garden (every time) tlél akoonx̱ahéich I havenʼt gardened yet tlél akaneehéich you havenʼt gardened yet tlél akoonahéich s/he hasnʼt gardened yet tlél akantoohéich we havenʼt gardened yet tlél akanayhéich you all havenʼt gardened yet tlél has akoonahéich they havenʼt gardened yet tlél akanduhéich nobody has gardened yet tlél aadé akoong̱aahaayi yé no way can s/he garden akoong̱ahaayín s/he would have gardened akanahéini if/when s/he gardens yoo akayahéix̱k s/he gardens (regularly) plant it (using spade); dig it O-ka-S-∅-haa~ (na act) for S to Nlant O

ka-ya-haa

Kanahá! Plant it! Kanayhá! You all plant it! Líl keehéix̱iḵ! Donʼt plant it! Líl kayhéix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all plant it! kax̱ahéix̱ I plant it; I am planting it keehéix̱ you plant it; you are planting it akahéix̱ s/he plants it; s/he is planting it katoohéix̱ we plant it; we are planting it kayhéix̱ you all plant it; you all are planting it has akahéix̱ they plant it; they are planting it kaduhéix̱ it is planted; it is being planted tlél koox̱ahéix̱ I donʼt plant it; Iʼm not planting it tlél keehéix̱ you donʼt plant it; youʼre not planting it tlél akoohéix̱ s/he doesnʼt plant it; s/heʼs not planting it tlél katoohéix̱ we donʼt plant it; weʼre not planting it tlél kayhéix̱ you all donʼt plant it; you all are not planting it tlél has akoohéix̱ they donʼt plant it; theyʼre not planting it tlél kaduhéix̱ itʼs not planted; itʼs not being planted wé akahéix̱ aa the one who plants it akahéix̱in s/he used to Nlant it tlél akoohéix̱in s/he didnʼt used to Nlant it kax̱waahaa I planted it keeyahaa you planted it akaawahaa s/he planted it kawtuwahaa we planted it kayeeyhaa you all planted it has akaawahaa they planted it kawduwahaa it was planted tlél kax̱wahaa I didnʼt plant it tlél kayihaa you didnʼt plant it tlél akawuhaa s/he didnʼt plant it tlél kawtoohaa we didnʼt plant it tlél kayeeyhaa you all didnʼt plant it tlél has akawuhaa they didnʼt plant it tlél kawduhaa nobody planted it kakḵwaháa I will plant it kakg̱eeháa you will plant it akakg̱waháa s/he will plant it kagax̱tooháa we will plant it kagax̱yiháa you all will plant it has akakg̱waháa they will plant it kagax̱duháa people will plant it tlél kakḵwahaa I wonʼt plant it tlél kakg̱eehaa you wonʼt plant it tlél akakg̱wahaa s/he wonʼt plant it tlél kagax̱toohaa we wonʼt plant it tlél kagax̱yeehaa you all wonʼt plant it tlél has akakg̱wahaa they wonʼt plant it tlél kagax̱duhaa nobody will plant it kanḵahaa let me plant it akang̱ahaa let her/him plant it kanax̱toohaa let us plant it akahéix̱ nuch s/he always plants it kanx̱ahéich I plant it (every time) kaneehéich you plant it (every time) akanahéich s/he plants it (every time) kantoohéich we plant it (every time) kanayhéich you all plant it (every time) has akanahéich they plant it (every time) kanduhéich It is planted (every time) tlél koonx̱ahéich I havenʼt planted it yet tlél kaneehéich you havenʼt planted it yet tlél akoonahéich s/he hasnʼt planted yet it tlél kantoohéich we havenʼt planted it yet tlél kanayhéich you all havenʼt planted it yet tlél has akoonahéich they havenʼt planted it yet tlél kanduhéich nobody has planted it yet tlél aadé akoong̱aahaayi yé no way can s/he plant it akoong̱ahaayín s/he would have planted it akanahéini if/when s/he plants it yoo akayahéix̱k s/he plants it (regularly) ` ` ` ` crowd, crowded, gather VII N-t~ O-ya-d-haa~ (∅ motion) for O to move in, come around, crowd at N (of large numbers, esp. people, birds)

ya-di-haa

Tlél áx̱ yeedahaaḵ! Donʼt you all crowd there! [does not occur] aadé yaa s yandahéin they are crowding the place; they are getting crowded there át haa yawdiháa we crowded the place; we are crowded there át has yawdiháa they crowded the place; they are crowded there tlél át haa yawdahá we didnʼt crowd the place; we arenʼt crowded there tlél át has yawdahá they didnʼt crowd the place; they arenʼt crowded there aadé has yagux̱daháa they will crowd the place; they will be crowded there tlél aadé has yagux̱dahaa they wonʼt crowd the place; they wonʼt be crowded there (chʼa) át has yax̱dahaa (just) let them crowd the place; (just) let them be crowded there át has woodaháaych they crowd the place (every time); they get crowded there (every time) tlél át has woodaháaych they havenʼt crowded the place yet; they havenʼt been crowded there yet tlél aadé át has woox̱dihaayi yé no way can they crowd the place; no way can they be crowded there át has woox̱dahaayín they would have crowded the place; they would have been crowded there át has yadahéini if/when they crowd the place; if/when they get crowded there áx̱ has yadahaa they crowd the place (regularly); theyʼre crowded there (regularly) A ḵín koogéi wé hít át has yawdahaayí. The house is too small for them to crowd in there. ḵútx̱ át has yawdiháa a yeet. They are too crowded inside there. time for it N-t~ ḵu-∅-haa~ (∅ motion) for the time to come for P

ḵu-ya-haa

[does not occur] aadé yaa ḵunahéin itʼs getting to be time for it át ḵuwaháa itʼs time for it tlél át ḵuwuhá itʼs not time for it aadé ḵukg̱waháa there will come a time for it tlél aadé ḵukg̱wahaa it wonʼt be time for it át ḵug̱ahaa let the time come for it át ḵooháaych the time comes for it (every time) tlél át ḵooháaych the time hasnʼt come for it yet tlél aadé át ḵug̱waahaayi yé no way can it be time for it át ḵug̱wahaayín it would have been time for it át ḵuhéini if/when the time comes for it áx̱ ḵoohaa the time comes for it (regularly) Chʼa tlákw xáanaa dei yaa ḵunahéini áwé x̱at galtíshch. I get lonely every time evening approaches. Sh x̱ʼada.sʼeiḵ áwé át ḵuwaháa. Itʼs time for a cigarette. gather it; pick it up; take it up O-ya-S-s-haa~ (∅ act; CV́V Imp/Hort/Pot) for S to gather up, pick up, take up O

ya-si-haa

Yasaháa! Gather it! Yeeysaháa! You all gather it! Líl yeesahéix̱iḵ! Donʼt gather it! Líl yaysahéix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all gather it! ayasahéix̱ s/heʼs gathering it tlél ayoos.heix̱ s/he isnʼt gathering it ayasahéix̱ nooch s/he always gathers it ayawsiháa s/he gathered it tlél ayawus.há s/he didnʼt gather it ayagux̱saháa s/he will gather it tlél ayagux̱sahaa s/he wonʼt gather it ayax̱saháa let her/him gather it ayoos.héich s/he gathers it (every time) tlél awus.héich s/he hasnʼt gathered it yet tlél aadé awux̱siháayi yé no way can s/he gather it awux̱saháayin s/he would have gathered it ayasahéini if/when s/he gathers it ayasahéix̱ s/he gathers it (regularly) have a turn N ée-t~ ḵu-∅-haa~ (∅ motion) for N to have a turn

ḵu-ya-haa

[does not occur] ax̱ eedé yaa ḵunahéin my turn is coming up i eedé yaa ḵunahéin your turn is coming up du eedé yaa ḵunahéin his/her turn is coming up haa eedé yaa ḵunahéin our turn is coming up yee eedé yaa ḵunahéin your (plural) turn is coming up has du eedé yaa ḵunahéin their turn is coming up [does not occur] ax̱ éet ḵuwaháa itʼs my turn i éet ḵuwaháa itʼs your turn du éet ḵuwaháa itʼs his/her turn haa éet ḵuwaháa itʼs our turn yee éet ḵuwaháa itʼs your (plural) turn has du éet ḵuwaháa itʼs their turn tlél ax̱ éet ḵuwuhá I didnʼt get a turn tlél i éet ḵuwuhá you didnʼt get a turn tlél du éet ḵuwuhá s/he didnʼt get a turn tlél haa éet ḵuwuhá we didnʼt get a turn tlél yee éet ḵuwuhá you all didnʼt get a turn tlél has du éet ḵuwuhá they didnʼt get a turn ax̱ eedé ḵukg̱waháa I will get a turn i eedé ḵukg̱waháa you will get a turn du eedé ḵukg̱waháa s/he will get a turn haa eedé ḵukg̱waháa we will get a turn yee eedé ḵukg̱waháa you all will get a turn has du eedé ḵukg̱waháa they will get a turn tlél ax̱ eedé ḵukg̱wahaa I wonʼt get a turn tlél i eedé ḵukg̱wahaa you wonʼt get a turn tlél du eedé ḵukg̱wahaa s/he wonʼt get a turn tlél haa eedé ḵukg̱wahaa we wonʼt get a turn tlél yee eedé ḵukg̱wahaa you all wonʼt get a turn tlél has du eedé ḵukg̱wahaa they wonʼt get a turn ax̱ éet ḵug̱ahaa let me have a turn du éet ḵug̱ahaa let her/him have a turn haa éet ḵug̱ahaa let us have a turn ax̱ éet ḵooháaych I get a turn (every time) i éet ḵooháaych you get a turn (every time) du éet ḵooháaych s/he gets a turn (every time) haa éet ḵooháaych we get a turn (every time) yee éet ḵooháaych you all get a turn (every time) has du éet ḵooháaych they get a turn (every time) tlél ax̱ éet ḵooháaych itʼs not my turn yet tlél i éet ḵooháaych itʼs not your turn yet tlél du éet ḵooháaych itʼs not his/her turn yet tlél haa éet ḵooháaych itʼs not our turn yet tlél yee éet ḵooháaych itʼs not your (plural) turn yet tlél has du éet ḵooháaych itʼs not their turn yet tlél aadé du éet ḵug̱waahaayi yé no way can s/he have a turn du éet ḵug̱ahaayín s/he would have had a turn du éet ḵuhéinni if/when itʼs his/her turn du éex̱ koohaa s/he gets a turn (regularly) hungry (make her/him hungry) N ée-t~ yaan-->O-S-s-haa~ (∅ motion) for S to make N hungry

A- + yaan + si-haa

[does not occur] du éet yaan x̱wasiháa I made her/him hungry du éet yaan awsiháa he/she/it made her/him hungry tlél du éet yaan x̱wasahá I didnʼt make her/him hungry tlél du éet yaan awus.há he/she/it didnʼt make her/him hungry du éede yaan agux̱saháa he/she/it will make her/him hungry tlél du éede yaan agux̱sahaa he/she/it wonʼt make her/him hungry du éet yaan ax̱sahaa let her/him/it make her/him hungry du éet yaan oosháaych he/she/it makes her/him hungry (every time) tlél du éet yaan oosháaych he/she/it hasnʼt made her/him hungry yet tlél aadé du éet yaan oox̱sihaayi yé no way can he/she/it make her/him hungry du éet yaan oox̱sahaayín he/she/it would have made her/him hungry du éet yaan ashéinni if/when he/she/it makes her/him hungry du éex̱ yaan ashaa he/she/it makes her/him hungry Tlél daa sá du éex̱ yaan oos.haa. Nothing makes him hungry. [Story & Naish 1973: 113] hungry N ée-t~ yaan ∅-haa~ (∅ motion) for N to be hungry

A- + yaan + ya-haa

[does not occur] [does not occur] ax̱ éet yaan uwaháa Iʼm hungry du éet yaan uwaháa s/he is hungry tlél ax̱ éet yaan wuhá Iʼm not hungry tlél du éet yaan wuhá s/he isnʼt hungry ax̱ éede yaan gug̱waháa I will be hungry du éede yaan gug̱waháa s/he will be hungry tlél ax̱ éede yaan gug̱wahaa I wonʼt be hungry tlél du éede yaan gug̱wahaa s/he wonʼt be hungry ax̱ éet yaan g̱ahaa let me be hungry du éet yaan g̱ahaa let her/him be hungry ax̱ éet yaan uháaych I get hungry (every time) du éet yaan uháaych s/he gets hungry (every time) tlél ax̱ éet yaan uháaych I havenʼt gotten hungry yet tlél du éet yaan uháaych s/he hasnʼt gotten hungry yet tlél aadé du éet yaan g̱waahaayi yé no way can s/he be hungry du éet yaan g̱wahaayín s/he would have been hungry du éet yaan héini if/when s/he is hungry du éex̱ yaan haa s/he gets hungry (regularly) Chʼu yéi jineiyí áwé du éex̱ yaan haa. When heʼs working he gets hungry. Kei wusgeedí áwé du éex̱ yaan haa. When he wakes up heʼs hungry. Wásh x̱waax̱áa ách áwé tlél ax̱ éet yaan wuhá. I ate mush so Iʼm not hungry. dig it up kei O-ka-S-∅-haa~ (∅ motion) for S to dig O up

ka-ya-haa

Kei kahá! Dig it up! Kei kayhá! You all dig it up! Líl kei keeháayjiḵ! Donʼt dig it up! Líl kei keeyháayjiḵ! Donʼt you all dig it up! [does not occur] kei kanx̱ahéin Iʼm digging it up kei akanahéin s/heʼs digging it up kei kx̱waaháa I dug it up kei akaawaháa s/he dug it up tlél kei kx̱wahá I didnʼt dig it up tlél kei akawuhá s/he didnʼt dig it up kei kakḵwaháa I will dig it up kei akakg̱waháa s/he will dig it up tlél kei kakḵwahaa I wonʼt dig it up tlél kei akakg̱wahaa s/he wonʼt dig it up kei kaḵahaa let me dig it up kei akg̱ahaa let her/him dig it up kei koox̱aháaych I dig it up (every time) kei akooháaych s/he digs it up (every time) tlél kei koox̱aháaych I havenʼt dug it up yet tlél kei akooháaych s/he hasnʼt dug it up yet tlél aadé kei kḵwaahaayi yé no way can I dig it up tlél aadé kei akg̱waahaayi yé no way can s/he dig it up kei kḵwahaayín I would have dug it up kei akg̱wahaayín s/he would have dug it up kei kax̱ahéini if/when I dig it up kei akahéini if/when s/he digs it up [does not occur] injure oneself sh tóo a-sha-S-d-l-háa (∅ event) for S to injure oneself

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Líl sh tóo asheelhéix̱iḵ! Donʼt injure yourself! [does not occur] sh tóo ashax̱wdliháa I injured myself sh tóo ashawdliháa s/he injured himself/herself tlél sh tóo ashax̱walháa I didnʼt injure myself tlél sh tóo ashawulháa s/he didnʼt injure himself/herself sh tóo ashakg̱walháa s/he will injure himself/herself tlél sh tóo ashakg̱walháa s/he wonʼt injure himself/herself (chʼa) sh tóo ashag̱alháa (just) let her/him injure himself/herself sh tóo ashoolháaych s/he injures himself/herself (every time) tlél sh tóo ashoolháaych s/he hasnʼt injured himself/herself yet tlél aadé sh tóo ashoox̱dliháayi yé no way can s/he injure himself/herself sh tóo ashoog̱alháayin s/he would have injured himself/herself sh tóo ashalhéini if/when s/he injures himself/herself sh tóo ashalhéix̱ s/he tries to injure himself/herself Chʼa sh tóo ashag̱alháa hél ḵaa x̱ʼéix̱ us.aax̱. Just let him injure himself, he doesnʼt listen to anybody. Yaa nashíxi du x̱ʼoos sh tóo ashawdliháa. He injured his foot when he was running. obvious; clearly visible tlél ga-u-∅-háa (ga state) for something to be obvious, clearly visible

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Note that this verb is unique in that it requires the conjugation prefix (ga-) in all modes and only occurs in the negative. The negative imperfective tlél gooháa "itʼs obvious" is the most common form, although the negative future has also been documented. tlél gooháa itʼs obvious [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél kei kakg̱waháa it will be obvious [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél goohéini if/when itʼs obvious [does not occur] want (often with strong feeling); decide, be decided about, intend to; agree to, be willing to (yéi) O-sa-S-∅-haa~ (na state) for S to want O (a certain way); for S to be decided about O; for S to agree to O -hei

sa-ya-haa

This verb requires either an adverb of manner (such as yéi "that way" or wáa sá "how") or a postpositional phrase (often -dé as in i jeedé). Two examples are: Wáa sá asaawahaa? "How does she want it?" I jeedé sax̱waahaa. "I want you to have it." (yéi) sax̱aahéi I want it (that way) (yéi) asayahéi s/he wants it (that way) (yéi) sax̱waahaa I wanted it (that way) (yéi) asaawahaa s/he wanted it (that way) tlél (yéi) sax̱wahaa I didnʼt want it (that way) tlél (yéi) asawuhaa s/he didnʼt want it (that way) (yéi) sakḵwahaa I will want it (that way) (yéi) asakg̱wahaa s/he will want it (that way) tlél (yéi) sakḵwahaa I wonʼt want it (that way) tlél (yéi) asakg̱wahaa s/he wonʼt want it (that way) (yéi) sanx̱ahéich I want it (that way) (every time) (yéi) asanahéich s/he wants it (that way) (every time) [does not occur] (yéi) sax̱wahaayí if/when I want it (that way) (yéi) asawuhaayí if/when s/he wants it (that way) Yáa xʼúxʼ i jeedéi sax̱waahaa. I want to give you this book. Aangóonde sax̱waahaa ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼ. I want my grandchild to go to Angoon. I shát tsá áwé saduwahaa. They want you to take her as a bride. ḵúnáx̱ yéi sax̱waahaa ang̱asg̱eiwút ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼ. I really want my grandson to be a (seine) fisherman. Xunaadé sax̱waahaa David tlél ḵú yaax̱ woogoot. I wanted David to go to Hoonah, but he didnʼt get on the boat. háachʼ shame shame, embarrass oneself sh ka-S-d-l-háachʼ~ (na state) for S to shame, embarrass himself/herself

ka-li-háachʼ

Líl sh kayilháachʼiḵ! Donʼt shame yourself! Líl sh kayeelháachʼiḵ! Donʼt shame yourselves! sh kax̱dliháachʼ Iʼm shaming myself sh kadliháachʼ s/heʼs shaming himself/herself tlél sh koox̱alháachʼ Iʼm not shaming myself tlél sh koolháachʼ s/heʼs not shaming himself/herself sh kax̱wdliháachʼ I shamed myself sh kawdliháachʼ s/he shamed himself/herself tlél sh kawulháachʼ s/he didnʼt shame himself/herself sh kakg̱walháachʼ s/he will shame himself/herself tlél sh kakg̱walháachʼ s/he wonʼt shame himself/herself (chʼa) sh kang̱alháachʼ (just) let her/him shame himself/herself sh kanalháchʼch s/he shames himself/herself (every time) tlél sh koonalháchʼch s/he hasnʼt shamed himself/herself yet tlél aadé sh koonax̱dliháachʼi yé no way can s/he shame himself/herself sh koong̱alháachʼin s/he would have shamed himself/herself sh kanalháchʼni if/when s/he shames himself/herself yoo sh kadliháchʼk s/he shames himself/herself (regularly) haan ¹ (4) stand, flee flee, run from, turn back from (singular subject) (N náḵ) a-ya-S-d-haan~ (na motion) for (singular) S to flee, run, turn back (from N)

a-ya-di-haan

A náḵ ayeendahaan! Flee from it! Líl a náḵ yoo ayeedahángiḵ! Donʼt flee from it! [does not occur] a náḵ yaa ayandahán s/he is fleeing from it a náḵ ayax̱wdihaan I fled from it a náḵ ayawdihaan s/he fled from it tlél a náḵ ayax̱wdahaan I didnʼt flee from it tlél a náḵ ayawdahaan s/he didnʼt flee from it a náḵ ayagux̱daháan s/he will flee from it tlél a náḵ ayagux̱dahaan s/he wonʼt flee from it (chʼa) a náḵ ayanax̱dahaan (just) let her/him flee from it a náḵ ayandahánch s/he flees from it (every time) tlél a náḵ awundahánch s/he hasnʼt fled from it yet tlél aadé a náḵ awunax̱dihaani yé no way can s/he flee from it a náḵ awunax̱dahaanín s/he would have fled from it a náḵ ayandahánni if/when s/he flees from it a náḵ yoo ayadihánk s/he flees from it (regularly) Xóots du yáa uwagút, a náḵ ayawdihaan. He came face to face with a brown bear and ran away. Ax̱ náḵ ayawdihaan. He fled from me. [Story & Naish 1973: 93] Xóots tóo tuyík-x̱waanúk; a náḵ ayax̱wdihaan. I became conscious of a bear, so I turned back from it. [Story & Naish 1973: 93] stand (for singular subject to be standing) S-∅-hán (position) for (singular) S to be standing

ya-haan

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. Note that a noun phrase with (-t) postposition is used to indicate where one is standing, but this noun phrase is not required by the verb. For example, one could say: hán "s/he is standing", or: át hán "s/he is standing there". [does not occur] Líl eehániḵ! Donʼt be standing! x̱ahán I am standing eehán you are standing hán s/he is standing ahán someone is standing wé han aa the one who is standing hánin s/he was standing tlél uhánin s/he wasnʼt standing [does not occur] [does not occur] hánni if/when s/he stands stand up, rise (singular subject) S-d-haan~ (ga event) for (singular) S to stand up, rise

di-haan

Gidaan! / Gidahaan! Stand up! Líl kei idahánjiḵ! Donʼt stand up! [does not occur] kei nax̱dahán I am standing up kei nidahán you are standing up kei ndahán s/he is standing up kei nduhán someone is standing up [does not occur] x̱wadihaan I stood up yidihaan you stood up wudihaan s/he stood up wuduwahaan someone stood up tlél x̱wadahaan I didnʼt stand up tlél yidahaan you didnʼt stand up tlél wudahaan s/he didnʼt stand up tél wuduhaan nobody stood up kei kḵwadaháan I will stand up kei kg̱idaháan you will stand up kei gux̱daháan s/he will stand up kei gax̱duháan someone will stand up tlél kei kḵwadahaan I wonʼt stand up tlél kei kg̱idahaan you wonʼt stand up tlél kei gux̱dahaan s/he wonʼt stand up tlél kei gax̱duhaan nobody will stand up gaḵadahaan let me stand up gax̱dahaan(í) let her/him stand up gax̱dahánch I stand up (every time) gidahánch you stand up (every time) gadahánch s/he stands up (every time) gaduhánch someone stands up (every time) tlél goox̱dahánch I havenʼt stood up yet tlél gidahánch you havenʼt stood up yet tlél goodahánch s/he hasnʼt stood up yet tlél gaduhánch nobody has stood up yet tlél aadé gux̱dihaani yé no way can s/he stand up gux̱dahaanín s/he would have stood up gadahánni if/when s/he stands up kei dahánch s/he stands up (regularly) ` ` stand (stay standing; stand firm, singular subject) yan~ S-∅-haan~ (∅ motion) for (singular) S to keep standing; for (singular) S to stand firm

ya-haan

Yan hán! Keep standing! Líl yax̱ eehaaníḵ! Donʼt keep standing! [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] yan x̱waahán I kept standing yan iyahán you kept standing yan uwahán s/he kept standing tlél yan x̱wahaan I didnʼt keep standing tlél yan yihaan you didnʼt keep standing tlél yan wuhaan s/he didnʼt keep standing yánde kḵwaháan I will stay standing yánde kg̱iháan you will stay standing yánde kg̱waháan s/he will stay standing tlél yánde kḵwahaan I wonʼt stay standing tlél yánde kg̱ihaan you wonʼt stay standing tlél yánde kg̱wahaan s/he wonʼt stay standing tlél yan ḵahaan let me stay standing yan g̱ahaan let her/him stay standing [does not occur] yan x̱wahaanch I always stay standing yan eehaanch you always stay standing yan uhaanch s/he always stays standing tlél yan x̱wahaanch I havenʼt stood yet tlél yan eehaanch you havenʼt stood yet tlél yan uhaanch s/he hasnʼt stood yet tlél aadé yan g̱waahaani yé no way can s/he stay standing yan g̱wahaanín s/he would have stood yan hánni if/when s/he stands yax̱ haan s/he stays standing (regularly) I yóo x̱ʼatángi káa yan hán! Stand on your words! Wé gúkshíxʼ yan hán! Stand in the corner! haash (3) float, drift float, drift VII N-t O-l-haash~ (na motion) for O to float, drift around at N

li-haash

Át inalhaash! Float around! Át yee nalhaash! You all float around! Líl át iwulhaashíḵ! Donʼt float around! Líl át yee wulhaashíḵ! Donʼt you all float around! [does not occur] át x̱at wulihaash Iʼm floating around; I floated around át wulihaash he/she/it is floating around; it floated around tlél át x̱at wulhaash Iʼm not floating around; I didnʼt float around tlél át wulhaash he/she/it isnʼt floating around; he/she/it didnʼt float around át x̱at gux̱laháash I will float around át gux̱laháash he/she/it will float around tlél át x̱at gux̱lahaash I wonʼt float around tlél át gux̱lahaash he/she/it wonʼt float around át x̱at nax̱lahaash let me float around át nax̱lahaash let her/him/it float around át x̱at nalháshch I float around (every time) át nalháshch he/she/it floats around (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé át nax̱wlihaashi yé no way can he/she/it float around át nax̱wlahaashín he/she/it would have floated around át nalaháshni if/when he/she/it floats around át yoo liháshk he/she/it floats around (regularly) drift, float to it N-t~ O-l-haash~ (∅ motion) for O to float, drift to N

li-haash

[does not occur] aadé yaa nalhásh he/she/it is drifting to it át wulihásh he/she/it drifted to it tlél át wulhaash he/she/it didnʼt drift to it aadé gux̱laháash he/she/it will drift to it tlél aadé gux̱lahaash he/she/it wonʼt drift to it át g̱alahaash let it drift to it át ulhaashch he/she/it drifts to it (every time) tlél át ulhaashch he/she/it hasnʼt drifted to it yet tlél aadé át g̱walihaashi yé no way can he/she/it drift to it át g̱walahaashín he/she/it would have drifted to it át laháshni if/when he/she/it drifts to it áx̱ lahaash he/she/it drifts to it (regularly) float, drift out to sea I daak O-l-haash~ (∅ motion) for O to float, drift out to sea

li-haash

[does not occur] daak nalhásh he/she/it is starting to drift out daak wulihásh he/she/it drifted out; he/she/it is drifting out tlél daak wulhaash he/she/it didnʼt drift out daak gux̱laháash he/she/it will drift out tlél daak gux̱lahaash he/she/it wonʼt drift out daak g̱alahaash let her/him/it drift out daak ulhaashch he/she/it drifts out (every time) tlél daak ulhaashch he/she/it hasnʼt drifted out yet tlél aadé daak ux̱lihaashi yé no way can he/she/it drift out daak g̱walahaashín he/she/it would have drifted out daak laháshni if/when he/she/it drifts out [does not occur] Deikéexʼ daak wulihásh. It drifted out to sea. Kʼidéin yánde dúxʼ daak gux̱laháash. Tie it up good or it will drift out. Tlél aadé daak ux̱lihaashi yé, kʼidéin yánde aawadóoxʼ. Thereʼs no way it can drift out, he tied it up good. Tlél kʼidéin yánde yidooxʼú daak gux̱laháash. If you donʼt tie it up good, it will drift out. haasʼ vomit, throw up vomit, throw up O-∅-háasʼ~ (∅ event) for O to vomit

ya-haasʼ

Líl ihásʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt vomit! Líl yee hásʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all vomit! [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱at uwahásʼ I am vomiting; I vomited eewahásʼ you are vomiting; you vomited uwahásʼ s/he is vomiting; s/he vomited haa uwahásʼ we are vomiting; we vomited yee uwahásʼ you all are vomiting; you all vomited has uwahásʼ they are vomiting; they vomited ḵuwahásʼ people are vomiting; people vomited tlél x̱at wuháasʼ Iʼm not vomiting; I didnʼt vomit tlél eewuháasʼ youʼre not vomiting; you didnʼt vomit tlél wuháasʼ s/heʼs not vomiting; s/he didnʼt vomit tlél haa wuháasʼ weʼre not vomiting; we didnʼt vomit tlél yee wuháasʼ you all are not vomiting; you all didnʼt vomit tlél has wuháasʼ theyʼre not vomiting; they didnʼt vomit tlél ḵuwuháasʼ nobody is vomiting; nobody vomited wuháasʼin s/he had vomited; s/he vomited (but...) tlél wuháasʼin s/he hadnʼt vomited; s/he didnʼt vomit (at the time, but...) wé uwahásʼi aa the one that is vomiting x̱at gug̱aháasʼ I will vomit ikg̱waháasʼ you will vomit gug̱aháasʼ s/he will vomit haa kg̱waháasʼ we will vomit yee kg̱waháasʼ you all will vomit has gug̱aháasʼ they will vomit ḵukg̱waháasʼ people will vomit tlél x̱at gug̱aháasʼ I wonʼt vomit tlél ikg̱waháasʼ you wonʼt vomit tlél gug̱aháasʼ s/he wonʼt vomit tlél haa kg̱waháasʼ we wonʼt vomit tlél yee kg̱waháasʼ you all wonʼt vomit tlél has gug̱aháasʼ they wonʼt vomit tlél ḵukg̱waháasʼ nobody will vomit x̱at g̱aháasʼ let me vomit g̱aháasʼ let her/him vomit haa g̱aháasʼ let us vomit x̱at uháasʼch I vomit (every time) eeháasʼch you vomit (every time) uháasʼch s/he vomits (every time) haa uháasʼch we vomit (every time) yee uháasʼch you all vomit (every time) has uháasʼch they vomit (every time) ḵooháasʼch people vomit (every time) tlél x̱at uháasʼch I havenʼt vomited yet tlél eeháasʼch you havenʼt vomited yet tlél uháasʼch s/he hasnʼt vomited yet tlél haa uháasʼch we havenʼt vomited yet tlél yee uháasʼch you all havenʼt vomited yet tlél has uháasʼch they havenʼt vomited yet tlél ḵooháasʼch nobody has vomited yet tlél aadé g̱waaháasʼi yé no way can s/he vomit g̱waháasʼin s/he would have vomited hásʼni if/when s/he vomits yahásʼkw s/he vomits (regularly) heek (3) fill, finish fill it (with solids or abstracts) O-sha-S-l-heek~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to fill O (with solids or abstracts)

sha-li-heek

Shalahík! Fill it! Shaylahík! You all fill it! Líl sheelahíkx̱iḵ! Donʼt fill it! Líl shaylahíkx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all fill it! [does not occur] yaa ashanalhík s/he is filling it ashawlihík s/he filled it tlél ashawulheek s/he didnʼt fill it ashagux̱lahéek s/he will fill it tlél ashagux̱laheek s/he wonʼt fill it ashax̱lahík let her/him fill it ashoolhíkch s/he fills it (every time) tlél ashoolheekch s/he hasnʼt filled it yet tlél aadé ashux̱lihígi yé no way can s/he fill it ashux̱lahígin s/he would have filled it ashalahíkni if/when s/he fills it ashalahíkx̱ s/he fills it (regularly) full O-sha-∅-heek~ (∅ event) for O to be filled, be full (general and abstract)

sha-ya-heek

[does not occur] [does not occur] yaa x̱at shanahík Iʼm getting full yaa shanahík he/she/it is getting full x̱at shaawahík I am full shaawahík he/she/it is full tlél x̱at shawuheek Iʼm not full tlél shawuheek he/she/it isnʼt full x̱at shakg̱wahéek I will get full shakg̱wahéek he/she/it will get full tlél x̱at shakg̱waheek I wonʼt get full tlél shakg̱waheek he/she/it wonʼt get full x̱at shag̱aheek let me be full shag̱aheek let her/him/it be full x̱at shoohíkch I get full (every time) shoohíkch he/she/it gets full (every time) tlél x̱at shooheekch / tlél x̱at shoohíkch I havenʼt gotten full yet tlél shooheekch / tlél shoohíkch he/she/it hasnʼt gotten full yet; tlél aadé shag̱waaheegi yé no way can he/she/it get full shag̱waheegín he/she/it would have gotten full shahíkni if/when he/she/it gets full shahíkx̱ he/she/it gets full (regularly) finish, complete it yan~ O-sha-S-l-heek~ (∅ motion) for S to finish, complete O

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Yan shalahík! Finish it! Yan shaylahík! You all finish it! Líl yan sheelahíkx̱iḵ! Donʼt finish it! Líl yan shaylahíkx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all finish it! [does not occur] yan ashawlihík s/he finished it tlél yan ashawulheek s/he didnʼt finish it yánde ashagux̱lahéek s/he will finish it tlél yánde ashagux̱laheek s/he wonʼt finish it yan ashax̱laheek let her/him finish it yan ashoolheekch s/he finishes it (every time) tlél yan ashoolheekch s/he hasnʼt finished it yet tlél aadé yan ashux̱liheegi yé no way can s/he finish it yan ashux̱laheegín s/he would have finished it yan ashalahíkni if/when s/he finishes it [does not occur] heen ¹ (2) believe, trust believe her/him; trust her/him N éekʼ a-S-∅-heen (ga state) for S to believe, trust, believe in N

A-kʼ + a-ya-heen

Du éekʼ agaheen! Believe her/him! Du éekʼ agayheen! You all believe her/him! Líl du éekʼ eeheeníḵ! Donʼt believe her/him! Líl du éekʼ yiheeníḵ! Donʼt you all believe her/him! du éekʼ ayaheen s/he believes her/him tlél du éekʼ ooheen s/he doesnʼt believe her/him du éekʼ aawaheen s/he believed her/him tlél du éekʼ awuheen s/he didnʼt believe her/him du éekʼ kei akg̱waheen s/he will believe him tlél du éekʼ kei akg̱waheen s/he wonʼt believe him [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé du éekʼ akg̱waaheeni yé no way can s/he believe her/him du éekʼ akg̱waheenín s/he would have believed her/him du éekʼ agaheenní if s/he believes her/him [does not occur] trust oneself, have confidence in oneself sh tóokʼ a-S-d-heen (na state) for S to trust oneself, have confidence in oneself

sh tóo-kʼ + a-di-heen

Sh tóokʼ anidaheen! Have confidence in yourself! Sh tóokʼ anaydaheen! You all have confidence in yourselves! sh tóokʼ ax̱diheen I have confidence in myself sh tóokʼ adiheen s/he has confidence in himself/herself tlél sh tóokʼ oox̱daheen I donʼt have confidence in myself tlél sh tóokʼ oodaheen s/he doesnʼt have confidence in himself/herself sh tóokʼ awdiheen s/he had confidence in himself/herself tlél sh tóokʼ awdaheen s/he didnʼt have confidence in himself/herself sh tóokʼ agux̱daheen s/he will have confidence in himself/herself tlél sh tóokʼ agux̱daheen s/he wonʼt have confidence in himself/herself (chʼa) sh tóokʼ anax̱daheen (just) let her/him have confidence in himself/herself sh tóokʼ andaheench s/he has confidence in himself/herself (every time) tlél sh tóokʼ oondaheench s/he doesnʼt have confidence in himself/herself yet tlél aadé sh tóokʼ anax̱wdiheeni yé no way can s/he have confidence in himself/herself sh tóokʼ anax̱wdaheenín s/he would have had confidence in himself/herself sh tóokʼ andaheenní if/when s/he has confidence in himself/herself sh tóokʼ yoo adiheenk s/he gets confident in himself/herself (regularly) Sh tóokʼ eedaheení yakg̱eedláaḵ wé Lingít yoo x̱ʼatángi. If you believe in yourself, youʼll learn how to speak the Tlingit language. Tlél tlax̱ sh tóokʼ oox̱daheen. I donʼt ever trust myself. [Story & Naish 1973: 235] Tlax̱ a yáanáx̱ sh tóokʼ adiheen. He has more confidence in himself than in anybody. [Story & Naish 1973: 235] heesʼ (3) borrow borrow it O-S-∅-héesʼ (ga act) for S to borrow O

ya-heesʼ

Gahéesʼ! Borrow it! Gayhéesʼ! You all borrow it! Líl kei eehísʼjiḵ! Donʼt borrow it! Líl kei yihísʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all borrow it! ahéesʼ s/he is borrowing it tlél oohéesʼ s/he isnʼt borrowing it aawahéesʼ s/he borrowed it tlél awuhéesʼ s/he didnʼt borrow it kei akg̱wahéesʼ s/he will borrow it tlél kei akg̱wahéesʼ s/he wonʼt borrow it akg̱ahéesʼ let her/him borrow it agahéesʼch s/he borrows it (every time) tlél ugwahéesʼch s/he hasnʼt borrowed it yet tlél aadé akg̱waahéesʼi yé no way can s/he borrow it akg̱wahéesʼin s/he would have borrowed it agahísʼni if s/he borrows it kei ahéesʼch s/he borrows it (regularly) borrow it (esp. round, spherical object) O-ka-S-∅-héesʼ (ga act) for S to borrow O (esp. round, spherical object)

ka-ya-heesʼ

Kagahéesʼ! Borrow it! Kagayhéesʼ! You all borrow it! Líl kei keehísʼjiḵ! Donʼt borrow it! Líl kei kayhísʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all borrow it! akahéesʼ s/he is borrowing it tlél akoohéesʼ s/he isnʼt borrowing it akaawahéesʼ s/he borrowed it tlél akawuhéesʼ s/he didnʼt borrow it kei akakg̱wahéesʼ s/he will borrow it tlél kei akakg̱wahéesʼ s/he wonʼt borrow it akakg̱ahéesʼ let her/him borrow it akagahéesʼch s/he borrows it (every time) tlél akoogahéesʼch s/he hasnʼt borrowed it yet tlél aadé akakg̱waahéesʼi yé no way can s/he borrow it akakg̱wahéesʼin s/he would have borrowed it akgahísʼni if s/he borrows it kei akahéesʼch s/he borrows it (regularly) lend it to her/him N-t~ O-S-∅-héesʼ~ (∅ motion) for S to lend O to N

A- + ya-heesʼ

Du éet hísʼ! Lend it to her/him! Du éet yeehísʼ! You all lend it to her/him! Líl du éex̱ eehéesʼiḵ! Donʼt lend it to her/him! Líl du éex̱ yihéesʼiḵ! Donʼt you all lend it to her/him! [does not occur] du éet x̱waahísʼ I lent it to her/him du éet aawahísʼ s/he lent it to her/him tlél du éet x̱wahéesʼ I didnʼt lend it to her/him tlél du éet awuhéesʼ s/he didnʼt lend it to her/him du éede kḵwahéesʼ I will lend it to her/him du éede akg̱wahéesʼ s/he will lend it to her/him tlél du éede kḵwahéesʼ I wonʼt lend it to her/him tlél du éede akg̱wahéesʼ s/he wonʼt lend it to her/him (chʼa) du éet ḵahéesʼ (just) let me loan it to her/him (chʼa) du éet ag̱ahéesʼ (just) let her/him lend it to her/him du éet x̱wahéesʼch I lend it to her/him (every time) du éet oohéesʼch s/he lends it to her/him (every time) tlél du éet x̱wahéesʼch I havenʼt lent it to her/him yet tlél du éet oohéesʼch s/he hasnʼt lent it to her/him yet tlél aadé du éet ḵwaahéesʼi yé no way can I lend it to her/him tlél aadé du éet ag̱waahéesʼi yé no way can s/he lend it to her/him du éet ḵwahéesʼin I would have lent it to her/him du éet ag̱wahéesʼin s/he would have lent it to her/him du éet x̱ahísʼni if/when I lend it to her/him du éet ahísʼni if/when s/he lends it to her/him du éex̱ x̱ahéesʼ I lend it to her/him (regularly) du éex̱ ahéesʼ s/he lends it to her/him (regularly) hein own, claim own, claim it O-S-∅-héin (na state) for S to own, claim O (esp. clan property)

ya-hein

Nahéin! Claim it! Nayhéin! You all claim it! Líl eehéiniḵ! Donʼt claim it! Líl yihéiniḵ! Donʼt you all claim it! ayahéin s/he claims it tlél oohéin s/he doesnʼt claim it ahéin nooch s/he always claims it aawahéin s/he claimed it tlél awuhéin s/he didnʼt claim it akg̱wahéin s/he will claim it tlél akg̱wahéin s/he wonʼt claim it ang̱ahéin let her/him claim it [does not occur] tlél oonahéinch s/he hasnʼt claimed it yet tlél aadé oong̱aahéini yé no way can s/he claim it oong̱ahéinin s/he would have claimed it anahéinni if s/he claims it [does not occur] héix̱waa magic perform rites, make magic O-S-∅-héix̱waa (na act) for S to make magic, perform rites on O to bring desirable results in nature or give youngsters power and confidence

ya-héix̱waa

Nahéix̱waa! Perform rites on her/him! Nayhéix̱waa! You all perform rites on her/him! ahéix̱waa s/he performs rites on her/him; s/he is performing rites on her/him tlél oohéix̱waa s/he doesnʼt perform rites on her/him; s/he isnʼt performing rites on her/him x̱waahéix̱waa I performed rites on her/him aawahéix̱waa s/he performed rites on her/him tlél x̱wahéix̱waa I didnʼt perform rites on her/him tlél awuhéix̱waa s/he didnʼt perform rites on her/him akg̱wahéix̱waa s/he will perform rites on her/him tlél akg̱wahéix̱waa s/he wonʼt perform rites on her/him ang̱ahéix̱waa let her/him perform rites on her/him anahéix̱waach s/he performs rites on her/him (every time) tlél oonahéix̱waach s/he hasnʼt performed rites on her/him yet tlél aadé oong̱aahéix̱waayi yé no way can s/he perform rites on her/him oong̱ahéix̱waayín s/he would have performed rites on her/him anahéix̱wni if/when s/he performs rites on her/him Alʼóon kaadé aawahéix̱waa du keidlí. He used magic on his dog for hunting. Lasʼaaḵ niyaadé wuduwahéix̱waa. They performed rites on him so heʼd be a hard worker. Gag̱asátgit wuduwahéix̱waa. They performed rites on him so he could be fast. hoo (2) wade, swim wade; swim on surface of water (of human or animal) II yan~ S-∅-hoo~ (∅ motion) for (singular) S to wade ashore

ya-hoo

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼwade; swim on surface of waterʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace yan/yax̱/yánde ʼashoreʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-t (~x̱~dei) arriving at N, coming to N yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving ashore, coming to rest, to a stop, setting down N-náx̱ yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving across P, to the other side of P neil (~neilx̱~neildéi) moving inside, coming home haat (~haax̱~haa(n)déi) coming here yóot (~yóox̱~yóodei) going away Yan hú! Wade ashore! Yan yihú! You all wade ashore! Líl yax̱ eehooḵ! Donʼt wade ashore! Líl yax̱ yihooḵ! Donʼt you all wade ashore! [does not occur] yánde yaa nahéin he/she/it is wading ashore yan x̱waahóo I waded ashore yan uwahóo he/she/it waded to shore yan has uwahóo they waded ashore tlél yan wuhú he/she/it didnʼt wade ashore yánde kg̱wahóo he/she/it will wade ashore tlél yánde kg̱wahoo he/she/it wonʼt wade ashore yan g̱ahoo let her/him/it wade ashore yan uhóowch he/she/it wades ashore (every time) tlél yan uhóowch he/she/it hasnʼt waded ashore yet tlél aadé yan g̱waahoowu yé no way can he/she/it wade ashore yan g̱wahoowún he/she/it would have waded ashore yan héini if/when he/she/it wades ashore yax̱ hoo he/she/it wades ashore (regularly) Yax̱ woodláax̱ʼw wé yaakw, yan uwahóo aadáx̱. The boat got stuck and he waded ashore from there. Yan héini xʼóow du daat kayíḵ. When he wades ashore wrap a blanket around him. wade; swim on surface (esp. aimlessly or in circles) VII N-t ji-S-d-hoo~ (na motion) for S to wade around at N

ji-di-hoo

Leer 1973: 01/172-173 Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼwade; swim on surfaceʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace át ʼaroundʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about P N-dé(i) moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of P yux̱ moving out of house P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱aa going to get P Át jindahú! Wade around! Át jinaydahú! You all wade around! Líl át yoo jeedahéigiḵ! Donʼt wade around! Líl át yoo jaydahéigiḵ! Donʼt you all wade around! [does not occur] át jix̱wdihoo I am wading around; I waded around át jiwdihoo he/she/it is wading around; s/he waded around át has jiwdihoo they are wading around; they waded around tlél át jix̱wdahoo I am not wading around; I didnʼt wade around tlél át jiwdahoo he/she/it isnʼt wading around; he/she/it didnʼt wade around át jigux̱dahóo he/she/it will wade around tlél át jigux̱dahoo he/she/it wonʼt wade around át jinax̱dahoo let her/him/it wade around át jindahéich he/she/it wades around (every time) tlél át jeendahéich he/she/it hasnʼt waded around yet tlél aadé át jeenax̱dihoowu yé no way can he/she/it wade around át jeenax̱dahoowún he/she/it would have waded around át jindahéini if/when he/she/it wades around át yoo jidihéik he/she/it wades around (regularly) Át jeenax̱dahoowún wé héen táak ḵútx̱ si.áatʼ wé héen. He would have waded around in the water but the water was too cold. Ax̱ keidlí du tuwáa sigóo wé héen táat jiwdahoowú. My dog likes to wade around in the water. hoon (3) sell, shop sell it O-S-∅-hoon~ (na act) for S to sell O

ya-hoon

Nahoon! Sell it! Nayhoon! You all sell it! Líl yoo eehóonguḵ! Donʼt sell it! Líl yoo yihóonguḵ! Donʼt you all sell it! ahóon s/he sells it; s/he is selling it tlél oohoon s/he doesnʼt sell it; s/he isnʼt selling it aawahoon s/he sold it tlél awuhoon s/he didnʼt sell it akg̱wahóon s/he will sell it tlél akg̱wahoon s/he wonʼt sell it ang̱ahoon let her/him sell it anahúnch s/he sells it (every time) tlél oonahúnch s/he hasnʼt sold it yet tlél aadé oong̱aahooni yé no way can s/he sell it oong̱ahoonín s/he would have sold it anahúnni if/when s/he sells it yoo ayahúnk s/he sells it (regularly) Oong̱ahoonín aadáx̱ ḵux̱ toowdishát. He would have sold it, but he changed his mind. sell, peddle, hawk it O-S-l-hoon~ (na event) for S to go selling, peddle, hawk O

li-hoon

Nalhoon! Go peddle it! Naylahoon! You all go peddle it! Líl yóo ilahóongiḵ! Donʼt go peddle it! Líl yóo yilahóongiḵ! Donʼt you all go peddle it! [does not occur] yaa nax̱lahún I am peddling it yaa analhún s/he is peddling it x̱walihoon I went peddling it awlihoon s/he went peddling it tlél x̱walahoon I didnʼt go peddling it tlél awulhoon s/he didnʼt go peddling it kuḵalahóon I will go peddle it agux̱lahóon s/he will go peddle it tlél kuḵalahoon I wonʼt go peddle it tlél agux̱lahoon s/he wonʼt go peddle it naḵalahoon let me go peddle it anax̱lahoon let her/him go peddle it nax̱lahúnch I go peddle it (every time) analhúnch s/he goes peddling it (every time) tlél nax̱wlahúnch I havenʼt gone peddling it yet tlél oonalhúnch s/he hasnʼt gone peddling it yet tlél aadé naḵwalihooni yé no way can I go peddle it tlél aadé oonax̱lihooni yé no way can s/he go peddle it naḵwalahoonín I would have gone peddling it oonax̱lahoonín s/he would have gone peddling it nax̱lahúnni if/when I go peddle it analhúnni if/when s/he goes peddling it [does not occur] Du at doogú awlihóon. He went peddling his hides. Du at xáshti téel oonax̱lahoonín hél ḵu yan awusné. She would have peddled her moccasins, but she didnʼt finish them. shop, spend S-d-l-hoon~ (na event) for S to go spending, go shopping

dli-hoon

Neelhoon! Go shopping! Nayilhoon! You all go shopping! Líl yoo eelhóonguḵ! Donʼt go shopping! Líl yoo yilhóonguḵ! Donʼt you all go shopping! [does not occur] yaa nx̱alhún Iʼm shopping yaa nalhún s/he is shopping x̱wadlihoon I went shopping wudlihoon s/he went shopping tlél x̱walhoon I didnʼt go shopping tlél wulhoon s/he didnʼt go shopping kuḵalhóon I will go shopping gug̱alhóon s/he will go shopping tlél kuḵwalhoon I wonʼt go shopping tlél gug̱alhoon s/he wonʼt go shopping naḵalhoon let me go shopping nag̱alhoon let her/him go shopping nax̱alhúnch I go shopping (every time) nalhúnch s/he goes shopping (every time) tlél nax̱walhúnch I havenʼt gone shopping yet tlél unalhúnch s/he hasnʼt gone shopping yet tlél aadé nḵwadlihooni yé no way can I go shopping tlél aadé ng̱wadlihooni yé no way can s/he go shopping naḵwalhoonín I would have gone shopping nag̱walhoonín s/he would have gone shopping nax̱alhúnni if/when I go shopping nalhúnni if/when s/he goes shopping yoo x̱dlihúnk I go shopping (regularly) yoo dlihúnk s/he goes shopping (regularly) háachʼ shame shameful, be of great shame O-ka-l-háachʼ (ga state) for O to be a shameful thing

ka-li-háachʼ

x̱at kaliháachʼ I am shameful kaliháachʼ he/she/it is shameful tlél x̱at koolháachʼ Iʼm not shameful tlél koolháachʼ he/she/it is not shameful kei kanalháachʼ he/she/it is getting to be shameful kawliháachʼ he/she/it was shameful tlél kawulháachʼ he/she/it wasnʼt shameful kei kagux̱laháachʼ he/she/it will be shameful tlél kei kagux̱laháachʼ he/she/it wonʼt be shameful (chʼa) kagax̱laháachʼ (just) let her/him/it be shameful kagalháachʼch he/she/it gets to be shameful (every time) tlél kagoolháachʼch he/she/it hasnʼt gotten to be shameful yet tlél aadé kagux̱liháachʼi yé no way can he/she/it be shameful kagux̱laháachʼin he/she/it would have been shameful kaklaháachʼni if/when he/she/it is shameful kei klaháchʼch he/she/it is shameful (regularly) Kaliháachʼ ax̱ shax̱aawú ách áwé x̱at shawdudlixaash. My hair is shameful, thatʼs why I got it cut. Kaliháachʼi átx̱ sitee. Itʼs a deeply shameful thing. [Story & Naish 1973:187] Du daa eet kaliháachʼ. He looks awful. Ax̱ ée kliháachʼ. It seems shameful to me; It doesnʼt look good to me. Ax̱ tuwáa kliháachʼ. It is embarrassing to me. hélʼk weak weak, helpless Note that adding the thematic prefix: x̱ʼa- to this theme renders the meaning "weak in speech". The following examples are from Leer (1973: 01/116-117): Tlél yoo x̱ʼakeeḵéigiḵ, tlél x̱ʼakoohélʼk. "Donʼt ask him to speak, heʼs weak in speech." ḵúnáx̱ áwé hú tlél x̱ʼakoohélʼk. "She canʼt control her mouth (weak mouth, uses foul language)." tlél O-ka-u-∅-hélʼk (ga state) for O to be weak, helpless

---

Leer 1973: 01/116-117 tlél x̱at koohélʼk Iʼm weak tlél koohélʼk s/he is weak tlél kei koonahélʼk s/he is getting weak tlél x̱at kawuhélʼk I became weak tlél kawuhélʼk s/he became weak tlél kei kakg̱wahélʼk s/he will be weak tlél kagoohélʼkni if/when s/he is weak tlél kei koohélʼkch s/he gets weak (regularly) Tlél koohélʼk, tlél aadé yadáli át kéi yax̱ ag̱waateeyi yé. Heʼs weak, he canʼt lift anything heavy. Tlél ikoohélʼk. You are a weakling. [Leer 1973: 01/117] ítʼch sparkle, reflect light sparkle, reflect light ka-d-l-ítʼch (∅ state) for something to sparkle, reflect light

ka-dli-.ítʼch

kadli.ítʼch itʼs sparkling; it sparkles tlél kool.ítʼch it isnʼt sparkling; it doesnʼt sparkle yaa kanal.ítʼch itʼs beginning to sparkle kal.ítʼji nooch it always sparkles kawdli.ítʼch itʼs sparkling; it sparkled tlél kawul.ítʼch it didnʼt sparkle kei kakg̱wal.ítʼch it will sparkle tlél kei kakg̱wal.ítʼch it wonʼt sparkle [does not occur] kool.ítʼchch it sparkles (every time) tlél kool.ítʼchch it isnʼt sparkling yet tlél aadé koox̱dli.ítʼchi yé no way can it sparkle koog̱al.ítʼjin it would have sparkled kal.ítʼchni if/when it sparkles kal.ítʼchx̱ it sparkles (regularly) Du shakée kadli.ítʼch. His (bald) head sparkles. jaa ʰ instruct, show, advise instruct, show her/him; advise, cousel her/him O-shu-ka-S-∅-jaa ʰ~ (∅ act; CV́V Imp/Hort/Pot) for S to instruct, show O (by word); for S to advise, give advice to, counsel O

shu-ka-ya-jaa

Shukajáa! Instruct her/him! Shukayjáa! You all instruct her/him! Líl shukeejeix̱íḵ! Donʼt instruct her/him! Líl shukayjeix̱íḵ! Donʼt you all instruct her/him! ashukoojeisʼ s/he is instructing her/him tlél ashukoojeisʼ s/he isnʼt instructing her/him ashukaawajáa s/he instructed her/him tlél ashukawujá s/he didnʼt instruct her/him ashukakg̱wajáa s/he will instruct her/him tlél ashukakg̱wajaa s/he wonʼt instruct her/him ashukag̱ajáa let her/him instruct her/him [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé ashukg̱waajáayi yé no way can s/he instruct her/him ashukg̱wajáayin s/he would have instructed her/him ashukajéini if/when s/he instructs her/him ashukajeix̱ s/he instructs her/him (regularly) -jaaḵ sleep fall asleep (more than one person) Note that the literal translation of táach yax̱ has yawlijáḵ is "sleep killed them off", where táach "sleep" is the (third person singular) subject of the verb and has "them" is the (third person plural) object of the verb. This is why the forms listed here are all given in the 3s (third person singular) slot. To change the object to first person plural, use the object pronoun haa "us", as in: táach yax̱ haa yawlijáḵ "we fell asleep (Lit: sleep killed us off)". Also note that this verb theme is used in reference to more than one person. To say "he/she/it fell asleep" use: táach uwajáḵ (Lit: sleep killed her/him off). The form used for plural objects táach has yawlijáḵ is derived from the ʼexhaustiveʼ derivational string which has the ∅ conjugation prefix and uses the proclitic yax̱ "to completion", the ya- thematic prefix, and the s- or l- classifier. This is a productive derivational string, meaning it can be applied to other verbs. The exhaustive derivational string is used to indicate that all or much of the object is affected. For more information see Leer 1991:100. táach yax̱ O-ya-S-l-jaaḵ~ (∅ event) for (plural) O to fall asleep (literally: for S (sleep) to kill (plural) O)

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[does not occur; Nayx̱éixʼw! "You all go to sleep!" preferred] Líl táach yax̱ yee wuljáḵx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all fall asleep! [does not occur] táach yax̱ yaa has yanaljáḵ they are starting to fall asleep táach yax̱ has yawlijáḵ they fell asleep táach yax̱ haa yawlijáḵ we fell asleep tlél táach yax̱ has yawuljaaḵ they didnʼt fall asleep tlél táach yax̱ haa yawuljaaḵ we didnʼt fall asleep táach yax̱ has yagux̱lajáaḵ they will fall asleep tlél táach yax̱ has yagux̱lajaaḵ they wonʼt fall asleep táach yax̱ has yax̱lajaaḵ let them fall asleep táach yax̱ has wooljaaḵch they fall asleep (every time) tlél táach yax̱ has wooljaaḵch they havenʼt fallen asleep yet tlél aadé táach yax̱ has yoox̱lijaag̱i yé no way can they fall asleep táach yax̱ has yoox̱lajaag̱ín they would have fallen asleep táach yax̱ has yalajáḵni if/when they fall asleep táach yax̱ has yalajáḵx̱ they fall asleep (regularly) jaaḵ (2) kill kill it O-S-∅-jaaḵ~ (∅ event) for S to kill O

ya-jaaḵ

Jáḵ! Kill her/him/it! Yijáḵ! You all kill her/him/it! Líl eejáḵx̱iḵ! Donʼt kill her/him/it! Líl yijáḵx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all kill her/him/it! [does not occur] yaa nx̱ajáḵ I am killing her/him/it yaa anajáḵ he/she/it is killing her/him/it x̱waajáḵ I killed her/him/it aawajáḵ he/she/it killed her/him/it tlél x̱wajaaḵ I didnʼt kill her/him/it tlél awujaaḵ he/she/it didnʼt kill it kuḵajáaḵ I will kill her/him/it akg̱wajáaḵ he/she/it will kill her/him/it tlél kuḵajaaḵ I wonʼt kill her/him/it tlél akg̱wajaaḵ he/she/it wonʼt kill her/him/it ḵajaaḵ let me kill her/him/it ag̱ajaaḵ let her/him/it kill her/him/it x̱wajaaḵch I kill her/him/it (every time) oojaaḵch he/she/it kills her/him/it (every time) tlél x̱wajaaḵch I havenʼt killed her/him/it yet tlél oojaaḵch he/she/it hasnʼt killed her/him/it yet tlél aadé ag̱waajaag̱i yé no way can he/she/it kill her/him/it oog̱ajaag̱ín he/she/it would have killed her/him/it ajáḵni if/when he/she/it kills her/him/it ajáḵx̱ he/she/it kills her/him/it (regularly) g̱uwakaan awujaag̱í gax̱toox̱áa yá xáanaa. If he kills the deer, weʼll eat it tonight. fall asleep (one person) Note that the literal translation of táach uwajáḵ is "sleep killed her/him". The word táach is made up of the noun tá "sleep" plus the ergative marker -ch, which marks the agent noun phrase of a transitive verb. The subject (S) slot in the theme will always refer to the noun phrase táach "sleep". This is a third person subject (he, she, or it), which is unmarked on the verb (meaning there is no third person subject prefix, the absence of one being one indicator that the subject is third person). Because the ergative marker -ch is present in the subject noun phrase "táach", the third person object prefix a- is not present, as is a regular rule in the grammar. Hence the form is táach uwajáḵ (as opposed to the ungrammatical form *táach aawajáḵ). Note however that in the absence of the ergative marker -ch, the third person object prefix is present (as long as the subject is also third person), as in aawajáḵ "he/she/it killed her/him/it." Also note that this verb theme is used in reference to a single person. To say "they fell asleep" use: táach yax̱ has yawlijáḵ (Lit: sleep killed them off). táach O-S-∅-jaaḵ~ (∅ event) for (singular) O to fall asleep (literally: for S (sleep) to kill (singular) O)

ya-jaaḵ

[does not occur; Natá dé! "Go to sleep!" preferred] Líl táach eejáḵx̱íḵ! Donʼt fall asleep! táach yaa x̱at najáḵ Iʼm starting to fall asleep táach yaa najáḵ s/he is starting to fall asleep táach x̱at uwajáḵ I fell asleep táach uwajáḵ s/he fell asleep tlél táach x̱at wujaaḵ I didnʼt fall asleep tlél táach wujaaḵ s/he didnʼt fall asleep táach x̱at gug̱ajáaḵ I will fall asleep táach gug̱ajáaḵ s/he will fall asleep tlél táach x̱at gug̱ajaaḵ I wonʼt fall asleep tlél táach gug̱ajaaḵ s/he wonʼt fall asleep táach x̱at g̱ajaaḵ let me fall asleep táach g̱ajaaḵ let her/him fall asleep táach x̱at oojaaḵch I fall asleep (every time) táach oojaaḵch s/he falls asleep (every time) tlél táach x̱at oojaaḵch I havenʼt fallen asleep yet tlél táach oojaaḵch s/he hasnʼt fallen asleep yet tlél aadé táach x̱at g̱waajaag̱i yé no way can I fall asleep tlél aadé táach g̱waajaag̱i yé no way can s/he fall asleep táach x̱at g̱wajaag̱ín I would have fallen asleep táach g̱wajaag̱ín s/he would have fallen asleep táach x̱at jáḵni if/when I fall asleep táach jáḵni if/when s/he falls asleep táach x̱at jáḵx̱ I fall asleep (regularly) táach jáḵx̱ s/he falls asleep (regularly) Chʼa tlákw church-de wugoodí táach oojaaḵch. Every time she goes to church she falls asleep. Táach wujaag̱í kei kḵwasagéet. If he falls asleep, Iʼll wake him up. jaaḵw ¹ beat up, assault, attack beat her/him up; assault her/him; attack her/him O-S-∅-jáaḵw (na act) for S to beat up, assault, violently attack O

ya-jaaḵw

Najáaḵw! Beat her/him up! Nayjáaḵw! You all beat her/him up! Líl eejáag̱uḵ! Donʼt beat her/him up! Líl yijáag̱uḵ! Donʼt you all beat her/him up! x̱ajáaḵw Iʼm beating her/him up ajáaḵw s/heʼs beating her/him up tlél x̱wajáaḵw Iʼm not beating her/him up tlél oojáaḵw s/heʼs not beating her/him up yaa nx̱ajáḵw Iʼm beating her/him up yaa anajáḵw s/heʼs beating her/him up x̱waajáaḵw I beat her/him up aawajáaḵw s/he beat her/him up tlél x̱wajáaḵw I didnʼt beat her/him up tlél awujáaḵw s/he didnʼt beat her/him up kuḵajáaḵw I will beat her/him up akg̱wajáaḵw s/he will beat her/him up tlél kuḵajáaḵw I wonʼt beat her/him up tlél akg̱wajáaḵw s/he wonʼt beat her/him up naḵajáaḵw let me beat her/him up nag̱ajáaḵw let her/him beat her/him up nax̱ajáaḵwch I beat her/him up (every time) anajáaḵwch s/he beats her/him up (every time) tlél nax̱wajáaḵwch I havenʼt beat her/him up yet tlél oonajáaḵwch s/he hasnʼt beat her/him up yet tlél aadé naḵwaajáag̱u yé no way can I beat her/him up tlél aadé oong̱aajáag̱u yé no way can s/he beat her/him up naḵwajáag̱un I would have beat her/him up oong̱ajáag̱un s/he would have beat her/him up nax̱ajáḵwni if/when I beat her/him up anajáḵwni if/when s/he beats her/him up yoo x̱aajáaḵwk I beat her/him up (regularly) yoo ayajáaḵwk s/he beats her/him up (regularly) Tlákw kaawashoowú áwé anajáaḵwch. Whenever heʼs drunk, he beats him up. Tlél x̱wajáaḵw, chʼa g̱óot ḵáach áwé woojáaḵw. I didnʼt beat him up, some other guy beat him up. jee ¹ wonder, curious, anxious wonder about it; curious, anxious about it O-ka-S-∅-jeek (na act) for S to wonder, be curious, anxious about O

ka-ya-jee

yoo kx̱aajeek I wonder about it yoo akaajeek s/he wonders about it tlél yoo kx̱wajeek I donʼt wonder about it tlél yoo akoojeek s/he doesnʼt wonder about it yoo kx̱waajeek I wondered about it yoo akaawajeek s/he wondered about it tlél yoo kax̱wajeek I didnʼt wonder about it tlél yoo akawujeek s/he didnʼt wonder about it yoo kakḵwajeek I will wonder about it yoo akakg̱wajeek s/he will wonder about it tlél yoo kakḵwajeek I wonʼt wonder about it tlél yoo akakg̱wajeek s/he wonʼt wonder about it [does not occur] yoo kanx̱ajeekch I wonder about it (every time) yoo akanajeekch s/he wonders about it (every time) [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] yoo akanajeekní if/when s/he wonders about it yoo akayajeek s/he wonders about it (regularly) jee ʰ ¹ think think so, imagine, guess (yéi) O-u-S-∅-jee ʰ~ (na state) for S to think so of O,

ya-jee

Yéi nají! Think so! Yéi nayjí! You all think so! Líl yéi eejéeḵ! Donʼt think so! Líl yéi yeejéeḵ! Donʼt you all think so! yéi x̱waajée I think so yéi oowajée s/he thinks so tlél yéi x̱wají I donʼt think so tlél yéi oojí s/he doesnʼt think so yéi yaa unx̱ajéen I am coming to think so yéi yaa unajéen s/he is coming to think so yéi x̱waajee I have come to think so; I thought so yéi aawajee s/he has come to think so; s/he thought so tlél yéi x̱wajee I didnʼt think so tlél yéi awujee s/he didnʼt think so yéi kḵwajée I will think so yéi akg̱wajée s/he will think so tlél yéi kḵwajee I wonʼt think so tlél yéi akg̱wajee s/he wonʼt think so (chʼa) yéi ang̱ajee / ang̱ajeeyí (just) let her/him think so yéi unx̱ajeech I come to think so (every time) yéi oonajeech s/he comes to think so (every time) tlél yéi unx̱ajeech I havenʼt come to think so yet tlél yéi oonajeech s/he hasnʼt come to think so yet tlél aadé yéi oong̱aajeeyi yé no way can s/he think so yéi oong̱ajeeyín s/he would have thought so yéi anajéeni / oonajéeni if/when s/he thinks so yéi yoo x̱aajeek / x̱waajeek I come to think so (regularly); I keep thinking so yéi yoo ayajeek / ooyajeek s/he comes to think so (regularly); s/he keeps thinking so Aadé uwajéeyi yé! The way he thinks! Yéi x̱waajée yaa sh kanalyél. I think sheʼs lying. Yéi x̱wajéeyin wé ḵáa jididáanaa. I used to think that man was rich. jee ² terrible, unattractive terrible, awful, eerie (in appearance); unattractive O-ka-(u)-l-jée (ga state) for O to be awful, terrible, eerie (in appearance), unattractive

ka-li-jee

Note that in classical Tlingit, this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which is slowly falling out of modern day speech. This is indicated in the Leer-Edwards theme as (u)-. Either imperfective form given here is acceptable: kalijée / kulijée. kalijée / kulijée it looks terrible tlél kooljée it doesnʼt look terrible kalajée nooch it always looks terrible kawlijée it looked terrible tlél kawuljée it didnʼt look terrible kei kagux̱lajée it will look terrible tlél kei kagux̱lajée it wonʼt look terrible [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé kugaax̱lijéeyi yé no way can it look terrible kugaax̱lajéeyin it would have looked terrible kagaljéeni if/when it looks terrible [does not occur] jeich (2) surprise surprise, astonish, amaze her/him O-ya-S-li-jeich~ (g̱a event) for S to suprise, astonish, amaze O

ya-li-jeich

Leer 1973: 10/143-144 Yag̱aljeich! Surprise her/him! Yag̱aylajeich! You all surprise her/him! Líl yei yeelajeijíḵ! Donʼt surprise her/him! Líl yei yaylajeijíḵ! Donʼt you all surprise her/him! [does not occur] yax̱wlijeich I surprised her/him ash yawlijeich he/she/it surprised her/him tlél yax̱wlajeich I didnʼt surprise her/him tlél ash yawuljeich he/she/it didnʼt surprise her/him ash yagux̱lajéich he/she/it will surprise her/him tlél ash yagux̱lajeich he/she/it wonʼt surprise her/him ash yag̱aax̱lajeich let her/him/it surprise her/him ash yag̱aljéchch he/she/it surprises her/him (every time) tlél ash woog̱aljéchch he/she/it hasnʼt surprised her/him yet tlél aadé ash yag̱aax̱wlijeiji yé no way can he/she/it surprise her/him ash yag̱aax̱wlajeijín he/she/it would have surprised her/him ash yax̱lajéchni if/when he/she/it surprises her/him yei ash yalajéchch he/she/it surprises her/him (regularly) Chʼa chʼáagu at wududzikóowu át áwé: tlél x̱at yawuljeich. It is something that has been known for a long time: it doesnʼt surprise me. [Story & Naish 1973: 218] Ldakát yagiyee awusteení áwé ash yag̱aljéchch aadé kei uwawádi yé. Every time she sees him, it surprises her how much heʼs grown. Yax̱lajéchni du tuwóo kei gux̱sagóo. If I surprise her, sheʼll be so happy. x̱at yawlijeich. It suprised me. surprised, astonished, amazed O-ya-∅-jeich~ (g̱a event) for O to be surprised, astonished, amazed

ya-ya-jeich

Leer 1973: 10/143-144 Líl yei iwoojéchjiḵ! Donʼt be surprised! Líl yei yee woojéchjiḵ! Donʼt you all be suprised! [does not occur] x̱at yaawajeich I was surprised yaawajeich s/he was surprised tlél x̱at yawujeich I wasnʼt surprised tlél yawujeich s/he wasnʼt surprised yei yakg̱wajéich s/he will be surprised tlél yei yakg̱wajeich s/he wonʼt be surprised yag̱aag̱ajeich let her/him be surprised yag̱ajéchch s/he is surprised (every time) tlél yoog̱ajéchch s/he hasnʼt been surprised yet tlél aadé yag̱aag̱waajeiji yé no way can s/he be surprised yag̱aag̱wajeijín s/he would have been surprised yag̱ajéchni if/when s/he is surprised yei yajéchch s/he is surprised (regularly) Haa yaawajeich. We were surprised and amazed/reduced to utter silence (after coming through a great storm). [Story & Naish 1973: 218] jeil (3) carry, take carry it, take it VII N-dé O-ka-S-∅-jeil~ (na motion) for S to carry, take O to N (esp. to one place, making several trips)

ka-ya-jeil

Aadé kanajeil! Carry it all there! Aadé kanayjeil! You all carry it all there! Líl aadé yoo keejélx̱iḵ! Donʼt carry it all there! Líl aadé yoo kayjélx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all carry it all there! [does not occur] aadé yaa kanx̱ajél I am carrying it all there aadé yaa akanajél s/he is carrying it all there aadé kax̱waajeil I carried it all there aadé akaawajeil s/he carried it all there tlél aadé kax̱wajeil I didnʼt carry it all there tlél aadé akawujeil s/he didnʼt carry it all there aadé kakḵwajéil I will carry it all there aadé akakg̱wajéil s/he will carry it all there tlél aadé kakḵwajeil I wonʼt carry it all there tlél aadé akakg̱wajeil s/he wonʼt carry it all there aadé kanḵajeil let me carry it all there aadé akang̱ajeil let her/him carry it all there aadé kanx̱ajélch I carry it all there (every time) aadé akanajélch s/he carries it all there (every time) tlél aadé koonx̱ajélch I havenʼt carried it all there yet tlél aadé akoonajélch s/he hasnʼt carried it all there yet tlél aadé aadé akung̱aajeili yé no way can s/he carry it all there aadé akung̱ajeilín s/he would have carried it all there aadé akanajélni if/when s/he carries it all there aadé yóo akayajélk s/he carries it all there (regularly) carry, take stuff VII N-dé at ka-S-∅-jeil~ (na motion) for S to carry, take things to N (esp. to one place, making several trips)

ka-ya-jeil

Aadé at kanajeil! Carry stuff there! Aadé at kanayjeil! You all carry stuff there! Líl aadé yoo at keejélx̱iḵ! Donʼt carry stuff there! Líl aadé yoo at kayjélx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all carry stuff there! [does not occur] aadé yaa at kanx̱ajél I am carrying stuff there aadé yaa at kanajél s/he is carrying stuff there aadé at kax̱waajeil I carried stuff there aadé at kaawajeil s/he carried stuff there tlél aadé at kax̱wajeil I didnʼt carry stuff there tlél aadé at kawujeil s/he didnʼt carry stuff there aadé at kaḵwajéil I will carry stuff there aadé at kakg̱wajéil s/he will carry stuff there tlél aadé at kakḵwajeil I wonʼt carry stuff there tlél aadé at kakg̱wajeil s/he wonʼt carry stuff there aadé at kanḵajeil let me carry stuff there aadé at kang̱ajeil let her/him carry stuff there aadé at kanx̱ajélch I carry stuff there (every time) aadé at kanajélch s/he carries stuff there (every time) tlél aadé at koonx̱ajélch I havenʼt carried stuff there yet tlél aadé at koonajélch s/he hasnʼt carried stuff there yet tlél aadé aadé at kung̱aajeili yé no way can s/he carry stuff there aadé at kung̱ajeilín s/he would have carried stuff there aadé at kanajélni if/when s/he carries stuff there aadé yoo at kayajélk s/he carries stuff there (regularly) reach oneʼs hand through it, around it Note that combining this verb with a yáanáx̱, as in: a yáanáx̱ yaawajél literally means "s/he reached past it", but is an expression used to indicate that the person missed something when speaking, forgot to say something, or omitted something. N-náx̱ ya-u-S-∅-jeil~ (∅ motion) for S to reach a hand through, around P

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Anax̱ woojél! Reach your hand through it! Anax̱ yayjél! You all reach your hands through it! Líl anax̱ yeejélx̱iḵ! Donʼt reach your hand through it! Líl anax̱ yayjélx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all reach your hands through it! [does not occur] anax̱ yax̱waajél I reached my hand through it anax̱ yaawajél s/he reached his/her hand through it tlél anax̱ yax̱wajeil I didnʼt reach my hand through it tlél anax̱ yawujeil s/he didnʼt reach his/her hand through it anax̱ yakg̱wajéil s/he will reach his/her hand through it tlél anax̱ yakg̱wajeil s/he wonʼt reach his/her hand through it anax̱ woog̱ajeil let her/him reach his/her hand through it anax̱ woojélch s/he reaches his/her hand through it (every time) tlél anax̱ woojélch s/he hasnʼt reached his/her hand through it yet Tlél aadé anax̱ woog̱aajeili yé no way can s/he reach his/her hand through it anax̱ woog̱ajeilín s/he would have reached his/her hand through it anax̱ woojélni if/when s/he reaches his/her hand through it anax̱ woojélx̱ s/he reaches his/her hand through it (regularly) Du kasánnáx̱ yaawajél. He put his arm around her waist. Du séináx̱ yaawajél. She put her arms around his neck. A yáanáx̱ yakg̱wajéil tlél ayáx̱ akoonalneegí wé du shkalneegí. Heʼll miss ("reach past") the point if he doesnʼt tell his story correctly. joox (4) start, run, spin, wheel wheel it there VII N-dé O-ka-S-l-joox~ (na motion) for S to wheel O to N

ka-li-joox

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼwheel itʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace aadé ʼtoward thereʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about P N-dé(i) moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of P yux̱ moving out of house P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱aa going to get P Aadé kanaljoox! Wheel it there! Aadé kanaylajoox! You all wheel it there! Líl aadé yoo keelajúxguḵ! Donʼt wheel it there! Líl aadé yoo kaylajúxguḵ! Donʼt you all wheel it there! [does not occur] aadé yaa akanaljúx s/he is wheeling it there aadé kax̱wlijoox I wheeled it there aadé akawlijoox s/he wheeled it there tlél aadé akawuljoox s/he didnʼt wheel it there aadé akagux̱lajóox s/he will wheel it there tlél aadé akagux̱lajoox s/he wonʼt wheel it there aadé akanax̱lajoox let her/him wheel it there aadé akanaljúxch s/he wheels it there (every time) tlél aadé akoonaljúxch s/he hasnʼt wheeled it there yet tlél aadé aadé akoonax̱lijooxu yé no way can s/he wheel it there aadé akoonax̱lajooxún s/he would have wheeled it there aadé akanaljúxni if/when s/he wheels it there aadé yoo aklijúxk s/he wheels it there (regularly) wheel it to it II N-t~ O-ka-S-l-joox~ (∅ motion) N-t~ O-ka-S-l-jeexw~ (∅ motion) for S to wheel O to N

ka-li-joox

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼwheel itʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace át/áx̱/aadé ʼarriving at Pʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-t (~x̱~dei) arriving at N, coming to N yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving ashore, coming to rest, to a stop, setting down N-náx̱ yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving across P, to the other side of P neil (~neilx̱~neildéi) moving inside, coming home haat (~haax̱~haa(n)déi) coming here yóot (~yóox̱~yóodei) going away Át kalajúx! Wheel it to it! Át kaylajúx! You all wheel it to it! Líl áx̱ keelajooxúḵ! Donʼt wheel it to it! Líl áx̱ kaylajooxúḵ! Donʼt you all wheel it to it! [does not occur] aadé yaa akanaljúx s/he is wheeling it to it át kax̱wlijúx I wheeled it to it át akawlijúx s/he wheeled it to it tlél át akawuljoox s/he didnʼt wheel it to it aadé akagux̱lajóox s/he will wheel it to it tlél aadé akagux̱lajoox s/he wonʼt wheel it to it át akax̱lajoox let her/him wheel it to it át akooljooxch s/he wheels it to it (every time) tlél át akooljooxch s/he hasnʼt wheeled it to it yet tlél aadé át akoox̱lijooxu yé no way can s/he wheel it to it át akoox̱lajooxún s/he would have wheeled it to it át aklajúxni if/when s/he wheels it to it áx̱ aklajoox s/he wheels it to it (regularly) start (of engine) g̱unéi ka-∅-joox~ (∅ motion) for an engine to start

ka-ya-joox

[does not occur] g̱unéi kaawajúx it started tlél g̱unéi kawujoox it didnʼt start g̱unéi kakg̱wajóox it will start tlél g̱unéi kakg̱wajoox it wonʼt start g̱unéi kag̱ajoox (dé) let it start (now) [does not occur] tlél g̱unéi koojooxch it hasnʼt started yet tlél aadé g̱unéi kg̱waajooxu yé no way can it start g̱unéi kg̱wajooxún it would have started g̱unéi kajúxni if/when it starts g̱unéi kajúxch it starts (regularly) Hél g̱unéi kakg̱wajoox wudzi.átʼ áwé. Itʼs not going to start, itʼs cold. run, start (of engine); spin (of wheel) ka-∅-joox~ (ga event) for a wheel to roll, spin; for an engine to start, run

ka-ya-joox

it started (engine); it ran (engine); it spun (wheel) [does not occur] yaa kanajúx itʼs running kaawajoox it started tlél kawujoox it didnʼt run kei kakg̱wajóox it will run tlél kei kakg̱wajoox it wonʼt run [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] kagajúxni if/when it runs kei kajúxch it runs for a while (and then quits) Yéi áwé x̱waajee kei kakg̱wajóox. I think itʼs going to start. kaa ¹ lazy, slow lazy, slow a-u-S-d-s-kaa (ga state) for S to be lazy, slow

a-dzi-kaa

[does not occur] Líl eeskaayíḵ! Donʼt be lazy! Líl ayeeskaayíḵ! Donʼt you all be lazy! oodzikaa s/he is lazy tlél ooskaa s/he isnʼt lazy [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] agooskéini if/when s/he is lazy [does not occur] kaa ² copy, make a face copy her/him/it; copy what s/he said; make a face at her/him To say "copy oneʼs speech", add the prefix x̱ʼa- to the forms in the paradigm below. For example: ax̱ʼakawdikaa "he copied what he said", or x̱ʼakax̱wdikaa "I copied what he said". The theme for this verb is: O-x̱ʼa-ka-S-di-kaa (na act) "for S to copy Oʼs speech". To say "make faces at someone", add the prefix ya- to the forms in the paradigm below. For example: ayakawdikaa "s/he made faces at her/him", or yakax̱wdikaa "I made faces at her/him". The theme for this verb is: O-ya-ka-S-d-kaa (na act) "for S to make faces at O". O-ka-S-d-kaa (na act) for S to copy O

ya-ka-di-kaa

Keendakaa! Copy her/him/it! Kanaydakaa! You all copy her/him/it! Líl yoo keedakaayíḵ! Donʼt copy her/him/it! Líl yoo kaydakaayíḵ! Donʼt you all copy her/him/it! akdakaa s/he is copying her/him/it tlél akwdakaa s/he isnʼt copying her/him/it kax̱wdikaa I copied her/him/it akawdikaa s/he copied her/him/it tlél kax̱wdakaa I didnʼt copy her/him/it tlél akawdakaa s/he didnʼt copy her/him/it akagux̱dakaa s/he will copy her/him/it tlél akagux̱dakaa s/he wonʼt copy her/him/it (chʼa) akunax̱dakaa (just) let her/him copy her/him/it kanax̱dakaach I copy her/him/it (every time) akanax̱dakaach s/he copies her/him/it (every time) tlél akoonax̱dakaach s/he hasnʼt copied her/him/it yet tlél aadé akoonax̱dikaayi yé no way can s/he copy her/him/it akoonax̱dakaayín s/he would have copied her/him/it akundakaaní if/when s/he copies her/him/it yoo akdikaak s/he copies her/him/it (regularly) Du yaa nagúdi akawdikaa. He copied his style of walking. Akundakaaní xʼáan du tóo yéi kg̱wanéi. If she copies him, it will make him angry. Ix̱ʼakax̱wdikaa. I copied what you said. x̱at yakawdikaa. She made faces at me. kaak (2) thick thick s-kaak (ga state) for something to be thick (cloth, board, food, etc.)

si-kaak

sikaak itʼs thick tlél uskaak itʼs not thick kei naskaak itʼs becoming thick wusikaak it became thick tlél wuskaak it didnʼt become thick kei gux̱sakaak it will be thick tlél kei gux̱sakaak it wonʼt be thick g̱ax̱sakaak let it be thick gaskaakch it gets thick (every time) tlél gooskaakch it hasnʼt gotten thick yet tlél aadé gux̱sikaagi yé no way can it be thick gux̱sakaagín it would have been thick gaskaakní if/when itʼs thick kei sakaakx̱ it gets thick (regularly) thick (that thick) (yéi) ka-u-s-kaak~ (na state) for a board, cloth, etc. to be (so) thick

si-kaak

yéi kwsikaak itʼs that thick tlél yéi kooskaak itʼs not that thick yéi yaa kunaskák itʼs getting that thick yéi kawsikaak it got that thick; it thickened tlél yéi kawuskaak it didnʼt get that thick; it didnʼt thicken yéi kagux̱sakáak it will get that thick tlél yéi kagux̱sakaak it wonʼt get that thick yéi kunax̱sakaak let it be that thick yéi kunaskákch it gets that thick (every time) tlél yéi kunaskákch it hasnʼt gotten that thick yet tlél aadé yéi kunax̱wsikaagi yé no way can it get that thick yéi kunax̱wsakaagín it would have gotten that thick yéi kunaskákni if/when it gets that thick yéi kwsakákx̱ it gets that thick (regularly) keen bother bother (by interrupting, etc.), annoy O-S-sh-keen~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to bother, annoy O

shi-keen

Leer 1973: f06/90-91 Shakín! Bother her/him! Yishakín! You all bother her/him! Líl ishakínx̱íḵ! Donʼt bother her/him! Líl yishakínx̱íḵ! Donʼt you all bother her/him! [does not occur] x̱washikín I am bothering her/him; I bothered her/him awshikín s/he is bothering her/him; s/he bothered her/him tlél x̱washakeen I didnʼt bother her/him tlél awushkeen s/he didnʼt bother her/him agux̱shakéen s/he will bother her/him tlél agux̱shakeen s/he wonʼt bother her/him (chʼa) ax̱shakín (dé) / (chʼa) ax̱shakíni (dé) (just) let her/him bother her/him (now) ooshkínch s/he bothers her/him (every time) tlél ooshkínch s/he hasnʼt bothered her/him yet tlél aadé oox̱shikíni yé no way can s/he bother her/him oox̱shakínin s/he would have bothered her/him ashkínni if/when s/he bothers her/him ashkínx̱ s/he bothers her/him (regularly) Tá lingít áwé awshikín. He disturbed the sleeping person. Tlél x̱at yishakéeniḵ! Donʼt bother me! [Story & Naish 1973: 34] keesʼ (5) put out, hoarse, end put it out (fire); turn it off (light) O-ya-ka-S-l-kéesʼ~ (∅ event) for S to Nut out, extinguish O (fire); for S to turn off O (light)

ya-ka-li-keesʼ

Yaklakísʼ! Put it out! Yakaylakísʼ! You all put it out! Líl yakeelakísʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt put it out! Líl yakaylakísʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all put it out! [does not occur] yaa kanax̱lakísʼ I am starting to Nut it out yaa akanalkísʼ s/he is starting to Nut it out yakax̱wlikísʼ I put it out ayakawlikísʼ s/he put it out tlél yakax̱wlakéesʼ I didnʼt put it out tlél ayakawulkéesʼ s/he didnʼt put it out yakakḵwalakéesʼ I will put it out ayakagux̱lakéesʼ s/he will put it out tlél yakakḵwalakéesʼ I wonʼt put it out tlél ayakagux̱lakéesʼ s/he wonʼt put it out yakḵalakéesʼ let me put it out ayakax̱lakéesʼ let her/him put it out yakoox̱lakéesʼch I put it out (every time) ayakoolkéesʼch s/he puts it out (every time) tlél yakoox̱lakéesʼch I havenʼt put it out yet tlél ayakoolkéesʼch s/he hasnʼt put it out yet tlél aadé yakḵwalikéesʼi yé no way can I put it out tlél aadé ayakoox̱likéesʼi yé no way can s/he put it out yakḵwalakéesʼin I would have put it out tlél aadé ayakoox̱lakéesʼin s/he would have put it out yakax̱lakísʼni if/when I put it out ayaklakísʼni if/when s/he puts it out yakax̱lakísʼx̱ I put it out (regularly) ayaklakísʼx̱ s/he puts it out (regularly) Sʼeenáa ayakawlikísʼ. She turned off the light. hoarse (make her/him have hoarse, scratchy voice) Note that Story and Naish (1973) additionally give "lose oneʼs voice" as a potential meaning of this verb. However, for speakers consulted here, this verb indicates only "make hoarse (of voice)" but not losing oneʼs voice. N satú --> O-ka-S-l-kéesʼ~ (∅ event; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to make N have hoarse, scratchy voice

ka-li-keesʼ

Leer 1973: f06/111 [does not occur] du satú yaa akanalkísʼ itʼs starting to make her/him hoarse ax̱ satú akawlikísʼ it made me hoarse du satú akawlikísʼ it made her/him hoarse tlél ax̱ satú akawulkéesʼ it didnʼt make me hoarse tlél du satú akawulkéesʼ it didnʼt make her/him hoarse du satú akagux̱lakéesʼ it is going to make her/him hoarse tlél du satú akagux̱lakéesʼ it isnʼt going to make her/him hoarse (chʼa) du satú akax̱lakísʼ (just) let it make her/him hoarse du satú akoolkísʼch it makes her/him hoarse (every time) tlél du satú akoolkísʼch it hasnʼt made her/him hoarse yet tlél aadé du satú akoox̱likísʼi yé no way can it make her/him hoarse du satú akoox̱lakísʼin it would have made her/him hoarse du satú aklakísʼni if/when it makes her/him hoarse du satú aklakísʼx̱ it makes her/him hoarse (regularly) ḵusa.áatʼ néekw ax̱ satú akawlikísʼ. I lost my voice through having a cold. [Story & Naish 1973: 129] ḵaa leitóox̱ aklakísʼx̱. Heʼs lost his voice / heʼs hoarse. [Story & Naish 1973: 129] hoarse (have hoarse or scratchy voice), have a tickle in the throat Note that Story and Naish (1973) additionally give "lost (of oneʼs voice)" as a potential meaning of this verb. However, for speakers consulted here, this verb indicates only "hoarse (voice)" or a "tickle in the throat," but not losing oneʼs voice. N satú / N leitóox̱ ka-∅-kéesʼ~ (∅ event; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for Nʼs voice to be hoarse, scratchy (with N satú); for N to have a tickle in the throat (with N leitóox̱)

ka-ya-keesʼ

Leer 1973: f06/111 [does not occur] du satú yaa kanakísʼ s/he is starting to get hoarse ax̱ satú kaawakísʼ I got hoarse du satú kaawakísʼ s/he got hoarse tlél ax̱ satú kawukéesʼ I didnʼt get hoarse tlél du satú kawukéesʼ s/he didnʼt get hoarse du satú kakg̱wakéesʼ s/he is going to get hoarse tlél du satú kakg̱wakéesʼ s/he isnʼt going to get hoarse (chʼa) du satú kag̱akísʼ (just) let her/him get hoarse du satú kookísʼch s/he gets hoarse (every time) tlél du satú kookísʼch s/he hasnʼt gotten hoarse yet tlél aadé du satú koog̱aakísʼi yé no way can s/he get hoarse du satú koog̱akísʼin s/he would have gotten hoarse du satú kakísʼni if/when s/he gets hoarse du satú kakísʼx̱ s/he gets hoarse (regularly) I leitóox̱ gé kaawakísʼ? Do you have a tickle in your throat? go out (of fire, light) ya-ka-l-kéesʼ~ (∅ event) for a fire, light to go out

ya-ka-li-keesʼ

[does not occur] yaa yakanalkísʼ itʼs starting to go out yakawlikísʼ it went out tlél yakawulkéesʼ it didnʼt go out yakagux̱lakéesʼ it will go out tlél yakagux̱lakéesʼ it wonʼt go out (chʼa) yakax̱lakéesʼ (dé) (just) let it go out (now) yakoolkéesʼch it goes out (every time) tlél yakoolkísʼch it hasnʼt gone out yet tlél aadé yakux̱likéesʼi yé no way can it go out yakux̱lakéesʼin it would have gone out yaklakísʼni if/when it goes out yaklakísʼx̱ it goes out (regularly) end, pass (of month) Note that this verb may also occur with the ya- thematic prefix, as indicated in the theme by (ya-), and illustrated in one of the example sentences below. (ya-)ka-∅-kéesʼ~ (∅ event; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for a month to end, pass

ka-ya-keesʼ

Leer 1973: f06/111 (yá dís) yaa kanakísʼ (this month) is passing (yá dís) kaawakísʼ (this month) passed (yá dís) tlél kawukéesʼ (this month) didnʼt pass (yá dís) kakg̱wakéesʼ (this month) will pass (yá dís) tlél kakg̱wakéesʼ (this month) wonʼt pass (yá dís) kag̱akísʼ (dé) let (this month) pass (now) (yá dís) tlél kookéesʼch (this month) hasnʼt passed yet [does not occur - semantically awkward] (yá dís) koog̱akísʼin (this month) would have passed (yá dís) kakísʼni if/when (this month) passes Tʼaawáḵ dísi áyá yaa kanakísʼ. February has passed. [Story & Naish 1973: 79] kaawakísʼi aa dís last month [Story & Naish 1973: 79] Yá dís tlél yakakg̱wakéesʼ yá a daa yéí jix̱aneiyi hít yan x̱wasanéi shkwát. The month wonʼt be over before I finish working on this house. keet snore snore a-S-∅-keet~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to snore

a-ya-keet

ax̱akéet I am snoring akéet s/he is snoring tlél ax̱wakeet Iʼm not snoring tlél ookeet s/heʼs not snoring aawakít s/he snored tlél awukeet s/he didnʼt snore akg̱wakéet s/he is going to snore tlél akg̱wakeet s/he isnʼt going to snore (chʼa) ag̱akít (just) let her/him snore akeetch s/he snores (every time) tlél ookeetch s/he hasnʼt snored yet tlél aadé oog̱aakídi yé no way can s/he snore oog̱akídin s/he would have snored akítni if/when s/he snores akítx̱ s/he snores (regularly) ḵútx̱ akítní, neildé kakḵwanáa. If he snores too much, Iʼll send him home. Akéet du éede yéi yaa nanein. He is starting to snore. kei (2) trail, untangle, rip back, undo untangle it; rip it back, undo it (sewing); trail it O-ka-S-s-kei~ (g̱a act) for S to trail, follow tracks of O; for S to untangle O; for S to rip back, undo O (sewing, knitting)

ka-si-kei

Kag̱aské! / Kax̱saké! Untangle it! Kag̱aysaké! You all untangle it! Líl yei keesakéijiḵ! Donʼt untangle it! Líl yei kaysakéijiḵ! Donʼt you all untangle it! aksakei s/he is untangling it; s/he untangles it tlél akooskei s/he isnʼt untangling it; s/he doesnʼt untangle it yei akanaskéin s/he is (in the process of) untangling it akawsikei s/he untangled it tlél akawuskei s/he didnʼt untangle it yéi akagux̱sakéi s/he will untangle it tlél yéi akagux̱sakei s/he wonʼt untangle it akag̱aax̱sakei let her/him untangle it akax̱sakéich s/he untangles it (every time) tlél akoox̱sakéich s/he hasnʼt untangled it yet tlél aadé akoog̱aax̱sikeiyi yé no way can s/he untangle it akoog̱aax̱sakeiyín s/he would have untangled it akax̱sakéini if/when s/he untangles it yei aksakéich s/he untangles it (regularly) choke on something II N séi-t~ ∅-kei~ (∅ motion) for N to choke on something

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Leer 1973: f06/52 Líl i séix̱ ukeiyíḵ! Donʼt choke! Líl yee séix̱ ukeiyíḵ! Donʼt you all choke! [does not occur] du séide yaa nakéin s/he is choking ax̱ seít uwakéi I choked du séit uwakéi s/he choked tlél ax̱ séit wuké I didnʼt choke tlél du séit wuké s/he didnʼt choke du séide kg̱wakéi s/he will choke tlél du séide kg̱wakei s/he wonʼt choke (chʼa) du séit g̱akei (just) let her/him choke du séit ookéiych s/he chokes (every time) tlél du séit ookéiych s/he hasnʼt choked yet tlél aadé du séit g̱waakeiyi yé no way can s/he choke du séit g̱wakeiyín s/he would have choked du séit kéini if/when s/he chokes du séix̱ kei s/he chokes (regularly) Du séit uwakéi at x̱aayí. He choked when he was eating. Tlákw at x̱aayí du séix̱ kei. He always chokes when heʼs eating. Du séit uwakéi wé dleey ax̱aayí. He choked when eating the meat. Du séix̱ at kei nuch. He chokes on something regularly. [Leer 1973: f06/52] keil soak soak it O-ka-S-l-keil~ (∅ event) for S to soak O

ka-li-keil

Kalakél! Soak it! Kaylakél! You all soak it! Líl keelakélx̱iḵ! Donʼt soak it! Líl kaylakélx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all soak it! [does not occur] yaa kanax̱lakél Iʼm soaking it yaa akanalkél s/he is soaking it kax̱wlikél I soaked it akawlikél s/he soaked it tlél kax̱wlakeil I didnʼt soak it tlél akawulkeil s/he didnʼt soak it kakḵwalakéil I will soak it akagux̱lakéil s/he will soak it tlél kakḵwalakeil I wonʼt soak it tlél akagux̱lakeil s/he wonʼt soak it kaḵalakeil let me soak it akax̱lakeil let her/him soak it koox̱lakeilch I soak it (every time) akoolkeilch s/he soaks it (every time) tlél koox̱lakeilch I havenʼt soaked it yet tlél akoolkeilch s/he hasnʼt soaked it yet tlél aadé kooḵalikeili yé no way can I soak it tlél aadé akoox̱likeili yé no way can s/he soak it kooḵalakeilín I would have soaked it akoox̱lakeilín s/he would have soaked it kax̱lakélni if/when I soak it aklakélni if/when s/he soaks it kax̱lakélx̱ I soak it (regularly) aklakélx̱ s/he soaks it (regularly) Téeyi áwé kax̱wlakeilí ítdáx̱ tsá x̱wasa.éeych kʼúntsʼi teen. After I soak the hard-dried fish, I cook it with potatoes. keilʼ ¹ flee, run, chase chase her/him/it out into the open daak O-l-kéilʼ~ (∅ motion) for S to chase O into the open

li-keilʼ

This verb is often used to describe the practice used by net fishermen of running the boat along the net to chase fish into it. Daak lakélʼ! Chase it into the open! Daak yilakélʼ! You all chase it into the open! Líl daak ilakélʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt chase it into the open! Líl daak yilakélʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all chase it into the open! [does not occur] daak nax̱lakélʼ Iʼm chasing it into the open daak analkélʼ he/she/it is chasing it into the open daak x̱walikélʼ I chased it into the open daak awlikélʼ he/she/it chased it into the open tlél daak x̱walakéilʼ I didnʼt chase it into the open tlél daak awulkéilʼ s/he didnʼt chase it into the open daak kuḵalakéilʼ I will chase it into the open daak agux̱lakéilʼ s/he will chase it into the open tlél daak kuḵalakéilʼ I wonʼt chase it into the open tlél daak agux̱lakéilʼ s/he wonʼt chase it into the open daak ḵalakéilʼ let me chase it into the open daak ax̱lakéilʼ let her/him chase it into the open daak x̱walakéilʼch I chase it into the open (every time) daak oolkéilʼch s/he chases it into the open (every time) tlél daak x̱walakéilʼch I havenʼt chased it into the open yet tlél daak oolkéilʼch s/he hasnʼt chase it into the open (yet) tlél aadé daak ḵwalikéilʼi yé no way can I chase it into the open tlél aadé daak ax̱wlikéilʼi yé no way can s/he chase it into the open daak ḵwalakéilʼin I would have chased it into the open daak ax̱wlakéilʼin s/he would have chased it into the open daak x̱alakélʼni if/when I chase it into the open daak alkélʼni if/when s/he chases it into the open daak x̱alakélʼch I chase it into the open (regularly) daak alkélʼch he/she/it chases it into the open (regularly) keilʼ ² (2) take apart, untie take apart, tear down O-S-∅-kéilʼ~ (∅ event; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to take O apart, tear O down

ya-keilʼ

Kélʼ! Take it apart! Yikélʼ! You all take it apart! Líl eekélʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt take it apart! Líl yikélʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all take it apart! [does not occur] yaa anakélʼ s/he is taking it apart x̱waakélʼ I took it apart aawakélʼ s/he took it apart tlél x̱wakéilʼ I didnʼt take it apart tlél awukéilʼ s/he didnʼt take it apart akg̱wakéilʼ s/he will take it apart tlél akg̱wakéilʼ s/he wonʼt take it apart ag̱akélʼ let her/him take it apart ookélʼch s/he takes it apart (every time) tlél ookélʼch s/he hasnʼt taken it apart yet tlél aadé oog̱aakélʼi yé no way can s/he take it apart oog̱akélʼin s/he would have taken it apart akélʼni if/when s/he takes it apart akélʼx̱ s/he takes it apart (regularly) Washéen gax̱tookéilʼ. Weʼre going to take the machine apart. [Story & Naish 1973: 222] Yáa hoon daakahídi yéeyi yaa anakélʼ. Heʼs taking the old store apart / tearing it down. [Story & Naish 1973: 222] Tlél kʼidéin at kawujeex wé du machine-i, ách áwé aawakélʼ. His machine isnʼt running well, thatʼs why he took it apart. untie O-ka-S-∅-kéilʼ~ (∅ event; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to untie O

ka-ya-keilʼ

Kakélʼ! Untie it! Kaykélʼ! You all untie it! Líl keekélʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt untie it! Líl kaykélʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all untie it! [does not occur] yaa akanakélʼ s/he is untying it kax̱waakélʼ I untied it akaawakélʼ s/he untied it tlél kax̱wakéilʼ I didnʼt untie it tlél akawukéilʼ s/he didnʼt untie it akakg̱wakéilʼ s/he will untie it tlél akakg̱wakéilʼ s/he wonʼt untie it akg̱akélʼ let her/him untie it akookélʼch s/he unties it (every time) tlél akookélʼch s/he hasnʼt untied it yet tlél aadé akg̱waakélʼi yé no way can s/he untie it akg̱wakélʼin s/he would have untied it akakélʼni if/when s/he unties it akakélʼx̱ s/he is trying to untie it Yaakw tíxʼi kax̱akélʼx̱. I tried to untie the boat line. [Story & Naish 1973: 238] Yáa tíxʼ yádi kakélʼ! Untie this string! [Story & Naish 1973: 238] Du yaagú aan yax̱ awsi.ax̱u tíxʼ kawduwakélʼ. The line his boat was tied up with was untied. keitsʼ wobbly wobbly, weak O-ka-d-kéitsʼ~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for O to be wobbly, weak

---

--- [does not occur] yaa kandakétsʼ he/she/it is getting wobbly x̱at kawdikétsʼ Iʼm wobbly kawdikétsʼ he/she/it is wobbly tlél x̱at kawdakéitsʼ Iʼm not wobbly tlél kawdakéitsʼ he/she/it isnʼt wobbly kagux̱dakéitsʼ he/she/it will be wobbly tlél kagux̱dakéitsʼ he/she/it wonʼt be wobbly (chʼa) kax̱dakétsʼ (just) let her/him/it be wobbly koodakétsʼch he/she/it gets wobbly (every time) tlél koodakétsʼch he/she/it hasnʼt gotten wobbly yet tlél aadé koox̱dikétsʼi yé no way can he/she/it be wobbly koox̱dakétsʼin he/she/it would have been wobbly kadakétsʼni if/when he/she/it gets wobbly kadakétsʼx̱ he/she/it gets wobbly (regularly Wéitʼaa kax̱waanóotʼidáx̱ x̱at koodakétsʼch. After I swallow that one (pill), I get wobbly every time. Kawdakéitsʼi, du eedé kḵwadashée. If he gets wobbly, Iʼll help him. Wé nadáakw kawdikétsʼ. The table is wobbly. Tlél aadé koox̱dikétsʼi yé yeisú x̱wliyéx̱ wé nadáakw. Thereʼs no way it can be wobbly, I just fixed that table. koo ʰ ² know, learn know it O-S-s-koo ʰ~ (∅ event; CV́V Imp/Hort/Pot) for S to know, be acquainted with, make known O (esp. people, facts); for S to learn O (esp. facts)

si-koo

Sakóo! Know it! Yisakóo! You all know it! [does not occur] [does not occur] yaa nax̱sakwéin Iʼm beginning to know her/him; Iʼm beginning to learn it yaa nisakwéin youʼre beginning to know her/him; youʼre beginning to learn it yaa anaskwéin s/heʼs beginning to know her/him; s/heʼs beginning to learn it yaa ntusakwéin weʼre beginning to know her/him; weʼre beginning to learn it yaa naysakwéin you all are beginning to know her/him; you all are beginning to learn it yaa (ha)s anaskwéin theyʼre beginning to know her/him; theyʼre beginning to know her/him learn it yaa nduskwéin itʼs becoming general knowledge [does not occur] x̱wasikóo I know it yisikóo you know it awsikóo s/he knows it wutusikóo we know it yeeysikóo you all know it has awsikóo they know it wududzikóo it is known tlél x̱wasakú I donʼt know tlél yisakú you donʼt know tlél awuskú s/he doesnʼt know tlél wutusakú we donʼt know tlél yeeysakú you all donʼt know tlél has awuskú they donʼt know tlél wuduskú nobody knows kuḵasakóo I will know gag̱isakóo you will know agux̱sakóo s/he will know gax̱tusakóo we will know gax̱yisakóo you all will know has agux̱sakóo they will know gax̱duskóo it will be known tlél kuḵasakoo I wonʼt know tlél gag̱isakoo you wonʼt know tlél agux̱sakoo s/he wonʼt know tlél gax̱tusakoo we wonʼt know tlél gax̱yisakoo you all wonʼt know tlél has agux̱sakoo they wonʼt know tlél gax̱duskoo it wonʼt be known ḵasakóo let me know ax̱sakóo let her/him know g̱atusakóo let us know [does not occur] ux̱sakóowch I know (every time) isakóowch you know (every time) ooskóowch s/he knows (every time) tusakóowch we know (every time) yisakóowch you all know (every time) has ooskóowch they know (every time) duskóowch it is known (every time) tlél aadé oox̱sikóowu yé no way can s/he know oox̱sakóowun s/he would have known askwéini if/when s/he knows askweix̱ s/he realizes it (regularly); s/he remembers it Chʼa á yeeysikóo yéi yang̱aḵéinín "ḵáa yáx̱ i daa ax̱ tuwatee, dlákʼ," yóo. You all know how it is when a person might say, "You are like a man to me, sister." Tlél a daat tooshtí ách áwé tlél awuskú. He doesnʼt pay attention, thatʼs why he didnʼt learn. Líl kayeeshóoguḵ, Chx̱ánkʼ, chʼas eeshandéin du daa itunatí. Tlél duskweix̱ wáa sá yéi yan has kawdayaayí. Donʼt laugh at him, grandchild, have compassion for him. Nobody knows why they turned out that way. Chʼa yéi x̱at kasnéexʼi tín, has du yáanáx̱ át x̱wasikóo. Even though I stink, I know more than they do. Tlél wuduskú wáa yéi koowáatʼ sá áa yéi has wooteeyí. Nobody knew how long they were there. kooḵ cough cough a-S-d-s-kooḵ~ (∅ state) for S to cough

a-dzi-kooḵ

--- Eeskúḵ! Cough! Líl eeskúḵx̱uḵ! Donʼt cough! adzikúḵkw s/he is coughing ax̱wdzikúḵ I coughed awdzikúḵ s/he coughed tlél ax̱waskooḵ I didnʼt cough tlél awuskooḵ s/he didnʼt cough akg̱waskóoḵ s/he will cough tlél akg̱waskooḵ s/he wonʼt cough (chʼa) ag̱askooḵ (just) let her/him cough ooskúḵch s/he coughs (every time) tlél ooskúḵch s/he hasnʼt coughed yet tlél aadé oox̱dzikoog̱u yé no way can s/he cough oog̱askoog̱ún s/he would have coughed askúḵni if/when s/he coughs askúḵx̱ s/he coughs (regularly) I x̱ʼé kasaxát i jín tin akg̱eeskóog̱u! Cover your mouth with your hand when youʼre going to cough! Chʼa tlákw askúḵkw nooch. He coughs all the time. [Story & Naish 1973: 57] Chʼas áa yan latsʼén du askúḵgu tin. Just leave him alone with his coughing. koox (2) drain, dry, thirsty drain out, go dry (of kettle or other container) ka-l-koox~ (na event) for a kettle, container etc. to drain out, go dry

ka-li-koox

[does not occur] yaa kanalkúx itʼs draining out kawlikoox it drained out tlél kawulkoox it didnʼt drain out kagux̱lakóox it will drain out tlél kagux̱lakoox it wonʼt drain out kanax̱lakoox let it drain out kanalkúxch it drains out (every time) tlél kunalkúxch it hasnʼt drained out yet tlél aadé kunax̱likooxu yé no way can it drain out kunax̱lakooxún it would have drained out kanlakúxni if/when it drains out yoo klikúxk it drains out (regularly) thirsty; dry O-sha-∅-koox~ (∅ event) for O to be thirsty; for O to be dry

sha-ya-koox

[does not occur] [does not occur] x̱at shaawakúx Iʼm thirsty shaawakúx he/she/it is thirsty tlél x̱at shawukoox Iʼm not thirsty tlél shawukoox he/she/it isnʼt thirsty x̱at shakg̱wakóox I will get thirsty shakg̱wakóox he/she/it will get thirsty tlél x̱at shakg̱wakoox I wonʼt get thirsty tlél shakg̱wakoox he/she/it wonʼt get thirsty x̱at shag̱akoox let me be thirsty shag̱akoox let her/him/it be thirsty x̱at shookúxch I get thirsty (every time) shookúxch he/she/it gets thirsty (every time) tlél x̱at shookúxch Iʼm not thirsty yet tlél shookúxch he/she/it isnʼt thirsty yet tlél aadé shag̱waakooxu yé no way can he/she/it be thirsty shag̱wakooxún he/she/it would have been thirsty shakúxni if/when he/she/it gets thirsty shakúxx̱ he/she/it gets thirsty (regularly) Aatlein héen x̱wadináa ách áwé tlél x̱at shawukoox. I drank a lot of water so Iʼm not thirsty. Koochʼéitʼaa ash kadulyádi héen dunáa nooch aag̱áa tlél ḵaa shookúxx̱. When they play basketball they always drink a lot of water and nobody gets thirsty. kʼaan hate hate her/him/it O-S-sh-kʼaan~ (ga state) for S to hate O

shi-kʼaan

This is the only known stative verb with ga- conjugation prefix and a variable stem. All other stative verbs with ga- conjugation prefix have invariable stems. Líl ishakʼaaníḵ! Donʼt hate her/him/it! Líl yishakʼaaníḵ! Donʼt you all hate her/him it! x̱ashikʼáan I hate her/him/it ishikʼáan you hate her/him/it ashikʼáan s/he hates her/him/it tushikʼáan we hate her/him/it yishikʼáan you all hate her/him/it has shikʼáan they hate her/him/it dujikʼaan people hate her/him/it tlél ux̱shakʼaan I donʼt hate her/him/it tlél ishakʼaan you donʼt hate her/him/it tlél ooshkʼaan s/he doesnʼt hate her/him/it tlél tushakʼaan we donʼt hate her/him/it tlél yishakʼaan you all donʼt hate her/him/it tlél has ooshkʼaan they donʼt hate her/him/it tlél dushkʼaan nobody hates her/him/it wé ashikʼaani aa the one who hates her/him/it kei nax̱shakʼán I am beginning to hate her/him/it kei nishakʼán you are beginning to hate her/him/it kei anashkʼán s/he is beginning to hate her/him/it kei ntushakʼán we are beginning to hate her/him/it kei nayshakʼán you all are beginning to hate her/him/it kei has anashkʼán they are beginning to hate her/him/it kei ndushkʼán people are beginning to hate her/him/it [does not occur] x̱washikʼaan I hated her/him/it yishikʼaan you hated her/him/it awshikʼaan s/he hated her/him/it wutushikʼaan we hated her/him/it yeeyshikʼaan you all hated her/him/it has awshikʼaan they hated her/him/it wudujikʼaan people hated her/him/it tlél x̱washakʼaan I didnʼt hate her/him/it tlél yishakʼaan you didnʼt hate her/him/it tlél awushkʼaan s/he didnʼt hate her/him/it tlél wutushakʼaan we didnʼt hate her/him/it tlél yeeyshakʼaan you all didnʼt hate her/him/it tlél has awushkʼaan they didnʼt hate her/him/it tlél wudushkʼaan nobody hates her/him/it kei kḵwashakʼáan I will hate her/him/it kei kg̱ishakʼáan you will hate her/him/it kei agux̱shakʼáan s/he will hate her/him/it kei gax̱tushakʼáan we will hate her/him/it kei gax̱yishakʼáan you all will hate her/him/it kei (ha)s agux̱shakʼáan they will hate her/him/it kei gax̱dushkʼáan someone will hate her/him/it tlél kei kḵwashakʼaan I wonʼt hate her/him/it tlél kei kg̱ishakʼaan you wonʼt hate her/him/it tlél kei agux̱shakʼaan s/he wonʼt hate her/him/it tlél kei gax̱tushakʼaan we wonʼt hate her/him/it tlél kei gax̱yishakʼaan you all wonʼt hate her/him/it tlél kei (ha)s agux̱shakʼaan they wonʼt hate her/him/it tlél kei gax̱dushkʼaan nobody will hate her/him/it [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] akshakʼánni if/when s/he hates her/him/it [does not occur] kʼaatlʼ quiet quiet (become quiet, keep quiet); stop talking, crying sh S-d-l-kʼáatlʼ~ (∅ event) for S to become quiet, keep quiet; for S to stop talking or crying

sh dli-kʼaatlʼ

Leer 1973: f04/90-91 Sh eelkʼátlʼ! Be quiet! Sh yeelkʼátlʼ! You all be quiet! Líl sh eelkʼátlʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt be quiet! Líl sh yeelkʼátlʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all be quiet! [does not occur] yaa sh nalkʼátlʼ s/he is beginning to get quiet sh x̱wadlikʼátlʼ I became quiet sh wudlikʼátlʼ s/he became quiet tlél sh x̱walkʼáatlʼ I didnʼt become quiet tlél sh wulkʼáatlʼ s/he didnʼt become quiet sh gug̱walkʼáatlʼ s/he will be quiet tlél sh gug̱wlkʼáatlʼ s/he wonʼt be quiet (chʼa) sh g̱alkʼátlʼ (dé) (just) let her/him be quiet (now) sh ulkʼáatlʼch s/he gets quiet (every time) tlél sh ulkʼáatlʼch s/he hasnʼt become quiet yet tlél aadé sh ux̱dlikʼáatlʼi yé no way can s/he become quiet sh g̱walkʼáatlʼin s/he would have become quiet sh ilkʼátlʼni if/when s/he becomes quiet sh ilkʼátlʼx̱ s/he becomes quiet (regularly) tlél sh ulkʼátlʼx̱ s/he never stops talking, crying Awultsaayí ítxʼ sh gug̱walkʼáatlʼ. After she burps, sheʼll stop crying (become quiet). Chʼa tlákw wudusaayí sh ilkʼátlʼx̱. Every time his name is mentioned, she gets quiet. kʼátsʼ sharp sharp (of an edge) ya-l-kʼátsʼ (ga state) for an edge to be sharp

ya-li-kʼaatsʼ

yalikʼátsʼ itʼs sharp tlél woolkʼátsʼ it isnʼt sharp yaa yanalkʼátsʼ itʼs getting sharp yawlikʼátsʼ it got sharp tlél yawulkʼátsʼ it didnʼt get sharp kei yagux̱lakʼátsʼ it will get sharp tlél kei yagux̱lakʼátsʼ it wonʼt get sharp yagax̱lakʼátsʼ let it be sharp yaklakʼátsʼch it gets sharp (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé yagux̱likʼátsʼi yé no way can it get sharp yagux̱lakʼátsʼin it would have gotten sharp yaklakʼátsʼni if/when itʼs sharp kei yalakʼátsʼch it gets sharp (regularly) kʼeetʼ (3) leave, go, come leave, go, come to it (of group of people) II N-t~ O-ka-d-kʼéetʼ~ (∅ motion) for O (group of people) to all leave, go or come to N

ka-di-kʼeetʼ

Át yee kadakʼítʼ! You all go there! Líl áx̱ yee koodakʼéetʼiḵ! Donʼt you all go there! [does not occur] aadé yaa (ha)s kandakʼítʼ the group is going there (in stages) át has kawdikʼítʼ the group went there tlél át has kawdakʼéetʼ the group didnʼt go there aadé (ha)s kagux̱dakʼéetʼ the group will go there tlél aadé (ha)s kagux̱dakʼéetʼ the group wonʼt go there át has kax̱dakʼéetʼ let the group go there át has koodakʼéetʼch the group goes there (every time) tlél át has koodakʼéetʼch the group hasnʼt gone there yet tlél aadé át has koox̱dikʼéetʼi yé no way can the group go there át has koox̱dakʼéetʼin the group would have gone there át has kadakʼítʼni if/when the group goes there áx̱ has kadakʼéetʼ the group goes there (regularly) Áatʼ jiyeet gangookt ḵukawdikʼítʼ. People crowded close around the fire because of the cold weather. Át has kawdikʼítʼ wé yoo x̱ʼatánk sʼaatí x̱ʼéit has g̱asa.aax̱. They all went there to listen to the speaker. go (of group of people) VII N-dé O-ka-d-kʼéetʼ~ (na motion) for O (group of people) to all leave, go or come to N

ka-di-kʼeetʼ

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo (of group)ʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace aadé ʼtoward thereʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about P N-dé(i) moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of P yux̱ moving out of house P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱aa going to get P Aadé yee kandakʼéetʼ! You all go there! Líl aadé yoo yee kadakʼítʼgiḵ! Donʼt you all go there! [does not occur] aadé yaa (ha)s kandakʼítʼ they (group) are going there (in stages) aadé (ha)s kawdikʼéetʼ they (group) went there tlél aadé (ha)s kawdakʼéetʼ they (group) didnʼt go there aadé kagux̱dakʼéetʼ they (group) will go there tlél aadé kagux̱dakʼéetʼ they (group) wonʼt go there aadé (ha)s kanax̱dakʼéetʼ let them (group) go there aadé (ha)s kandakʼítʼch they (group) go there (every time) tlél aadé (ha)s koondakʼítʼch they (group) havenʼt gone there yet tlél aadé (ha)s koonax̱dikʼéetʼi yé no way can they (group) go there aadé (ha)s koonax̱dakʼéetʼin they (group) would have gone there aadé (ha)s kandakʼítʼni if/when they (group) go there aadé yoo (ha)s kadikʼítʼk they (group) go there (regularly) pick berries ḵu-S-∅-kʼéetʼ~ (∅ act; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to Nick berries (esp. pick in quantity to take home)

ḵu-ya-kʼeetʼ

ḵukʼítʼ! Pick berries! ḵuykʼítʼ! You all pick berries! Líl ḵeekʼéetʼiḵ! Donʼt pick berries! Líl ḵuykʼéetʼiḵ! Donʼt you all pick berries! ḵukʼéetʼ s/he is picking berries tlél ḵookʼéetʼ s/he isnʼt picking berries ḵukʼéetʼ nooch s/he always picks berries ḵoowakʼítʼ s/he picked berries tlél ḵoowukʼéetʼ s/he didnʼt pick berries ḵukg̱wakʼéetʼ s/he will pick berries tlél ḵukg̱wakʼéetʼ s/he wonʼt pick berries ḵug̱akʼítʼ let her/him pick berries ḵookʼítʼch s/he picks berries (every time) tlél ḵookʼítʼch s/he hasnʼt picked berries yet tlél aadé ḵoog̱waakʼítʼi yé no way can s/he pick berries ḵoog̱wakʼítʼin s/he would have picked berries ḵukʼítʼni if/when s/he picks berries ḵukʼítʼx̱ s/he picks berries (regularly) kʼeex̱ʼ (3) hook, gaff, hung up hook it; gaff it (of fish) O-S-∅-kʼéex̱ʼ~ (∅ event) for S to hook O; for S to gaff O

ya-kʼeix̱ʼ

O-S-∅-kʼéix̱ʼ~ (∅ event) Kʼíx̱ʼ! Hook it! Yikʼíx̱ʼ! You all hook it! Líl eekʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt hook it! Líl yikʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all hook it! [does not occur] yaa anakʼíx̱ʼ s/he is going along hooking it aawakʼíx̱ʼ s/he hooked it tlél awukʼéex̱ʼ s/he didnʼt hook it akg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ s/he will hook it tlél akg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ s/he wonʼt hook it ashag̱akʼéex̱ʼ let her/him hook it ookʼíx̱ʼch s/he hooks it (every time) tlél ookʼíx̱ʼch s/he hasnʼt hooked it yet tlél aadé oog̱aakʼéex̱ʼi yé no way can s/he hook it oog̱akʼéex̱ʼin s/he would have hooked it ag̱akʼíx̱ʼni if/when s/he hooks it akʼíx̱ʼx̱ s/he hooks it (regularly) hook it in the head; gaff it in the head (of fish) O-sha-S-∅-kʼéex̱ʼ~ (∅ event) for S to hook O in the head; for S to gaff O in the head

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O-sha-S-∅-kʼéix̱ʼ~ (∅ event) Shakʼíx̱ʼ! Hook it in the head! Shaykʼíx̱ʼ! You all hook it in the head! Líl sheekʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt hook it in the head! Líl sheeykʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all hook it in the head! [does not occur] yaa ashanakʼíx̱ʼ s/he is going along hooking it in the head ashaawakʼíx̱ʼ s/he hooked it in the head tlél ashawukʼéex̱ʼ s/he didnʼt hook it in the head ashakg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ s/he will hook it in the head tlél ashakg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ s/he wonʼt hook it in the head ashag̱akʼéex̱ʼ let her/him hook it in the head ashookʼíx̱ʼch s/he hooks it in the head (every time) tlél ashookʼíx̱ʼch s/he hasnʼt hooked it in the head yet tlél aadé ashoog̱aakʼéex̱ʼi no way can s/he hook it in the head ashoog̱akʼéex̱ʼin s/he would have hooked it in the head ashakʼíx̱ʼni if/when s/he hooks it in the head ashakʼíx̱ʼx̱ s/he hooks it in the head (regularly) delayed; stuck, hung up there; hooked N-náx̱ O-sh-kʼéex̱ʼ~ (ga motion) for O to get delayed, stuck, hung up, hooked at N

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kʼéix̱ʼ~ Líl yanax̱ kei ishkʼíx̱ʼjiḵ! Donʼt get hung up! Líl yanax̱ kei yee shkʼíx̱ʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all get hung up! Yanax̱ tsá kei ishakʼéex̱ʼiḵ! Be sure not to get hung up! Yanax̱ tsá kei yee shakʼéex̱ʼiḵ! You all be sure not to get hung up! [does not occur] yanax̱ x̱at wushikʼéex̱ʼ I got hung up yanax̱ wushikʼéex̱ʼ he/she/it got hung up tlél yanax̱ x̱at wushkʼéex̱ʼ I didnʼt get hung up tlél yanax̱ wushkʼéex̱ʼ he/she/it didnʼt get hung up yanax̱ kei x̱at gux̱shakʼéex̱ʼ I will get hung up yanax̱ kei gux̱shakʼéex̱ʼ he/she/it will get hung up tlél yanax̱ kei x̱at gux̱shakʼéex̱ʼ I wonʼt get hung up tlél yanax̱ kei gux̱shakʼéex̱ʼ s/he wonʼt get hung up (chʼa) yanax̱ x̱at gax̱shikʼéex̱ʼi (dé) (just) let me get hung up (now) (chʼa) yanax̱ gax̱shikʼéex̱ʼi (dé) (just) let her/him get hung up (now) yanax̱ x̱at gashkʼíx̱ʼch I get hung up (every time) yanax̱ gashkʼíx̱ʼch he/she/it gets hung up (every time) tlél yanax̱ x̱at gooshkʼíx̱ʼch I havenʼt gotten hung up yet tlél yanax̱ gooshkʼíx̱ʼch s/he hasnʼt gotten hung up yet tlél aadé yanax̱ x̱at gux̱shikʼéex̱ʼi yé no way can I get hung up tlél aadé yanax̱ gux̱shikʼéex̱ʼi yé no way can s/he get hung up yanax̱ x̱at gux̱shakʼéex̱ʼin I would have gotten hung up yanax̱ gux̱shakʼéex̱ʼin s/he would have gotten hung up yanax̱ x̱at shakʼíx̱ʼni if/when I get hung up yanax̱ shakʼíx̱ʼni if/when s/he gets hung up yanax̱ kei x̱at shakʼíx̱ʼch I get hung up (regularly) yanax̱ kei shakʼíx̱ʼch he/she/it gets hung up (regularly) Wéi du g̱eiwú yanax̱ wushikʼéex̱ʼ daak ashukanaḵúx̱u. His net got hung up when he was making a set. Wéi keitl du seit tíxʼi yanax̱ wushikʼéex̱ʼ. The dogʼs leash got hung up. Yanax̱ wushkʼéex̱ʼi wé g̱eiwú akg̱wasʼéilʼ. If it gets hung up, the net will tear. Wé x̱áat a x̱ʼéináx̱ wushikʼéex̱ʼ. The salmon got hooked in the mouth. Geesh x̱oonáx̱ wushikʼéex̱ʼ. It got hung up in the kelp. kʼei (6) good improve it; make peace with her/him O-S-l-kʼéi~ (ga event) for S to improve O; for S to make peace, make up with O (after quarrel)

li-kʼei

Galakʼé! Improve it! Gaylakʼé! You all improve it! [does not occur] kei nax̱lakʼéin I am improving it kei analkʼéin s/he is improving it x̱walikʼéi I improved it awlikʼéi s/he improved it tlél x̱walakʼé I didnʼt improve it tlél awulkʼé s/he didnʼt improve it kei kḵwalakʼéi I will improve it kei agux̱lakʼéi s/he will improve it tlél kei kḵwalakʼei I wonʼt improve it tlél kei agux̱lakʼei s/he wonʼt improve it gaḵalakʼei / gaḵalakʼeiyí let me improve it agax̱lakʼei / agax̱lakʼeiyí let her/him improve it [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé agux̱likʼeiyi yé no way can s/he improve it agux̱lakʼeiyín s/he would have improved it agalkʼéini if/when s/he improves it kei alkʼéich s/he improves it (regularly) A yís xʼáant uwanúk - tlél aadé agux̱likʼéiyi yé. Heʼs mad at her - he canʼt make peace with her. Du toowú kei kḵwalakʼéi. Iʼm going to make him feel better. happy, glad, feel fine N toowú ∅-kʼéi (ga state) for N to be glad, happy, feel fine

ḵaa toowoo + ya-kʼei

du toowú yakʼéi s/he is happy tlél du toowú ukʼé s/he isnʼt happy du toowú wookʼéi s/he was happy tlél du toowú wukʼéi s/he wasnʼt happy du toowú kei kg̱wakʼéi s/he will be happy tlél du toowú kei kg̱wakʼéi s/he wonʼt be happy du toowú gag̱akʼéi let her/him be happy du toowú gakʼéich s/he gets happy (every time) tlél du toowú gookʼéich s/he hasnʼt felt better yet tlél aadé du toowú kg̱waakʼéiyi yé no way can s/he be happy du toowú gug̱akʼéiyin s/he would have been happy du toowú gakʼéini if/when s/he is happy du toowú kei kʼéich s/he gets happy (regularly) taste good (like the taste of it) N x̱ʼé ∅-kʼéi (ga state) for N to like the taste of something

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du x̱ʼé yakʼéi s/he likes the taste of it tlél du x̱ʼé ukʼé s/he doesnʼt like the taste of it du x̱ʼé wookʼéi s/he liked the taste of it tlél du x̱ʼé wukʼéi s/he didnʼt like the taste of it du x̱ʼé kei kg̱wakʼéi s/he will like the taste of it tlél du x̱ʼé kei kg̱wakʼéi s/he wonʼt like the taste of it [does not occur] du x̱ʼé gakʼéich s/he likes the taste of it (every time) tlél du x̱ʼé gookʼéich s/he doesnʼt like the taste of it yet tlél aadé du x̱ʼé gug̱aakʼéiyi yé no way can s/he like the taste of it du x̱ʼé gug̱akʼéiyin s/he would have liked the taste of it du x̱ʼé kʼéini if/when s/he likes the taste of it [does not occur] good (of weather) ḵu-∅-kʼei~ (g̱a state) for the weather to be good

ḵu-ya-kʼei

ḵuwakʼéi the weather is good tlél ḵookʼé the weather isnʼt good yei ḵunakʼéin the weather is becoming good ḵukʼéi nooch the weather is always good ḵukʼéiyin the weather used to be good tlél ḵookʼéiyin the weather didnʼt used to be good ḵoowakʼei the weather became good tlél ḵuwukʼei the weather wasnʼt good yei ḵukg̱wakʼéi the weather will become good tlél yei ḵukg̱wakʼei the weather wonʼt be(come) good ḵug̱aag̱akʼei let the weather be good ḵug̱akʼéich the weather becomes good (every time) tlél ḵoog̱akʼéich the weather hasnʼt become good yet tlél aadé ḵoog̱aag̱aakʼeiyi yé no way can the weather be good ḵoog̱aag̱akʼeiyín the weather would have been nice ḵug̱akʼéini if/when the weather is nice yei ḵukʼéich the weather becomes good (regularly) bad, evil tlél O-sh-kʼéi (ga state) for O to be bad, evil, no good

tléil + shi-kʼei

Some fluent speakers consider this a taboo word to use in reference to another person, while others find it acceptable. For speakers who find it acceptable, here is an example: Tlél ushikʼéiyi ḵáa áwé. "That man is no good." [see ʼgoodʼ] Líl eeshkʼéiḵ! Be bad! Líl yee ushkʼéiḵ! You all be bad! See ʼgoodʼ tlél x̱at ushkʼé I am bad tlél eeshkʼé you are bad tlél ushkʼé he/she/it is bad tlél haa ushkʼé we are bad tlél yee ushkʼé you all are bad tlél has ushkʼé they are bad tlél ḵooshkʼé people are bad l oosheekʼéiyi aa the bad one See ʼgoodʼ tlél kei x̱at unashkʼéin Iʼm turning evil tlél kei eenashkʼéin youʼre turning evil tlél kei unashkʼéin s/he is turning evil, it is beginning to spoil, go bad tlél kei haa unashkʼéin we are turning evil tlél kei yee unashkʼéin you all are turning evil tlél kei has unashkʼéin they are turning evil tlél kei ḵunashkʼéin people are turning evil See ʼgoodʼ tlél ooshkʼéiyin 3 used to be bad See ʼgoodʼ tlél x̱at wushkʼéi I was bad tlél iwushkʼéi you were bad tlél wushkʼéi he/she/it was bad tlél haa wushkʼéi we were bad tlél yee wushkʼéi you all were bad tlél has wushkʼéi they were bad tlél ḵuwushkʼéi people were bad See ʼgoodʼ tlél kei x̱at gux̱shakʼéi I will be bad tlél kei igux̱shakʼéi you will be bad tlél kei gux̱shakʼéi he/she/it will be bad tlél kei haa gux̱shakʼéi we will be bad tlél kei yee gux̱shakʼéi you all will be bad tlél kei has gux̱shakʼéi they will be bad tlél ḵugux̱shakʼéi people will be bad [does not occur] tlél ushkʼé nooch he/she/it is always bad See ʼgoodʼ [does not occur] tlél aadé tlél gux̱shikʼéiyi yé no way can he/she/it be bad tlél gux̱shakʼéiyin he/she/it would have been bad tlél gooshkʼéini if/when he/she/it is bad tlél kei ushkʼéich he/she/it gets bad (regularly) ` ` tlél x̱ʼéshkʼé bad choice of words Tlél wushkʼéi du daa.itnagóowu. His/her body language was bad. good, fine, pretty O-∅-kʼéi (ga state) for O to be good, fine, pretty

ya-kʼei

Igakʼéi! Be good! Yee gakʼéi! You all be good! Líl eekʼeiyíḵ! Donʼt be good! Líl yee kʼeiyíḵ! Donʼt you all be good! x̱at yakʼéi Iʼm good iyakʼéi youʼre good yakʼéi he/she/it is good haa yakʼéi weʼre good yee yakʼéi you all are good has yakʼéi theyʼre good ḵuyakʼéi / ḵuwakʼéi people are good tlél x̱at ukʼé Iʼm not good tlél eekʼé youʼre not good tlél ukʼé he/she/it is not good tlél haa ukʼé weʼre not good tlél yee ukʼé you all are not good tlél has ukʼé theyʼre not good tlél ḵookʼé people are not good wé yakʼéiyi aa the good one kei x̱at nakʼéin Iʼm getting better kei inakʼéin youʼre getting better kei nakʼéin he/she/it is getting better kei haa nakʼéin we are getting better kei yee nakʼéin you all are getting better kei has nakʼéin they are getting better kei ḵunakʼéin people are getting better kʼéiyin he/she/it used to be good tlél ookʼéiyin he/she/it didnʼt used to be good x̱at wookʼéi I was good; I got better iwookʼéi you were good; you got better wookʼéi he/she/it was good; he/she/it got better haa wookʼéi we were good; we got better yee wookʼéi you all were good; you all got better has wookʼéi they were good; they got better ḵoowookʼéi people were good; people got better tlél x̱at wukʼéi I wasnʼt good; I didnʼt get better tlél iwukʼéi you werenʼt good; you didnʼt get better tlél wukʼéi he/she/it wasnʼt good; he/she/it didnʼt get better tlél haa wukʼéi we werenʼt good; we didnʼt get better tlél yee wukʼéi you all werenʼt good; you all didnʼt get better tlél has wukʼéi they werenʼt good; they didnʼt get better tlél ḵuwukʼéi nobody was good; nobody got better kei x̱at gug̱akʼéi I will be good; I will get better kei ikg̱wakʼéi you will be good; you will get better kei kg̱wakʼéi he/she/it will be good; he/she/it will get better kei haa kg̱wakʼéi we will be good; we will get better kei yee kg̱wakʼéi you all will be good; you all will get better kei has gug̱akʼéi they will be good; they will get better kei ḵukg̱wakʼéi people will be good; people will get better tlél kei x̱at gug̱akʼéi I wonʼt be good; I wonʼt get better tlél kei ikg̱wakʼéi you wonʼt be good; you wonʼt get better tlél kei kg̱wakʼéi he/she/it wonʼt be good; he/she/it wonʼt get better tlél kei haa kg̱wakʼéi we wonʼt be good; we wonʼt get better tlél kei yee kg̱wakʼéi you all wonʼt be good; you all wonʼt get better tlél kei has gug̱akʼéi they wonʼt be good; they wonʼt get better tlél kei ḵukg̱wakʼéi nobody will be good; nobody will get better x̱at gag̱akʼéi let me be good gag̱akʼéi let her/him/it be good haa kg̱akʼéi let us be good yakʼéi nooch he/she/it is always good x̱at gakʼéich I get better (every time) igakʼéich you get better (every time) gakʼéich he/she/it gets better (every time) haa gakʼéich we get better (every time) yee gakʼéich you all get better (every time) has gakʼéich they get better (every time) ḵugakʼéich people get better (every time) tlél x̱at gookʼéich I havenʼt gotten better yet tlél igookʼéich you havenʼt gotten better yet tlél gookʼéich he/she/it hasnʼt gotten better yet tlél haa gookʼéich we havenʼt gotten better yet tlél yee gookʼéich you all havenʼt gotten better yet tlél has gookʼéich they havenʼt gotten better yet tlél ḵugookʼéich nobody has gotten better yet tlél aadé kg̱waakʼéiyi yé no way can he/she/it be good gug̱akʼéiyin he/she/it would have been good gakʼéini if/when he/she/it is good kei kʼéich he/she/it gets better (regularly) ` ` kʼein (2) jump jump around (singular subject) N-t S-j-kʼéin~ (na motion) for (singular) S to jump around at N

ji-kʼein

Át neeshkʼéin! Jump around! [does not occur] Líl át yoo eeshkʼíngiḵ! Donʼt jump around! Líl át yishkʼéiniḵ! Donʼt jump around! [does not occur] [does not occur] át x̱wajikʼéin I am jumping around; I jumped around át wujikʼéin he/she/it is jumping around; he/she/it jumped around tlél át x̱washkʼéin Iʼm not jumping around; I didnʼt jump around tlél át wushkʼéin he/she/it isnʼt jumping around; he/she/it didnʼt jump around át kuḵwashkʼéin I will jump around át gug̱ashkʼéin he/she/it will jump around tlél át kuḵwashkʼéin I wonʼt jump around tlél át gug̱ashkʼéin he/she/it wonʼt jump around át naḵashkʼéin let me jump around át nag̱ashkʼéin let her/him/it jump around át nax̱ashkʼénch I jump around (every time) át nashkʼénch he/she/it jumps around (every time) tlél át nax̱washkʼénch I havenʼt jumped around yet tlél át unashkʼénch he/she/it hasnʼt jumped around yet tlél aadé át naḵwajikʼéini yé no way can I jump around tlél aadé át nax̱wjikʼéini yé no way can he/she/it jump around át naḵwashkʼéinin I would have jumped around át nag̱washkʼéinin he/she/it would have jumped around át nax̱ashkʼénni if/when I jump around át nashkʼénni if/when he/she/it jumps around át yoo x̱jikʼénk I jump around (regularly) át yoo jikʼénk he/she/it jumps around (regularly) Du toowú sagoowú át nashkʼénch. When sheʼs happy, she jumps around. jump (plural subject) kei O-ka-du-∅-kʼéin~ (∅ motion) for (plural) O to jump (see ji-kʼein for singular)

ka-doo-ya-kʼein

Kei yee kdukʼén! You all jump! Líl kei yee kdukʼénjiḵ! Donʼt you all jump! [does not occur] kei haa kawduwakʼén we jumped kei (ha)s kawduwakʼén they jumped tlél kei haa kawdukʼéin we didnʼt jump tlél kei (ha)s kawdukʼéin they didnʼt jump kei haa kagax̱dukʼéin we will jump kei (ha)s kagax̱dukʼéin they will jump tlél kei haa kagax̱dukʼéin we wonʼt jump tlél kei (ha)s kagax̱dukʼéin they wonʼt jump kei haa kax̱dukʼéin let us jump kei (ha)s kax̱dukʼéin let them jump kei haa koodukʼénch we jump (every time) kei (ha)s koodukʼénch they jump (every time) tlél kei haa koodukʼéinch we havenʼt jumped yet tlél kei (ha)s koodukʼéinch they havenʼt jumped yet tlél aadé kei haa kax̱duwakʼéini yé no way can we jump tlél aadé kei (ha)s kax̱duwakʼéini yé no way can they jump kei haa kax̱dukʼéinin we would have jumped kei (ha)s kax̱dukʼéinin they would have jumped kei haa kadukʼénni if/when we jump kei (ha)s kadukʼénni if/when they jump [does not occur] kʼoots break break it (esp. rope-like objects) O-S-l-kʼoots~ (na event) for S to break O (esp. rope-like objects)

li-kʼoots

Nalkʼoots! Break it! Naylakʼoots! You all break it! Líl yóo ilakʼútsgiḵ! Donʼt break it! Líl yóo yilakʼútsgiḵ! Donʼt you all break it! [does not occur] x̱walikʼoots I broke it awlikʼoots s/he broke it tlél x̱walakʼoots I didnʼt break it tlél awulkʼoots s/he didnʼt break it kuḵalakʼóots I will break it agux̱lakʼóots s/he will break it tlél kuḵalakʼoots I wonʼt break it tlél agux̱lakʼoots s/he wonʼt break it naḵalakʼoots let me break it anax̱lakʼoots let her/him break it nax̱lakʼútsch I break it (every time) analkʼútsch s/he breaks it (every time) tlél nax̱wlakʼútsch I havenʼt broken it yet tlél oonalkʼútsch s/he hasnʼt broken it yet tlél aadé naḵwalikʼoodzi yé no way can I break it tlél aadé anax̱wlikʼoodzi yé no way can s/he break it naḵwalakʼoodzín I would have broken it anax̱wlakʼoodzín s/he would have broken it nax̱lakʼútsni if/when I break it analkʼútsni if/when s/he breaks it yoo x̱alikʼútsk I break it (regularly) yoo alikʼútsk s/he breaks it (regularly) kʼwátʼ nest, lay eggs lay eggs; nest a-d-l-kʼwáatʼ~ (na event; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for birds to lay eggs, nest

dli-kʼwátʼ

Note that the verb in the example sentence here: ilkʼwátʼx̱ is the intransitive repetitive form, while the repetitive form given above: alkʼwátʼx̱ is transitive. The difference is that the transitive form focuses more on the object (in this case, the egg). For example, alkʼwátʼx̱ could be translated as ʼit lays eggsʼ while ilkʼwátʼx̱ could be translated as ʼit reproduces (in the form of an egg)ʼ. [does not occur] awdlikʼwátʼ it laid an egg tlél awulkʼwáatʼ it didnʼt lay an egg akg̱walkʼwáatʼ it will lay an egg [does not occur] ang̱alkʼwátʼ let it lay an egg [does not occur] tlél oonalkʼwátʼch it hasnʼt laid an egg yet tlél aadé oonax̱dlikʼwátʼi yé no way can it lay an egg oong̱walkʼwátʼin it would have laid an egg analkʼwátʼni if/when it lays an egg alkʼwátʼx̱ it lays eggs (regularly) Tlél aadé oonax̱dlikʼwátʼi yé a yáanáx̱ woowáat. Thereʼs no way it can lay an egg, itʼs too old. Oong̱walkʼwátʼin yilidlékw ḵu.aa. It would have laid an egg, but you scared it off. ḵaa ¹ (7) ask, charge, confess, order, say, send, tell instruct her/him; give her/him orders to do áa O-ji-ka-(u)-S-∅-ḵaa~ (na event) for S to instruct, give O orders (to do)

áa + ji-ka-ya-ḵaa

Note that in classical Tlingit, this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which is slowly falling out of modern day speech. This is indicated in the theme as (u)-. Alternate forms given here show one form with the thematic (u)- and one without, both of which are acceptable in modern speech. Áa jeekunaḵá! / Áa jeekanaḵá! Give her/him orders! Áa jeekunayḵá! / Áa jeekanayḵá! You all give her/him orders! Líl áa yoo jikeeḵéigiḵ! Donʼt give her/him orders! Líl áa yoo jikayḵéigiḵ! Donʼt you all give her/him orders! [does not occur] [does not occur] áa jikx̱waaḵaa I gave her/him orders áa ajikaawaḵaa s/he gave her/him orders tlél áa jikx̱waḵaa I didnʼt give her/him orders tlél áa ajikawuḵaa s/he didnʼt give her/him orders áa jikakḵwaḵáa I will give her/him orders áa ajikakg̱waḵáa s/he will give her/him orders tlél áa jikakḵwaḵaa I wonʼt give her/him orders tlél áa ajikakg̱waḵaa s/he wonʼt give her/him orders áa jikunḵaḵaa let me give her/him orders áa ajikung̱aḵaa let her/him give her/him orders áa jikunx̱aḵéich / áa jikanx̱aḵéich I give her/him orders (every time) áa ajikunaḵéich / áa ajikanaḵéich s/he gives her/him orders (every time) tlél áa jikunx̱aḵéich I havenʼt given her/him orders yet tlél áa ajikunaḵéich s/he hasnʼt given her/him orders yet tlél aadé áa ajikung̱waaḵaayi yé no way can s/he give her/him orders áa ajikung̱waḵaayín s/he would have given her/him orders áa ajikanaḵéini if/when s/he gives her/him orders áa yoo ajikaayaḵéik s/he gives her/him orders (regularly) send her/him on a mission, errand O-ka-(u)-S-∅-ḵaa~ (na event) for S to send O (esp. on a mission or errand, or to deliver a message)

ka-ya-ḵaa

Note that in classical Tlingit, this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which is slowly falling out of modern day speech. This is indicated in the Leer-Edwards theme as (u)-. Alternate forms given below show one form with the thematic (u)- and one without, both of which are acceptable in modern speech. Kanaḵá! / Kunaḵá! Send her/him on an errand! Kanayḵá! / Kunayḵá! You all send her/him on an errand! Líl yoo keeḵéig̱iḵ! Donʼt send her/him on an errand! Líl yoo kayḵéig̱iḵ! Donʼt you all send her/him on an errand! [does not occur] kax̱waaḵaa I sent her/him on an errand akaawaḵaa s/he sent her/him on an errand tlél kax̱waḵaa I didnʼt send her/him on an errand tlél akawuḵaa s/he didnʼt send her/him on an errand kakḵwaḵáa I will send her/him on an errand akakg̱waḵáa s/he will send her/him on an errand tlél kakḵwaḵaa I wonʼt send her/him on an errand tlél akakg̱waḵaa s/he wonʼt send her/him on an errand kunḵaḵaa let me send her/him on an errand akung̱aḵaa let her/him send her/him on an errand kunx̱aḵéich I send her/him on an errand (every time) akunaḵéich s/he sends her/him on an errand (every time) tlél koonx̱aḵéich I havenʼt sent her/him on an errand yet tlél akoonaḵéich s/he hasnʼt sent her/him on an errand yet tlél aadé akoong̱aaḵaayi yé no way can s/he send her/him on an errand akoong̱aḵaayín s/he would have sent her/him on an errand akunaḵéini if/when s/he sends her/him on an errand yoo akayaḵéik / yoo akuwaḵéik s/he sends her/him on an errand (regularly) confess, acknowledge, declare; charge, set the price, charge for (N éede) O-ya-S-s-ḵaa~ (na act) for S to charge (N) for O; for S to set the price of O; for S to confess, acknowledge, or delcare O

ya-si-ḵaa

Although this verb is translated as "charge" throughout the paradigm below, it actually has a number of different meanings. For all potential meanings, please see the translation of the Leer-Edwards theme. Note the (N éede) in the Leer-Edwards theme. This is used for the "charge" sense of this verb to indicate who is being charged. For example: Du éede ayawsiḵaa. "S/he charged her/him for it". Or: Tlél du éede ayawusḵá "S/he didnʼt charge her/him for it." Yanasḵá! Charge for it! Yanaysaḵá! You all charge for it! Líl yoo yeesaḵéigiḵ! Donʼt charge for it! Líl yoo yaysaḵéigiḵ! Donʼt you all charge for it! yax̱saḵá I charge for it ayasaḵá s/he charges for it tlél yax̱wsaḵá I donʼt charge for it tlél awoosḵá s/he doesnʼt charge for it yax̱wsiḵaa I charged for it ayawsiḵaa s/he charged for it tlél yax̱wsaḵá I didnʼt charge for it tlél ayawusḵá s/he didnʼt charge for it yakḵwasaḵáa I will charge for it ayagux̱saḵáa s/he will charge for it tlél yakḵwasaḵaa I wonʼt charge for it tlél ayagux̱saḵaa s/he wonʼt charge for it yanḵasaḵaa let me charge for it ayanax̱saḵaa let her/him charge for it yanax̱saḵéich I charge for it (every time) ayanasḵéich s/he charges for it (every time) tlél woonax̱saḵéich I havenʼt charged for it yet tlél awoonasḵéich s/he hasnʼt charged for it yet tlél aadé woonḵasiḵaayi yé no way can I charge for it tlél aadé awoonax̱siḵaayi yé no way can s/he charge for it woonḵasaḵaayín I would have charged for it awoonax̱saḵaayín s/he would have charged for it yanax̱saḵéini if/when I charge for it ayanasḵéini if/when s/he charges for it yoo yax̱siḵéik I charge for it (regularly) yoo ayasiḵéik s/he charges for it (regularly) insult her/him, offend her/him by what one says sh tugéit O-ya-S-d-s-ḵaa~ (∅ event) for S to insult, offend O by what one says

sh tugéi- + ya-dzi-ḵaa

Sh tugéit yeesḵá! Insult her/him! Sh tugéit yayisḵá! You all insult her/him! Líl sh tugéit yeesḵéix̱iḵ! Donʼt insult her/him! Líl sh tugéit yayisḵéix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all insult her/him! [does not occur] sh tugéit yax̱wdziḵáa I insulted her/him sh tugéit ayawdziḵáa s/he insulted her/him tlél sh tugéit yax̱wasḵá I didnʼt insult her/him tlél sh tugéit ayawusḵá s/he didnʼt insult her/him sh tugéit ayakg̱wasḵáa s/he will insult her/him tlél sh tugéit ayakg̱wasḵaa s/he wonʼt insult her/him (chʼa) sh tugéit ayag̱asḵaa (just) let her/him insult her/him sh tugéit ayoosḵáaych s/he insults her/him (every time) tlél sh tugéit ayoosḵáaych s/he hasnʼt insulted her/him yet tlél aadé sh tugéit ayax̱wdziḵaayi yé no way can s/he insult her/him sh tugéit ayag̱wasḵaayín s/he would have insulted her/him sh tugéit ayasḵéini if/when s/he insults her/him sh tugéit ayasḵéix̱ s/he insults her/him (regularly) Sh tugéit ágé iyawtudziḵáa? Have we offended you by what we said? [Story & Naish 1973: 115] Sh tugéit x̱at yawdziḵáa. He insulted me (he said cutting things that hit me pretty hard). [Story & Naish 1973: 115] tell her/him (a certain thing) (yéi) O-daa-ya-S-∅-ḵá (act) for S to tell O (a certain thing)

A + daa-ya-ya-ḵaa

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. [does not occur] yéi daayax̱aḵá I tell her/him that yéi daayeeḵá you tell her/him that yéi adaayaḵá s/he tells her/him that yéi daayatooḵá we tell her/him that yéi daayeeyḵá you all tell her/him that yéi (ha)s adaayaḵá they tell her/him that yéi daayaduḵá someone tells her/him that tlél yéi daayax̱waḵá I donʼt tell her/him that tlél yéi daayeeḵá you donʼt tell her/him that tlél yéi adaawuḵá s/he doesnʼt tell her/him that tlél yéi daayatooḵá we donʼt tell her/him that tlél yéi daayeeyḵá you all donʼt tell her/him that tlél yéi (ha)s adaawuḵá they donʼt tell her/him that tlél yéi daayaduḵá nobody tells her/him that [does not occur] [does not occur] say (a certain thing); confess, acknowledge, declare (a certain thing) (yéi) ya-S-∅-ḵaa~ (na act) for S to say (a certain thing); for S to confess, acknowledge, declare (a certain thing)

A + ya-ya-ḵaa, A + x̱ʼa-ya-ya-ḵaa (present action)

Note that the imperfective form and prohibitive forms require the thematic prefix x̱ʼa- which refers to the mouth. Yéi yanaḵá! Say it! Yéi yanayḵá! You all say it! Líl yéi x̱ʼayeeḵáaḵ! Donʼt say it! Líl yéi x̱ʼayeeyḵáaḵ! Donʼt you all you all say it! yéi x̱ʼayax̱aḵá I say that; Iʼm saying that yéi x̱ʼayeeḵá you say that; youʼre saying that yéi x̱ʼayaḵá s/he says that; s/heʼs saying that yéi x̱ʼayatooḵá we say that; weʼre saying that yéi x̱ʼayeeyḵá you all say that; you all are saying that yéi (ha)s x̱ʼayaḵá they say that; theyʼre saying that yéi x̱ʼayaduḵá it is said; someone is saying that tlél yéi x̱ʼawux̱aḵá I donʼt say that; Iʼm not saying that tlél yéi x̱ʼayeeḵá you donʼt say that; you arenʼt saying that tlél yéi x̱ʼawuḵá s/he doesnʼt say that; s/he isnʼt saying that tlél yéi x̱ʼayatooḵá we donʼt say that; we arenʼt saying that tlél yéi x̱ʼayayḵá you all donʼt say that; you all arenʼt saying that tlél yéi (ha)s x̱ʼawuḵá they donʼt say that; they arenʼt saying that tlél yéi x̱ʼayaduḵá that isnʼt said; people arenʼt saying that wé yéi x̱ʼayaḵaayi aa the one who says that yéi x̱ʼayaḵáayin s/he used to say that tlél yéi x̱ʼawuḵáayin s/he didnʼt used to say that yéi yax̱waaḵaa I said that yéi yeeyaḵaa you said that yéi yaawaḵaa s/he said that yéi yawtuwaḵaa we said that yéi yayeeyḵaa you all said that yéi has yaawaḵaa they said that yéi yawduwaḵaa that was said tlél yéi yax̱waḵaa I didnʼt say that tlél yéi yayiḵaa you didnʼt say that tlél yéi yawuḵaa s/he didnʼt say that tlél yéi yawtooḵaa we didnʼt say that tlél yéi yayeeyḵaa you all didnʼt say that tlél yéi (ha)s yawuḵaa they didnʼt say that tlél yéi yawduḵaa that wasnʼt said yéi yakḵwaḵáa I will say that yéi yakg̱eeḵáa you will say that yéi yakg̱waḵáa s/he will say that yéi yagax̱tooḵáa we will say that yéi yagax̱yeeḵáa you all will say that yéi (ha)s yakg̱waḵáa they will say that yéi yagax̱duḵáa it will be said tlél yéi yakḵwaḵaa I wonʼt say that tlél yéi yakg̱eeḵaa you wonʼt say that tlél yéi yakg̱waḵaa s/he wonʼt say that tlél yéi yagax̱tooḵaa we wonʼt say that tlél yéi yagax̱yeeḵaa you all wonʼt say that tlél yéi (ha)s yakg̱waḵaa they wonʼt say that tlél yéi yagax̱duḵaa that wonʼt be said yéi yanḵaḵaa let me say that yéi yang̱aḵaa let her/him say that yéi yanax̱tooḵaa let us say that yéi x̱ʼayaḵáa nooch s/he always says that yéi yanx̱aḵéich I say that (every time) yéi yaneeḵéich you say that (every time) yéi yanaḵéich s/he says that (every time) yéi yantooḵéich we say that (every time) yéi yanayḵéich you all say that (every time) yéi (ha)s yanaḵéich they say that (every time) yéi yanduḵéich it is said (every time) tlél yéi yanx̱waḵéich / yoonx̱aḵéich I havenʼt said that yet tlél yéi yaneeḵéich you havenʼt said that yet tlél yéi yoonaḵéich s/he hasnʼt said that yet tlél yéi yantooḵéich we havenʼt said that yet tlél yéi yanayḵéich you all havenʼt said that yet tlél yéi (ha)s wunaḵéich they havenʼt said that yet tlél yéi ḵuwanaḵéich it hasnʼt been said yet tlél aadé yéi yang̱waaḵaayi yé no way can s/he say that yéi yang̱waḵaayín s/he would have said that yéi yanaḵéini if/when s/he says that yoo x̱ʼayaḵéik s/he says that (regularly) Gunalchéesh yéi yanḵaḵaat áyá x̱wdihaan. I stood up to say thank you. Wé haa sháadeiháni gunalchéesh haa jee yís yéi yanaḵéich. Our leader says thank you for us. Tsu yéi wunaḵá! You can say that again! tell, say to her/him; ask her/him to do (yóo) O-ya-S-s-ḵaa~ (na event) for S to tell, say (that) to O; for S to ask O to do (that)

A + ya-si-ḵaa

Yóo yanasḵá! Tell her/him! Yóo yanaysaḵá! You all tell her/him! Líl yóo yeesaḵéigiḵ! Donʼt tell her/him! Líl yóo yaysaḵéigiḵ! Donʼt you all tell her/him! [does not occur] [does not occur] yóo yax̱wsiḵaa I told her/him yóo yaysiḵaa you told her/him yóo ayawsiḵaa s/he told her/him yóo yawtusiḵaa we told her/him yóo yayeeysiḵaa you all told her/him yóo (ha)s ayawsiḵaa they told her/him yóo yawdudziḵaa someone told her/him tlél yéi yax̱wsaḵaa I didnʼt tell her/him tlél yéi yaysaḵaa you didnʼt tell her/him tlél yéi ayawusḵaa s/he didnʼt tell her/him tlél yéi yawtusaḵaa we didnʼt tell her/him tlél yéi yayeeysaḵaa you all didnʼt tell her/him tlél yéi (ha)s ayawusḵaa they didnʼt tell her/him tlél yéi yawdusḵaa nobody told her/him yóo yakḵwasaḵáa I will tell her/him yóo yakg̱isaḵáa you will tell her/him yóo ayagux̱saḵáa s/he will tell her/him yóo yagax̱tusaḵáa we will tell her/him yóo yagax̱yisaḵáa you all will tell her/him yóo (ha)s ayagux̱saḵáa they will tell her/him yóo yagax̱dusḵáa someone will tell her/him tlél yóo yakḵwasaḵaa I wonʼt tell her/him tlél yóo yakg̱isaḵaa you wonʼt tell her/him tlél yóo ayagux̱saḵaa s/he wonʼt tell her/him tlél yóo yagax̱tusaḵaa we wonʼt tell her/him tlél yóo yagax̱yisaḵaa you all wonʼt tell her/him tlél yóo (ha)s ayagux̱saḵaa they wonʼt tell her/him tlél yóo yagax̱dusḵaa nobody will tell her/him yóo yanḵasaḵaa let me tell her/him yóo ayanax̱saḵaa let her/him tell her/him yóo yanax̱tusaḵaa let us tell her/him yóo yanax̱saḵéich I tell her/him (every time) yóo yanisaḵéich you tell her/him (every time) yóo ayanasḵéich s/he tells her/him (every time) yóo yantusaḵéich we tell her/him (every time) yóo yanaysaḵéich you all tell her/him (every time) yóo (ha)s ayanasḵéich they tell her/him (every time) yóo yandusḵéich someone tells her/him (every time) tlél yóo yanax̱saḵéich I havenʼt told her/him yet tlél yóo yanisaḵéich you havenʼt told her/him yet tlél yóo ayanasḵéich s/he hasnʼt told her/him yet tlél yóo yantusaḵéich we havenʼt told her/him yet tlél yóo yanaysaḵéich you all havenʼt told her/him yet tlél yóo (ha)s awunasḵéich they havenʼt told her/him yet tlél yóo yandusḵéich nobody has told her/him yet tlél aadé yóo ayanax̱siḵaayi yé no way can s/he tell her/him yóo ayanax̱saḵaayín s/he would have told her/him yóo ayanasḵéinni if/when s/he tells her/him yóo ayasiḵéik s/he tells her/him (regularly) ḵaa ² (5) sew, tattoo embroider it; sew beads on it O-ka-S-∅-ḵaa~ (∅ act) for S to sew beads on, embroider O

ka-ya-ḵaa

To indicate what the design was embroidered onto, use: N káa ʼon Nʼ. For example: Yéil du luljíni káa akaawaḵáa. ʼS/he embroidered a raven on his/her vest.ʼ This is not required with this verb, however, and therefore is not given in the Leer-Edwards theme above. This sentence is also acceptable: Yéil akaawaḵáa. ʼs/he embroidered a ravenʼ. A káa kaḵá! Embroider it on it! A káa kayḵá! You all embroider it on it! Líl a káa keeḵéix̱iḵ! Donʼt embroider it on it! Líl a káa kayḵéix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all embroider it on it! a káa akaḵéisʼ s/heʼs embroidering it on it tlél a káa akooḵéisʼ s/heʼs not embroidering it on it a káa akaawaḵáa s/he embroidered it on it tlél a káa akawuḵá s/he didnʼt embroider it on it a káa akakg̱waḵáa s/he will embroider it on it tlél a káa akakg̱waḵaa s/he wonʼt embroider it on it a káa akag̱aḵaa let her/him embroider it on it a káa akooḵáaych s/he embroiders it on it (every time) tlél a káa akooḵáaych s/he hasnʼt embroidered it on it yet tlél aadé a káa akg̱waaḵaayi yé no way can s/he embroider it on it a káa akg̱waḵaayín s/he would have embroidered it on it a káa akaḵéini if/when s/he embroiders it on it a káa akaḵéix̱ s/he embroiders it on it (regularly) sew it on it N-t~ O-ka-S-l-ḵaa~ (∅ motion) for S to sew O on P

---

A kát kalaḵá! Sew it on it! A kát kaylaḵá! You all sew it on it! Líl a káx̱ keelaḵaaḵ! Donʼt sew it on it! Líl a káx̱ kaylaḵaaḵ! Donʼt you all sew it on it! [does not occur] a kaadé yaa kanax̱lakéin I am sewing it on it a kaadé yaa akanalḵéin s/he is sewing it on it a kát kax̱wliḵáa I sewed it on it a kát akawliḵáa s/he sewed it on it tlél a kát kax̱wlaḵá I didnʼt sew it on it tlél a kát akawulḵá s/he didnʼt sew it on it a kaadé kakḵwalaḵáa I will sew it on it a kaadé akagux̱laḵáa s/he will sew it on it tlél a kaadé kakḵwalaḵaa I wonʼt sew it on it tlél a kaadé akagux̱laḵaa s/he wonʼt sew it on it a kát kaḵalaḵaa let me sew it on it a kát akax̱laḵaa let her/him sew it on it a kát koox̱laḵáaych I sew it on it (every time) a kát akoolḵáaych s/he sews it on it (every time) tlél a kát koox̱laḵáaych I havenʼt sewed it on it yet tlél a kát akoolḵáaych s/he hasnʼt sewed it on it yet tlél aadé a kát kooḵaliḵaayi yé no way can I sew it on it tlél aadé a kát akoox̱liḵaayi yé no way can s/he sew it on it a kát kooḵalaḵaayín I would have sewed it on it a kát akoox̱laḵaayín s/he would have sewed it on it a kát kax̱laḵéini if/when I sew it on it a kát aklaḵéini if/when s/he sews it on it a káx̱ kax̱laḵéix̱ I sew it on it (regularly) a káx̱ aklaḵéix̱ s/he sews it on it (regularly) A kát akoox̱laḵaayín tás ḵu.aa du jeet shuwaxíx. She would have sewed it on it, but she ran out of thread. sew it O-S-∅-ḵaa~ (∅ act) for S to sew O

ya-ḵaa

ḵá! Sew it! Yiḵá! You all sew it! Líl eeḵéisʼiḵ! Donʼt sew it! Líl yiḵéisʼiḵ! Donʼt you all sew it! aḵéisʼ s/he sews it; s/he is sewing it tlél ooḵéisʼ s/he doesnʼt sew it; s/he isnʼt sewing it aḵéisʼ nooch s/he always sews it aawaḵáa s/he sewed it tlél awuḵá s/he didnʼt sew it akg̱waḵáa s/he will sew it tlél akg̱waḵaa s/he wonʼt sew it ag̱aḵaa let her/him sew it ooḵáaych s/he sews it (every time) tlél ooḵáaych s/he hasnʼt sewn it yet tlél aadé oog̱aaḵaayi yé no way can s/he sew it oog̱aḵaayín s/he would have sewn it aḵéini if/when s/he sews it [does not occur] tattoo it O-ka-S-s-ḵaa~ (∅ event) for S to tattoo O

ka-si-ḵaa

Kasaḵá! Tattoo it! Líl keesaḵéix̱iḵ! Donʼt tattoo it! [does not occur] yaa kanasḵéin s/he is tattooing it kax̱wsiḵáa I tattooed it akawsiḵáa s/he tattoed it tlél kax̱wsaḵá I didnʼt tattoo it tlél akawusḵá s/he didnʼt tattoo it akagux̱saḵáa s/he will tattoo it tlél akagux̱saḵaa s/he wonʼt tattoo it akax̱saḵaa / akax̱saḵaayí let her/him tattoo it akoosḵáaych s/he tattoos it (every time) tlél akoosḵáaych s/he hasnʼt tattooed it yet tlél aadé akoox̱siḵaayi yé no way can s/he tattoo it akoox̱saḵaayín s/he would have tattooed it akasḵéini if/when s/he tattoos it akasḵéix̱ s/he tattooes it (regularly) Ax̱ sée jín kax̱wsiḵáa. I tattooed my daughterʼs hand. [Story & Naish 1973: 224] Yáa ax̱ jín kasaḵá! Tatoo my arm / hand! [Story & Naish 1973: 224] sew S-d-ḵaa~ (∅ act) for S to sew

di-ḵaa

Idaḵá! Sew! Yidaḵá! You all sew! Líl idaḵéisʼiḵ! Donʼt sew! Líl yidaḵéisʼiḵ! Donʼt you all sew! daḵéisʼ s/he sews; s/he is sewing tlél udaḵéisʼ s/he doesnʼt sew; s/he isnʼt sewing wudiḵáa s/he sewed tlél wudaḵá s/he didnʼt sew gux̱daḵáa s/he will sew tlél gux̱daḵaa s/he wonʼt sew g̱adaḵaa let her/him sew [does not occur] tlél udaḵáaych s/he hasnʼt sewn yet tlél aadé x̱wdiḵaayi yé no way can s/he sew g̱wadaḵaayín s/he would have sewed daḵéini if/when s/he sews [does not occur] Kʼidéin kawdagáani áwé tsá x̱daḵéisʼ. When itʼs really bright I sew. ḵaa ³ gamble, play gamble, play cards a-S-d-l-ḵáa (na act) for S to gamble (by means of gambling sticks, dice, etc.); for S to Nlay cards

dli-ḵaa

Analḵáa! Gamble! Anayilḵáa! You all gamble! Líl eelḵáaḵ! Donʼt gamble! Líl ayilḵáaḵ! Donʼt you all gamble! ax̱alḵáa I am gambling; I gamble alḵáa s/he is gambling; s/he gambles tlél oox̱alḵáa Iʼm not gambling; I donʼt gamble tlél oolḵáa s/he isnʼt gambling; s/he doesnʼt gamble alḵáa nooch s/he always gambles ax̱wdliḵáa I gambled awdliḵáa s/he gambled tlél ax̱walḵáa I didnʼt gamble tlél awulḵáa s/he didnʼt gamble akḵwalḵáa I will gamble akg̱walḵáa s/he will gamble tlél akḵwalḵáa I wonʼt gamble tlél akg̱walḵáa s/he wonʼt gamble anḵalḵáa let me gamble ang̱alḵáa let her/him gamble [does not occur] tlél oonx̱alḵéich I havenʼt gambled yet tlél oonalḵéich s/he hasnʼt gambled yet tlél aadé anax̱dliḵáayi yé no way can s/he gamble ang̱walḵáayin s/he would have gambled analḵéini if/when s/he gambles [does not occur] ḵaach (2) rise raise, leave (bread) to rise kei O-ka-S-l-ḵaach~ (∅ event) for S to raise O (bread)

ka-li-ḵaach

Kei klaḵaach! Raise the bread! Líl kei keelaḵáchx̱iḵ! Donʼt raise the bread! [does not occur] kei akanalḵách s/he is raising the bread kei kax̱wliḵách I raised the bread kei akawliḵách s/he raised the bread tlél kei kax̱wlaḵaach I didnʼt raise the bread tlél kei akawulḵaach s/he didnʼt raise the bread kei akagux̱laḵáach s/he will raise the bread tlél kei akagux̱laḵaach s/he wonʼt raise the bread (chʼa) kei akax̱laḵaach let her/him raise the bread kei akoolḵaachch s/he raised the bread (every time) tlél kei akoolḵaachch s/he hasnʼt raised the bread yet tlél aadé kei akoox̱liḵaaji yé no way can s/he raise the bread kei akoox̱laḵaajín s/he would have raised the bread kei aklaḵáchni if/when s/he raises the bread kei aklaḵáchx̱ s/he is trying to raise the bread Tlél chʼáakw kei akawulḵaach wé sakwnéin. She didnʼt raise the bread long enough. Sakwnéin kei kanax̱laḵách. Iʼm raising bread. [Story & Naish 1973: 174]. rise, swell up (of bread) ka-d-ḵaach~ (∅ event) for bread to rise, swell up

ka-di-ḵaach

[does not occur] kei kandaḵách the bread is rising kei kawdiḵách the bread rose tlél kei kawdaḵaach the bread didnʼt rise kei kagux̱daḵáach the bread is going to rise tlél kei kagux̱daḵaach the bread isnʼt going to rise kei kax̱daḵaach let the bread rise kei koodaḵaachch the bread rises (every time) tlél kei koodaḵaachch the bread hasnʼt risen yet tlél aadé kei koox̱diḵaaji yé no way can the bread rise kei koox̱daḵaajín the bread would have risen kei kadaḵáchni if/when the bread rises kei kadaḵáchx̱ the bread rises (regularly) Tlél kʼidéin kei kawdaḵaach. It (bread) didnʼt rise well. [Story & Naish 1973: 174] Kei kagux̱daḵáach. Itʼs going to rise (bread in pan). [Story & Naish 1973: 174] Kei kandaḵách wé sakwnein sákw. The bread dough is rising. ḵaaḵ squat, sit, land squat, sit down low; land (of bird or plane) S-j-ḵaaḵ~ (g̱a event) for S to squat, sit down low; for S to sit down quickly, squat down; for S to land (of waterfowl, plane) (singular subject)

ji-ḵaaḵ

g̱eeshḵaaḵ! Squat! g̱ayeeshḵaaḵ! You all squat! Líl yei ishḵáḵjiḵ! Donʼt squat! Líl yei yeeshḵáḵjiḵ! Donʼt you all squat! [does not occur] yei nashḵáḵ he/she/it is in the process of squatting (slowly) x̱wajiḵaaḵ I squatted wujiḵaaḵ he/she/it squatted tlél wushḵaaḵ he/she/it didnʼt squat yei kg̱washḵáaḵ he/she/it will squat tlél yei kg̱washḵaaḵ he/she/it wonʼt squat g̱aag̱ashḵaaḵ let her/him/it squat g̱ashḵáḵch he/she/it squats (every time) tlél g̱washḵáḵch he/she/it hasnʼt squatted yet tlél aadé g̱aax̱wjiḵaag̱i yé no way can he/she/it squat g̱aag̱washḵaag̱ín he/she/it would have squatted g̱ashḵáḵni if/when he/she/it squats yei ishḵáḵch he/she/it squats (reguarly) Ax̱ tlʼeiḵ káa wujiḵaaḵ. It landed on my finger. ḵaan quarrel quarrel (usually of adults), exchange harsh words N een S-d-ḵaan~ (∅ act) for S to quarrel with, exchange harsh words with N (usually of adults)

di-ḵaan

Du een idaḵán! Quarrel with her/him! Du een yidaḵán! You all quarrel with her/him! Líl du een idaḵaaníḵ! Donʼt quarrel with her/him! Líl du een yidaḵaaníḵ! Donʼt you all quarrel with her/him! du een daḵáan s/he is quarreling with her/him tlél du een udaḵaan s/he is not quarreling with her/him du een x̱wadiḵán I quarreled with her/him du een wudiḵán s/he quarreled with her/him tlél du een x̱wadaḵaan I didnʼt quarrel with her/him tlél du een wudaḵaan s/he didnʼt quarrel with her/him du een gux̱daḵáan s/he will quarrel with her/him tlél du een gux̱daḵaan s/he wonʼt quarrel with her/him du een g̱adaḵaan let her/him quarrel with her/him du een udaḵánch s/he quarrels with her/him (every time) tlél du een udaḵánch s/he hasnʼt quarreled with her/him yet tlél aadé du een ux̱diḵaani yé no way can s/he quarrel with her/him du een ux̱daḵaanín s/he would have quarreled with her/him du een daḵánni if/when s/he quarrels with her/him du een daḵánx̱ s/he quarrels with her/him (regularly) Du een wudiḵán. They exchanged harsh words. [Story & Naish 1973: 164] I een kuḵadaḵáan. Iʼm going to quarrel with you. [Story & Naish 1973: 164] Has du yátxʼi daax̱ woosh has wudiḵán wé woosh dasháayi. The married couple argued about their children. ḵáchk limp limp, be lame, walk unevenly Here are a couple of examples of motion derivations for this verb, both from motion Group VII (na conjugation): Neildé wuliḵaach "S/he limped home"; Tlél át wulḵaach "S/he isnʼt limping around". O-l-ḵáchk (ga state) for O to limp, be lame, walk unevenly

li-ḵáchk

Laḵáchk! Limp! Yee laḵáchk! You all limp! Líl ilḵáchgiḵ! Donʼt limp! Lil yee lḵáchgiḵ! Donʼt you all limp! x̱at liḵáchk I limp liḵáchk s/he limps tlél x̱at ulḵáchk I donʼt limp tlél ulḵáchk s/he doesnʼt limp liḵáchgin s/he used to limp wuliḵáchk s/he developed a limp (as a result of injury, illness) tlél wulḵáchk s/he didnʼt limp; s/he didnʼt develop a limp (as a result of injury, illness) kei gux̱laḵáchk s/he will limp tlél kei gux̱laḵáchk s/he wonʼt limp (chʼa) gax̱laḵáchk / gax̱laḵáchgi (just) let her/him limp goox̱laḵáchgin s/he would have limped laḵáchkni if/when s/he limps Yáa yeedát tlél ulḵʼáchk. He doesnʼt limp now. [Story & Naish 1973: 126] Doctor-ch yéi sh kalneek, chʼu tleix̱ kei gux̱laḵáchk. The doctor says he will always limp. [Story & Naish 1973: 126] Yisikóo gé i een kax̱anik ḵáa, liḵáchk? You know that man Iʼm talking about, he limps? Tlél wulḵáchk wé néekw jeedáx̱. He didnʼt get a limp from the illness. ḵee (3) sit, get up sit (for plural subjects to be seated) S-∅-ḵee~ (position) for (plural) S to be seated

ya-ḵee

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. Note that a noun phrase with (-t) postposition is used to indicate where one is sitting, but this noun phrase is not required by the verb. For example, one could say: has ḵéen "they are sitting", or: át has ḵéen "they are sitting there". [does not occur] Líl yiḵeeníḵ! Donʼt you all be sitting! tooḵéen we sit; we are sitting yiḵéen you all sit; you all are sitting has ḵéen they sit; they are sitting aḵéen people sit; people are sitting tlél tooḵeen we donʼt sit; we arenʼt sitting tlél yiḵeen you all donʼt sit; you all arenʼt sitting tlél has uḵeen they donʼt sit; they arenʼt sitting tlél ooḵeen nobody sits; nobody is sitting wé has ḵin aa the ones who sit; the ones who are sitting has ḵeenín they were sitting tlél has uḵeenín they werenʼt sitting Chʼa tlákw tooḵeení haa kg̱walnéitl. If we always sit, weʼll get fat. rise, get up (plural subject) sha-S-d-ḵee~ (∅ event) for (plural) S to get up, rise

sha-di-ḵee

Shaydaḵí! You all get up! Líl shaydaḵéex̱iḵ! Donʼt you all get up! [does not occur] yaa shantudaḵéen we are starting to get up yaa (ha)s shandaḵéen they are starting to get up shawtudiḵée we got up has shawdiḵée they got up tlél shawtudaḵí we didnʼt get up tlél has shawdaḵí they didnʼt get up shagax̱tudaḵée we will get up has shagux̱daḵée they will get up tlél shagax̱tudaḵee we wonʼt get up tlél has shagux̱daḵee they wonʼt get up shax̱tudaḵee let us get up has shax̱daḵee let them get up shatudaḵéeych we get up (every time) has shoodaḵéeych they get up (every time) tlél shatudaḵéeych we havenʼt gotten up yet tlél has shoodaḵéeych they havenʼt gotten up yet tlél aadé shax̱tudiḵeeyi yé no way can we get up tlél aadé has shoox̱diḵeeyi yé no way can they get up shax̱tudaḵeeyín we would have gotten up has shoox̱daḵeeyín they would have gotten up shatudaḵéeni if/when we get up has shadaḵéeni if/when they get up shatudaḵéex̱ we get up (regularly) has shadaḵéex̱ they get up (regularly) ḵeex̱ʼé shawdinúk. He got up early. Tleidooshú gaaw áwé shax̱wdanookch chʼa tlákw tsʼootaat. I get up at six oʼclock every morning. Tlél shatudaḵéech - daaxʼoon gaaw áyá yeisú. We havenʼt gotten up yet - itʼs still four Oʼclock. Tlél shatudaḵéech - tlél Yéil du.aax̱ch yeisú. We havenʼt gotten up yet, Raven isnʼt making noise yet. sit down (plural subject) S-∅-ḵee~ (g̱a event) for (plural) S to sit, sit down (esp. act of sitting)

ya-ḵee

g̱ayḵí! You all sit down! Líl yei yiḵéejiḵ! Donʼt you all sit down! [does not occur] yei ntooḵéen we are sitting down yei nayḵéen you all are sitting down yei (ha)s naḵéen they are sitting down yei anaḵéen people are sitting down tlél yei ntooḵéen we are not sitting down tlél yei nayḵéen you all are not sitting down tlél yei has unaḵéen they are not sitting down tlél yei oonaḵéen people are not sitting down [does not occur] wutuwaḵee we sat down yeeyḵee you all sat down has wooḵee they sat down aawaḵee people sat down tlél wutooḵee we didnʼt sit down tlél yeeyḵee you all didnʼt sit down tlél has wuḵee they didnʼt sit down tlél awuḵee nobody sat down yei gax̱tooḵée we will sit down yei gax̱yiḵée you all will sit down yei (ha)s gug̱aḵée they will sit down yei akg̱waḵée people will sit down tlél yei gax̱tooḵee we wonʼt sit down tlél yei gax̱yiḵee you all wonʼt sit down tlél yei (ha)s gug̱aḵee they wonʼt sit down tlél yei akg̱waḵee people wonʼt sit down g̱aax̱tooḵee let us sit down has g̱aag̱aḵee let them sit down g̱atooḵéech we sit down (every time) g̱ayḵéech you all sit down (every time) has g̱aḵéech they sit down (every time) ag̱aḵéech people sit down (every time) tlél g̱atooḵéech they havenʼt sat down yet tlél g̱ayḵéech you all havenʼt sat down yet tlél has g̱waḵéech they havenʼt sat down yet tlél oog̱aḵéech nobody has sat down yet tlél aadé has g̱waag̱aaḵeeyi yé no way can they sit down has g̱waag̱aḵeeyín they would have sat down has g̱aḵéeni if/when they sit down áa yei has ḵéech they sit there (regularly) yaa has naḵéen they are going along sitting (filling up a row) Yóot áwé Deisheetaan áx̱ yaa has naḵéen. All the Deisheetaans are sitting over there. Haa tuwáa sigóowu yéixʼ yei gax̱tooḵéech. We will sit wherever we want. ḵeen (3) fly fly (singular subject) VII N-dé S-d-ḵeen~ (na motion) for (singular) S (bird, or persons in a plane) to fly toward P

di-ḵeen

This verb would be used for a singular subject such as one bird or of (persons in) one airplane. -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about N (no repetitive form) N-dé(i) moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of N; stopping over at N yux̱ moving out of house P-xʼ yux̱ moving out of house at N P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱áa going to get P Aadé nidaḵeen! Fly there! Aadé naydaḵeen! You all fly there! Líl aadé yidaḵeeníḵ! Donʼt fly there! Líl aadé yeeydaḵeeníḵ! Donʼt you all fly there! [does not occur] aadé yaa nax̱daḵín I am flying there aadé yaa nidaḵín you are flying there aadé yaa ndaḵín he/she/it is flying there aadé yaa ntudaḵín we are flying there aadé yaa naydaḵín you all are flying there aadé yaa (ha)s nadaḵín they are flying there aadé yaa andaḵín someone is flying there [does not occur] aadé x̱wadiḵeen I flew there aadé yidiḵeen you flew there aadé wdiḵeen he/she/it flew there aadé wtudiḵeen we flew there aadé yeeydiḵeen you all flew there aadé (ha)s wudiḵeen they flew there aadé awdiḵeen someone flew there tlél aadé x̱wadaḵeen I didnʼt fly there tlél aadé yidaḵeen you didnʼt fly there tlél aadé wdaḵeen s/he didnʼt fly there tlél aadé wtudaḵeen we didnʼt fly there tlél aadé yeeydaḵeen you all didnʼt fly there tlél aadé (ha)s wudaḵeen they didnʼt fly there tlél aadé awdaḵeen nobody flew there aadé wdaḵeenín he/she/it had flown there; he/she/it flew there (but...) tlél aadé wdaḵeenín he/she/it hadnʼt flown there; he/she/it didnʼt fly there (at the time, but...) wé aadé wdiḵeeni aa the one who flies there aadé kḵwadaḵéen I will fly there aadé kg̱idaḵéen you will fly there aadé gux̱daḵéen he/she/it will fly there aadé gax̱tudaḵéen we will fly there aadé gax̱yidaḵéen you all will fly there aadé (ha)s gux̱daḵéen they will fly there aadé agux̱daḵéen someone will fly there tlél aadé kḵwadaḵeen I wonʼt fly there tlél aadé kg̱idaḵeen you wonʼt fly there tlél aadé gux̱daḵeen he/she/it wonʼt fly there tlél aadé gax̱tudaḵeen we wonʼt fly there tlél aadé gax̱yidaḵeen you all wonʼt fly there tlél aadé (ha)s gux̱daḵeen they wonʼt fly there tlél aadé agux̱daḵeen nobody will fly there aadé naḵadaḵeen let me fly there aadé nax̱daḵeen let her/him/it fly there aadé nax̱tudaḵeen let us fly there aadé nax̱daḵínch I fly there (every time) aadé nidaḵínch you fly there (every time) aadé nadaḵínch he/she/it flies there (every time) aadé ntudaḵínch we fly there (every time) aadé naydaḵínch you all fly there (every time) aadé (ha)s nadaḵínch they fly there (every time) aadé andaḵínch people fly there (every time) tlél aadé nx̱wdaḵínch I havenʼt flown yet there tlél aadé nidaḵínch you havenʼt flown there yet tlél aadé undaḵínch he/she/it hasnʼt flown there yet tlél aadé ntudaḵínch we havenʼt flown there yet tlél aadé naydaḵínch you all havenʼt flown there yet tlél aadé (ha)s undaḵínch they havenʼt flown there yet tlél aadé oondaḵínch nobody has flown there yet tlél aadé aadé nax̱wdiḵeeni yé no way can he/she/it fly there aadé nax̱wdaḵeenín he/she/it would have flown there aadé ndaḵínni if/when he/she/it flies there aadé yoo diḵínk s/he flies there (regularly) Yéi ax̱ajóon nooch át x̱wadiḵeen. I always dream that Iʼm flying around. Tlél ḵaa káa ḵookʼéi át wudaḵeen. The weather isnʼt good for flying. Tlél aadé nax̱wdiḵeeni yé, ḵútx̱ ḵoowdigwásʼ. No way can he fly there, itʼs too foggy. Tlél aadé nax̱wdiḵeeni yé, du kíji áxʼ ashawliháa. No way can it fly there, its wing is injured. Tlél gas oo.oo ách áwé tlél aadé gux̱diḵeeni yé. He doesnʼt have gas so thereʼs no way heʼs going to fly there. fly (singular subject) II N-t~ S-d-ḵeen~ (∅ motion) for S to fly to N (of a bird or persons in a plane)

di-ḵeen

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼflyʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace át/áx̱/aadé ʼarriving at Nʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. Át idaḵín! Fly there! Át yidaḵín! You all fly there! Líl áx̱ idaḵeeníḵ! Donʼt fly there! Líl áx̱ yidaḵeeníḵ Donʼt you all fly there! [does not occur] aadé yaa nax̱daḵín I am flying there aadé yaa nidaḵín you are flying there aadé yaa ndaḵín he/she/it is flying there aadé yaa ntudaḵín we are flying there aadé yaa naydaḵín you all are flying there aadé yaa (ha)s nadaḵín they are flying there aadé yaa andaḵín someone is flying there [does not occur] át x̱wadiḵín I flew there át yidiḵín you flew there át wudiḵín he/she/it flew there át wutudiḵín we flew there át yeeydiḵín you all flew there át has wudiḵín they flew there át awdiḵín someone flew there tlél át x̱wadaḵeen I didnʼt fly there tlél át yidaḵeen you didnʼt fly there tlél át wudaḵeen he/she/it didnʼt fly there tlél át wutudaḵeen we didnʼt fly there tlél át yeeydaḵeen you all didnʼt fly there tlél át has wudaḵeen they didnʼt fly there tlél át awdaḵeen nobody flew there át wudaḵeenín he/she/it had flown there; he/she/it flew there (but...) tlél át wudaḵeenín he/she/it hadnʼt flown there; he/she/it didnʼt fly there (at the time, but...) wé át wudiḵeeni aa the one who flew there aadé kḵwadaḵéen I will fly there aadé kg̱idaḵéen you will fly there aadé gux̱daḵéen he/she/it will fly there aadé gax̱tudaḵéen we will fly there aadé gax̱yidaḵéen you all will fly there aadé (ha)s gux̱daḵéen they will fly there aadé agux̱daḵéen someone will fly there tlél aadé kḵwadaḵeen I wonʼt fly there tlél aadé kg̱idaḵeen you wonʼt fly there tlél aadé gux̱daḵeen he/she/it wonʼt fly there tlél aadé gax̱tudaḵeen we wonʼt fly there tlél aadé gax̱yidaḵeen you all wonʼt fly there tlél aadé (ha)s gux̱daḵeen they wonʼt fly there tlél aadé agux̱daḵeen nobody will fly there át ḵadaḵeen let me fly there át g̱adaḵeen let her/him/it fly there át g̱atudaḵeen let us fly there át x̱wadaḵeench I fly there (every time) át idaḵeench you fly there (every time) át udaḵeench he/she/it flies there (every time) át tudaḵeench we fly there (every time) át yidaḵeench you all fly there (every time) át has udaḵeench they fly there (every time) át oodaḵeench someone flies there (every time) tlél át x̱wadaḵeench I havenʼt flown there yet tlél át idaḵeench you havenʼt flown there yet tlél át udaḵeench he/she/it hasnʼt flown there yet tlél át tudaḵeench we havenʼt flown there yet tlél át yidaḵeench you all havenʼt flown there yet tlél át has udaḵeench they havenʼt flown there yet tlél át oodaḵeench nobody has flown there yet tlél aadé át g̱wadiḵeeni yé no way can he/she/it fly there át g̱wadaḵeenín he/she/it would have flown there át daḵínni if/when he/she/it flies there áx̱ daḵeen he/she/it flies there (regularly) Xaawag̱éi kát wudiḵín wé tsískʼw (correct spelling) the bird flew into the window haat wudaḵeenní, du shóode kḵwaḵóox̱ if he flies here, I will pick him up new (of moon) ya-d-s-ḵeen~ (∅ event) for the moon to be new

ya-dzi-ḵeen

[does not occur] dís yei yanasḵéen itʼs getting to be a new moon dís yawdziḵeen itʼs a new moon tlél dís yawusḵeen itʼs not a new moon dis yei yakg̱wasḵéen itʼs going to be a new moon tlél dís yei yakg̱wasḵeen itʼs not going to be a new moon dís yag̱asḵínch itʼs a new moon (every time) tlél dís yag̱oosḵínch itʼs not a new moon yet tlél aadé dís yag̱aax̱dziḵeeni yé no way can it be a new moon dís yag̱asḵínni if/when itʼs a new moon Dís yag̱asḵínni gux̱dalʼóox̱ʼ. When itʼs a new moon, theyʼll spawn. ḵeet ¹ (2) suspect suspect, distrust, be suspicious of, lack confidence in her/him O-S-∅-ḵeet~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to suspect, distrust, be suspicious of, lack confidence in O

ya-ḵeet

ḵít! Be suspicous of her/him! Yiḵít! You all be suspicous of her/him! Líl eeḵítx̱iḵ! Donʼt be suspicous of her/him! Líl yiḵítx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all be suspicous of her/him! Líl yiḵeedíḵ! Donʼt be suspicous of her/him! Líl yeeyḵeedíḵ! Donʼt you all be suspicous of her/him! [does not occur] yaa anaḵít s/he is beginning to suspect her/him x̱waaḵít I am suspicious of her/him aawaḵít s/he is suspicious of her/him tlél x̱waḵeet Iʼm not suspicious of her/him tlél awuḵeet s/heʼs not suspicious of her/him akg̱waḵéet s/he will be suspicious of her/him tlél akg̱waḵeet s/he wonʼt be suspicious of her/him (chʼa) ag̱aḵít (just) let her/him be suspicious of her/him ooḵeetch s/he gets suspicious of her/him (every time) tlél ooḵeetch s/he isnʼt suspicious of her/him yet tlél aadé ag̱waaḵídi yé no way can s/he be suspicious of her/him ag̱waḵídin s/he would have been suspicious of her/him aḵítni if/whe s/he is suspicious of her/him aḵítx̱ s/he gets suspicious of her/him (regularly) Chʼa tlákw aawaḵít aadé át sh daa.itwudzigoowu yéináx̱. Heʼs really suspicous of him because of how he was acting. Du yoo x̱ʼatángi x̱waaḵít. I suspect what he says / Iʼm not confident that heʼs telling the truth. [Story & Naish 1973: 218] Wáanáx̱ sáwé x̱at eeḵeet? Why are you suspicious of me / why do you suspect me? [Story & Naish 1973: 218] annoyed with, tired of, fed up with To say annoyed with or tired of anotherʼs talking, add the thematic prefix x̱ʼa- to the theme: tóo O-x̱ʼa-S-sh-ḵeet (ga state). For example: Tóo ax̱ʼashiḵeet "S/he is tired of his/her talking". tóo O-S-sh-ḵeet (ga state) for S to be annoyed with, tired of, fed up with O

tóo + shi-ḵeet

tóo x̱shiḵeet Iʼm tired of her/him tóo ashiḵeet sheʼs tired of her/him tlél tóo ux̱shaḵeet Iʼm not tired of her/him tlél tóo ooshḵeet s/he isnʼt tired of her/him tóo kei anashḵeet s/he is getting tired of her/him tóo awshiḵeet s/he got tired of her/him tlél tóo awushḵeet s/he didnʼt get tired of her/him tóo kei agux̱shaḵeet s/he will get tired of her/him tlél tóo kei agux̱shaḵeet s/he wonʼt get tired of her/him (chʼa) tóo agax̱shaḵeet (just) let her/him get tired of her/him tóo agashḵeetch s/he gets tired of her/him (every time) tlél tóo agooshḵeetch s/he hasnʼt gotten tired of her/him yet tlél aadé tóo agoox̱shiḵeedi yé no way can s/he get tired of her/him tóo agoox̱shaḵeedín s/he would have gotten tired of her/him tóo agashḵeetní if/when s/he gets tired of her/him tóo kei ashḵeetch s/he gets tired of her/him (regularly) Tóo ashiḵeet dáanaa du éedáx̱ kei ahéesʼch ḵul.aan. Sheʼs tired of him because heʼs always borrowing money from her. Tlél tóo haa ooshḵeet. Heʼs not annoyed with us / not tired of us (that is, of our visiting him). [Story & Naish 1973: 20]. Tlax̱ tóo x̱ʼax̱shiḵeet. Iʼm real tired of his talking. [Story & Naish 1973: 231] ḵeetʼ infected infected (of wound) d-l-ḵéetʼ~ (∅ event; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for a wound to be infected, have pus

dli-ḵeetʼ

Note that both forms given in the perfective habitual are acceptable to all speakers consulted for this project. [does not occur] yaa nalḵítʼ itʼs getting infected wudliḵítʼ itʼs infected tlél wulḵéetʼ it isnʼt infected gug̱alḵéetʼ it will get infected tlél gug̱alḵéetʼ it wonʼt get infected (chʼa) g̱alḵítʼ (just) let it get infected ulḵéetʼch it gets infected (every time) tlél ulḵéetʼch it hasnʼt gotten infected yet tlél aadé ux̱dliḵítʼi yé no way can it get infected g̱walḵítʼin it would have gotten infected ilḵítʼni if/when it gets infected ilḵítʼx̱ it gets infected (regularly) ḵei ¹ pay pay her/him (esp. a person for work done), pay for it O-ji-S-∅-ḵéi (na act) for S to Nay O (esp. a person, for work done); for S to Nay for O

ji-ya-ḵei

Jinaḵéi! Pay her/him! Jinayḵéi! You all pay her/him! Líl jeeḵéiḵ! Donʼt pay her/him! Líl jiyḵéiḵ! Donʼt you all pay her/him! Líl yoo jeeḵéigiḵ! Donʼt pay her/him! Líl yoo jiyḵéigiḵ! Donʼt you all pay her/him! jix̱aḵéi I pay her/him; I am paying her/him jeeḵéi you pay her/him; you are paying her/him ajiḵéi s/he pays her/him; s/he is paying her/him jitooḵéi we pay her/him; we are paying her/him jiyḵéi you all pay her/him; you all are paying her/him has ajiḵéi they pay her/him; they are paying her/him jiduḵéi s/he is paid; s/he is being paid tlél jix̱waḵéi I donʼt pay her/him; Iʼm not paying her/him tlél jeeḵéi you donʼt pay her/him; youʼre not paying her/him tlél ajeeḵéi s/he doesnʼt pay her/him; s/heʼs not paying her/him tlél jitooḵéi we donʼt pay her/him; weʼre not paying her/him tlél jiyḵéi you all donʼt pay her/him; you all are not paying her/him tlél has ajeeḵéi they donʼt pay her/him; theyʼre not paying her/him tlél jiduḵéi s/he isnʼt paid; s/heʼs not being paid [does not occur] jix̱waaḵéi I paid her/him jeeyaḵéi you paid her/him ajeewaḵéi s/he paid her/him jiwtuwaḵéi we paid her/him jiyeeyḵéi you all paid her/him has ajeewaḵéi they paid her/him jiwduwaḵéi s/he was paid tlél jix̱waḵéi I didnʼt pay her/him tlél jiyiḵéi you didnʼt pay her/him tlél ajiwuḵéi s/he didnʼt pay her/him tlél jiwtooḵéi we didnʼt pay her/him tlél jiyeeyḵéi you all didnʼt pay her/him tlél has ajeewuḵéi they didnʼt pay her/him tlél jiwduḵéi s/he wasnʼt paid jikḵwaḵéi I will pay her/him jikg̱eeḵéi you will pay her/him ajikg̱waḵéi s/he will pay her/him jigax̱tooḵéi we will pay her/him jigax̱yiḵéi you all will pay her/him has ajikg̱waḵéi they will pay her/him jigax̱duḵéi s/he will be paid tlél jikḵwaḵéi I wonʼt pay her/him tlél jikg̱eeḵéi you wonʼt pay her/him tlél ajikg̱waḵéi s/he wonʼt pay her/him tlél jigax̱tooḵéi we wonʼt pay her/him tlél jigax̱yiḵéi you all wonʼt pay her/him tlél has ajikg̱waḵéi they wonʼt pay her/him tlél jigax̱duḵéi s/he wonʼt be paid jinḵaḵéi let me pay her/him ajing̱aḵéi let her/him pay her/him jinax̱tooḵéi let us pay her/him ajiḵéi nooch s/he always pays her/him jinx̱aḵéich I pay her/him (every time) jineeḵéich you pay her/him (every time) ajinaḵéich s/he pays her/him (every time) jintooḵéich we pay her/him (every time) jinayḵéich you all pay her/him (every time) has ajinaḵéich they pay her/him (every time) jinduḵéich someone pays her/him (every time) tlél jinx̱waḵéich I havenʼt paid her/him yet tlél jineeḵéich you havenʼt paid her/him yet tlél ajeenaḵéich s/he hasnʼt paid her/him yet tlél jintooḵéich we havenʼt paid her/him yet tlél jinayḵéich you all havenʼt paid her/him yet tlél has ajeenaḵéich they havenʼt paid her/him yet tlél jinduḵéich s/he hasnʼt been paid yet tlél aadé ajing̱waaḵéiyi yé no way can s/he pay her/him ajing̱waḵéiyin s/he would have paid her/him ajinaḵéini if/when s/he pays her/him yóo ajiyaḵéik s/he pays her/him (regularly) ḵei ² (2) shy shy of her/him O-ka-u-S-l-ḵéi (ga state) for S to be shy of O

ka-li-ḵei

Líl keelaḵéiḵ! Donʼt be shy of her/him! Líl kaylaḵéiḵ! Donʼt you all be shy of her/him! kux̱liḵéi Iʼm shy of her/him akuliḵéi s/he is shy of her/him tlél koox̱laḵé Iʼm not shy of her/him tlél akoolḵé s/he isnʼt shy of her/him kei kunax̱lakéin I am getting to be shy of her/him kei akunalḵéin s/he is getting to be shy of her/him kax̱wliḵéi I became shy of her/him akwliḵéi s/he became shy of her/him tlél kax̱wlaḵéi I wasnʼt shy of her/him tlél akawulḵéi s/he wasnʼt shy of her/him kei kakḵwalaḵéi I will be shy of her/him kei akagux̱laḵéi s/he will be shy of her/him tlél kei kakḵwalaḵéi I wonʼt be shy of her/him tlél kei akagux̱lakéi s/he wonʼt be shy of her/him (chʼa) akagax̱laḵéi (dé) (just) let her/him be shy of her/him (now) akagoolḵéich s/he is shy of her/him (every time) tlél akagoolḵéich s/he hasnʼt become shy of her/him yet tlél aadé akagoox̱liḵéiyi yé no way can s/he be shy of her/him akagoox̱laḵéiyin s/he would have been shy of her/him akagoolḵéini if/when s/he is shy of her/him kei akwlaḵéich s/he is shy of her/him (regularly) Chʼa yóokʼdáx̱ áwé akwliḵéi. All of a sudden she became shy of him. shy, bashful at ka-u-S-l-ḵéi (ga state) for S to be shy, bashful

ka-li-ḵei

Líl kei at keelaḵéijiḵ! Donʼt be shy! Líl kei at kaylaḵéijiḵ! Donʼt you all be shy! at kux̱liḵéi Iʼm shy at kuliḵéi s/he is shy tlél at koox̱laḵé Iʼm not shy tlél at koolḵé s/he isnʼt shy kei at kunax̱laḵéin I am getting to be shy kei at kunalḵéin s/he is getting to be shy at kax̱wliḵéi I was shy at kawliḵéi s/he was shy tlél at kax̱wlaḵéi I wasnʼt shy tlél at kawulḵéi s/he wasnʼt shy kei at kakḵwalaḵéi I will be shy kei at kagux̱laḵéi s/he will be shy tlél kei at kakḵwalaḵéi I wonʼt be shy tlél kei at kagux̱lakéi s/he wonʼt be shy (chʼa) at kagax̱laḵéi (dé) (just) let her/him be shy (now) at kagoolḵéich s/he is shy (every time) tlél at kagoolḵéich s/he hasnʼt become shy yet tlél aadé at kagoox̱liḵéiyi yé no way can s/he be shy at kagoox̱laḵéiyin s/he would have been shy at kagoolḵéini if/when s/he is shy kei at kulaḵéich s/he is shy (regularly) ḵúdáx̱ at kax̱wliḵéi. I was too shy. Chʼa tlákw awusteení áwé at kagoolḵéich. Every time he sees her he gets shy. Has at kulaḵéi wé atyátxʼi. The children are bashful. ḵeitsʼ tickle tickle, touch her/him lightly O-ka-S-l-ḵéitsʼ~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to tickle O, touch O lightly

ka-li-ḵeitsʼ

Kalaḵétsʼ! Tickle her/him! Líl keelaḵétsʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt tickle her/him! aklaḵétsʼx̱ s/he is tickling her/him kax̱wliḵétsʼ I tickled her/him akawliḵétsʼ s/he tickled her/him tlél kax̱walḵéitsʼ I didnʼt tickle her/him tlél akawulḵéitsʼ s/he didnʼt tickle her/him akagux̱laḵéitsʼ s/he will tickle her/him tlél akagux̱laḵéitsʼ s/he wonʼt tickle her/him akax̱laḵétsʼ let her/him tickle her/him akoolḵétsʼch s/he tickles her/him (every time) tlél akoolḵétsʼch s/he hasnʼt tickled her/him yet tlél aadé akoox̱liḵétsʼi yé no way can s/he tickle her/him akoox̱laḵétsʼin s/he would have tickled her/him aklaḵétsʼni if/when s/he tickles her/him aklaḵétsʼx̱ s/he tickles her/him (regularly) Akoox̱laḵétsʼin yagiyee káanáx̱. She would have tickled him all day. Tlél aadé akoox̱liḵétsʼi yé, ḵútx̱ yasátk. Thereʼs no way she can tickle him, heʼs too fast. ḵútx̱ aklaḵétsʼni kei kg̱wag̱áax̱. If she tickles him too much heʼs going to cry. ḵoo ʰ vomit, throw up vomit, throw up S-d-l-ḵoo ʰ~ (na act) for S to vomit, throw up

dli-ḵoo

Neelḵú! / Nalḵú! Vomit! Nayilḵú! You all vomit! Líl eelḵóoḵ! Donʼt vomit! Líl yilḵóoḵ! Donʼt you all vomit! x̱alḵú I vomit; I am vomiting eelḵú you vomit; youʼre vomiting ilḵú s/he vomits; s/heʼs vomiting toolḵú we vomit; weʼre vomiting yilḵú you all vomit; you all are vomiting has ilḵú they vomit; theyʼre vomiting dulḵú someone vomits; someone is vomiting tlél x̱walḵú I donʼt vomit; Iʼm not vomiting tlél eelḵú you donʼt vomit; youʼre not vomiting tlél ulḵú s/he doesnʼt vomit; s/heʼs not vomiting tlél toolḵú we donʼt vomit; weʼre not vomiting tlél yilḵú you all donʼt vomit; you all are not vomiting tlél has ulḵú they donʼt vomit; theyʼre not vomiting tlél dulḵú nobody vomits; nobody is vomiting wé ilḵú aa the one who vomits; the one who is vomiting ilḵóowun s/he used to vomit tlél ilḵóowun s/he didnʼt used to vomit x̱wadliḵoo I vomited yidliḵoo you vomited wudliḵoo s/he vomited wutudliḵoo we vomited yeeydliḵoo you all vomited has wudliḵoo they vomited wududliḵoo people vomited tlél x̱walḵoo I didnʼt vomit tlél yilḵoo you didnʼt vomit tlél wulḵoo s/he didnʼt vomit tlél wutoolḵoo we didnʼt vomit tlél yeeylḵoo you all didnʼt vomit tlél has wulḵoo they didnʼt vomit tlél wudulḵoo nobody vomited kuḵalḵóo / kḵwalḵóo I will vomit gag̱eelḵóo you will vomit gug̱alḵóo s/he will vomit gax̱toolḵóo we will vomit gax̱yilḵóo you all will vomit has gug̱alḵóo they will vomit gax̱dulḵóo people will vomit tlél guḵalḵoo I wonʼt vomit tlél gag̱eelḵoo you wonʼt vomit tlél gug̱alḵoo s/he wonʼt vomit tlél gax̱toolḵoo we wonʼt vomit tlél gax̱yilḵoo you all wonʼt vomit tlél has gug̱alḵoo they wonʼt vomit tlél gax̱dulḵoo nodbody will vomit naḵalḵoo let me vomit nag̱alḵoo let her/him vomit nax̱toolḵoo let us vomit ilḵóo nooch s/he always vomits nax̱alḵweich I vomit (every time) neelḵweich you vomit (every time) nalḵweich s/he vomits (every time) natoolḵweich we vomit (every time) nayilḵweich you all vomit (every time) has nalḵweich they vomit (every time) nadulḵweich people vomit (every time) tlél nax̱walḵweich I havenʼt vomited yet tlél neelḵweich you havenʼt vomited yet tlél unalḵweich s/he hasnʼt vomited yet tlél natoolḵweich we havenʼt vomited yet tlél nayilḵweich you all havenʼt vomited yet tlél has unalḵweich they havenʼt vomited yet tlél nadulḵweich nobody has vomited yet tlél aadé nax̱wdliḵoowu yé / tlél aadé unax̱dliḵoowu no way can s/he vomit ung̱alḵoowún / nag̱walḵoowún s/he would have vomited nalḵwéini if/when s/he vomits ḵootlʼ muddy muddy ka-sh-ḵóotlʼ~ (∅ state; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for a road, etc. to be muddy

ka-shi-ḵootlʼ

kashiḵútlʼk itʼs muddy tlél kooshḵútlʼk itʼs not muddy yaa kanashḵútlʼ itʼs starting to get muddy kawshiḵútlʼ it got muddy tlél kawushḵóotlʼ it didnʼt get muddy kagux̱shaḵóotlʼ it will get muddy tlél kagux̱shaḵóotlʼ it wonʼt get muddy kax̱shaḵútlʼ let it get muddy kooshḵútlʼch it gets muddy (every time) tlél kooshḵútlʼch it hasnʼt gotten muddy yet tlél aadé kux̱shiḵútlʼi yé no way can it get muddy kux̱shaḵútlʼin it would have gotten muddy kashaḵútlʼni if/when it gets muddy kashaḵútlʼx̱ it gets muddy (regularly) ḵoox̱ ¹ (10) go (by motorized vehicle) go in motorized vehicle V Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace a daax̱ ʼgoing around itʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-x̱ moving circuitously, obliquely along N; moving past P N daax̱ circling around N N x̱ʼanaadáx̱ yaawaḵúx̱. getting out of Nʼs way N jikaadáx̱ getting out of Nʼs way N-náx̱ moving circuitously, obliquely through P N daséi / N eetíx̱ missing N N daax̱ ya-u-S-∅-ḵoox̱~ (∅ motion) for S to circle, drive around N in a motor vehicle

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A daax̱ wuḵúx̱! Drive around it! A daax̱ yeeyḵúx̱! You all drive around it! Líl a daax̱ yaa eeḵúx̱jiḵ! Donʼt drive around it! Líl a daax̱ yaa yiḵúx̱jiḵ! Donʼt you all drive around it! [does not occur] a daax̱ yaa nx̱aḵúx̱ Iʼm driving around it a daax̱ yaa neeḵúx̱ youʼre driving around it a daax̱ yaa naḵúx̱ s/he is driving around it a daax̱ yaa ntooḵúx̱ weʼre driving around it a daax̱ yaa nayḵúx̱ you all are driving around it a daax̱ yaa (ha)s naḵúx̱ they are driving around it a daax̱ yaa nduḵúx̱ someone is driving around it [does not occur] a daax̱ yax̱waaḵúx̱ I drove around it a daax̱ yeeyaḵúx̱ you drove around it a daax̱ yaawaḵúx̱ s/he drove around it a daax̱ yawtuwaḵúx̱ we drove around it a daax̱ yayeeyḵúx̱ you all drove around it a daax̱ has yaawaḵúx̱ they drove around it a daax̱ yawduwaḵúx̱ someone drove around it tlél a daax̱ yax̱waḵoox̱ I didnʼt drive around it tlél a daax̱ yayiḵoox̱ you didnʼt drive around it tlél a daax̱ yawuḵoox̱ s/he didnʼt drive around it tlél a daax̱ yawtooḵoox̱ we didnʼt drive around it tlél a daax̱ yayeeyḵoox̱ you all didnʼt drive around it tlél a daax̱ has yawuḵoox̱ they didnʼt drive around it tlél a daax̱ yawduḵoox̱ nobody drove around it yakḵwaḵóox̱ I will drive around it yakg̱eeḵóox̱ you will drive around it a daax̱ yakg̱waḵóox̱ s/he will drive around it yagax̱tooḵóox̱ we will drive around it yagax̱yeeḵóox̱ you all will drive around it has yakg̱waḵóox̱ they will drive around it yagax̱duḵóox̱ soemone will drive around it tlél a daax̱ yakḵwaḵoox̱ I wonʼt drive around it tlél a daax̱ yakg̱eeḵoox̱ you wonʼt drive around it tlél a daax̱ yakg̱waḵoox̱ s/he wonʼt drive around it tlél a daax̱ yagax̱tooḵoox̱ we wonʼt drive around it tlél a daax̱ yagax̱yeeḵoox̱ you all wonʼt drive around it tlél a daax̱ has yakg̱waḵoox̱ they wonʼt drive around it tlél a daax̱ yagax̱duḵoox̱ nobody will drive around it a daax̱ yaḵaḵoox̱ let me drive around it a daax̱ yag̱aḵoox̱ let her/him drive around it a daax̱ yax̱tooḵoox̱ let us drive around it a daax̱ woox̱aḵúx̱ch I drive around it (every time) a daax̱ yeeḵúx̱ch you drive around it (every time) a daax̱ wooḵúx̱ch s/he drives around it (every time) a daax̱ yatooḵúx̱ch we drive around it (every time) a daax̱ yayḵúx̱ch you all drive around it (every time) a daax̱ has wooḵúx̱ch they drive around it (every time) a daax̱ wuduḵúx̱ch someone drives around it (every time) tlél a daax̱ woox̱aḵúx̱ch I havenʼt driven around it yet tlél a daax̱ yeeḵúx̱ch you havenʼt driven around it yet tlél a daax̱ wooḵúx̱ch s/he hasnʼt driven around it yet tlél a daax̱ yatooḵúx̱ch we havenʼt driven around it yet tlél a daax̱ yayḵúx̱ch you all havenʼt driven around it yet tlél a daax̱ has wooḵúx̱ch they havenʼt driven around it yet tlél a daax̱ wuduḵúx̱ch nobody has driven around it yet tlél aadé a daax̱ yag̱waaḵoox̱u yé no way can s/he drive around it a daax̱ yag̱waḵoox̱ún s/he would have driven around it a daax̱ yaḵúx̱ni if/when s/he drives around it a daax̱ yaa ḵúx̱ch s/he drives around it (regularly) drive it VII N-dé O-S-s-ḵoox̱~ (na motion) for S to drive O (boat, car) to N

si-ḵoox̱

Aadé nasḵoox̱! Drive it there! Aadé naysaḵoox̱! You all drive it there! Líl aadé yoo isaḵúx̱guḵ! Donʼt drive it there! Líl aadé yoo yisaḵúx̱guḵ! Donʼt you all drive it there! [does not occur] aadé yaa nax̱saḵúx̱ I am driving it there aadé yaa anasḵúx̱ s/he is driving it there aadé x̱wsiḵoox̱ I drove it there aadé awsiḵoox̱ s/he drove it there tlél aadé x̱wasaḵoox̱ I didnʼt drive it there tlél aadé awusḵoox̱ s/he didnʼt drive it there aadé kḵwasaḵóox̱ I will drive it there aadé agux̱saḵóox̱ s/he will drive it there tlél aadé kḵwasaḵoox̱ I wonʼt drive it there tlél aadé agux̱saḵoox̱ s/he wonʼt drive it there aadé nḵasaḵoox̱ let me drive it there aadé anax̱saḵoox̱ let her/him drive it there aadé nax̱saḵúx̱ch I drive it there (every time) aadé anasḵúx̱ch s/he drives it there (every time) tlél aadé nax̱wsaḵúx̱ch I havenʼt driven it there yet tlél aadé oonasḵúx̱ch s/he hasnʼt driven it there yet tlél aadé aadé anax̱wsiḵoox̱u yé no way can s/he drive it there aadé anax̱wsaḵoox̱ún s/he would have driven it there aadé anasḵúx̱ni if/when s/he drives it there aadé yoo asiḵúx̱k s/he drives it there (regularly) Ax̱ yaagú aadé anax̱saḵoox̱. Let him drive my boat there. Katíx̱ʼaa du jeet katí - aadé anax̱saḵoox̱! Give him the key - let him drive it there. Tlél aadé naḵwasiḵoox̱u yé - yéi jix̱aané. No way can I drive it there - Iʼm working. Tlél aadé naḵwasiḵoox̱u yé - hél license x̱wa.oo. I canʼt drive it there - I donʼt have a license. drive it II N-t~ O-S-s-ḵoox̱~ (∅ motion) for S to drive O (boat, car) to N

si-ḵoox̱

N-t (~x̱~dei) driving it to N yan (~yax̱~yándei) driving it ashore, coming to rest, to a stop N-náx̱ yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving across P, to the other side of P neil (~neilx̱~neildéi) driving it home haat (~haax̱~haa(n)déi) driving it here yóot (~yóox̱~yóodei) driving it away, yonder Át saḵúx̱! Drive it to it! Át yisaḵúx̱! You all drive it to it! Líl áx̱ isaḵoox̱úḵ! Donʼt drive it to it! Líl áx̱ yisaḵoox̱úḵ! Donʼt you all drive it to it! [does not occur] aadé yaa nax̱saḵúx̱ I am driving it to it aadé yaa anasḵúx̱ s/he is driving it to it át x̱wasiḵúx̱ I drove it to it át awsiḵúx̱ s/he drove it to it tlél át x̱wasaḵoox̱ I didnʼt drive it to it tlél át awusḵoox̱ s/he didnʼt drive it to it aadé kḵwasaḵóox̱ I will drive it to it aadé agux̱saḵóox̱ s/he will drive it to it tlél aadé kḵwasaḵoox̱ I wonʼt drive it to it tlél aadé agux̱saḵoox̱ s/he wonʼt drive it to it át ḵasaḵoox̱ let me drive it to it át ax̱saḵoox̱ let her/him drive it to it át x̱wasaḵoox̱ch I drive it to it (every time) át oosḵoox̱ch s/he drives it to it (every time) tlél át x̱wasaḵoox̱ch I havenʼt driven it to it yet tlél át oosḵoox̱ch s/he hasnʼt driven it to it yet tlél aadé át oox̱siḵoox̱u yé no way can s/he drive it to it át oox̱saḵoox̱ún s/he would have driven it to it át asḵúx̱ni if/when s/he drives it to it áx̱ asḵoox̱ s/he drives it to it (regularly) go in motorized vehicle II Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace át/áx̱/aadé ʼarriving at POʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-t (~x̱~dei) arriving at N, coming to N yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving ashore, coming to rest, to a stop, setting down N-náx̱ yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving across P, to the other side of P neil (~neilx̱~neildéi) moving inside, coming home haat (~haax̱~haa(n)déi) coming here yóot (~yóox̱~yóodei) going away N-t~ S-∅-ḵoox̱~ (∅ motion) for S to travel, go to N (by boat, car)

ya-ḵoox̱

Át ḵúx̱! Drive to it! Át yiḵúx̱! You all drive to it! Líl át yiḵoox̱úḵ! Donʼt drive to it! Líl át yeeyḵoox̱úḵ! Donʼt you all drive to it! [does not occur] aadé yaa nx̱aḵúx̱ Iʼm driving to it aadé yaa neeḵúx̱ youʼre driving to it aadé yaa naḵúx̱ s/heʼs driving to it aadé yaa ntooḵúx̱ weʼre driving to it aadé yaa nayḵúx̱ you all are driving to it aadé yaa (ha)s naḵúx̱ theyʼre driving to it aadé yaa anaḵúx̱ people are driving to it tlél aadé yaa nx̱waḵúx̱ Iʼm not driving to it tlél aadé yaa neeḵúx̱ youʼre not driving to it tlél aadé yaa unaḵúx̱ s/heʼs not driving to it tlél aadé yaa ntooḵúx̱ weʼre not driving to it tlél aadé yaa nayḵúx̱ you all are not driving to it tlél aadé yaa (ha)s unaḵúx̱ theyʼre not driving to it tlél aadé yaa oonaḵúx̱ nobody is driving to it át x̱waaḵúx̱ I drove to it át iyaḵúx̱ you drove to it át uwaḵúx̱ s/he drove to it át wutuwaḵúx̱ we drove to it át yeeyḵúx̱ you all drove to it át has uwaḵúx̱ they drove to it át aawaḵúx̱ someone drove to it tlél át x̱waḵoox̱ I didnʼt drive to it tlél át yiḵoox̱ you didnʼt drive to it tlél át wuḵoox̱ s/he didnʼt drive to it tlél át wutooḵoox̱ we didnʼt drive to it tlél át yeeyḵoox̱ you all didnʼt drive to it tlél át has wuḵoox̱ they didnʼt drive to it tlél át awuḵoox̱ nobody drove to it át wuḵoox̱ún s/he had driven to it; s/he drove to it (but...) tlél át wooḵoox̱ún s/he hadnʼt driven to it; s/he didnʼt drive to it (at the time, but...) wé át wuḵoox̱u aa the one who drove to it aadé kḵwaḵóox̱ I will drive to it aadé kg̱eeḵóox̱ you will drive to it aadé kg̱waḵóox̱ s/he will drive to it aadé gax̱tooḵóox̱ we will drive to it aadé gax̱yiḵóox̱ you all will drive to it aadé (ha)s gug̱aḵóox̱ they will drive to it aadé akg̱waḵóox̱ someone will drive to it tlél aadé kḵwaḵoox̱ I wonʼt drive to it tlél aadé kg̱eeḵoox̱ you wonʼt drive to it tlél aadé kg̱waḵoox̱ s/he wonʼt drive to it tlél aadé gax̱tooḵoox̱ we wonʼt drive to it tlél aadé gax̱yiḵoox̱ you all wonʼt drive to it tlél aadé (ha)s gug̱aḵoox̱ they wonʼt drive to it tlél aadé akg̱waḵoox̱ nobody will drive to it át ḵaḵoox̱ let me drive to it át g̱aḵoox̱ let her/him drive to it át g̱atooḵoox̱ let us drive to it át x̱waḵoox̱ch I drive to it (every time) át eeḵoox̱ch you drive to it (every time) át uḵoox̱ch s/he drives to it (every time) át tooḵoox̱ch we drive to it (every time) át yeeḵoox̱ch you all drive to it (every time) át has uḵoox̱ch they drive to it (every time) át ooḵoox̱ch someone drives to it (every time) tlél át x̱waḵoox̱ch I havenʼt driven to it yet tlél át eeḵoox̱ch you havenʼt driven to it yet tlél át uḵoox̱ch s/he hasnʼt driven to it yet tlél át tooḵoox̱ch we havenʼt driven to it yet tlél át yeeḵoox̱ch you all havenʼt driven to it yet tlél át has uḵoox̱ch they havenʼt driven to it yet tlél át ooḵoox̱ch nobody has driven to it yet tlél aadé át g̱waaḵoox̱u yé no way can s/he drive to it át g̱waḵoox̱ún s/he would have driven to it át ḵúx̱ni if/when s/he drives to it áx̱ ḵoox̱ s/he drives to it (regularly) Chʼa yóokʼ xʼwán haat yiḵúx̱, yishóox̱ yéi kg̱walaa! You all hurry back (in boat), the tide is going out! go in motorized vehicle VI -- turn back, return, retreat, go back kei escape, flee a-ya-u-S-d-ḵoox̱~ (∅ motion) for S to turn back, return by boat

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Ayidaḵúx̱! Turn back! Ayeeydaḵúx̱! You all turn back! Líl ayeedaḵoox̱úḵ! Donʼt turn back! Líl ayeeydaḵoox̱úḵ! Donʼt you all turn back! [does not occur] [does not occur] ayax̱wdiḵúx̱ I turned back ayaydiḵúx̱ you turned back ayawdiḵúx̱ s/he turned back ayawtudiḵúx̱ we turned back ayayeeydiḵúx̱ you all turned back has ayawdiḵúx̱ they turned back ayawduwaḵúx̱ someone turned back tlél ayax̱wdaḵoox̱ I didnʼt turn back tlél ayaydaḵoox̱ you didnʼt turn back tlél ayawdaḵoox̱ s/he didnʼt turn back tlél ayawtudaḵoox̱ we didnʼt turn back tlél ayayeeydaḵoox̱ you all didnʼt turn back tlél has ayawdaḵoox̱ they didnʼt turn back tlél ayawduḵoox̱ nobody turned back ayakḵwadaḵóox̱ I will turn back ayakg̱idaḵóox̱ you will turn back ayagux̱daḵóox̱ s/he will turn back ayagax̱tudaḵóox̱ we will turn back ayagax̱yidaḵóox̱ you all will turn back has ayagux̱daḵóox̱ they will turn back ayagax̱duḵóox̱ someone will turn back tlél ayakḵwadaḵoox̱ I wonʼt turn back tlél ayakg̱idaḵoox̱ you wonʼt turn back tlél ayagux̱daḵoox̱ s/he wonʼt turn back tlél ayagax̱tudaḵoox̱ we wonʼt turn back tlél ayagax̱yidaḵoox̱ you all wonʼt turn back tlél has ayagux̱daḵoox̱ they wonʼt turn back tlél ayagax̱duḵoox̱ nobody will turn back ayaḵadaḵoox̱ let me turn back ayax̱daḵoox̱ let her/him turn back ayax̱tudaḵoox̱ let us turn back awoox̱daḵúx̱ch I turn back (every time) ayeedaḵúx̱ch you turn back (every time) awoodaḵúx̱ch s/he turns back (every time) ayatudaḵúx̱ch we turn back (every time) ayaydaḵúx̱ch you all turn back (every time) has awoodaḵúx̱ch they turn back (every time) awuduḵúx̱ch someone turns back (every time) tlél awoox̱daḵúx̱ch I havenʼt turned back yet tlél ayeedaḵúx̱ch you havenʼt turned back yet tlél awoodaḵúx̱ch s/he hasnʼt turned back yet tlél ayatudaḵúx̱ch we havenʼt turned back yet tlél ayaydaḵúx̱ch you all havenʼt turned back yet tlél has awoodaḵúx̱ch they havenʼt turned back yet tlél awuduḵúx̱ch nobody has turned back yet tlél aadé ayax̱diḵoox̱u yé no way can s/he turn back ayax̱daḵoox̱ún s/he would have turned back ayadaḵúx̱ni if/when s/he turns back awudaḵúx̱x̱ s/he turns back (regularly) Ayidaḵúx̱, ḵútx̱ jiwsitaan! Turn back (in boat), the ocean is too rough! Kʼeeljáa kei naxíx - ayakḵwadaḵóox̱. The wind is getting strong - Iʼm going to turn back (in boat). Tuwaakú ax̱ jeet shuwaxíx - ayakḵwadaḵóox̱! I ran out of snuff - Iʼm going to turn back! Tlél wuduskú goodéi sá kei ayawdiḵúx̱. Nobody knew where he fled to. go in motorized vehicle I Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace kei ʼupʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. kei moving up ux̱ kei moving out of control, blindly, amiss; going the wrong way daaḵ moving up from beach, back away from open, inland daak moving out to sea, into open, onto fire ḵux̱~ (requires d- element) returning, going/coming back daak S-∅-ḵoox̱~ (∅ motion) for S to go out to sea (in a boat); for S to move into the open (in a boat, car)

ya-ḵoox̱

Note that there is no "yaa" preverb in the progressive imperfective form with this particular group of adverbs. Daak ḵúx̱! Go out to sea! Daak yiḵúx̱! You all go out to sea! Líl daak eeḵúx̱jiḵ! Donʼt go out to sea! Líl daak yiḵúx̱jiḵ! Donʼt you all go out to sea! [does not occur] daak nax̱aḵúx̱ Iʼm going out to sea daak neeḵúx̱ youʼre going out to sea daak naḵúx̱ s/heʼs going out to sea daak natooḵúx̱ weʼre going out to sea daak nayḵúx̱ you all are going out to sea daak has naḵúx̱ they are going out to sea daak naduḵúx̱ someone is going out to sea [does not occur] daak x̱waaḵúx̱ I went out to sea daak iyaḵúx̱ you went out to sea daak uwaḵúx̱ s/he went out to sea daak wutuwaḵúx̱ we went out to sea daak yeeyḵúx̱ you all went out to sea daak has uwaḵúx̱ they went out to sea daak wuduwaḵúx̱ someone went out to sea tlél daak x̱waḵoox̱ I didnʼt go out to sea tlél daak yiḵoox̱ you didnʼt go out to sea tlél daak wuḵoox̱ s/he didnʼt go out to sea tlél daak wutooḵoox̱ we didnʼt go out to sea tlél daak yeeyḵoox̱ you all didnʼt go out to sea tlél daak has wuḵoox̱ they didnʼt go out to sea tlél daak wuduḵoox̱ nobody went out to sea daak kuḵaḵóox̱ I will go out to sea daak gag̱eeḵóox̱ you will go out to sea daak gug̱aḵóox̱ s/he will go out to sea daak gax̱tooḵóox̱ we will go out to sea daak gax̱yiḵóox̱ you all will go out to sea daak has gug̱aḵóox̱ they will go out to sea daak gax̱duḵóox̱ someone will go out to sea tlél daak kuḵaḵoox̱ I wonʼt go out to sea tlél daak gag̱eeḵoox̱ you wonʼt go out to sea tlél daak gug̱aḵoox̱ s/he wonʼt go out to sea tlél daak gax̱tooḵoox̱ we wonʼt go out to sea tlél daak gax̱yiḵoox̱ you all wonʼt go out to sea tlél daak has gug̱aḵoox̱ they wonʼt go out to sea tlél daak gax̱duḵoox̱ nobody will go out to sea daak ḵaḵoox̱ let me go out to sea daak g̱aḵoox̱ let her/him go out to sea daak g̱atooḵoox̱ let us go out to sea daak x̱waḵúx̱ch I go out to sea (every time) daak eeḵúx̱ch you go out to sea (every time) daak uḵúx̱ch s/he goes out to sea (every time) daak tooḵúx̱ch we go out to sea (every time) daak yiḵúx̱ch you all go out to sea (every time) daak has uḵúx̱ch they go out to sea (every time) daak duḵúx̱ch someone goes out to sea (every time) tlél daak x̱waḵúx̱ch I havenʼt gone out to sea yet tlél daak eeḵúx̱ch you havenʼt gone out to sea yet tlél daak uḵúx̱ch s/he hasnʼt gone out to sea yet tlél daak tooḵúx̱ch we havenʼt gone out to sea yet tlél daak yiḵúx̱ch you all havenʼt gone out to sea yet tlél daak has uḵúx̱ch they havenʼt gone out to sea yet tlél daak duḵúx̱ch nobody has gone out to sea yet tlél aadé daak g̱waaḵoox̱u yé no way can s/he go out to sea daak g̱waḵoox̱ún s/he would have gone out to sea daak ḵúx̱ni if/when s/he goes out to sea daak ḵúx̱ch s/he goes out to sea (regularly) Naakéedáx̱ kei uwaḵúx̱. He came up from down south (by boat or car). go in motorized vehicle III Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace gági ʼcoming outʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N yáa (+ P-xʼ) coming up to N (at N) N g̱unayáa (+ P-xʼ) separating from N (at N) N shukáxʼ getting ahead of N gági emerging, coming out into the open g̱unayéi / g̱unéi starting off, beginning to go N-x̱ moving in place at N, trying to move while stuck at P g̱unéi S-∅-ḵoox̱~ (∅ motion) for S to begin traveling, going by boat or car

ya-ḵoox̱

g̱unéi ḵoox̱! Get going! g̱unéi yiḵoox̱! You all get going! Líl g̱unéi eeḵúx̱x̱uḵ! Donʼt get going! Líl g̱unéi yiḵúx̱x̱uḵ! Donʼt you all get going! [does not occur] g̱unéi yaa nx̱aḵúx̱ Iʼm starting to go g̱unéi yaa neeḵúx̱ youʼre starting to go g̱unéi yaa naḵúx̱ s/heʼs starting to go g̱unéi yaa ntooḵúx̱ weʼre starting to go g̱unéi yaa nayḵúx̱ you all are starting to go g̱unéi yaa (ha)s naḵúx̱ they are starting to go g̱unéi yaa nduḵúx̱ someone is starting to go [does not occur] g̱unéi x̱waaḵúx̱ I started driving g̱unéi iyaḵúx̱ you started driving g̱unéi uwaḵúx̱ s/he started driving g̱unéi wutuwaḵúx̱ we started driving g̱unéi yeeyḵúx̱ you all started driving g̱unéi (ha)s uwaḵúx̱ they started driving g̱unéi wuduwaḵúx̱ someone started driving tlél g̱unéi x̱waḵoox̱ I didnʼt start driving tlél g̱unéi yiḵoox̱ you didnʼt start driving tlél g̱unéi wuḵoox̱ s/he didnʼt start driving tlél g̱unéi wutooḵoox̱ we didnʼt start driving tlél g̱unéi yeeyḵoox̱ you all didnʼt start driving tlél g̱unéi (ha)s wuḵoox̱ they didnʼt start driving tlél g̱unéi wuduḵoox̱ nobody started driving g̱unéi kḵwaḵóox̱ I will start driving g̱unéi kg̱eeḵóox̱ you will start driving g̱unéi kg̱waḵóox̱ s/he will start driving g̱unéi gax̱tooḵóox̱ we will start driving g̱unéi gax̱yiḵóox̱ you all will start driving g̱unéi (ha)s gug̱aḵóox̱ they will start driving g̱unéi gax̱duḵóox̱ someone will start driving tlél g̱unéi kḵwaḵoox̱ I wonʼt tlél g̱unéi kg̱eeḵoox̱ you wonʼt tlél g̱unéi kg̱waḵoox̱ s/he wonʼt tlél g̱unéi gax̱tooḵoox̱ we wonʼt tlél g̱unéi gax̱yiḵoox̱ you all wonʼt tlél g̱unéi (ha)s gug̱aḵoox̱ they wonʼt tlél g̱unéi gax̱duḵoox̱ g̱unéi ḵaḵoox̱ let me start driving g̱unéi g̱aḵoox̱ let her/him start driving g̱unéi g̱atooḵoox̱ let us start driving g̱unéi x̱waḵoox̱ch I start driving (every time) g̱unéi eeḵoox̱ch you start driving (every time) g̱unéi uḵoox̱ch s/he starts driving (every time) g̱unéi tooḵoox̱ch we start driving (every time) g̱unéi yiḵoox̱ch you all start driving (every time) g̱unéi (ha)s uḵoox̱ch they start driving (every time) g̱unéi duḵoox̱ch someone starts driving (every time) tlél g̱unéi x̱waḵoox̱ch I havenʼt started driving yet tlél g̱unéi eeḵoox̱ch you havenʼt started driving yet tlél g̱unéi uḵoox̱ch s/he hasnʼt started driving yet tlél g̱unéi tooḵoox̱ch we havenʼt started driving yet tlél g̱unéi yiḵoox̱ch you all havenʼt started driving yet tlél g̱unéi (ha)s uḵoox̱ch they havenʼt started driving yet tlél g̱unéi duḵoox̱ch nobody has started driving yet tlél aadé g̱unéi g̱waaḵoox̱u yé no way can s/he start driving g̱unéi g̱waḵoox̱ún s/he would have started driving g̱unéi ḵúx̱ni if/when s/he starts driving g̱unéi ḵúx̱x̱ s/he starts driving (regularly) go in motorized vehicle IX -- taking off, starting off N-dáx̱ taking off from N; starting off from N ḵut going astray, getting lost ḵut S-∅-ḵoox̱~ (ga motion) for S to get lost (going by motorized vehicle)

ya-ḵoox̱

Líl ḵut kei eeḵúx̱jiḵ! Donʼt get lost! Líl ḵut kei yiḵúx̱jiḵ! Donʼt you all get lost! [does not occur] ḵut kei nx̱aḵúx̱ Iʼm getting lost ḵut kei neeḵúx̱ youʼre getting lost ḵut kei naḵúx̱ s/heʼs getting lost ḵut kei ntooḵúx̱ weʼre getting lost ḵut kei nayḵúx̱ you all are getting lost ḵut kei (ha)s naḵúx̱ they are getting lost ḵut kei nduḵúx̱ someone is getting lost [does not occur] ḵut x̱waaḵoox̱ I got lost ḵut yeeḵoox̱ you got lost ḵut wooḵoox̱ s/he got lost ḵut wutuwaḵoox̱ we got lost ḵut yeeyḵoox̱ you all got lost ḵut has wooḵoox̱ they got lost ḵut wuduwaḵoox̱ someone got lost tlél ḵut x̱waḵoox̱ I didnʼt get lost tlél ḵut yiḵoox̱ you didnʼt get lost tlél ḵut wuḵoox̱ s/he didnʼt get lost tlél ḵut wutooḵoox̱ we didnʼt get lost tlél ḵut yeeyḵoox̱ you all didnʼt get lost tlél ḵut has wooḵoox̱ they didnʼt get lost tlél ḵut wuduḵoox̱ nobody got lost ḵut kei kḵwaḵóox̱ I will get lost ḵut kei kg̱eeḵóox̱ you will get lost ḵut kei kg̱waḵóox̱ s/he will get lost ḵut kei gax̱tooḵóox̱ we will get lost ḵut kei gax̱yiḵóox̱ you all will get lost ḵut kei (ha)s gug̱aḵóox̱ they will get lost ḵut kei gax̱duḵóox̱ someone will get lost tlél ḵut kei kḵwaḵoox̱ I wonʼt get lost tlél ḵut kei kg̱eeḵoox̱ you wonʼt get lost tlél ḵut kei kg̱waḵoox̱ s/he wonʼt get lost tlél ḵut kei gax̱tooḵoox̱ we wonʼt get lost tlél ḵut kei gax̱yiḵoox̱ you all wonʼt get lost tlél ḵut kei (ha)s gug̱aḵoox̱ they wonʼt get lost tlél ḵut kei gax̱duḵoox̱ nobody will get lost ḵut gaḵaḵoox̱ let me get lost ḵut gag̱aḵoox̱ let her/him get lost ḵut gax̱tooḵoox̱ let us get lost ḵut gax̱aḵúx̱ch I get lost (every time) ḵut geeḵúx̱ch you get lost (every time) ḵut gaḵúx̱ch s/he gets lost (every time) ḵut gatooḵúx̱ch we get lost (every time) ḵut gayḵúx̱ch you all get lost (every time) ḵut has gaḵúx̱ch they get lost (every time) ḵut gaduḵúx̱ch someone gets lost (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé ḵut gag̱waaḵoox̱u yé no way can s/he get lost ḵut gag̱aḵoox̱ún s/he would have gotten lost ḵut gaḵúx̱ni if/when s/he gets lost ḵut kei ḵúx̱ch s/he gets lost (regularly) go in motorized vehicle VII -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about N (no repetitive form) N-dé(i) moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of P P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱aa going to get P N-dé S-∅-ḵoox̱~ (na motion) for S to travel, go toward N (in a boat, car)

ya-ḵoox̱

Aadé naḵoox̱! Drive (toward) there! Aadé nayḵoox̱! You all drive (toward) there! Líl aadé yoo eeḵúx̱guḵ! Donʼt drive there! Líl aadé yoo yiḵúx̱guḵ! Donʼt you all drive there! [does not occur] aadé yaa nx̱aḵúx̱ Iʼm driving there aadé yaa neeḵúx̱ youʼre driving there aadé yaa naḵúx̱ s/heʼs driving there aadé yaa ntooḵúx̱ weʼre driving there aadé yaa nayḵúx̱ you all are driving there aadé yaa (ha)s naḵúx̱ they are driving there aadé yaa anaḵúx̱ people are driving there tlél aadé yaa nx̱waḵúx̱ Iʼm not driving there tlél aadé yaa neeḵúx̱ youʼre not driving there tlél aadé yaa unaḵúx̱ s/heʼs not driving there tlél aadé yaa ntooḵúx̱ weʼre not driving there tlél aadé yaa nayḵúx̱ you all are not driving there tlél aadé yaa (ha)s unaḵúx̱ theyʼre not driving there tlél aadé yaa oonaḵúx̱ nobody is driving there aadé x̱waaḵoox̱ I drove there aadé yeeḵoox̱ you drove there aadé wooḵoox̱ s/he drove there aadé wutuwaḵoox̱ we drove there aadé yeeyḵoox̱ you all drove there aadé has wooḵoox̱ they drove there aadé aawaḵoox̱ people drove there tlél aadé x̱waḵoox̱ I didnʼt drive there tlél aadé yiḵoox̱ you didnʼt drive there tlél aadé wuḵoox̱ s/he didnʼt drive there tlél aadé wtooḵoox̱ we didnʼt drive there tlél aadé yeeyḵoox̱ you all didnʼt drive there tlél aadé (ha)s wuḵoox̱ they didnʼt drive there tlél aadé awuḵoox̱ nobody drove there aadé wuḵoox̱ún s/he had driven there; s/he drove there (but...) tlél aadé wuḵoox̱ún s/he hadnʼt driven there; s/he didnʼt drive there (at the time, but...) wé aadé wuḵux̱u aa the one who drove there aadé kḵwaḵóox̱ I will drive there aadé kg̱eeḵóox̱ you will drive there aadé kg̱waḵóox̱ s/he will drive there aadé gax̱tooḵóox̱ we will drive there aadé gax̱yiḵóox̱ you all will drive there aadé (ha)s gug̱aḵóox̱ they will drive there aadé akg̱waḵóox̱ people will drive there tlél aadé kḵwaḵoox̱ I wonʼt drive there tlél aadé kg̱eeḵoox̱ you wonʼt drive there tlél aadé kg̱waḵoox̱ s/he wonʼt drive there tlél aadé gax̱tooḵoox̱ we wonʼt drive there tlél aadé gax̱yiḵoox̱ you all wonʼt drive there tlél aadé (ha)s gug̱aḵoox̱ they wonʼt drive there tlél aadé akg̱waḵoox̱ nobody will drive there aadé nḵaḵoox̱ let me drive there aadé ng̱aḵoox̱ let her/him drive there aadé nax̱tooḵoox̱ let us drive there aadé nx̱aḵúx̱ch I drive there (every time) aadé neeḵúx̱ch you drive there (every time) aadé naḵúx̱ch s/he drives there (every time) aadé ntooḵúx̱ch we drive there (every time) aadé nayḵúx̱ch you all drive there (every time) aadé (ha)s naḵúx̱ch they drive there (every time) aadé anaḵúx̱ch people drive there (every time) tlél aadé nx̱waḵúx̱ch I havenʼt driven there yet tlél aadé neeḵúx̱ch you havenʼt driven there yet tlél aadé unaḵúx̱ch s/he hasnʼt driven there yet tlél aadé ntooḵúx̱ch we havenʼt driven there yet tlél aadé nayḵúx̱ch you all havenʼt driven there yet tlél aadé (ha)s unaḵúx̱ch they havenʼt driven there yet tlél aadé oonaḵúx̱ch nobody has driven there yet tlél aadé aadé ng̱waaḵoox̱u yé no way can s/he drive there aadé ng̱waḵoox̱ún s/he would have driven there aadé naḵúx̱ni if/when s/he drives there aadé yoo yaḵúx̱k s/he drives there (regularly) Kʼeiljáa tóox̱ yaa naḵúx̱. S/he is driving through a storm. ḵutx̱ ayanahá káaxʼ át has naḵúx̱ch. They navigate by the stars. Pelicandé áwé yaa ntooḵúx̱, Xunaanáx̱ wutuwaḵoox̱. We stopped in Hoonah on our way to Nelican. go along (keep on going) (by boat, car) This is an example of a progressive epiaspectual paradigm (Leer, 91), which basically means that all forms are based on the progressive aspect. The progressive epiaspect is characterized by: 1)having the yaa preverb in all forms, 2)having no perfective form, and 3)denotes semantically a continuous transition from one location or state to another. yaa S-∅-ḵoox̱~ (ga motion) for S to be going, traveling along (by boat, car)

ya-ḵoox̱

Yaa gaḵoox̱! Keep on going (by boat, car)! Yaa gayḵoox̱! You all keep on going (by boat, car)! [does not occur] yaa naḵúx̱ s/he is going along (by boat, car) [does not occur] yaa kg̱waḵóox̱ s/he will keep on going (by boat, car) yaa kg̱aḵoox̱ let her/him keep on going (by boat, car) yaa gaḵúx̱ch s/he keeps on going (by boat, car) (every time) tlél yaa gooḵúx̱ch s/he isnʼt going along (by boat, car) yet tlél aadé yaa kg̱waaḵoox̱u yé no way can s/he keep on going (by boat, car) yaa kg̱waḵoox̱ún s/he would have kept on going (by boat, car) yaa gaḵúx̱ni if/when s/he keeps on going (by boat, car) Kaldaag̱éináx̱ yaa gax̱tooḵóox̱, tlél g̱wadlaan yá éix̱ʼ yík. We will travel along slowly, itʼs not deep in this slough. ḵʼeekʼ crowded crowded, jammed together O-d-ḵʼéekʼ~ (∅ event) for O to be crowded, jammed together

di-ḵʼeekʼ

[does not occur] yaa ndaḵʼíkʼ he/she is getting crowded x̱at wudiḵʼíkʼ Iʼm crowded wudiḵʼíkʼ s/he is crowded haa wdiḵʼíkʼ we are crowded has wudiḵʼíkʼ they are crowded tlél x̱at wudaḵʼéekʼ Iʼm not crowded tlél wudaḵʼéekʼ s/he isnʼt crowded gux̱daḵʼéekʼ s/he is going to be crowded tlél gux̱daḵʼéekʼ s/he isnʼt going to be crowded (chʼa) x̱daḵʼéekʼ (just) let her/him be crowded udaḵʼíkʼch s/he gets crowded (every time) tlél udaḵʼíkʼch s/he isnʼt crowded yet tlél aadé ux̱diḵíkʼu yé no way can s/he be crowded ux̱daḵʼíkʼun s/he would have been crowded daḵʼíkʼni if/when s/he is crowded daḵʼíkʼx̱ s/he gets crowded (regularly) Aantḵeení áa wdiḵʼíkʼ. The crowd is jammed together (is thick) there. [Story & Naish 1973: 59] Haa udaḵʼíkʼch. We are crowded (with too many things in our house). [Story & Naish 1973: 59] ḵʼei admire admire, think highly of, respect; treasure, value N yáa O-li-ḵʼéi (ga state) for N to admire, think highly of, respect O; for N to treasure, value O

ḵaa yáa + li-ḵʼei

Leer 1973: f01/221 I yáa galaḵʼéi! Admire her/him! Yee yáa galaḵʼéi! You all admire her/him! Líl i yáa kei ulḵʼéiyich! Donʼt admire her/him! Líl yee yáa kei ulḵʼéiyich! Donʼt you all admire her/him! ax̱ yáa liḵʼéi I admire her/him du yáa liḵʼéi s/he admires her/him tlél ax̱ yáa ulḵʼé I donʼt admire her/him tlél du yáa ulḵʼé s/he doesnʼt admire her/him du yáa kei nalḵʼéin s/he is beginning to admire her/him du yáa wuliḵʼéi s/he admired her/him tlél du yáa wulḵʼéi s/he didnʼt admire her/him du yáa kei gux̱laḵʼéi s/he is going to admire her/him tlél du yáa kei gux̱laḵʼéi s/he isnʼt going to admire her/him (chʼa) du yáa gax̱laḵʼéi (just) let her/him admire her/him du yáa galaḵʼéich s/he admires her/him (every time) tlél du yáa goolaḵʼéich s/he hasnʼt admired her/him yet tlél aadé du yáa goox̱liḵʼéiyi yé no way can s/he admire her/him du yáa goox̱laḵʼéiyin s/he would have admired her/him du yáa galaḵʼéini if/when s/he admires her/him du yáa kei laḵʼéich s/he admires her/him (regularly) Ax̱ yáa liḵʼéi aadé at kayeey.aaḵw yé. I am pleased with the way you planned it. Du yáa x̱at liḵʼéi. She admires me. Ldakát yagiyee áwé ax̱ yáa liḵʼéi yéi wusgeedí. I admire her every time she does that. Du yáa galaḵʼéini, yéi jiné a jeedé akg̱watée. If he thinks highly of him, heʼll give him a job. Líl i yáa kei ulḵʼéiyich, tlél daatx̱ sá ustí. Donʼt admire him, heʼs nothing. I yáa galaḵʼéi, aakʼé at kookeidí áwé. Admire him, heʼs a good example. Hél has du yáa at ulḵʼé. They have no respect for anyone. L yáa at ulḵʼé déin ax̱ éet x̱ʼeiwatán. He spoke to me disrespectfully. ḵʼeikʼw ¹ (2) cut, wound cut her/him/it (human body, accidentally) O-S-∅-ḵʼéikʼw~ (∅ event) for S to cut O (human body), usually accidentally; for S to wound O with a sharp instrument

ya-ḵʼeikʼw

Eeḵʼéikʼw tsá! Be sure not to cut her/him/it! Yiḵʼéikʼw tsá! You all be sure not to cut her/him/it! [does not occur] x̱waaḵʼékʼw I cut her/him/it aawaḵʼékʼw s/he cut her/him/it tlél x̱waḵʼékʼw I didnʼt cut her/him/it tlél awuḵʼéikʼw s/he didnʼt cut her/him/it kuḵaḵʼéikʼw I will cut her/him/it akg̱waḵʼéikʼw s/he will cut her/him/it tlél kuḵaḵʼéikʼw I wonʼt cut her/him/it tlél akg̱waḵʼéikʼw s/he wonʼt cut her/him/it ḵaḵʼéikʼw let me cut her/him/it ag̱aḵʼéikʼw let her/him cut her/him/it x̱waḵʼéikʼwch I cut her/him/it (every time) ooḵʼéikʼwch s/he cuts her/him/it (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé oog̱aaḵʼéikʼu yé no way can s/he cut her/him/it oog̱aḵʼéikʼun s/he would have cut her/him/it aḵʼékʼwni if/when s/he cuts her/him/it aḵʼékʼwx̱ s/he cuts her/him/it (regularly) cut oneself sh S-d-ḵʼéikʼw~ (∅ event) for S to cut himself/herself, usually accidentally; for S to wound himself/herself with a sharp instrument

ya-ḵʼeikʼw

Sh idaḵʼéikʼw tsá! Be sure not to cut yourself! Sh yidaḵʼéikʼw tsá! Be sure not to cut yourselves! [does not occur] sh x̱wadiḵʼékʼw I cut myself sh wudiḵʼékʼw s/he cut himself/herself tlél sh x̱wadaḵʼéikʼw I didnʼt cut myself tlél sh wudaḵʼéikʼw s/he didnʼt cut himself/herself sh kuḵadaḵʼéikʼw I will cut myself sh gux̱daḵʼéikʼw s/he will cut himself/herself tlél sh kuḵadaḵʼéikʼw I wonʼt cut myself tlél sh gux̱daḵʼéikʼw s/he wonʼt cut himself/herself sh ḵadaḵʼéikʼw let me cut myself sh g̱adaḵʼéikʼw let her/him cut himself/herself sh x̱wadaḵʼéikʼwch I cut myself (every time) sh udaḵʼéikʼwch s/he cuts himself/herself (every time) tlél sh ux̱daḵʼéikʼwch I havenʼt cut myself yet tlél sh udaḵʼéikʼwch s/he hasnʼt cut himself/herself yet tlél aadé sh g̱udiḵʼéikʼu yé no way can s/he cut himself/herself sh g̱udaḵʼéikʼun s/he would have cut himself/herself sh daḵʼékʼni if/when s/he cuts himself/herself sh daḵʼékʼwx̱ s/he cuts himself/herself (regularly) Tlél áyáx̱ utí ách áwé tlákw sh daḵʼékʼwx̱. Heʼs not capable, thatʼs why he always cuts himself. Kayéix̱ tág̱u yéi adaaneiyí áwé sh udaḵʼékʼwch. When heʼs making shavings, he cuts himself every time. Sh idaḵʼéikʼw tsá wéi x̱áat eexaashí. Be sure not to cut yourself when you cut fish. Yaakʼátsʼ wéi lítaa - sh idaḵʼéikʼw tsá! The knife is sharp - be sure not to cut yourself! laa ¹ (3) melt, go out (tide) ebb, go out (of tide) IX Note that N-x̱ in the theme is not required by the verb, but should be used to give the meaning "for the tide to go out from under P". Omit N-x̱ to say simply "for the tide to go out". For example, compare: woolaa "the tide went out" and áx̱ woolaa "the tide went out from under it". (N-x̱) ∅-laa~ (g̱a motion) for the tide to ebb, go out (from under P)

ya-laa

[does not occur] áx̱ yei naléin the tide is going out from under it áx̱ woolaa the tide went out from under it tlél áx̱ wulaa the tide didnʼt go out from under it áx̱ yei kg̱waláa the tide will go out from under it tlél áx̱ yei kg̱walaa the tide wonʼt go out from under it áx̱ g̱aag̱alaa let the tide go out from under it áx̱ g̱aléich the tide goes out from under it (every time) tlél áx̱ g̱waléich the tide hasnʼt gone out from under it yet tlél aadé áx̱ g̱aag̱waalaayi yé no way can the tide go out from under it áx̱ g̱aag̱walaayín the tide would have gone out from under it áx̱ g̱aléini if/when the tide goes out from under it áx̱ yei léich the tide goes out from under it (regularly) Áx̱ woolaa du yaagú. The tide went out from under his boat. Tlél áyáx̱ yei kg̱walaa. The tide wonʼt be low enough (to dig clams, e.g.) melt, dissolve, thaw l-laa~ (∅ event) for something to melt, dissolve, thaw

li-laa

[does not occur] yaa nalléin itʼs melting wuliláa it melted tlél wullá it didnʼt melt gux̱laláa it will melt tlél gux̱lalaa it wonʼt melt g̱alalaa let it melt ulláaych it melts (every time) tlél ulláaych it hasnʼt melted yet tlél aadé g̱walilaayi yé no way can it melt g̱walalaayín it would have melted laléini if/when it melts laléix̱ it melts (regularly) Wé tléiḵw g̱alalaa yageiyi sʼíxʼ káxʼ. Let the berries melt in the large bowl. Wé dleey g̱alalaa xáanaa atx̱aayí sákw. Let the meat thaw for dinner. Wudlitʼixʼi tléiḵw wullaayí ḵúnáx̱ kʼéi nooch tsaa eix̱í teen ḵa shúgwaa. When the frozen berries are thawed they are real good with seal oil and sugar. Yáa héen yík wullaayí tsá, gax̱tooḵóox̱. When the river melts we will go (by boat). go out, low (of tide) yan~ ∅-laa~ (∅ motion) for the tide to go out, be low

ya-laa

[does not occur] yánde yaa naléin the tide is going out yan uwaláa the tide is low tlél yan wulá the tide isnʼt low yánde kg̱waláa the tide will go out tlél yánde kg̱walaa the tide wonʼt go out [does not occur] yan uláaych the tide goes out (every day) tlél yan uláaych the tide hasnʼt gone out yet [does not occur] [does not occur] yan léini if/when the tide is low yax̱ laa the tide goes out (regularly) Yan wulaayí tsá gax̱tulaxʼóolʼ laaḵʼáskʼ. When the tide goes out weʼll gather seaweed. Gáalʼ kaadé yaa naléin. The tide is going out over the clams (for clam digging). laaxw starve starve O-∅-laaxw~ (∅ event) for O to be starving, starved

ya-laaxw

[does not occur] yaa x̱at naláxw I am starving yaa naláxw he/she/it is starving x̱at uwaláxw I starved uwaláxw he/she/it starved tlél x̱at wulaaxw I didnʼt starve tlél wulaaxw he/she/it didnʼt starve x̱at gug̱waláaxw I will starve gug̱waláaxw he/she/it will starve tlél x̱at gug̱walaaxw I wonʼt starve tlél gug̱walaaxw he/she/it wonʼt starve (chʼa) x̱at g̱alaaxw (dé) (just) let me starve (now) (chʼa) g̱alaaxw (dé) (just) let let her/him/it starve (now) x̱at ulaaxwch I starve (every time) ulaaxwch s/he starves (every time) tlél x̱at ulaaxwch I havenʼt starved yet tlél ulaaxwch he/she/it hasnʼt starved yet tlél aadé x̱at g̱waalaaxu yé no way can I starve tlél aadé g̱waalaaxu yé no way can he/she/it starve x̱at g̱walaaxún I would have starved g̱walaaxún he/she/it would have staved x̱at láxwni if/when I starve láxwni if/when he/she/it starves [does not occur] Yax̱ yaa has yanaláxw wé g̱uwakaan. The deer are starving. leet (3) throw throw it there (with force so that it scatters) II N-t~ O-S-leet~ (∅ motion) for S to throw O (usually with force so that object scatters) to N

ya-leet

Át lít! Throw it to it! Át yilít! You all throw it to it! Líl áx̱ eeleedíḵ! Donʼt throw it to it! Líl áx̱ yileedíḵ! Donʼt you all throw it to it! [does not occur] át x̱waalít I threw it to it át aawalít s/he threw it to it tlél át awuleet s/he didnʼt throw it to it aadé akg̱waléet s/he will throw it to it tlél aadé akg̱waleet s/he wonʼt throw it to it át ag̱aleet let her/him throw it to it át ooleetch s/he throws it to it (every time) tlél át ooleetch s/he hasnʼt thrown it to it yet tlél aadé át ag̱waaleedi yé no way can s/he throw it to it át ag̱waleedín s/he would have thrown it to it át alítni if/when s/he throws it to it áx̱ aleet s/he throws it to it (regularly) Wé ḵʼwátl kát lít wé sʼín! Throw the carrots in the pot! Note that in the example sentence below, the postposition -dé (káast kaadé ʼin the barrelʼ) occurs with the imperative form lít ʼthrow itʼ, where we would expect the postposition -t (as in káast kát). Both forms are acceptable, this being a peculiarity of this particular verb. throw it up in the air; throw it away I kei O-S-∅-leet~ (∅ motion) for S to throw O up in the air; for S to throw O away (literally and figuratively)

kei ya-leet

Kei leet! Throw it away! Kei yileet! You all throw it away! Líl kei eelítjíḵ! Donʼt throw it away! Líl kei yilítjiḵ! Donʼt you all throw it away! kei x̱waalít I threw it away kei aawalít s/he threw it away tlél kei x̱waleet I didnʼt throw it away tlél kei awuleet s/he didnʼt throw it away kei akg̱waléet s/he will throw it away tlél kei akg̱waleet s/he wonʼt throw it away kei ag̱aleet / kei ag̱aleedí let her/him throw it away kei ooleetch s/he throws it away (every time) tlél kei ooleetch s/he hasnʼt thrown it away yet tlél aadé kei ag̱waaleedi yé no way can s/he throw it away kei ag̱waleedín s/he would have thrown it away kei alítni if/when s/he throws it away kei alítch s/he throws it away (regularly) Du dáanayi kei aawalít. He threw his money away (spent it poorly). Du ka.óowadi kei aawalít. He threw the things he bought away. Yóode kei aawalít. She threw it away. Has du x̱ʼéide kei leet wé gáaxw. Throw it for the ducks to eat. quit, give up kei S-d-leet~ (∅ motion) for S to give up, quit

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Kei idaleet! Give up! Kei yidaleet! You all give up! Líl kei idalítjiḵ! Donʼt give up! Líl kei yidalítjiḵ! Donʼt you all give up! [does not occur] kei x̱wdilít I gave up kei wdilít s/he gave up tlél kei wdaleet s/he didnʼt give up kei gux̱daléet s/he will give up tlél kei gux̱daleet s/he wonʼt give up kei x̱daleet / kei x̱daleedí let her/him give up kei udaleetch s/he gives up (every time) tlél kei udaleetch s/he hasnʼt given up yet tlél aadé kei x̱wdileedi yé no way can s/he give up kei x̱wdaleedín s/he would have given up kei dalítni if/when s/he gives up kei dalítch s/he gives up easily Ax̱ sháade háni tlél a yáx̱ yoo x̱ʼeitánk, ách áwé kei x̱wdilít. My boss didnʼt talk right, so I quit. [Story & Naish 1973:165] lei far, distant far, distant (that far, distant) (yéi) ka-u-∅-lei~ (na state) for something to be (so) far, distant (in time or space)

ya-lei

(yéi) ka-u-∅-lee~ (na state) The perfective form: yéi kaawalei "it was that far" is commonly used in situations where one just fell short of making it to a destination. In other words, "I almost made it, it was just that far away". yéi kunaaléi itʼs that far tlél yéi koonalé it isnʼt that far yéi yaa kunaléin itʼs becoming farther yéi kaawalei it was that far tlél yéi kawulei it wasnʼt that far yéi kakg̱waléi it will be that far tlél yéi kakg̱walei it wonʼt be that far [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] yéi kunaléini if/when itʼs that far [does not occur] look drink drink in sips, sip (esp. hot liquids) O-S-∅-look~ (∅ act) for S to drink O in sips, sip O (esp. hot liquids)

ya-look

Lúk! Sip it! Líl eelúkx̱uḵ! Donʼt sip it! alóok s/he is sipping it tlél oolook s/he isnʼt sipping it x̱waalúk I sipped it aawalúk s/he sipped it tlél x̱walook I didnʼt sip it tlél awulook s/he didnʼt sip it akg̱walóok s/he will sip it tlél akg̱walook s/he wonʼt sip it ag̱alook let her/him sip it oolúkch s/he sips it (every time) tlél oolúkch s/he hasnʼt sipped it yet tlél aadé oog̱aaloogu yé no way can s/he sip it oog̱aloogún s/he would have sipped it alúkni if/when s/he sips it alúkx̱ s/he sips it (regularly) Tlél awulook, ḵútx̱ yaawatʼáa. She didnʼt drink it, itʼs too hot. Ash gux̱latʼaa alúkni. If he drinks it, it will warm him up. Wáanáx̱ sá tlél oolook wé yaawatʼaayi héen? Why isnʼt she drinking the tea? Sʼikshaldéen gax̱toolóok. We are going to drink (sip) Hudson Bay tea. [Story & Naish 1973: 75] Chʼa tlákw at lóok. Heʼs always drinking (tea or coffee). [Story & Naish 1973: 75] looxʼ (4) urinate urinate a-S-∅-lóoxʼ~ (∅ act) for S to urinate

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Leer 1973: 08/73-74; Leer 1976: 453 Alúxʼ! Urinate! Aylúxʼ! You all urinate! Líl eelúxʼx̱uḵ! Donʼt urinate! Líl aylúxʼx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all urinate! ax̱alóoxʼ I am urinating eelóoxʼ youʼre urinating alóoxʼ s/heʼs urinating tlél ax̱walóoxʼ Iʼm not urinating tlél eelóoxʼ youʼre not urinating tlél oolóoxʼ s/heʼs not urinating yaa anx̱alúxʼ I am starting to urinate yaa aneelúxʼ s/he is starting to urinate yaa analúxʼ s/he is starting to urinate ax̱waalúxʼ I am urinating; I urinated eeyalúxʼ you are urinating; you urinated aawalúxʼ s/he is urinating; s/he urinated tlél ax̱walóoxʼ Iʼm not urinating; I didnʼt urinate tlél ayilóoxʼ youʼre not urinating; you didnʼt urinate tlél awulóoxʼ s/heʼs not urinating; s/he didnʼt urinate akḵwalóoxʼ I will urinate akg̱eelóoxʼ you will urinate akg̱walóoxʼ s/he will urinate tlél akḵwalóoxʼ I wonʼt urinate tlél akg̱eelóoxʼ you wonʼt urinate tlél akg̱walóoxʼ s/he wonʼt urniate aḵalóoxʼ let me urinate ag̱alóoxʼ let her/him urinate oox̱alóoxʼch I urinate (every time) eelóoxʼch you urinate (every time) oolóoxʼch s/he urinates (every time) tlél oox̱alóoxʼch I havenʼt urinated yet tlél eelóoxʼch you havenʼt urinated yet tlél oolóoxʼch s/he hasnʼt urinated yet tlél aadé oog̱aalóoxʼu yé no way can s/he urinate oog̱alóoxʼun s/he would have urinated alúxʼni if/when s/he urinates alúxʼx̱ s/he urinates (regularly); s/he is trying to urinate Kwás káa alúxʼ chʼu l natoo.átji! Go pee on the potty before we go! Kwás káa aawalúxʼ. He peed on the potty. urinate a-ka-S-l-lóoxʼ~ (na act) for S to urinate

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Leer 1973: 08/73-74; Leer 1976: 453 Akanallóoxʼ! Urinate! Akanaylalóoxʼ! You all urniate! (Li sʼé) líl yoo akeelalúxʼguḵ! Donʼt urinate (yet)! (Li sʼé) líl yoo akaylalúxʼguḵ! Donʼt you all urinate (yet)! akax̱lalóoxʼ I am urinating akeelalóoxʼ you are urinating akalalóoxʼ s/he is urinating tlél akax̱wlalóoxʼ Iʼm not urinating tlél akeelalóoxʼ you arenʼt urinating tlél akoollóoxʼ s/he isnʼt urinating yaa akanax̱lalúxʼ I am going along urinating yaa akanilalúxʼ you are going along urinating yaa akanallúxʼ s/he is going along urinating akax̱wlilóoxʼ I urinated akaylilóoxʼ you urinated akawlilóoxʼ s/he urinated tlél akax̱wlalóoxʼ I didnʼt urinate tlél akaylalóoxʼ you didnʼt urinate tlél akawullóoxʼ s/he didnʼt urinate akakḵwalalóoxʼ Iʼm going to urinate akakg̱ilalóoxʼ youʼre going to urinate akagux̱lalóoxʼ s/heʼs going to urinate tlél akakḵwalalóoxʼ Iʼm not going to urinate tlél akakg̱ilalóoxʼ youʼre not going to urinate tlél akagux̱lalóoxʼ s/heʼs not going to urinate akanḵalalóoxʼ let me urinate akanax̱lalóoxʼ let her/him urinate akanax̱lalóoxʼch I urinate (every time) akanilalóoxʼch you urinate (every time) akanallóoxʼch s/he urinates (every time) tlél akoonax̱lalóoxʼch I havenʼt urinated yet tlél akanilalóoxʼch you havenʼt urinated yet tlél akoonallóoxʼch s/he hasnʼt urinated yet tlél aadé akoonḵalilóoxʼu yé no way can I urinate tlél aadé akoonax̱lilóoxʼu yé no way can s/he urinate akoonḵalalóoxʼun I would have urinated akoonax̱lalóoxʼun s/he would have urinated akanax̱lalúxʼni if/when I urinate akanallúxʼni if/when s/he urinates yoo akax̱lilúxʼk I urinate (regularly) yoo akalilúxʼk s/he urinates (regularly) Hél yáa neilx̱ eegoodíḵ, akax̱lalóoxʼ! Donʼt come in here, Iʼm peeing! urinate II Following is an example sentence that would technically belong in a separate entry for a Group I motion derivation, since it has the preverb kei and the repetitive suffix -ch: Tlél óoxjaa dayéen kei akeelalúxʼjiḵ! Donʼt pee against the wind! N-t~ a-ka-S-l-lóoxʼ~ (∅ motion) for S to urinate at N

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Leer 1973: 08/73-74; Leer 1976: 453 Át Aklalúxʼ! Urinate there! Át akaylalúxʼ! You all urniate there! Líl áx̱ akeelalóoxʼuḵ! Donʼt urinate there! Líl áx̱ akaylalóoxʼuḵ! Donʼt you all urinate there! [does not occur] aadé yaa akanallúxʼ s/he is urinating there át akax̱wlilúxʼ I urinated there át akaylilúxʼ you urinated there át akawlilúxʼ s/he urinated there tlél át akax̱wlalóoxʼ I didnʼt urinate there tlél át akaylalóoxʼ you didnʼt urinate there tlél át akawullóoxʼ s/he didnʼt urinate there aadé akakḵwalalóoxʼ Iʼm going to urinate there aadé akakg̱ilalóoxʼ youʼre going to urinate there aadé akagux̱lalóoxʼ s/heʼs going to urinate there tlél aadé akakḵwalalóoxʼ Iʼm not going to urinate there tlél aadé akakg̱ilalóoxʼ youʼre not going to urinate there tlél aadé akagux̱lalóoxʼ s/heʼs not going to urinate there át akḵalalóoxʼ let me urinate there át akax̱lalóoxʼ let her/him urinate there át akoox̱lalóoxʼch I urinate there (every time) át akeelalóoxʼch you urinate there (every time) át akoollóoxʼch s/he urinates there (every time) tlél át akoox̱lalóoxʼch I havenʼt urinated there yet tlél át akeelalóoxʼch you havenʼt urinated there yet tlél át akoollóoxʼch s/he hasnʼt urinated there yet tlél aadé át akooḵalilóoxʼu yé no way can I urinate there tlél aadé át akoox̱lilóoxʼu yé no way can s/he urinate there át akooḵalalóoxʼun I would have urinated there át akoox̱lalóoxʼun s/he would have urinated there át akax̱lalúxʼni if/when I urinate there át aklalúxʼni if/when s/he urinates there áx̱ akax̱lalóoxʼ I urinate there (regularly) áx̱ aklalóoxʼ s/he urinates there (regularly) Ax̱ éet akawlilúxʼ. He peed on me. Du shakéet akawlilúxʼ. He peed on his head. Tlél du daax̱ akeelalóoxʼuḵ! Donʼt pee on him! Aas daat aklalúxʼ! Pee on the tree! pee oneself To say "wet the bed", replace sh daa throughout the paradigm with sh yee, as in: sh yee awdilúxʼ "s/he wet the bed". sh daa a-S-d-lóoxʼ~ (∅ event) for S to Nee oneself

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(Góok) sh daa eedalúxʼ! (Go ahead) pee yourself! (Góok) sh daa aydalúxʼ! (Go ahead) pee yourselves! Líl sh daa eedalúxʼx̱uḵ! Donʼt pee yourself! Líl sh daa aydalúxʼx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all pee yourselves! sh daa ax̱dalóoxʼ I pee myself sh daa eedalóoxʼ you pee yourself sh daa adalóoxʼ s/he pees himself/herself tlél sh daa ax̱wdalóoxʼ I donʼt pee myself tlél sh daa eedalóoxʼ you donʼt pee yourself tlél sh daa oodalóoxʼ s/he doesnʼt pee himself/herself sh daa yaa anax̱dalúxʼ I am peeing myself sh daa yaa anidalúxʼ you are peeing yourself sh daa yaa andalúxʼ s/he is peeing himself/herself sh daa ax̱wdilúxʼ I peed myself sh daa aydilúxʼ you peed yourself sh daa awdilúxʼ s/he peed himself/herself tlél sh daa ax̱wdalóoxʼ I didnʼt pee myself tlél sh daa aydalóoxʼ you didnʼt pee yourself tlél sh daa awdalóoxʼ s/he didnʼt pee himself/herself sh daa akḵwadalóoxʼ Iʼm going to Nee myself sh daa akg̱idalóoxʼ youʼre going to Nee yourself sh daa agux̱dalóoxʼ s/heʼs going to Nee himself/herself tlél sh daa akḵwadalóoxʼ Iʼm not going to Nee myself tlél sh daa akg̱idalóoxʼ youʼre not going to Nee yourself tlél sh daa agux̱dalóoxʼ s/heʼs not going to Nee himself/herself (chʼa sh daa aḵadalóoxʼ (dé) (just) let me pee myself (now) (chʼa) sh daa ax̱dalóoxʼ (dé) (just) let her/him pee himself/herself (now) sh daa oox̱dalóoxʼch I pee myself (every time) sh daa eedalóoxʼch you pee yourself (every time) sh daa oodalóoxʼch s/he pees himself/herself (every time) tlél sh daa oox̱dalóoxʼch I havenʼt peed myself yet tlél sh daa eedalóoxʼch you havenʼt peed yourself yet tlél sh daa oodalóoxʼch s/he hasnʼt peed himself/herself yet tlél aadé sh daa ooḵadilóoxʼu yé no way can I pee myself tlél aadé sh daa oox̱dilóoxʼu yé no way can s/he pee himself/herself sh daa ooḵadalóoxʼun I would have peed myself sh daa oox̱dalóoxʼun s/he would have peed himself/herself sh daa ax̱dalúxʼni if/when I pee myself sh daa adalúxʼni if/when s/he pees himself/herself sh daa ax̱dalúxʼx̱ I pee myself (regularly) sh daa adalúxʼx̱ s/he pees himself/herself (regularly) Sh daa awdalóoxʼu yís du naa.ádi ax̱ jeewú. I have clothes for him if he pees himself. Chʼa g̱óot naa.át náa yéi agux̱da.oo sh daa adalúxʼni. If she pees herself, sheʼll wear a change of clothes. Du kalóoxʼshánich kaawaxílʼ ách áwé sh daadé adalóoxʼ. His kidneys give him trouble, thatʼs why he pees himself. Sh yee adalúxʼx̱. She wets the bed. lʼaa ʰ (3) nurse nurse a baby N x̱ʼéi a-S-l-lʼaa ʰ~ (∅ act) for S to nurse N

li-lʼaa

Leer 1973: 08/167-169 Du x̱ʼéi allʼá! Nurse her/him! Líl du x̱ʼéi eellʼáaḵ! Donʼt nurse her/him! du x̱ʼéi allʼáa she is nursing her/him tlél du x̱ʼéi oollʼáa she is not nursing her/him du x̱ʼéi ax̱wlilʼáa I nursed her/him du x̱ʼéi awlilʼáa she nursed her/him tlél du x̱ʼéi ax̱wlalʼá I didnʼt nurse her/him tlél du x̱ʼéi awullʼá she didnʼt nurse her/him du x̱ʼéi agux̱lalʼáa she will nurse her/him tlél du x̱ʼéi agux̱lalʼaa she wonʼt nurse her/him du x̱ʼéi ax̱lalʼaa let her/him nurse her/him du x̱ʼéi oollʼáaych s/he nurses her/him (every time) tlél du x̱ʼéi oollʼáaych she hasnʼt nursed her/him yet tlél aadé du x̱ʼéi oox̱lilʼaayi yé no way can she nurse her/him du x̱ʼéi oox̱lalʼaayín she would have nursed her/him du x̱ʼéi allʼéini if/when she nurses her/him du x̱ʼéi allʼeix̱ s/he nurses her/him (regularly) Wé kadag̱aax̱ du yádi x̱ʼéi allʼéini sh gug̱walkʼáatlʼ. The crying baby will become quiet when she nurses him. Wé tsaa taayí du yádi x̱ʼéi allʼáa. He gave his child seal fat to suck on. Du tláach du x̱ʼéi allʼáa wé atkʼátskʼu. The mother is nursing the baby. # ZZZ NSF suck on it, nurse O-S-∅-lʼaa ʰ~ (∅ act) for S to suck on O, nurse on O

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Leer 1973: 08/167-169 Lʼá! Suck on it! Yilʼá! You all suck on it! Líl eelʼeix̱íḵ! Donʼt suck on it! Líl yilʼeix̱íḵ! Donʼt you all suck on it! alʼáa s/he is sucking on it tlél oolʼáa s/he isnʼt sucking on it x̱waalʼáa I sucked on it aawalʼáa s/he sucked on it tlél x̱walʼá I didnʼt suck on it tlél awulʼá s/he didnʼt suck on it akg̱walʼáa s/he will suck on it tlél akg̱walʼaa s/he wonʼt suck on it (chʼa) ag̱alʼaa (just) let her/him suck on it oolʼáaych s/he sucks on it (every time) tlél oolʼáaych s/he hasnʼt sucked on it yet tlél aadé oog̱aalʼaayi yé no way can s/he suck on it oog̱alʼaayín s/he would have sucked on it alʼéini if/when s/he sucks on it alʼeix̱ s/he sucks on it (regularly) Wé linúktsi át alʼáa. Sheʼs sucking on the candy. Wé du yádi alʼáa. Her child is nursing. Du éet yaan g̱ahéin lʼaa tux̱án oolʼáaych. Whenever he gets hungry he sucks milk. [Leer 1973: 08/169] suck on it O-S-l-lʼaa ʰ~ (∅ act) for S to suck on O

li-lʼaa

Leer 1973: 08/167-169 Lalʼá! Suck on it! Yilalʼá! You all suck on it! Líl ilalʼáaḵ! Donʼt suck on it! Líl yilalʼáaḵ! Donʼt you all suck on it! allʼáa s/he is sucking on it tlél oollʼáa s/he is not sucking on it x̱walilʼáa I sucked on it awlilʼáa s/he sucked on it tlél x̱walalʼá I didnʼt suck on it tlél awullʼá s/he didnʼt suck on it agux̱lalʼáa s/he will suck on it tlél agux̱lalʼaa s/he wonʼt suck on it ax̱lalʼaa let her/him suck on it oollʼáaych s/he sucks on it (every time) tlél oollʼáaych s/he hasnʼt sucked on it yet tlél aadé oox̱lilʼaayi yé no way can s/he suck on it oox̱lalʼaayín s/he would have sucked on it allʼéini if/when s/he sucks on it allʼeix̱ s/he sucks on it (regularly) ḵaa sheiyí ḵaa tóodáx̱ allʼeix̱. It (vampire bat) sucks blood from Neople. [Story & Naish 1973:216] lʼeelʼ (2) defecate defecate a-S-∅-lʼéelʼ~ (∅ act) for S to defecate

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Leer 1973: 08/196 Alʼílʼ (dé)! Defecate (now)! Aylʼílʼ (dé)! You all defecate (now)! Líl eelʼílʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt defecate! Líl yeelʼílʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all defecate! ax̱alʼéelʼ I am defecating eelʼéelʼ you are defecating alʼéelʼ s/he is defecating tlél ax̱walʼéelʼ Iʼm not defecating tlél eelʼéelʼ you arenʼt defecating tlél oolʼéelʼ yaa anx̱alʼílʼ I am going along defecating yaa aneelʼílʼ you are going along defecating yaa analʼílʼ he/she/it is going along defecating ax̱waalʼílʼ I defecated eeyalʼílʼ you defecated aawalʼílʼ he/she/it defecated tlél ax̱walʼéelʼ I didnʼt defecate tlél ayilʼéelʼ you didnʼt defecate tlél awulʼéelʼ he/she/it didnʼt defecate akḵwalʼéelʼ I will defecate akg̱eelʼéelʼ you will defecate akg̱walʼéelʼ he/she/it will defecate tlél akḵwalʼéelʼ I wonʼt defecate tlél akg̱eelʼéelʼ you wonʼt defecate tlél akg̱walʼéelʼ he/she/it wonʼt defecate aḵalʼéelʼ let me defecate ag̱alʼéelʼ let her/him/it defecate oox̱alʼílʼch I defecate (every time) eelʼílʼch you defecate (every time) oolʼílʼch he/she/it defecates (every time) tlél oox̱alʼílʼch I havenʼt defecated yet tlél eelʼílʼch you havenʼt defecated yet tlél oolʼílʼch he/she/it hasʼt defecated yet tlél aadé ooḵaalʼéelʼi yé no way can I defecate tlél aadé oog̱aalʼéelʼi yé no way can he/she/it defecate ooḵalʼéelʼin I would have defecated oog̱alʼéelʼin he/she/it would have defecated ax̱alʼílʼni if/when I defecate alʼílʼni if/when he/she/it defecates ax̱alʼílʼx̱ I defecate (regularly) alʼílʼx̱ he/she/it defecates (regularly) Chʼa tlákw yées tuḵdaa.át du daaxʼ yéi x̱wa.oowú tle oolʼílʼch a tóoxʼ. Every time I put a new diaper on him, he poops in it. Du dunaax̱ naa.ádi tóoxʼ gé aawalʼílʼ? Did he poop in his underwear? Ax̱ kaanáx̱ yatee yaa anx̱alʼílʼ. I canʼt hold it, Iʼm starting to go poop. poop oneself sh daa a-S-d-lʼéelʼ~ (∅ event) for S to Noop oneself

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(Góok) sh daa eedalʼílʼ! (Go ahead) poop yourself! (Góok) sh daa aydalʼílʼ! (Go ahead) you all poop yourselves! Líl sh daa eedalʼílʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt poop yourself! Líl sh daa aydalʼílʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all poop yourselves! sh daa yaa anax̱dalʼílʼ I am pooping myself sh daa yaa anidalʼílʼ you are pooping yourself sh daa yaa andalʼílʼ s/he is pooping himself/herself sh daa ax̱wdilʼílʼ I pooped myself sh daa aydilʼílʼ you pooped yourself sh daa awdilʼílʼ s/he pooped himself/herself tlél sh daa ax̱wdalʼéelʼ I didnʼt poop myself tlél sh daa aydalʼéelʼ you didnʼt poop yourself tlél sh daa awdalʼéelʼ s/he didnʼt poop himself/herself sh daa akḵwadalʼéelʼ Iʼm going to Noop myself sh daa akg̱idalʼéelʼ youʼre going to Noop yourself sh daa agux̱dalʼéelʼ s/heʼs going to Noop himself/herself tlél sh daa akḵwadalʼéelʼ Iʼm not going to Noop myself tlél sh daa akg̱idalʼéelʼ youʼre not going to Noop yourself tlél sh daa agux̱dalʼéelʼ s/heʼs not going to Noop himself/herself (chʼa) sh daa aḵadalʼéelʼ (just) let me poop myself (chʼa) sh daa ax̱dalʼéelʼ (just) let her/him poop himself/herself sh daa oox̱dalʼéelʼch I poop myself (every time) sh daa eedalʼéelʼch you poop yourself (every time) sh daa oodalʼéelʼch s/he poops himself/herself (every time) tlél sh daa oox̱dalʼéelʼch I havenʼt pooped myself yet tlél sh daa eedalʼéelʼch you havenʼt pooped yourself yet tlél sh daa oodalʼéelʼch s/he hasnʼt pooped himself/herself yet tlél aadé sh daa ooḵadilʼéelʼi yé no way can I poop myself tlél aadé sh daa oox̱dilʼéelʼi yé no way can s/he poop himself/herself sh daa ooḵadalʼéelʼin I would have pooped myself sh daa oox̱dalʼéelʼin s/he would have pooped himself/herself sh daa ax̱dalʼílʼni if/when I poop myself sh daa adalʼílʼni if/when s/he poops himself/herself sh daa ax̱dalʼílʼx̱ I poop myself (regularly) sh daa adalʼílʼx̱ s/he poops himself/herself (regularly) Ax̱ yéet tlél awuskú wé kwás aadé átx̱ dulyeix̱ yé, sh daa awdilʼílʼ. My son doesnʼt know how to use the toilet, he pooped himself. lʼeexʼ (4) break break it (solid object such as wood, metal, etc.) O-S-∅-lʼéexʼ~ (na event) for S to break O (esp. of solid objects, wood, metals, etc.)

ya-lʼeexʼ

Nalʼéexʼ! Break it! Naylʼéexʼ! You all break it! Líl yoo eelʼíxʼgiḵ! Donʼt break it! Líl yoo yilʼíxʼgiḵ! Donʼt you all break it! [does not occur] x̱waalʼéexʼ I broke it aawalʼéexʼ s/he broke it tlél x̱walʼéexʼ I didnʼt break it tlél awulʼéexʼ s/he didnʼt break it kuḵalʼéexʼ I will break it akg̱walʼéexʼ s/he will break it tlél kuḵalʼéexʼ I wonʼt break it tlél akg̱walʼéexʼ s/he wonʼt break it naḵalʼéexʼ let me break it ang̱alʼéexʼ let her/him break it nax̱alʼíxʼch I break it (every time) analʼíxʼch s/he breaks it (every time) tlél nax̱walʼíxʼch I havenʼt broken it yet tlél oonalʼíxʼch s/he hasnʼt broken it yet tlél aadé oong̱aalʼéexʼi yé no way can s/he break it oong̱alʼéexʼin s/he would have broken it analʼíxʼni if/when s/he breaks it yoo ayalʼíxʼk s/he breaks it (regularly) break it (long object) O-S-l-lʼéexʼ~ (na event) for S to break O (often by bending) (usually long objects)

li-lʼeexʼ

Nallʼéexʼ! Break it! Nayllʼéexʼ! You all break it! Líl yoo ilalʼíxʼgiḵ! Donʼt break it! Líl yoo yilalʼíxʼgiḵ! Donʼt you all break it! [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱walilʼéexʼ I broke it awlilʼéexʼ s/he broke it tlél x̱walalʼéexʼ I didnʼt break it tlél awullʼéexʼ s/he didnʼt break it kuḵalalʼéexʼ I will break it agux̱lalʼéexʼ s/he will break it tlél kuḵalalʼéexʼ I wonʼt break it tlél agux̱lalʼéexʼ s/he wonʼt break it naḵalalʼéexʼ let me break it anax̱lalʼéexʼ let her/him break it nax̱lalʼíxʼch I break it (every time) anallʼíxʼch s/he breaks it (every time) tlél unax̱lalʼíxʼch I havenʼt broken it yet tlél oonallʼíxʼch s/he hasnʼt broken it yet tlél aadé anax̱wlilʼéexʼi yé no way can s/he break it anax̱wlalʼéexʼin s/he would have broken it anallʼíxʼni if/when s/he breaks it yoo alilʼíxʼk s/he breaks it (regularly) Latín, awullʼéexʼi xʼáande kg̱wanóok. Watch it, if he breaks it heʼll get mad. Wé kakéin aan aksané át awullʼéexʼi, du tóon gug̱watée. If she breaks her crocheting needle sheʼs going to be irritated. Líl yoo ilalʼíxʼgiḵ - i léelkʼu ádi áwé. Donʼt break that - itʼs your grandmotherʼs. Yakʼéi áwé, tlél x̱walalʼéexʼi wé ḵáasʼ. Good, I didnʼt break the stick. break (of general, solid object) ∅-lʼéexʼ~ (na event) for a general, solid object to break

ya-lʼeexʼ

[does not occur] woolʼéexʼ it broke tlél wulʼéexʼ it didnʼt break gug̱walʼéexʼ it will break tlél gug̱walʼéexʼ it wonʼt break nag̱alʼéexʼ let it break nalʼíxʼch it breaks (every time) tlél unalʼíxʼch it hasnʼt broken yet tlél aadé ng̱waalʼéexʼi yé no way can it break nag̱walʼéexʼin it would have broken nalʼíxʼni if/when it breaks yoo yalʼíxʼk it breaks (regularly) break (of long object) l-lʼéexʼ~ (na event) for a long object to break

li-lʼeexʼ

[does not occur] wulilʼéexʼ it broke tlél wullʼéexʼ it didnʼt break gux̱lalʼéexʼ it will break tlél gux̱lalʼéexʼ it wonʼt break nax̱lalʼéexʼ let it break nallʼíxʼch it breaks (every time) tlél unallʼíxʼch it hasnʼt broken yet tlél aadé nax̱wlilʼéexʼi yé no way can it break nax̱wlalʼéexʼin it would have broken nallʼíxʼni if/when it breaks yoo lilʼíxʼk it breaks (regularly) Yaa kanx̱atáni áwé nallʼíxʼch. When I am bending it, it breaks. Chʼu tlei a káa x̱wanoogú nallʼíxʼch wé káayag̱ijeit x̱ʼoosí. When I sit on it, the chair leg breaks (every time). lʼeix̱ dance dance a-S-∅-lʼeix̱ (na act) for S to dance

a-ya-lʼeix̱

Leer 1976: 478 Analʼeix̱! Dance! Anaylʼeix̱! You all dance! Líl eelʼeix̱íḵ! Donʼt dance! Líl aylʼeix̱íḵ! Donʼt you all dance! ax̱alʼeix̱ I dance; I am dancing eelʼeix̱ you dance; you are dancing alʼeix̱ s/he dances; s/he is dancing atoolʼeix̱ we dance; we are dancing aylʼeix̱ you all dance; you all are dancing has alʼeix̱ they dance; they are dancing adulʼeix̱ someone dances; someone is dancing tlél oox̱alʼeix̱ I donʼt dance; Iʼm not dancing tlél eelʼeix̱ you donʼt dance; you arenʼt dancing tlél oolʼeix̱ s/he doesnʼt dance; s/he isnʼt dancing tlél atoolʼeix̱ we donʼt dance; we arenʼt dancing tlél aylʼeix̱ you all donʼt dance; you all arenʼt dancing tlél has oolʼeix̱ they donʼt dance; they arenʼt dancing tlél adulʼeix̱ / tlél oodulʼeix̱ thereʼs no dancing; no one is dancing yaa analʼéx̱ s/he is dancing along alʼeix̱ nooch s/he always dances wé alʼeix̱i aa the one who dances; the one who is dancing alʼeix̱ín / alʼeix̱éen s/he used to dance tlél oolʼeix̱ín / tlél oolʼeix̱éen s/he didnʼt used to dance ax̱waalʼeix̱ I danced iyalʼeix̱ you danced aawalʼeix̱ s/he danced awtuwalʼeix̱ we danced ayeeylʼeix̱ you all danced has aawalʼeix̱ they danced awduwalʼeix̱ someone danced tlél ax̱walʼeix̱ I didnʼt dance tlél ayilʼeix̱ you didnʼt dance tlél awulʼeix̱ s/he didnʼt dance tlél awtoolʼeix̱ we didnʼt dance tlél ayeeylʼeix̱ you all didnʼt dance tlél has awulʼeix̱ they didnʼt dance tlél awdulʼeix̱ nobody danced akḵwalʼeix̱ I will dance akg̱eelʼeix̱ you will dance akg̱walʼeix̱ s/he will dance agax̱toolʼeix̱ we will dance agax̱yilʼeix̱ you all will dance has akg̱walʼeix̱ they will dance agax̱dulʼeix̱ someone will dance tlél akḵwalʼeix̱ I wonʼt dance tlél akg̱eelʼeix̱ you wonʼt dance tlél akg̱walʼeix̱ s/he wonʼt dance tlél agax̱toolʼeix̱ we wonʼt dance tlél agax̱yilʼeix̱ you all wonʼt dance tlél has akg̱walʼeix̱ they wonʼt dance tlél agax̱dulʼeix̱ nobody will dance; there will be no dancing anḵalʼeix̱ let me dance ang̱alʼeix̱ let her/him dance anax̱toolʼeix̱ let us dance [does not occur] tlél oonx̱alʼeix̱ch I havenʼt danced yet tlél aneelʼeix̱ch you havenʼt danced yet tlél oonalʼeix̱ch s/he hasnʼt danced yet tlél antoolʼeix̱ch we havenʼt danced yet tlél anaylʼeix̱ch you all havenʼt danced yet tlél has oonalʼeix̱ch they havenʼt danced yet tlél andulʼeix̱ch nobody has danced yet; there hasnʼt been any dancing yet tlél aadé oong̱aalʼeix̱i yé no way can s/he dance oong̱alʼeix̱ín s/he would have danced analʼeix̱ní if/when s/he dances yoo ayalʼéx̱k s/he dances (regularly) ` ` Taat kaanáx̱ oonḵalʼeix̱ín. I would have danced all night. wé taat kaanax̱ has aawalʼeix̱i aa the ones who danced all night Toowú néekw ḵaa káa yéi teeyí, tlél adulʼeix̱. When there is sorrow, thereʼs no dancing. Sagúde áa yax̱ wooshx̱einí aag̱áa áwé adulʼeix̱. At the end of a mourning period, then thereʼs dancing. Gáande yaa has agalʼéx̱ch They do the exit dance. lʼoon (2) hunt hunt a-S-∅-lʼóon (na act) for S to hunt

a-ya-lʼoon

Analʼóon! Hunt! Anaylʼóon! You all hunt! Líl eelʼóoniḵ Donʼt hunt! Líl aylʼóoniḵ! Donʼt you all hunt! ax̱alʼóon I hunt; I am hunting eelʼóon you hunt; you are hunting alʼóon s/he hunts; s/he is hunting atoolʼóon we hunt; we are hunting aylʼóon you all hunt; you all are hunting has alʼóon they hunt; they are hunting adulʼóon there is hunting tlél oox̱alʼóon I donʼt hunt; Iʼm not hunting tlél eelʼóon you donʼt hunt; youʼre not hunting tlél oolʼóon s/he doesnʼt hunt; s/he isnʼt hunting tlél atoolʼóon we donʼt hunt; we arenʼt hunting tlél aylʼóon you all donʼt hunt; you all arenʼt hunting tlél has oolʼóon they donʼt hunt; they arenʼt hunting tlél adulʼóon thereʼs no hunting wé alʼóoni aa the one who hunts alʼóonin s/he used to hunt tlél oolʼóonin s/he didnʼt used to hunt ax̱waalʼóon I hunted iyalʼóon you hunted aawalʼóon s/he hunted awtuwalʼóon we hunted ayeeylʼóon you all hunted has aawalʼóon they hunted awduwalʼóon people hunted tlél ax̱walʼóon I didnʼt hunt tlél ayilʼóon you didnʼt hunt tléil awulʼóon s/he didnʼt hunt tlél awtoolʼóon we didnʼt hunt tlél ayeeylʼóon you all didnʼt hunt tlél has awulʼóon they didnʼt hunt tlél awdulʼóon there was no hunting akḵwalʼóon I will hunt akg̱eelʼóon you will hunt akg̱walʼóon s/he will hunt agax̱toolʼóon we will hunt agax̱yilʼóon you all will hunt has akg̱walʼóon they will hunt agax̱dulʼóon there will be hunting tlél akḵwalʼóon I wonʼt hunt tlél akg̱eelʼóon you wonʼt hunt tlél akg̱walʼóon s/he wonʼt hunt tlél agax̱toolʼóon we wonʼt hunt tlél agax̱yilʼóon you all wonʼt hunt tlél has akg̱walʼóon they wonʼt hunt tlél agax̱dulʼóon there wonʼt be hunting anḵalʼóon let me hunt ang̱alʼóon let her/him hunt anax̱toolʼóon let us hunt alʼún nuch s/he always hunts anx̱alʼóonch I hunt (every time) aneelʼóonch you hunt (every time) analʼóonch s/he hunts (every time) antoolʼóonch we hunt (every time) anaylʼóonch you all hunt (every time) has analʼóonch they hunt (every time) andulʼóonch people hunt (every time) tlél anx̱walʼóonch I havenʼt hunted yet tlél aneelʼóonch you havenʼt hunted yet tlél oonalʼóonch s/he hasnʼt hunted yet tlél antoolʼóonch we havenʼt hunted yet tlél anaylʼóonch you all havenʼt hunted yet tlél has oonalʼóonch they havenʼt hunted yet tlél andulʼóonch nobody has hunted yet tlél aadé ang̱waalʼóoni yé no way can s/he hunt ang̱walʼóonin s/he would have hunted analʼóonni if/when s/he hunts yoo ayalʼóonk s/he hunts (regularly) hunt it, stalk it O-S-∅-lʼóon (na act) for S to hunt O (wild game)

a-ya-lʼoon

Nalʼóon! Hunt it! Naylʼóon! You all hunt it! Líl eelʼóoniḵ! Donʼt hunt it! Líl yilʼóoniḵ! Donʼt you all hunt it! x̱alʼóon I hunt it; I am hunting it eelʼóon you hunt it; you are hunting it alʼóon s/he hunts it; s/he is hunting it toolʼóon we hunt it; we are hunting it yilʼóon / aylʼóon you all hunt it; you all are hunting it has alʼóon they hunt it; they are hunting it dulʼóon it is hunted tlél oox̱alʼóon I donʼt hunt it; I am not hunting it tlél eelʼóon you donʼt hunt it; you arenʼt hunting it tlél oolʼóon s/he doesnʼt hunt it; s/he isnʼt hunting it tlél toolʼóon we donʼt hunt it; we arenʼt hunting it tlél yilʼóon you all donʼt hunt it; you all arenʼt hunting it tlél has oolʼóon they donʼt hunt it; they arenʼt hunting it tlél dulʼóon itʼs not hunted wé alʼóoni aa the one who hunts it alʼóonin s/he used to hunt it tlél oolʼóonin s/he didnʼt used to hunt it x̱waalʼóon I hunted it yeelʼóon you hunted it aawalʼóon s/he hunted it wutuwalʼóon we hunted it yeeylʼóon you all hunted it has aawalʼóon they hunted it wuduwalʼóon it was hunted tlél x̱walʼóon I didnʼt hunt it tlél yilʼóon you didnʼt hunt it tlél awulʼóon s/he didnʼt hunt it tlél wutoolʼóon we didnʼt hunt it tlél yeeylʼóon you all didnʼt hunt it tlél has awulʼóon they didnʼt hunt it tlél wudulʼóon it wasnʼt hunted kuḵalʼóon I will hunt it gag̱eelʼóon you will hunt it akg̱walʼóon s/he will hunt it gax̱toolʼóon we will hunt it gax̱yilʼóon you all will hunt it has akg̱walʼóon they will hunt it gax̱dulʼóon it will be hunted tlél kuḵalʼóon I wonʼt hunt it tlél gag̱eelʼóon you wonʼt hunt it tlél akg̱walʼóon s/he wonʼt hunt it tlél gax̱toolʼóon we wonʼt hunt it tlél gax̱yilʼóon you all wonʼt hunt it tlél has akg̱walʼóon they wonʼt hunt it tlél gax̱dulʼóon it wonʼt be hunted naḵalʼóon let me hunt it ang̱alʼóon let her/him hunt it nax̱toolʼóon let us hunt it alʼóon nooch s/he always hunts it nax̱alʼóonch I hunt it (every time) neelʼóonch you hunt it (every time) nalʼóonch s/he hunts it (every time) natoolʼóonch we hunt it (every time) naylʼóonch you all hunt it (every time) has nalʼóonch they hunt it (every time) nadulʼóonch it is hunted (every time) tlél nax̱walʼóonch I havenʼt hunted it yet tlél neelʼóonch you havenʼt hunted it yet tlél oonalʼóonch s/he hasnʼt hunted it yet tlél natoolʼóonch we havenʼt hunted it yet tlél naylʼóonch you all havenʼt hunted it yet tlél has oonalʼóonch they havenʼt hunted it yet tlél nadulʼóonch it hasnʼt been hunted yet tlél aadé oong̱aalʼóoni yé no way can s/he hunt it oong̱alʼóonin s/he would have hunted it analʼóonni if/when s/he hunts it yoo ayalʼóonk s/he hunts it (regularly) lʼoox (2) close ² close oneʼs eyes (really closed, as when sleeping) Note the variant pronunciation -lʼeexw for this stem, which was documented from a consultant from Kake, and is the form listed and audio recorded in the related entry "be closed (of eyes)". This entry however was audio recorded by a consultant from Hoonah, who uses the pronunciation -lʼoox. Both are correct. ka-S-d-lʼoox~ (∅ event) for S to close eyes

ka-di-lʼoox

ka-S-d-lʼeexw~ (∅ event) Keedalʼúx! Close your eyes! Keeydalʼúx! You all close your eyes! Líl keedalʼúxx̱iḵ! Donʼt close your eyes! Líl keeydalʼúxx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all close your eyes! [does not occur] yaa kandalʼúx he/she/it is starting to close his/her/its eyes kax̱wdilʼúx I closed my eyes kawdilʼúx he/she/it closed his/her/its eyes tlél kawdalʼoox he/she/it didnʼt close his/her/its eyes kakḵwadalʼóox I will close my eyes kagux̱dalʼóox he/she/it will close his/her/its eyes tlél kagux̱dalʼoox he/she/it wonʼt close his/her/its eyes (chʼa) kax̱dalʼúx (dé) (just) let her/him/it close his/her/its eyes (now) koodalʼúxch he/she/it closes his/her/its eyes (every time) tlél koodalʼúxch he/she/it hasnʼt closed his/her/its eyes yet tlél aadé koox̱dilʼúxu yé no way can he/she/it close his/her/its eyes koox̱dalʼúxun he/she/it would have closed his/her/its eyes kadalʼúxni if/when he/she/it closes his/her/its eyes kadalʼúxch he/she/it closes his/her/its eyes (regularly) Kagux̱dataaní koodalʼíxwch. He closes his eyes when heʼs going to talk. closed (of eyes) Note that du waaḵ is not required by the verb. For example, it is possible to say simply: kawdilʼúx to give the meaning "his/her/its eyes are closed". To specify whose eyes are closed, use the appropriate possessive pronoun plus waaḵ, as in: ax̱ waaḵ kawdilʼúx "my eyes are closed". Note also that the speaker consulted here uses the dialect variant: kawdilʼíxw, where the basic stem is -lʼeexw, being a variant of the pronunciation -lʼoox. This speaker is from Kake. The stem -lʼeexw and its varying forms are given here for consistency with the accompanying audio, but the verb is documented with the basic stem -lʼoox in Story and Naish (1973), and either pronunciation is correct. (N waaḵ) ka-d-lʼoox~ (∅ event) for Nʼs eyes to be closed

ka-di-lʼoox

(N waaḵ) ka-d-lʼeexw~ (∅ event) [does not occur] yaa kandalʼíxw his/her eyes are starting to close (ax̱ waaḵ) kawdilʼíxw my eyes are closed (du waaḵ) kawdilʼíxw his/her/its eyes are closed (du waaḵ) tlél kawdalʼeexw his/her/its eyes arenʼt closed (du waaḵ) kagux̱dalʼéexw his/her/its eyes will be closed (du waaḵ) tlél kagux̱dalʼeexw his/her/its eyes wonʼt be closed (du waaḵ) koodalʼíxwch his/her/its eyes are closed (every time) (du waaḵ) tlél koodalʼíxwch his/her/its eyes havenʼt closed yet (du waaḵ) kadalʼíxwni if/when his/her/its eyes are closed lʼoox̱ʼ spawn spawn (esp. of herring) Note that speakers recognize this verb both with and without the thematic prefix a-. Hence, both the following forms are acceptable, one with and one without the thematic prefix a-: awdilʼóox̱ʼ / wudilʼóox̱ʼ "they spawned". a-d-lʼóox̱ʼ (na event) for something to spawn (esp. herring)

a-di-lʼoox̱ʼ

d-lʼóox̱ʼ (na event) [does not occur] yaa andalʼúx̱ʼ / yaa ndalʼúx̱ʼ they are beginning to spawn awdilʼóox̱ʼ / wudilʼóox̱ʼ they are spawning; they spawned tlél awdalʼóox̱ʼ / tlél wudalʼóox̱ʼ they arenʼt spawning; they didnʼt spawn agux̱dalʼóox̱ʼ / gux̱dalʼóox̱ʼ they are going to spawn tlél agux̱adalʼóox̱ʼ / tlél gux̱dalʼóox̱ʼ they arenʼt going to spawn (chʼa) anax̱dalʼóox̱ʼ(u) dé / (chʼa) nax̱dalʼóox̱ʼ(u) (dé) (just) let them spawn (now) andalʼóox̱ʼch / nadalʼóox̱ʼch they spawn (every time) tlél oondalʼóox̱ʼch / tlél undalʼóox̱ʼch they havenʼt spawned yet andalʼóox̱ʼni / nadalʼóox̱ʼni if/when they spawn yoo adilʼóox̱ʼk / yoo dilʼóox̱ʼk they spawn (regularly) Gu.aal awdalʼóox̱ʼuḵ chʼa yáa Sheetʼkáxʼ yéi x̱at teeyí. I hope they spawn while Iʼm here in Sitka. Dís yag̱asḵínni gux̱dalʼóox̱ʼ. When itʼs a new moon, theyʼll spawn. Daaw kát awdilʼúx̱ʼ. They spawned on the broad kelp. [Story & Naish 1973: 202] naa ¹ (3) inherit, die, bury inherit, receive property at the death of someone O-S-∅-naa~ (∅ event) for S to inherit O

ya-naa

[does not occur] x̱waanáa I inherited it aawanáa s/he inherited it tlél x̱waná I didnʼt inherit it tlél awuná s/he didnʼt inherit it akg̱wanáa s/he will inherit it tlél akg̱wanaa s/he wonʼt inherit it (chʼa) ag̱anaa (just) let her/him inherit it oonáaych s/he inherits it (every time) tlél oonáaych s/he hasnʼt inherited it yet tlél aadé oog̱aanaayi yé no way can s/he inherit it oog̱anaayín s/he would have inherited it anéini if/when s/he inherits it anéix̱ s/heʼs trying to inherit it Du eetéedáx̱ aawanáayi át áwé. Thatʼs something he inherited from him. Du léelkʼu hídi anéini a yee neildé ḵukg̱wa.óo. If she inherits her grandparentʼs house, sheʼll move into it. Dáanaa du eetéedáx̱ anéix̱. Sheʼs trying to inherit money from him. bury with appropriate ceremonial, give burial to and disperse property O-S-s-naa~ (na event) for S to bury O with appropriate ceremonial; for S to give O burial and disperse property

si-naa

(Kʼidéin) nasná! Give her/him a (proper) burial! (Kʼidéin) naysaná! You all give her/him a (proper) burial! x̱wasinaa I gave her/him a burial awsinaa s/he gave her/him a burial tlél x̱wasanaa I didnʼt give her/him a burial tlél awusnaa s/he didnʼt give her/him a burial agux̱sanáa s/he will give her/him a burial tlél agux̱sanaa s/he wonʼt give her/him a burial (chʼa) (kʼidéin) anax̱sanaa (just) let her/him give her/him a (proper) burial tlél unasnéich s/he hasnʼt given her/him a burial yet tlél aadé oonax̱sinaayi yé no way can s/he give her/him a burial oonax̱sanaayín s/he would have given her/him a burial anasnéini if/when s/he gives her/him a burial Du húnx̱w nanáa hél kʼidéin awusnaa. When his brother died he didnʼt even give him a proper burial. Kʼidéin agux̱sanáa nanáani. He will give him a proper burial when he dies. Kʼidéin awsinaa du káak. He gave his uncle a good burial. [Story & Naish 1973: 39] die Most verb stems ending in -aa and -oo undergo apophony (the vowel becomes -ei) in the perfective habitual (na-, ga-, and g̱a- themes only), progressive imperfective, repetitive imperfective, and conditional modes. This theme is an exception. Note that the vowel in the verb stem remains -aa throughout. For example: yaa nanáan "he/she/it is dying", as opposed to the (incorrect) form: *yaa nanéin. O-∅-naa~ (na event) for O to die

ya-naa

Inaná! Die! Yee naná! You all die! Líl yoo eenáaguḵ! Donʼt die! Líl yoo yee náaguḵ! Donʼt you all die! yaa x̱at nanáan I am dying yaa nanáan he/she/it is dying x̱at woonaa I died woonaa he/she/it died tlél x̱at wunaa I didnʼt die tlél wunaa he/she/it didnʼt die x̱at gug̱anáa Iʼm going to die gug̱anáa he/she/it is going to die tlél x̱at gug̱anaa I wonʼt die tlél gug̱anaa he/she/it wonʼt die chʼa x̱at nag̱anaa just let me die chʼa ng̱anaa just let her/him/it die nanáach it dies (every time) tlél x̱at unanáach I havenʼt died yet tlél unanáach he/she/it hasnʼt died yet tlél aadé ng̱waanaawu yé no way can he/she/it die nag̱wanaayín he/she/it would have died nanáani if/when he/she/it dies yoo yanáak it dies (regularly) Wunaawú ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼ du toowú kei kg̱wanéekw. If it dies, my grandchild will be sad. Chʼa yeisú át sataan wé tsʼítskw tlél unanáach. The bird is still lying there, it hasnʼt died yet. Wé kayaaní yoo yanáak. The plant dies regularly (in winter). Hél gug̱anaa haa yoo x̱ʼatángi. Our language is not going to die. naa ² (2) drink drink at S-d-naa~ (∅ act) for S to drink

di-naa

At idaná! Drink! At yidaná! You all drink! Líl at idanáaḵ! Donʼt drink! Líl at yidanáaḵ! Donʼt you all drink! at x̱adaná I drink; I am drinking at idaná you drink; you are drinking at daná s/he drinks; s/he is drinking at tudaná we drink; we are drinking at yidaná you all drink; you all are drinking at has daná they drink; they are drinking at duná people drink; people are drinking tlél at x̱wadaná / tlél at ux̱daná I donʼt drink; Iʼm not drinking tlél at idaná you donʼt drink; you arenʼt drinking tlél at udaná s/he doesnʼt drink; s/he isnʼt drinking tlél at tudaná we donʼt drink; we arenʼt drinking tlél at yidaná you all donʼt drink; you all arenʼt drinking tlél at has udaná they donʼt drink; they arenʼt drinking tlél at duná nobody drinks; nobody is drinking wé at danáayi aa the one who drinks; the one who is drinking at danáayin s/he used to drink tlél at udanáayin s/he didnʼt used to drink at x̱wadináa I drank at yidináa you drank at wudináa s/he drank at wutudináa we drank at yeeydináa you all drank has at wudináa they drank at wuduwanáa there was drinking tlél at x̱wadaná I didnʼt drink tlél at yidaná you didnʼt drink tléil at wudaná s/he didnʼt drink tlél at wutudaná we didnʼt drink tlél at yeeydaná you all didnʼt drink tlél at has wudaná they didnʼt drink tlél at wuduná there was no drinking at kuḵadanáa I will drink at gag̱idanáa you will drink at gux̱danáa s/he will drink at gax̱tudanáa we will drink at gax̱yidanáa you all will drink has at gux̱danáa they will drink at gax̱dunáa there will be drinking tlél at kuḵadanaa I wonʼt drink tlél at gag̱idanaa you wonʼt drink tlél at gux̱danaa s/he wonʼt drink tlél at gax̱tudanaa we wonʼt drink tlél at gax̱yidanaa you all wonʼt drink tlél has at gux̱danaa they wonʼt drink tlél at gax̱dunaa there wonʼt be drinking at ḵadanaa let me drink at g̱adanaa let her/him drink at g̱atudanaa let us drink at danáa nuch s/he always drinks at ux̱danáaych I drink (every time) at idanáaych you drink (every time) at udanáaych s/he drinks (every time) at tudanáaych we drink (every time) at yidanáaych you all drink (every time) at has udanáaych they drink (every time) at dunáaych people drink (every time) tlél at ux̱danáaych I havenʼt drunk yet tlél at idanáaych you havenʼt drunk yet tlél at udanáaych s/he hasnʼt drunk yet tlél at tudanáaych we havenʼt drunk yet tlél at yidanáaych you all havenʼt drunk yet tlél at has udanáaych they havenʼt drunk yet tlél at dunáaych there hasnʼt been any drinking yet tlél aadé at g̱udinaayi/ux̱dinaayi yé no way can s/he drink at ux̱danaayín s/he would have drunk at danáani if/when s/he drinks at danáax̱ s/he drinks (regularly) ` ` ` ` drink it O-S-d-naa~ (∅ act) for S to drink O

di-naa

Idaná! Drink it! Yidaná! You all drink it! Líl idanáaḵ! Donʼt drink it! Líl yidanáaḵ! Donʼt you all drink it! x̱adaná I drink it; I am drinking it idaná you drink it; you are drinking it adaná s/he drinks it; s/he is drinking it tudaná we drink it; we are drinking it yidaná you all drink it; you all are drinking it has adaná they drink it; they are drinking it duná it can be drunk; it is drunk tlél x̱wadaná I donʼt drink it; I am not drinking it tlél idaná you donʼt drink it; you arenʼt drinking it tlél oodaná s/he doesnʼt drink it; s/he isnʼt drinking it tlél tudaná we donʼt drink it; we arenʼt drinking it tlél yidaná you all donʼt drink it; you all arenʼt drinking it tlél has oodaná they donʼt drink it; they arenʼt drinking it tlél duná it canʼt be drunk; it isnʼt drunk adanaayi ḵáa the one who drinks it; the one who is drinking it adanáyin s/he used to drink it tlél oodanáyin s/he didnʼt used to drink it x̱wadináa I drank it yidináa you drank it awdináa s/he drank it wutudináa we drank it yeeydináa you all drank it has awdináa they drank it wuduwanáa someone drank it tlél x̱wadaná I didnʼt drink it; I donʼt drink it tlél yidaná you didnʼt drink it; you donʼt drink it tlél oodaná / tlél awdaná s/he didnʼt drink it; s/he doesnʼt drink it tlél wutudaná we didnʼt drink it; we donʼt drink it tlél yeeydaná you all didnʼt drink it; you all donʼt drink it tlél has oodaná / tlél has awdaná they didnʼt drink it; they donʼt drink it tlél wuduná it wasnʼt drank; it isnʼt drank kuḵadanáa I will drink it gag̱idanáa you will drink it agux̱danáa s/he will drink it gax̱tudanáa we will drink it gax̱yidanáa you all will drink it has agux̱danáa they will drink it gax̱dunáa it will be drunk tlél kuḵadanaa I wonʼt drink it tlél gag̱idanaa you wonʼt drink it tlél agux̱danaa s/he wonʼt drink it tlél gax̱tudanaa we wonʼt drink it tlél gax̱yidanaa you all wonʼt drink it tlél has agux̱danaa they wonʼt drink it tlél gax̱dunaa it wonʼt be drank ḵadanaa let me drink it ax̱danaa let her/him drink it g̱atudanaa let us drink it adanáa nuch s/he always drinks it x̱wadanáaych / ux̱danáaych I drink it (every time) idanáaych you drink it (every time) oodanáaych s/he drinks it (every time) tudanáaych we drink it (every time) yidanáaych you all drink it (every time) has oodanáaych they drink it (every time) dunáaych it is drunk by someone (every time) tlél x̱wadanáaych / tlél ux̱danáaych I havenʼt drunk it yet tlél idanáaych you havenʼt drunk it yet tlél oodanáaych s/he hasnʼt drunk it yet tlél tudanáaych we havenʼt drunk it yet tlél yidanáaych you all havenʼt drunk it yet tlél has oodanáaych they havenʼt drunk it yet tlél dunáaych it hasnʼt been drunk yet tlél aadé oox̱dinaayi yé no way can s/he drink it oox̱danaayín s/he would have drunk it adanáani if/when s/he drinks it adanáax̱ s/he drinks it (regularly) ` ` ` ` naa ³ order, send, command, give send her/him there; order her/him to go there; give it (in accordance with clan relationship O-ka-u-S-∅-náa (na act; CV́V Imp/Hort/Pot) for S to order (esp. to go), send, command O; (fig.) for S to give O (esp. in accordance with clan relationship)

ka-ya-naa

Aadé kunanáa! Send her/him there! Aadé kunaynáa! You all send her/him there! Líl aadé yoo keenáagiḵ! Donʼt send her/him there! Líl aadé yoo kaynáagiḵ! Donʼt you all send her/him there! aadé kx̱wanáa Iʼm (trying to) send her/him there aadé akoonáa s/he is (trying to) send her/him there tlél aadé kx̱wanáa Iʼm not sending her/him there tlél aadé akoonáa s/he isnʼt sending her/him there aadé kx̱waanáa I sent her/him there aadé akaawanáa s/he sent her/him there tlél aadé kx̱wanáa I didnʼt send her/him there tlél aadé akawunáa s/he didnʼt send her/him there aadé kakḵwanáa I will send her/him there aadé akakg̱wanáa s/he will send her/him there tlél aadé kakḵwanáa I wonʼt send her/him there tlél aadé akakg̱wanáa s/he wonʼt send her/him there aadé kunḵanáa let me send her/him there aadé akung̱anáa let her/him send her/him there aadé koonx̱anáach I send her/him there (every time) aadé akoonanáach s/he sends her/him there (every time) tlél aadé koonx̱anáach I havenʼt sent her/him there yet tlél aadé akoonanáach s/he hasnʼt sent her/him there yet tlél aadé akung̱aanáayi yé no way can s/he send her/him there akung̱anáayin s/he would have sent her/him there aadé akunanéini if/when s/he sends her/him there aadé yoo akayanáak s/he sends her/him there (regularly) naaḵ ¹ (3) stand stand (for plural subjects to be standing) S-∅-náḵ (position) for (plural) S to be standing

ya-naaḵ

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. Note that a noun phrase with (-t) postposition is used to indicate where one is standing, but this noun phrase is not required by the verb. For example, one could say: has náḵ "they standing", or: át has náḵ "they are standing there". [does not occur] Líl yinág̱iḵ! Donʼt you all be standing! toonáḵ we are standing yináḵ you all are standing has náḵ they are standing anáḵ people are standing tlél toonáḵ weʼre not standing tlél yináḵ you all are not standing tlél has unáḵ they arenʼt standing tlél oonáḵ people arenʼt standing wé has naḵ aa the ones who are standing has nág̱in they were standing tlél has unág̱in they werenʼt standing [does not occur] [does not occur] has náḵni if/when they stand stand up, rise (plural subject) S-d-naaḵ~ (ga event) for (plural) S to stand up, rise

di-naaḵ

Gaydanaaḵ! You all stand up! Líl kei ydanáḵjiḵ Donʼt you all stand up! [does not occur] kei ntudanáḵ we are standing up kei naydanáḵ you all are standing up kei (ha)s nadanáḵ they are standing up kei ndunáḵ people are standing up [does not occur] has náḵ nooch they always stand up wutudinaaḵ we stood up yeeydinaaḵ you all stood up has wudinaaḵ they stood up wuduwanaaḵ people stood up tlél wutudanaaḵ we didnʼt stand up tlél yeeydanaaḵ you all didnʼt stand up tlél has wudanaaḵ they didnʼt stand up tlél wudunaaḵ nobody stood up kei gax̱tudanáaḵ we will stand up kei gax̱yidanáaḵ you all will stand up kei (ha)s gux̱danáaḵ they will stand up kei gax̱dunáaḵ people will stand up tlél kei gax̱tudanaaḵ we wonʼt stand up tlél kei gax̱yidanaaḵ you all wonʼt stand up tlél kei (ha)s gux̱danaaḵ they wonʼt stand up tlél kei gax̱dunaaḵ nobody will stand up gax̱tudanaaḵ let us stand up has gax̱danaaḵ let them stand up gatudanáḵch we stand up (every time) gaydanáḵch you all stand up (every time) has gadanáḵch they stand up (every time) gadunáḵch people stand up (every time) tlél gatudanáḵch we havenʼt stood up yet tlél geeydanáḵch you all havenʼt stood up yet tlél has goodanáḵch they havenʼt stood up yet tlél gadunáḵch nobody has stood up yet tlél aadé (ha)s gux̱dinaag̱i yé no way can they stand up has gux̱danaag̱ín they would have stood up has gadanáḵni if/when they stand up kei (ha)s danáḵch they stand up (regularly) ` ` stand (stay standing; stand firm, plural subject) yan~ S-∅-naaḵ~ (∅ motion) for (plural) S to stand, stay standing

ya-naaḵ

Yan yináḵ! You all keep standing! Líl yax̱ yinaag̱íḵ! Donʼt you all keep standing! [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] yan wutuwanáḵ we kept standing yan yeeynáḵ you all kept standing yan has uwanáḵ they kept standing tlél yan wutoonaaḵ we didnʼt keep standing tlél yan yeeynaaḵ you all didnʼt keep standing tlél yan has wunaaḵ they didnʼt keep standing yánde gax̱toonáaḵ we will stay standing yánde gax̱yináaḵ you all will stay standing yánde has gug̱anáaḵ they will stay standing tlél yánde gax̱toonaaḵ we wonʼt stay standing tlél yánde gax̱yinaaḵ you all wonʼt stay standing tlél yánde has gug̱anaaḵ they wonʼt stay standing tlél yan g̱atoonaaḵ let us stay standing yan has g̱anaaḵ let them stay standing yan toonaaḵch we always stay standing yan yinaaḵch you all always stay standing yan has unaaḵch they always stay standing tlél yan toonaaḵch we havenʼt stood yet tlél yan yinaaḵch you all havenʼt stood yet tlél yan has unaaḵch they havenʼt stood yet tlél aadé yan has g̱waanaag̱i yé no way can they stay standing yan g̱wanaag̱ín they would have stood yan has náḵni if/when they stand yax̱ has naaḵ they stay standing (regularly) Líl yax̱ yinaag̱íḵ, át nay.á! Donʼt you all stay standing, walk around! naaḵ ² (3) let go, release, leave, desert, hand over let go of, release her/him/it; leave, desert her/him/it; hand her/him/it over O-ji-S-∅-naaḵ~ (∅ event) for S to let go, release, relinquish O; for S to leave, desert O; for S to hand over, deliver up O

ji-ya-naaḵ

Jináḵ! Let it go! Jeeynáḵ! You all let it go! Líl jeenáḵx̱iḵ! Donʼt let it go! Líl jeeynáḵx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all let it go! [does not occur] ajeewanáḵ s/he let it go tlél ajuwanaaḵ s/he didnʼt let it go ajikg̱wanáaḵ s/he will let it go tlél ajikg̱wanaaḵ s/he wonʼt let it go ajig̱anaaḵ let her/him/it let it go ajeenaaḵch s/he lets it go (every time) tlél ajeenaaḵch s/he hasnʼt let it go yet tlél aadé ajig̱waanaag̱i yé no way can s/he let it go ajig̱wanaag̱ín s/he would have let it go ajináḵni if/when s/he lets it go ajináḵx̱ s/he lets it go (regularly) quit, give up (esp. drinking) Note that quitting drinking is understood as the meaning of this verb, unless otherwise specified. One can add naaw "alcohol" or "at daná" as follows: naaw ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ "s/he gave up alcohol" or ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ wé at daná "s/he gave up drinking". To say "quit smoking", use: ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ wé sʼeiḵ "s/he quit smoking". O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-naaḵ~ (∅ event) for S to quit, give up O (esp. drinking)

x̱ʼá-ya-naaḵ

x̱ʼanáḵ! Quit (drinking)! x̱ʼaynáḵ! You all quit (drinking)! Líl x̱ʼeenáḵx̱iḵ! Donʼt quit (drinking)! Líl x̱ʼaynáḵx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all quit (drinking)! [does not occur] x̱ʼax̱waanáḵ I quit (drinking) ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ s/he quit (drinking) tlél x̱ʼax̱wanaaḵ I didnʼt quit (drinking) tlél ax̱ʼawunaaḵ s/he didnʼt quit (drinking) ax̱ʼakg̱wanáaḵ s/he will quit (drinking) tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wanaaḵ s/he wonʼt quit (drinking) ax̱ʼag̱anaaḵ let her/him quit (drinking) ax̱ʼeinaaḵch s/he quits (drinking) (every time) tlél ax̱ʼeinaaḵch s/he hasnʼt quit (drinking) yet tlél aadé ax̱ʼag̱waanaag̱i yé no way can s/he quit (drinking) ax̱ʼag̱wanaag̱ín s/he would have quit (drinking) ax̱ʼanáḵni if/when s/he quits (drinking) ax̱ʼanáḵx̱ s/he quits (drinking) (regularly) Akoo.aaḵw wé at daná ax̱ʼawunaag̱í. Heʼs trying to quit drinking. x̱ʼanáḵ dé wé at daná! Quit drinking now! [Story & Naish 1973:165] quit, stop work ji-S-d-naaḵ~ (∅ event) for S to quit, stop work

ji-di-naaḵ

Jeedanáḵ (dé)! Quit (work) (already)! Jeeydanáḵ (dé)! You all quit (work) (already)! Líl jeedanáḵx̱iḵ! Donʼt quit (work)! Líl jeeydanáḵx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all quit (work)! [does not occur] jix̱wdináḵ I quit (work) jiwdináḵ s/he quit (work) tlél jix̱wdanaaḵ I didnʼt quit (work) tlél jeewdanaaḵ s/he didnʼt quit (work) jikḵwadanáaḵ I will quit (work) jigux̱danáaḵ s/he will quit (work) tlél jikḵwadanaaḵ I wonʼt quit (work) tlél jigux̱danaaḵ s/he wonʼt quit (work) (chʼa) jiḵadanaaḵ (dé) (just) let me quit (work) (now) (chʼa) jix̱danaaḵ (dé) (just) let her/him quit (work) (now) jeex̱danaaḵch I quit (work) (every time) jeedanaaḵch s/he quits (work) (every time) tlél jeex̱danaaḵch I havenʼt quit (work) yet tlél jeedanaaḵch s/he hasnʼt quit (work) yet tlél aadé jeex̱dinaag̱i yé no way can s/he quit (work) jeex̱danaag̱ín s/he would have quit (work) jidanáḵni if/when s/he quits (work) jidanáḵx̱ s/he quits (work) (regularly); s/he is a quitter Aadáx̱ jiwdináḵ wé yéi jiné. He quit his job there. naaḵw ¹ bait hooks bait hooks (put bait on fish hooks) ya-S-d-náaḵw~ (∅ act) for S to bait hooks, put bait on fish hooks

ya-di-naaḵw

Yeedanáḵw! Bait hooks! Yaydanáḵw! You all bait hooks! Líl (sʼé) yeedanáḵwx̱uḵ! Donʼt bait hooks (yet)! Líl (sʼé) yaydanáḵwx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all bait hooks (yet)! yax̱danáḵwsʼ Iʼm baiting hooks yadanáḵwsʼ s/heʼs baiting hooks tlél yoox̱danáḵwsʼ Iʼm not baiting hooks tlél yoodanáḵwsʼ s/he isnʼt baiting hooks yax̱wdináḵw I baited hooks yawdináḵw s/he baited hooks tlél yax̱wdanáaḵw I didnʼt bait hooks tlél yawdanáaḵw s/he didnʼt bait hooks yakḵwadanáaḵw I will bait hooks yagux̱danáaḵw s/he will bait hooks tlél yakḵwadanáaḵw I wonʼt bait hooks tlél yagux̱danáaḵw s/he wonʼt bait hooks yaḵadanáaḵw let me bait hooks yax̱danáaḵw let her/him bait hooks yoox̱danáaḵwch I bait hooks (every time) yoodanáaḵwch s/he baits hooks (every time) tlél yoox̱danáaḵwch I havenʼt baited hooks yet tlél yoodanáaḵwch s/he hasnʼt baited hooks yet tlél aadé yaḵwdináag̱u yé no way can I bait hooks tlél aadé yax̱wdináag̱u yé no way can s/he bait hooks yaḵwdanáag̱un I would have baited hooks yax̱wdanáag̱un s/he would have baited hooks yax̱danáḵwni if/when I bait hooks yadanáḵwni if/when s/he baits hooks yax̱danáḵwx̱ I bait hooks (regularly) yadanáḵwx̱ s/he baits hooks (regularly) naal blow blow nose S-d-naal~ (∅ act) for S to blow oneʼs nose

di-naal

Idanál! Blow your nose! Yidanál! You all blow your noses! Líl idanálx̱iḵ! Donʼt blow your nose! Líl yidanálx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all blow our noses! x̱adanálsʼ I am blowing my nose danálsʼ s/he is blowing his/her nose yaa ndanál s/he is blowing his/her nose x̱wadinál I blew my nose wudinál s/he blew his/her nose tlél x̱wadanaal I didnʼt blow my nose tlél wudanaal s/he didnʼt blow his/her nose gux̱danáal s/he will blow his/her nose tlél gux̱danaal s/he wonʼt blow his/her nose g̱a̲danaal let her/him blow his/her nose udanálch s/he blows his/her nose (every time) tlél udanálch s/he hasnʼt blown his/her nose yet tlél aadé oox̱dinaali yé no way can s/he blow his/her nose oox̱danaalín s/he would have blown his/her nose danálni if/when s/he blows his/her nose danálx̱ s/he blows his/her nose (regularly) Líl idanálx̱iḵ yá nadáakw yaaxʼ! Donʼt blow your nose at the table! naalx̱ rich, wealthy, profitable rich, wealthy; profitable O-l-náalx̱ (ga state) for O to be rich, wealthy, profitable

li-naalx̱

[does not occur] [does not occur] x̱at lináalx̱ Iʼm rich ilináalx̱ youʼre rich lináalx̱ s/heʼs rich; itʼs profitable haa lináalx̱ weʼre rich yee lináalx̱ you all are rich has lináalx̱ they are rich ḵulináalx̱ people are rich tlél ax̱ ulnáalx̱ Iʼm not rich tlél eelnáalx̱ youʼre not rich tlél ulnáalx̱ s/heʼs not rich; itʼs not profitable tlél haa ulnáalx̱ weʼre not rich tlél yee ulnáalx̱ you all are not rich tlél has ulnáalx̱ theyʼre not rich tlél ḵoolnáalx̱ nobody is rich wé lináalx̱i aa the rich one kei ax̱ nalnáalx̱ Iʼm getting rich kei inalnáalx̱ you are getting rich kei nalnáalx̱ s/he is getting rich; itʼs becoming profitable kei haa nalnáalx̱ we are getting rich kei yee nalnáalx̱ you all are getting rich kei (ha)s nalnáalx̱ they are getting rich kei ḵunalnáalx̱ people are getting rich tlél kei ax̱ unalnáalx̱ Iʼm not getting rich tlél kei eenalnáalx̱ youʼre not getting rich tlél kei unalnáalx̱ s/heʼs not getting rich; itʼs not becoming profitable tlél kei haa unalnáalx̱ weʼre not getting rich tlél kei yee unalnáalx̱ you all are not getting rich tlél kei (ha)s unalnáalx̱ theyʼre not getting rich tlél kei ḵunalnáalx̱ nobody is getting rich lanáalx̱in s/he used to be rich; it used to be profitable tlél ulnáalx̱in s/he didnʼt used to be rich; it didnʼt used to be profitable ax̱ wulináalx̱ I got rich iwlináalx̱ you got rich wulináalx̱ s/he got rich; it became profitable haa wulináalx̱ we got rich yee wlináalx̱ you all got rich has wulináalx̱ they got rich ḵoolináalx̱ people got rich tlél x̱at wulnáalx̱ I didnʼt get rich tlél iwulnáalx̱ you didnʼt get rich tlél wulnáalx̱ s/he didnʼt get rich; it didnʼt become profitable tlél haa wulnáalx̱ we didnʼt get rich tlél yee wulnáalx̱ you all didnʼt get rich tlél has wulnáalx̱ they didnʼt get rich tlél ḵoolnáalx̱ nobody got rich kei ax̱ gux̱lanáalx̱ I will be rich kei igux̱lanáalx̱ you will be rich kei gux̱lanáalx̱ s/he will be rich; it will be profitable kei haa gux̱lanáalx̱ we will be rich kei yee gux̱lanáalx̱ you all will be rich kei has gux̱lanáalx̱ they will be rich kei ḵugux̱lanáalx̱ people will be rich tlél kei ax̱ gux̱lanáalx̱ I wonʼt be rich tlél kei igux̱lanáalx̱ you wonʼt be rich tlél kei gux̱lanáalx̱ s/he wonʼt be rich; it wonʼt be profitable tlél kei haa gux̱lanáalx̱ we wonʼt be rich tlél kei yee gux̱lanáalx̱ you all wonʼt be rich tlél kei (ha)s gux̱lanáalx̱ they wonʼt be rich tlél kei ḵugux̱lanáalx̱ nobody will be rich ax̱ gax̱lanáalx̱ let me be rich gax̱lanáalx̱ let her/him be rich; let it be profitable haa gax̱lanáalx̱ let us be rich tlél aadé gux̱lináalg̱i yé no way can s/he be rich; no way can it be profitable gux̱lanáalg̱in s/he would have been rich; it would have been profitable galanáalx̱ni if/when s/he gets rich kei lanáalx̱ s/he gets rich (regularly) Yéi at ax̱wdishee iwulnáalg̱i. I wish you wealth. Tlél ulnáalx̱in wé astʼeix̱. Trolling didnʼt used to be profitable. néegwalʼ paint paint it O-S-∅-néegwálʼ (na act) for S to Naint O

ya-néegwalʼ

Nanéegwálʼ! Paint it! Naynéegwálʼ! You all paint it! Líl eenéegwálʼiḵ! Donʼt paint it! Líl yinéegwálʼiḵ! Donʼt you all paint it! anéegwálʼ s/he paints it; s/he is painting it tlél oonéegwálʼ s/he doesnʼt paint it; s/he isnʼt painting it aawanéegwálʼ s/he painted it tlél awunéegwálʼ s/he didnʼt paint it akg̱wanéegwálʼ s/he will paint it tlél akg̱wanéegwálʼ s/he wonʼt paint it ang̱anéegwálʼ let her/him paint it ananéegwálʼch s/he paints it (every time) tlél oonanéegwálʼch s/he hasnʼt painted it yet tlél aadé oong̱aanéegwálʼi yé no way can s/he paint it oong̱anéegwálʼin s/he would have painted it ananéegwálʼni if/when s/he paints it yoo ayanéegwálʼk s/he paints it (regularly) neek (5) tell, talk, explain, report, witness, gossip, disagree, prophesy, interpret, preach, narrate, defraud, call tell, report about it; witness, testify about it O-ka-S-∅-neek~ (na act) for S to tell about, report about, give facts about O; for S to witness to, tell about, testify about O

ka-ya-neek

To indicate who the listener is, use: N een. For example, Mary een akaawaneek. "S/he told Mary about it." This is not required with this verb however, and is therefore not included in the Leer-Edwards theme. Kananeek! Tell about it! Kanayneek! You all tell about it! Líl keeneegíḵ! Donʼt tell about it! Líl kayneegíḵ! Donʼt you all tell about it! kax̱anéek I tell about it; I am telling about it keenéek you tell about it; you are telling about it akanéek s/he tells about it; s/he is telling about it katoonéek we tell about it; we are telling about it kaynéek you all tell about it; you all are telling about it has akanéek they tell about it; they are telling about it kadunéek someone tells about it; someone is telling about it tlél koox̱aneek I donʼt tell about it; Iʼm not telling about it tlél keeneek you donʼt tell about it; you arenʼt telling about it tlél akooneek s/he doesnʼt tell about it; s/he isnʼt telling about it tlél katooneek we donʼt tell about it; we arenʼt telling about it tlél kayneek you all donʼt tell about it; you all arenʼt telling about it tlél has akooneek they donʼt tell about it; they arenʼt telling about it tlél kaduneek nobody tells about it; nobody is telling about it wé at kaneek aa the one who tells about it akaneegín s/he used to tell about it tlél akooneegín s/he didnʼt used to tell about it kax̱waaneek I told about it keeyaneek you told about it akaawaneek s/he told about it kawtuwaneek we told about it kayeeyneek you all told about it has akaawaneek they told about it kawduwaneek someone told about it tlél kax̱waneek I didnʼt tell about it tlél kayineek you didnʼt tell about it tlél akawuneek s/he didnʼt tell about it tlél kawtooneek we didnʼt tell about it tlél kayeeyneek you all didnʼt tell about it tlél has akawuneek they didnʼt tell about it tlél kawduneek nobody told about it kakḵwanéek I will tell about it kakg̱eenéek you will tell about it akakg̱wanéek s/he will tell about it kagax̱toonéek we will tell about it kagax̱yeenéek you all will tell about it has akakg̱wanéek they will tell about it kagax̱dunéek someone will tell about it tlél kakḵwaneek I wonʼt tell about it tlél kakg̱eeneek you wonʼt tell about it tlél akakg̱waneek s/he wonʼt tell about it tlél kagax̱tooneek we wonʼt tell about it tlél kagax̱yeeneek you all wonʼt tell about it tlél has akakg̱waneek they wonʼt tell about it tlél kagax̱duneek nobody will tell about it kanḵaneek let me tell about it akang̱aneek let her/him tell about it kanax̱tooneek let us tell about it akanik nooch s/he always tells about it kanx̱aníkch I tell about it (every time) kaneeníkch you tell about it (every time) akananíkch s/he tells about it (every time) kantooníkch we tell about it (every time) kanayníkch you all tell about it (every time) has akananíkch they tell about it (every time) kanduníkch somebody tells about it (every time) tlél koonx̱aníkch I havenʼt told about it yet tlél kaneeníkch you havenʼt told about it yet tlél akoonaníkch s/he hasnʼt told about it yet tlél kantooníkch we havenʼt told about it yet tlél kanayníkch you all havenʼt told about it yet tlél has akoonaníkch they havenʼt told about it yet tlél kanduníkch nobody has told about it yet tlél aadé akoong̱aaneegi yé no way can s/he tell about it akoong̱aneegín s/he would have told about it akananíkni if/when s/he tells about it yóo akaaníkk s/he tells about it (regularly) g̱unéi akaawanéek. S/he is starting to tell about it. Tlél ax̱ een at kaduneek. Nobody tells me anything. tell the story of it; talk into it O-ka-S-l-neek (na act) for S to tell the story of O; for S to talk into O

ka-li-neek

Kanalneek! Tell the story of it! Kanaylaneek! You all tell the story of it! Líl keelaneegíḵ! Donʼt tell the story of it! Líl kaylaneegíḵ! Donʼt you all tell the story of it! kax̱laneek I tell the story of it; Iʼm telling the story of it aklaneek s/he tells the story of it; s/he is telling the story of it tlél koox̱laneek I donʼt tell the story of it; Iʼm not telling the story of it tlél akoolneek s/he doesnʼt tell the story of it; s/he isnʼt telling the story of it aklanik nooch s/he always tells the story of it kax̱wlineek I told the story of it akawlineek s/he told the story of it tlél kax̱wlaneek I didnʼt tell the story of it tlél akawulneek s/he didnʼt tell the story of it kakḵwalaneek I will tell the story of it akagux̱laneek s/he will tell the story of it tlél kakḵwalaneek I wonʼt tell the story of it tlél akagux̱laneek s/he wonʼt tell the story of it kanḵalaneek let me tell the story of it akanax̱laneek let her/him tell the story of it [does not occur] tlél koonax̱laneekch I havenʼt told the story of it yet tlél akoonalneekch s/he hasnʼt told the story of it yet tlél aadé akoonax̱lineegi yé no way can s/he tell the story of it akoonax̱laneegín s/he would have told the story of it akanalneekní if/when s/he tells the story of it yoo akliníkk s/he tells the story of it (regularly) explain it Note that while one elder consulted for this project recognizes ḵunáax̱ as acceptable, he uses in its place: wanáax̱, as in: wanáax̱ daak akaawaník "he explained it." Both options are correct. (N een) ḵunáax̱ daak O-ka-S-∅-neek~ (∅ act) for S to explain O (to N)

ḵunáax̱ + daak ka-ya-neek

Leer 1973: 04/142 Du een ḵunáax̱ daak kaneek! Explain it to her/him! Líl du een ḵunáax̱ daak keeníkjiḵ! Donʼt explain it to her/him. du een ḵunáax̱ daak akanéek s/he is explaining it to her/him du een ḵunáax̱ daak akananík s/he is starting to explain it to her/him du een ḵunáax̱ daak kax̱waaník I explained it to her/him du een ḵunáax̱ daak akaawaník s/he explained it to her/him tlél du een ḵunáax̱ daak kax̱waneek I didnʼt explain it to her/him tlél du een ḵunáax̱ daak akawuneek s/he didnʼt explain it to her/him du een ḵunáax̱ daak akakg̱wanéek s/he will explain it to her/him tlél du een ḵunáax̱ daak akakg̱waneek s/he wonʼt explain it to her/him du een ḵunáax̱ daak akg̱aneek let her/him explain it to her/him du een ḵunáax̱ daak akooneekch s/he explains it to her/him (every time) tlél du een ḵunáax̱ daak akooneekch s/he hasnʼt explained it to her/him yet du een ḵunáax̱ daak akg̱waaneegi yé no way can s/he explain it to her/him du een ḵunáax̱ daak akg̱waneegín s/he would have explained it to her/him du een ḵunáax̱ daak akaníkni if/when s/he explains it to her/him du een ḵunáax̱ daak akaníkch s/he explains it to her/him (regularly) I een ḵunáax̱ daak kakḵwanéek. Iʼll explain it to you. [Story & Naish 1973: 83] Wáa sá tléil x̱aan ḵunáax̱ daak keeníkch? Why donʼt you explain it to me? [Story & Naish 1973: 83] tell on, inform on, betray (secret) kei O-ka-S-∅-neek~ (∅ motion) for S to tell on, inform on, betray O

kei ka-ya-neek

Leer 1973: 04/142 Kei kaneek! Tell on her/him! Líl kei keeníkjiḵ! Donʼt tell on her/him! [does not occur] kei akananík s/he is telling on her/him kei kax̱waaník I told on her/him kei akaawaník s/he told on her/him tlél kei kax̱waneek I didnʼt tell on her/him tlél kei akawuneek s/he didnʼt tell on her/him kei akakg̱wanéek s/he will tell on her/him tlél kei akakg̱waneek s/he wonʼt tell on her/him (chʼa) kei akag̱aneek (just) let her/him tell on her/him kei akooneekch s/he tells on her/him (every time) tlél kei akooneekch s/he hasnʼt told on her/him yet tlél aadé kei akoog̱aaneegi yé no way can s/he tell on her/him kei akoog̱aneegín s/he would have told on her/him kei akaníkni if/when s/he tells on her/him kei akaníkch s/he tells on her/him (regularly) Kei akaawaník. He told on it (something which had been done in secret (usually something wrong) and he informed everyone about it). [Story & Naish 1973: 28] Kei x̱at kaawaník. He told on me. tell a story, narrate; preach sh ka-S-d-l-neek (na act) for S to Nreach, narrate, tell a story

sh ka-dli-neek

To include in the sentence what the story is about, use: N daat ʼabout Nʼ. To include who the story is being told to, use: N een ʼto Nʼ. For example: Mary áwé John een sh kawdlineek wé naaxein daat. ʼMary told John a story about the Chilkat robe.ʼ Sh kaneelneek! Tell a story! Sh kanayilneek! You all tell a story! Líl sh keelneegíḵ! Donʼt tell a story! Líl sh kayilneegíḵ! Donʼt you all tell a story! sh kax̱alneek I am telling a story sh keelneek you are telling a story sh kalneek s/he is telling a story sh katoolneek we are telling a story sh kayilneek you all are telling a story has sh kalneek they are telling a story sh kadulneek people are telling stories tlél sh kax̱walneek / tlél sh koox̱alneek Iʼm not telling a story tlél sh keelneek you arenʼt telling a story tlél sh koolneek s/he isnʼt telling a story tlél sh katoolneek we arenʼt telling a story tlél sh kayilneek you all arenʼt telling a story tlél has sh koolneek they arenʼt telling a story tlél sh kadulneek nobody is telling a story wé sh kalnik aa the one who is telling a story chʼa yeisú aadé yaa sh kanx̱alník I am still getting to the point chʼa yeisú aadé yaa sh kaneelník you are still getting to the point chʼa yeisú aadé yaa sh kanalník s/he is still getting to the point chʼa yeisú aadé yaa sh kantoolník we are still getting to the point chʼa yeisú aadé yaa sh kanayilník you all are still getting to the point chʼa yeisú aadé yaa (ha)s sh kanalník they are still getting to the point chʼa yeisú aadé yaa sh kandulník people are still getting to the point [does not occur] sh kax̱wdlineek I told a story sh kaydlineek you told a story sh kawdlineek s/he told a story sh kawtudlineek we told a story sh kayeeydlineek you all told a story has sh kawdlineek they told a story sh kawdudlineek people told stories tlél sh kax̱walneek I didnʼt tell a story tlél sh keelneek you didnʼt tell a story tlél sh kawulneek s/he didnʼt tell a story tlél sh kawtulneek we didnʼt tell a story tlél sh kayeeylneek you all didnʼt tell a story tlél has sh kawulneek they didnʼt tell a story tlél kawdulneek nobody told a story sh kakḵwalneek I will tell a story sh kakg̱eelneek you will tell a story sh kakg̱walneek s/he will tell a story sh kagax̱toolneek we will tell a story sh kagax̱yeelneek you all will tell a story has sh kakg̱walneek they will tell a story sh kagax̱dulneek someone will tell a story tlél sh kakḵwalneek I wonʼt tell a story tlél sh kakg̱eelneek you wonʼt tell a story tlél sh kakg̱walneek s/he wonʼt tell a story tlél sh kagax̱toolneek we wonʼt tell a story tlél sh kagax̱yeelneek you all wonʼt tell a story tlél has sh kakg̱walneek they wonʼt tell a story tlél sh kagax̱dulneek nobody will tell a story sh kanḵalneek let me tell a story sh kang̱alneek let her/him tell a story sh kanax̱toolneek let us tell a story sh kalnik nooch s/he always tells stories [does not occur] tlél sh koonx̱alneekch I havenʼt told a story yet tlél sh kaneelneekch you havenʼt told a story yet tlél sh koonalneekch s/he hasnʼt told a story yet tlél sh kantoolneekch we havenʼt told a story yet tlél sh kanayilneekch you all havenʼt told a story yet tlél has sh koonalneekch they havenʼt told a story yet tlél sh kandulneekch nobody has told a story yet tlél aadé sh koonax̱dlineegi yé no way can s/he tell a story sh koonax̱laneegín s/he would have told a story sh kanalneekní if/when s/he tells a story yóo sh kadliníkt s/he tells stories (regulary) neekw (3) sick sick (make sick) O-S-s-néekw (ga state) for S to make O sick

si-neekw

Note that Nutting du toowú in place of the object pronoun gives the meaning "sadden, make sad". For example: du toowú asinéekw "he/she/it is making her/him sad". x̱at sinéekw itʼs making me sick; it makes me sick ash sinéekw itʼs making her/him sick; it makes her/him sick tlél x̱at usnéekw itʼs not making me sick; it doesnʼt make me sick tlél ash usnéekw itʼs not making her/him sick; it doesnʼt make her/him sick kei x̱at nasnéekw itʼs starting to make me sick kei ash nasnéekw itʼs starting to make her/him sick x̱at wusinéekw it made me sick ash wusinéekw it made her/him sick tlél x̱at wusnéekw it didnʼt make me sick tlél ash wusnéekw it didnʼt make her/him sick kei x̱at gux̱sanéekw it will make me sick kei ash gux̱sanéekw it will make her/him sick tlél kei x̱at gux̱sanéekw it wonʼt make me sick tlél kei ash gux̱sanéekw it wonʼt make her/him sick (chʼa) x̱at gax̱sanéekw (just) let it it make me sick (chʼa) ash gax̱sanéekw (just) let it make her/him sick x̱at gasanéekwch it makes me sick (every time) ash gasanéekwch it makes her/him sick (every time) tlél x̱at goosnéekwch it hasnʼt it made me sick yet tlél ash goosnéekwch it hasnʼt made her/him sick yet tlél aadé x̱at goox̱sinéegu yé no way can it make me sick tlél aadé ash goox̱sinéegu yé no way can it make her/him sick x̱at goox̱sanéegun it would have made me sick ash goox̱sanéegun it would have made her/him sick x̱at gasanéekwni if/when it makes me sick ash gasanéekwni if/when it makes her/him sick kei x̱at sanéekwch it makes me sick (regularly) kei ash sanéekwch it makes her/him sick (regularly) Daa sáwé iwsinéekw? What made you sick? Kʼínkʼ áwé x̱at wusinéekw. The stink heads made me sick. bother (esp. by touching) N éex̱ a-S-∅-néekw (na event) for S to bother N (esp. by touching)

A-x̱ + a-ya-neekw

Leer 1973: 04/171-172 Du éex̱ ananéekw! Bother her/him! Du éex̱ anaynéekw! You all bother her/him! Líl du éex̱ yoo eenéeguḵ! Donʼt bother her/him! Líl du éex̱ yoo aynéeguḵ! Donʼt you all bother her/him! [does not occur] du éex̱ yaa ananéekw s/he is beginning to bother her/him du éex̱ ax̱waanéekw I am bothering her/him; I bothered her/him du éex̱ aawanéekw s/he is bothering her/him; s/he bothered her/him tlél du éex̱ ax̱wanéekw Iʼm not bothering her/him; I didnʼt bother her/him tlél du éex̱ awunéekw s/heʼs not bothering her/him; s/he didnʼt bother her/him du éex̱ kei akg̱wanéekw s/he is going to bother her/him tlél du éex̱ kei akg̱wanéekw s/he isnʼt going to bother her/him (chʼa) du éex̱ (dé) ang̱anéekw / ang̱anéegu (just) let her/him bother her/him (now) du éex̱ ananéekwch s/he bothers her/him (every time) tlél du éex̱ oonanéekwch s/he hasnʼt bothered her/him yet tlél aadé du éex̱ ang̱waanéegu yé no way can s/he bother her/him du éex̱ ang̱wanéegun s/he would have bothered her/him du éex̱ ananéekwni if/when s/he bothers her/him du éex̱ yoo ayanéekwk s/he bothers her/him (regularly) Du éex̱ ananéekwni gáande du een kuḵa.áat ash kang̱alyádit. If she bothers him, Iʼll take her outside to Nlay. Tléil x̱áax̱ ayeenéeguḵ! Donʼt bother me! (to children demanding attention) [Story & Naish 1973: 34] sick, hurt O-∅-néekw (ga state) for O to be sick; for O to hurt, be in pain

ya-neekw

Iganéekw! Be sick! Yee ganéekw! You all be sick! Líl eenéeguḵ! Donʼt get sick! Líl yee unéeguḵ! Donʼt you all get sick! x̱at yanéekw Iʼm sick iyanéekw youʼre sick yanéekw s/heʼs sick haa yanéekw weʼre sick yee yanéekw you all are sick has yanéekw theyʼre sick ḵuyanéekw people are sick tlél x̱at unéekw Iʼm not sick tlél eenéekw youʼre not sick tlél unéekw s/heʼs not sick tlél haa unéekw weʼre not sick tlél yee unéekw you all are not sick tlél has unéekw theyʼre not sick tlél ḵoonéekw nobody is sick wé yanéegu aa the sick one kei x̱at nanéekw Iʼm getting sick kei inanéekw youʼre getting sick kei nanéekw s/heʼs getting sick kei haa nanéekw weʼre getting sick kei yee nanéekw you all are getting sick kei has nanéekw theyʼre getting sick kei ḵunanéekw people are getting sick tlél kei x̱at unanéekw Iʼm not getting sick tlél kei eenanéekw youʼre not getting sick tlél kei unanéekw s/heʼs not getting sick tlél kei haa unanéekw weʼre not getting sick tlél kei yee unanéekw you all are not getting sick tlél kei has unanéekw theyʼre not getting sick tlél kei ḵoonanéekw nobody is getting sick néegun s/he used to be sick tlél unéegun s/he wasnʼt sick x̱at woonéekw I got sick iwoonéekw you got sick woonéekw s/he got sick haa woonéekw we got sick yee woonéekw you all got sick has woonéekw they got sick ḵoowanéekw people got sick tlél x̱at wunéekw I didnʼt get sick tlél iwunéekw you didnʼt get sick tlél wunéekw s/he didnʼt get sick tlél haa wunéekw we didnʼt get sick tlél yee wunéekw you all didnʼt get sick tlél has wunéekw they didnʼt get sick tlél ḵuwunéekw nobody got sick kei x̱at gug̱anéekw I will get sick kei ikg̱wanéekw you will get sick kei kg̱wanéekw s/he will get sick kei haa kg̱wanéekw we will get sick kei yee kg̱wanéekw you all will get sick kei has gug̱anéekw they will get sick kei ḵukg̱wanéekw people will get sick tlél kei x̱at gug̱anéekw I wonʼt get sick tlél kei ikg̱wanéekw you wonʼt get sick tlél kei kg̱wanéekw s/he wonʼt get sick tlél kei haa kg̱wanéekw we wonʼt get sick tlél kei yee kg̱wanéekw you all wonʼt get sick tlél kei has gug̱anéekw they wonʼt get sick tlél kei ḵukg̱wanéekw nobody will get sick x̱at gag̱anéekw let me be sick gag̱anéekw let her/him be sick haa gag̱anéekw let us be sick néekw nooch s/heʼs always sick x̱at ganéekwch I get sick (every time) iganéekwch you get sick (every time) ganéekwch s/he gets sick (every time) haa ganéekwch we get sick (every time) yee ganéekwch you all get sick (every time) has ganéekwch they get sick (every time) ḵuganéekwch people get sick (every time) tlél x̱at goonéekwch I havenʼt gotten sick yet tlél igoonéekwch you havenʼt gotten sick yet tlél goonéekwch s/he hasnʼt gotten sick yet tlél haa goonéekwch we havenʼt gotten sick yet tlél yee goonéekwch you all havenʼt gotten sick yet tlél has goonéekwch they havenʼt gotten sick yet tlél ḵugoonéekwch nobody has gotten sick yet tlél aadé kg̱waanéegu yé no way can s/he get sick gug̱anéegun s/he would have gotten sick ganéekwni if/when s/he gets sick kei néekwch s/he gets sick (repeatedly); it keeps hurting ` ` ` neexʼ smell smell it O-S-(d)-s-néexʼ~ (∅ act) for S to smell O

dzi-neexʼ

Isníxʼ / Saníxʼ! Smell it! Yeesníxʼ! You all smell it! Líl eesníxʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt smell it! Líl yisníxʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all smell it! x̱asinéexʼ I smell it isinéexʼ you smell it asinéexʼ s/he smells it tusinéexʼ we smell it yeesinéexʼ you all smell it has sinéexʼ they smell it dusnéexʼ people smell it tlél x̱wasnéexʼ I donʼt smell it tlél eesnéexʼ you donʼt smell it tlél oosnéexʼ s/he smells it tlél toosnéexʼ we donʼt smell it tlél yeesnéexʼ you all donʼt smell it tlél has oosnéexʼ they donʼt smell it tlél dusnéexʼ nobody smells it [does not occur] x̱wasiníxʼ I smelled it yisiníxʼ you smelled it awsiníxʼ / awdziníxʼ s/he smelled it wutusiníxʼ we smelled it yeeysiníxʼ you all smelled it has awsiníxʼ they smelled it wududziníxʼ people smelled it tlél x̱wasnéexʼ I didnʼt smell it tlél yisnéexʼ you didnʼt smell it tlél awusnéexʼ s/he didnʼt smell it tlél wutoosnéexʼ we didnʼt smell it tlél yeeysnéexʼ you all didnʼt smell it tlél has awusnéexʼ they didnʼt smell it tlél wudusnéexʼ nobody smelled it kuḵasanéexʼ I will smell it gag̱isanéexʼ you will smell it agux̱sanéexʼ s/he will smell it gax̱tusanéexʼ we will smell it gax̱yisanéexʼ you all will smell it has agux̱sanéexʼ they will smell it gax̱dusnéexʼ people will smell it tlél kuḵasanéexʼ I wonʼt smell it tlél gag̱isanéexʼ you wonʼt smell it tlél agux̱sanéexʼ s/he wonʼt smell it tlél gax̱tusanéexʼ we wonʼt smell it tlél gax̱yisanéexʼ you all wonʼt smell it tlél has agux̱sanéexʼ they wonʼt smell it tlél gax̱dusnéexʼ nobody will smell it ḵasnéexʼ let me smell it ag̱asnéexʼ let her/him smell it g̱atoosnéexʼ let us smell it x̱wasnéexʼch I smell it (every time) eesnéexʼch you smell it (every time) oosnéexʼch s/he smells it (every time) toosnéexʼch we smell it (every time) yeesnéexʼch you all smell it (every time) has oosnéexʼch they smell it (every time) dusnéexʼch someone smells it (every time) tlél x̱wasnéexʼch I havenʼt smelled it yet tlél eesnéexʼch you havenʼt smelled it yet tlél oosnéexʼch s/he hasnʼt smelled it yet tlél toosnéexʼch we havenʼt smelled it yet tlél yeesnéexʼch you all havenʼt smelled it yet tlél has oosnéexʼch they havenʼt smelled it yet tlél dusnéexʼch nobody has smelled it yet tlél aadé ux̱sinéexʼi yé no way can s/he smell it ux̱sanéexʼin s/he would have smelled it asníxʼni if/when s/he smells it asníxʼx̱ she smells it (regularly) nei ʰ (16) give, take, show, happen, fix, ready, finish, dress up, do, work carry them, take them (plural objects) IX N-dáx̱ yéi O-S-s-nei ʰ~ (ga motion) for S to Nick up, lift up, take (plural) O (objects) up off of N

yéi + si-nee

-nee~ (An) -- carrying them N-dáx̱ picking them up off of N ḵut misplacing them Aax̱ yéi ksané! Pick them up off of it! Aax̱ yéi gaysané! You all pick them up off of it! Líl aax̱ kei eesaneijíḵ! Donʼt pick them up off of it! Líl aax̱ kei yisaneijíḵ! Donʼt you all pick them up off of it! [does not occur] aax̱ yéi awsinei s/he picked them up off of it tlél aax̱ yéi awusnei s/he didnʼt pick them up off of it aax̱ yéi agux̱sanéi s/he will pick them up off of it tlél aax̱ yéi agux̱sanei s/he wonʼt pick them up off of it aax̱ yéi agax̱sanei let her/him pick them up off of it aax̱ yéi aksaneich s/he picks them up off of it (every time) tlél aax̱ yéi agoosneich s/he hasnʼt picked them up off of it yet tlél aadé aax̱ yéi agux̱sineiyi yé no way can s/he pick them up off of it aax̱ yéi agux̱saneiyín s/he would have picked them up off of it aax̱ yéi agasnéini if/when s/he picks them up off of it aax̱ kei yéi asneich s/he picks them up off of it (regularly) discipline, restrain, restrict, warn not to do, prevent from doing O-ya-u-S-∅-nei~ (g̱a act) for S to discipline, restrain, restrict, warn or prevent O from doing something

ya-ya-nei

--- Wug̱ané! / Yag̱ané! Discipline her/him! Yag̱ayné! You all discipline her/him! Líl yei yeeneijíḵ! Donʼt discipline her/him! Líl yei yayneijíḵ! Donʼt you all discipline her/him! wux̱ané I discipline her/him awuné s/he disciplines her/him tlél wux̱ané I donʼt discipline her/him tlél awuné s/he doesnʼt discipline her/him yax̱waanei I disciplined her/him ayaawanei s/he disciplined her/him tlél yax̱wanei I didnʼt discipline her/him tlél ayawunei s/he didnʼt discipline her/him yei ayakg̱wanéi s/he will discipline her/him tlél yei ayakg̱wanei s/he wonʼt discipline her/him (chʼa) ayag̱aag̱anei (just) let her/him discipline her/him ayag̱anéich s/he disciplines her/him (every time) tlél awoog̱anéich s/he hasnʼt disciplined her/him yet ayag̱aag̱aneiyín s/he would have disciplined her/him awoog̱anéini if/when s/he disciplines her/him yei awooneich s/he disciplines her/him (regularly) Tlél aadóo sá x̱at yawunei; ách áyá ḵwáaḵt x̱wasgeetch. No one ever restrained me; thatʼs why I get into trouble every now and then. [Story & Naish 1973: 173] Ax̱ yéet woox̱anéi nooch; tlél ḵu.aa ax̱ x̱ʼéix̱ oos.aax̱. I warn my son, but he never listens to me. [Story & Naish 1973: 173] Du yátxʼi ayaawanei. He warned his children. Chʼa keekát yag̱ané i yátxʼi! At least discipline your children! ḵaa yatoonéi nooch. We discipline them. get revenge, get even with her/him chush yáa O-S-d-s-nei ʰ~ (na event) for S to get revenge, get even with O

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Chush yáa neesné! Get even with her/him! Chush yáa nayisné! You all get even with her/him! Líl chush yáa yoo eesneigíḵ! Donʼt get even with her/him! Líl chush yáa yoo yisneigíḵ! Donʼt you all get even with her/him! [does not occur] chush yáa x̱wdzinei I got even with her/him chush yáa awdzinei s/he got even with her/him tlél chush yáa x̱wasnei I didnʼt get even with her/him tlél chush yáa awusnei s/he didnʼt get even with her/him chush yáa kḵwasnéi I will get even with her/him chush yáa akg̱wasnéi s/he will get even with her/him tlél chush yáa kḵwasnei I wonʼt get even with her/him tlél chush yáa akg̱wasnei s/he wonʼt get even with her/him chush yáa ang̱asnei let her/him get even with her/him chush yáa anasneich s/he gets even with her/him (every time) tlél chush yáa oonasneich s/he hasnʼt gotten even with her/him yet tlél aadé chush yáa oonax̱dzineiyi yé no way can s/he get even with her/him chush yáa oong̱asneiyín s/he would have gotten even with her/him chush yáa anasneiní if/when s/he gets even with her/him chush yáa yoo adzineik s/he gets even with her/him (regularly) Chush yáa anasneiní ajikg̱wanáaḵ. When he gets even with her, heʼll let it go. Chush yáa ix̱wdzinei. I got even with you. Chush yáa has x̱at wudzinei. They got even with me. give, take, hand them to her/him (of plural objects) N jee-t~ yéi O-S-s-nei ʰ~ (∅ motion) for S to give, take, hand (plural) O to N

ḵaa jee- + yéi + si-nee

N jeet~ yéi O-S-s-nee~ (∅ motion) Du jeet yéi sané! Give them to her/him! Du jeet yéi ysané! You all give them to her/him! Líl du jeex̱ yéi isaneiḵ! Donʼt give them to her/him! Líl du jeex̱ yéi yisaneiḵ! Donʼt you all give them to her/him! [does not occur] du jeet yéi x̱wsinéi I gave them to her/him du jeet yéi awsinéi s/he gave them to her/him tlél du jeet yéi x̱wsané I didnʼt give them to her/him tlél du jeet yeí awusné s/he didnʼt give them to her/him du jeedé yéi kḵwasanéi I will give them to her/him du jeedé yéi agux̱sanéi s/he will give them to her/him tlél du jeedé yéi kḵwasanei I wonʼt give them to her/him tlél du jeedé yéi agux̱sanei s/he wonʼt give them to her/him du jeet yéi ḵasanei let me give them to her/him du jeet yéi ax̱sanei let her/him give them to her/him du jeet yéi x̱wasanéiych I give them to her/him (every time) du jeet yéi oosnéiych s/he gives them to her/him (every time) tlél du jeet yéi x̱wasanéiych I havenʼt given them to her/him yet tlél du jeet yéi oosnéiych s/he hasnʼt given them to her/him yet tlél aadé du jeet yéi ax̱wsineiyi yé no way can s/he give them to her/him du jeet yéi ax̱wsaneiyín s/he would have given them to her/him du jeet yéi asnéini if/when s/he gives them to her/him du jeex̱ yéi asnei s/he gives them to her/him (regularly) demonstrate, show how to do it; perform it N waḵshiyeexʼ yéi O-S-s-nei ʰ~ (na event) for S to demonstrate, perform publicly, show N how to do O by action

ḵaa waḵsheeyee-xʼ + yéi + si-nee

-nee~ (An) Du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi nasné! Demonstrate it to her/him! Du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi naysané! You all demonstrate it to her/him! Líl du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi isaneigíḵ! Donʼt demonstrate it to her/him! Líl du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi yisaneigíḵ! Donʼt you all demonstrate it to her/him! [does not occur] du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi x̱wsinei I demonstrated it to her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi awsinei s/he demonstrated it to her/him tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi x̱wsanei I didnʼt demonstrate it to her/him tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi awusnei s/he didnʼt demonstrate it to her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi kḵwasanéi I will demonstrate it to her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi agux̱sanéi s/he will demonstrate it to her/him tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi kḵwasanei I wonʼt demonstrate it to her/him tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi agux̱sanei s/he wonʼt demonstrate it to her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi nḵasanei let me demonstrate it to her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi anax̱sanei let her/him demonstrate it to her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi nax̱saneich I demonstrate it to her/him (every time) du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi anasneich s/he demonstrates it to her/him (every time) tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi nax̱wsaneich I havenʼt demonstrated it to her/him yet tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi oonasneich s/he hasnʼt demonstrated it to her/him yet tlél aadé du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi nḵwasineiyi yé no way can I demonstrate it to her/him tlél aadé du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi oonax̱sineiyi yé no way can s/he demonstrate it to her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi nḵwasaneiyín I would have demonstrated it to her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi oonax̱saneiyín s/he would have demonstrated it to her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi nax̱sanéini if/when I demonstrate it to her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi anasnéini if/when s/he demonstrates it to her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi yoo x̱asineik I demonstrate it to her/him (regularly) du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi yoo asineik s/he demonstrates it to her/him (regularly) accident (have an accident); get hurt; happen (something bad to her/him) ḵáakw-t~ O-∅-nei ʰ~ (∅ motion) -nee for O to have an accident, get hurt; for something bad to happen to O

A + ya-nee

ḵáakwt tsá iné! See that you donʼt have an accident! ḵáakwt tsá yee né! See that you all donʼt have an accident! [does not occur] ḵáakwt x̱at uwanéi I had an accident ḵáakwt uwanéi s/he had an accident tlél ḵáakwt x̱at wuné I didnʼt have an accident tlél ḵáakwt wuné s/he didnʼt have an accident ḵáakwde x̱at gug̱anéi I will have an accident ḵáakwde kg̱wanéi s/he will have an accident tlél ḵáakwde x̱at gug̱anei I wonʼt have an accident tlél ḵáakwde kg̱wanei s/he wonʼt have an accident [does not occur] ḵáakwt x̱at oonéiych I have an accident (every time) ḵáakwt oonéiych s/he has an accident (every time) tlél ḵáakwt x̱at oonéiych I havenʼt had an accident yet tlél ḵáakwt oonéiych s/he hasnʼt had an accident yet tlél aadé ḵáakwt x̱at g̱waaneiyi yé no way can I have an accident tlél aadé ḵáakwt g̱waaneiyi yé no way can s/he have an accident ḵáakwt x̱at g̱waneiyín I would have had an accident ḵáakwt g̱waneiyín s/he would have had an accident ḵáakwt x̱at néini if/when I have an accident ḵáakwt néini if/when s/he has an accident ḵáakwx̱ x̱at nei I have accidents (regularly) ḵáakwx̱ nei s/he has accidents (regularly) straighten it out; smooth it over wooch yáx̱ O-S-s-nei ʰ~ (na event) for S to straighten out O, smooth O over (literal or abstract)

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wooch yáx̱ O-S-s-nee~ (na event) Wooch yáx̱ nasné! Straighten it out! Wooch yáx̱ naysané! You all straighten it out! Líl wooch yáx̱ yoo isaneigíḵ (sʼé)! Donʼt straighten it out (yet)! Líl wooch yáx̱ yoo yisaneigíḵ (sʼé)! Donʼt you all straighten it out (yet)! [does not occur] wooch yáx̱ yaa nax̱sanéin I am straightening it out wooch yáx̱ yaa anasnéin s/he is straightening it out wooch yáx̱ x̱wasinei I straightened it out wooch yáx̱ awsinei s/he straightened it out tlél wooch yáx̱ x̱wasanei I didnʼt straighten it out tlél wooch yáx̱ awusnei s/he didnʼt straighten it out wooch yáx̱ kuḵasanéi I will straighten it out wooch yáx̱ agux̱sanéi s/he will straighten it out tlél wooch yáx̱ kuḵasanei I wonʼt straighten it out tlél wooch yáx̱ agux̱sanei s/he wonʼt straighten it out wooch yáx̱ naḵasanei let me straighten it out wooch yáx̱ anax̱sanei let her/him straighten it out wooch yáx̱ nax̱saneich I straighten it out (every time) wooch yáx̱ anasneich s/he straightens it out (every time) tlél wooch yáx̱ nax̱wsaneich I havenʼt straightened it out yet tlél wooch yáx̱ oonasneich s/he hasnʼt straightened it out yet tlél aadé wooch yáx̱ naḵwasineiyi yé no way can I straighten it out tlél aadé wooch yáx̱ anax̱wsineiyi yé no way can s/he straighten it out wooch yáx̱ naḵwasaneiyín I would have straightened it out wooch yáx̱ anax̱wsaneiyín s/he would have straightened it out wooch yáx̱ nax̱sanéini if/when I straighten it out wooch yáx̱ nasnéini if/when s/he straightens it out wooch yáx̱ yoo x̱asineik I straighten it out (regularly) wooch yáx̱ yoo asineik s/he straightens it out (regularly) Wooch yáx̱ awusneiyí wé g̱eiwú, átx̱ gax̱tulayéix̱. If he straightens out the net, we will use it. finish it yan~ O-S-s-nei ʰ~ (∅ motion) for S to finish, complete O

yan si-nee

-nee~ (An) Yan sané! Finish it! Yan yisané! You all finish it! Líl yan yisanéiḵ! Donʼt finish it! Líl yan yeeysanéiḵ! Donʼt you all finish it! [does not occur] yánde yaa nax̱sanein Iʼm finishing it yánde yaa anasnein s/heʼs finishing it yan x̱wasinéi I finished it yan awsinéi s/he finished it tlél yan x̱wasané I didnʼt finish it tlél yan awusné s/he didnʼt finish it yánde kḵwasanéi I will finish it yánde agux̱sanéi s/he will finish it tlél yánde kḵwasanei I wonʼt finish it tlél yánde agux̱sanei s/he wonʼt finish it yan ḵasanei let me finish it yan g̱asanei let her/him finish it yan x̱wasanéiych I finish it (every time) yan oosnéiych s/he finishes it (every time) tlél yan x̱wasanéiych I havenʼt finished it yet tlél yan oosnéiych s/he hasnʼt finished it yet tlél aadé yan ḵwasineiyi yé no way can I finish it tlél aadé yan ax̱wsineiyi yé no way can s/he finish it yan ḵwasaneiyín I would have finished it yan ax̱wsaneiyín s/he would have finished it yan x̱asanéini if/when I finish it yan asnéini if/when s/he finishes it yax̱ x̱asanei I finish it (regularly) yax̱ asnei s/he finishes it (regularly) dressed up yan~ sh S-d-s-nei ʰ~ (∅ event) for S to dress up

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yan sh S-d-s-nee~ (∅ event) Yan sh eesné! Dress up! Yan sh yisné! You all dress up! Líl yax̱ sh eesneiḵ! Donʼt get dressed up! Líl yax̱ sh yisneiḵ! Donʼt you all get dressed up! [does not occur] yánde yaa sh nax̱asnein Iʼm getting dressed up yánde yaa sh nasnein s/heʼs getting dressed up yan sh x̱wadzinéi Iʼm dressed up yan sh wudzinéi s/he is dressed up; s/he got dressed up tlél yan sh x̱wasné Iʼm not dressed up; I didnʼt get dressed up tlél yan sh wusné s/he isnʼt dressed up; s/he didnʼt get dressed up yánde sh kuḵasnéi I will get dressed up yánde sh gug̱asnéi s/he will get dressed up tlél yánde sh kuḵasnei I wonʼt get dressed up tlél yánde sh gug̱asnei s/he wonʼt get dressed up yan sh ḵasnei let me get dressed up yan sh g̱asnei let her/him get dressed up yan sh x̱wasnéich I get dressed up (every time) yan sh usnéich s/he gets dressed up (every time) tlél yan sh x̱wasnéich I havenʼt gotten dressed up yet tlél yan sh usnéich s/he hasnʼt gotten dressed up yet tlél aadé yan sh ḵwadzineiyi yé no way can I get dressed up tlél aadé yan sh g̱wadzineiyi yé no way can s/he get dressed up yan sh ḵwasneiyín I would have gotten dressed up yan sh g̱wasneiyín s/he would have gotten dressed up yan sh x̱asnéini if/when I get dressed up yan sh isnéini if/when s/he gets dressed up yax̱ sh x̱asnei I get dressed up (regularly) yax̱ sh isnei s/he gets dressed up (regularly) ready, complete, finished; permanent yan~ O-∅-nei ʰ~ (∅ motion) for O to be permanent, happen for good; for O to be finished, complete, ready; for O to be prepared, ready

yan ya-nee

yan~ O-∅-nee~ (∅ motion) [does not occur] yánde yaa nanéin he/she/it is getting ready yan uwanéi he/she/it is ready tlél yan wuné he/she/it isnʼt ready yánde kg̱wanéi he/she/it will be ready tlél yánde kg̱wanei he/she/it wonʼt be ready yan g̱anei let her/him/it be ready yan unéiych he/she/it is ready (every time) tlél yan unéiych he/she/it isnʼt ready yet tlél aadé yan g̱waaneiyi yé no way can he/she/it be ready yan g̱waneiyín he/she/it would have been ready yan néini if/when he/she/it is ready yax̱ nei he/she/it is always ready Yánde yaa haa nanéin a yís wé ḵu.éexʼ. Weʼre getting ready for the pay-off party. put them down, leave them (plural round, spherical objects) yan~ yéi O-ka-S-s-nei ʰ~ (∅ motion) for S to Nut down, leave O (plural round objects)

---

-nee ʰ~ (An) Yan yéi ksané! Put them down! Yan yéi kaysané! You all put them down! Líl yax̱ yéi keesaneiḵ! Donʼt put them down! Líl yax̱ yéi kaysaneiḵ! Donʼt you all put them down! [does not occur] yan yéi kax̱wsinéi I put them down yan yéi akawsinéi s/he put them down tlél yan yéi kax̱wsané I didnʼt put them down tlél yan yéi akawusné s/he didnʼt put them down yánde yéi kakḵwasanéi I will put them down yánde yéi akagux̱sanéi s/he will put them down tlél yánde yéi kakḵwasanei I wonʼt put them down tlél yánde yéi akagux̱sanei s/he wonʼt put them down yan yéi kḵsaneiyí let me put them down yan yéi ax̱saneiyí let her/him put them down yan yéi koox̱sanéiych I put them down (every time) yan yéi akoosnéiych s/he puts them down (every time) tlél yan yéi koox̱sanéiych I havenʼt put them down yet tlél yan yéi akoosnéiych s/he hasnʼt put them down yet tlél aadé yan yéi kḵwasineiyi yé no way can I put them down tlél aadé yan yéi akoox̱sineiyi yé no way can s/he put them down yan yéi kḵwasaneiyín I would have put them down yan yéi akoox̱saneiyín s/he would have put them down yan yéi kax̱sanéini if/when I put them down yan yéi aksanéini if/when s/he puts them down yax̱ yéi kax̱sanei I put them down (regularly) yax̱ yéi aksanei s/he puts them down (regularly) work on it; do it (yéi) O-daa-S-∅-nei ʰ~ (na act) for S to do, perform O (a particular action); for S to work on O

yéi + daa-ya-nei

Yéi daanané! Work on it! Yéi daanayné! You all work on it! Líl yéi daa.eeneiḵ! Donʼt work on it! Líl yéi daayeeneiḵ! Donʼt you all work on it! yéi daax̱anéi I work on it; I am working on it yéi daa.eenéi you work on it; you are working on it yéi adaanéi s/he works on it; s/he is working on it yéi daatoonéi we work on it; we are working on it yéi daaynéi you all work on it; you all are working on it yéi (ha)s adaanéi they work on it; they are working on it yéi daadunéi it is worked on; it is being worked on tlél yéi daax̱wané I donʼt work on it; I am not working on it tlél yéi daa.eené you donʼt work on it; you arenʼt working on it tlél yéi adaa.uné s/he doesnʼt work on it; s/he isnʼt working on it tlél yéi daatooné we donʼt work on it; we arenʼt working on it tlél yéi daayné you all donʼt work on it; you all arenʼt working on it tlél yéi (ha)s adaa.uné they donʼt work on it; they arenʼt working on it tlél yéi daaduné nobody works on it; nobody is working on it wé yéi adaanei aa the one who works on it yéi adaanéiyin s/he used to work on it tlél yéi adaa.uneiyín s/he didnʼt used to work on it [does not occur - yéi awsinei preferred] yéi daakḵwanéi I will work on it yéi daakg̱eenéi you will work on it yéi adaakg̱wanéi s/he will work on it yéi daagax̱toonéi we will work on it yéi daagax̱yinéi you all will work on it yéi (ha)s adaakg̱wanéi they will work on it yéi daagax̱dunéi it will be worked on tlél yéi daakḵwanei I wonʼt work on it tlél yéi daakg̱eenei you wonʼt work on it tlél yéi adaakg̱wanei s/he wonʼt work on it tlél yéi daagax̱toonei we wonʼt work on it tlél yéi daagax̱yinei you all wonʼt work on it tlél yéi (ha)s adaakg̱wanei they wonʼt work on it tlél yéi daagax̱dunei it wonʼt be worked on yéi daanḵanei let me work on it yéi adaang̱anei let her/him work on it yéi daanax̱toonei let us work on it yéi adaanéi nooch s/he always works on it [does not occur - yéi anasneich preferred ] [does not occur - tlél yéi oonasneich preferred] tlél aadé yéi adaang̱waaneiyi yé no way can s/he work on it yéi adaang̱waneiyín s/he would have worked on it [does not occur - yéi anasneiní preferred] [does not occur - yéi yoo asineik preferred] ` ` Líl yéi daa.eenéiḵ! Donʼt do it! Líl yéi daa.yinéiḵ! Donʼt you all do it! happen (yéi) at ∅-nei ʰ (na event) for something to happen

A + ya-nee

-nee ʰ~ (An) [does not occur] [does not occur] yéi at woonei thatʼs what happened tlél yéi at wunei that didnʼt happen yéi at gug̱anei that will happen tlél yéi at gug̱anei that wonʼt happen yéi at nag̱anei let it happen yéi at naneich thatʼs what happens (every time) tlél yéi at unaneich that hasnʼt happened yet tlél aadé yéi at nag̱waaneiyi yé no way can that happen nag̱waneiyín that would have happened yéi at naneiní if/when that happens yéi at yaneik thatʼs what happens (regularly) fix it; cause that to happen to it; do that to it (yéi) O-S-s-nei ʰ~ (na event) for S to do (that) to O; for S to fix, cause (that) to happen to O

A + si-nee

(yéi) O-S-s-nee~ (na event) Yéi nasné! Fix it! Yéi naysané! You all fix it! Líl yéi isaneigíḵ! Donʼt fix it! Líl yéi yisaneigíḵ! Donʼt you all fix it! [does not occur - yéi adaanéi preferred] [does not occur] yéi x̱wsinei I fixed it yéi ysinei you fixed it yéi awsinei s/he fixed it yéi wtusinei we fixed it yéi yeeysinei you all fixed it yéi (ha)s awsinei they fixed it yéi wdudzinei it was fixed tlél yéi x̱wsanei I didnʼt fix it tlél yéi ysanei you didnʼt fix it tlél yéi awusnei s/he didnʼt fix it tlél yéi wtusanei we didnʼt fix it tlél yéi yeeysanei you all didnʼt fix it tlél yéi (ha)s awusnéi they didnʼt fix it tlél yéi wdusnéi it wasnʼt fixed yéi kḵwasanéi I will fix it yéi kg̱isanéi you will fix it yéi agux̱sanéi s/he will fix it yéi gax̱tusanéi we will fix it yéi gax̱yisanéi you all will fix it yéi (ha)s agux̱sanéi they will fix it yéi gax̱dusnéi it will be fixed tlél yéi kḵwasanei I wonʼt fix it tlél yéi kg̱isanei you wonʼt fix it tlél yéi agux̱sanei s/he wonʼt fix it tlél yéi gax̱tusanei we wonʼt fix it tlél yéi gax̱yisanei you all wonʼt fix it tlél yéi (ha)s agux̱sanei they wonʼt fix it tlél yéi gax̱dusnei it wonʼt be fixed yéi nḵasanei let me fix it yéi anax̱sanei let her/him fix it yéi nax̱tusanei let us fix it yéi nax̱saneich I fix it (every time) yéi nisaneich you fix it (every time) yéi anasneich s/he fixes it (every time) yéi ntusaneich we fix it (every time) yéi naysaneich you all fix it (every time) yéi (ha)s anasneich they fix it (every time) yéi ndusneich it is fixed (every time) tlél yéi nax̱wsaneich I havenʼt fixed it yet tlél yéi nisaneich you havenʼt fixed it yet tlél yéi oonasneich s/he hasnʼt fixed it yet tlél yéi ntusaneich we havenʼt fixed it yet tlél yéi naysaneich you all havenʼt fixed it yet tlél yéi (ha)s oonasneich they havenʼt fixed it yet tlél yéi ndusneich it hasnʼt been fixed yet tlél aadé yéi oonax̱sineiyi yé no way can s/he fix it yéi oonax̱saneiyín s/he would have fixed it yéi anasneiní if/when s/he fixes it yéi yoo asineik s/he fixes it (regularly) Tlél wooshdáx̱ yéi oonasneech du x̱ʼé du oox̱ kei gax̱duyéesh. He hasnʼt opened his mouth yet, theyʼre going to pull his teeth. work; do yéi ji-S-∅-nei ʰ~ (na act) for S to work; for S to do

yéi + ji-ya-nei

Yéi jinané! Work! Yéi jinayné! You all work! Líl yéi jinéiḵ! Donʼt work! Líl yéi jiynéiḵ! Donʼt you all work! yéi jix̱ané I work; I am working yéi jeené you work; you are working yéi jiné s/he works; s/he is working yéi jitooné we work; we are working yéi jiyné you all work; you all are working yéi has jiné they work; they are working yéi jiduné people work; people are working tlél yéi jix̱wané I donʼt work; Iʼm not working tlél yéi jeené you donʼt work; youʼre not working tlél yéi jeené s/he doesnʼt work; s/he isnʼt working tlél yéi jitooné we donʼt work; weʼre not working tlél yéi jiyné you all donʼt work; you all are not working tlél yéi has jeené they donʼt work; theyʼre not working tlél yéi jiduné nobody works; nobody is working wé yéi jiné aa the one who works; the one who is working [does not occur] yéi jinéyin s/he used to work yéi jix̱waanei I worked yéi jeeyanei you worked yéi jeewanei s/he worked yéi jiwtuwanei we worked yéi jiyeeynei you all worked yéi has jeewanei they worked yéi jiwduwanei people worked tlél yéi jix̱wanei I didnʼt work tlél yéi jiyinei you didnʼt work tlél yéi jiwunei s/he didnʼt work tlél yéi jiwtoonei we didnʼt work tlél yéi jiyeeynei you all didnʼt work tlél yéi has jiwunei they didnʼt work tlél yéi jiwdunei nobody worked yéi jikḵwanéi I will work yéi jikg̱eenéi you will work yéi jikg̱wanéi s/he will work yéi jigax̱toonéi we will work yéi jigax̱yinéi you all will work yéi has jikg̱wanéi they will work yéi jigax̱dunéi people will work tlél yéi jikḵwanei I wonʼt work tlél yéi jikg̱eenei you wonʼt work tlél yéi jikg̱wanei s/he wonʼt work tlél yéi jigax̱toonei we wonʼt work tlél yéi jigax̱yinei you all wonʼt work tlél yéi has jikg̱wanei they wonʼt work tlél yéi jigax̱dunei nobody will work yéi jinḵanei let me work yéi jing̱anei let her/him work yéi jinax̱toonei let us work yéi jinéi nooch s/he always works yéi jinx̱aneich I work (every time) yéi jineeneich you work (every time) yéi jinaneich s/he works (every time) yéi jintooneich we work (every time) yéi jinayneich you all work (every time) yéi has jinaneich they work (every time) yéi jinduneich people work (every time) tlél yéi jinx̱waneich I havenʼt worked yet tlél yéi jineeneich you havenʼt worked yet tlél yéi jinaneich s/he hasnʼt worked yet tlél yéi jintooneich we havenʼt worked yet tlél yéi jinayneich you all havenʼt worked yet tlél yéi has jinaneich they havenʼt worked yet tlél yéi jinduneich nobody has worked yet tlél aadé yéi jing̱waaneiyi yé no way can s/he work yéi jing̱waneiyín s/he would have worked yéi jinanéini if/when s/he works yéi yoo jiyaneik s/he works (regularly) Ax̱ jeeyís yéi jikg̱wanéi. Heʼs going to work for me (Iʼm going to hire him). happen, occur to her/him/it (yéi) O-∅-nei ʰ (na event) for (that) to happen, occur to O (yéi) O-∅-nee ʰ (na event)

A + ya-nee

[does not occur] yéi yaa x̱at nanein thatʼs happening to me yéi yaa nanein thatʼs happening to her/him/it yéi x̱at woonei that happened to me yéi woonei that happened to her/him/it tlél yéi x̱at wunei that didnʼt happen to me tlél yéi wunei that didnʼt happen to her/him/it yéi x̱at gug̱anei that will happen to me yéi kg̱wanei that will happen to her/him/it tlél yéi x̱at gug̱anei that wonʼt happen to me tlél yéi kg̱wanei that wonʼt happen to her/him/it yéi x̱at nag̱anei let that happen to me yéi ng̱anei let that happen to her/him/it yéi x̱at naneich that happens to me (every time) yéi naneich that happens to her/him/it (every time) tlél yéi x̱at unaneich that hasnʼt happened to me yet tlél yéi unaneich that hasnʼt happened to her/him/it yet tlél aadé yéi x̱at nag̱waaneiyi yé no way can that happen to me tlél aadé yéi ng̱waaneiyi yé no way can that happen to her/him/it yéi x̱at nag̱waneiyín that would have happened to me yéi ng̱waneiyín that would have happened to her/him/it yéi x̱at naneiní if/when that happens to me yéi naneiní if/when that happens to her/him/it yéi yoo x̱at yaneik that happens to me (regularly) yéi yoo yaneik that happens to her/him/it (regularly) Chʼáagu sh kalneegí yáx̱ yaa at nanein. What was told long ago is now coming to Nass. Aadéi tuwajeeyí yáx̱ áwé yaa at nanein. As we predicted, itʼs coming to Nass. Tlél ḵaa x̱ʼéit wus.aax̱ - ách áwé yéi woonei. He didnʼt listen to anyone, thatʼs why that happened to him. nei (3) weave, knit, crochet, respect knit it; weave it; crochet it; mend it (net) O-ka-S-s-nei~ (na act) for S to make O (cloth of any kind) (by weaving, knitting, or crocheting); for S to make or mend O (net)

ka-si-nei

Kanasné! Knit it! Kaneesné! You all knit it! Líl keesanéix̱iḵ! Donʼt knit it! Líl kaysanéix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all knit it! aksané s/he is knitting it [does not occur] aksané nooch sh/e always knits it akawsinei s/he knitted it tlél akawusnei s/he didnʼt knit it akagux̱sanéi s/he will knit it tlél akagux̱sanei s/he wonʼt knit it akanax̱sanei let her/him knit it akanasnéich s/he knits it (every time) tlél akoonasnéich s/he hasnʼt knitted it yet tlél aadé akunax̱sineiyi yé no way can s/he knit it akunax̱saneiyín s/he would have knitted it akanasnéini if/when s/he knits it [does not occur] respect her/him N yáa a-ya-u-S-∅-néi (ga act) for S to respect, regard highly, think highly of N

ḵaa yáa + a-ya-ya-nei

Because respect is a key element of Tlingit culture, it is very unlikely that the prohibitive forms given here would ever be said. Du yáa ayagoonéi! Respect her/him! Du yáa ayagaynéi! You all respect her/him! Líl du yáa ayeenéiḵ! Donʼt respect her/him! Líl du yáa ayeeynéiḵ! Donʼt you all respect her/him! du yáa awux̱aanéi I respect her/him du yáa ayaawanéi / du yáa awuwanéi s/he respects her/him tlél du yáa awoox̱ané I donʼt respect her/him tlél du yáa awooné s/he doesnʼt respect her/him du yáa kei ayanx̱anéin I am beginning to respect her/him du yáa kei ayananéin s/he is beginning to respect her/him [does not occur] du yáa kei ayakḵwanéi I will respect her/him du yáa kei ayakg̱wanéi s/he will respect her/him tlél du yáa kei ayakḵwané I wonʼt respect her/him tlél du yáa kei ayakg̱wané s/he wonʼt respect her/him [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél du yáa ayakx̱wanéich I havenʼt started to respect her/him yet tlél du yáa ayagoonéich s/he hasnʼt started to respect her/him yet tlél aadé du yáa ayakḵwaanéiyi yé no way can I respect her/him tlél aadé du yáa ayakg̱waanéiyi yé no way can s/he respect her/him du yáa ayakḵwanéiyin I would have respected her/him du yáa ayakg̱wanéiyin s/he would have respected her/him du yáa ayakwx̱anéini if/when I respect her/him du yáa ayagoonéini if/when s/he respects her/him [does not occur] Sh ḵʼuḵwalyeilín, ḵudáx̱ ḵútx̱ du yáa awux̱aanéi. I would have lied but I have too much respect for her. Du yáa ayaduwané. Heʼs a respected person. knit; weave; crochet ka-S-d-s-nei~ (∅ act) for S to knit, weave, or crochet

ka-si-nei

Keesné! Knit! Kayisné! You all knit! Líl keesnéiḵ! Donʼt knit! Líl kayisnéiḵ! Donʼt you all knit! kax̱asné I knit; I am knitting kasné s/he knits; s/he is knitting tlél koox̱asné I donʼt knit; Iʼm not knitting tlél koosné s/he doesnʼt knit; s/he isnʼt knitting yaa kanx̱asné Iʼm starting to knit yaa kanasné s/heʼs starting to knit kasné nooch s/he always knits kax̱wdzinéi I knitted kawdzinéi s/he knitted tlél kax̱wasné I didnʼt knit tlél kawusné s/he didnʼt knit kakḵwasnéi I will knit kakg̱wasnéi s/he will knit tlél kakḵwasnei I wonʼt knit tlél kakg̱wasnei s/he wonʼt knit kaḵasnei let me knit kag̱asnei let her/him knit koox̱asnéiych I knit (every time) koosnéiych s/he knits (every time) tlél koox̱asnéiych I havenʼt knitted yet tlél koosnéiych s/he hasnʼt knitted yet tlél aadé kooḵadzineiyi yé no way can I knit tlél aadé koox̱dzineiyi yé no way can s/he knit kooḵasneiyín I would have knitted koog̱asneiyín s/he would have knitted kax̱asnéini if/when I knit kasnéini if/when s/he knits [does not occur] neit tremble tremble, quake, shiver (from palsy, fear, or cold) O-ka-d-neit~ (∅ event) for O to tremble, quake, shiver (from Nalsy, fear, or cold)

ka-di-neit

[does not occur] yaa x̱at kandanét I am starting to tremble yaa kandanét s/he is starting to tremble x̱at kawdinét I was trembling kawdinét s/he was trembling tlél x̱at kawdaneit Iʼm not trembling; I didnʼt tremble tlél kawdaneit s/heʼs not trembling; s/he didnʼt tremble kagux̱danéit s/he will tremble tlél kagux̱daneit s/he wonʼt tremble (chʼa) kax̱daneidí (dé) (just) let her/him tremble (now) koodanétch s/he trembles (every time) tlél koodanétch s/he isnʼt trembling yet kadanétni if/when s/he trembles kadanétx̱ s/he trembles (regularly) tlél koodanétx̱ s/he doesnʼt tremble ḵoon yóo x̱ʼakg̱watáan a jeet kawdinét. When sheʼs going to speak in public it makes her tremble. Sawu.áatʼi a jeet kawdinét tle. When he gets cold, he shivers. A jeet kawdinét wé ḵusa.áatʼ. The cold makes her shiver. neitl fat, gain weight fat; gain weight O-d-l-neitl~ (∅ event) for O to gain weight; for O to get fat

dli-neitl

Ilnétl (dé)! Gain weight (now)! Yee lnétl (dé)! You all gain weight (now)! Líl ilnétlx̱iḵ! Donʼt gain weight! Líl yee lnétlx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all gain weight! [does not occur] yaa x̱at nalnétl Iʼm getting fat yaa inalnétl youʼre getting fat yaa nalnétl s/heʼs getting fat yaa haa nalnétl weʼre getting fat yaa yee nalnétl you all are getting fat yaa (ha)s nalnétl they are getting fat yaa ḵunalnétl people are getting fat [does not occur] x̱at wudlinétl Iʼm fat iwdlinétl youʼre fat wudlinétl s/heʼs fat haa wdlinétl weʼre fat yee wdlinétl you all are fat has wudlinétl theyʼre fat ḵoowdlinétl people are fat tlél x̱at wulneitl Iʼm not fat tlél iwulneitl youʼre not fat tlél wulneitl s/heʼs not fat tlél haa wulneitl weʼre not fat tlél yee wulneitl you all are not fat tlél has wulneitl theyʼre not fat tlél ḵuwulneitl nobody is fat x̱at gug̱walnéitl I will get fat ikg̱walnéitl you will get fat gug̱walnéitl s/he will get fat haa kg̱walnéitl we will get fat yee kg̱walnéitl you all will get fat has gug̱walnéitl they will get fat ḵukg̱walnéitl people will get fat tlél x̱at gug̱walneitl I wonʼt get fat tlél ikg̱walneitl you wonʼt get fat tlél gug̱walneitl s/he wonʼt get fat tlél haa kg̱walneitl we wonʼt get fat tlél yee kg̱walneitl you all wonʼt get fat tlél has gug̱walneitl they wonʼt get fat tlél ḵukg̱walneitl nobody will get fat x̱at g̱alneitl let me be fat g̱alneitl let her/him be fat haa g̱alneitl let us be fat x̱at ulnéitlch I get fat (every time) eelnéitlch you get fat (every time) ulnéitlch s/he gets fat (every time) haa ulnéitlch we get fat (every time) yee ulnéitlch you all get fat (every time) has ulnéitlch they get fat (every time) ḵoolnéitlch people get fat (every time) tlél x̱at ulnéitlch I havenʼt gotten fat yet tlél eelnéitlch you havenʼt gotten fat yet tlél ulnéitlch s/he hasnʼt gotten fat yet tlél haa ulnéitlch we havenʼt gotten fat yet tlél yee ulnéitlch you all havenʼt gotten fat yet tlél has ulnéitlch they havenʼt gotten fat yet tlél ḵoolnéitlch nobody has gotten fat yet tlél aadé ux̱dlineidli yé no way can s/he get fat g̱walneidlín s/he would have gotten fat ilnétlni if/when s/he gets fat dlinétlk s/he is prone to gaining weight ḵútx̱ ix̱kát sakwnéin x̱ax̱aayí, x̱at ilnétlx̱. If I eat too much frybread, I get fat. Ishaklig̱éik iwulneidlí. Youʼre cute when youʼre fat. Tlél ḵoolnétlx̱. It isnʼt fattening. Chʼa tlákw tooḵeení haa kg̱walnéitl. If we always sit, weʼll get fat. Áa akux̱dlix̱éitlʼ yaa x̱at nalnédli. Iʼm afraid Iʼm getting fat. Dei keijín dís x̱ʼáak áwé kʼidéin at x̱á chʼa aan áwé tlél ulnéitlch. For the past 5 months heʼs been eating well and hasnʼt gotten fat yet. neix̱ (2) save, heal, cure save her/him/it; heal, cure her/him/it O-S-s-neix̱ (g̱a event) for S to save O; for S to heal, cure O

si-neix̱

g̱asneix̱! Save her/him/it! g̱aysaneix̱! You all save her/him/it! Líl yei isanéx̱jiḵ! Donʼt save her/him/it! Líl yei yisanéx̱jiḵ! Donʼt you all save her/him/it! [does not occur] x̱wasineix̱ I saved her/him/it awsineix̱ he/she/it saved her/him/it tlél x̱wasaneix̱ I didnʼt save her/him/it tlél awusneix̱ he/she/it didnʼt save her/him/it yei kḵwasaneix̱ I will save her/him/it yei agux̱saneix̱ he/she/it will save her/him/it tlél yei kḵwasaneix̱ I wonʼt save her/him/it tlél yei agux̱saneix̱ he/she/it wonʼt save her/him/it ḵaaḵasaneix̱ let me save her/him/it ag̱aax̱saneix̱ let her/him/it save her/him/it ḵasaneix̱ch I save her/him/it (every time) ax̱saneix̱ch he/she/it saves her/him/it (every time) tlél ḵwasaneix̱ch I havenʼt saved her/him/it yet tlél oox̱saneix̱ch he/she/it hasnʼt saved her/him/it yet tlél aadé ag̱aax̱wsineix̱i yé no way can he/she/it save her/him/it ag̱aax̱wsaneix̱ín he/she/it would have saved her/him/it ax̱saneix̱ní if/when he/she/it saves her/him/it yei asneix̱ch he/she/it saves her/him/it (regularly) Líl yei isanéx̱jiḵ, g̱atoox̱aa dé tle yeedát. Donʼt save it, letʼs just eat it now. saved, healed, cured, recovered; satisfied O-∅-neix̱~ (g̱a event) for O to be saved; for O to be healed, cured, recover; for O to be satisfied

ya-neix̱

[does not occur] yei nx̱anéx̱ I am beginning to recover yei nanéx̱ s/he is beginning to recover x̱at wooneix̱ I recovered wooneix̱ s/he recovered tlél x̱at wuneix̱ I didnʼt recover tlél wuneix̱ s/he didnʼt recover yei x̱at gug̱anéix̱ I will recover yei kg̱wanéix̱ s/he will recover tlél yei x̱at gug̱aneix̱ I wonʼt recover tlél yei kg̱waneix̱ s/he wonʼt recover x̱at g̱aag̱aneix̱ let me recover g̱aag̱aneix̱ let her/him recover x̱at g̱anéx̱ch I recover (every time) g̱anéx̱ch s/he recovers (every time) tlél x̱at g̱oonéx̱ch I havenʼt recovered yet tlél g̱oonéx̱ch s/he hasnʼt recovered yet tlél aadé x̱at g̱waag̱aaneix̱i yé no way can I recover tlél aadé g̱waag̱aaneix̱i yé no way can s/he recover x̱at g̱waag̱aneix̱ín I would have recovered g̱waag̱aneix̱ín s/he would have recovered x̱at g̱anéx̱ni if/when I recover g̱anéx̱ní if/when s/he recovers yei x̱at néx̱ch I recover (regularly) yei néx̱ch s/he recovers (regularly) nook ¹ (7) carry, sit, get up situtated there (of building) d-nook~ (g̱a event) for a building to be situated there

di-nook

[does not occur] áa wdinook the building was situated there (suddenly as if overnight) tlél áa wdanook it wasnʼt situated there áa yei gux̱danóok it will be situated there tlél áa yei gux̱danook it wonʼt be situated there [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé áa g̱aax̱wdinoogu yé no way can it be situated there áa g̱aax̱wdanoogún it would have been situated there áa x̱danúkni if/when it is situated there [does not occur] carry her/him/it (live creature) VII N-t O-S-s-nook~ (na motion) for S to carry, take O (live creature) around at N

si-nook

-- carrying it (along) N-t carrying it around, about P P-dei carrying it toward P N-dáx̱ carrying it away from N N-náx̱ stopping over at N with it; dropping it off at N yux̱ carrying it out of house Át nasnú! Carry her/him/it around! Át naysanú! You all carry her/him/it around! Líl át yisanoogúḵ! Donʼt carry her/him/it around! Líl át yeeysanoogúḵ! Donʼt you all carry her/him/it around! around! [does not occur] át x̱wasinook I carried her/him/it around; I am carrying her/him/it around át awsinook s/he carried her/him/it around; s/he is carrying her/him/it around tlél át x̱wasanook I didnʼt carry her/him/it around; Iʼm not carrying her/him/it around tlél át awusnook s/he didnʼt carry her/him/it around; s/he isnʼt carrying her/him/it around át kuḵasanóok I will carry her/him/it around át agux̱sanóok s/he will carry her/him/it around tlél át kuḵasanook I wonʼt carry her/him/it around tlél át agux̱sanook s/he wonʼt carry her/him/it around át naḵasanook let me carry her/him/it around át anax̱sanook let her/him carry her/him/it around át nax̱sanúkch I carry her/him/it around (every time) át anasnúkch s/he carries her/him/it around (every time) tlél át nax̱sanúkch I havenʼt carried her/him/it around yet tlél át oonasnúkch s/he hasnʼt carried her/him/it around yet tlél aadé át naḵwasinoogu yé no way can I carry her/him/it around tlél aadé át oonax̱sinoogu yé no way can s/he carry her/him/it around át naḵwasanoogún I would have carried her/him/it around át anax̱wsanoogún s/he would have carried her/him/it around át nax̱sanúkni if/when I carry her/him/it around át anasnúkni if/when s/he carries her/him/it around át yoo x̱asinúkk I carry her/him/it around (regularly) át yoo asinúkk s/he carries her/him/it around (regularly) seat her/him O-S-s-nook~ (g̱a event) for S to seat O

si-nook

g̱asnú! Seat her/him! g̱aysanú! You all seat her/him! Líl yei isanúkjiḵ! Donʼt seat her/him! Líl yei yisanúkjiḵ! Donʼt you all seat her/him! [does not occur] x̱wasinook I seated her/him awsinook s/he seated her/him tlél x̱wasanook I didnʼt seat her/him tlél awusnook s/he didnʼt seat her/him yei kḵwasanóok I will seat her/him yei agux̱sanóok s/he will seat her/him tlél yei kḵwasanook I wonʼt seat her/him tlél yei agux̱sanook s/he wonʼt seat her/him g̱aaḵasanook let me seat her/him ag̱aax̱sanook let her/him seat her/him ḵasanúkch I seat her/him (every time) ax̱sanúkch s/he seats her/him (every time) tlél ḵwasanúkch I havenʼt seated her/him yet tlél oox̱sanúkch s/he hasnʼt seated her/him yet tlél aadé ag̱waax̱sinoogu yé no way can s/he seat her/him ag̱waax̱sanoogún s/he would have seated her/him ax̱sanúkni if/when s/he seats her/him yei asnúkch s/he seats her/him (regularly) Tlákw áwé wéi x̱aawag̱íxʼ ax̱sanúkch. She always seats him by the window. Nadáakw yaax̱ áwé ax̱sanúkch. He always seats her at the table. Ag̱waax̱sanoogún hél ḵu.aa áwé káayag̱ijeit ḵoostí. She would have seated him there but there was no chair. lift her/him/it up (live creature) kei O-S-s-nook~ (∅ motion) for S to lift up O (live creature)

kei si-nook

Kei sanú! Lift her/him/it up! Kei yeesanú! You all lift her/him/it up! Líl kei isanúkjiḵ! Donʼt lift her/him/it up! Líl kei yisanúkjiḵ! Donʼt you all lift her/him/it up! [does not occur] kei x̱wsinúk I lifted her/him/it up kei awsinúk s/he lifted her/him/it up tlél kei x̱wsanook I didnʼt lift her/him/it up tlél kei awusnook s/he didnʼt lift her/him/it up kei kḵwasanóok I will lift her/him/it up kei agux̱sanóok s/he will lift her/him/it up tlél kei kḵwasanook I wonʼt lift her/him/it up tlél kei agux̱sanook s/he wonʼt lift her/him/it up kei ḵasanook let me lift her/him/it up kei ax̱sanook let her/him lift her/him/it up kei x̱wsanúkch I lift her/him/it up (every time) kei oosnúkch s/he lifts her/him/it up (every time) tlél kei x̱wsanookch I havenʼt lifted her/him/it up yet tlél kei oosnookch s/he hasnʼt lifted her/him/it up yet tlél aadé kei ḵwasinoogu yé no way can I lift her/him/it up tlél aadé kei oox̱sinoogu yé no way can s/he lift her/him/it up kei ḵwasanoogún I would have lifted her/him/it up kei oox̱sanoogún s/he would have lifted her/him/it up kei x̱sanúkni if/when I lift her/him/it up kei asnúkni if/when s/he lifts her/him/it up kei x̱sanúkch I lift her/him/it up (regularly) kei asnúkch s/he lifts her/him/it up (regularly) rise, get up (singular subject) sha-S-d-nook~ (∅ event) for (singular) S to get up, rise

sha-di-nook

Sheedanú! Get up! Líl sheedanúkx̱uḵ! Donʼt get up! [does not occur] yaa shanax̱danúk I am starting to get up yaa shandanúk s/he is starting to get up shax̱wdinúk I got up shawdinúk s/he got up tlél shax̱wdanook I didnʼt get up tlél shawdanook s/he didnʼt get up shakḵwadanóok I will get up shagux̱danóok s/he will get up tlél shakḵwadanook I wonʼt get up tlél shagux̱danook s/he wonʼt get up shaḵadanook let me get up shax̱danook let her/him get up shax̱wdanookch I get up (every time) shoodanookch s/he gets up (every time) tlél shoox̱danookch I havenʼt gotten up yet tlél shoodanookch s/he hasnʼt gotten up yet tlél aadé shooḵadinoogu yé no way can I get up tlél aadé shoox̱dinoogu yé no way can s/he get up shooḵadanoogún I would have gotten up shoox̱danoogún s/he would have gotten up shax̱danúkni if/when I get up shadanúkni if/when s/he gets up shax̱danúkx̱ I get up (regularly) shadanúkx̱ s/he gets up (regularly) ḵeex̱ʼé shawdinúk. He got up early. Tleidooshú gaaw áwé shax̱wdanookch chʼa tlákw tsʼootaat. I get up at six oʼclock every morning. sit down (singular subject) S-∅-nook~ (g̱a event) for (singular) S to sit, sit down (esp. act of sitting)

ya-nook

g̱anú! Sit down! Líl yei eenúkjiḵ! Donʼt sit down! [does not occur] yei nx̱anúk I am sitting down yei neenúk you are sitting down yei nanúk s/he is sitting down tlél yei nx̱wanúk Iʼm not sitting down tlél yei neenúk youʼre not sitting down tlél yei unanúk s/heʼs not sitting down [does not occur] x̱waanook I sat down yeenook you sat down woonook s/he sat down tlél x̱wanook I didnʼt sit down tlél yinook you didnʼt sit down tlél wunook s/he didnʼt sit down yei kḵwanóok I will sit down yei kg̱eenóok you will sit down yei kg̱wanóok s/he will sit down tlél yei kḵwanook I wonʼt sit down tlél yei kg̱eenook you wonʼt sit down tlél yei kg̱wanook s/he wonʼt sit down g̱aaḵanook let me sit down g̱aag̱anookw let her/him sit down [does not occur] ḵanúkch I sit down (every time) g̱eenúkch you sit down (every time) g̱anúkch s/he sits down (every time) tlél ḵwanúkch I havenʼt sat down yet tlél g̱eenúkch you havenʼt sat down yet tlél g̱wanúkch s/he hasnʼt sat down yet tlél aadé g̱waag̱aanoogu yé no way can s/he sit down g̱waag̱anoogún s/he would have sat down g̱anúkni if/when s/he sits down áa yei núkch s/he sits there (regularly) g̱anúkni du x̱ʼéix̱ at gax̱tootée. When he sits down, weʼll serve him. Áa g̱anúkjin. She used to sit there. A káa yei nukji káayag̱ijeit áwé. Thatʼs the chair he always sits in. Tlél x̱wasakú yei kg̱wanoogú. I donʼt know if she will sit down. Tleeyéi g̱anúkch. She sits still (every time). Taat kanax̱ g̱anúkch. She sits up all night. Chʼu tlei a káa x̱wanoogú nallʼíxʼch wé káayag̱ijeit x̱ʼoosí. When I sit on it, the chair leg breaks. Kindachóon g̱anú! Sit up straight! put her/him/it down, leave her/him/it (live creature) yan~ O-S-s-nook~ (∅ motion) for S to Nut down, leave O (live creature)

yan si-nook

Yan sanú! Put her/him/it down! Yan yisanú! You all put her/him/it down! Líl yax̱ isanoogúḵ! Donʼt put her/him/it down! Líl yax̱ yisanoogúḵ! Donʼt you all put her/him/it down! [does not occur] yan x̱wasinúk I put her/him/it down yan awsinúk s/he put her/him/it down tlél yan x̱wasanook I didnʼt put her/him/it down tlél yan awusnook s/he didnʼt put her/him/it down yánde kḵwasanóok I will put her/him/it down yánde agux̱sanóok s/he will put her/him/it down tlél yánde kḵwasanook I wonʼt put her/him/it down tlél yánde agux̱sanook s/he wonʼt put her/him/it down yan ḵasanook let me put her/him/it down yan ax̱sanook let her/him put her/him/it down yan x̱wasanookch I put her/him/it down yan oosnookch s/he puts her/him/it down (every time) tlél yan x̱wasanookch I havenʼt put her/him/it down tlél yan oosnookch s/he hasnʼt put her/him/it down tlél aadé yan ḵwasinoogu yé no way can I put her/him/it down tlél aadé yan oox̱sinoogu yé no way can s/he put her/him/it down yan ḵwasanoogún I would have put her/him/it down yan oox̱sanoogún s/he would have put her/him/it down yan x̱asanúkni if/when I put her/him/it down yan asnúkni if/when s/he puts her/him/it down yax̱ x̱asanook I put her/him/it down (regularly) yax̱ asnook s/he puts her/him/it down (regularly) nook ² (9) hungry hungry for it, crave it N-dáx̱ x̱ʼa-S-d-nook~ (∅ event) for S to be hungry for, crave P

A-dax̱ + x̱ʼa-di-nook

N-dáx̱ x̱ʼa-S-d-neekw~ (∅ event) [does not occur] aax̱ yaa x̱ʼandanúk s/he is getting hungry for it aax̱ x̱ʼax̱wdinúk Iʼm hungry for it aax̱ x̱ʼawdinúk s/he is hungry for it tlél aax̱ x̱ʼax̱wdanook Iʼm not hungry for it tlél aax̱ x̱ʼawdanook s/he isnʼt hungry for it aax̱ x̱ʼagux̱danóok s/he will be hungry for it tlél aax̱ x̱ʼagux̱danook s/he wonʼt be hungry for it aax̱ x̱ʼax̱danook let her/him be hungry for it aax̱ x̱ʼeidanúkch s/he is hungry for it (every time) tlél aax̱ x̱ʼeidanúkch s/he isnʼt hungry for it yet tlél aadé aax̱ x̱ʼeix̱dinoogu yé no way can s/he be hungry for it aax̱ x̱ʼeix̱danoogún s/he would have been hungry for it aax̱ x̱ʼadanúkni if/when s/he is hungry for it aax̱ x̱ʼadanúkx̱ s/he gets hungry for it (regularly) ḵushtuyáx̱ aatx̱ x̱ʼaydanoogú, tlél kḵwasa.ee. It doesnʼt matter if youʼre hungry for it, Iʼm not going to cook it. Wé eex̱áa át aax̱ x̱ʼawdinúk. Heʼs hungry for what youʼre eating. Tlax̱ áwé aax̱ x̱ʼawdinúk. Heʼs really hungry for it / anxious to eat it. [Story & Naish 1973: 113] I x̱ʼéidáx̱ x̱ʼax̱wdinúk. Iʼm hungry for what you are already eating. [Story & Naish 1973: 113] Has du atx̱aayídáx̱ x̱ʼawdiníkw. Heʼs hungry for the food they have. touch, feel it (esp. with hands) jée O-S-d-nook~ (∅ state) for S to touch, feel O (esp. with hands)

jée + di-nook

This verb is commonly used in reference to labor pains. For example: Jée gé idinook? "Are you feeling it (contractions)?" Jée idanú! Feel it! Jée yidanú! You all feel it! Líl jée idanúkx̱uḵ! Donʼt feel it! Líl jée yidanúkx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all feel it! jée x̱dinook I am feeling it jée adinook s/heʼs feeling it tlél jée ux̱danook I donʼt feel it tlél jée oodanook s/he doesnʼt feel it jée x̱wdinúk I felt it jée awdinúk s/he felt it tlél jée x̱wadanook I didnʼt feel it tlél jée awdanook s/he didnʼt feel it jée kḵwadanóok I will feel it jée agux̱danóok s/he will feel it tlél jée kḵwadanook I wonʼt feel it tlél jée agux̱danook s/he wonʼt feel it jée ḵadanook let me feel it jée ax̱danook let her/him feel it jée x̱wadanúkch I feel it (every time) jée oodanúkch s/he feels it (every time) tlél jée x̱wadanúkch I havenʼt felt it yet tlél jée oodanúkch s/he hasnʼt felt it yet tlél aadé jée ḵwadinoogu yé no way can I feel it tlél aadé jée oox̱dinoogu yé no way can s/he feel it jée ḵwadanoogún I would have felt it jée oox̱danoogún s/he would have felt it jée x̱adanúkni if/when I feel it jée adanúkni if/when s/he feels it jée x̱adanúkx̱ I feel it (regularly) jée adanúkx̱ s/he feels it (regularly) blow, be felt (of breeze, light wind) du-∅-nook~ (∅ event) for the wind to blow, be felt (esp. a breeze, light wind)

doo-ya-nook

[does not occur] [does not occur] yaa ndunúk itʼs starting to blow wuduwanúk it blew; itʼs blowing tlél wudunook it didnʼt blow; it isnʼt blowing gax̱dunóok it will blow tlél gax̱dunook it wonʼt blow [does not occur] dunúkch it blows (every time) tlél dunúkch it hasnʼt blown yet [does not occur] [does not occur] dunúkni if/when it blows dunúkx̱ it blows (regularly) angry, mad, mean xʼáan-t~ S-∅-nook~ (∅ motion) for S to be angry, mad, mean xʼáan-t~ S-∅-neekw~ (∅ motion)

A- + ya-nook

To indicate anger at another person, use: du yís "at her/him". For example: Du yís xʼáant x̱waanúk. "Iʼm angry at her/him." Or: Ax̱ yís xʼáant uwanúk. "S/he is angry at me." Xʼáant núk! Get angry! Xʼáant yinúk! You all get angry! Líl xʼáanx̱ eenoogúḵ! Donʼt be angry! Líl xʼáanx̱ yinoogúḵ! Donʼt you all be angry! [does not occur] xʼáande yaa nx̱anúk Iʼm getting angry xʼáande yaa nanúk s/heʼs getting angry xʼáant x̱waanúk Iʼm angry xʼáant uwanúk s/heʼs angry tlél xʼáant x̱wanook Iʼm not angry tlél xʼáant wunook s/heʼs not angry xʼáande kḵwanóok Iʼm going to get angry xʼáande kg̱wanóok s/heʼs going to get angry tlél xʼáande kḵwanook Iʼm not going to get angry tlél xʼáande kg̱wanook s/heʼs not going to get angry (chʼa) xʼáant ḵanook (dé) (just) let me be angry (now) (chʼa) xʼáant g̱anook (dé) (just) let her be angry (now) xʼáant x̱wanúkch I get angry (every time) xʼáant unúkch s/he gets angry (every time) tlél xʼáant x̱wanúkch I havenʼt gotten angry yet tlél xʼáant unúkch s/he hasnʼt gotten angry yet tlél aadé xʼáant ḵwaanoogu yé no way can I be angry tlél aadé xʼáant g̱waanoogu yé no way can s/he be angry xʼáant ḵwanoogún I would have been angry xʼáant g̱wanoogún s/he would have been angry xʼáant x̱anúkni if/when I get angry xʼáant núkni if/when s/he gets angry xʼáanx̱ x̱anook I get angry (regularly) xʼáanx̱ nook s/he gets angry (regularly) Latín, awullʼéexʼi xʼáande kg̱wanóok. Watch it, if he breaks it heʼll get mad. Tlél ax̱ yís xʼáanx̱ oonook. He hasnʼt been mean to me. Tle x̱ʼax̱waawóosʼi áwé xʼáanx̱ neekw. When I ask him he gets angry. x̱ʼanx̱awóosʼni, xʼáande kg̱wanéekw. If I ask him, heʼll get angry. taste it x̱ʼéi O-S-d-nook~ (∅ state) for S to taste, sample O

x̱ʼéi + di-nook

x̱ʼéi idanú! Taste it! x̱ʼéi yidanú! You all taste it! Líl x̱ʼéi idanúkx̱uḵ! Donʼt taste it! Líl x̱ʼéi yidanúkx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all taste it! x̱ʼéi x̱dinook I taste it x̱ʼéi adinook s/he tastes it tlél x̱ʼéi ux̱danook I donʼt taste it tlél x̱ʼéi oodanook s/he doesnʼt taste it x̱ʼéi x̱wdinúk I tasted it x̱ʼéi awdinúk s/he tasted it tlél x̱ʼéi x̱wadanook I didnʼt taste it tlél x̱ʼéi awdanook s/he didnʼt taste it x̱ʼéi kḵwadanóok I will taste it x̱ʼéi agux̱danóok s/he will taste it tlél x̱ʼéi kḵwadanook I wonʼt taste it tlél x̱ʼéi agux̱danook s/he wonʼt taste it x̱ʼéi ḵadanook let me taste it x̱ʼéi ax̱danook let her/him taste it x̱ʼéi x̱wadanúkch I taste it (every time) x̱ʼéi oodanúkch s/he tastes it (every time) tlél x̱ʼéi x̱wadanúkch I havenʼt tasted it yet tlél x̱ʼéi oodanúkch s/he hasnʼt tasted it yet tlél aadé x̱ʼéi oox̱dinoogu yé no way can s/he taste it x̱ʼéi oox̱danoogún s/he would have tasted it x̱ʼéi adanúkni if/when s/he tastes it xʼéi adanúkx̱ s/he tastes it (regularly) Wéi géewaa x̱ʼéi yidanú! You all taste the beer! Wéi Anóoshi kahéeni áwé tlél x̱ʼéi x̱wdanúkch. I havenʼt tasted the Russain drink yet. prove, verify, find out and be sure of; investigate, make trial of, test out yan~ O-ka-S-nook~ (∅ motion) for S to Nrove, verify, find out and be sure of O; for S to investigate, make trial of, test out O

yan ka-si-nook

Yan kasanúk! Prove it! [does not occur] yan kax̱wsinúk I proved it yan akawsinúk s/he proved it tlél yan kax̱wsanook I didnʼt prove it tlél yan akawusnook s/he didnʼt prove it yánde akagux̱sanóok s/he is going to Nrove it tlél yánde akagux̱sanook s/he isnʼt going to Nrove it (chʼa) yan akax̱sanook (just) let her/him prove it yan akoosnookch s/he proves it (every time) tlél yan akoosnookch s/he hasnʼt proven it yet tlél aadé yan akoox̱sinoogu yé no way can s/he prove it yan akoox̱sanoogún s/he would have proven it yan aksanúkni if/when s/he proves it yax̱ aksanook s/he proves it (regularly) Yóo ḵáa yan kax̱wsinúk yaa ḵudzigéi. I have proved / I know for sure that that man is smart. [Story & Naish 1973: 160] Yan kaḵasanoogóot, x̱aan akaawaneek. He has told me, so that I will understand the situation (in order that I might be sure of it). [Story & Naish 1973: 160] Yan kawtusinúk i tóot at yadaxúni. We know for sure that you have a demon. [Story & Naish 1973: 156] Dleit ḵáa ḵusteeyí yan kax̱wsinúk. Iʼve been investigating the white manʼs way of life (working to find out how he lives). [Story & Naish 1973: 117] do, behave like, act (in a certain way) (yéi) ḵu-S-∅-nook~ (na act) for S to behave, do, act (in a certain way)

A + ḵu-ya-nook

-neekw Yéi ḵunanook! Do it! Yéi ḵunaynook! You all do it! Líl yéi ḵeenoogúḵ! Donʼt do that! Líl yéi ḵuynoogúḵ! Donʼt you all do that! yéi ḵux̱aanóok I am doing it; I do it yéi ḵeeyanóok you are doing it; you do it yéi ḵuwanóok s/he is doing it; s/he does it yéi ḵutoowanóok we are doing it; we do it yéi ḵuyeeynóok you all are doing it; you all do it yéi (ha)s ḵuwanóok they are doing it; they do it yéi ḵuduwanóok people do that tlél yéi ḵoox̱anook Iʼm not doing that; I donʼt do that tlél yéi ḵeenook youʼre not doing that; you donʼt do that tlél yéi ḵoonook s/heʼs not doing that; s/he doesnʼt do that tlél yéi ḵutoonook weʼre not doing that; we donʼt do that tlél yéi ḵeeynook you all are not doing that; you all donʼt do that tlél yéi has ḵoonook they arenʼt doing that; they donʼt do that tlél yéi ḵudunook nobody does that; that isnʼt to be done wé yéi ḵuwanoogu aa the one who does that [does not occur] yéi ḵux̱waanook I did that yéi ḵeeyanook you did that yéi ḵoowanook s/he did that yéi ḵuwtuwanook we did that yéi ḵuyeeynook you all did that yéi (ha)s ḵoowanook they did that yéi ḵuwduwanook people did that tlél yéi ḵux̱wanook I didnʼt do that tlél yéi ḵeeyanook you didnʼt do that tlél yéi ḵuwunook s/he didnʼt do that tlél yéi ḵuwtoonook we didnʼt do that tlél yéi ḵuyeeynook you all didnʼt do that tlél yéi (ha)s ḵuwunook they didnʼt do that tlél yéi ḵuwdunook nobody did that yéi ḵukḵwanóok I will do it yéi ḵukg̱eenóok you will do it yéi ḵukg̱wanóok s/he will do it yéi ḵugax̱toonóok we will do it yéi ḵugax̱yeenóok you all will do it yéi (ha)s ḵukg̱wanóok they will do it yéi ḵugax̱dunóok someone will do it tlél yéi ḵukḵwanook I wonʼt do that tlél yéi ḵukg̱eenook you wonʼt do that tlél yéi ḵukg̱wanook s/he wonʼt do that tlél yéi ḵugax̱toonook we wonʼt do that tlél yéi ḵugax̱yeenook you all wonʼt do that tlél yéi (ha)s ḵukg̱wanook they wonʼt do that tlél yéi ḵugax̱dunook nobody will do that yéi ḵunḵanook let me do it yéi ḵung̱anook let her/him do it yéi ḵunax̱toonook let us do it yéi ḵunuk nooch s/he always does that [does not occur] tlél yéi ḵoonx̱anúkch I havenʼt done it yet tlél yéi ḵuneenúkch you havenʼt done it yet tlél yéi ḵoonanúkch s/he hasnʼt done it yet tlél yéi ḵuntoonúkch we havenʼt done it yet tlél yéi ḵunaynúkch you all havenʼt done it yet tlél yéi (ha)s ḵoonanúkch they havenʼt done it yet tlél yéi ḵundunúkch nobody has done it yet tlél aadé yéi ḵung̱aanoogu yé no way can s/he do it yéi ḵung̱anoogún s/he would have done it yéi ḵunanúkni if/when s/he does it [does not occur] feel (a certain way) (yéi) sh tu-S-d-nook~ (na state) for S to feel (that way) (esp. physical sensation) -neekw~

A + sh di-nook

[does not occur] [does not occur] yéi sh tux̱dinook I feel that way yéi sh teedinook you feel that way yéi sh tudinook s/he feels that way yéi sh tutudinook we feel that way yéi sh tuydinook you all feel that way yéi (ha)s sh tudinook they feel that way yéi sh tuduwanook someone feels that way tlél yéi sh toox̱danook I donʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh teedanook you donʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh toodanook s/he doesnʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh tutudanook we donʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh tuydanook you all donʼt feel that way tlél yéi (ha)s sh toodanook they donʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh tudunook nobody feels that way yéi yaa sh tundanúk s/he is beginning to feel that way [does not occur] yéi sh tux̱wdinook I felt that way yéi sh tuydinook you felt that way yéi sh tuwdinook s/he felt that way yéi sh tuwtudinook we felt that way yéi sh tuyeeydinook you all felt that way yéi (ha)s sh tuwdinook they felt that way yéi sh tuwduwanook someone felt that way tlél yéi sh tux̱wdanook I didnʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh tuydanook you didnʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh tuwdanook s/he didnʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh tuwtudanook we didnʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh tuyeeydanook you all didnʼt feel that way tlél yéi (ha)s sh tuwdanook they didnʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh tuwdunook nobody felt that way yéi sh tukḵwadanóok I will feel that way yéi sh tukg̱idanóok you will feel that way yéi sh tugux̱danóok s/he will feel that way yéi sh tugax̱tudanóok we will feel that way yéi sh tugax̱yidanóok you all will feel that way yéi (ha)s sh tugux̱danóok they will feel that way yéi sh tugax̱dunóok someone will feel that way tlél yéi sh tukḵwadanook I wonʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh tukg̱idanook you wonʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh tugux̱danook s/he wonʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh tugax̱tudanook we wonʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh tugax̱yidanook you all wonʼt feel that way tlél yéi (ha)s sh tugux̱danook they wonʼt feel that way tlél yéi sh tugax̱dunook nobody will feel that way yéi sh tunḵadanook let me feel that way yéi sh tunax̱danook let her/him feel that way yéi sh tunax̱tudanook let us feel that way yéi sh tunax̱danúkch I feel that way (every time) yéi sh tunidanúkch you feel that way (every time) yéi sh tundanúkch s/he feels that way (every time) yéi sh tuntudanúkch we feel that way (every time) yéi sh tunaydanúkch you all feel that way (every time) yéi (ha)s sh tundanúkch they feel that way (every time) yéi sh tundunúkch someone feels that way (every time) tlél yéi sh toonax̱danúkch I havenʼt felt that way yet tlél yéi sh tunidanúkch you havenʼt felt that way yet tlél yéi sh toondanúkch s/he hasnʼt felt that way yet tlél yéi sh tuntudanúkch we havenʼt felt that way yet tlél yéi sh tunaydanúkch you all havenʼt felt that way yet tlél yéi (ha)s sh toondanúkch they havenʼt felt that way yet tlél yéi sh tundunúkch nobody has felt that way yet tlél aadé yéi sh toonax̱dinoogu yé no way can s/he feel that way yéi sh toonax̱danoogún s/he would have felt that way yéi sh tundanúkni if/when s/he feels that way [does not occur] Ayáx̱ gé sh teedinook? Do you feel up to it? taste (a certain way) (yéi) du-∅-nook (∅ state) for something to taste (a certain way)

doo-ya-nook

Note that kʼidéin "good", given in the paradigm here, can be replaced with a number of adverbial phrases to change the meaning. Here are a few examples: wáa sá duwanook? "how does it taste?"; at géide duwanook "it tastes strange"; and tlél a yáx̱ dunook "it doesnʼt taste right". (kʼidéin) duwanook it tastes (good) tlél (kʼidéin) dunook it doesnʼt taste (good) (kʼidéin) yaa ndunúk itʼs starting to taste (good) (kʼidéin) wuduwanúk it tasted (good) tlél (kʼidéin) wududook it didnʼt taste good (kʼidéin) gax̱dunóok it will taste (good) tlél (kʼidéin) gax̱dunook it wonʼt taste (good) [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé (kʼidéin) g̱aduwanoogu yé no way can it taste (good) (kʼidéin) g̱adunoogún it would have tasted (good) (kʼidéin) dunúkni if/when it tastes (good) (kʼidéin) dunúkx̱ it tastes (good) (regularly) A x̱oo yéi yi.oowú, tlél kʼidéin gax̱dunook. If you put that in there, itʼs not going to taste good. Tlél aadé kʼidéin g̱aduwanoogu yé, tlél ooshgóok at gas.eeyí. No way can it taste good, he doesnʼt know how to cook. Kʼidéin wudunoogú yax̱ yakḵwasax̱áa. If it tastes good, Iʼm going to eat it all up. Kʼidéin dunúkx̱ hóoch awus.eeyí. It tastes good when he cooks it. Wáa sá tlax̱ kasiyidéin duwanook? How come it tastes so funny? noots ¹ smile smile (often knowingly or sarcastically) One consultant referred to this as a "missionary smile", describing it as just a slight smile. at ka-S-∅-noots~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to smile at something (often knowingly or sarcastically)

ka-ya-noots

at kanútsx̱ s/he is smiling tlél at koonútsx̱ s/he isnʼt smiling at kax̱waanúts I smiled at kaawanúts s/he smiled tlél at kax̱wanoots I didnʼt smile tlél at kawunoots s/he didnʼt smile at kakg̱wanóots s/he will smile tlél at kakg̱wanoots s/he wonʼt smile (chʼa) at kag̱anúts (just) let her/him smile at koonútsch s/he smiles (every time) tlél at koonútsch s/he hasnʼt smiled yet tlél aadé at koog̱aanútsi yé no way can s/he smile at koog̱anútsin s/he would have smiled at kanútsni if/when s/he smiles at kanútsx̱ s/he smiles (regularly) tlél at koonútsx̱ s/he doesnʼt smile Tlél ax̱ yáx̱ at kawunoots. She didnʼt smile at me. Ash wusteení, tle at koonútsch. She smiles every time she sees him. noots ² spoil spoil, begin to spoil (of animal matter) Note that for some speakers, this verb has a d-l- classifier, as in: kawdlinúts "it spoiled", while for others it has a d- classifier, as in: kawdinúts "it spoiled". Both options are acceptable, and both are given throughout the paradigm below. ka-d-l-noots~ (∅ event) for animal matter to spoil

ka-dli-noots

ka-d-noots~ (∅ event) [does not occur] yaa kanalnúts / yaa kandanúts itʼs beginning to spoil kawdlinúts / kawdinúts it spoiled tlél kawulnoots / tlél kawdanoots it didnʼt spoil kakg̱walnóots / kagux̱danóots it will spoil tlél kakg̱walnoots / tlél kagux̱danoots it wonʼt spoil (chʼa) kag̱alnúts / (chʼa) kax̱danúts (just) let it spoil koolnútsch / koodanútsch it spoils (every time) tlél koolnútsch / tlél koodanútsch it hasnʼt spoiled yet tlél aadé koox̱dlinúdzi yé / tlél aadé koox̱dinúdzi yé no way can it spoil koog̱alnúdzin / koox̱danúdzin it would have spoiled kalnútsni / kadanútsni if/when it spoils kalnútsx̱ / kadanútsx̱ it spoils (regularly) Kawulnoodzí shukát tʼeexʼ ḵook tóode x̱wsi.een. I put it in the freezer before it spoiled. nootʼ swallow swallow it O-ka-S-∅-nóotʼ~ (na event) for S to swallow O (pill, etc.)

ka-ya-nootʼ

Kananóotʼ! Swallow it! Kanaynóotʼ! You all swallow it! Líl yoo keenútʼguḵ! Donʼt swallow it! Líl yoo kaynútʼguḵ! Donʼt you all swallow it! [does not occur] akaawanóotʼ s/he swallowed it tlél akawunóotʼ s/he didnʼt swallow it akakg̱wanóotʼ s/he will swallow it tlél akakg̱wanóotʼ s/he wonʼt swallow it akang̱anóotʼ let her/him swallow it akananútʼch s/he swallows it (every time) tlél akunanútʼch s/he hasnʼt swallowed it yet tlél aadé akung̱aanóotʼi yé no way can s/he swallow it akung̱anóotʼin s/he would have swallowed it akananútʼni if/when s/he swallows it yoo akayanútʼk s/he swallows it (regularly) núkts sweet sweet O-l-núkts (ga state) for O to be sweet

li-núkts

linúkts he/she/it is sweet tlél ulnúkts itʼs not sweet wé linuktsi aa the sweet one kei nalnúkts it is getting sweet tlél kei unalnúkts itʼs not getting sweet lanúktsin it used to be sweet tlél ulnúktsin it didnʼt used to be sweet wulinúkts it got sweet tlél wulnúkts it didnʼt get sweet kei gux̱lanúkts it will be sweet tlél kei gux̱lanúkts it wonʼt be sweet gax̱lanúkts let it be sweet lanuktsi nooch itʼs always sweet galanúktsch it gets sweet (every time) tlél goolnúktsch it hasnʼt gotten sweet yet tlél aadé gux̱linuktsi yé no way can it be sweet gux̱lanúktsin it would have been sweet galanúktsni if/when it is sweet kei lanúktsch it gets sweet (regularly) Kei gux̱lanúkts tá yá xáanaa. Sleep will be sweet tonight. oo ¹ (10) dress, pregnant, own, put, forgive, wear, give, live, use, angry, frustrate live (at a place) ḵu-S-∅-.oo~ (na state) for S to live, live at, dwell permanently

ḵu-ya-.oo

Leer 1973: 02/290-291 To specify where one lives, use: P-xʼ ʼat Nʼ. For example: Sheetʼkáxʼ ḵuya.óo. ʼS/he lives in Sitkaʼ. Note that áa and áxʼ are synonymous, both meaning ʼthereʼ. Often when occuring directly before the verb, the preferred form is áa. Áa ḵuna.oo! Live there! Áa ḵunay.oo! You all live there! Líl áa ḵuyi.oowúḵ! Donʼt live there! Líl áa ḵuyeey.oowúḵ! Donʼt you all live there! áa ḵuya.óo / áa ḵuwa.óo s/he lives there tlél áa ḵoo.oo s/he doesnʼt live there áa ḵoowa.oo s/he lived there tlél áa ḵuwu.oo s/he didnʼt live there áa ḵukg̱wa.óo s/he will live there tlél áa ḵukg̱wa.oo s/he wonʼt live there áa ḵung̱a.oo let her/him live there áa ḵuna.eich s/he lives there (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé áa ḵoong̱aa.oowu yé no way can s/he live there áa ḵoong̱a.oowún s/he would have lived there áa ḵuna.éini if/when s/he lives there [does not occur] put them, leave them there P-xʼ yéi O-S-∅-.oo (na event) for S to Nut, leave (plural) O at N

A-xʼ + yéi + ya-.oo

Leer 1973: 02/295 Áa yéi na.oo! Put them there! Áa yéi nay.oo! You all put them there! Líl áa yéi ee.eix̱íḵ! Donʼt put them there! Líl áa yéi yi.eix̱íḵ! Donʼt you all put them there! [does not occur] áa yéi aawa.oo s/he put them there tlél áa yéi awu.oo s/he didnʼt put them there áa yéi akg̱wa.oo s/he will put them there tlél áa yéi akg̱wa.oo s/he wonʼt put them there áa yéi ang̱a.oo let her/him put them there áa yéi ana.eich s/he puts them there (every time) tlél áa yéi oona.eich s/he hasnʼt put them there yet tlél aadé áa yéi oong̱aa.oowu yé no way can s/he put them there áa yéi oong̱a.oowún s/he would have put them there áa yéi ana.einí if/when s/he puts them there pregnant, have a baby Note that atkʼatskʼu "child" in the paradigm below can be replaced by yát or yátkʼ "child" to give the same meaning. Replacing either of these with atyátxʼi "children" gives a slightly different meaning. Compare tlél atkʼátskʼu oona.eich "she hasnʼt had the baby yet" with tlél atyátxʼi oona.eich "she hasnʼt had any children yet". Note also the second person plural imperative form neey.oo. Both nay- and neey- are acceptable renderings of the combination of the conjugation prefix na- and the second person plural subject prefix yi-, although nay- seems more common. atkʼátskʼu/yát(kʼ) O-S-∅-.oo (na event) for S to have O (baby), be pregnant with O (baby)

ya-.oo

Leer 1973: 02/297, Leer 1973: 03/144 (Tsu) atkʼátskʼu na.oo! Have (another) baby! (Tsu) atkʼátskʼu neey.oo! You all have (another) baby! Líl atkʼátskʼu yoo ee.eigíḵ! Donʼt have a baby! Líl atkʼátskʼu yoo yee.eigíḵ! Donʼt you all have a baby! [does not occur] [does not occur; would use kei nanéek dei "sheʼs starting to have (labor) pains"] atkʼátskʼu x̱waa.oo I had a baby atkʼátskʼu aawa.oo she had a baby tlél atkʼátskʼu x̱wa.oo I didnʼt have a baby tlél atkʼátskʼu awu.oo s/he didnʼt have a baby atkʼátskʼu kḵwa.oo Iʼm going to have a baby atkʼátskʼu akg̱wa.oo sheʼs going to have a baby tlél atkʼátskʼu kḵwa.oo Iʼm not going to have a baby tlél atkʼátskʼu akg̱wa.oo sheʼs not going to have a baby (chʼa) atkʼátskʼu (dé) nḵa.oo (just) let me have a baby (now) (chʼa) atkʼátskʼu (dé) ang̱a.oo (just) let her have a baby (now) atkʼátskʼu nx̱a.eich I have a baby (every time (every year, e.g.)) atkʼátskʼu ana.eich she has a baby (every time (every year, e.g.)) tlél atkʼátskʼu nx̱wa.eich I havenʼt had the baby yet tlél atkʼátskʼu oona.eich she hasnʼt had the baby yet tlél aadé atkʼátskʼu nḵwaa.oowu yé no way can I have a baby tlél aadé atkʼátskʼu ang̱waa.oowu yé no way can she have a baby atkʼátskʼu nḵwa.oowún I would have had a baby atkʼátskʼu ang̱wa.oowún she would have had a baby atkʼátskʼu nx̱a.einí if/when I have a baby atkʼátskʼu ana.einí if/when she has a baby atkʼátskʼu yoo x̱aa.eik I have babies (regularly) atkʼátskʼu yoo aya.eik she has babies (regularly) Du tláa haadé kg̱wagóot atkʼátskʼu awu.oowú. Her mother will come when she has the baby. own, possess, have O-S-∅-.oo (na state) for S to own, possess, have O

ya-.oo

Leer 1973: 02/289-290 x̱aa.óo I own it aya.óo s/he owns it tlél x̱wa.oo I donʼt own it tlél oo.oo s/he doesnʼt own it x̱a.óowun I used to own it a.óowun s/he used to own it akg̱wa.oo s/he will own it tlél akg̱wa.oo s/he wonʼt own it tlél oona.eich s/he doesnʼt own it yet tlél aadé oong̱aa.oowu yé no way can s/he own it oong̱a.oowún s/he would have owned it ana.einí if/when s/he owns it Tlákw keitl has aya.óo. They always own a dog. [Story & Naish 1973: 144] Tléil ágé yaakw ee.oo? Donʼt you own a boat? [Story & Naish 1973: 144] A yayís dáanaa awsineix̱ wé hít yeedát ḵwá aya.óo. He saved money for the house and now he owns it. forgive, excuse her/him chʼa aadé yéi O-S-∅-.oo (na event) for S to forgive, excuse O

chʼa aa-dei + yéi + ya-.oo

Chʼa aadé yéi na.oo! Forgive her/him! Chʼa aadé yéi nay.oo! You all forgive her/him! Líl chʼa aadé yéi yi.oowúḵ! Donʼt forgive her/him! Líl chʼa aadé yéi yeey.oowúḵ! Donʼt you all forgive her/him! [does not occur] chʼa aadé yéi yaa ana.ein s/he is starting to forgive her/him chʼa aadé yéi x̱waa.oo I forgave her/him chʼa aadé yéi aawa.oo s/he forgave her/him tlél chʼa aadé yéi x̱wa.oo I didnʼt forgive her/him tlél chʼa aadé yéi awu.oo s/he didnʼt forgive her/him chʼa aadé yéi akg̱wa.oo s/he will forgive her/him tlél chʼa aadé yéi akg̱wa.oo s/he wonʼt forgive her/him chʼa aadé yéi ang̱a.oo let her/him forgive her/him chʼa aadé yéi ana.eich s/he forgives her/him (every time) tlél chʼa aadé yéi oona.eich s/he hasnʼt forgiven her/him yet tlél aadé chʼa aadé yéi oong̱aa.oowu yé no way can s/he forgive her/him chʼa aadé yéi oong̱a.oowún s/he would have forgiven her/him chʼa aadé yéi ana.einí if/when s/he forgives her/him chʼa aadé yéi yoo aya.eik s/he forgives her/him (regularly) Chʼa aadéi yéi haa na.oo! Forgive us! [Story & Naish 1973: 96] Chʼa aadé yéi woosh has wudi.oo. They forgave each other. dress her/him/it Note that either du náa or du daa can be used to give the same meaning. For example: du náa yéi shaawa.oo / du daa yéi shaawa.oo "s/he dressed her/him/it". N náa yéi sha-S-∅-.oo (na act) for S to dress N

A-xʼ + yéi + sha-ya-.oo

Du náa yéi shana.oo! Dress her/him/it! Du náa yéi shanay.oo! You all dress her/him/it! Líl du náa yéi shee.oox̱úḵ! Donʼt dress her/him/it! Líl du náa yéi shay.oox̱úḵ! Donʼt you all dress her/him/it! du náa yéi shax̱a.úx̱xʼ I am dressing her/him/it du náa yéi sha.úx̱xʼ s/he is dressing her/him/it du náa yéi shax̱waa.oo I dressed her/him/it du náa yéi shaawa.oo s/he dressed her/him/it tlél du náa yéi shax̱wa.oo I didnʼt dress her/him/it tlél du náa yéi shawu.oo s/he didnʼt dress her/him/it du náa yéi shakg̱wa.oo s/he will dress her/him/it tlél du náa yéi shakg̱wa.oo s/heʼs wonʼt dress her/him/it du náa yéi shang̱a.oo let her/him dress her/him/it du náa yéi shana.eich s/he dresses her/him/it (every time) tlél du náa yéi shoona.eich s/he hasnʼt dressed her/him/it yet tlél aadé du náa yéi shang̱waa.oowu yé no way can s/he dress her/him/it du náa yéi shang̱wa.oowún s/he would have dressed her/him/it du náa yéi shana.einí if/when s/he dresses her/him/it du náa yéi yoo shaya.eik s/he dresses her/him/it (regularly) A daa yéi sha.úx̱xʼ. Sheʼs dressing her (a child, esp. for a special occasion). [Story & Naish 1973:74] I sée daa yéi shana.oo! Dress your doll (and make her look pretty)! [Story & Naish 1973:74] frustrate her/him Note that this verb stem is irregular in that it is almost invariable, having the long, low form -.oo in all modes EXCEPT for the affirmative imperfective, where the stem has a long high vowel -.óo. N toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ O-S-∅-.oo (na state; CV́V Imperfective) for S to frustrate N

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Du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ na.oo! Frustrate her/him! Líl du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ yoo ee.eigíḵ! Donʼt frustrate her/him! du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ x̱aa.óo I frustrate her/him du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ aya.óo he/she/it frustrates her/him tlél du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ x̱wa.oo I donʼt frustrate her/him tlél du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ u.oo he/she/it doesnʼt frustrate her/him du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ yaa ana.ein he/she/it is starting to frustrate her/him du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ aawa.oo he/she/it frustrated her/him tlél du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ awu.oo he/she/it didnʼt frustrate her/him du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ akg̱wa.oo he/she/it will frustrate her/him tlél du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ akg̱wa.oo he/she/it wonʼt frustrate her/him du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ ang̱a.oo let her/him/it frustrate her/him du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ ana.eich he/she/it frustrates her/him (every time) tlél du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ oona.eich he/she/it hasnʼt frustrated her/him yet tlél aadé du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ oong̱aa.oowu yé no way can he/she/it frustrate her/him du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ oong̱a.oowún he/she/it would have frustrated her/him du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ ana.einí if/when it frustrates her/him du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ yoo aya.eik he/she/it frustrates her/him (regularly) Du húnx̱w kawushoowú áwé du toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ ana.eich. When his brother gets drunk it frustrates him. Ax̱ toowú x̱ʼool yáx̱ aya.óo. Itʼs frustrating me. get dressed Note the locative postposition (-xʼ) following náa in the theme in parentheses. Pronunciation of this postposition is optional, both náa and náaxʼ being acceptable. See Leer (1991:33-34) for more information on these alternate pronunciations. náa(xʼ) yéi sha-S-d-.oo (na act) for S to get dressed

A-xʼ + yéi + sha-ya-.oo

Leer 1973: 02/296 Náa yéi sheenda.oo! Get dressed! Náa yéi shanayda.oo! You all get dressed! Líl náa yéi sheeda.oox̱úḵ! Donʼt get dressed! Líl náa yéi shayda.oox̱úḵ! Donʼt you all get dressed! náa yéi shax̱da.úx̱xʼ Iʼm getting dressed náa yéi shada.úx̱xʼ s/he is getting dressed náa yéi shax̱wdi.oo I got dressed náa yéi shawdi.oo s/he got dressed tlél náa yéi shax̱wda.oo I didnʼt get dressed tlél náa yéi shawda.oo s/he didnʼt get dressed náa yéi shakḵwada.oo I will get dressed náa yéi shagux̱da.oo s/he will get dressed tlél náa yéi shakḵwada.oo Iʼm not going to get dressed tlél náa yéi shagux̱da.oo s/heʼs not going to get dressed náa yéi shanḵada.oo let me get dressed náa yéi shanax̱da.oo let her/him get dressed náa yéi shanax̱da.eich I get dressed (every time) náa yéi shanda.eich s/he gets dressed (every time) tlél náa yéi shanax̱wda.eich I havenʼt gotten dressed yet tlél náa yéi shoonda.eich s/he hasnʼt gotten dressed yet tlél aadé náa yéi shanax̱wdi.oowu yé no way can s/he get dressed náa yéi shanax̱wda.oowún s/he would have gotten dressed náa yéi shanda.einí if/when s/he gets dressed náa yéi yoo shadi.eik s/he gets dressed (regularly) Daat yís sáwé tlax̱ yéi náa yéi shawdi.oo? Why is he all dressed up that way? angry, mean Note that this verb stem is irregular in that it is almost invariable, having the long, low form -.oo in all modes EXCEPT for the affirmative imperfective, where the stem has a long high vowel -.óo. xʼáan a-S-∅-.oo (na state; CV́V Imperfective) for S to be angry, mean

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Leer 1973: 02/290 (Góok) xʼáan ana.oo! (Go ahead) get angry! (Góok) xʼáan anay.oo! (Go ahead) you all get angry! Líl xʼáan ee.oowúḵ! Donʼt get angry! Líl xʼáan ay.oowúḵ! Donʼt you all get angry! xʼáan ax̱aa.óo I am angry; I am an angry person xʼáan aya.óo s/he is angry; s/he is an angry person tlél xʼáan oox̱a.oo Iʼm not angry tlél xʼáan oo.oo s/heʼs not angry xʼáan ax̱waa.oo I got angry; Iʼm an angry person xʼáan aawa.oo s/he got angry; s/heʼs an angry person tlél xʼáan ax̱wa.oo I didnʼt get angry tlél xʼáan awu.oo s/he didnʼt get angry xʼáan kei akg̱wa.oo s/he will get angry tlél xʼáan kei akg̱wa.oo s/he wonʼt get angry (chʼa) xʼáan ang̱a.oo / ang̱a.oowú (just) let her/him be angry xʼáan ana.eich s/he gets angry (every time) tlél xʼáan oona.eich s/he hasnʼt gotten angry yet tlél aadé xʼáan ang̱waa.oowu yé no way can s/he get angry xʼáan oong̱a.oowún s/he would have gotten angry xʼáan ana.einí if/when s/he gets angry xʼáan yoo aya.eik s/he gets angry (regularly) Xʼáan a.oowú du náḵ kuḵagóot. If heʼs mean, Iʼm going to leave. Ax̱ yís xʼáan aya.óo. Sheʼs being mean to me; She has anger toward me. Chʼa tlákw yagiyee x̱ʼax̱wawóosʼi áwé xʼáan ana.eich. Every time I ask him, he gets angry. Xʼáan ana.einí du ée kei akakḵwalx̱éetlʼ. If he gets angry, I will be scared of him. wear it; use it yéi O-S-∅-.oo (na state) for S to wear, put on, dress in O; for S to use O

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Yéi na.oo! Wear it! Yéi nay.oo! You all wear it! Líl yéi ee.oowúḵ! Donʼt wear it! Líl yéi yi.oowúḵ! Donʼt you all wear it! yéi x̱aa.óo Iʼm wearing it yéi aya.óo s/heʼs wearing it tlél yéi x̱wa.oo Iʼm not wearing it tlél yéi oo.oo s/he isnʼt wearing it yéi x̱waa.oo I wore it yéi aawa.oo s/he wore it tlél yéi x̱wa.oo I didnʼt wear it tlél yéi awu.oo s/he didnʼt wear it yéi kḵwa.oo I will wear it yéi akg̱wa.oo s/he will wear it tlél yéi kḵwa.oo I wonʼt wear it tlél yéi akg̱wa.oo s/he wonʼt wear it yéi nḵa.oo let me wear it yéi ang̱a.oo let her/him wear it yéi nx̱a.eich I wear it (every time) yéi ana.eich s/he wears it (every time) tlél yéi unx̱a.eich I havenʼt worn it yet tlél yéi oona.eich s/he hasnʼt worn it yet tlél aadé yéi oong̱aa.oowu yé no way can s/he wear it yéi oong̱a.oowún s/he would have worn it yéi ana.einí if/when s/he wears it [does not occur] Chʼa g̱óot aa naa.át yéi ang̱a.oo. Let him wear different clothes. Du yées naa.ádi yéi akg̱wa.oo. Sheʼs going to wear her new clothes. oo ² (2) buy buy it O-S-∅-.oo (na event) for S to buy O

ya-.oo

Leer 1973: 02/300-301 Na.oo! Buy it! Nay.oo! You all buy it! Líl yoo ee.eigíḵ! Donʼt buy it! Líl yoo yi.eigíḵ! Donʼt you all buy it! [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱waa.oo I bought it iya.oo you bought it aawa.oo s/he bought it wutuwa.oo we bought it yeey.oo you all bought it has aawa.oo they bought it wuduwa.oo someone bought it tlél x̱wa.oo I didnʼt buy it tlél yi.oo you didnʼt buy it tlél awu.oo s/he didnʼt buy it tlél wutoo.oo we didnʼt buy it tlél yeey.oo you all didnʼt buy it tlél has awu.oo they didnʼt buy it tlél wudu.oo nobody bought it kuḵa.oo I will buy it gag̱ee.oo you will buy it akg̱wa.oo s/he will buy it gax̱too.oo we will buy it gax̱yi.oo you all will buy it has akg̱wa.oo they will buy it gax̱du.oo someone will buy it tlél kuḵa.oo I wonʼt buy it tlél gag̱ee.oo you wonʼt buy it tlél akg̱wa.oo s/he wonʼt buy it tlél gax̱too.oo we wonʼt buy it tlél gax̱yi.oo you all wonʼt buy it tlél has akg̱wa.oo they wonʼt buy it tlél gax̱du.oo nobody will buy it naḵa.oo let me buy it ang̱a.oo let her/him buy it nax̱too.oo let us buy it nax̱a.eich I buy it (every time) nee.eich you buy it (every time) ana.eich s/he buys it (every time) natoo.eich we buy it (every time) nay.eich you all buy it (every time) has ana.eich they buy it (every time) nadu.eich someone buys it (every time) tlél nax̱wa.eich I havenʼt bought it yet tlél nee.eich you havenʼt bought it yet tlél oona.eich s/he hasnʼt bought it yet tlél natoo.eich we havenʼt bought it yet tlél nay.eich you all havenʼt bought it yet tlél has oona.eich they havenʼt bought it yet tlél nadu.eich nobody has bought it yet tlél aadé naḵwaa.oowu yé no way can I buy it tlél aadé oong̱aa.oowu yé no way can s/he buy it naḵwa.oowún I would have bought it ang̱wa.oowún s/he would have bought it nax̱a.einí if/when I buy it ana.einí if/when s/he buys it yoo x̱aa.eik I buy it (regularly) yoo aya.eik s/he buys it (regularly) buy it (round, spherical object) O-ka-S-∅-.oo (na event) for S to buy O (usually round, spherical object)

ka-ya-.oo

Leer 1973: 02/300-301 While the ka- prefix once referred specifically to something round or spherical in shape, this distinction may be falling out of use, as some modern speakers consider akaawa.oo and aawa.oo to mean exactly the same thing. Kana.oo! Buy it! Kanay.oo! You all buy it! Líl yoo kee.eigíḵ! Donʼt buy it! Líl yoo kay.eigíḵ! Donʼt you all buy it! [does not occur] [does not occur] kax̱waa.oo I bought it akaawa.oo s/he bought it tlél kax̱wa.oo I didnʼt buy it tlél akawu.oo s/he didnʼt buy it kakḵwa.oo I will buy it akakg̱wa.oo s/he will buy it tlél kakḵwa.oo I wonʼt buy it tlél akakg̱wa.oo s/he wonʼt buy it kanḵa.oo let me buy it akang̱a.oo let her/him buy it kanx̱a.eich I buy it (every time) akana.eich s/he buys it (every time) tlél kanx̱wa.eich I havenʼt bought it yet tlél akuna.eich s/he hasnʼt bought it yet tlél aadé akung̱waa.oowu yé no way can s/he buy it akung̱wa.oowún s/he would have bought it akana.einí if/when s/he buys it yoo akaya.eik s/he buys it (regularly) [does not occur] ook (2) boil, tumble, advance, fill boil it O-S-l-.ook~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to boil O (esp. water)

li-.ook

La.úk! Boil it! Yila.úk! You all boil it! Líl ila.úkx̱uḵ! Donʼt boil it! Líl yila.úkx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all boil it! [does not occur] x̱wali.úk I boiled it awli.úk s/he boiled it tlél x̱wala.ook I didnʼt boil it tlél awul.ook s/he didnʼt boil it kuḵala.óok I will boil it agux̱la.óok s/he will boil it tlél kuḵala.ook I wonʼt boil it tlél agux̱la.ook s/he wonʼt boil it aḵla.úk let me boil it ax̱la.úk let her/him boil it x̱wala.úkch I boil it (every time) ool.úkch s/he boils it (every time) tlél x̱wala.úkch I havenʼt boiled it yet tlél ool.úkch s/he hasnʼt boiled it yet tlél aadé ḵwali.úgu yé no way can I boil it tlél aadé oox̱li.úgu yé no way can s/he boil it ḵwala.úgun I would have boiled it oox̱la.úgun s/he would have boiled it x̱ala.úkni if/when I boil it al.úkni if/when s/he boils it x̱ala.úkx̱ I boil it (regularly) al.úkx̱ s/he boils it (regularly) g̱agaan kei naxíxi áwé x̱wala.úkch wé káaxwei ax̱ léelkʼu jeeyís. When the sun is coming up, I boil the coffee for my grandmother. Héen al.úkx̱ cháayoo sákw. She boils water for tea. boil d-l-.óok~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for something to boil

li-.ook

[does not occur] yaa nal.úk itʼs starting to boil wudli.úk itʼs boiling; it boiled tlél wul.ook itʼs not boiling; it didnʼt boil gug̱wal.óok it will boil tlél gug̱wal.ook it wonʼt boil g̱al.úk let it boil ul.úkch it boils (every time) tlél ul.úkch it hasnʼt boiled yet tlél aadé ux̱li.úgu yé no way can it boil ux̱la.úgun it would have boiled il.úkni if/when it boils il.úkx̱ it comes to a boil (regularly) ookʼ play, amuse entertain, amuse oneself; play quietly (of children) ḵu-S-d-s-.ookʼ (na act) for S to entertain, amuse oneself; for S to Nlay quietly

ḵu-dzi-.ookʼ

ḵunees.ookʼ! Play quietly, amuse yourself! ḵunayis.ookʼ! You all play quietly, amuse yourselves! Líl ḵees.ookʼúḵ (i sée teen)! Donʼt play (with your dolls)! Líl ḵuyis.ookʼúḵ (yee sée teen)! Donʼt you all play (with your dolls)! ḵux̱as.ookʼ I am playing quietly, amusing myself ḵus.ookʼ s/he is playing quietly, amusing himself/herself tlél ḵux̱was.ookʼ Iʼm not playing quietly, amusing myself tlél ḵoos.ookʼ s/he isnʼt playing quietly, amusing himself/herself yaa ḵunas.úkʼ s/he is beginning to Nlay quietly, amuse himself/herself ḵoowdzi.ookʼ s/he played quietly, amused himself/herself tlél ḵuwus.ookʼ s/he didnʼt play quietly, amuse himself/herself ḵukg̱was.ookʼ s/he will play quietly, amuse himself/herself tlél ḵukg̱was.ookʼ s/he wonʼt play quietly, amuse himself/herself ḵung̱as.ookʼ / ḵung̱as.ookʼú let her/him play quietly, amuse himself/herself ḵunas.ookʼch s/he plays quietly, amuses himself/herself (every time) tlél ḵoonas.ookʼch s/he hasnʼt played quietly, amused himself/herself yet tlél aadé ḵoonax̱dzi.ookʼu yé no way can s/he play quietly, amuse himself/herself ḵoong̱as.ookʼún s/he would have played quietly, amused himself/herself ḵunas.ookʼní if/when s/he plays quietly, amuses himself/herself yoo ḵudzi.ookʼk s/he plays quietly, amuses himself/herself (regularly) Chʼa tlákw haat wugoodí du sée teen ḵus.ukʼ nooch. Every time she comes over she plays quietly with her dolls. Sée teen ḵunax̱toos.ookʼ. Letʼs play with dolls! [Story & Naish:1973:152] oon (2) shoot shoot it (with firearm) O-S-∅-.óon~ (∅ event) for S to shoot O (with firearm)

ya-.oon

.Ún! Shoot it! Yi.ún! You all shoot it! Líl ee.únx̱uḵ! Donʼt shoot it! Líl yi.únx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all shoot it! [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱waa.ún I shot it iya.ún you shot it aawa.ún s/he shot it wutuwa.ún we shot it yeey.ún you all shot it has aawa.ún they shot it wuduwa.ún someone shot it tlél x̱wa.óon I didnʼt shoot it tlél yi.óon you didnʼt shoot it tlél awu.óon s/he didnʼt shoot it tlél wutoo.óon we didnʼt shoot it tlél yeey.óon you all didnʼt shoot it tlél has awu.óon they didnʼt shoot it tlél wudu.óon nobody shot it kuḵa.óon I will shoot it gag̱ee.óon you will shoot it akg̱wa.óon s/he will shoot it gax̱too.óon we will shoot it gax̱yi.óon you all will shoot it has akg̱wa.óon they will shoot it gax̱du.óon someone will shoot it tlél kuḵa.óon I wonʼt shoot it tlél gag̱ee.óon you wonʼt shoot it tlél akg̱wa.óon s/he wonʼt shoot it tlél gax̱too.óon we wonʼt shoot it tlél gax̱yi.óon you all wonʼt shoot it tlél has akg̱wa.óon they wonʼt shoot it tlél gax̱du.óon nobody will shoot it ḵa.óon let me shoot it ag̱a.óon let her/him shoot it g̱atoo.óon let us shoot it x̱wa.óonch I shoot it (every time) ee.óonch you shoot it (every time) oo.óonch s/he shoots it (every time) too.óonch we shoot it (every time) yi.óonch you all shoot it (every time) has oo.óonch they shoot it (every time) du.óonch someone shoots it (every time) tlél x̱wa.óonch I havenʼt shot it yet tlél ee.óonch you havenʼt shot it yet tlél oo.óonch s/he hasnʼt shot it yet tlél too.óonch we havenʼt shot it yet tlél yi.óonch you all havenʼt shot it yet tlél has oo.óonch they havenʼt shot it yet tlél du.óonch nobody has shot it yet tlél aadé oog̱aa.óoni yé no way can s/he shoot it ag̱wa.óonin s/he would have shot it a.únni if/when s/he shoots it a.únx̱ s/he shoots it (regularly) [does not occur] shoot at it O-S-∅-.únt (na act) for S to shoot at O (with firearms)

ya-.oon

Leer 1973: 02/312 Na.únt! Shoot at it! Nay.únt! You all shoot at it! [does not occur] x̱a.únt Iʼm shooting at it a.únt s/he is shooting at it tlél x̱wa.únt Iʼm not shooting at it tlél oo.únt s/he isnʼt shooting at it a.úndi nooch s/he always shoots at it [does not occur] kuḵa.únt I will shoot at it akg̱wa.únt s/he will shoot at it tlél kuḵa.únt I wonʼt shoot at it tlél akg̱wa.únt s/he wonʼt shoot at it naḵa.únt let me shoot at it nag̱a.únt let her/him shoot at it [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé ang̱waa.úndi yé no way can s/he shoot at it ang̱wa.úndin s/he would have shot at it [does not occur] [does not occur] oos (3) pout, lively, talkative pout, sulk, refuse to speak; refuse to run (of machine) tu-S-d-.oos~ (∅ event) for S to Nout, sulk, refuse to speak; for a machine to refuse to run

tu-di-.oos

Líl teeda.úsx̱iḵ! Donʼt pout! Líl tuyda.úsx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all pout! Líl tuyda.oosíḵ! Donʼt pout! Líl tuyeeyda.oosíḵ! Donʼt you all pout! [does not occur] yaa tunax̱da.ús Iʼm starting to Nout yaa tunda.ús s/he is starting to Nout tux̱wdi.ús Iʼm pouting; I pouted tuwdi.ús s/he is pouting; s/he pouted tlél tux̱wda.oos Iʼm not pouting; I didnʼt pout tlél tuwda.oos s/he isnʼt pouting; s/he didnʼt pout tukḵwada.óos I will pout tugux̱da.óos s/he will pout tlél tukḵwada.oos I wonʼt pout tlél tugx̱da.oos s/he wonʼt pout (chʼa) tuḵada.oos (dé) (just) let me pout (now) (chʼa) tux̱da.oos (dé) (just) let her/him pout (now) toox̱da.úsch I pout (every time) tooda.úsch s/he pouts (every time) tlél toox̱da.oosch / tlél toox̱da.úsch I havent pouted yet tlél tooda.oosch / tlél tooda.úsch s/he hasnʼt pouted yet tlél aadé tooḵadi.oosi yé no way can I pout tlél aadé toox̱di.oosi yé no way can s/he pout tooḵada.oosín I would have pouted toox̱da.oosín s/he would have pouted tux̱da.úsni if/when I pout tuda.úsni if/when s/he pouts tux̱da.úsx̱ I pout (regularly) tuda.úsx̱ s/he pouts (regularly) Chʼa yeisú áa tuwdi.ús. Heʼs still pouting over there. Du tláa x̱ʼéi tuwdi.ús. Sheʼs pouting (because of something her mother said). Tleeyee yéi x̱at na.oo ax̱ tuwáa sigóo tux̱wda.oosí. Leave me alone, I just want to Nout. Yan x̱at latsʼén tux̱wdi.ús áyá. Leave me alone, Iʼm pouting. Dei tsu tuwdi.ús. Heʼs pouting again. noisy; lively; crazy O-l-.oos (ga state) for O to be crazy, lively, noisy, never still

li-.oos

Ikla.oos! Be noisy! Yee kla.oos! You all be noisy! Líl ee.óosx̱uḵ! Donʼt be noisy! Líl yee .óosx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all be noisy! x̱at li.oos Iʼm noisy li.oos he/she/it is noisy tlél x̱at ul.oos Iʼm not noisy tlél ul.oos he/she/it is not noisy la.oos nooch he/she/it is always noisy x̱at wuli.oos I was noisy wuli.oos he/she/it was noisy tlél x̱at wul.oos I wasnʼt noisy tlél wul.oos he/she/it wasnʼt noisy kei x̱at gux̱la.oos I will be noisy kei gux̱la.oos he/she/it will be noisy tlél kei x̱at gux̱la.oos I wonʼt be noisy tlél kei gux̱la.oos he/she/it wonʼt be noisy x̱at gax̱la.oos let me be noisy gax̱la.oos let her/him/it be noisy [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé gux̱li.oosi yé no way can he/she/it be noisy gux̱la.oosín he/she/it would have been noisy gala.oosní if/when he/she/it is noisy [does not occur] talkative, talk nonsense, gossipy, noisy O-x̱ʼa-l-.oos (ga state) for O to be talkative, talk nonsense, be gossipy, or noisy

x̱ʼa-li-.oos

Líl ix̱ʼeil.oosíḵ! Donʼt be talking all the time!; Donʼt be talking nonsense! x̱at x̱ʼali.oos I am talkative x̱ʼali.oos s/he is talkative tlél x̱at x̱ʼeil.oos Iʼm not talkative tlél x̱ʼeil.oos s/he isnʼt talkative kei x̱ʼanal.oos s/he is getting to be talkative x̱at x̱ʼawli.oos I became talkative x̱ʼawli.oos s/he became talkative tlél x̱at x̱ʼawul.oos I didnʼt become talkative tlél x̱ʼawul.oos s/he didnʼt become talkative kei x̱ʼagux̱la.oos s/he will be talkative tlél kei x̱ʼagux̱la.oos s/he wonʼt be talkative (chʼa) x̱ʼagax̱la.oos (just) let her/him be talkative x̱ʼagal.oosch s/he gets talkative (every time) tlél x̱ʼagool.oosch s/he hasnʼt gotten talkative yet x̱ʼagoox̱la.oosín s/he would have been talkative x̱ʼagal.oosní if/when s/he is talkative kei x̱ʼala.oosch s/he gets to be talkative (regularly) Has x̱ʼali.oos. They are talkative / talk all the time / talk nonsense. [Story & Naish 1973: 223] Tléil ix̱ʼeil.oosíḵ! Donʼt be talking all the time! [Story & Naish 1973: 223] ḵaa x̱ʼala.oosí, gáant aawax̱ích. He talked improperly, so he was thrown out. [Story & Naish 1973: 223] At danaayí kei x̱ʼala.oosch. When heʼs drinking he gets talkative. Chʼa x̱at x̱ali.oos áyá. Iʼm just talking nonsense. oosh sulk sulk, refuse to talk and have mouth puckered with bad feeling sh ḵʼa-S-d-l-.oosh~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to sulk, refuse to talk and have mouth puckered with bad feeling

sh ḵʼa-dli-.oosh

(Góok) sh ḵʼeel.úsh! (Go ahead) sulk! Líl sh ḵʼeel.úshx̱iḵ! Donʼt sulk! [does not occur] yaa sh ḵʼanal.úsh s/he is starting to sulk sh ḵʼax̱wdli.úsh Iʼm sulking; I sulked sh ḵʼawdli.úsh s/he is sulking; s/he sulked tlél sh ḵʼax̱wal.oosh Iʼm not sulking; I didnʼt sulk tlél sh ḵʼawul.oosh s/he isnʼt sulking; s/he didnʼt sulk sh ḵʼakg̱wal.óosh s/he will sulk tlél sh ḵʼakg̱wal.oosh s/he wonʼt sulk (chʼa) sh ḵʼag̱al.úsh (dé) / (chʼa) sh ḵʼag̱al.úshi (dé) (just) let her/him sulk (now) sh ḵʼeil.úshch s/he sulks (every time) tlél sh ḵʼeil.úshch s/he hasnʼt sulked yet tlél aadé sh ḵʼeix̱dli.úshi yé no way can s/he sulk sh ḵʼeig̱al.úshin s/he would have sulked sh ḵʼal.úshni if/when s/he sulks sh ḵʼal.úshx̱ s/he sulks (regularly) Daa sá tlax̱ yéi a daat sh ḵʼawdli.úsh? What is he feeling to sad about, pouting and wonʼt talk? [Story & Naish 1973: 217] Sh ḵʼal.úshni du een yoo x̱ʼakḵwala.áat. If sheʼs sulking Iʼll tlak to her. oosʼ (5) wash, bath wash it O-S-∅-.óosʼ~ (na act) for S to wash O

ya-.oosʼ

Leer 1973: 02/328-331 Na.óosʼ! Wash it! Nay.óosʼ! You all wash it! Líl yoo ee.úsʼguḵ! Donʼt wash it! Líl yoo yi.úsʼguḵ! Donʼt you all wash it! a.úsʼk s/he is washing it tlél oo.úsʼk s/he isnʼt washing it yaa ana.úsʼ s/he is going along washing it a.úsʼ nooch s/he always washed it aawa.óosʼ s/he washed it tlél awu.óosʼ s/he didnʼt wash it akg̱wa.óosʼ s/he will wash it tlél akg̱wa.óosʼ s/he wonʼt wash it ang̱a.óosʼ let her/him wash it ana.úsʼch s/he washes it (every time) tlél oona.úsʼch s/he hasnʼt washed it yet tlél aadé oong̱aa.óosʼi yé no way can s/he wash it oong̱a.óosʼin s/he would have washed it ana.úsʼni if/when s/he washes it yoo aya.úsʼk s/he washes it (regularly) wash it (surface of pot, table, etc.) O-ka-S-∅-.óosʼ~ (na act) for S to wash O (usually surface of pot, table, etc.)

ka-ya-.oosʼ

Leer 1973: 02/328-331 Kana.óosʼ! Wash it! Kanay.óosʼ! You all wash it! Líl yoo kee.óosʼguḵ! Donʼt wash it! Líl yoo kay.óosʼguḵ! Donʼt you all wash it! kax̱a.úsʼk Iʼm washing it aka.úsʼk s/heʼs washing it tlél koox̱a.úsʼk Iʼm not washing it tlél akoo.úsʼk s/heʼs not washing it yaa akana.úsʼ s/he is going along washing it kax̱waa.óosʼ I washed it akaawa.óosʼ s/he washed it tlél kax̱wa.óosʼ I didnʼt wash it tlél akawu.óosʼ s/he didnʼt wash it kakḵwa.óosʼ I will wash it akakg̱wa.óosʼ s/he will wash it tlél kakḵwa.óosʼ I wonʼt wash it tlél akakg̱wa.óosʼ s/he wonʼt wash it kanḵa.óosʼ let me wash it akang̱a.óosʼ let her/him wash it kanx̱a.úsʼch I wash it (every time) akana.úsʼch s/he washes it (every time) tlél koonx̱a.úsʼch I havenʼt washed it yet tlél akoona.úsʼch s/he hasnʼt washed it yet tlél aadé akung̱aa.óosʼi yé no way can s/he wash it akung̱a.óosʼin s/he would have washed it akana.úsʼni if/when s/he washes it yoo akaa.úsʼk s/he washes it (regularly) wash (often meat or feet) O-S-l-.óosʼ~ (na act) for S to wash O (often meat or feet)

li-.oosʼ

Leer 1973: 02/328-331 Nal.óosʼ! Wash it! Líl yoo ila.úsʼgiḵ! Donʼt wash it! x̱ala.úsʼkw Iʼm washing it al.úsʼkw s/he is washing it yaa anal.úsʼ s/he is starting to wash it x̱wali.óosʼ I washed it awli.óosʼ s/he washed it tlél x̱wala.óosʼ I didnʼt wash it tlél awul.óosʼ s/he didnʼt wash it agux̱la.óosʼ s/he is going to wash it tlél agux̱la.óosʼ s/he isnʼt going to wash it (chʼa) anax̱la.óosʼ (just) let her/him wash it anal.úsʼch s/he washes it (every time) tlél oonal.úsʼch s/he hasnʼt washed it yet tlél aadé oonax̱li.óosʼi yé no way can s/he wash it oonax̱la.óosʼin s/he would have washed it anal.úsʼni if/when s/he washes it yoo ali.úsʼk s/he washes it (regularly) Dleey agux̱la.óosʼ. Heʼs going to wash meat. [Story & Naish 1973: 242] Ax̱ x̱ʼoos x̱ala.úsʼkw. Iʼm washing my feet. [Story & Naish 1973: 242] bath (take a bath) The reflexive prefix: sh seems to be optional here, as Story & Naish (1973) document the verb with the prefix: daa sh wdi.óosʼ while a speaker consulted for this project uses the verb without the prefix: daa wdi.óosʼ. daa S-d-.óosʼ~ (na act) for S to take a bath

sh daa + di-.oosʼ

Leer 1973: 02/328-331 Daa nida.óosʼ! Take a bath! Daa nayda.óosʼ! You all take a bath! Líl yoo daa ida.úsʼgiḵ! Donʼt take a bath! Líl yoo daa yida.úsʼgiḵ! Donʼt you all take a bath! daa da.úsʼk s/he is taking a bath daa x̱wdi.óosʼ I took a bath daa wdi.óosʼ s/he took a bath tlél daa x̱wda.óosʼ I didnʼt take a bath tlél daa wda.óosʼ s/he didnʼt take a bath daa gux̱da.óosʼ s/he will take a bath tlél daa gux̱da.óosʼ s/he wonʼt take a bath (chʼa) daa nax̱da.óosʼ (just) let her/him take a bath daa nda.úsʼch s/he takes a bath (every time) tlél daa unda.úsʼch s/he hasnʼt taken a bath yet tlél aadé daa unax̱di.óosʼi yé no way can s/he take a bath daa unax̱da.óosʼin s/he would have taken a bath daa nda.úsʼni if/when s/he takes a bath yoo daa di.úsʼk s/he takes a bath (regularly) Sh daa kḵwada.óosʼ. Iʼm going to take a bath. [Story & Naish 1973: 26] Daa nda.úsʼni yei agux̱dagáan. If he takes a bath the sun will shine. wash hair sha-S-d-.óosʼ~ (na act) for S to wash hair

sha-di-.oosʼ

Shinda.óosʼ! Wash your hair! Líl yoo sheeda.úsʼguḵ! Donʼt wash your hair! shax̱da.úsʼkw Iʼm washing my hair shada.úsʼkw s/he is washing his/her hair yaa shanda.úsʼ s/he is starting to wash his/her hair shax̱wdi.óosʼ I washed my hair shawdi.óosʼ s/he washed his/her hair tlél shax̱wda.óosʼ I didnʼt wash my hair tlél shawda.óosʼ s/he didnʼt wash his/her hair shagux̱da.óosʼ s/he will wash his/her hair tlél shagux̱da.óosʼ s/he wonʼt wash his/her hair shanax̱da.óosʼ let her/him wash his/her hair shanda.úsʼch s/he washes his/her hair (every time) tlél shoonda.úsʼch s/he hasnʼt washed his/her hair yet tlél aadé shunax̱di.óosʼi yé no way can s/he wash his/her hair shunax̱da.óosʼin s/he would have washed his/her hair shanda.úsʼni if/when s/he washes his/her hair yoo shadi.úsʼk s/he washes his/her hair (regularly) Shada.úsʼkw. Sheʼs washing her hair. [Story & Naish 1973: 242] Tlél shax̱wda.óosʼ. I havenʼt washed my hair (yet). [Story & Naish 1973: 242] ootl boil boil fish O-S-sh-.óotl~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to boil O (fish)

shi-.ootl

Leer 1973: 02/322 Sha.útl! Boil it! Líl isha.útlx̱iḵ! Donʼt boil it! ash.útlx̱ s/he is boiling it yaa anash.útl s/he is starting to boil it x̱washi.útl I boiled it awshi.útl s/he boiled it tlél x̱washa.óotl I didnʼt boil it tlél awush.óotl s/he didnʼt boil it agux̱sha.óotl s/he will boil it tlél agux̱sha.óotl s/he wonʼt boil it ax̱sha.útl let her/him boil it oosh.útlch s/he boils it (every time) tlél oosh.útlch s/he hasnʼt boiled it yet tlél aadé oox̱shi.údli yé no way can s/he boil it oox̱sha.údlin s/he would have boiled it ash.útlni if/when s/he boils it ash.útlx̱ s/he boils it (regularly) útlx̱i boiled fish flesh x̱áat awshi.útl. He boiled fish/salmon. [Story & Naish 1973: 33] Cháasʼ dush.útlx̱. They boil humpy salmon. [Story & Naish 1973: 33] oox (3) blow, blow up blow up, inflate O-ka-S-∅-.oox~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to blow up, inflate O

ka-ya-.oox

Leer 1973: 02/338 Ka.úx! Blow it up! Kay.úx! You all blow it up! Líl kee.úxx̱uḵ! Donʼt blow it up! Líl kay.úxx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all blow it up! aka.úx s/he is blowing it up tlél akoo.úx s/he isnʼt blowing it up kax̱waa.úx I blew it up akaawa.úx s/he blew it up tlél kax̱wa.oox I didnʼt blow it up tlél akawu.oox s/he didnʼt blow it up akakg̱wa.óox s/he will blow it up tlél akakg̱wa.oox s/he wonʼt blow it up (chʼa) akg̱a.úx (just) let her/him blow it up akoo.ooxch s/he blows it up (every time) tlél akoo.ooxch s/he hasnʼt blown it up yet tlél aadé akg̱waa.úxu yé no way can s/he blow it up akg̱wa.úxun s/he would have blown it up aka.úxni if/when s/he blows it up aka.úxx̱ s/heʼs trying to blow it up Akawu.ooxú, du daa yaa ḵukg̱wag̱áat. If he blows it up, heʼll get dizzy. Tsaa yoowú kax̱waa.úx. I blew up a seal stomach. [Story & Naish 1973: 32] blow on it O-S-l-.óox (ga act) for S to blow on O

li-.oox

Leer 1973: 02/341-343 Gala.óox! Blow on it! Gayla.óox! You all blow on it! Líl kei ila.óoxjiḵ! Donʼt blow on it! Líl kei yila.óoxjiḵ! Donʼt you all blow on it! al.óox s/he is blowing on it yaa anal.óox s/he is blowing along on it x̱wali.óox I blew on it awli.óox s/he blew on it tlél x̱wala.óox I didnʼt blow on it tlél awul.óox s/he didnʼt blow on it kei agux̱la.óox s/he will blow on it tlél kei agux̱la.óox s/he wonʼt blow on it (chʼa) agax̱la.óox (just) let her/him blow on it agal.óoxch s/he blows on it (every time) tlél agool.óoxch s/he hasnʼt blown on it yet tlél aadé agoox̱li.óoxu yé no way can s/he blow on it agoox̱la.óoxun s/he would have blown on it akla.óoxni if/when s/he blows on it kei akla.óoxch s/he blows on it (regularly) Tlákw du kát wudziḵín wé táaxʼaa kei akla.óoxch. Whenever a mosquito lands on him, he blows on it. Át akaawagáni ux̱gan káasʼ awli.óox. He blew out the burning match. Awli.óox áyá yáa ḵusax̱a ḵwáan kélʼtʼi. He blew the cannibalʼs ashes around. [Story & Naish 1973: 32] blow out (light) This appears to be a dual conjugation verb, meaning that it can belong to two different conjugation categories, in this case ∅ and ga. Story & Naish (1973) document the verb with the ∅ conjugation marker, giving a perfective form: ayakawli.úx, as did one consultant to this project. Another consultant provided all forms with the ga conjugation marker, giving the perfective form: ayakawli.óox and the imperative form: ayakakla.óox. Leer (1973) documents the verb with both conjugation markers in his notes. The forms provided in the paradigm here are the ga conjugation forms. O-ya-ka-S-l-.óox (ga event) for S to blow O (light, candle, match, etc.) out

ya-ka-li-.oox

Leer 1973: 02/344 Yakakla.óox! Blow it out! Líl kei yakeela.óoxjiḵ! Donʼt blow it out! [does not occur] yakax̱wli.óox I blew it out ayakawli.óox s/he blew it out tlél yakax̱wla.óox I didnʼt blow it out tlél ayakawul.óox s/he didnʼt blow it out kei ayakagux̱la.óox s/he will blow it out tlél kei ayakagux̱la.óox s/he wonʼt blow it out ayakagax̱la.óox let her/him blow it out ayakakla.óoxch s/he blows it out (every time) tlél ayakagool.óoxch s/he hasnʼt blown it out yet tlél aadé ayakagoox̱li.óoxu yé no way can s/he blow it out ayakagoox̱la.óoxun s/he would have blown it out ayakakla.óoxni if/when s/he blows it out kei ayakla.óoxch s/he blows it out (regularly) Ayakawul.óoxu sʼeiḵ yei ḵukg̱wastée. If he blows it out, there will be smoke. Ldakát yakakla.óox! Blow them all out! A káx̱ ayakawli.óox. He blew them out (candles on a birthday cake). [Leer 1973: 02/344] saa ¹ narrow narrow (esp. of container); skinny (of person) yéi O-ka-u-l-saa~ (na state) for O (esp. container) to be narrow; for O (person) to be skinny

ka-li-saa

yéi kwlisáa itʼs narrow tlél yéi koolsaa itʼs not narrow [does not occur] [does not occur] yéi kunalséini if/when itʼs narrow saa ² (2) name, nominate name her/him/it; nominate her/him/it O-S-∅-saa~ (∅ event) for S to name O; for S to nominate O

ya-saa

The difference between: yéi aawasáa ʼs/he named her/him/it thatʼ and yéi aawasáakw ʼs/he called her/him/it thatʼ is one of repetition. The former denotes a one-time event in which someone or something was given a name, while the latter depicts repeatedly calling someone or something by a name. Note that the latter form: yéi ayasáakw has the iterative suffix (-kw), which generally denotes a repeated action. Yéi sá! Name her/him/it that! Yéi yisá! You all name her/him/it that! Líl yéi eesáaguḵ! Donʼt name her/him/it that! Líl yéi yisáaguḵ! Donʼt you all name her/him/it that! [does not occur] yéi x̱waasáa I named her/him/it that yéi aawasáa s/he named her/him/it that tlél yéi x̱wasá I didnʼt name her/him/it that tlél yéi awusá s/he didnʼt name her/him/it that yéi kḵwasáa I will name her/him/it that yéi akg̱wasáa s/he will name her/him/it that tlél yéi kḵwasaa I wonʼt name her/him/it that tlél yéi akg̱wasaa s/he wonʼt name her/him/it that yéi ḵasaa let me name her/him/it that yéi ag̱asaa let her/him name her/him/it that yéi x̱wasáaych I name her/him/it that (every time) yéi oosáaych s/he names her/him/it that (every time) tlél yéi x̱wasáaych I havenʼt named her/him/it that yet tlél yéi oosáaych s/he hasnʼt named her/him/it that yet tlél aadé yéi ḵwaasaayi yé no way can I name her/him/it that tlél aadé yéi oog̱aasaayi yé no way can s/he name her/him/it that yéi ḵwasaayín I would have named her/him/it that yéi oog̱asaayín s/he would have named her/him/it that yéi x̱aséini if/when I name her/him/it that yéi aséini if/when s/he names her/him/it that yéi aséix̱ s/he calls her/him/it that call her/him that O-S-∅-sáakw (na state) for S to call O by a certain name

ya-saa

The difference between: yéi aawasáa ʼs/he named her/him/it thatʼ and yéi aawasáakw ʼs/he called her/him/it thatʼ is one of repetition. The former denotes a one-time event in which someone or something was given a name, while the latter depicts repeatedly calling someone or something by a name. Note that the latter form: yéi ayasáakw has the iterative suffix (-kw), which generally denotes a repeated action. Yéi nasáakw! Call her/him/it that! Yéi naysáakw! You all call her/him/it that! Líl yéi eesáaguḵ! Donʼt call her/him/it that! Líl yéi yisáaguḵ! Donʼt you all call her/him/it that! yéi ayasáakw s/he calls her/him/it that tlél yéi oosáakw s/he doesnʼt call her/him/it that yéi asáakw nooch s/he always calls her/him/it that yéi aawasáakw s/he called her/him/it that tlél yéi awusáakw s/he didnʼt call her/him/it that yéi akg̱wasáakw s/he will call her/him/it that tlél yéi akg̱wasáakw s/he wonʼt call her/him/it that yéi ang̱asáakw let her/him call her/him/it that [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé yéi oong̱aasáagu yé no way can s/he call her/him/it that yéi oong̱asáagun s/he would have called her/him/it that yéi anasáakwni [does not occur] saa ³ rest rest S-d-l-saa~ (∅ event) for S to rest

dli-saa

Eelsá! Rest! Yilsá! You all rest! Líl (sʼé) eelséix̱iḵ! Donʼt rest (yet)! Líl (sʼé) yilséix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all rest (yet)! [does not occur] (tlákw) yaa nx̱alséin I am (always) resting (tlákw) yaa nalséin s/he is (always) resting x̱wadlisáa I rested; Iʼm resting wudlisáa s/he rested; s/heʼs resting tlél x̱walsá I didnʼt rest; Iʼm not resting tlél wulsá s/he didnʼt rest; s/he isnʼt resting kuḵalsáa I will rest gug̱alsáa s/he will rest tlél kuḵalsaa I wonʼt rest tlél gug̱alsaa s/he wonʼt rest ḵalsaa let me rest g̱alsaa let her/him rest x̱walsáaych I rest (every time) ulsáaych s/he rests (every time) tlél x̱walsáaych I havenʼt rested yet tlél ulsáaych s/he hasnʼt rested yet tlél aadé x̱wadlisaayi yé no way can I rest tlél aadé ux̱dlisaayi yé no way can s/he rest ḵwalsaayín I would have rested g̱walsaayín s/he would have rested x̱alséini if/when I rest ilséini if/when s/he rests x̱alséix̱ I rest (regularly) ulséix̱ s/he rests (regularly) sátk fast ¹ fast (at doing things) O-∅-sátk (ga state) for O to be fast (at doing things) -sátkw

ya-sátk

Igasátk! Be fast! Yee gasátk! You all be fast! Líl eesátguḵ Donʼt be fast! Líl yee usátguḵ! Donʼt you all be fast! ax̱ yasátk Iʼm fast iyasátk youʼre fast yasátk he/she/it is fast haa yasátk weʼre fast yee yasátk you all are fast has yasátk they are fast ḵuyasátk people are fast tlél ax̱ usátk Iʼm not fast tlél eesátk youʼre not fast tlél usátk itʼs not fast tlél haa usátk weʼre not fast tlél yee usátk you all are not fast tlél haa usátk they are not fast tlél ḵoosátk nobody is fast yasatgi aa the fast one kei ax̱ nasátk Iʼm getting faster kei inasátk youʼre getting faster kei nasátk he/she/it is getting faster kei haa nasátk we are getting faster kei yee nasátk you all are getting faster kei has nasátk they are getting faster kei ḵunasátk people are getting faster sátgeen / sátgoon he/she/it used to be fast tlél usátgun he/she/it didnʼt used to be fast ax̱ woosátk I was fast eewasátk you were fast woosátk he/she/it was fast haa woosátk we were fast yee woosátk you all were fast has woosátk they were fast ḵoowoosátk people were fast tlél ax̱ wusátk I wasnʼt fast tlél iwusátk you werenʼt fast tlél wusátk s/he wasnʼt fast tlél haa wusátk we werenʼt fast tlél yee wusátk you all werenʼt fast tlél has wusátk they werenʼt fast tlél ḵuwusátk nobody was fast kei ax̱ gug̱asátk I will be fast kei ikg̱wasátk you will be fast kei kg̱wasátk he/she/it will be fast kei haa kg̱wasátk we will be fast kei yee kg̱wasátk you all will be fast kei has gug̱asátk they will be fast kei ḵukg̱wasátk people will be fast tlél kei ax̱ gug̱asátk I wonʼt be fast tlél kei ikg̱wasátk you wonʼt be fast tlél kei kg̱wasátk he/she/it wonʼt be fast tlél kei haa kg̱wasátk we wonʼt be fast tlél kei yee kg̱wasátk you all wonʼt be fast tlél kei has gug̱asátk they wonʼt be fast tlél kei ḵukg̱wasátk nobody will be fast ax̱ gag̱asátk let me be fast gag̱asátk let her/him be fast haa kg̱asátk let us be fast sátgi nooch he/she/it is always fast ax̱ gasátkch I get fast (every time) igasátkch you get fast (every time) gasátkch s/he gets fast (every time) haa gasátkch we get fast (every time) yee gasátkch you all get fast (every time) has gasátkch they get fast (every time) ḵugasátkch people get fast (every time) tlél aadé gug̱aasátgu yé no way can he/she/it be fast gug̱asátgun he/she/it would have been fast gasátkni if/when he/she/it is fast kei sátkch s/he gets fast (repeatedly) ` ` ḵaa sʼaatí neil yawusaayí áwé, ḵugasátkch. When the boss pokes her face in, people get fast. seek ¹ delayed, prevented, held back delayed, prevented, held back from Nlans (often due to inclement weather) O-ya-∅-seek~ (∅ event) for O to be delayed, prevented, held back from plans (often due to inclement weather)

ya-ya-seek

[does not occur] [does not occur] Iwooséek tsá! See that you donʼt get delayed! Yee wooséek tsá! See that you all donʼt get delayed! [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱at yaawasík I am delayed yaawasík s/he is delayed ḵuyaawasík people are delayed tlél x̱at yawuseek Iʼm not delayed tlél yawuseek s/he isnʼt delayed yawuséegín s/he was delayed x̱at yakg̱waséek I will be delayed yakg̱waséek s/he will be delayed tlél x̱at yakg̱waseek I wonʼt be delayed tlél yakg̱waseek s/he wonʼt be delayed x̱at yag̱aseek let me be delayed yag̱aseek let her/him be delayed x̱at woosíkch I get delayed (every time) woosíkch s/he gets delayed (every time) tlél x̱at wooseekch I havenʼt gotten delayed yet tlél wooseekch s/he hasnʼt gotten delayed yet tlél aadé yag̱waaseegi yé no way can s/he get delayed yag̱waseegín s/he would have gotten delayed woosíkni if/when s/he gets delayed woosíkx̱ s/he gets delayed (regularly) Iwooséek tsá! See that you donʼt get storm-bound! Haa yakg̱waséek, ḵútx̱ ḵoowdigwásʼ. Weʼre going to be delayed, itʼs too cloudy. ḵúnáx̱ ayawditee, ách áwé haa yaawasík. Itʼs really stormy, thatʼs why weʼre delayed. seen (2) hide hide oneself a-S-d-l-seen~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to hide oneself, remain out of sight

a-dli-seen

Eelsín! Hide! Ayilsín! You all hide! Líl ayilseeníḵ! Donʼt hide! Líl ayeeylseeníḵ! Donʼt you all hide! [does not occur] awdlisín he/she/it hid; s/heʼs hiding tlél awulseen he/she/it didnʼt hide akg̱walséen he/she/it will hide tlél agux̱laseen he/she/it wonʼt hide ag̱alsín let her/him/it hide oolsínch he/she/it hides (every time) tlél oolsínch he/she/it hasnʼt hidden yet tlél aadé oox̱dlisíni yé no way can he/she/it hide oog̱alsínin he/she/it would have hidden alsínni if/when he/she/it hides [does not occur] hide it; put it out of sight, conceal O-S-l-seen~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to hide, conceal, put O out of sight

li-seen

Lasín! Hide it! Yilasín! You all hide it! Líl ilasínx̱iḵ! Donʼt hide it! Líl yilasínx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all hide it! [does not occur] awlisín s/he hid it; s/heʼs hiding it tlél awulseen s/he didnʼt hide it; s/heʼs not hiding it agux̱laséen s/he will hide it tlél agux̱laseen s/he wonʼt hide it ax̱lasín let her/him hide it oolsínch s/he hides it (every time) tlél oolsínch s/he hasnʼt hid it yet tlél aadé oox̱lisíni yé no way can s/he hide it oox̱lasínin s/he would have hidden it alsínni if/when s/he hides it alsínx̱ s/he hides it (regularly) seiḵʼw (3) stain, dye, color dye it; stain it; color it O-ka-S-l-séiḵʼw~ (∅ act; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to stain, dye, color the surface of O

ka-li-seiḵʼw

Kalaséḵʼw! Dye it! Kaylaséḵʼw! You all dye it! Líl keelaséḵʼwx̱uḵ! Donʼt dye it! Líl kaylaséḵʼwx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all dye it! aklaséḵʼwx̱ s/he is dying it tlél akoolséḵʼwx̱ s/he isnʼt dying it akawliséḵʼw s/he dyed it tlél akawulséiḵʼw s/he didnʼt dye it akagux̱laséiḵʼw s/he will dye it tlél akagux̱laséiḵʼw s/he wonʼt dye it akax̱laséḵʼw let her/him dye it akoolséḵʼwch s/he dyes it (every time) tlél akoolséḵʼwch s/he hasnʼt dyed it yet tlél aadé akoox̱liséḵʼu yé no way can s/he dye it akoox̱laséḵʼun s/he would have dyed it aklaséḵʼwni if /when s/he dyes it aklaséḵʼwx̱ s/he dyes it (regularly) tlél akoolséḵʼwx̱ s/he doesnʼt dye it stained, dyed, colored O-ka-d-séiḵʼw~ (∅ event) for O to be stained, dyed, colored

ka-di-seiḵʼw

[does not occur] yaa kandasʼéḵʼw itʼs getting dyed kawdiséḵʼw itʼs dyed tlél kawdaséiḵʼw it isnʼt dyed kagux̱daséiḵʼw it will be dyed tlél kagux̱daséiḵʼw it wonʼt be dyed koodaséḵʼwch it becomes dyed (every time) tlél koodaséiḵʼwch it isnʼt completely colored yet tlél aadé koox̱diséig̱u yé no way can it be colored koox̱daséig̱un it would have been colored kadaséḵʼwni if/when itʼs colored kadaséḵʼwx̱ itʼs dyed (regluarly) dye, color, stain (face, hair, etc.); put on oneʼs makeup To specify putting on lipstick, the prefix x̱ʼa- "mouth" can be substituted for the prefix ya- "face" throughout the paradigm. For example: x̱ʼakawdliséḵʼw "s/he put on lipstick". To specify dyeing hair, use the prefix sha- "head" as in: shakawdliséḵʼw "s/he dyed his/her (own) hair". For putting on eye makeup, drop the ya- prefix and add waaḵ "eye", as in: waaḵ kawdliséḵʼw "s/he put on eye makeup". Similarly, for blush, use wásh "cheek", as in: wásh kawdliséḵʼw "s/he put on blush". ya-ka-S-d-l-séiḵʼw~ (∅ act; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to Nut on makeup

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Yakeelséḵʼw! Put on makeup! Líl yakeelséḵʼwx̱uḵ! Donʼt put on makeup! yakalséḵʼw s/he is putting on makeup yakax̱wdliséḵʼw I put on makeup yakawdliséḵʼw s/he put on makeup tlél yakawulséiḵʼw s/he didnʼt put on makeup yakakg̱walséiḵʼw s/he will put on makeup tlél yakakg̱walséiḵʼw s/he wonʼt put on makeup yakag̱alséḵʼw let her/him put on makeup yakoolséḵʼwch s/he puts on makeup (every time) tlél yakoolséḵʼwch s/he hasnʼt put on makeup yet tlél aadé yakoox̱dliséḵʼu yé no way can s/he put on makeup yakag̱walséḵʼwun s/he would have put on makeup yakalséḵʼwni if/when s/he puts on makeup yakalséḵʼwx̱ s/he puts on makeup (regularly) tlél yakoolséḵʼwx̱ s/he doesnʼt put on makeup shaa ¹ (3) marry marry her/him O-S-∅-shaa~ (∅ event; CV́V Imp/Hort/Pot) for S to marry O

ya-shaa

Sháa! Marry her/him! Líl eeshéix̱iḵ! Donʼt marry her/him! [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱waasháa I married her/him iyasháa you married her/him aawasháa s/he married her/him tlél x̱washá I didnʼt marry her/him tlél yishá you didnʼt marry her/him tlél awushá s/he didnʼt marry her/him kuḵasháa I will marry her/him gag̱eesháa you will marry her/him akg̱washáa s/he will marry her/him tlél kuḵashaa I wonʼt marry her/him tlél gag̱eeshaa you wonʼt marry her/him tlél akg̱washaa s/he wonʼt marry her/him ḵasháa let me marry her/him ag̱asháa let her/him marry her/him [does not occur] tlél x̱washáaych I havenʼt married her/him yet tlél eesháaych you havenʼt married her/him yet tlél oosháaych s/he hasnʼt married her/him yet tlél aadé ag̱waasháayi yé no way can s/he marry her/him ag̱washáayin s/he would have married her/him ashéini if/when s/he marries her/him [does not occur] marry each other wooch S-d-shaa~ (∅ event; CV́V Imp/Hort/Pot) for S (two people) to marry each other

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Either wooch or woosh can be used with this verb. Wooch yidasháa! Marry each other! Líl wooch yeeydasháaḵ! Donʼt marry each other! [does not occur] [does not occur] wooch wutudisháa we married each other wooch yeeydisháa you married each other wooch has wudisháa they married each other tlél wooch wutudashá we didnʼt marry each other tlél wooch yeeydashá you didnʼt marry each other tlél wooch has wudashá they didnʼt marry each other wooch gax̱tudasháa we will marry each other wooch gax̱yidasháa you will marry each other wooch has gux̱dasháa they will marry each other tlél wooch gax̱tudashaa we wonʼt marry each other tlél wooch gax̱yidashaa you all wonʼt marry each other tlél wooch has gux̱dashaa they wonʼt marry each other wooch g̱atudasháa let us marry each other wooch has g̱adasháa let them marry each other [does not occur] tlél wooch tudasháaych we havenʼt married each other yet tlél wooch yidasháaych you havenʼt married each other yet tlél wooch has wudasháaych they havenʼt married each other yet tlél aadé wooch has ux̱disháayi yé no way can they marry each other wooch has ux̱dasháayin they would have married each other wooch has dashéini if/when they marry each other [does not occur] Déi chʼáakw áyá wooch tudzix̱án wooch g̱atudashaa déi. Weʼve loved each other for a long time, letʼs get married now. Yaa haa ndashán wooch g̱atudashaa déi. Weʼre getting old, letʼs get married now. Tlél wooch has wudashá ách áwé hél áxʼ néilxʼ has dus.aat. Theyʼre not married so they werenʼt allowed inside. marry (get married) O-du-∅-shaa~ (∅ event; CV́V Imp/Hort/Pot) for O to get married

ya-shaa

Idusháa (dé)! Get married (now)! Yee dusháa (dé)! You all get married (now)! Líl idushéix̱iḵ! Donʼt get married! Líl yee dushéix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all get married! [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱at wuduwasháa I got married wuduwasháa s/he got married tlél x̱at wudushá I didnʼt get married tlél wushushá s/he didnʼt get married x̱at gax̱dusháa I will get married gax̱dusháa s/he will get married tlél x̱at gax̱dushaa I wonʼt get married tlél gax̱dushaa s/he wonʼt get married x̱at g̱adusháa let me get married g̱adusháa let her/him get married [does not occur] tlél x̱at dusháaych I havenʼt gotten married yet tlél dusháaych s/he hasnʼt gotten married yet tlél aadé x̱duwasháayi yé no way can s/he get married g̱adusháayin s/he would have gotten married dushéini if/when s/he gets married [does not occur] Chʼu school-t yóo yagútk, ách áwé tlél dusháaych yeisú. Sheʼs going to school, thatʼs why she hasnʼt gotten married yet. Chʼa x̱asax̱áni ax̱ x̱úx̱ yéeyi ách áwé tlél x̱at wudushá. I am still in love with my former husband, thatʼs why Iʼm not married. shaa ² (4) bark bark (of dog) (esp. begin barking) The first person perfective form: ax̱washaa "I started barking" is included here to show that this theme contains the a- thematic prefix as opposed to the a- third person object prefix, which would not be present with a first person subject. a-S-∅-shaa~ (ga act) for S (dog) to bark (esp. begin barking)

ya-shaa

Leer 1973: 10/6-8 Agashá! Start barking! Líl kei eeshéijiḵ! Donʼt start barking! asháa itʼs barking tlél ooshaa it isnʼt barking ax̱washaa I started barking aawashaa it started barking tlél ax̱washaa I didnʼt start barking tlél awushaa it didnʼt start barking kei akg̱washáa it will start barking tlél kei akg̱washaa it wonʼt start barking (chʼa) akg̱ashaa (just) let it start barking agashéich it starts barking (every time) tlél agooshéich it hasnʼt started barking yet tlél aadé akg̱waashaayi yé no way can it start barking akg̱washaayín it would have started barking agashéini if/when it starts barking kei ashéich it starts barking (regularly) Chʼa tlákw tsʼootaat keijín gaawxʼ áwé agashéich wé keitl. Every morning the dog starts barking at five oʼclock. bark (of dog) The first person perfective form: ax̱washáa "I barked" is included here to show that this theme contains the a- thematic prefix as opposed to the a- third person object prefix, which would not be present with a first person subject. a-S-∅-shaa~ (∅ act) for S (dog) to bark

ya-shaa

Leer 1973: 10/6-8 Ashá! Bark! Líl eeshéix̱iḵ! Donʼt bark! Líl eeshaaḵ! Donʼt bark! asháa itʼs barking tlél ooshaa it isnʼt barking ax̱waasháa I barked aawasháa it barked tlél ax̱washá I didnʼt bark tlél awushá it didnʼt bark akg̱washáa it will bark tlél akg̱washaa it wonʼt bark (chʼa) ag̱ashaa (just) let it bark oosháaych it barks (every time) tlél oosháaych it hasnʼt barked yet tlél aadé oog̱aashaayi yé no way can it bark oog̱ashaayín it would have barked ashéini if/when it barks ashéix̱ it barks (regularly) Du keidlí kei aawasháa. His dog barked at him. [Story & Naish 1973: 25] Yan wudu.aax̱ú wé keitl oosháaych. When the dog is tied up it barks. bark at her/him/it (of dog) Note in the example sentence the ergative marker (-ch) on ax̱ keidlích "my dog". When the ergative marker directly precedes the verb, the third person object prefix (a-) is dropped from the verb. This is why the form in the sentence is: yagux̱lasháa, whereas in the paradigm itʼs given as: ayagux̱lasháa "it will bark at her/him/it". O-ya-S-l-shaa~ (na act) for S (dog) to bark at O

ya-li-shaa

Leer 1973: 10/6-8 Yanalshá! Bark at her/him/it! Líl yoo ilashéigiḵ! Donʼt bark at her/him/it! ayalasháa it is barking at her/him/it yaa ayanalshéin it is running along barking at her/him/it ayawlishaa it barked at her/him/it tlél ayawulshaa it didnʼt bark at her/him/it ayagux̱lasháa it will bark at her/him/it tlél ayagux̱lashaa it wonʼt bark at her/him/it ayanax̱lashaa let it bark at her/him/it ayanalshéich it barks at her/him/it (every time) tlél awunalshéich it hasnʼt barked at her/him/it yet tlél aadé awunax̱lishaayi yé no way can it bark at her/him/it awunax̱lashaayín it would have barked at her/him/it ayanalshéini if/when it barks at her/him/it yoo ayalishéik it barks at her/him/it (regularly) Haat gútni ax̱ keidlích yagux̱lasháa. If he comes here, my dog is going to bark at him. Chʼa tlákw ash yalasháa. It always barks at him. bark at her/him/it (of dog) (esp. begin barking) O-ya-S-l-shaa~ (ga act) for S (dog) to bark at O (esp. begin barking)

ya-li-shaa

Leer 1973: 10/6-8 Yagalshá! Start barking at her/him/it! Líl kei yeelashájiḵ! Donʼt start barking at her/him/it! ayalasháa it is barking at her/him/it kei ayanalshéin it is starting to bark at her/him/it ayawlishaa it barked at her/him/it tlél ayawulshaa it didnʼt bark at her/him/it kei ayagux̱lasháa it will start barking at her/him/it tlél kei ayagux̱lashaa it wonʼt start barking at her/him/it ayagax̱lashaa let it start barking at her/him/it ayaklashéich it starts barking at her/him/it (every time) tlél ayagoolshéich it hasnʼt started barking at her/him/it yet tlél aadé ayagoox̱lishaayi yé no way can it start barking at her/him/it ayagoox̱lashaayín it would have started barking at her/him/it ayaklashéini if/when it starts barking at her/him/it kei ayalashách it starts barking at her/him/it (regularly) Ash yaklashéini a náḵ kei ayagux̱daháan. If it starts barking at him, he will run away from it. Has du x̱ánde yaa ana.ádi ayaklashéich. When people walk by, it always starts barking at them. shaaḵ ² breathless breathless, panting, short of breath O-ka-∅-shaaḵ~ (∅ event) for O to be breathless, short of breath, panting

ka-ya-shaaḵ

[does not occur] yaa kanasháḵ s/he is getting short of breath x̱at kaawasháḵ I am short of breath kaawasháḵ s/he is short of breath tlél x̱at kawushaaḵ Iʼm not short of breath tlél kawushaaḵ s/he isnʼt short of breath kakg̱washáaḵ s/he will be short of breath tlél kakg̱washaaḵ s/he wonʼt be short of breath kooshaaḵch s/he is short of breath (every time) tlél kooshaaḵch s/he isnʼt short of breath yet tlél aadé kag̱waashaag̱i yé no way can s/he be short of breath kag̱washaag̱ín s/he would have been short of breath kasháḵni if/when s/he is short of breath kasháḵx̱ s/he is short of breath (regularly) Yaa nashíx jeet kaawasháḵ. Sheʼs short of breath from running. shaan age, old old O-d-shaan~ (∅ event) for O to show signs of old age (esp. grey hair), for O to become old, age

di-shaan

Líl idashánx̱iḵ! Donʼt get old! Líl yee dashánx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all get old! [does not occur] yaa x̱at nadashán Iʼm getting old yaa indashán youʼre getting old yaa ndashán s/heʼs getting old yaa haa ndashán weʼre getting old yaa yee ndashán you all are getting old yaa (ha)s nadashán they are getting old yaa ḵundashán someone is getting old [does not occur] x̱at wudishán I am old iwdishán you are old wudishán s/he is old haa wdishán we are old yee wdishán you all are old has wudishán they are old ḵuwdishán people are old tlél x̱at wudashaan Iʼm not old tlél iwdashaan you arenʼt old tlél wudashaan s/he isnʼt old tlél haa wdashaan we arenʼt old tlél yee wdashaan you all arenʼt old tlél has wudashaan they arenʼt old tlél ḵuwdashaan nobody is old x̱at gux̱dasháan I will be old igux̱dasháan you will be old gux̱dasháan s/he will be old haa gux̱dasháan we will be old yee gux̱dasháan you all will be old has gux̱dasháan they will be old ḵugux̱dasháan people will be old tlél x̱at gux̱dashaan I wonʼt get old tlél igux̱dashaan you wonʼt get old tlél gux̱dashaan s/he wonʼt get old tlél haa gux̱dashaan we wonʼt get old tlél yee gux̱dashaan you all wonʼt get old tlél has gux̱dashaan they wonʼt get old tlél ḵugux̱dashaan nobody will get old x̱at g̱adashaan let me get old g̱adashaan let her/him get old haa x̱dashaan let us get old [does not occur] tlél x̱at udashánch I havenʼt gotten old yet tlél eedashánch you havenʼt gotten old yet tlél udashánch s/he hasnʼt gotten old yet tlél haa udashánch we havenʼt gotten old yet tlél yee udashánch you all havenʼt gotten old yet tlél has udashánch they havenʼt gotten old yet tlél ḵoodashánch nobody has gotten old yet tlél aadé ux̱dishaani yé no way can s/he get old ux̱dashaanín s/he would have gotten old dashánni if/when s/he gets old [does not occur] shaash wear out wear out (by continuous friction) ∅-sháash (g̱a event) for something to wear out by continuous friction

ya-shaash

[does not occur] yei nasháash itʼs wearing out woosháash it wore out tlél wusháash it didnʼt wear out yei kg̱washáash it will wear out tlél yei kg̱washáash it wonʼt wear out g̱aag̱asháash let it wear out g̱asháashch it wears out (every time) tlél g̱washáashch it hasnʼt worn out yet tlél aadé g̱aag̱waasháashi yé no way can it wear out g̱aag̱washáashin it would have worn out g̱asháashni if/when it wears out yei sháashch it wears out (regularly) shaat (4) catch, hold, change mind catch it; grab her/him/it; arrest her/him/it; trap her/him/it O-S-∅-sháat~ (ga event) for S to catch O; for S to grab, take hold of, snatch O; for S to arrest O; for S to trap O

ya-shaat

Gasháat! Catch it! Gaysháat! You all catch it! Líl kei ishátjiḵ! Donʼt catch it! Líl kei yishátjiḵ! Donʼt you all catch it! [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱waasháat I caught it yeesháat you caught it aawasháat s/he caught it wutuwasháat we caught it yeeysháat you all caught it has aawasháat they caught it wuduwasháat someone caught it tlél x̱washáat I didnʼt catch it tlél yisháat you didnʼt catch it tlél awusháat s/he didnʼt catch it tlél wutoosháat we didnʼt catch it tlél yeeysháat you all didnʼt catch it tlél has awusháat they didnʼt catch it tlél wudusháat nobody caught it kei kḵwasháat I will catch it kei gag̱eesháat you will catch it kei akg̱washáat s/he will catch it kei gax̱toosháat we will catch it kei gax̱yisháat you all will catch it kei (ha)s akg̱washáat they will catch it kei gax̱dusháat someone will catch it tlél kei kḵwasháat I wonʼt catch it tlél kei gag̱eesháat you wonʼt catch it tlél kei akg̱washáat s/he wonʼt catch it tlél kei gax̱toosháat we wonʼt catch it tlél kei gax̱yisháat you all wonʼt catch it tlél kei (ha)s akg̱washáat they wonʼt catch it tlél kei gax̱dusháat nobody will catch it gaḵasháat let me catch it akg̱asháat let her/him catch it gax̱toosháat let us catch it gax̱ashátch I catch it (every time) geeshátch you catch it (every time) agashátch s/he catches it (every time) gatooshátch we catch it (every time) gayshátch you all catch it (every time) has agashátch they catch it (every time) gadushátch someone catches it (every time) tlél goox̱ashátch I havenʼt caught it yet tlél geeshátch you havenʼt caught it yet tlél agooshátch s/he hasnʼt caught it yet tlél gatooshátch we havenʼt caught it yet tlél gayshátch you all havenʼt caught it yet tlél has agooshátch they havenʼt caught it yet tlél gadushátch nobody has caught it yet tlél aadé gooḵaasháadi yé no way can I catch it tlél aadé akg̱waasháadi yé no way can s/he catch it gooḵasháadin I would have caught it akg̱washáadin s/he would have caught it gax̱ashátni if/when I catch it agashátni if/when s/he catches it kei x̱ashátch I catch it (regularly) kei ashátch s/he catches it (regularly) gust (move in gusts (of weather)) II N-t~ a-ya-∅-sháat~ (∅ motion) for the wind, weather to move in gusts to N

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[does not occur] aadé yaa ayanashát the wind is hitting it (in gusts) át ayaawashát the wind hit it tlél át ayawusháat the wind didnʼt hit it aadé ayakg̱washáat the wind is going to hit it tlél aadé ayakg̱washáat the wind isnʼt going to hit it át awoosháatch the wind hits it (every time) tlél át awoosháatch the wind hasnʼt hit it yet tlél aadé át awoog̱aasháadi yé no way can the wind hit it át awoog̱asháadin the wind would have hit it át ayashátni if/when the wind hits it áx̱ ayasháat the wind hits it (regularly) Haa kaadé yaa ayanashát wé xóon. The wind is hitting us in gusts. Wé séew át ayaawashát. The rain hit it in sheets. hold it; capture it; hold it captive O-S-l-sháat~ (g̱a act) for S to hold, retain O in oneʼs grasp; for S to capture, hold O captive

li-shaat

g̱alsháat! Hold it! g̱aylasháat! You all hold it! Líl ilashádiḵ! Donʼt hold it! Líl yilashádiḵ! Donʼt you all hold it! alshát s/he is holding it tlél oolshát s/he isnʼt holding it awlisháat s/he held it tlél awulsháat s/he didnʼt hold it yei agux̱lasháat s/he will hold it tlél yei agux̱lasháat s/he wonʼt hold it ag̱aax̱lasháat let her/him hold it ax̱lashátch s/he holds it (every time) tlél oog̱alshátch s/he hasnʼt held it yet tlél aadé ag̱aax̱wlisháadi yé no way can s/he hold it ag̱aax̱wlasháadin s/he would have held it ag̱alshátni if/when s/he holds it yei alshátch s/he holds it (regularly) change oneʼs mind ḵux̱ tu-S-d-sháat~ (∅ motion) for S to change oneʼs mind

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To say changed oneʼs mind about something, use N-dáx̱ (about N). For example, aadáx̱ ḵux̱ tuwdishát OR a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuwdishát. Both mean "s/he changed his/her mind about it." ḵux̱ teedashát! Change your mind! ḵux̱ tuydashát! You all change your minds! Líl ḵux̱ tuydasháadiḵ! Donʼt change your mind! Líl ḵux̱ tuyeeydasháadiḵ! Donʼt you all change your mind! [does not occur] ḵux̱ tux̱wdishát I changed my mind ḵux̱ tuwdishát s/he changed his/her mind tlél ḵux̱ tux̱wdasháat I didnʼt change my mind tlél ḵux̱ tuwdasháat s/he didnʼt change his/her mind ḵúx̱de tukḵwadasháat I will change my mind ḵúx̱de tugux̱dasháat s/he will change his/her mind tlél ḵúx̱de tukḵwadasháat I wonʼt change my mind tlél ḵúx̱de tugux̱dasháat s/he wonʼt change his/her mind (chʼa) ḵux̱ tuḵadasháat (dé) (just) let me change my mind (now) (chʼa) ḵux̱ tux̱dasháat (dé) (just) let her/him change his/her mind (now) ḵux̱ toox̱dasháatch I change my mind (every time) ḵux̱ toodasháatch s/he changes his/her mind (every time) tlél ḵux̱ toox̱dasháatch I havenʼt changed my mind yet tlél ḵux̱ toodasháatch s/he hasnʼt changed his/her mind yet tlél aadé ḵux̱ tuḵadisháadi yé no way can I change my mind tlél aadé ḵux̱ tux̱disháadi yé no way can s/he change his/her mind ḵux̱ tuḵadasháadin I would have changed my mind ḵux̱ tux̱dasháadin s/he would have changed his/her mind ḵux̱ tux̱dashátni if/when I change my mind ḵux̱ tudashátni if/when s/he changes his/her mind [does not occur] Oong̱ahoonín aadáx̱ ḵux̱ tuwdishát. He would have sold it, but he changed his mind. ḵux̱ tux̱wdishát chʼa yáa yéi x̱at gug̱atée. I changed my mind, Iʼm going to stay here. Yan shután i tundatáani, líl a daatx̱ ḵux̱ teedasháadiḵ! Stay firm in your thinking donʼt change your mind about it! shee ʰ ¹ look for, search search for; look for P-g̱áa ḵu-S-∅-shee ʰ~ (na act) for S to search for, look for P

A-g̱aa + ḵu-ya-shee

Aag̱áa ḵunashí! Look for it! Aag̱áa ḵunayshí! You all look for it! Líl aag̱áa ḵeesheeḵ! Donʼt look for it! Líl aag̱áa ḵuysheeḵ! Donʼt you all look for it! Líl aag̱áa yoo ḵeesheegíḵ! Donʼt look for it! Líl aag̱áa yoo ḵaysheegíḵ! Donʼt you all look for it! aag̱áa ḵux̱ashée I am looking for it; I look for it aag̱áa ḵushée s/he is looking for it; s/he looks for it tlél aag̱áa ḵoox̱ashee Iʼm not looking for it; I donʼt look for it tlél aag̱áa ḵooshee s/he isnʼt looking for it; s/he doesnʼt look for it aag̱áa yaa ḵunashéen s/he is going along looking for it [does not occur] aag̱áa ḵux̱waashee I looked for it aag̱áa ḵoowashee s/he looked for it tlél aag̱áa ḵux̱washee I didnʼt look for it tlél aag̱áa ḵuwushee s/he didnʼt look for it aag̱áa ḵukḵwashée I will look for it aag̱áa ḵukg̱washée s/he will look for it tlél aag̱áa ḵukḵwashee I wonʼt look for it tlél aag̱áa ḵukg̱washee s/he wonʼt look for it aag̱áa ḵunḵashee let me look for it aag̱áa ḵung̱ashee let her/him look for it aag̱áa ḵushée nooch s/he always looks for it aag̱áa ḵunx̱asheech I look for it (every time) aag̱áa ḵunasheech s/he looks for it (every time) tlél aag̱áa ḵunx̱asheech I havenʼt looked for it yet tlél aag̱áa ḵunasheech s/he hasnʼt looked for it yet tlél aadé aag̱áa ḵung̱aasheeyi yé no way can s/he look for it aag̱áa ḵung̱asheeyín s/he would have looked for it aag̱áa ḵunashéeni if/when s/he looks for it aag̱áa yoo ḵuyasheek s/he looks for it (regularly) shee ¹ (4) help, touch, hope hope for it; expect it; desire it át a-S-d-shee~ (∅ event) for S to hope, desire and expect something

á- + a-di-shee

Át idashí! Hope for it! Át yidashí! You all hope for it! [does not occur] [does not occur] át ax̱wdishée I hope for it át awdishée s/he hopes for it tlél át ax̱wdashí I donʼt hope for it tlél át awdashí s/he doesnʼt hope for it [does not occur] [does not occur] át oox̱dashéeych I hope for it (every time) át oodashéeych s/he hopes for it (every time) [does not occur] [does not occur] át oox̱dasheeyín s/he would have hoped for it át adashéeni if/when s/he hopes for it [does not occur] touch, pick up á-t~ S-∅-shee~ (∅ motion) for S to touch, take, pick up

A- + ya-shee

Át shí! / Át eeshí Touch it! Át yishí! You all touch it! Líl áx̱ eesheeḵ! Donʼt touch it! Líl áx̱ yisheeḵ! Donʼt you all touch it! [does not occur] át x̱waashée I touched it át uwashée s/he touched it tlél át x̱washí I didnʼt touch it tlél át wooshí s/he didnʼt touch it aadé kḵwashée I will touch it aadé kg̱washée s/he will touch it tlél aadé kḵwashee I wonʼt touch it tlél aadé kg̱washee s/he wonʼt touch it át ḵashee let me touch it át g̱ashee let her/him touch it [does not occur] tlél át x̱washéeych I havenʼt touched it yet tlél át ooshéeych s/he hasnʼt touched it yet tlél aadé át g̱waasheeyi yé no way can s/he touch it át g̱washeeyín s/he would have touched it át shéeni if/when s/he touches it áx̱ shee s/he touches it (regularly) help, assist her/him N ée-t~ S-d-shee~ (∅ event) for S (person, medicine, etc.) to help, give help to, assist N

A- + di-shee

Ax̱ éet idashí! Help me! Ax̱ éet yidashí! You all help me! Líl ax̱ éex̱ idasheeyíḵ! Donʼt help me! Líl ax̱ éex̱ yidasheeyíḵ! Donʼt you all help me! [does not occur] wé ax̱ éex̱ dashee aa the one who helps me du eedé yaa nax̱dashéen I am helping her/him ax̱ eedé yaa nidashéen you are helping me ax̱ eedé yaa ndashéen he/she/it is helping me du eedé yaa ntudashéen we are helping her/him ax̱ eedé yaa naydashéen you all are helping me ax̱ eedé yaa (ha)s nadashéen they are helping me ax̱ eedé yaa ndushéen someone is helping me [does not occur] ax̱ éex̱ dasheeyín s/he used to help me du éet x̱wadishée I am helping her/him; I helped her/him ax̱ éet yidishée you are helping me; you helped me ax̱ éet wudishée s/he is helping me; s/he helped me du éet wutudishée we are helping her/him; we helped her/him ax̱ éet yeeydishée you all are helping me; you all helped me ax̱ éet has wudishée they are helping me; they helped me ax̱ éet wuduwashée someone is helping me; someone helped me tlél du éet x̱wadashí Iʼm not helping her/him; I didnʼt help her/him tlél ax̱ éet yidashí youʼre not helping me; you didnʼt help me tlél ax̱ éet wudashí s/heʼs not helping me; s/he didnʼt help me tlél du éet wutudashí we arenʼt helping her/him; we didnʼt help her/him tlél ax̱ éet yeeydashí you all arenʼt helping me; you all didnʼt help me tlél ax̱ éet has wudashí they arenʼt helping me; they didnʼt help me tlél ax̱ éet wudushí nobody is helping me; nobody helped me du éede kḵwadashée I will help her/him ax̱ éede kg̱idashée you will help me ax̱ éede gux̱dashée s/he will help me du éede gax̱tudashée we will help her/him ax̱ éede gax̱yidashée you all will help her/him ax̱ éede has gux̱dashée they will help me ax̱ éede gax̱dushée someone will help me tlél du éede kḵwadashee I wonʼt help her/him tlél ax̱ éede kg̱idashee you wonʼt help me tlél ax̱ éede gux̱dashee s/he wonʼt help me tlél du éede gax̱tudashee we wonʼt help her/him tlél ax̱ éede gax̱yidashee you all wonʼt help me tlél ax̱ éede has gux̱dashee they wonʼt help me tlél ax̱ éede gax̱dushee nobody will help me du éet ḵadashee let me help her/him ax̱ éet g̱adashee let her/him help me du éet g̱atudashee let us help her/him ax̱ éex̱ dashee nooch s/he always helps me du éet x̱wadashéeych I help her/him (every time) ax̱ éet idashéeych you help me (every time) ax̱ éet udashéeych s/he helps me (every time) du éet tudashéeych we help her/him (every time) ax̱ éet yidashéeych you all help me (every time) ax̱ éet has udashéeych they help me (every time) ax̱ éet dushéeych someone helps me (every time) tlél du éet x̱wadashéeych I havenʼt helped her/him yet tlél ax̱ éet idashéeych you havenʼt helped me yet tlél ax̱ éet udashéeych s/he hasnʼt helped me yet tlél du éet tudashéeych we havenʼt helped her/him yet tlél ax̱ éet yidashéeych you all havenʼt helped me yet tlél ax̱ éet has udashéeych they havenʼt helped me yet tlél ax̱ éet dushéeych nobody has helped me yet tlél aadé ax̱ éet g̱wadisheeyi yé no way can s/he help me ax̱ éet g̱wadasheeyín s/he would have helped me ax̱ éet dashéeni if/when s/he helps me ax̱ éex̱ dashee s/he helps me (regularly) put arm(s) around her/him V N séináx̱ ya-u-S-∅-shee~ (∅ motion) for S to Nut arm(s) around N

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Leer 1973: 10/58-60 Du séináx̱ wooshí! Put your arm(s) around her/him! Du séináx̱ yayshí! You all put your arm(s) around her/him! Líl du séináx̱ yaa eesheejíḵ! Donʼt put your arm(s) around her/him! Líl du séináx̱ yaa yisheejíḵ! Donʼt you all put your arm(s) around her/him! du séináx̱ yax̱waashée I put my arm(s) around her/him du séináx̱ yaawashée s/he put his/her arm(s) around her/him tlél du séináx̱ yawushí s/he didnʼt put his/her arm(s) around her/him du séináx̱ yakg̱washée s/he will put his/her arm(s) around her/him tlél du séináx̱ yakg̱washee s/he wonʼt put his/her arm(s) around her/him du séináx̱ yag̱ashee / woog̱ashee let her/him put his/her arm(s) around her/him du séináx̱ wooshéeych s/he puts his/her arm(s) around her/him (every time) tlél du séináx̱ wooshéeych s/he hasnʼt put his/her arm(s) around her/him yet tlél aadé du séináx̱ woog̱aasheeyi yé / yag̱waasheeyi yé no way can s/he put his/her arm(s) around her/him du séináx̱ woog̱asheeyín / yag̱washeeyín s/he would have put his/her arm(s) around her/him du séináx̱ wooshéeni / yooshéeni if/when s/he puts his/her arm(s) around her/him du séináx̱ yaa sheech s/he puts his/her arm(s) around her/him (regularly) Chʼa tlákw awusteení du séináx̱ yaa sheech. Every time he sees her, he puts his arms around her. I séináx̱ yaḵashee. Let me put my arm around you. Du kasánnáx̱ yakg̱washée. He will put his arms around her waist. shee ² compose compose a song at ka-S-l-shee~ (na event) for S to compose songs (esp. about opposite clan)

ka-li-shee

Some fluent elders say that in addition to the meaning "compose", this verb can be used to mean "sing". At kanalshí! Compose a song! At kanaylashí! All of you compose a song! [does not occur] [does not occur] yaa at kanax̱lashéen Iʼm composing a song yaa at kanilashéen youʼre composing a song yaa at kanalshéen s/heʼs composing a song yaa at kantulashéen weʼre composing a song yaa at kanaylashéen you all are composing a song yaa (ha)s at kanalshéen theyʼre composing a song yaa at kandulshéen someoneʼs composing a song at kax̱wlishee I composed a song at kaylishee you composed a song at kawlishee s/he composed a song at kawtulishee we composed a song at kayeeylishee you all composed a song has at kawlishee they composed a song at kawdudlishee someone composed a song tlél at kax̱wlashee I didnʼt compose a song tlél at kaylashee you didnʼt compose a song tlél at kawulshee s/he didnʼt compose a song tlél at kawtulashee we didnʼt compose a song tlél at kayeeylashee you all didnʼt compose a song tlél has at kawulshee they didnʼt compose a song tlél at kawdulshee nobody composed a song at kakḵwalashée I will compose a song at kakg̱ilashée you will compose a song at kagux̱lashée s/he will compose a song at kagax̱tulashée we will compose a song at kagax̱yilashée you all will compose a song has at kagux̱lashée they will compose a song at kagax̱dulshée someone will compose a song tlél at kakḵwalashee I wonʼt compose a song tlél at kakg̱ilashee you wonʼt compose a song tlél at kagux̱lashee s/he wonʼt compose a song tlél at kagax̱tulashee we wonʼt compose a song tlél at kagax̱yilashee you all wonʼt compose a song tlél has at kagux̱lashee they wonʼt compose a song tlél at kagax̱dulshee nobody will compose a song at kanḵalashee let me compose a song at kanax̱lashee let her/him compose a song at kantulashee let us compose a song at kanax̱lashéech I compose a song (every time) at kanilashéech you compose a song (every time) at kanalshéech s/he composes a song (every time) at kantulashéech we compose a song (every time) at kanaylashéech you all compose a song (every time) has at kanalshéech they compose a song (every time) at kandulshéech someone composes a song (every time) tlél at kanax̱wlasheech I havenʼt composed a song yet tlél at kaneelasheech you havenʼt composed a song yet tlél at koonalsheech s/he hasnʼt composed a song yet tlél at kantoolasheech we havenʼt composed a song yet tlél at kanaylasheech you all havenʼt composed a song yet tlél has at koonalcheesh they havenʼt composed a song yet tlél at kandulsheech nobody has composed a song yet tlél aadé at koonḵalisheeyi yé no way can I compose a song tlél aadé at koonax̱lisheeyi yé no way can s/he compose a song at koonḵalasheeyín I would have composed a song at koonax̱lasheeyín s/he would have composed a song at kanax̱lashéeni if/when I compose a song at kanalshéeni if/when s/he composes a song yoo at kax̱lishéek I compose a song (regularly) yoo at kalishéek s/he composes a song (regularly) Du léelkʼw daadáx̱ at kaawlishee. He composed a song about his grandfather. shee ʰ ² (2) sing sing it O-S-∅-shee ʰ~ (ga act) for S to sing O

ya-shee

Gashí! Sing it! Gayshí! You all sing it! Líl eeshéeḵ! Donʼt sing it! Líl yishéeḵ! Donʼt you all sing it! x̱ashí I sing it; I am singing it ashí s/he sings it; s/he is singing it tlél x̱washí I donʼt sing it; Iʼm not singing it tlél ooshí s/he doesnʼt sing it; s/he isnʼt singing it wé ashi aa the one who sings it ashéeyin s/he used to sing it tlél ooshéeyin s/he didnʼt used to sing it x̱waashee I sang it aawashee s/he sang it tlél x̱washee I didnʼt sing it tlél awushee s/he didnʼt sing it kei kḵwashée I will sing it kei akg̱washée s/he will sing it tlél kei kḵwashee I wonʼt sing it tlél kei akg̱washee s/he wonʼt sing it gaḵashee let me sing it akg̱ashee let her/him sing it gax̱tooshee let us sing it ashée nuch s/heʼs always singing it gax̱asheech I sing it (every time) agasheech s/he sings it (every time) tlél goox̱asheech I havenʼt sung it yet tlél agoosheech s/he hasnʼt sung it yet tlél aadé akg̱waasheeyi yé no way can s/he sing it akg̱washeeyín s/he would have sung it agashéeni if/when s/he sings it kei asheech s/he sings it (regularly) sing at S-∅-shee ʰ~ (ga act) for S to sing

ya-shee

At gashí! Sing! At gayshí! You all sing! Líl at eeshéeḵ! Donʼt sing! Líl at yishéeḵ! Donʼt you all sing! at x̱ashí I sing; I am singing at eeshí you sing; you are singing at shí s/he sings; s/he is singing at tooshí we sing; we are singing at yeeshí you all sing; you all are singing has at shí they sing; they are singing at dushí people sing; people are singing tlél at x̱washí I donʼt sing; I am not singing tlél at eeshí you donʼt sing; you arenʼt singing tlél at ushí s/he doesnʼt sing; s/he isnʼt singing tlél at tooshí we donʼt sing; we arenʼt singing tlél at yeeshí you all donʼt sing; you all arenʼt singing tlél has at ushí they donʼt sing; they arenʼt singing tlél at dushí nobody sings; nobody is singing wé at shi aa the one who sings at shéeyin s/he used to sing tlél at ushéeyin s/he didnʼt used to sing at x̱waashee I sang at yeeshee you sang at wooshee s/he sang at wutuwashee we sang at yeeyshee you all sang has at wooshee they sang at wuduwashee there was singing tlél at x̱washee I didnʼt sing tlél at yishee you didnʼt sing tlél at wushee s/he didnʼt sing tlél at wutooshee we didnʼt sing tlél at yeeyshee you all didnʼt sing tlél has at wooshee they didnʼt sing tlél at wudushee nobody sang kei at kuḵashée I will sing kei at gag̱eeshée you will sing kei at gug̱ashée s/he will sing kei at gax̱tooshée we will sing kei at gax̱yishée you all will sing kei has at g̱ug̱ashée they will sing kei at gax̱dushée there will be singing tlél kei at kuḵashee I wonʼt sing tlél kei at gag̱eeshee you wonʼt sing tlél kei at gug̱ashee s/he wonʼt sing tlél kei at gax̱tooshee we wonʼt sing tlél kei at gax̱yishee you all wonʼt sing tlél kei has at gug̱ashee they wonʼt sing tlél kei at gax̱dushee there wonʼt be singing at gaḵashee let me sing at gag̱ashee let her/him sing at gax̱tooshee let us sing at shée nuch s/heʼs always singing at gax̱asheech I sing (every time) at geesheech you sing (every time) at gasheech s/he sings (every time) at gatoosheech we sing (every time) at gaysheech you all sing (every time) has at gasheech they sing (every time) at gadusheech people sing (every time) tlél at gux̱washeech I havenʼt sung yet tlél at geesheech you havenʼt sung yet tlél at goosheech s/he hasnʼt sung yet tlél at gatoosheech we havenʼt sung yet tlél at gaysheech you all havenʼt sung yet tlél has at goosheech they havenʼt sung yet tlél at gadusheech there hasnʼt been singing yet tlél aadé at gug̱waasheeyi yé no way can s/he sing at gug̱washeeyín s/he would have sung at gashéeni if/when s/he sings kei at sheech s/he sings (regularly) sheix̱ʼ praise, commend praise her/him; commend her/him O-ka-S-∅-shéex̱ʼ~ (∅ act) for S to Nraise, glorify O; for S to approve, commend O; for S to comment on O

ka-ya-sheex̱ʼ

O-ka-S-shéix̱ʼ~ (∅ act) Kashíx̱ʼ! Praise her/him! Kayshíx̱ʼ! You all praise her/him! Líl keeshíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt praise her/him! Líl kayshíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all praise her/him! Líl keeshíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt praise her/him! Líl kayshíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all praise her/him! akashéex̱ʼ s/he is praising her/him tlél akoosheex̱ʼ s/he isnʼt praising her/him akashíx̱ʼ nooch s/he always praises her/him akaawashíx̱ʼ s/he praised her/him tlél akawushéex̱ʼ s/he didnʼt praise her/him akakg̱washéex̱ʼ s/he will praise her/him tlél akakg̱washéex̱ʼ s/he wonʼt praise her/him akg̱ashéex̱ʼ let her/him praise her/him [does not occur] tlél akooshéexʼch s/he hasnʼt praised her/him yet tlél aadé akg̱waashéex̱ʼi yé no way can s/he praise her/him akg̱washéex̱ʼin s/he would have praised her/him akashíx̱ʼni if s/he praises her/him akashíx̱ʼx̱ s/he praises her/him (regularly) shoo ʰ suffer suffer eeshandéin O-ka-∅-shoo ʰ~ (∅ event) for O to suffer

eeshandéin + ka-ya-shoo

[does not occur] eeshandéin yaa kanashéin s/he is starting to suffer eeshandéin yoo x̱at kaawashóo I suffered eeshandéin yoo kaawashóo s/he suffered tlél eeshandéin yoo x̱at kawushú I didnʼt suffer tlél eeshandéin yoo kawushú s/he didnʼt suffer eeshandéin yoo kakg̱washóo s/he will suffer tlél eeshandéin yoo kakg̱washoo s/he wonʼt suffer eeshandéin yoo kag̱ashoo let her/him suffer eeshandéin yoo kooshóowch s/he suffers (every time) tlél eeshandéin yoo kooshóowch s/he hasnʼt suffered yet eeshandéin yoo koog̱aashoowu yé no way can s/he suffer eeshandéin yoo koog̱ashoowún s/he would have suffered eeshandéin yoo kashéini if/when s/he suffers eeshandéin yoo kasheix̱ s/he suffers (regularly) Náaw ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ, tlél eeshandéin yoo kakg̱washoo. He quit drinking, heʼs not going to suffer. A jeedáx̱ wooneix̱ wé néekw, tlél eeshandéin yoo kakg̱washoo. She got rid of the sickness so sheʼs not going to suffer. shoo ¹ (2) extend extend up there (esp. of road) I N-x̱ kei l-shoo~ (∅ motion) for a complex object (esp. road) to extend up to N

li-shoo

[does not occur] áx̱ kei wlishóo it extends up there tlél áx̱ kei wulshú it doesnʼt extend up there áx̱ kei gux̱lashóo itʼs going to extend up there tlél áx̱ kei gux̱lashoo itʼs not going to extend up there tlél aadé áx̱ kei ux̱lishoowu yé no way can it extend up there áx̱ kei ux̱lashoowún it would have extended up there áx̱ kei lashéini if/when it extends up there Wé x̱áat héeni x̱ánx̱ kei wlishóo wé dei. The road goes up along the salmon stream. Tlél aadé áx̱ kei ux̱lishoowu yé wé dei, ḵúdáx̱ shasatán. Thereʼs no way the road can go up there, itʼs too steep. extend around it (esp. road) V N-x̱ ya-u-∅-shoo~ (∅ motion) for a slender item (esp. road) to extend around, along P

A- + ya-shoo

[does not occur] áx̱ yaawashóo it extends around it tlél áx̱ yawushú it doesnʼt extend around it áx̱ yakg̱washóo it is going to extend around it tlél áx̱ yakg̱washoo it isnʼt going to extend around it áx̱ wooshéini if/when it extends around it Héen tʼikáx̱ yaawashóo wé ḵaa x̱ʼoos deiyí. The foot trail goes beside the river. Shaanáx̱ yáx̱ yaawashóo wé ḵaa x̱ʼoos deiyí. The foot trail extends along the mountain. shoo ² crazy crazy sh ka-S-d-l-shoo~ (na event) for S to go crazy

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Líl yoo sh keelshéigiḵ! Donʼt go crazy! Líl yoo sh kayilshéigiḵ! Donʼt you all go crazy! yaa sh kanx̱alshéin I am going crazy yaa sh kanalshéin s/he is going crazy sh kax̱wdlishoo I went crazy sh kawdlishoo s/he went crazy tlél sh kawulshoo s/he didnʼt go crazy sh kakg̱walshóo s/he will go crazy tlél sh kakg̱walshoo s/he wonʼt go crazy (chʼa) sh kang̱alshoo let her/him go crazy sh kanalshéich s/he goes crazy (every time) tlél sh koonalshéich s/he hasnʼt gone crazy yet tlél aadé sh koonax̱dlishoowu yé no way can s/he go crazy sh koong̱alshoowún s/he would have gone crazy sh kanalshéini if/when s/he goes crazy yoo sh kadlishéik s/he goes crazy (regularly) Sh koong̱alshoowún tlél óosh du éet wudushéeyin. He would have gone crazy if people hadnʼt have helped him. Yaa sh kanx̱alshéin x̱at dujée nooch sh tóotlʼkʼi tin yoo x̱ʼax̱al.átgi. People think Iʼm going crazy when I talk to myself. shoo ʰ ² (3) intoxicate, torment intoxicate her/him, get her/him drunk O-ka-S-l-shoo ʰ~ (na event) for S to intoxicate O

ka-li-shoo

Leer 1973: 10/104-105 Kanalshú! Intoxicate her/him! Kanaylashú! You all intoxicate her/him! Líl yoo keelasheigíḵ! Donʼt intoxicate her/him! Líl yoo kaylasheigíḵ! Donʼt you all intoxicate her/him! [does not occur] yaa ash kanalshéin he/she/it is beginning to intoxicate her/him kax̱wlishoo I intoxicated her/him ash kawlishoo he/she/it intoxicated her/him tlél kax̱walshoo I didnʼt intoxicate her/him tlél ash kawulshoo he/she/it didnʼt intoxicate her/him ash kagux̱lashóo he/she/it will intoxicate her/him tlél ash kagux̱lashoo he/she/it wonʼt intoxicate her/him (chʼa) ash kanax̱lashoo (dé) (just) let her/him/it intoxicate her/him (now) ash kanalsheich he/she/it intoxicates her/him (every time) tlél ash koonalsheich he/she/it hasnʼt intoxicated her/him yet tlél aadé ash koonax̱lishoowu yé no way can he/she/it intoxicate her/him ash koonax̱lashoowún he/she/it would have intoxicated her/him ash kanalshéini if/when he/she/it intoxicates her/him yoo ash kalisheik he/she/it intoxicates her/him (regularly) I daa yoo tutánk x̱at kawlishoo. Just thinking about you acts like an intoxicant to me. [Story & Naish 1973:116] Náawch kawlishoo. Liquor intoxicated him. [Story & Naish 1973:116] Lingít náaguch kawlishoo. The Tlingit medicine made him drunk. torment, persecute (esp. physically), ill-treat, cause to suffer eeshandéin yoo O-ka-S-l-shoo ʰ~ (∅ event) for S to torment, persecute or ill-treat O; for S to cause O to suffer

eeshandéin + ka-li-shoo

--- Eeshandéin yoo kalashú! Torment her/him! Eeshandéin yoo kaylashú! You all torment her/him! Líl eeshandéin yoo keelasheigíḵ! Donʼt torment her/him! Líl eeshandéin yoo kaylasheigíḵ! Donʼt you all torment her/him! [does not occur] eeshandéin yaa ash kanalshéin he/she/it is beginning to torment her/him eeshandéin yoo kax̱wlishóo I tormented her/him eeshandéin yoo ash kawlishóo he/she/it tormented her/him tlél eeshandéin yoo kax̱wlashú I didnʼt torment her/him tlél eeshandéin yoo ash kawulshú he/she/it didnʼt torment her/him eeshandéin yoo ash kagux̱lashóo he/she/it will torment her/him tlél eeshandéin yoo ash kagux̱lashoo he/she/it wonʼt torment her/him (chʼa) eeshandéin (dé) yoo ash kax̱lashoo (just) let her/him/it torment her/him (now) eeshandéin yoo ash koolshóowch he/she/it torments her/him (every time) tlél eeshandéin yoo ash koolshóowch he/she/it hasnʼt tormented her/him yet tlél aadé eeshandéin yoo ash koox̱lishoowu yé no way can he/she/it torment her/him eeshandéin yoo ash koox̱lashoowún he/she/it would have tormented her/him eeshandéin yoo ash kalashéini if/when he/she/it torments her/him eeshandéin yoo ash kalasheix̱ he/she/it torments her/him (regularly) Eeshandéin yoo ash kawlishóo wé néekw. He suffers from the sickness. Eeshandéin yoo ash kawlishóo wé náaw. He suffers from alcoholism. Náawch eeshadéin kawlishóo. Alcohol causes him suffering. intoxicated, drunk O-ka-∅-shoo ʰ~ (na event) for O to be intoxicated

ka-ya-shoo

Leer 1973: 10/104-105 (Góok) ikanashú! (Go ahead) get drunk! (Góok) yee kanashú! (Go ahead) you all get drunk! Líl yoo ikoosheigíḵ! Donʼt get drunk! Líl yoo yee koosheigíḵ! Donʼt you all get drunk! [does not occur] yaa kanashéin s/he is getting drunk x̱at kaawashoo I am drunk kaawashoo s/he is drunk tlél x̱at kawushoo Iʼm not drunk tlél kawushoo s/he isnʼt drunk kakg̱washóo s/he will get drunk tlél kakg̱washoo s/he wonʼt get drunk (chʼa) kang̱ashoo (just) let her/him get drunk kanasheich s/he gets drunk (every time) tlél koonasheich s/he hasnʼt gotten drunk yet tlél aadé koong̱aashoowu yé no way can s/he get drunk koong̱ashoowún s/he would have gotten drunk kanashéini if/when s/he gets drunk yoo kayasheik s/he gets drunk (regularly) Kanashéini du náḵ yux̱ kuḵwaltsóow. If he gets drunk, Iʼm moving out. shooch bathe bathe oneself S-d-shooch~ (∅ act) for S to bathe, take a bath

di-shooch

Idashúch! Bathe! Yeedashúch! You all bathe! Líl idashúchx̱iḵ! Donʼt bathe! Líl yidashúchx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all bathe! x̱adashóoch I bathe; I am bathing idashóoch you bathe; you are bathing dashóoch s/he bathes; s/he is bathing tudashóoch we bathe; we are bathing yidashóoch you all bathe; you all are bathing has dashóoch they bathe; they are bathing dushóoch people bathe tlél ux̱dashooch I donʼt bathe tlél idashooch you donʼt bathe tlél udashooch s/he doesnʼt bathe tlél tudashooch we donʼt bathe tlél yidashooch you all donʼt bathe tlél has udashooch they donʼt bathe tlél dushooch nobody bathes [does not occur] x̱wadishúch I bathed yidishúch you bathed wudishúch s/he bathed wutudishúch we bathed yeeydishúch you all bathed has wudishúch they bathed wuduwashúch someone bathed tlél x̱wadashooch I didnʼt bathe tlél yidashooch you didnʼt bathe tlél wudashooch s/he didnʼt bathe tlél wutudashooch we didnʼt bathe tlél yeeydashooch you all didnʼt bathe tlél has wudashooch they didnʼt bathe tlél wudushooch nobody bathed kuḵadashóoch I will bathe gag̱idashóoch you will bathe gux̱dashóoch s/he will bathe gax̱tudashóoch we will bathe gax̱yidashóoch you all will bathe has gux̱dashóoch they will bathe gax̱dushóoch someone will bathe tlél kuḵadashooch I wonʼt bathe tlél gag̱idashooch you wonʼt bathe tlél gux̱dashooch s/he wonʼt bathe tlél gax̱tudashooch we wonʼt bathe tlél gax̱yidashooch you all wonʼt bathe tlél has gux̱dashooch they wonʼt bathe tlél gax̱dushooch nobody will bathe ḵadashooch let me bathe g̱adashooch let her/him bathe g̱atudashooch let us bathe dashuch nooch s/he always bathes [does not occur] tlél ux̱dashoochch I havenʼt bathed yet tlél idashoochch you havenʼt bathed yet tlél udashoochch s/he hasnʼt bathed yet tlél tudashoochch we havenʼt bathed yet tlél yidashoochch you all havenʼt bathed yet tlél has udashoochch they havenʼt bathed yet tlél dushoochch nobody has bathed yet tlél aadé g̱wadishooji yé no way can s/he bathe g̱wadashoojín s/he would have bathed dashúchni if/when s/he bathes dashúchx̱ s/he bathes (regularly) shookʼ cramp, shock cramps; shocked (by electricity) O-ka-d-l-shóokʼ~ (∅ event) for O to have cramps; for O to get shocked (by electricity)

ka-dli-shookʼ

This verb can also mean "cramp" (of muscle). For example: Ax̱ x̱ʼóosʼ kawdlishúkʼ. "My foot is cramping." [does not occur] x̱at kawdlishúkʼ I got shocked kawdlishúkʼ he/she/it got shocked tlél x̱at kawulshóokʼ I didnʼt get shocked tlél kawulshóokʼ he/she/it didnʼt get shocked x̱at kakg̱walshóokʼ I will get shocked kakg̱walshóokʼ he/she/it will get shocked tlél x̱at kakg̱walshóokʼ I wonʼt get shocked tlél kakg̱walshóokʼ he/she/it wonʼt get shocked (chʼa) x̱at kag̱alshóokʼ (just) let me get shocked (chʼa) kag̱alshóokʼ (just) let her/him/it get shocked x̱at koolshúkʼch I get shocked (every time) koolshúkʼch he/she/it gets shocked (every time) tlél x̱at koolshúkʼch I havenʼt gotten shocked yet tlél koolshúkʼch he/she/it hasnʼt gotten shocked yet tlél aadé x̱at koox̱lishóokʼu yé no way can I get shocked tlél aadé koox̱lishóokʼu yé no way can he/she/it get shocked x̱at koox̱lashóokʼun I would have gotten shocked koox̱lashóokʼun he/she/it would have gotten shocked x̱at kalshúkʼni if/when I get shocked kalshúkʼni if/when he/she/it gets shocked x̱at kalshúkʼx̱ I get shocked (regularly) kalshúkʼx̱ he/she/it gets shocked (regularly) Kawulshóokʼu tsá tóo akg̱wanóok. If it shocks him, heʼll feel it. shooḵ (3) laugh laugh at it O-S-∅-shooḵ~ (∅ act) for S to laugh at O

ya-shooḵ

[does not occur] Líl eeshoog̱úḵ! Donʼt laugh at her/him/it! Líl yishoog̱úḵ! Donʼt you all laugh at her/him/it! x̱ashooḵ Iʼm laughing at her/him/it ashooḵ s/heʼs laughing at her/him/it tlél x̱washooḵ Iʼm not laughing at her/him/it tlél ooshooḵ s/heʼs not laughing at her/him/it [does not occur] x̱waashúḵ I laughed at her/him/it aawashúḵ s/he laughed at her/him/it tlél x̱washooḵ I didnʼt laugh at her/him/it tlél awushooḵ s/he didnʼt laugh at her/him/it kuḵashóoḵ I will laugh at her/him/it akg̱washóoḵ s/he will laugh at her/him/it tlél kuḵashooḵ I wonʼt laugh at her/him/it tlél akg̱washooḵ s/he wonʼt laugh at her/him/it ḵashooḵ let me laugh at her/him/it ag̱ashooḵ let her/him laugh at her/him/it x̱washooḵch I laugh at her/him/it (every time) ooshooḵch s/he laughs at her/him/it (every time) tlél x̱washooḵch I havenʼt laughed at it yet tlél ooshooḵch s/he hasnʼt laughed at it yet tlél aadé ag̱waashoog̱u yé no way can s/he laugh at it ag̱washoog̱ún s/he would have laughed at it ashúḵni if/when s/he laughs at it ashúḵx̱ s/he laughs at it (regularly) Wooyík ashooḵ. S/heʼs laughing at nothing. laugh; smile (often with laughter) at S-∅-shooḵ~ (∅ act) for S to laugh

ya-shooḵ

At shúḵ! Laugh! At yishúḵ! You all laugh! Líl at eeshoog̱úḵ! Donʼt laugh! Líl at yishoog̱úḵ! Donʼt you all laugh! at x̱ashooḵ I laugh; I am laughing at eeshooḵ you laugh; you are laughing at shooḵ s/he laughs; s/he is laughing at tooshooḵ we laugh; we are laughing at yeeshooḵ you all laugh; you all are laughing has at shooḵ they laugh; they are laughing at dushooḵ people laugh; people are laughing tlél at x̱washooḵ I donʼt laugh; Iʼm not laughing tlél at eeshooḵ you donʼt laugh; youʼre not laughing tlél at ushooḵ s/he doesnʼt laugh; s/heʼs not laughing tlél at tooshooḵ we donʼt laugh; weʼre not laughing tlél at yeeshooḵ you all donʼt laugh; you all are not laughing tlél has at ushooḵ they donʼt laugh; theyʼre not laughing tlél at dushooḵ nobody laughs; nobody is laughing wé at shúḵ aa the one who laughs [does not occur] at x̱waashúḵ I laughed at iyashúḵ you laughed at uwashúḵ s/he laughed at wutuwashúḵ we laughed at yeeyshúḵ you all laughed at has uwashúḵ they laughed at wuduwashúḵ people laughed tlél at x̱washooḵ I didnʼt laugh tlél at yishooḵ you didnʼt laugh tlél at wushooḵ s/he didnʼt laugh tlél at wutooshooḵ we didnʼt laugh tlél at yeeyshooḵ you all didnʼt laugh tlél at has wushooḵ they didnʼt laugh tlél at wudushooḵ nobody laughed at kuḵashóoḵ I will laugh at gag̱eeshóoḵ you will laugh at gug̱ashóoḵ s/he will laugh at gax̱tooshóoḵ we will laugh at gax̱yishóoḵ you all will laugh at has gug̱ashóoḵ they will laugh at gax̱dushóoḵ people will laugh tlél at kuḵashooḵ I wonʼt laugh tlél at gag̱eeshooḵ you wonʼt laugh tlél at gug̱ashooḵ s/he wonʼt laugh tlél at gax̱tooshooḵ we wonʼt laugh tlél at gax̱yishooḵ you all wonʼt laugh tlél at has gug̱ashooḵ they wonʼt laugh tlél at gax̱dushooḵ nobody will laugh at ḵashooḵ let me laugh at g̱ashooḵ let her/him laugh at g̱atooshooḵ let us laugh at x̱washooḵch I laugh (every time) at eeshooḵch you laugh (every time) at ushooḵch s/he laughs (every time) at tooshooḵch we laugh (every time) at yishooḵch you all laugh (every time) at has ushooḵch they laugh (every time) at dushooḵch someone laughs (every time) tlél at x̱washooḵch I havenʼt laughed yet tlél at eeshooḵch you havenʼt laughed yet tlél at ushooḵch s/he hasnʼt laughed yet tlél at tooshooḵch we havenʼt laughed yet tlél at yishooḵch you all havenʼt laughed yet tlél at has ushooḵch they havenʼt laughed yet tlél at dushooḵch nobody has laughed yet tlél aadé at g̱waashoog̱u yé no way can s/he laugh at g̱washoog̱ún s/he would have laughed at shúḵni if/when s/he laughs at shúḵx̱ s/he laughs (regularly) At shooḵch yaa najáḵ. S/heʼs dying of laughter. laugh; smile (often with laughter) at S-∅-shooḵ (na act) for S to laugh; for S to smile (often with laughter)

ya-shooḵ

At nashooḵ! Laugh! At nayshooḵ! You all laugh! Líl at eeshoog̱úḵ! Donʼt laugh! Líl at yishoog̱úḵ! Donʼt you all laugh! at x̱ashooḵ I laugh at shooḵ s/he laughs tlél at x̱washooḵ I donʼt laugh tlél at ushooḵ s/he doesnʼt laugh [does not occur] at shuḵ nooch s/he always laughs at x̱waashooḵ I laughed at wooshooḵ s/he laughed tlél at x̱washooḵ I didnʼt laugh tlél at wushooḵ s/he didnʼt laugh at kuḵwashooḵ I will laugh at gug̱washooḵ s/he will laugh tlél at kuḵwashooḵ I wonʼt laugh tlél at gug̱washooḵ s/he wonʼt laugh at naḵashooḵ let me laugh at nag̱ashooḵ let her/him laugh [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé at nag̱waashoog̱u yé no way can s/he laugh [does not occur] at nashúḵni if/when s/he laughs [does not occur] soos ¹ (2) lose lose them ḵut O-ka-S-l-sóos (ga motion) for S to lose (plural) O

ḵut ka-li-soos (basically plural, see a-ya-g̱eexʼ for singular)

Líl ḵut kei keelasóosjiḵ! Donʼt lose them! Líl ḵut kei kaylasóosjiḵ! Donʼt you all lose them! ḵut tsá kag̱ilasóos! Be sure not to lose them! ḵut tsá kag̱aylasóos! You all be sure not to lose them! [does not occur] ḵut kax̱wlisóos I lost them ḵut akaawlisóos s/he lost them tlél ḵut kax̱wlasóos I didnʼt lose them tlél ḵut akawulsóos s/he didnʼt lose them ḵut kei kakḵwalasóos I will lose them ḵut kei akagux̱lasóos s/he will lose them tlél ḵut kei kakḵwalasóos I wonʼt lose them tlél ḵut kei akagux̱lasóos s/he wonʼt lose them (chʼa) ḵut kakḵalasóos (dé) (just) let me lose them (now) (chʼa) ḵut akagax̱lasóos (dé) (just) let her/him lose them (now) ḵut kagax̱lasóosch I lose them (every time) ḵut akaklasóosch s/he loses them (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé ḵut kakḵwalisóosi yé no way can I lose them tlél aadé ḵut akagux̱lisóosi yé no way can s/he lose them ḵut kakḵwalasóosin I would have lost them ḵut akagux̱lasóosin s/he would have lost them ḵut kagax̱lasóosni if/when I lose them ḵut akaklasóosni if/when s/he loses them ḵut kei kax̱lasóosch I lose them (regularly) ḵut kei aklasóosch s/he loses them (regularly) lost (of plural people, objects) ḵut O-ka-∅-sóos (ga event) for (plural) O (objects, people) to be lost

ḵut ka-ya-soos

[does not occur] ḵut yee kagasóos! You all get lost! Líl ḵut kei yee kasóosjiḵ! Donʼt you all get lost! ḵut tsá yee kagasóos! Be sure that you donʼt all get lost! [does not occur] [does not occur] ḵut haa kaawasóos we are lost; we got lost ḵut has kaawasóos they are lost; they got lost tlél ḵut haa kawusóos we arenʼt lost; we didnʼt get lost tlél ḵut has kawusóos they arenʼt lost; they didnʼt get lost ḵut kei haa kakg̱wasóos we will get lost ḵut kei (ha)s kakg̱wasóos they will get lost tlél ḵut kei haa kakg̱wasóos we wonʼt get lost tlél ḵut kei (ha)s kakg̱wasóos they wonʼt get lost [does not occur] (chʼa) ḵut has kakg̱asóos (dé) (just) let them get lost (now) ḵut haa kagasóosch we get lost (every time) ḵut has kagasóosch they get lost (every time) tlél ḵut haa kagoosóosch we havenʼt gotten lost yet tlél ḵut has kagoosóosch they havenʼt gotten lost yet tlél aadé ḵut haa kakg̱waasóosi yé no way can we get lost tlél aadé ḵut has kakg̱waasóosi yé no way can they get lost ḵut haa kakg̱wasóosin we would have gotten lost ḵut has kakg̱wasóosin they would have gotten lost ḵut haa kgasóosni if/when we get lost ḵut has kagasóosni if/when they get lost ḵut kei haa kasóosch we get lost (regularly) ḵut kei (ha)s kasóosch they get lost (regularly) sʼees (2) blow blown (be blown by wind) VII N-t ka-l-sʼées~ (na motion) for an object to be blown around in the wind at N

ka-dli-sʼees

[does not occur] át kawdlisʼees itʼs blowing around in the wind there; it blew around in the wind there tlél át kawulsʼees itʼs not blowing around in the wind there; it didnʼt blow around in the wind there át kakg̱walsʼées it will blow around in the wind there tlél át kakg̱walsʼees it wonʼt blow around in the wind there (chʼa) át kanax̱lasʼees (just) let it blow around in the wind there át kanalsʼísch it blows around in the wind there (every time) tlél át koonalsʼísch it hasnʼt blown around in the wind there yet tlél aadé át koonax̱lisʼeesi yé no way can it blow around in the wind there át koonax̱lasʼeesín it would have blown around in the wind there át kanalsʼísni if/when it blows around in the wind there át yoo kadlisʼísk it blows around in the wind (regularly) K̲̲útx̱ koodáal, tlél aadé át koonax̱lisʼeesi yé. It canʼt blow around in the wind, itʼs too heavy. blow around; sail N-t O-l-sʼees~ (na motion) for O to be blown around at N (by wind), to sail

li-sʼees

[does not occur] át wulisʼees itʼs blowing around; it blew around tlél át wulsʼees itʼs not blowing around; it didnʼt blow around át gux̱lasʼées it will blow around tlél át gux̱lasʼees it wonʼt blow around át nax̱lasʼees let it blow around át nalsʼísch it blows around (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé át nax̱wlisʼeesi yé no way can it blow around át nax̱wlasʼeesín it would have blown around át nalsʼísni if/when it blows around [does not occur] sʼeet bind, wrap, bandage bandage it, bind it up, wrap it O-ka-S-∅-sʼeet~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to bind up, wrap around, bandage O

ka-ya-sʼeet

Kasʼít! Bandage it! Kaysʼít! You all bandage it! Líl keesʼítx̱iḵ! Donʼt bandage it! Líl kaysʼítx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all bandage it! akasʼéet s/he is bandaging it tlél akoosʼeet s/he isnʼt bandaging it akaawasʼít s/he bandaged it tlél akawusʼeet s/he didnʼt bandage it akakg̱wasʼéet s/he will bandage it tlél akakg̱wasʼeet s/he wonʼt bandage it akag̱asʼít let her/him bandage it akoosʼítch s/he bandages it (every time) tlél akoosʼítch s/he hasnʼt bandaged it yet tlél aadé ookg̱aasʼídi yé no way can s/he bandage it ookg̱asʼídin s/he would have bandaged it akasʼítni if s/he bandages it akasʼítx̱ s/he bandages it (regularly) sʼeex spoil, rot, age spoil, age, rot l-sʼeex~ (∅ event) for animal matter to age, spoil to stage where still firm, but smelly

li-sʼeex

[does not occur] yaa nalsʼíx itʼs aging wulisʼíx it aged tlél wulsʼeex it didnʼt age gux̱lasʼéex it will age tlél gux̱lasʼeex it wonʼt age g̱alsʼeex let it age ulsʼíxch it ages (every time) tlél ulsʼíxch it hasnʼt aged yet tlél aadé ux̱lisʼeexi yé no way can it age ux̱lasʼeexín it would have aged lasʼíxni if/when it ages lasʼíxx̱ it ages (regularly) sʼeexʼw stick stick it N-t~ O-ka-S-l-sʼéexʼw~ (∅ motion) for S to stick O (esp. paper) to N

A- + ka-li-sʼeexʼw

Át kalasʼíxʼw! Stick it to it! Át kaylasʼíxʼw! You all stick it to it! Líl áx̱ keelaséexʼuḵ! Donʼt stick it to it! Líl áx̱ kaylaséexʼuḵ! Donʼt you all stick it to it! [does not occur] át kax̱wlisʼíxʼw I stuck it to it át akawlisʼíxʼw s/he stuck it to it tlél át kax̱wlasʼéexʼw I didnʼt stick it to it tlél át akawulsʼéexʼw s/he didnʼt stick it to it aadé kakḵwalasʼéexʼw I will stick it to it aadé akagux̱lasʼéexʼw s/he will stick it to it tlél aadé kakḵwalasʼéexʼw I wonʼt stick it to it tlél aadé akagux̱lasʼéexʼw s/he wonʼt stick it to it át kaḵlasʼéexʼw let me stick it to it át akax̱lasʼéexʼw let her/him stick it to it át koox̱lasʼéexʼwch I stick it to it (every time) át akoolsʼéexʼwch s/he sticks it to it (every time) tlél át koox̱lasʼéexʼwch I havenʼt stuck it to it yet tlél át akoolsʼéexʼwch s/he hasnʼt stuck it to it yet tlél aadé át akoox̱lisʼéexʼu yé no way can s/he stick it to it át akoox̱lasʼéexʼun s/he would have stuck it to it át aklasʼíxʼwni if/when s/he sticks it to it áx̱ aklasʼéexʼw s/he sticks it to it (regularly) sʼeex̱ʼ (2) diarrhea diarrhea (cause her/him to have diarrhea) O-S-l-sʼéex̱ʼ (g̱a event) for S to cause O to have diarrhea

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Leer 1978: 43; Leer 1973: 09/269-270 O-S-l-sʼéix̱ʼ (g̱a event) [does not occur] yei analsʼéex̱ʼ itʼs giving her/him diarrhea awlisʼéex̱ʼ it gave her/him diarrhea tlél awulsʼéex̱ʼ it didnʼt give her/him diarrhea yei agux̱lasʼéex̱ʼ it will give her/him diarrhea tlél yei agux̱lasʼéex̱ʼ it wonʼt give her/him diarrhea (chʼa) ag̱aax̱lasʼéex̱ʼ (just) let it give her/him diarrhea ax̱lasʼéex̱ʼch it gives her/him diarrhea (every time) tlél oox̱lasʼéex̱ʼch it hasnʼt given her/him diarrhea yet tlél aadé oog̱aax̱lisʼéex̱ʼi yé no way can it give her/him diarrhea oog̱aax̱lasʼéex̱ʼin it would have given her/him diarrhea alsʼéex̱ʼni if/when it gives her/him diarrhea yei alsʼéex̱ʼch it gives her/him diarrhea (regularly) Wé aawax̱aayi át ash wulisʼéex̱ʼ. What she ate gave her diarrhea. diarrhea (get, have diarrhea) O-∅-sʼéex̱ʼ (g̱a event) for O to get, have diarrhea

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Leer 1978: 43; Leer 1973: 09/269-270 O-∅-sʼéix̱ʼ (g̱a event) [does not occur] yei nasʼéex̱ʼ s/he is getting diarrhea x̱at woosʼéex̱ʼ I got diarrhea woosʼéex̱ʼ s/he got diarrhea tlél x̱at wusʼéex̱ʼ I didnʼt get diarrhea tlél wusʼéex̱ʼ s/he didnʼt get diarrhea yei kg̱wasʼéex̱ʼ s/he will get diarrhea tlél yei kg̱wasʼéex̱ʼ s/he wonʼt get diarrhea (chʼa) g̱aag̱asʼéex̱ʼ (just) let her/him get diarrhea g̱asʼéex̱ʼch s/he gets diarrhea (every time) tlél g̱oosʼéex̱ʼch s/he hasnʼt gotten diarrhea yet tlél aadé g̱aag̱waasʼéex̱ʼi yé no way can s/he get diarrhea g̱aag̱wasʼéex̱ʼin s/he would have gotten diarrhea g̱asʼéex̱ʼni if/when s/he gets diarrhea yei sʼéex̱ʼch s/he gets diarrhea (regularly) Chʼa tlákw woosʼéex̱ʼ. She always has diarrhea. sʼeiḵ (2) tan, smoke, cure tan it; smoke it; cure it by placing in smoke áx̱ a-ka-S-l-sʼeiḵ~ (na event) for S to tan, smoke, cure something by placing in smoke

ka-li-sʼeeḵ

áx̱ a-ka-S-l-sʼeeḵ~ (na event) Áx̱ akanalsʼeiḵ! Tan it! Áx̱ akanayilsʼeiḵ! You all tan it! Líl áx̱ akaylasʼeig̱íḵ! Donʼt tan it! Líl áx̱ akayeeylasʼeig̱íḵ! Donʼt you all tan it! [does not occur] áx̱ akax̱wlisʼeiḵ I tanned it áx̱ akawlisʼeiḵ s/he tanned it tlél áx̱ akax̱wlasʼeiḵ I didnʼt tan it tlél áx̱ akawulsʼeiḵ s/he didnʼt tan it áx̱ akakḵwalasʼéiḵ I will tan it áx̱ akagux̱lasʼéiḵ s/he will tan it tlél áx̱ akakḵwalasʼeiḵ I wonʼt tan it tlél áx̱ akagux̱lasʼeiḵ s/he wonʼt tan it áx̱ akanḵalasʼeiḵ let me tan it áx̱ akanax̱lasʼeiḵ let her/him tan it áx̱ akanax̱lasʼéḵch I tan it (every time) áx̱ akanalsʼéḵch s/he tans it (every time) tlél áx̱ akoonax̱lasʼéḵch I havenʼt tanned it yet tlél áx̱ akoonalsʼéḵch s/he hasnʼt tanned it yet tlél aadé áx̱ akoonax̱lisʼeig̱i yé no way can s/he tan it áx̱ akoonax̱lasʼeig̱ín s/he would have tanned it áx̱ akanalsʼéḵni if/when s/he tans it áx̱ aklasʼéḵx̱ s/he tans it (regularly) smoke (cigarettes, etc.) sh x̱ʼa-S-d-sʼeiḵ (na act) for S to smoke (cigarettes, etc.)

x̱ʼa-di-sʼeiḵ

Sh x̱ʼanidasʼeiḵ! Smoke! Sh x̱ʼanaydasʼeiḵ! You all smoke! Líl sh x̱ʼeedasʼeig̱íḵ! Donʼt smoke! Líl sh x̱ʼaydasʼeig̱íḵ! Donʼt you all smoke! sh x̱ʼadasʼeiḵ s/heʼs smoking tlél sh x̱ʼeidasʼeiḵ s/heʼs not smoking sh x̱ʼawdisʼeiḵ s/he smoked tlél sh x̱ʼawdasʼeiḵ s/he didnʼt smoke sh x̱ʼagux̱dasʼeiḵ s/he will smoke tlél sh x̱ʼagux̱dasʼeiḵ s/he wonʼt smoke sh x̱ʼanax̱dasʼeiḵ let her/him smoke sh x̱ʼeindasʼeiḵch s/he smokes (every time) tlél sh x̱ʼeindasʼeiḵch s/he hasnʼt smoked yet tlél aadé sh x̱ʼanax̱wdisʼeig̱i yé no way can s/he smoke sh x̱ʼanax̱wdasʼeig̱ín s/he would have smoked sh x̱ʼandasʼeiḵní if/when s/he smokes yoo sh x̱ʼadisʼeiḵk s/he smokes (regularly) sʼeilʼ (5) tear, rip, peel, stretch tear it The ʼexhaustiveʼ derivational string can be applied to this verb to give the meaning "tore it up, into pieces". The exhaustive derivational string has the ∅ conjugation prefix and uses the proclitic yax̱ "to completion", the ya- thematic prefix, and the s- or l- classifier. For example, the perfective form would be: yax̱ ayawlisʼélʼ "s/he tore it up into Nieces". This is a productive derivational string, meaning it can be applied to other verbs. The exhaustive derivational string is used to indicate that all or much of the object is affected. For more information see Leer 1991:100. O-S-∅-sʼéilʼ~ (na event) for S to tear O

ya-sʼeilʼ

Nasʼéilʼ! Tear it! Naysʼéilʼ! You all tear it! Líl yoo eesʼélʼgiḵ! Donʼt tear it! Líl yoo yisʼélʼgiḵ! Donʼt you all tear it! [does not occur] yaa nx̱asʼélʼ Iʼm tearing it yaa anasʼélʼ s/heʼs tearing it x̱waasʼéilʼ I tore it aawasʼéilʼ s/he tore it tlél x̱wasʼéilʼ I didnʼt tear it tlél awusʼéilʼ s/he didnʼt tear it kuḵasʼéilʼ I will tear it akg̱wasʼéilʼ s/he will tear it tlél kuḵasʼéilʼ I wonʼt tear it tlél akg̱wasʼéilʼ s/he wonʼt tear it naḵasʼéilʼ let me tear it ang̱asʼéilʼ let her/him tear it nax̱asʼélʼch I tear it (every time) anasʼélʼch s/he tears it (every time) tlél nax̱wasʼélʼch I havenʼt torn it yet tlél oonasʼélʼch s/he hasnʼt torn it yet tlél aadé naḵwaasʼéilʼi yé no way can I tear it tlél aadé oong̱aasʼéilʼi yé no way can s/he tear it naḵwasʼéilʼin I would have torn it oong̱asʼéilʼin s/he would have torn it nax̱asʼélʼni if/when I tear it anasʼélʼni if/when s/he tears it yoo x̱aasʼélʼk I tear it (regularly) yoo ayasʼélʼk s/he tears it (regularly) Wooshdáx̱ aawasʼéilʼ wé xʼúxʼ. She tore the paper apart. tear it; rip it; peel it off O-ka-S-∅-sʼéilʼ~ (g̱a act) for S to tear, tear up, rip off O; for S to Neel off O (bark from a tree)

ka-ya-sʼeilʼ

Kag̱asʼéilʼ! Tear it! Kag̱aysʼéilʼ! You all tear it! Líl kayeesʼéilʼiḵ! Donʼt tear it! Líl kayeeysʼéilʼiḵ! Donʼt you all tear it! kax̱asʼélʼt Iʼm tearing it akasʼélʼt s/he is tearing it tlél koox̱asʼélʼt Iʼm not tearing it tlél akoosʼélʼt s/he isnʼt tearing it yei kanx̱asʼélʼ Iʼm tearing it yei akanasʼélʼ s/heʼs tearing it kax̱waasʼéilʼ I tore it akaawasʼéilʼ s/he tore it tlél kax̱wasʼéilʼ I didnʼt tear it tlél akawusʼéilʼ s/he didnʼt tear it yéi kakḵwasʼéilʼ I will tear it yéi akakg̱wasʼéilʼ s/he will tear it tlél yéi kakḵwasʼéilʼ I wonʼt tear it tlél yéi akakg̱wasʼéilʼ s/he wonʼt tear it kaḵaaḵasʼéilʼ let me tear it akag̱aag̱asʼéilʼ let her/him tear it kaḵasʼélʼch I tear it (every time) akg̱asʼélʼch s/he tears it (every time) tlél kooḵasʼélʼch I havenʼt torn it yet tlél akoog̱asʼélʼch s/he hasnʼt torn it yet tlél aadé akoog̱aag̱aasʼéilʼi yé no way can s/he tear it akoog̱aag̱asʼéilʼin s/he would have torn it akg̱asʼélʼni if/when s/he tears it yei akasʼélʼch s/he tears it (regularly) stretch, hold open The noun gwéil "bag" is used throughout the paradigm here as an example. Otherwise, ax̱ʼeiwasʼélʼ by itself sounds like stretching someone or somethingʼs mouth open with the fingers. O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-sʼéilʼ~ (∅ act) for S to tear O away (from hook); for S to stretch or hold O (opening) open

x̱ʼa-ya-ya-sʼeilʼ

Gwéil x̱ʼasʼélʼ! Hold the bag open! Gwéil x̱ʼaysʼélʼ! You all hold the bag open! Líl x̱ʼeesʼélʼx̱iḵ wé gwéil! Donʼt hold the bag open! Líl x̱ʼaysʼélʼx̱iḵ wé gwéil! Donʼt you all hold the bag open! gwéil ax̱ʼasʼélʼx̱ s/he is holding the bag open tlél gwéil ax̱ʼeisʼélʼx̱ s/he isnʼt holding the bag open gwéil x̱ʼax̱waasʼélʼ I held the bag open gwéil ax̱ʼeiwasʼélʼ s/he held the bag open tlél gwéil ax̱ʼawusʼéilʼ s/he didnʼt hold the bag open gwéil ax̱ʼakgwasʼéilʼ s/he will hold the bag open tlél gwéil ax̱ʼakg̱wasʼéilʼ s/he wonʼt hold the bag open gwéil ax̱ʼag̱asʼéilʼ let her/him hold the bag open gwéil ax̱ʼeisʼéilʼch / gwéil ax̱ʼeisʼélʼch s/he holds the bag open (every time) tlél gwéil ax̱ʼeisʼéilʼch / tlél gwéil ax̱ʼeisʼélʼch s/he hasnʼt held the bag open yet tlél aadé gwéil ax̱ʼag̱waasʼéilʼi yé no way can s/he hold the bag open gwéil ax̱ʼag̱wasʼéilʼin s/he would have held the bag open gwéil ax̱ʼasʼélʼni if/when s/he holds the bag open gwéil ax̱ʼasʼélʼx̱ s/he holds the bag open (regularly) Wé kei awdzitʼix̱i x̱áat ax̱ʼeiwasʼélʼ wé tʼeix̱ a x̱ʼéidáx̱ kei akg̱ateet. He held the salmonʼs mouth open that he caught so he could get the hook out. Ax̱ʼeiwasʼélʼ wé gwéil a tóode yéi at gaḵasanei. She held the bag open to let me put things in it. Wé gwéil ax̱ʼasʼélʼni a tóode kakḵwadacháak. If he holds the bag open, Iʼll pack it. torn ka-d-sʼéilʼ~ (g̱a state) for something to be torn up

ka-di-sʼeilʼ

kadisʼélʼt it tears easily yei kandasʼélʼ itʼs starting to tear kawdisʼéilʼ itʼs torn tlél kawdasʼéilʼ itʼs not torn yéi kagux̱dasʼéilʼ it will be torn tlél yéi kagux̱dasʼéilʼ it wonʼt be torn kag̱aax̱dasʼéilʼ let it tear kax̱dasʼélʼch it gets torn (every time) tlél koox̱dasʼélʼch it hasnʼt torn yet tlél aadé koox̱disʼéilʼi yé no way can it be torn koox̱dasʼéilʼin it would have been torn kax̱dasʼélʼni if/when it gets torn yei kdasʼélʼch it gets torn (regularly) Yei kandasʼélʼ a tuḵʼatáal. The pants are starting to tear. Kawdisʼéilʼ ax̱ g̱eiwú. My net is all torn up. pull up, tear up (roots) O-S-l-sʼéilʼ~ (∅ act; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to tear up, pull up O (roots)

li-sʼeilʼ

x̱aat lasʼélʼ! Pull up spruce roots! x̱aat yilasʼélʼ! You all pull up spruce roots! Líl x̱aat ilasʼéilʼiḵ! Donʼt pull up spruce roots! Líl x̱aat yilasʼéilʼiḵ! Donʼt you all pull up spruce roots! x̱aat x̱alasʼéilʼ I pull up spruce roots; I am pulling up spruce roots x̱aat alsʼéilʼ s/he pulls up spruce roots; s/he is pulling up spruce roots tlél x̱aat x̱walasʼéilʼ Iʼm not pulling up spruce roots; I donʼt pull up spruce roots tlél x̱aat oolsʼéilʼ s/he isnʼt pulling up spruce roots; s/he doesnʼt pull up spruce roots x̱aat yaa nax̱lasʼélʼ Iʼm pulling up spruce roots x̱aat yaa analsʼélʼ s/heʼs pulling up spruce roots x̱aat x̱walisʼélʼ I pulled up spruce roots x̱aat awlisʼélʼ s/he pulled up spruce roots tlél x̱aat x̱walasʼéilʼ I didnʼt pull up spruce roots tlél x̱aat awulsʼéilʼ s/he didnʼt pull up spruce roots x̱aat kuḵalasʼéilʼ I will pull up spruce roots x̱aat agux̱lasʼéilʼ s/he will pull up spruce roots tlél x̱aat kuḵalasʼéilʼ I wonʼt pull up spruce roots tlél x̱aat agux̱lasʼéilʼ s/he wonʼt pull up spruce roots x̱aat ḵalasʼélʼ let me pull up spruce roots x̱aat ax̱lasʼélʼ let her/him pull up spruce roots x̱aat x̱walasʼélʼch I pull up spruce roots (every time) x̱aat oolsʼélʼch s/he pulls up spruce roots (every time) tlél x̱aat x̱walasʼélʼch I havenʼt pulled up spruce roots yet tlél x̱aat oolsʼélʼch s/he hasnʼt pulled up spruce roots yet tlél aadé x̱aat g̱walisʼélʼi yé no way can s/he pull up spruce roots x̱aat g̱walasʼélʼin s/he would have pulled up spruce roots x̱aat alasʼélʼni if/when s/he pulls up spruce roots x̱aat alsʼélʼx̱ s/he pulls up spruce roots (regularly) sʼíḵsʼ drink drink by sucking, drink through a straw O-S-∅-sʼeeḵ~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to drink O by sucking; for S to drink O through a straw

ya-sʼíḵsʼ

Sʼíḵ! Drink it through a straw! Líl eesʼíḵx̱iḵ! Donʼt drink it through a straw! asʼíḵsʼ s/he is drinking it through a straw x̱waasʼíḵ I drank it through a straw aawasʼíḵ s/he drank it through a straw tlél x̱wasʼeeḵ I didnʼt drink it through a straw tlél awusʼeeḵ s/he didnʼt drink it through a straw akg̱wasʼéeḵ s/he will drink it through a straw tlél akg̱wasʼeeḵ s/he wonʼt drink it through a straw ag̱asʼíḵ let her/him drink it through a straw oosʼíḵch s/he drinks it through a straw (every time) tlél oosʼíḵch s/he hasnʼt drank it through a straw yet tlél aadé oog̱aasʼíg̱i yé no way can s/he drink it through a straw oog̱asʼíg̱in s/he would have drank it through a straw asʼíḵni if/when s/he drinks it through a straw asʼíḵx̱ s/he drinks it through a straw (regularly) Káaxwei asʼíḵsʼin. He was drinking coffee through a straw. Héen asʼíḵsʼ. He drinks water through a straw. [Story & Naish 1973: 75] sʼook toast, fry fry it; toast it O-ka-S-l-sʼook~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to toast O (bread); for S to fry O (usually till crisp)

ka-li-sʼook

Leer 1973: 09/249-251 O-ka-S-l-sʼéekw~ (∅ act) Kalasʼúk! Fry it! Kaylasʼúk! You all fry it! Líl keelasʼúkx̱uḵ! Donʼt fry it! Líl kaylasʼúkx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all fry it! aklasʼúk s/heʼs frying it [does not occur] akawlisʼúk s/he fried it tlél akawulsʼook s/he didnʼt fry it akagux̱lasʼóok s/he will fry it tlél akagux̱lasʼook s/he wonʼt fry it akax̱lasʼúk let her/him fry it akoolsʼúkch s/he fries it (every time) tlél akoolsʼúkch / tlél akoolsʼookch s/he hasnʼt fried it yet tlél aadé akoox̱lisʼúgu yé no way can s/he fry it akoox̱lasʼúgun s/he would have fried it aklasʼúkni if/when s/he fries it aklasʼúkx̱ s/he fries it (regularly) sʼoow chop chop it O-S-∅-sʼóow~ (na act) for S to chop O (esp. chopping down trees, chopping off branches)

ya-sʼoow

Can also be used metaphorically to mean to terminate something. Nasʼóow! Chop it! Naysʼóow! You all chop it! Líl yoo eesʼóowguḵ! Donʼt chop it! Líl yoo yisʼóowguḵ! Donʼt you all chop it! asʼúw s/heʼs chopping it; s/he chops it tlél oosʼóow s/he isnʼt chopping it; s/he doesnʼt chop it asʼúw nooch s/he always chops it aawasʼóow s/he chopped it tlél awusʼóow s/he didnʼt chop it akg̱wasʼóow s/he will chop it tlél akg̱wasʼóow s/he wonʼt chop it ang̱asʼóow let her/him chop it [does not occur] tlél oonasʼúwch s/he hasnʼt chopped it yet tlél aadé oong̱aasʼóowu yé no way can s/he chop it oong̱asʼóowun s/he would have chopped it anasʼúwni if/when s/he chops it [does not occur] taa ¹ (2) lie ² lying down (of human) (singular subject) (N-t) sh S-d-s-táan~ (position) for (singular) S to be lying down (at N) sh x̱astáan I am lying down sh istáan s/he is lying down tlél sh x̱wastá Iʼm not lying down tlél sh ustá s/he isnʼt lying down Sooḵ kát sh istáan. Sheʼs lying on the grass. lie down (of human) (singular subject) yan~ sh S-d-s-taa~ (∅ motion) for (singular) S to lie down

sh dzi-taa

Leer 1973: 06/4 Yan sh eestá! Lie down! Líl yax̱ sh eestaayíḵ! Donʼt lie down! [does not occur] yan sh x̱wadzitáa I lay down yan sh wudzitáa s/he lay down tlél yan sh x̱wastá I didnʼt lie down tlél yan sh wustá s/he didnʼt lie down yánde sh gug̱wastáa s/he will lie down tlél yánde sh gug̱wastaa s/he wonʼt lie down (chʼa) yan sh g̱astaa / g̱astaayí (just) let her/him lie down yan sh ustáaych s/he lies down (every time) tlél yan sh ustáaych s/he hasnʼt lain down yet tlél aadé yan sh g̱wadzitaayi yé no way can s/he lie down yan sh g̱wastaayín s/he would have lain down yan sh istéini if/when s/he lies down yax̱ sh istaa s/he lies down (regularly) Yan sh istéini kʼidéin sh tugux̱danéekw. If he lies down heʼll feel better. taa ʰ ¹ (2) bed put her/him to bed (singular) O-S-s-taa ʰ~ (na event) for S to Nut (singular) O to bed

si-taa

Nastá! Put her/him to bed! Líl isateix̱íḵ! Donʼt put him to bed! [does not occur] x̱wasitaa I put her/him to bed aswitaa s/he put her/him to bed tlél x̱wasataa I didnʼt put her/him to bed tlél awustaa s/he didnʼt put her/him to bed agux̱satáa s/he will put her/him to bed tlél agux̱sataa s/he wonʼt put her/him to bed (chʼa) anax̱sataa / anax̱sataayí let her/him put her/him to bed anasteich s/he puts her/him to bed (every time) tlél oonasteich s/he hasnʼt put her/him to bed yet tlél aadé oonax̱sitaayi yé no way can s/he put her/him to bed oonax̱sataayín s/he would have put her/him to bed anastéini if/when s/he puts her/him to bed asteix̱ s/he puts her/him to bed (regularly) Du sée anastéini chʼa yóokʼ ḵeex̱ʼéixʼ kei kg̱wasgéet. If she puts him to bed early, heʼll wake up early. I yéet nastá! Put your son to bed (to sleep)! [Story & Naish 1973: 27]. sleep (singular subject) S-∅-taa ʰ~ (na act) for (singular) S to sleep, sleep alone

ya-taa

Natá dé! Go to sleep now! Líl eeteex̱íḵ! Donʼt go to sleep! tá s/he is sleeping tlél utá s/he isnʼt sleeping wootaa s/he slept tlél wutaa s/he didnʼt sleep gug̱atáa s/he will sleep tlél gug̱ataa s/he wonʼt sleep nag̱ataa let her/him sleep nateich s/he sleeps (every time) tlél unateich s/he hasnʼt slept yet tlél aadé ung̱aataayi yé no way can s/he sleep nag̱wataayín s/he would have slept natéini if/when s/he sleeps teix̱ s/he sleeps (regularly) taa ʰ ³ boil, steam steam it; boil it O-S-s-taa ʰ~ (∅ act) for S to boil, steam O (food, esp. meat)

si-taa

Satá! Steam it! Yeesatá! You all steam it! Líl isatéix̱iḵ! Donʼt steam it! Líl yisatéix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all steam it! x̱asateix̱ Iʼm steaming it asteix̱ s/he is steaming it tlél x̱wasateix̱ Iʼm not steaming it tlél oosteix̱ s/he isnʼt steaming it x̱wasitáa I steamed it awsitáa s/he steamed it tlél x̱wasatá I didnʼt steam it tlél awustá s/he didnʼt steam it kuḵasatáa I will steam it agux̱satáa s/he will steam it tlél kuḵasataa I wonʼt steam it tlél agux̱sataa s/he wonʼt steam it ḵasataa let me steam it ax̱sataa let her/him steam it x̱wasatáaych I steam it (every time) oostáaych s/he steams it (every time) tlél x̱wasatáaych I havenʼt steamed it yet tlél oostáaych s/he hasnʼt steamed it yet tlél aadé oox̱sitaayi yé no way can s/he steam it oox̱sataayín s/he would have steamed it astéini if/when s/he steams it asteix̱ s/he steams it (regularly) taaḵ ¹ (2) poke poke, prod, jab, spear her/him/it O-S-∅-taaḵ~ (∅ event) for S to spear, prod, poke, jab O

ya-taaḵ

Táḵ! Poke her/him/it! Yitáḵ! You all poke her/him/it! Líl eetáḵx̱iḵ! Donʼt poke her/him/it! Líl yitáḵx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all poke her/him/it! [does not occur] x̱waatáḵ I poked her/him/it aawatáḵ s/he poked her/him/it tlél x̱wataaḵ I didnʼt poke her/him/it tlél awutaaḵ s/he didnʼt poke her/him/it akg̱watáaḵ s/he will poke her/him/it tlél akg̱wataaḵ s/he wonʼt poke her/him/it ag̱ataaḵ let her/him poke her/him/it ootaaḵch s/he pokes her/him/it (every time) tlél ootaaḵch s/he hasnʼt poked her/him/it yet tlél aadé oog̱aataag̱i yé no way can s/he poke her/him/it oog̱ataag̱ín s/he would have poked her/him/it atáḵni if/when s/he pokes her/him/it atáḵx̱ s/he pokes her/him/it (regularly) ḵínaa teen aawatáḵ du gúk. She pierced her ear with a quill. Eetáḵni kei ikg̱wayéeḵ. If you poke it it will bite you. push it out using a pole (of boat) I Leer (1973: 06/102) and Story & Naish (1973: 293) document this verb without the ya- thematic prefix, as in: daak awlitáḵ "s/he pushed the boat out (with a pole)". Speakers consulted here use the verb with the ya- thematic prefix to give the same meaning, as in: daak ayawlitáḵ. daak O-ya-S-l-taaḵ~ (∅ motion) for S to Nole, push O (canoe, boat) out away from the shore with a pole

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Leer 1973: 06/102 Daak yalataaḵ! Push the boat out (with a pole)! Daak yaylataaḵ! You all push the boat out (with a pole)! Líl daak yeelatáḵjiḵ! Donʼt push the boat out (with a pole)! Líl daak yaylatáḵjiḵ! Donʼt you all push the boat out (with a pole)! daak ayaltáḵt s/he is pushing the boat out (with a pole) daak ayanaltáḵ s/he is pushing the boat out (with a pole) daak yax̱wlitáḵ I am pushing the boat out (with a pole); I pushed the boat out (with a pole) daak ayawlitáḵ s/heʼs pushing the boat out (with a pole); s/he pushed the boat out (with a pole) tlél daak ayawultaaḵ s/he didnʼt push the boat out (with a pole) daak ayagux̱latáaḵ s/he will push the boat out (with a pole) tlél daak ayagux̱lataaḵ s/he wonʼt push the boat out (with a pole) daak ayax̱lataaḵ let her/him push the boat out (with a pole) daak awooltaaḵch s/he pushes the boat out (with a pole) (every time) tlél daak awooltaaḵch s/he hasnʼt pushed the boat out (with a pole) yet tlél aadé daak awoolitaag̱i yé no way can s/he push the boat out (with a pole) daak awoolataag̱ín s/he would have pushed the boat out (with a pole) daak ayalatáḵni if/when s/he pushes the boat out (with a pole) daak ayalatáḵch s/he pushes the boat out (with a pole) (regularly) tlél daak awultáḵch s/he doesnʼt push the boat out (with a pole) Daak awoolataag̱ín, wé tság̱aa kawooshdáx̱ wuliléexʼ. He would have pushed the boat out but the pole broke in half. taaḵ ² care for, take care care for her/him, take care of her/him N daat~ O-ya-s-taaḵ~ (∅ event) for O to care for, take care of N

ḵaa daa + ya-si-taaḵ

Du daat iyasatáḵ! Take care of her/him! Du daat yee yasatáḵ! You all take care of her/him! Líl du daat iyawustaag̱íḵ! Donʼt take care of her/him! Líl du daat yee yawustaag̱íḵ! Donʼt you all take care of her/him! [does not occur] [does not occur] du daat x̱at yawsitáḵ I am taking care of her/him; I took care of her/him du daat iyawsitáḵ you are taking care of her/him; you took care of her/him du daat yawsitáḵ s/he is taking care of her/him; s/he took care of her/him du daat haa yawsitáḵ we are taking care of her/him; we took care of her/him du daat yee yawsitáḵ you all are taking care of her/him; you all took care of her/him du daat has yawsitáḵ they are taking care of her/him; they took care of her/him du daat ḵuyawsitáḵ people are taking care of her/him; people took care of her/him tlél du daat x̱at yawustaaḵ Iʼm not taking care of her/him; I didnʼt take care of her/him tlél du daat iyawustaaḵ you arenʼt taking care of her/him; you didnʼt take care of her/him tlél du daat yawustaaḵ s/he isnʼt taking care of her/him; s/he didnʼt take care of her/him tlél du daat haa yawustaaḵ we arenʼt taking care of her/him; we didnʼt take care of her/him tlél du daat yee yawustaaḵ you all arenʼt taking care of her/him; you all didnʼt take care of her/him tlél du daat has yawustaaḵ they arenʼt taking care of her/him; they didnʼt take care of her/him tlél du daat ḵuyawustaaḵ nobody is taking care of her/him; nobody took care of her/him du daat yawustaag̱ín s/he took care of her/him du daadé x̱at yagux̱satáaḵ I will take care of her/him du daadé iyagux̱satáaḵ you will take care of her/him du daadé yagux̱satáaḵ s/he will take care of her/him du daadé haa yagux̱satáaḵ we will take care of her/him du daadé yee yagux̱satáaḵ you all will take care of her/him du daadé has yagux̱satáaḵ they will take care of her/him du daadé ḵuyagux̱satáaḵ S/he will be taken care of tlél du daadé x̱at yagux̱sataaḵ I wonʼt take care of her/him tlél du daadé iyagux̱sataaḵ you wonʼt take care of her/him tlél du daadé yagux̱sataaḵ s/he wonʼt take care of her/him tlél du daadé haa yagux̱sataaḵ we wonʼt take care of her/him tlél du daadé yee yagux̱sataaḵ you all wonʼt take care of her/him tlél du daadé has yagux̱sataaḵ they wonʼt take care of her/him tlél du daadé has yagux̱sataaḵ S/he wonʼt be taken care of du daat x̱at yax̱sataaḵ let me take care of her/him du daat yax̱sataaḵ let her/him take care of her/him du daat haa yax̱sataaḵ let us take care of her/him du daat x̱at yoostaaḵch / du daat woostaaḵch I take care of her/him (every time) du daat iyoostaaḵch / du daat iwoostaaḵch you take care of her/him (every time) du daat yoostaaḵch / du daat woostaaḵch s/he takes care of her/him (every time) du daat haa yoostaaḵch / du daat woostaaḵch we take care of her/him (every time) du daat yee yoostaaḵch / du daat woostaaḵch you all take care of her/him (every time) du daat has yoostaaḵch / du daat woostaaḵch they take care of her/him (every time) du daat ḵuyoostaaḵch / du daat ḵuwoostaaḵch s/he is taken care of (every time) tlél du daat x̱at yoostaaḵch / tlél du daat woostaaḵch I havenʼt taken care of her/him yet tlél du daat iyoostaaḵch / tlél du daat iwoostaaḵch you havenʼt taken care of her/him yet tlél du daat yoostaaḵch / tlél du daat woostaaḵch s/he hasnʼt taken care of her/him yet tlél du daat haa yoostaaḵch / tlél du daat woostaaḵch we havenʼt taken care of her/him yet tlél du daat yee yoostaaḵch / tlél du daat woostaaḵch you all havenʼt taken care of her/him yet tlél du daat has yoostaaḵch / tlél du daat woostaaḵch they havenʼt taken care of her/him yet tlél du daat ḵuyoostaaḵch / tlél du daat ḵuwoostaaḵch s/he hasnʼt been taken care of yet tlél aadé du daat x̱at yux̱sitaag̱i yé / tlél aadé du daat x̱at wux̱sitaag̱i yé no way can I take care of her/him tlél aadé du daat yux̱sitaag̱i yé / tlél aadé du daat wux̱sitaag̱i yé no way can s/he take care of her/him du daat x̱at yux̱sataag̱ín / du daat x̱at wux̱sataag̱ín I would have taken care of her/him du daat yux̱sataag̱ín / du daat wux̱sataag̱ín s/he would have taken care of her/him du daat x̱at yastáḵni if/when I take care of her/him du daat yastáḵni if/when s/he takes care of her/him du daax̱ x̱at yasataaḵ I take care of her/him (regularly) du daax̱ yasataaḵ s/he takes care of her/him (regularly) Ax̱ seix̱úx̱ ax̱ daat woostaaḵch. My daughterʼs husband takes care of me. Wé jiduḵéi shaatkʼ áwé ax̱ daat woostaaḵch. The young girl who is paid takes care of me. Chʼa tlákw yagiyee du daax̱ x̱at yasataaḵ. I take care of him daily. Haa chʼa tlákw áwé ax̱ léelkʼw daax̱ x̱at yasataaḵ. I take care of my grandparent regularly. taan (29) think, feel, give, take, carry, cover, bend, habit, end, rain, snow, speak, rough, rely think over, consider, make up oneʼs mind about (singular subject) N daa yoo tu-S-∅-taan~ (∅ act) for (singular) S to think over, consider, make up oneʼs mind about N

a daa + tu-ya-taan

A daa yoo tutánk! Think about it! Líl a daa yoo teetángiḵ! Donʼt think about it! a daa yoo tux̱aatánk I think about it; I am thinking about it a daa yoo teeyatánk you think about it; you are thinking about it a daa yoo tuwatánk s/he thinks about it; s/he is thinking about it a daa yoo tuduwatánk someone thinks about it; someone is thinking about it tlél a daa yoo tux̱watánk I donʼt think about it; Iʼm not thinking about it tlél a daa yoo teetánk you donʼt think about it; youʼre not thinking about it tlél a daa yoo tutánk s/he doesnʼt think about it; sheʼs not thinking about it wé yoo tuwatangi aa the one who thinks about it; the one who is thinking about it [does not occur] a daa yoo tutángin s/he used to think about it a daa yoo tux̱waatán I thought about it a daa yoo teeyatán you thought about it a daa yoo toowatán s/he thought about it tlél a daa yoo tux̱wataan I didnʼt think about it tlél a daa yoo tuyitaan you didnʼt think about it tlél a daa yoo tuwutaan s/he didnʼt think about it a daa yoo tukḵwatáan I will think about it a daa yoo tukg̱eetáan you will think about it a daa yoo tukg̱watáan s/he will think about it tlél a daa yoo tukḵwataan I wonʼt think about it tlél a daa yoo tukg̱eetaan you wonʼt think about it tlél a daa yoo tukg̱wataan s/he wonʼt think about it a daa yoo tuḵataan let me think about it a daa yoo tug̱ataan let her/him think about it a daa yoo tutangi nooch s/he always thinks about it [does not occur] tlél a daa yoo toox̱ataanch I havenʼt thought about it yet tlél a daa yoo teetaanch you havenʼt thought about it yet tlél a daa yoo tootaanch s/he hasnʼt thought about it yet tlél aadé a daa yoo tug̱waataani yé no way can s/he think about it a daa yoo tug̱wataanín s/he would have thought about it a daa yoo tutánni if/when s/he thinks about it a daa yoo tuwatánk s/he thinks about it (regularly) Tlél ḵúdáx̱ chʼáakw a daa yoo teetángiḵ, héent eeshkʼén! Donʼt think about it too much, just jump in the water! change oneʼs mind; think it over and reconsider, be converted (singular subject) N daatx̱ ḵux̱ tu-S-d-taan~ (∅ motion) for (singular) S to change mind about N; for (singular) S to think over and reconsider N

ḵux̱ tu-di-taan

Leer 1973: 06/51 A daatx̱ ḵux̱ teedatán! Change your mind about it! Líl a daatx̱ ḵux̱ teedatánjiḵ! Donʼt change your mind about it! [does not occur] a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tux̱wditán I changed my mind about it a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuwditán s/he changed his/her mind about it tlél a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tux̱wdataan I didnʼt change my mind about it tlél a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuwdataan s/he didnʼt change his/her mind about it a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de tugux̱datáan s/he will change his/her mind about it tlél a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de tugux̱dataan s/he wonʼt change his/her mind about it (chʼa) a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tux̱dataan (just) let her/him change his/her mind about it a daatx̱ ḵux̱ toodatánch s/he changes his/her mind about it (every time) tlél a daatx̱ ḵux̱ toodatánch s/he hasnʼt changed his/her mind about it yet tlél aadé a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tux̱wditaani yé no way can s/he change his/her mind about it a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tux̱wdataanín s/he would have changed his/her mind about it a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tudatánni if/when s/he changes his/her mind about it a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tudatánch s/he changes his/her mind about it (regularly) Du x̱án.aa yís xʼáant uwaníkw a daatx̱ ḵwá ḵux̱ tuwditán. He was angry with his wife, but he thought it over (and now heʼs not angry anymore). Du een yoo x̱ʼala.á, a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de tugux̱datáan. Talk to him, he will change his mind about it. ḵux̱ tuwditán. He was converted (changed his thinking). [Story & Naish 1973: 55] wash over it (of waves) V N kanax̱ ji-ya-s-taan~ (∅ motion; CV́C Hort/Pot) for waves to wash over N

ji-si-taan

[does not occur] a kanax̱ yaa jiyanastán waves are washing over it a kanax̱ jiyawsitán waves washed over it tlél a kanax̱ jiyawustaan waves didnʼt wash over it a kanax̱ jiyagux̱satáan waves will wash over it tlél a kanax̱ jiyagux̱sataan waves wonʼt wash over it a kanax̱ jiyax̱satán let waves wash over it a kanax̱ jiwoostánch waves wash over it (every time) tlél a kanax̱ jiwoostánch waves havenʼt washed over it yet tlél aadé a kanax̱ jiwoox̱sitáni yé no way can waves wash over it a kanax̱ jiwoox̱satánin waves would have washed over it a kanax̱ jiyasatánni if/when waves wash over it a kanax̱ yaa jiyasatánch waves wash over it (regularly) Tlél du yaagú kanax̱ jiyawustaan. Waves didnʼt wash over his boat. cover it (esp. pot) with something at S-∅-taan~ (g̱a event) for S to cover (esp. pot, etc.), put on lid

at ya-taan

A yanáax̱ at g̱ataan! Cover it! A yanáax̱ at g̱aytaan! You all cover it! Líl a yanáax̱ yei at eetánjiḵ! Donʼt cover it! Líl a yanáax̱ yéi at yitánjiḵ! Donʼt you all cover it! [does not occur] a yanáax̱ at x̱waataan I covered it a yanáax̱ at wootaan s/he covered it tlél a yanáax̱ at x̱wataan I didnʼt cover it tlél a yanáax̱ at wutaan s/he didnʼt cover it a yanáax̱ yei at kuḵatáan I will cover it a yanáax̱ yei at gug̱atáan s/he will cover it tlél a yanáax̱ yei at kuḵataan I wonʼt cover it tlél a yanáax̱ yei at gug̱ataan s/he wonʼt cover it a yanáax̱ at ḵaaḵataan let me cover it a yanáax̱ at g̱aag̱ataan let her/him cover it a yanáax̱ at ḵatánch I cover it (every time) a yanáax̱ at g̱atánch s/he covers it (every time) tlél a yanáax̱ at ḵwatánch I havenʼt covered it yet tlél a yanáax̱ at g̱watánch s/he hasnʼt covered it yet tlél aadé a yanáax̱ at ḵooḵaataani yé no way can I cover it tlél aadé a yanáax̱ at g̱oog̱aataani yé no way can s/he cover it a yanáax̱ at ḵooḵataanín I would have covered it a yanáax̱ at g̱oog̱ataanín s/he would have covered it a yanáax̱ at ḵatánni if/when I cover it a yanáax̱ at g̱atánni if/when s/he covers it a yanáax̱ yei at x̱atánch I cover it (regularly) a yanáax̱ yei at tánch s/he covers it (regularly) carry it, take it (container or hollow object) VIII -- carrying it, taking it N-dáx̱ picking it up off of N ḵut misplacing it O-S-∅-taan~ (ga motion) for S to carry, take O (usually a container or hollow object)

ya-taan

Gataan! Carry it! Gaytaan! You all carry it! Líl kei eetánjiḵ! Donʼt carry it! Líl kei yitánjiḵ! Donʼt you all carry it! [does not occur] yaa nx̱atán Iʼm carrying it yaa anatán s/heʼs carrying it x̱waataan I carried it aawataan s/he carried it tlél x̱wataan I didnʼt carry it tlél awutaan s/he didnʼt carry it kei kḵwatáan I will carry it kei akg̱watáan s/he will carry it tlél kei kḵwataan I wonʼt carry it tlél kei akg̱wataan s/he wonʼt carry it gaḵataan let me carry it akg̱ataan let her/him carry it gax̱atánch I carry it (every time) agatánch s/he carries it (every time) tlél goox̱atánch I havenʼt carried it yet tlél oogatánch s/he hasnʼt carried it yet tlél aadé akg̱waataani yé no way can s/he carry it akg̱wataanín s/he would have carried it agatánni if/when s/he carries it kei atánch s/he carries it (regularly) bend it (long, simple object) O-ka-S-taan~ (na event) for S to bend O (usually long, simple object) over

ka-ya-taan

Kanataan! Bend it! Kanaytaan! You all bend it! Líl yoo keetángiḵ! Donʼt bend it! Líl yoo kaytángiḵ! Donʼt you all bend it! [does not occur] yaa kanx̱atán I am bending it yaa akanatán s/he is bending it kax̱waataan I bent it akaawataan s/he bent it tlél kax̱wataan I didnʼt bend it tlél akawutaan s/he didnʼt bend it kakḵwatáan I will bend it akakg̱watáan s/he will bend it tlél kakḵwataan I wonʼt bend it tlél akakg̱wataan s/he wonʼt bend it kanḵataan let me bend it akang̱ataan let her/him bend it kanx̱atánch I bend it (every time) akanatánch s/he bends it (every time) tlél koonx̱atánch I havenʼt bent it yet tlél akoonatánch s/he hasnʼt bent it yet tlél aadé koonḵaataani yé no way can I bend it tlél aadé akoong̱aataani yé no way can s/he bend it koonḵataanín I would have bent it akoong̱ataanín s/he would have bent it kanx̱atánni if/when I bend it akanatánni if/when s/he bends it yoo kax̱aatánk I bend it (regularly) yoo akayatánk s/he bends it (regularly) Gaaw layeix̱ sákw tlél aadéi koonḵaataani yé wé dúḵ, tlél áyáx̱ x̱at ultseen. No way can I bend this cottonwood for making a drum, I am not strong enough. Tlél akoonatánch wé kʼéx̱ʼaa. He hasnʼt bent the gaff hook yet. Áxʼ awlixaach akawutaaní. He gave up hope on bending it. Yaa kanx̱atáni áwé nallʼíxʼch. When I am bending it, it breaks. like to do it; in the habit of doing it O-ka-u-S-sh-tán (ga state) for S to be in habit of doing O; for S to do O frequently because S enjoys doing it

ka-shi-taan

In addition to hobbies, this verb can be used to describe habits with a negative connotation. For example: ḵaa yatʼéi yoo x̱ʼatánk akwshitán "S/he likes to talk behind peopleʼs backs" or: Akwshitán ḵaa yáx̱ kei x̱ʼadatánch "S/he likes to argue". In the negative, this verb is used to indicate that someone doesnʼt like to do something, and therefore doesnʼt do it often. For example: Tlél akooshtán daḵéisʼ "S/he doesnʼt like to sew (and therefore doesnʼt do it often)". [does not occur] kux̱shitán Iʼm in the habit of doing it akwshitán s/heʼs in the habit of doing it tlél koox̱shatán I donʼt like to do it (and donʼt do it often) tlél akooshtán s/he doesnʼt like to do it (and doesnʼt do it often) [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] akagooshtánni if/when s/he likes to do it [does not occur] carry it, take it (container or hollow object) II Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace át/áx̱/aadé ʼarriving at POʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-t (~x̱~dei) carrying it, taking it to N yan (~yax̱~yándei) setting it down neil (~neilx̱~neildéi) carrying it inside; carrying it home haat (~haax̱~haa(n)déi) carrying it here N-t~ O-S-∅-taan~ (∅ motion) for S to carry, take O (usually a hollow object) to N

ya-taan

Át tán! Carry it there! Át yitán! You all carry it there! Líl áx̱ eetaaníḵ! Donʼt carry it there! Líl áx̱ yitaaníḵ! Donʼt you all carry it there! [does not occur] aadé yaa anatán s/heʼs carrying it there [does not occur] át aawatán s/he carried it there tlél át awutaan s/he didnʼt carry it there aadé akg̱watáan s/he will carry it there tlél aadé akg̱wataan s/he wonʼt carry it there át ag̱ataan let her/him carry it there át ootaanch s/he carries it there (every time) tlél át ootaanch s/he hasnʼt carried it there yet tlél aadé át akg̱waataani yé no way can s/he carry it there át akg̱wataanín s/he would have carried it there át atánni if/when s/he carries it there áx̱ ataan s/he carries it there (regularly) Du jeet aawatán. She gave it to him. Gooxʼ sá yan x̱waatán? Where did I leave it? extend to it; end there N-t shu-ka-∅-tán (position) for something to extend to, end at N

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This verb only occurs in the imperfective. át shukatán it extends to it; it ends there tlél át shukootán it doesnʼt extend to it; it doesnʼt end there [does not occur] [does not occur] sit there (of container or hollow object) N-t ∅-tán (position) for a container or hollow object to sit at N

ya-taan

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. át tán itʼs sitting there tlél át után itʼs not sitting there [does not occur] [does not occur] precipitate (rain, snow, etc) daak s-taan~ (∅ event) for rain, snow to fall

daak si-taan

replace ʼséewʼ with ʼdleitʼ in the paradigm above to say ʼitʼs snowingʼ [does not occur] séew daak nastán itʼs starting to rain [does not occur] séew daak wusitán itʼs raining tlél séew daak wustaan itʼs not raining séew daak gux̱satáan it will rain tlél séew daak gux̱sataan it wonʼt rain séew daak g̱asataan let it rain séew daak ustaanch it rains (every time) tlél séew daak ustaanch it hasnʼt rained yet tlél aadé séew daak g̱wasitaani yé no way can it rain séew daak g̱wastaanín it would have rained séew daak satánni if/when it rains séew daak satánx̱ it rains (regularly) speak, talk to her/him (singular subject) N ée-t~ x̱ʼa-S-∅-taan~ (∅ motion) for S to speak, talk to N

A- + x̱ʼa-ya-taan

In classical Tlingit, the verb stem -taan refered to a singular subject and the verb stem -.aat was used to indicate a plural subject. In modern Tlingit however, this distinction is being lost. Many speakers use the verb stem -taan for both singular and plural subject, as in: du éet has x̱ʼeiwatán "they spoke to her/him". Speakers also use: du éet has x̱ʼawli.át "they spoke to her/him". Both options for the plural subjects are correct. Du éet x̱ʼatán! Speak to her/him! Líl du éex̱ x̱ʼeetaaníḵ! Donʼt speak to her/him! [does not occur] [does not occur] du éet x̱ʼax̱waatán I spoke to her/him du éet x̱ʼeeyatán you spoke to her/him du éet x̱ʼeiwatán s/he spoke to her/him tlél du éet x̱ʼax̱wataan I didnʼt speak to her/him tlél du éet x̱ʼayitaan you didnʼt speak to her/him tlél du éet x̱ʼawutaan s/he didnʼt speak to her/him du eedé x̱ʼakḵwatáan I will speak to her/him du eedé x̱ʼakg̱eetáan you will speak to her/him du eedé x̱ʼakg̱watáan s/he will speak to her/him tlél du eedé x̱ʼakḵwataan I wonʼt speak to her/him tlél du eedé x̱ʼakg̱eetaan you wonʼt speak to her/him tlél du eedé x̱ʼakg̱wataan s/he wonʼt speak to her/him du éet x̱ʼaḵataan let me speak to her/him du éet x̱ʼag̱ataan let her/him speak to her/him du éet x̱ʼeix̱ataanch I speak to her/him (every time) du éet x̱ʼeetaanch you speak to her/him (every time) du éet x̱ʼeitaanch s/he speaks to her/him (every time) tlél du éet x̱ʼeix̱ataanch I havenʼt spoken to her/him yet tlél du éet x̱ʼeetaanch you havenʼt spoken to her/him yet tlél du éet x̱ʼeitaanch s/he hasnʼt spoken to her/him yet tlél aadé du éet x̱ʼeig̱aataani yé no way can s/he speak to her/him du éet x̱ʼeig̱ataanín s/he would have spoken to her/him du éet x̱ʼatánni if/when s/he speaks to her/him du éex̱ x̱ʼataan s/he speaks to her/him (regularly) call her/him on the phone VII N jeedé x̱ʼa-S-d-taan~ (na motion) for (singular) S to call N on telephone

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Du jeedé x̱ʼeendataan! Call her/him on the phone! Líl du jeedé yoo x̱ʼeedatángiḵ! Donʼt call her/him on the phone! [does not occur] du jeedé yaa x̱ʼanax̱datán I am calling her/him on the phone du jeedé yaa x̱ʼandatán s/he is calling her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼax̱wditaan I called her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼawditaan s/he called her/him on the phone tlél du jeedé x̱ʼax̱wdataan I didnʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeedé x̱ʼawdataan s/he didnʼt call her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼakḵwadatáan I will call her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼagux̱datáan s/he will call her/him on the phone tlél du jeedé x̱ʼakḵwadataan I wonʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeedé x̱ʼagux̱dataan s/he wonʼt call her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼanḵadataan let me call her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼanax̱dataan let her/him call her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼanax̱datánch I call her/him on the phone (every time) du jeedé x̱ʼandatánch s/he calls her/him on the phone (every time) tlél du jeedé x̱ʼeinax̱datánch I havenʼt called her/him on the phone yet tlél du jeedé x̱ʼeindatánch s/he hasnʼt called her/him on the phone yet tlél aadé du jeedé x̱ʼanax̱wditaani yé no way can s/he call her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼanax̱wdataanín s/he would have called her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼandatánni if/when s/he calls her/him on the phone du jeedé yoo x̱ʼaditánk s/he calls her/him on the phone (regularly) give, take, hand it to her/him (long, complex object) N jee-t~ O-S-s-taan~ (∅ motion) for S to give, take, hand O (usually long, complex object) to N

si-taan

Du jeet satán! Give it to her/him! Du jeet yisatán! You all give it to her/him! Líl du jeex̱ isataaníḵ! Donʼt give it to her/him! Líl du jeex̱ yisataaníḵ! Donʼt you all give it to her/him! [does not occur] du jeet x̱wasitán I gave it to her/him du jeet awsitán s/he gave it to her/him tlél du jeet x̱wasataan I didnʼt give it to her/him tlél du jeet awustaan s/he didnʼt give it to her/him du jeedé kḵwasatáan I will give it to her/him du jeedé agux̱satáan s/he will give it to her/him tlél du jeedé kḵwasataan I wonʼt give it to her/him tlél du jeedé agux̱sataan s/he wonʼt give it to her/him du jeet ḵasataan let me give it to her/him du jeet ax̱sataan let her/him give it to her/him du jeet x̱wasataanch I give it to her/him (every time) du jeet oostaanch s/he gives it to her/him (every time) tlél du jeet x̱wasataanch I havenʼt given it to her/him yet tlél du jeet oostaanch s/he hasnʼt given it to her/him yet tlél aadé du jeet ḵwasitaani yé no way can I give it to her/him tlél aadé du jeet oox̱sitaani yé no way can s/he give it to her/him du jeet ḵwasataanín I would have given it to her/him du jeet oox̱sataanín s/he would have given it to her/him du jeet x̱asatánni if/when I give it to her/him du jeet astánni if/when s/he gives it to her/him du jeex̱ x̱asataan I give it to her/him (regularly) du jeex̱ astaan s/he gives it to her/him (regularly) call her/him on the phone II N jee-t~ x̱ʼa-S-d-taan~ (∅ motion) for S to call N on telephone

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Du jeet x̱ʼeedatán! Call her/him on the phone! Du jeet x̱ʼaydatán! You all call her/him on the phone! Líl du jeex̱ x̱ʼeedataaníḵ! Donʼt call her/him on the phone! Líl du jeex̱ x̱ʼeeydataaníḵ! Donʼt you all call her/him on the phone! [does not occur] [does not occur] du jeet x̱ʼax̱wditán I called her/him on the phone du jeet x̱ʼeeditán you called her/him on the phone du jeet x̱ʼawditán s/he called her/him on the phone du jeet x̱ʼawtuditán we called her/him on the phone du jeet x̱ʼayeeyditán you all called her/him on the phone du jeet has x̱ʼawditán they called her/him on the phone du jeet x̱ʼawduwatán someone called her/him on the phone tlél du jeet x̱ʼax̱wdataan I didnʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeet x̱ʼeedataan you didnʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeet x̱ʼawdataan s/he didnʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeet x̱ʼawtudataan we didnʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeet x̱ʼayeeydataan you all didnʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeet has x̱ʼawdataan they didnʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeet x̱ʼawdutaan nobody called her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼakḵwadatáan I will call her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼakg̱idatáan you will call her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼagux̱datáan s/he will call her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼagax̱tudatáan we will call her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼagax̱yidatáan you all will call her/him on the phone du jeedé has x̱ʼagux̱datáan they will call her/him on the phone du jeedé x̱ʼagax̱dutáan someone will call her/him on the phone tlél du jeedé x̱ʼakḵwadataan I wonʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeedé x̱ʼakg̱idataan you wonʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeedé x̱ʼagux̱dataan s/he wonʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeedé x̱ʼagax̱tudataan we wonʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeedé x̱ʼagax̱yidataan you all wonʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeedé has x̱ʼagux̱dataan they wonʼt call her/him on the phone tlél du jeedé x̱ʼagax̱dutaan nobody will call her/him on the phone du jeet x̱ʼaḵadataan let me call her/him on the phone du jeet x̱ʼax̱dataan let her/him call her/him on the phone du jeet x̱ʼax̱tudataan let us call her/him on the phone [does not occur] tlél du jeet x̱ʼeix̱dataanch I havenʼt called her/him on the phone yet tlél du jeet x̱ʼeedataanch you havenʼt called her/him on the phone yet tlél du jeet x̱ʼeidataanch s/he hasnʼt called her/him on the phone yet tlél du jeet x̱ʼatudataanch we havenʼt called her/him on the phone yet tlél du jeet x̱ʼaydataanch you all havenʼt called her/him on the phone yet tlél du jeet has x̱ʼeidataanch they havenʼt called her/him on the phone yet tlél du jeet x̱ʼadutaanch nobody has called her/him on the phone yet tlél aadé du jeet x̱ʼeiḵaditaani yé no way can I call her/him on the phone tlél aadé du jeet x̱ʼeix̱ditaani yé no way can s/he call her/him on the phone du jeet x̱ʼaḵwadataanín I would have called her/him on the phone du jeet x̱ʼax̱wdataanín s/he would have called her/him on the phone du jeet x̱ʼax̱datánni if/when I call her/him on the phone du jeet x̱ʼadatánni if/when s/he calls her/him on the phone du jeex̱ x̱ʼax̱dataan I call her/him on the phone (regularly) du jeex̱ x̱ʼadataan s/he calls her/him on the phone (regularly) ḵux̱wateení áwé chʼa tlákw du jeex̱ x̱ʼax̱dataan. When I travel, I always call her on the phone. Wé ḵaa káx̱ yóo x̱ʼatángi chʼa yeisú du jeet x̱ʼawditán. The lawyer just called him. Du jeet x̱ʼawdataaní kát a daat yoo x̱ʼeig̱ataanín. If she called him on the phone, he would have talked about it. put trust in, rely on, have faith in N káa yan tu-S-∅-taan~ (∅ motion) for S to Nut trust in, rely on, have faith in N

ḵaa káa + yan tu-ya-taan

Du káa yan tután! Rely on her/him! Líl du káa yax̱ teetaaníḵ! Donʼt rely on her/him! [does not occur] du káa yánde yaa tunatán s/he is beginning to rely on her/him du káa yan tux̱waatán I am relying on her/him; I relied on her/him du káa yan toowatán s/he is relying on her/him; s/he relied on her/him tlél du káa yan tux̱wataan Iʼm not relying on her/him; I didnʼt rely on her/him tlél du káa yan tuwutaan s/he isnʼt relying on her/him; s/he didnʼt rely on her/him du káa yánde tukg̱watáan s/he will rely on her/him tlél du káa yánde tukg̱wataan s/he wonʼt rely on her/him (chʼa) du káa yan tug̱ataan (just) let her/him rely on her/him du káa yan tootaanch s/he relies on her/him (every time) tlél du káa yan tootaanch s/he doesnʼt rely on her/him yet tlél aadé du káa yan tug̱waataani yé no way can s/he rely on her/him du káa yan tug̱wataanín s/he would have relied on her/him du káa yan tutánni if/when s/he relies on her/him du káa yax̱ tutaan s/he relies on her/him tlél a káa yax̱ tootaan s/he doesnʼt rely on her/him I káa yan tux̱waatán. I have faith in you / Iʼm relying on you. [Story & Naish 1973: 235] Chʼa a káa yan tután yáa yoo x̱ʼatánk! Rely on his word (Scripture)! [Story & Naish 1973: 235] rough (of ocean) ji-s-taan~ (na event) for the ocean to be rough

ji-si-taan

[does not occur] yaa jinastán itʼs getting rough jiwsitaan itʼs rough; it was rough tlél jiwustaan it isnʼt rough; it wasnʼt rough kei jigux̱satáan it will get rough tlél kei jigux̱sataan it wonʼt get rough [does not occur] jinastánch it gets rough (every time) tlél jeenastánch it hasnʼt gotten rough yet [does not occur] [does not occur] jinastánni if/when it gets rough kei jisatánch it gets rough (regularly) Ayidaḵúx̱, ḵútx̱ jiwsitaan! Turn back (in boat), the ocean is too rough! bring it out, unearth it; pick it up (usually long, complex object) kei O-S-s-taan~ (∅ motion) for S to bring out, unearth O (usually long, complex object)(esp. from a box or other container or place which O is kept); for S to Nick up, lift up O

si-taan

Kei sataan! Bring it out! Kei yisataan! You all bring it out! Líl kei isatánjiḵ! Donʼt bring it out! Líl kei yisatánjiḵ! Donʼt you all bring it out! [does not occur] kei x̱wsitán I brought it out kei awsitán s/he brought it out tlél kei x̱wasataan I didnʼt bring it out tlél kei awustaan s/he didnʼt bring it out kei kḵwasatáan I will bring it out kei agux̱satáan s/he will bring it out tlél kei kḵwasataan I wonʼt bring it out tlél kei agux̱sataan s/he wonʼt bring it out kei ḵasataan let me bring it out kei ax̱sataan let her/him bring it out kei x̱wasataanch I bring it out (every time) kei oostaanch s/he brings it out (every time) tlél kei x̱wasataanch I havenʼt brought it out yet tlél kei oostaanch s/he hasnʼt brought it out yet tlél aadé kei oox̱sitaani yé no way can s/he bring it out kei oox̱sataanín s/he would have brought it out kei astánni if/when s/he brings it out kei astánch s/he brings it out (regularly) raise oneʼs hand I kei ji-S-s-taan~ (∅ motion) for S to raise a hand

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Kei jisataan! Raise your hand! Kei jeeysataan! You all raise your hands! Líl kei jeesatánjiḵ! Donʼt raise your hand! Líl kei jeeysatánjiḵ! Donʼt you all raise your hands! [does not occur] kei jix̱wsitán I raised my hand kei jiwsitán s/he raised his/her hand tlél kei jiwustaan s/he didnʼt raise his/her hand kei jigux̱satáan s/he will raise his/her hand tlél kei jigux̱sataan s/he wonʼt raise his/her hand kei jix̱sataan let her/him raise his/her hand kei jeestaanch s/he raises his/her hand (every time) tlél kei jeestaanch s/he hasnʼt raised his/her hand yet tlél aadé kei jeex̱sitaani yé no way can s/he raise his/her hand kei jeex̱sataanín s/he would have raised his/her hand kei jisatánni if/when s/he raises his/her hand kei jisatánch s/he raises his/her hand (regularly) Haa yáx̱ kei jiwtusitán. We made the sign of the cross on our foreheads. (Lit: raised our hands along our faces). speak, talk, make speech (singular subject) x̱ʼa-S-d-taan~ (na event) for (singular) S to speak, talk, make a speech

x̱ʼa-di-taan

ka-si-taan

Yan kasatán! Put it down! Yan kaysatán! You all put it down! Líl yax̱ keesataaníḵ! Donʼt put it down! Líl yax̱ kaysataaníḵ! Donʼt you all put it down! [does not occur] [does not occur] yan kax̱wsitán I put it down yan akawsitán s/he put it down tlél yan kax̱wsataan I didnʼt put it down tlél yan akawustaan s/he didnʼt put it down yánde kakḵwasatáan I will put it down yánde akagux̱satáan s/he will put it down tlél yánde kakḵwasataan I wonʼt put it down tlél yánde akagux̱sataan s/he wonʼt put it down yan kaḵasataan let me put it down yan akax̱sataan let her/him put it down yan koox̱sataanch I put it down (every time) yan akoostaanch s/he puts it down (every time) tlél yan koox̱sataanch I havenʼt put it down yet tlél yan akoostaanch s/he hasnʼt put it down yet tlél aadé yan kooḵasitaani yé no way can I put it down tlél aadé yan akoox̱sitaani yé no way can s/he put it down yan kooḵasataanín I would have put it down yan akoox̱sataanín s/he would have put it down yan kax̱satánni if/when I put it down yan aksatánni if/when s/he put it down yax̱ kax̱sataan I put it down (regularly) yax̱ aksataan s/he puts it down (regularly) Chʼa koogéi yan akoostaanch. He just puts it down anywhere. put it down, leave it (long, complex object) yan O-S-s-taan~ (∅ motion) for S to Nut down, lay down, leave, place O (usually long, complex object)

si-taan

Yan satán! Put it down! Yan yisatán! You all put it down! Líl yax̱ isataaníḵ! Donʼt put it down! Líl yax̱ yisataaníḵ! Donʼt you all put it down! [does not occur] [does not occur] yan x̱wasitán I put it down yan awsitán s/he put it down tlél yan x̱wasataan I didnʼt put it down tlél yan awustaan s/he didnʼt put it down yánde kḵwasatáan I will put it down yánde agux̱satáan s/he will put it down tlél yánde kḵwasataan I wonʼt put it down tlél yánde agux̱sataan s/he wonʼt put it down yan ḵasataan let me put it down yan ax̱sataan let her/him put it down yan x̱wasataanch I put it down (every time) yan oostaanch s/he puts it down (every time) tlél yan x̱wasataanch I havenʼt put it down yet tlél yan oostaanch s/he hasnʼt put it down yet tlél aadé yan ḵwasitaani yé no way can I put it down tlél aadé yan oox̱sitaani yé no way can s/he put it down yan ḵwasataanín I would have put it down yan oox̱sataanín s/he would have put it down yan x̱asatánni if/when I put it down yan astánni if/when s/he puts it down yax̱ x̱asataan I put it down (regularly) yax̱ astaan s/he puts it down (regularly) hit, reach the beach (of waves) yan ji-s-taan~ (∅ motion) for waves to hit, reach the beach

ji-si-taan

[does not occur] yánde yaa jinastán waves are reaching the beach yan jiwsitán waves reached the beach tlél yan jiwustaan waves didnʼt reach the beach yánde jigux̱satáan waves will reach the beach tlél yánde jigux̱sataan waves wonʼt reach the beach yan jeestaanch waves reach the beach (every time) tlél yan jeestaanch waves havenʼt reached the beach yet yan jisatánni if/when waves reach the beach yax̱ jisataan waves reach the beach (regularly) Daak has nalídi tin áwé teet has du een yan jiwsitán. As they were rowing out, the wave hit them and brought them back ashore. lower oneʼs hand yan~ ji-S-s-taan~ (∅ motion) for S to lower a hand

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Yan jisatán! Put your hand down! Líl yax̱ jeesataaníḵ! Donʼt put your hand down! [does not occur] yan jix̱wsitán I put my hand down yan jiwsitán s/he put his/her hand down tlél yan jix̱wsataan I didnʼt put my hand down tlél yan jiwustaan s/he didnʼt put his/her hand down yánde jigux̱satáan s/he will put her hand down tlél yánde jigux̱sataan s/he wonʼt put his/her hand down yan jix̱sataan let her/him put his/her hand down yan jeestaanch s/he puts her hand down (every time) tlél yan jeestaanch s/he hasnʼt put his/her hand down yet tlél aadé yan jeex̱sitaani yé no way can s/he put his/her hand down yan jeex̱sataanín s/he would have put his/her hand down yan jisatánni if/when s/he puts his/her hand down yax̱ jisataan s/he puts his/her hand down (regularly) Wé ḵoo at latéewu ax̱ éet alg̱ínni tláakw yánde jikḵwasatáan. When the teacher looks at me, Iʼll always put my hand down quickly. stop speaking, stop talking (singular subject) II yan~ x̱ʼa-S-d-taan~ (∅ motion) for (singular) S to stop talking

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Yan x̱ʼeidatán! Stop talking! Líl yan x̱ʼeeydataaníḵ! Donʼt stop talking! [does not occur] yan x̱ʼax̱wditán I stopped talking yan x̱ʼawditán s/he stopped talking tlél yan x̱ʼawdataan s/he didnʼt stop talking yánde x̱ʼagux̱datáan s/he will stop talking tlél yánde x̱ʼagux̱dataan s/he didnʼt stop talking (chʼa) yan x̱ʼax̱dataan (dé) (just) let her/him stop talking (now) yan x̱ʼeidataanch s/he stops talking (every time) tlél yan x̱ʼeidataanch s/he hasnʼt stopped talking yet tlél aadé yan x̱ʼux̱ditaani yé no way can s/he stop talking yan x̱ʼux̱dataanín s/he would have stopped talking yan x̱ʼadatánni if/when s/he stops talking yax̱ x̱ʼadataan s/he stops talking (regularly) bent yóo ka-∅-tán (position) for something to be bent

yóo + ka-ya-taan

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. yóo katán it is bent tlél yóo kootán it isnʼt bent [does not occur] [does not occur] speak to, talk to (singular subject) yoo x̱ʼa-S-∅-taan~ (∅ act) for (singular) S to speak to, talk to

A- + x̱ʼa-ya-taan

The plural verb stem is used when indicating that one person is speaking with another, even though the subject is singular. For example, du een yoo x̱ʼawli.át "s/he spke with her/him" or du een yoo x̱ʼax̱li.átk "I am speaking with her/him". Yoo x̱ʼatán! Speak! Líl yoo x̱ʼeetángiḵ! Donʼt speak! yoo x̱ʼax̱aatánk I speak; I am speaking yoo x̱ʼeeyatánk you speak; you are speaking yoo x̱ʼayatánk s/he speaks; s/he is speaking tlél yoo x̱ʼeix̱atánk I donʼt speak; Iʼm not speaking tlél yoo x̱ʼeetánk you donʼt speak; youʼre not speaking tlél yoo x̱ʼeitánk s/he doesnʼt speak; s/heʼs not speaking [does not occur- yaa x̱ʼandatán preferred] [does not occur] yoo x̱ʼax̱waatán I spoke yoo x̱ʼeeyatán you spoke yoo x̱ʼeiwatán s/he spoke tlél yoo x̱ʼax̱wataan I didnʼt speak tlél yoo x̱ʼayitaan you didnʼt speak tlél yoo x̱ʼawutaan s/he didnʼt speak yoo x̱ʼakḵwatáan I will speak yoo x̱ʼakg̱eetáan you will speak yoo x̱ʼakg̱watáan s/he will speak tlél yoo x̱ʼakḵwataan I wonʼt speak tlél yoo x̱ʼakg̱eetaan you wonʼt speak tlél yoo x̱ʼakg̱wataan s/he wonʼt speak yoo x̱ʼaḵataan let me speak yoo x̱ʼag̱ataan let her/him speak [does not occur] tlél yoo x̱ʼax̱wataanch I havenʼt spoken yet tlél yoo x̱ʼeetaanch you havenʼt spoken yet tlél yoo x̱ʼeitaanch s/he hasnʼt spoken yet tlél aadé yoo x̱ʼeig̱aataani yé no way can s/he speak yoo x̱ʼeig̱ataanín s/he would have spoken yoo x̱ʼatánni if/when s/he speaks yoo x̱ʼayatánk s/he speaks (regularly) bend over, lean down (singular subject) yínde sh ka-S-d-taan~ (na motion) for (singular) S to bend over, lean down

yín-dei + sh ka-di-taan

Yínde sh keendataan! Bend over! Líl yínde yoo sh keedatángiḵ! Donʼt bend over! [does not occur] yínde yaa sh kandatán s/he is bending over slowly yínde sh kax̱wditaan I bent over yínde sh kawditaan s/he bent over tlél yínde sh kax̱wdataan I didnʼt bend over tlél yínde sh kawdataan s/he didnʼt bend over yínde sh kagux̱datáan s/he will bend over tlél yínde sh kagux̱dataan s/he wonʼt bend over (chʼa) yínde sh kanax̱dataan (just) let her/him bend over yínde sh kandatánch s/he bends over (every time) tlél yínde sh koondatánch s/he hasnʼt bent over yet tlél aadé yínde sh koonax̱ditaani yé no way can s/he bend over yínde sh koonax̱dataanín s/he would have bent over yínde sh kandatánni if/when s/he bends over yínde yoo sh kaditánk s/he bends over (regularly) Yínde sh kandatánni shí du lúnáx̱ yéi kg̱wanéi. If he bends over, his nose will bleed. Yá kei at shatch át átx̱ x̱alayéix̱ ách áwé tlél yínde yoo sh koox̱datánk. I use this grabber so that I donʼt have to bend over. Yínde sh keendatánni i daa yaa kukg̱wag̱áat. If you bend over, youʼll get dizzy. decide, make up oneʼs mind; feel, think (a certain way) (yéi) tu-S-d-taan~ (na event) for (singular) S to decide, make up oneʼs mind (that way)

A + tu-di-taan

[does not occur] (yéi) tux̱wditaan I thought (that way) (yéi) tuwditaan s/he thought (that way) tlél (yéi) tux̱wdataan I didnʼt think (that way) tlél (yéi) tuwdataan s/he didnʼt think (that way) (yéi) tukḵwadatáan I will think (that way) (yéi) tugux̱datáan s/he will think (that way) tlél (yéi) tukḵwadataan I wonʼt think (that way) tlél (yéi) tugux̱dataan s/he wonʼt think (that way) (yéi) tunḵadataan let me think (that way) (yéi) tunax̱dataan let her/him think (that way) (yéi) tunax̱datánch I think (that way) (every time) (yéi) tundatánch s/he thinks (that way) (every time) tlél (yéi) toonax̱datánch I havenʼt thought (that way) yet tlél (yéi) toondatánch s/he hasnʼt thought (that way) yet tlél aadé (yéi) toonḵaditaani yé no way can I think (that way) tlél aadé (yéi) toonax̱ditaani yé no way can s/he think (that way) (yéi) toonḵadataanín I would have thought (that way) (yéi) toonax̱dataanín s/he would have thought (that way) (yéi) tux̱datánni if/when I think (that way) (yéi) tudatánni if/when s/he thinks (that way) [does not occur] Aag̱áa tux̱wditaan wáa sá yakḵwaḵaayí. Iʼm thinking about what Iʼm going to say. Yan g̱aḵoox̱t tuwditaan. He decided to go back. taanán reconsider reconsider, change oneʼs mind (singular subject) Note that in modes which require a verbal suffix, the final syllable -án on the two-syllable stem -taanán drops off and is replaced by the verbal suffix. N daax̱ tu-ya-S-d-taanán (na act) for (singular) S to reconsider N, think over and change oneʼs mind about N

a daa-x̱ + tu-ya-di-taanan

A daax̱ tuyandataanán! Reconsider it! Líl a daax̱ yoo tuydataanḵ! Donʼt reconsider it! a daax̱ yoo tuyax̱ditaank I am reconsidering it a daax̱ yoo tuyditaank s/he is reconsidering it a daax̱ tuyax̱wditaanán I reconsidered it a daax̱ tuyawditaanán s/he reconsidered it tlél a daax̱ tuyawdataanán s/he didnʼt reconsider it a daax̱ tuyagux̱dataanán s/he will reconsider it tlél a daax̱ tuyagux̱dataanán s/he wonʼt reconsider it a daax̱ tuyanax̱dataanán let her/him reconsider it a daax̱ tuyandataanch s/he reconsiders it (every time) tlél a daax̱ tuwundataanch s/he hasnʼt reconsidered it yet tlél aadé a daax̱ tuwunax̱ditaani yé no way can s/he reconsider it a daax̱ tuwunax̱dataanín s/he would have reconsidered it a daax̱ tuyandataanní if/when s/he reconsiders it a daax̱ yoo tuyditaank s/he reconsiders it (regularly) A daax̱ ágé tuyawditaanán? Did he reconsider it? [Story & Naish 1973:168] Ax̱ káani hídi woo.oo daax̱ tuyax̱wditaanán. I was thinking of buying my brother-in-lawʼs house, but Iʼve reconsidered it (and now Iʼm not going to buy it). [Story & Naish 1973:168] taaw steal steal it O-S-∅-táaw~ (∅ act) for S to steal O

ya-taaw

Líl eetáwx̱uḵ! Donʼt steal it! Líl yitáwx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all steal it! atáaw s/he steals it tlél ootáaw s/he doesnʼt steal it aawatáw s/he stole it tlél awutáaw s/he didnʼt steal it akg̱watáaw s/he will steal it tlél akg̱watáaw s/he wonʼt steal it ag̱atáaw let her/him steal it ootáawch s/he steals it (every time) tlél ootáawch s/he hasnʼt stolen it yet tlél aadé oog̱aatáawu yé no way can s/he steal it oog̱atáawun s/he would have stolen it atáwni if/when s/he steals it atáwx̱ s/he steals it (regularly) taaxʼ bite bite her/him/it (insect) O-s-táaxʼ~ (ga event) for an insect to bite O

si-taaxʼ

Note that ash wusitáaxʼ and awsitáaxʼ both have basically the same meaning "it bit her/him/it". The difference is that the object pronoun ash "her/him/it" is used when the referent is prominent in the conversation. [does not occur] ash wusitáaxʼ it bit her/him/it tlél ash wustáaxʼ it didnʼt bite her/him/it kei ash gux̱satáaxʼ it will bite her/him/it tlél kei ash gux̱satáaxʼ it wonʼt bite her/him/it ash gax̱satáaxʼ let it bite her/him/it ash gastáxʼch it bites her/him/it (every time) tlél ash gwastáxʼch it hasnʼt bitten her/him/it yet tlél aadé ash gux̱sitáaxʼi yé no way can it bite her/him/it ash gux̱satáaxʼin it would have bitten her/him/it ash gastáxʼni if/when it bites her/him/it kei ash satáxʼch it bites her/him/it (regularly) taax̱ʼw sink sink ∅-táax̱ʼw~ (na event) for something to sink

ya-taax̱ʼw

[does not occur] yei natáx̱ʼw itʼs sinking wootáax̱ʼw it sank tlél wootáax̱ʼw it didnʼt sink gug̱atáax̱ʼw it will sink tlél gug̱atáax̱ʼw it wonʼt sink (chʼa) ng̱atáax̱ʼw (just) let it sink natáx̱ʼwch it sinks (every time) tlél unatáx̱ʼwch it hasnʼt sunk yet tlél aadé ng̱waatáax̱ʼu yé no way can it sink nag̱watáax̱ʼun it would have sunk natáx̱ʼwni if/when it sinks yoo yatáx̱ʼw it sinks (regularly) tee ʰ ¹ (13) be, born, care, think, need, busy, want, feel care about it; think about it, consider it; have an opinion about it N daa O-tu-∅-tee ʰ~ (na state) for O to care about N; for O to think about, consider N; for O to have an opinion about N

a daa + tu-ya-tee

This verb has several connotations, as demonstrated by this sentence: Kʼidéin du daa tuwatee, which can mean any of the following: "He thinks good of him"; "Heʼs really thinking aobut him"; or "He really cares about him." A daa itunatí! Care about it! A daa yee tunatí! You all care about it! [does not occur] a daa x̱at tuwatee I care about it a daa tuwatee s/he cares about it tlél a daa x̱at tootí I donʼt care about it tlél a daa tootí s/he doesnʼt care about it [does not occur] a daa x̱at tukg̱watée I will care about it a daa tukg̱watée s/he will care about it tlél a daa x̱at tukg̱watee I wonʼt care about it tlél a daa tukg̱watee s/he wonʼt care about it a daa x̱at tung̱atee let me care about it a daa tung̱atee let her/him care about it a daa x̱at tunateech I care about it (every time) a daa tunateech s/he cares about it (every time) tlél a daa x̱at tunateech I havenʼt cared about it yet tlél a daa tunateech s/he hasnʼt cared about it yet tlél aadé a daa x̱at tung̱aateeyi yé no way can I care about it tlél aadé a daa tung̱aateeyi yé no way can s/he care about it a daa x̱at tung̱ateeyín I would have cared about it a daa tung̱ateeyín s/he would have cared about it a daa x̱at tunatéeni if/when I care about it a daa tunatéeni if/when s/he cares about it [does not occur] Líl kayeeshóoguḵ, Chx̱ánkʼ, chʼas eeshandéin du daa itunatí. Tlél duskweix̱ wáa sá yéi yan has kawdayaayí. Donʼt laugh at him, grandchild, have compassion for him. Nobody knows why they turned out that way. Kʼidéin a daa tuwatee wé at yátxʼi. She really cares for the children. need, lack, require it N eetéenáx̱ O-∅-tee ʰ~ (na state) for O to need, lack, require N

a eetee-nax̱ + ya-tee

a eetéenáx̱ yatee he/she/it needs it tlél a eetéenáx̱ utí he/she/it doesnʼt need it a eetéenáx̱ wootee he/she/it needed it tlél a eetéenáx̱ wutee he/she/it didnʼt need it a eetéenáx̱ gug̱atée he/she/it will need it tlél a eetéenáx̱ gug̱atee he/she/it wonʼt need it a eetéenáx̱ nag̱atee let her/him/it need it a eetéenáx̱ nateech he/she/it needs it (every time) tlél a eetéenáx̱ unateech he/she/it hasnʼt needed it yet tlél aadé a eetéenáx̱ nag̱waateeyi yé no way can he/she/it need it a eetéenáx̱ nag̱wateeyín he/she/it would have needed it a eetéenáx̱ natéeni if/when he/she/it needs it a eetéenáx̱ yoo yateek he/she/it needs it (regularly) like, similar to her/him/it N yáx̱ O-∅-tee ʰ~ (na state) for O to be like, similar to N

a yáx̱ + ya-tee

Du yáx̱ inatí! Be like her/him! Du yáx̱ yee natí! You all be like her/him! Líl du yáx̱ eetéeḵ! Donʼt be like her/him! Líl du yáx̱ yee utéeḵ! Donʼt you all be like her/him! a yáx̱ yatee he/she/it is like it tlél a yáx̱ utí he/she/it isnʼt like it a yáx̱ wootee he/she/it was like it tlél a yáx̱ wutee he/she/it wasnʼt like it a yáx̱ gug̱atée he/she/it will be like it tlél a yáx̱ gug̱atee he/she/it wonʼt be like it a yáx̱ nag̱atee let her/him be like it a yáx̱ nateech he/she/it is like it (every time) tlél a yáx̱ unateech he/she/it hasnʼt become like it yet tlél aadé a yáx̱ ung̱aateeyi yé no way can he/she/it be like it a yáx̱ ung̱ateeyín he/she/it would have been like it a yáx̱ natéeni if/when he/she/it is like it [does not occur] busy N daat át ḵu-d-s-tee ʰ~ (g̱a state) for N to be busy, occupied with things

ḵu-dzi-tee

ax̱ daat át ḵudzitee Iʼm busy du daat át ḵudzitee s/heʼs busy tlél ax̱ daat át ḵoostí Iʼm not busy tlél du daat át ḵoostí s/he isnʼt busy [does not occur] ax̱ daat át ḵoowdzitee I was busy du daat át ḵoowdzitee s/he was busy tlél ax̱ daat át ḵuwustee I wasnʼt busy tlél du daat át ḵuwustee s/he wasnʼt busy ax̱ daat át yei ḵukg̱wastée I will be busy du daat át yei ḵukg̱wastée s/he will be busy tlél ax̱ daat át yéi ḵukg̱wastee I wonʼt be busy tlél du daat át yéi ḵukg̱wastee s/he wonʼt be busy ax̱ daat át ḵug̱aag̱astee let me be busy du daat át ḵug̱aag̱astee let her/him be busy ax̱ daat át ḵug̱asteech I get busy (every time) du daat át ḵug̱asteech s/he gets busy (every time) tlél ax̱ daat át ḵug̱asteech I havenʼt gotten busy yet tlél du daat át ḵug̱asteech s/he hasnʼt gotten busy yet tlél aadé ax̱ daat át ḵoog̱aax̱dziteeyi yé no way can I be busy tlél aadé du daat át ḵoog̱aax̱dziteeyi yé no way can s/he be busy ax̱ daat át ḵug̱waag̱asteeyín I would have been busy du daat át ḵug̱waag̱asteeyín s/he would have been busy ax̱ daat át ḵug̱astéení if/when I am busy du daat át ḵug̱astéení if/when s/he is busy ax̱ daat át yei ḵusteech I am busy (regularly) du daat át yei ḵusteech s/he is busy (regularly) appear before her/him; apparent to her/him N waḵshiyeexʼ yéi O-∅-tee ʰ~ (na state) for O to appear to N; for O to be apparent to N

ḵaa waḵsheeyee-xʼ + ya-tee

du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi yatee he/she/it is in front of his/her eyes tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi utí he/she/it isnʼt in front of his/her eyes du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi wootee he/she/it appeared before her/him tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi wutee he/she/it didnʼt appear before her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi kg̱watée he/she/it will appear before her/him tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi kg̱watee he/she/it wonʼt appear before her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi ng̱atee let her/him/it appear before her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi nateech he/she/it appears before her/him (every time) tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi unateech he/she/it hasnʼt appeared before her/him yet [does not occur] du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi ng̱wateeyín he/she/it would have appeared before her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi natéeni if/when he/she/it appears before her/him du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi teex̱ he/she/it appears before her/him (regularly) born; exist; live O-ḵu-d-s-tee ʰ~ (g̱a state) for O to be, be in existence, live; for O to be born

ḵu-dzi-tee

[does not occur] ḵudzitee it exists; he/she/it is alive tlél ḵoostí it doesnʼt exist; he/she/it isnʼt alive ḵoowdzitee it existed; he/she/it was born tlél ḵuwustee it didnʼt exist; he/she/it wasnʼt born yéi ḵukg̱wastée it will exist; he/she/it will be born tlél yéi ḵukg̱wastee he/she/it wonʼt be born ḵug̱aag̱astee let it exist; let her/him/it be born ḵug̱asteech it is (every time) tlél ḵug̱asteech it doesnʼt exist yet; he/she/it hasnʼt been born yet tlél aadé ḵoog̱aax̱dziteeyi yé no way can he/she/it be born ḵug̱waag̱asteeyín he/she/it would have been born ḵug̱astéeni if/when he/she/it is born [does not occur] Tlél ax̱ yóo x̱ʼatángi ḵoostí Iʼm speechless. (Lit: My words donʼt exist) Yan x̱at wátni, daatg̱áa sáwé yéi ḵukḵwastée? Haa jináḵ ḵut kei shandulxíx yá toox̱áa nooch x̱áat. When I reach the peak of my age, what am I going to live on? Theyʼre killing off the salmon that we eat. A kaxéelʼi ḵoowdzitee du yéi jineiyí daax̱. There was trouble over his work. grateful, thankful, satisfied sh tóog̱aa O-d-tee ʰ~ (na state) for O to be grateful, thankful, satisfied

sh tóo + g̱áa + di-tee

Use yís to indicate thankfulness for something. For example: Ax̱ tʼaakxʼí yís sh tug̱áa x̱at ditee. "I am grateful/thankful for/to my family." Note that yís translates as both "(grateful) for" and "(grateful) to", even though these arenʼt the same thing. Sh tóog̱aa indatí! Be grateful! Sh tóog̱aa yee ndatí! You all be grateful! sh tóog̱aa ditee s/he is grateful [does not occur] sh tóog̱aa wditee s/he was grateful tlél sh tóog̱aa wdatee s/he wasnʼt grateful sh tóog̱aa gux̱datée s/he will be grateful tlél sh tóog̱aa gux̱datee s/he wonʼt be grateful sh tóog̱aa nax̱datee let her/him be grateful sh tóog̱aa ndateech s/he is grateful (every time) [does not occur] [does not occur] sh tóog̱aa nax̱dateeyín s/he would have been grateful sh tóog̱aa nadatéeni if/when s/he is grateful sh tóog̱aa yoo diteek s/he is grateful (regularly) Sh tóog̱aa x̱at ditee woochx̱án yéi haa wdateeyí. I am grateful that we are together. still, quiet; stop functioning tleiyéi yéi O-∅-tee ʰ~ (na state) for O to be still, quiet; for O to stop (car, clock, e.g.)

tleiyéi + yéi + ya-tee

Tleiyéi yéi inatí! Be still! Tleiyéi yéi yee natí! You all be still! [does not occur] tleiyéi yéi yatee he/she/it is still tlél tleiyéi yéi utí he/she/it isnʼt still tleiyéi yéi wootee he/she/it became still tlél tleiyéi yéi wutee he/she/it didnʼt become still tleiyéi yéi kg̱watée he/she/it will be still tlél tleiyéi yéi kg̱watee he/she/it wonʼt be still tleiyéi yéi ng̱atee let her/him/it be still tleiyéi yéi nateech he/she/it become still (every time) tlél tleiyéi yéi unateech he/she/it hasnʼt become still yet tlél aadé tleiyéi yéi ng̱waateeyi yé no way can he/she/it be still tleiyéi yéi ng̱wateeyín he/she/it would have been still tleiyéi yéi natéení if/when he/she/it is still tleiyéi yéi teex̱ he/she/it is still (regularly) be (for the weather to be a certain way) (yéi) ḵu-∅-tee ʰ~ (na state) for the weather to be (that way)

A + ḵu-ya-tee

To specify how the weather is, replace yéi with a weather term + yáx̱. For example: séew yáx̱ ḵuwatee "it looks like rain". In the negative, one can say: tlél áyáx̱ ḵootí "the weather looks bad". yéi ḵuwatee the weather is that way tlél yéi ḵootí the weather isnʼt that way yéi ḵoowatee the weather was that way tlél yéi ḵuwutee the weather wasnʼt that way yéi ḵukg̱watée the weather will be that way [does not occur] [does not occur] yéi ḵunateech the weather is that way (every time) [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] yéi ḵunatéeni if/when the weather is that way yéi yoo ḵuyateek the weather is that way (regularly) feel like doing, want to do; feel that way (yéi) O-tu-∅-tee ʰ~ (na state) for O to want to do, feel like doing (that); for O to feel a certain way

tu-ya-tee

[does not occur] yéi x̱at tuwatee I feel like doing that yéi tuwatee s/he feels like doing that tlél yéi x̱at tootí I donʼt feel like doing that tlél yéi tootí s/he doesnʼt feel like doing that [does not occur] yéi x̱at tukg̱watée I will feel like doing that yéi tukg̱watée s/he will feel like doing that tlél yéi x̱at tukg̱watee I wonʼt feel like doing that tlél yéi tukg̱watee s/he wonʼt feel like doing that yéi x̱at tung̱atee let me feel like doing that yéi tung̱atee let her/him feel like doing that yéi x̱at tunateech I feel like doing that (every time) yéi tunateech s/he feels like doing that (every time) tlél yéi x̱at toonateech I havenʼt felt like doing that yet tlél yéi toonateech s/he hasnʼt felt like doing that yet tlél aadé yéi toong̱aateeyi yé no way can s/he feel like doing that yéi toong̱ateeyín s/he would have felt like doing that yéi tunatéeni if/when s/he feels like doing that [does not occur] Líl kayeeshóoguḵ, Chx̱ánkʼ, chʼas eeshandéin du daa itunatí. Tlél duskweix̱ wáa sá yéi yan has kawdayaayí. Donʼt laugh at him, grandchild, have compassion for him. Nobody knows why they turned out that way. be (a certain way) yéi thus, that way (yéi) O-∅-tee ʰ~ (na state) for O to be (that way)

A + ya-tee

Yéi inatí! Be that way! Yéi yee natí! You all be that way! Líl yéi eetéeḵ! Donʼt be that way! Líl yéi yee utéeḵ! Donʼt you all be that way! yéi x̱at yatee Iʼm that way yéi iyatee youʼre that way yéi yatee he/she/it is that way yéi haa yatee weʼre that way yéi yee yatee you all are that way yéi has yatee theyʼre that way yéi ḵuyatee people are that way tlél yéi x̱at utí I am not that way tlél yéi eetí you arenʼt that way tlél yéi utí he/she/it isnʼt that way tlél yéi haa utí we arenʼt that way tlél yéi yee utí you all arenʼt that way tlél yéi has utí they arenʼt that way tlél yéi ḵutí nobody is that way yéi yateeyi aa the one who is that way yéi yaa x̱at nanein I am becoming that way yéi yaa inanein you are becoming that way yéi yaa nanein he/she/it is becoming that way yéi yaa haa nanein we are becoming that way yéi yaa yee nanein you all are becoming that way yéi yaa has nanein they are becoming that way yéi yaa ḵunanein people are becoming that way tlél yéi yaa x̱at unanein Iʼm not becoming that way tlél yéi yaa eenanein youʼre not becoming that way tlél yéi yaa unanein he/she/it is not becoming that way tlél yéi yaa haa unanein weʼre not becoming that way tlél yéi yaa yee unanein you all are not becoming that way tlél yéi yaa (ha)s unanein theyʼre not becoming that way tlél yéi yaa ḵunanein nobody is becoming that way yéi téeyin he/she/it used to be that way tlél yéi utéeyin he/she/it didnʼt used to be that way yéi x̱at wootee I was/became that way yéi iwootee you were/became that way yéi wootee he/she/it was/became that way yéi haa wootee we were/became that way yéi yee wootee you all were/became that way yéi has wootee they were/became that way yéi ḵoowatee people became that way tlél yéi x̱at wutee I wasnʼt that way tlél yéi iwutee you werenʼt that way tlél yéi wutee he/she/it wasnʼt that way tlél yéi haa wutee we werenʼt that way tlél yéi yee wutee you all werenʼt that way tlél yéi has wutee they werenʼt that way tlél yéi ḵootí nobody was that way yéi x̱at gug̱atée I will be that way yéi ikg̱watée you will be that way yéi kg̱watée he/she/it will be that way yéi haa kg̱watée we will be that way yéi yee kg̱watée you all will be that way yéi has gug̱atée they will be that way yéi ḵukg̱watée people will be that way tlél yéi x̱at gug̱atee I wonʼt be that way tlél yéi ikg̱watee you wonʼt be that way tlél yéi kg̱watee he/she/it wonʼt be that way tlél yéi haa kg̱watee we wonʼt be that way tlél yéi yee kg̱watee you all wonʼt be that way tlél yéi (ha)s gug̱atee they wonʼt be that way tlél yéi ḵukg̱watee people wonʼt be that way yéi x̱at nag̱atee let me be that way, leave me be yéi ng̱atee let her/him/it be that way yéi haa ng̱atee let us be that way yéi tée nooch he/she/it is always that way yéi x̱at nateech Iʼm that way (every time) yéi inateech youʼre that way (every time) yéi nateech he/she/it is that way (every time) yéi haa nateech weʼre that way (every time) yéi yee nateech you all are that way (every time) yéi has nateech theyʼre that way (every time) yéi ḵunateech people are that way (every time) tlél yéi x̱at unateech Iʼve never been that way tlél yéi eenateech youʼve never been that way tlél yéi unateech he/she/it has never been that way tlél yéi haa unateech weʼve never been that way tlél yéi yee unateech you all have never been that way tlél yéi (ha)s unateech theyʼve never been that way tlél yéi ḵoonateech people havenʼt been that way tlél aadé yéi ng̱waateeyi yé no way can he/she/it be that way yéi ng̱wateeyín he/she/it would have been that way yéi natéeni if/when he/she/it is that way yéi teex̱ / yóo yateek thatʼs the way it is (regularly) chʼa wáa sá yatee whichever way Tlél wáa sá utí. S/he is fine; Itʼs OK. A-xʼ + yéi + ya-tee be at, stay, remain; dwell, live at Sheetʼkáxʼ yéi yatee. He lives in Sitka. Sgóonxʼ yéi x̱at gug̱watée seig̱án. I will be in school tomorrow. ḵaa + waḵsheeyee-xʼ + yéi + ya-tee appear ḵaa tóo-xʼ + yéi + ya-tee remember, bear in mind ḵoon + ya-tee affect ḵaa tóon + ya-tee care about, be concerned about, be affected by a yáx̱ + ya-tee be like a eetee-náx̱ + ya-tee need, lack, require ḵaa tóo + g̱áa + ya-tee be acceptable, satisfactory, well-liked ḵaa x̱ʼéi + g̱áa + ya-tee obey, be obedient tleiyéi + yéi + ya-tee wait Du dís néegu du jeexʼ yéi wootee. She got her period. be, stay, remain there; live, dwell there P-xʼ yéi O-∅-tee ʰ~ (na state) for O to be, stay, remain at N; for O to dwell, live at N

A-xʼ + yéi + ya-tee

Du x̱ánxʼ yéi inatí! Stay with her/him! Du x̱ánxʼ yéi yee natí! You all stay with her/him! Líl du x̱ánxʼ yéi eetéeḵ! Donʼt stay with her/him! Líl du x̱ánxʼ yéi yee utéeḵ! Donʼt you all stay with her/him! du x̱ánxʼ yéi yatee s/he is staying with her/him tlél du x̱ánxʼ yéi utí s/he isnʼt staying with her/him du x̱ánxʼ yéi wootee s/he stayed with her/him tlél du x̱ánxʼ yéi wutee s/he didnʼt stay with her/him du x̱ánxʼ yéi kg̱watée s/he will stay with her/him tlél du x̱ánxʼ yéi kg̱watee s/he wonʼt stay with her/him du x̱ánxʼ yéi ng̱atee let her/him stay with her/him du x̱ánxʼ yéi nateech s/he stays with her/him (every time) tlél du x̱ánxʼ yéi unateech s/he hasnʼt stayed with her/him yet tlél aadé du x̱ánxʼ yéi ng̱waateeyi yé no way can s/he stay with her/him du x̱ánxʼ yéi ng̱wateeyín s/he would have stayed with her/him du x̱ánxʼ yéi natéeni if/when s/he stays with her/him du x̱ánxʼ yéi teex̱ s/he stays with her/him (regularly) Tlél wuduskú wáa yéi koowáatʼ sá áa yéi has wooteeyí. Nobody knew how long they were there. be, become N-x̱ O-s-tee ʰ~ (na state) for O to be N (a member of a group); for O to become P

A-x̱ + si-tee

This verb requires that the preceding noun phrase have the -x̱ postposition. In the forms given here, (noun) can be replaced by any noun which makes sense. An example is the name of a profession such as: asg̱eiwú "seiner" as in: asg̱eiwúx̱ wusitee "s/he became a seiner". Another example is the name of a moiety such as: chʼáakʼ naa "eagle moiety" in the common phrase: Chʼáakʼ naax̱ x̱at sitee "I am of the Eagle moiety". Please see the example sentences for more options. (Noun)-x̱ inastí! Be a (noun)! (Noun)-x̱ yee nastí! You all be a (noun)! Líl (noun)-x̱ yoo eesteegíḵ! Donʼt become a (noun)! Líl (noun)-x̱ yoo yee steegíḵ! Donʼt you all become a (noun)! (noun)-x̱ sitee s/he is a (noun) tlél (noun)-x̱ ustí s/he isnʼt a (noun) (noun)-x̱ wusitee s/he became a (noun) tlél (noun)-x̱ wustee s/he didnʼt become a (noun) (noun)-x̱ gux̱satée s/he will be a (noun) tlél (noun)-x̱ gux̱satee s/he wonʼt be a (noun) (noun)-x̱ nax̱satee let her/him be a (noun) [does not occur] tlél (noun)-x̱ unasteech s/he hasnʼt become a (noun) yet tlél aadé (noun)-x̱ nax̱wsiteeyi yé no way can s/he be a (noun) (noun)-x̱ nax̱wsateeyín s/he would have been a (noun) (noun)-x̱ nastéeni if/when s/he becomes a (noun) [does not occur] Shaawátx̱ gux̱satée de, du dís néegu du jee yéi kg̱watée. She will become a woman now, sheʼs going to get her period. tee ʰ ² (19) give, take, carry, expect, stormy, blame, baptize, postpone carry it, take it (general, often compact object) IX N-dáx̱ O-S-∅-tee ʰ~ (ga motion) for S to Nick O up off of N

ya-tee

-- carrying it N-dáx̱ picking it up off of N ḵut misplacing it Aax̱ gatí! Pick it up off of it! Aax̱ gaytí! You all pick it up off of it! Líl aax̱ kei eeteejíḵ! Donʼt pick it up off of it! Líl aax̱ kei yiteejíḵ! Donʼt you all pick it up off of it! [does not occur] aax̱ aawatee s/he picked it up off of it tlél aax̱ awutee s/he didnʼt pick it up off of it aax̱ kei akg̱watée s/he will pick it up off of it tlél aax̱ kei akg̱watee s/he wonʼt pick it up off of it aax̱ akg̱atee let her/him pick it up off of it aax̱ agateech s/he picks it up off of it (every time) tlél aax̱ agooteech s/he hasnʼt picked it up off of it yet tlél aadé aax̱ akg̱waateeyi yé no way can s/he pick it up off of it aax̱ akg̱wateeyín s/he would have picked it up off of it aax̱ agatéeni if/when s/he picks it up off of it aax̱ kei ateech s/he picks it up off of it (regularly) carry it, take it (general, often compact object) VII Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace aadé ʼtoward thereʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. -- carrying it (along) N-t carrying it around, about N (no repetitive imperfective form) P-dei carrying it toward P N-dáx̱ picking it up off of N N-náx̱ stopping over at N with it; dropping it off at N yux̱ carrying it out of house N-dé O-S-∅-tee ʰ~ (na motion) for S to carry, take O (general, often compact object) to N

ya-tee

Aadé natí! Take it there! Aadé naytí! You all take it there! Líl aadé yoo eeteegíḵ! Donʼt take it there! Líl aadé yoo yiteegíḵ! Donʼt you all take it there! [does not occur] aadé yaa nx̱atéen Iʼm taking it there aadé yaa neetéen youʼre taking it there aadé yaa anatéen s/heʼs taking it there aadé yaa ntootéen weʼre taking it there aadé yaa naytéen you all are taking it there aadé yaa (ha)s anatéen theyʼre taking it there aadé yaa ndutéen someone is taking it there [does not occur] aadé x̱waatee I took it there aadé yeetee you took it there aadé aawatee s/he took it there aadé wutuwatee we took it there aadé yeeytee you all took it there aadé has aawatee they took it there aadé wuduwatee someone took it there tlél aadé x̱watee I didnʼt take it there tlél aadé yitee you didnʼt take it there tlél aadé awutee s/he didnʼt take it there tlél aadé wutootee we didnʼt take it there tlél aadé yeeytee you all didnʼt take it there tlél aadé has awutee they didnʼt take it there tlél aadé wudutee nobody took it there aadé kuḵatée I will take it there aadé gag̱eetée you will take it there aadé akg̱watée s/he will take it there aadé gax̱tootée we will take it there aadé gax̱yitée you all will take it there aadé (ha)s akg̱watée they will take it there aadé gax̱dutée someone will take it there tlél aadé kuḵatee I wonʼt take it there tlél aadé gag̱eetee you wonʼt take it there tlél aadé akg̱watee s/he wonʼt take it there tlél aadé gax̱tootee we wonʼt take it there tlél aadé gax̱yitee you all wonʼt take it there tlél aadé (ha)s akg̱watee they wonʼt take it there tlél aadé gax̱dutee nobody will take it there aadé naḵatee let me take it there aadé ang̱atee let her/him take it there aadé nax̱tootee let us take it there aadé nx̱ateech I take it there (every time) aadé neeteech you take it there (every time) aadé anateech s/he takes it there (every time) aadé natooteech we take it there (every time) aadé nayteech you all take it there (every time) aadé (ha)s anateech they take it there (every time) aadé naduteech someone takes it there (every time) tlél aadé unx̱ateech I havenʼt taken it there yet tlél aadé neeteech you havenʼt taken it there yet tlél aadé oonateech s/he hasnʼt taken it there yet tlél aadé natooteech we havenʼt taken it there yet tlél aadé nayteech you all havenʼt taken it there yet tlél aadé (ha)s oonateech they havenʼt taken it there yet tlél aadé naduteech nobody has taken it there yet tlél aadé aadé oong̱aateeyi yé no way can s/he take it there aadé oong̱ateeyín s/he would have taken it there aadé anatéeni if/when s/he takes it there aadé yoo ayateek s/he takes it there (regularly) Wé xʼúxʼ du x̱annáx̱ aawatee. He dropped the papers off with him. anticipate, forsee; expect, consider likely to happen or arrive O-shu-S-s-tee ʰ~ (na state) for S to anticipate, forsee, expect O; for S to consider O likely to happen or arrive

shu-si-tee

Leer 1973: 06/176 Líl sheesatéeḵ! Donʼt expect her/him/it! Líl shuysatéeḵ! Donʼt you all expect her/him/it! shux̱sitee I am expecting her/him/it ashusitee s/he is expecting her/him/it tlél shoox̱satí Iʼm not expecting her/him/it tlél ashoostí s/he isnʼt expecting her/him/it ashoowsitee s/he expected her/him/it tlél ashuwustee s/he didnʼt expect her/him/it yei ashugux̱satée s/he will expect her/him/it tlél yei ashugux̱satee s/he wonʼt expect her/him/it (chʼa) ashunax̱satee (just) let her/him expect her/him/it ashunasteech s/he expects her/him/it (every time) tlél ashoonasteech s/he hasnʼt expected her/him/it yet tlél aadé ashoonax̱siteeyi yé no way can s/he expect her/him/it ashoonax̱sateeyín s/he would have expected her/him/it ashunastéeni if/when s/he expects her/him/it yoo ashusiteek s/he expects her/him/it (regularly) Shux̱sitee áyá kaxéelʼ ax̱ káa yéi wuneiyí. Iʼm anticipating difficulty / Iʼm expecting some bad trouble is going to hit me. [Story & Naish 1973: 20] Aangóon aantḵeení has ashusitee. Angoon is expecting visitors. [Story & Naish 1973: 83] Has du éet awdlig̱ín, has du jeedáx̱ at shusatí een. He looked at them, expecting to get something from them. [Story & Naish 1973: 83] g̱wátgeen sá sheesitee wé kʼisáani? When do you expect the young men? [Leer 1973: 06/176] Du dáanayi ashusitee haat jiwuhaayí. He expects his money to be sent. [Leer 1973: 06/176] x̱ʼashux̱sitee a daat x̱aan yoo x̱ʼawul.aadí. Iʼm expecting him to talk to me about that. [Leer 1973: 06/176] Yei yagax̱tulajéich, tlél yei ashugux̱satee. Weʼll surprise him, he wonʼt expect it. Yéi ashunastéeni tlél yei akg̱wajeich. If he expects it, he wonʼt be surprised. postpone it O-shu-ka-S-∅-tee ʰ~ (na event) for S to Postpone O

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Shukanatí! Postpone it! Shukanaytí! You all postpone it! Líl yoo shukeeteegíḵ! Donʼt postpone it! Líl yoo shukayteegíḵ! Donʼt you all postpone it! shukax̱waatee I postponed it ashukaawatee s/he postponed it tlél ashukawutee s/he didnʼt postpone it ashukakg̱watée s/he will postpone it tlél ashukakg̱watee s/he wonʼt postpone it ashukang̱atee let her/him postpone it ashukanateech s/he postpones it (every time) tlél ashukoonateech s/he hasnʼt postponed it yet tlél aadé ashukoong̱aateeyi yé no way can s/he postpone it ashukoong̱ateeyín s/he would have postponed it ashukanatéeni if/when s/he postpones it yoo ashukayateek s/he postpones it (regularly) Dei tsú ashukawuteeyí tlél aadé kḵwagoot. If he postpones it again, Iʼm not going to go. expect her/him/it; anticipate it O-shu-S-s-√tee ʰ~ (na state) for S to anticipate, foresee O; for S to expect, consider O likely to happen or arrive

shu-si-tee

Shunastí! Expect her/him/it! Shunaysatí! You all expect her/him/it! Líl sheesatéeyiḵ! Donʼt expect her/him/it! Líl shaysatéeyiḵ! Donʼt you all expect her/him/it! shux̱sitee Iʼm expecting her/him/it ashusitee s/heʼs expecting her/him/it tlél shux̱satí Iʼm not expecting her/him/it tlél ashoostí s/he isnʼt expecting her/him/it shux̱wsitee I expected her/him/it ashuwsitee s/he expected her/him/it tlél shux̱wsatee I didnʼt expect her/him/it tlél ashuwustee s/he didnʼt expect her/him/it shukḵwasatée I will expect her/him/it ashugux̱satée s/he will expect her/him/it tlél shukḵwasatee I wonʼt expect her/him/it tlél ashugux̱satee s/he wonʼt expect her/him/it shunaḵsatee let me expect her/him/it ashunax̱satee let her/him expect her/him/it shunax̱sateech I expect her/him/it (every time) ashunasteech s/he expects her/him/it (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé ashunax̱wsiteeyi yé no way can s/he expect her/him/it ashunax̱wsateeyín s/he would have expected her/him/it ashunastéeni if/when s/he expects her/him/it yoo ashusiteek s/he expects her/him/it (regularly) carry it, take it (solid, complex object) VII N-dé O-S-s-√tee ʰ~ (na motion) for S to carry, take O (solid, often complex object) to N

si-tee

-- carrying it (along) N-t carrying it around, about N (no repetitive imperfective form) P-dei carrying it toward P N-dáx̱ picking it up off of N N-náx̱ stopping over at N with it; dropping it off at N yux̱ carrying it out of house Aadé nastí! Carry it there! Aadé naysatí! You all carry it there! Líl aadé yoo eesteegíḵ! Donʼt carry it there! Líl aadé yoo yisteegíḵ! Donʼt you all carry it there! [does not occur] aadé yaa nax̱satéen I am carrying it there aadé yaa anastéen s/he is carrying it there aadé x̱wasitee I carried it there aadé awsitee s/he carried it there tlél aadé x̱wasatee I didnʼt carry it there tlél aadé awustee s/he didnʼt carry it there aadé kḵwasatée I will carry it there aadé agux̱satée s/he will carry it there tlél aadé kḵwasatee I wonʼt carry it there tlél aadé agux̱satee s/he wonʼt carry it there aadé naḵasatee let me carry it there aadé anax̱satee let her/him carry it there aadé nax̱sateech I carry it there (every time) aadé anasteech s/he carries it there (every time) tlél aadé nax̱wsateech I havenʼt carried it there yet tlél aadé oonasteech s/he hasnʼt carried it there yet tlél aadé aadé naḵwasiteeyi yé no way can I carry it there tlél aadé aadé oonax̱siteeyi yé no way can s/he carry it there aadé naḵwasateeyín I would have carried it there aadé oonax̱sateeyín s/he would have carried it there aadé nax̱satéeni if/when I carry it there aadé anastéeni if/when s/he carries it there aadé yoo x̱asiteek I carry it there (regularly) aadé yoo asiteek s/he carries it there (regularly) carry it, take it (solid, complex object) IX -- carrying it, taking it N-dáx̱ picking it up off of N ḵut misplacing it O-S-s-√tee ʰ~ (ga motion) for S to carry, take O (solid, often complex object)

si-tee

Gastí! Carry it! Gaysatí! You all carry it! Líl kei isateejíḵ! Donʼt carry it! Líl kei yisateejíḵ! Donʼt you all carry it! [does not occur] yaa nax̱satéen Iʼm carrying it yaa anastéen s/he is carrying it x̱wasitee I carried it awsitee s/he carried it tlél x̱wasatee I didnʼt carry it tlél awustee s/he didnʼt carry it kei kḵwasatée I will carry it kei agux̱satée s/he will carry it tlél kei kḵwasatee I wonʼt carry it tlél kei agux̱satee s/he wonʼt carry it gaḵasatee let me carry it agax̱satee let her/him carry it gax̱sateech I carry it (every time) aksateech s/he carries it (every time) tlél gux̱sateech I havenʼt carried it yet tlél agoosteech s/he hasnʼt carried it yet tlél aadé agux̱siteeyi yé no way can s/he carry it agux̱sateeyín s/he would have carried it agastéeni if/when s/he carries it kei asteech s/he carries it (regularly) I léelkʼu jeeyís gastí wé gwéil! Carry the bag for your grandmother! A daakeidí een gastí wé óonaa. Carry the gun with its case. Ax̱ dáanaa daakagwéili yaa nax̱satéen. Iʼm carrying my money bag. Wéi xʼóow daakagwéil yaa nax̱satéen. Iʼm carrying the blanket bag. install it there, hang it there N-x̱ O-S-∅-√tee ʰ~ (g̱a motion) for S to install, hang, place O at N

ya-tee

Áx̱ g̱atí! Install it there! Áx̱ g̱aytí! You all install it there! Líl áx̱ yei eeteejíḵ! Donʼt install it there! Líl áx̱ yei yiteejíḵ! Donʼt you all install it there! [does not occur] áx̱ x̱waatee I installed it there áx̱ aawatee s/he installed it there tlél áx̱ x̱watee I didnʼt install it there tlél áx̱ awutee s/he didnʼt install it there áx̱ yei kḵwatée I will install it there áx̱ yei akg̱watée s/he will install it there tlél áx̱ yei kḵwatee I wonʼt install it there tlél áx̱ yei akg̱watee s/he wonʼt install it there áx̱ ḵaaḵatee let me install it there áx̱ ag̱aag̱atee let her/him install it there áx̱ ḵateech I install it there (every time) áx̱ ag̱ateech s/he installs it there (every time) tlél áx̱ ḵwateech I havenʼt installed it there yet tlél áx̱ oog̱ateech s/he hasnʼt installed it there yet tlél aadé áx̱ ḵaaḵwaateeyi yé no way can I install it there tlél aadé áx̱ ag̱aag̱waateeyi yé no way can s/he install it there áx̱ ḵaaḵwateeyín I would have installed it there áx̱ ag̱aag̱wateeyín s/he would have installed it there áx̱ ḵatéeni if/when I install it there áx̱ ag̱atéeni if/when s/he installs it there áx̱ yei x̱ateech I am trying to install it there; I install it there (regularly) áx̱ yei ateech s/he is trying to install it there; s/he installs it there (regularly) Yées aa x̱aawag̱éi áx̱ aawatee. He installed a new window. hang it up there (esp. to dry) N-x̱ O-sha-ya-S-∅-√tee ʰ~ (∅ motion) for S to hang up O at N (esp. to dry)

A- + sha-ya-ya-tee

Áx̱ shayatí! Hang it there! Áx̱ shayaytí! You all hang it there! Líl áx̱ shayitéeḵ! Donʼt hang it there! Líl áx̱ shayeeytéeḵ! Donʼt you all hang it there! [does not occur] áx̱ shayax̱waatée I hung it there áx̱ ashayaawatée s/he hung it there tlél áx̱ shayax̱watí I didnʼt hang it there tlél áx̱ ashayawutí s/he didnʼt hang it there áx̱ shayakḵwatée I will hang it there áx̱ ashayakg̱watée s/he will hang it there tlél áx̱ shayakḵwatee I wonʼt hang it there tlél áx̱ ashayakg̱watee s/he wonʼt hang it there áx̱ shayaḵatee let me hang it there áx̱ ashayag̱atee let her/him hang it there áx̱ shayoox̱atéeych I hang it there (every time) áx̱ ashawootéeych s/he hangs it there (every time) tlél áx̱ shayoox̱atéeych I havenʼt hung it there yet tlél áx̱ ashawootéeych s/he hasnʼt hung it there yet tlél aadé áx̱ ashayoog̱aateeyi yé no way can s/he hang it there áx̱ ashayoog̱ateeyín s/he would have hung it there áx̱ ashayatéeni if/when s/he hangs it there áx̱ ashayateex̱ s/he hangs it there (regularly) stormy, rough (of weather) a-ya-d-√tee ʰ~ (g̱a event) for the weather to be stormy, rough

a-ya-di-tee

[does not occur] yei ayandatéen itʼs getting stormy ayawditee itʼs stormy tlél ayawdatee itʼs not stormy yei ayagux̱datée it will be stormy tlél yei ayagux̱datee it wonʼt be stormy ayag̱aax̱datee let it be stormy ayax̱dateech it gets stormy (every time) tlél ayux̱dateech it hasnʼt gotten stormy yet tlél aadé (yáaxʼ) ayag̱aax̱wditeeyi yé no way can it get stormy (here) ayag̱aax̱wdateeyín it would have gotten stormy ayax̱datéeni if/when itʼs stormy yei ayadateech itʼs stormy (regularly) Kʼeeljáa yei ayagux̱dateeyín, tlél ḵwá ayawdatee. It was supposed to get stormy, but it didnʼt. give, take, hand it to her/him (round, spherical object) N jee-t~ O-ka-S-√tee ʰ~ (∅ motion) for S to give, take, hand O (round object) to N

ḵaa jee- + ka-ya-tee

Du jeet katí! Give it to her/him! Du jeet kaytí! You all give it to her/him! Líl du jeex̱ keeteegíḵ! Donʼt give it to her/him! Líl du jeex̱ kayteegíḵ! Donʼt you all give it to her/him! [does not occur] du jeedé yaa kanx̱atéen Iʼm giving it to her/him du jeedé yaa akanatéen s/heʼs giving it to her/him du jeet kax̱waatée I gave it to her/him du jeet akaawatée s/he gave it to her/him tlél du jeet kax̱watí I didnʼt give it to her/him tlél du jeet akawutí s/he didnʼt give it to her/him du jeedé kakḵwatée I will give it to her/him du jeedé akakg̱watée s/he will give it to her/him tlél du jeedé kakḵwatee I wonʼt give it to her/him tlél du jeedé akakg̱watee s/he wonʼt give it to her/him du jeet kaḵatee let me give it to her/him du jeet akg̱atee let her/him give it to her/him du jeet koox̱atéeych I give it to her/him (every time) du jeet akootéeych s/he gives it to her/him (every time) tlél du jeet koox̱atéeych I havenʼt given it to her/him yet tlél du jeet akootéeych s/he hasnʼt given it to her/him yet tlél aadé du jeet kaḵwaateeyi yé no way can I give it to her/him tlél aadé du jeet akg̱waateeyi yé no way can s/he give it to her/him du jeet kakḵwateeyín I would have given it to her/him du jeet akg̱wateeyín s/he would have given it to her/him du jeet kax̱atéeni if/when I give it to her/him du jeet akatéeni if/when s/he gives it to her/him du jeex̱ kax̱atee I give it to her/him (regularly) du jeex̱ akatee s/he gives it to her/him (regularly) blame it on her/him; bring it (shame, joy) onto her/him N-t~ O-shu-S-∅-√tee ʰ~ (∅ motion) for S to bring O (abstract, esp. shame, blame, joy) onto N

shu-ya-tee

This verb can be used with nouns such as "joy" or "shame", but note that when no noun is explicitly given, the reading is "blame" for this verb. For example: haa kát ashuwatée "he blamed it on us" BUT, kadéixʼ haa kát ashuwatée "he brought shame on us". N éet~ can replace N kát~ to give the same meaning. For example, du éet ashuwatée "s/he blamed it on her/him". To blame someone for eating something, use N x̱ʼéit~, as in: du x̱ʼéit shux̱waatée "I blamed him for eating it". To blame someone for doing something with the hands, use N jeet~, as in: du jeet shux̱waatée "I blamed him for doing it". Du kát shutí! Blame it on her/him! Du kát shuytí! You all blame it on her/him! Líl du káx̱ shuteeyíḵ! Donʼt blame it on her/him! Líl du káx̱ shuyteeyíḵ! Donʼt you all blame it on her/him! [does not occur] du kát shux̱waatée I blamed it on her/him du kát ashuwatée s/he blamed it on her/him tlél du kát shux̱watí I didnʼt blame it on her/him tlél du kát ashuwutí s/he didnʼt blame it on her/him du kaadé shukḵwatée I will blame it on her/him du kaadé ashukg̱watée s/he will blame it on her/him tlél du kaadé shukḵwatee I wonʼt blame it on her/him tlél du kaadé ashukg̱watee s/he wonʼt blame it on her/him (chʼa) du kát shuḵatee (dé) (just) let me blame it on her/him (now) (chʼa) du kát ashug̱atee (dé) (just) let her/him blame it on her/him (now) du kát shoox̱atéeych I blame it on her/him (every time) du kát ashootéeych s/he blames it on her/him (every time) tlél du kát shoox̱atéeych I havenʼt blamed it on her/him yet tlél du kát ashootéeych s/he hasnʼt blamed it on her/him yet tlél aadé du kát shuḵwaateeyi yé no way can I blame it on her/him tlél aadé du kát ashug̱waateeyi yé no way can s/he blame it on her/him du kát shuḵwateeyín I would have blamed it on her/him du kát ashug̱wateeyín s/he would have blamed it on her/him du kát shux̱atéeni if/when I blame it on her/him du kát ashutéeni if/when s/he blames it on her/him du káx̱ shux̱atee I blame it on her/him (regularly) du káx̱ ashutee s/he blames it on her/him (regularly) feed it to her/him/it; give it to her/him/it to eat N x̱ʼéix̱ O-S-∅-√tee ʰ~ (na event) for S to feed O to N; for S to give O to N to eat

ḵaa x̱ʼéi + ya-tee

Du x̱ʼéix̱ natí! Feed it to her/him/it! Du x̱ʼéix̱ naytí! You all feed it to her/him/it! Líl du x̱ʼeíx̱ eeteex̱íḵ! Donʼt feed it to her/him/it! Líl du x̱ʼeíx̱ yiteex̱íḵ! Donʼt you all feed it to her/him/it! [does not occur] du x̱ʼéix̱ x̱waatee I fed it to her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ aawatee s/he fed it to her/him/it tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ x̱watee I didnʼt feed it to her/him/it tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ awutee s/he didnʼt feed it to her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ kuḵatée I will feed it to her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ akg̱watée s/he will feed it to her/him/it tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ kuḵatee I wonʼt feed it to her/him/it tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ akg̱watee s/he wonʼt feed it to her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ naḵatee let me feed it to her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ nag̱atee let her/him feed it to her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ nax̱ateech I feed it to her/him/it (every time) du x̱ʼéix̱ anateech s/he feeds it to her/him/it (every time) tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ nax̱wateech I havenʼt fed it to her/him/it yet tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ oonateech s/he hasnʼt fed it to her/him/it yet tlél aadé du x̱ʼéix̱ ang̱waateeyi yé no way can s/he feed it to her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ ang̱wateeyín s/he would have fed it to her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ anatéeni if/when s/he feeds it to her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ ateex̱ s/he feeds it to her/him/it (regularly) feed her/him/it N x̱ʼéix̱ at S-∅-√tee ʰ~ (na event) for S to feed N, give food to N (for immediate consumption)

ḵaa x̱ʼéi + ya-tee

Du x̱ʼéix̱ at natí! Feed her/him/it! Du x̱ʼéix̱ at naytí! You all feed her/him/it! Líl du x̱ʼéix̱ at eeteex̱íḵ! Donʼt feed her/him/it! Líl du x̱ʼéix̱ at yiteex̱íḵ! Donʼt you all feed her/him/it! [does not occur] du x̱ʼéix̱ yaa at nax̱atéen Iʼm feeding her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ yaa at natéen s/heʼs feeding her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ at x̱waatee I fed her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ at wootee s/he fed her/him/it tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ at x̱watee I didnʼt feed her/him/it tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ at wutee s/he didnʼt feed her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ at kuḵatée I will feed her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ at gug̱atée s/he will feed her/him/it tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ at kuḵatee I wonʼt feed her/him/it tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ at gug̱atee s/he wonʼt feed her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ at naḵatee let me feed her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ at nag̱atee let her/him feed her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ at nax̱ateech I feed her/him/it (every time) du x̱ʼéix̱ at nateech s/he feeds her/him/it (every time) tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ at nax̱wateech I havenʼt fed her/him/it yet tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ at unateech s/he hasnʼt fed her/him/it yet tlél aadé du x̱ʼéix̱ at naḵwaateeyi yé no way can I feed her/him/it tlél aadé du x̱ʼéix̱ at ung̱waateeyi yé no way can s/he feed her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ at naḵwateeyín I would have fed her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ at ung̱wateeyín s/he would have fed her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ at nax̱atéeni if/when I feed her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ at natéeni if/when s/he feeds her/him/it du x̱ʼéix̱ at x̱ateex̱ I feed her/him/it (regularly) du x̱ʼéix̱ at teex̱ s/he feeds her/him/it (regularly) baptize her/him héen-t~ O-ya-S-∅-√tee ʰ~ (∅ motion) for S to baptize, immerse (singular) O in water or pour water upon O as a religious rite

héen- + ya-ya-tee

While the 3rd person perfective habitual negative form: tlél héent ayawootéeych is grammatical, it is a little semantically odd, meaning "s/he hasnʼt baptized her/him yet". Speakers prefer the 4th person form: tlél héent yadutéeych "s/he hasnʼt been baptized yet". Héent yatí! Baptize her/him! Líl héent yayeetéeḵ! Donʼt baptize her/him! [does not occur] héent yax̱waatée I baptized her/him héent ayaawatée s/he baptized her/him tlél héent yax̱watí I didnʼt baptize her/him tlél héent ayawutí s/he didnʼt baptize her/him héende yakḵwatée I will baptize her/him héende ayakg̱watée s/he will baptize her/him tlél héende yakḵwatee I wonʼt baptize her/him tlél héende ayakg̱watee s/he wonʼt baptize her/him héent yaḵatee let me baptize her/him héent ayag̱atee let her/him baptize her/him tlél héent yax̱watéeych I havenʼt baptized her/him yet tlél héent ayawootéeych s/he hasnʼt baptized her/him yet tlél héent yadutéeych s/he hasnʼt been baptized yet tlél aadé héent ayag̱waateeyi yé no way can s/he baptize her/him héent ayag̱wateeyín s/he would have baptized her/him héent ayatéeni if/when s/he baptizes her/him héenx̱ ayatee s/he baptizes her/him (regularly) put it on (shirt, dress, etc.) káx̱ O-S-d-√tee ʰ~ (g̱a event) for S to Nut on O (shirt, dress, etc.)

káx̱ + di-tee

Káx̱ g̱idatí! Put it on! Káx̱ g̱aydatí! You all put it on! Líl káx̱ yei idateejíḵ! Donʼt put it on! Líl káx̱ yei yidateejíḵ! Donʼt you all put it on! [does not occur] káx̱ yei nax̱datéen Iʼm putting it on káx̱ yei nidatéen youʼre putting it on káx̱ yei ndatéen s/heʼs putting it on káx̱ yei ntudatéen weʼre putting it on káx̱ yei naydatéen you all are putting it on káx̱ yei (ha)s nadatéen theyʼre putting it on káx̱ yei ndutéen someone is putting it on [does not occur] káx̱ x̱waditee I put it on káx̱ yiditee you put it on káx̱ awditee s/he put it on káx̱ wutuditee we put it on káx̱ yeeyditee you all put it on káx̱ has awditee they put it on káx̱ wuduwatee someone put it on tlél káx̱ x̱wadatee I didnʼt put it on tlél káx̱ yidatee you didnʼt put it on tlél káx̱ awdatee s/he didnʼt put it on tlél káx̱ wutudatee we didnʼt put it on tlél káx̱ yeeydatee you all didnʼt put it on tlél káx̱ has awdatee they didnʼt put it on tlél káx̱ wudutee nobody put it on káx̱ yei kḵwadatée I will put it on káx̱ yei gag̱idatée you will put it on káx̱ yei agux̱datée s/he will put it on káx̱ yei gax̱tudatée we will put it on káx̱ yei gax̱yidatée you all will put it on káx̱ yei has agux̱datée they will put it on káx̱ yei gax̱dutée someone will put it on tlél káx̱ yei kḵwadatee I wonʼt put it on tlél káx̱ yei gag̱idatee you wonʼt put it on tlél káx̱ yei agux̱datee s/he wonʼt put it on tlél káx̱ yei gax̱tudatee we wonʼt put it on tlél káx̱ yei gax̱yidatee you all wonʼt put it on tlél káx̱ yei (ha)s agux̱datee they wonʼt put it on tlél káx̱ yei gax̱dutee nobody will put it on káx̱ ḵaaḵadatee let me put it on káx̱ ag̱aax̱datee let her/him put it on g̱aax̱tudatee let us put it on [does not occur] tlél káx̱ ḵwadateech I havenʼt put it on yet tlél káx̱ g̱idateech you havenʼt put it on yet tlél káx̱ oox̱dateech s/he hasnʼt put it on yet tlél káx̱ g̱atudateech we havenʼt put it on yet tlél káx̱ g̱aydateech you all havenʼt put it on yet tlél káx̱ has oox̱dateech they havenʼt put it on yet tlél káx̱ g̱aduteech nobody has put it on yet tlél aadé káx̱ ag̱aax̱wditeeyi yé no way can s/he put it on káx̱ ag̱aax̱wdateeyín s/he would have put it on káx̱ g̱adatéeni if/when s/he puts it on káx̱ yéi adateech s/he puts it on (regularly) káx̱ yei agux̱datée s/he will put it on bring it out, unearth it; pick it up (general, often compact object) kei O-S-∅-√tee ʰ~ (∅ motion) or S to bring out, unearth O (general, often compact object)(esp. from a box or other container or place which O is kept); for S to Nick up, lift up O

kei ya-tee

Kei tí! Bring it out! Kei yití! You all bring it out! Líl kei eeteejíḵ! Donʼt bring it out! Líl kei yiteejíḵ! Donʼt you all bring it out! [does not occur] kei x̱waatée I brought it out kei aawatée s/he brought it out tlél kei x̱watee I didnʼt bring it out tlél kei awutee s/he didnʼt bring it out kei kḵwatée I will bring it out kei akg̱watée s/he will bring it out tlél kei kḵwatee I wonʼt bring it out tlél kei akg̱watee s/he wonʼt bring it out kei ḵatee let me bring it out kei ag̱atee let her/him bring it out kei x̱watéeych I bring it out (every time) kei ootéeych s/he brings it out (every time) tlél kei x̱watéeych I havenʼt brought it out yet tlél kei ootéeych s/he hasnʼt brought it out yet tlél aadé kei ag̱waateeyi yé no way can s/he bring it out kei ag̱wateeyín s/he would have brought it out kei atéeni if/when s/he brings it out kei ateech s/he brings it out (regularly) put it down, leave it (round, spherical object) yan O-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ~ (∅ motion) for S to Nut down, lay down, leave, place O (round object)

ka-ya-tee

Yan katí! Put it down! Yan kaytí! You all put it down! Líl yax̱ keetéeḵ! Donʼt put it down! Líl yax̱ kaytéeḵ! Donʼt you all put it down! [does not occur] yan kax̱waatée I put it down yan akaawatée s/he put it down tlél yan kax̱watí I didnʼt put it down tlél yan akawutí s/he didnʼt put it down yánde kakḵwatée I will put it down yánde kakg̱watée s/he will put it down tlél yánde kakḵwatee I wonʼt put it down tlél yánde kakg̱watee s/he wonʼt put it down yan kaḵatee let me put it down yan akg̱atee let her/him put it down yan koox̱atéeych I put it down (every time) yan akootéeych s/he puts it down (every time) tlél yan koox̱atéeych I havenʼt put it down yet tlél yan akootéeych s/he hasnʼt put it down yet tlél aadé yan kooḵaateeyi yé no way can I put it down tlél aadé yan akoog̱aateeyi yé no way can s/he put it down yan kooḵateeyín I would have put it down yan akoog̱ateeyín s/he would have put it down yan kax̱atéeni if/when I put it down yan akatéeni if/when s/he puts it down yax̱ kax̱atee I put it down (regularly) yax̱ akatee s/he puts it down (regularly) Kʼidéin yan akg̱atee. Let her put it in a safe place. put it down (solid, often complex object) yan O-S-s-√tee ʰ~ (∅ motion) for S to Nut down, lay down, leave, place O (solid, often complex object)

yan si-tee

Yan satí! Put it down! Yan yisatí! You all put it down! Líl yax̱ isatéeḵ! Donʼt put it down! Líl yax̱ yisatéeḵ! Donʼt you all put it down! [does not occur] yan x̱wasitée I put it down yan awsitée s/he put it down tlél yan x̱wasatí I didnʼt put it down tlél yan awustí s/he didnʼt put it down yánde kḵwasatée I will put it down yánde agux̱satée s/he will put it down tlél yánde kḵwasatee I wonʼt put it down tlél yánde agux̱satee s/he wonʼt put it down yan ḵasatee let me put it down yan ax̱satee let her/him put it down yan x̱wasatéeych I put it down (every time) yan oostéeych s/he puts it down (every time) tlél yan x̱wasatéeych I havenʼt put it down yet tlél yan oostéeych s/he hasnʼt put it down yet tlél aadé yan ḵwasiteeyi yé no way can I put it down tlél aadé yan oox̱siteeyi yé no way can s/he put it down yan ḵwasateeyín I would have put it down yan oox̱sateeyín s/he would have put it down yan x̱asatéeni if/when I put it down yan astéeni if/when s/he puts it down yax̱ x̱asatee I put it down (regularly) yax̱ astee s/he puts it down (regularly) tee ² (7) lie ², sit, cry, wear, take off (shirt, dress, coat) lying there (to have a round, spherical object lying there) N-t O-ka-S-∅-√téen (position) for S to have (round, spherical) O lying at N

ka-ya-tee

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. át akatéen s/he has it lying there tlél át akootéen s/he doesnʼt have it lying there [does not occur] [does not occur] sit there (of solid, complex object) N-t s-√téen (position) for a solid, often complex object to sit at N

si-tee

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. át satéen itʼs sitting there tlél át usteen itʼs not sitting there [does not occur] [does not occur] carry it, take it (general, often compact object) II Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace át/áx̱/aadé ʼarriving at POʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-t (~x̱~dei) carrying it to N yan (~yax̱~yándei) setting it down neil (~neilx̱~neildéi) carrying it inside, carrying it home haat (~haax̱~haa(n)déi) carrying it here N jee-t~ O-S-∅-√tee~ (∅ motion) for S to give, take, hand O (general, esp. abstract objects) to N

ḵaa jee- + ya-tee

Ax̱ jeet tí! Give it to me! Ax̱ jeet yití! You all give it to me! Líl ax̱ jeex̱ eeteeḵ! Donʼt give it to me! Líl ax̱ jeex̱ yiteeḵ! Donʼt you all give it to me! [does not occur] du jeedé yaa nx̱atéen Iʼm bringing it to her/him ax̱ jeedé yaa neetéen youʼre bringing it to me ax̱ jeedé yaa anatéen s/heʼs bringing it to me du jeedé yaa ntutéen weʼre bringing it to her/him ax̱ jeedé yaa naytéen you all are bringing it to me ax̱ jeedé yaa has anatéen theyʼre bringing it to me ax̱ jeedé yaa ndutéen it is being brought to me tlél du jeedé yaa nx̱watéen Iʼm not bringing it to her/him tlél ax̱ jeedé yaa neetéen youʼre not bringing it to me tlél ax̱ jeedé yaa oonatéen s/heʼs not bringing it to me tlél du jeedé yaa ntootéen weʼre not bringing it to her/him tlél ax̱ jeedé yaa naytéen you all are not bringing it to me tlél ax̱ jeedé yaa has oonatéen theyʼre not bringing it to me tlél ax̱ jeedé yaa ndutéen it is not being brought to me du jeet x̱waatée I gave it to her/him ax̱ jeet yeetée you gave it to me ax̱ jeet aawatée s/he gave it to me du jeet wutuwatée we gave it to her/him ax̱ jeet yeetée you all gave it to me ax̱ jeet has aawatée they gave it to me ax̱ jeet wuduwatée it was given to me tlél du jeet x̱watí I didnʼt give it to her/him tlél ax̱ jeet yití you didnʼt give it to me tlél ax̱ jeet awutí s/he didnʼt give it to me tlél du jeet wutootí we didnʼt give it to her/him tlél ax̱ jeet yeeytí you all didnʼt give it to me tlél ax̱ jeet has awutí they didnʼt give it to me tlél ax̱ jeet wudutí it wasnʼt given it to me ax̱ jeet awuteeyín s/he had given it to me; s/he gave it to me (but...) tlél ax̱ jeet awuteeyín s/he hadnʼt given it to me; s/he didnʼt give it to me (at the time, but...) ách ax̱ jeet awateeyi aa the one who gave it to me du jeedé kḵwatée I will give it to her/him ax̱ jeedé kg̱eetée you will give it to me ax̱ jeedé akg̱watée s/he will give it to me du jeedé gax̱tootée we will give it to her/him ax̱ jeedé gax̱yitée you all will give it to me ax̱ jeedé has akg̱watée they will give it to me ax̱ jeedé gax̱dutée it will be given to me tlél du jeedé kḵwatee I wonʼt give it to her/him tlél ax̱ jeedé kg̱eetee you wonʼt give it to me tlél ax̱ jeedé akg̱watee s/he wonʼt give it to me tlél du jeedé gax̱tootee we wonʼt give it to her/him tlél ax̱ jeedé gax̱yitee you all wonʼt give it to me tlél ax̱ jeedé has akg̱watee they wonʼt give it to me tlél ax̱ jeedé gax̱dutee it wonʼt be given to me du jeet ḵatee let me give it to her/him ax̱ jeet ag̱atee let her/him give it to me du jeet g̱atootee let us give it to her/him du jeet x̱watéeych I give it to her/him (every time) ax̱ jeet eetéeych you give it to her/him (every time) ax̱ jeet ootéeych s/he gives it to her/him (every time) du jeet tootéeych we give it to her/him (every time) ax̱ jeet yeetéeych you all give it to her/him (every time) ax̱ jeet has ootéeych they give it to her/him (every time) ax̱ jeet dutéeych it was given to me (every time) tlél du jeet x̱watéeych I havenʼt given it to her/him yet tlél ax̱ jeet eetéeych you havenʼt given it to me yet tlél ax̱ jeet ootéeych s/he hasnʼt given it to me yet tlél du jeet tootéeych we havenʼt given it to her/him yet tlél ax̱ jeet yeeytéeych you all havenʼt given it to me yet tlél ax̱ jeet has ootéeych they havenʼt given it to me yet tlél ax̱ jeet dutéeych it hasnʼt been given to me yet tlél aadé ax̱ jeet oog̱aateeyi yé no way can s/he give it to me ax̱ jeet oog̱ateeyín s/he would have given it to me ax̱ jeet atéeni if/when s/he gives it to me ax̱ jeex̱ atee s/he keeps giving it to me ax̱ jeex̱ awateeyi át áyá this is what was given to me cry, weep, mourn, howl (plural subject) g̱ax̱-S-s-√tee~ (ga act) for (plural) S to cry, weep, mourn; for (plural) S to howl (esp. of wolves)

g̱ax̱-si-tee

g̱ax̱geesatí! You all cry! Líl g̱ax̱yisatéeḵ! Donʼt you all cry! g̱ax̱tusatí we cry; we are crying g̱ax̱yisatí you all cry; you all are crying has g̱ax̱satí they cry; they are crying g̱ax̱dustí people cry; people are crying tlél g̱ax̱tusatí we donʼt cry; weʼre not crying tlél g̱ax̱yisatí you all donʼt cry; you all are not crying tlél has ug̱ax̱satí they donʼt cry; theyʼre not crying tlél g̱ax̱dustí nobody cries; nobody is crying wé has g̱ax̱satí aa the ones who cry [semantically awkward - does not occur] [semantically awkward - does not occur] kei (ha)s g̱ax̱nastéen they are beginning to cry kei g̱ax̱nadustéen people are beginning to cry [does not occur] has g̱ax̱satéeyin they used to cry g̱ax̱wutusitee we cried g̱ax̱yeeysitee you all cried has g̱ax̱wusitee they cried g̱ax̱wududzitee people cried tlél g̱ax̱wutusatí we didnʼt cry tlél g̱ax̱yiysatí you all didnʼt cry tlél has g̱ax̱wustí they didnʼt cry tlél g̱ax̱wudustí nobody cried kei g̱ax̱gax̱tusatée we will cry kei g̱ax̱gax̱yisatée you all will cry kei (ha)s g̱ax̱gax̱satée they will cry kei g̱ax̱gax̱dustée people will cry tlél kei g̱ax̱gax̱tusatee we wonʼt cry tlél kei g̱ax̱gax̱yisatee you all wonʼt cry tlél kei (ha)s g̱ax̱gax̱satee they wonʼt cry tlél kei g̱ax̱gax̱dustee nobody will cry g̱ax̱gax̱tusatee let us cry has g̱ax̱gax̱satee let them cry has g̱ax̱satée nooch they always cry [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé g̱aax̱ has gux̱siteeyi yé no way can they cry has g̱ax̱gux̱sateeyín they would have cried has g̱ax̱gastéeni if/when they cry kei (ha)s g̱ax̱satéech they cry (regularly) Du ítde has g̱ax̱wusitee. They cried after him. take it off (shirt, dress, coat, etc.) I Note that kaax̱ comes from the noun ká "surface" plus the postposition -dáx̱ "from, off". An alternate pronunciation of this combination is kátx̱, as may be heard in some of the accompanying audio here. The form has been written kaax̱ throughout the paradigm here simply for consistency. For taking off oneʼs hat, replace kaax̱ with sháatx̱ "off the head" throughout the paradigm, as in: sháatx̱ kei awditée "s/he took off his/her hat". Note that this verb is not used for taking off pants, shoes, socks, etc. For these, use: x̱ʼoosdáx̱ awdiyíḵ "s/he took them off (pants, socks, shoes)". kaax̱ kei O-S-d-√tee~ (∅ motion) for S to take off O (shirt, dress, coat, etc.)

kaa-x̱ + kei di-tee

Kaax̱ kei idatí! Take it off! Kaax̱ kei yidatí! You all take them off! Líl kaax̱ kei idateejíḵ! Donʼt take it off! Líl kaax̱ kei yidateejíḵ! Donʼt you all take it off! kaax̱ kei andatéen s/he is taking it off kaax̱ kei x̱wditée I took it off kaax̱ kei awditée s/he took it off tlél kaax̱ kei awdatee s/he didnʼt take it off kaax̱ kei agux̱datée s/he will take it off tlél kaax̱ kei agux̱datee s/he wonʼt take it off kaax̱ kei ax̱datee let her/him take it off kaax̱ kei oodatéeych s/he takes it off (every time) tlél kaax̱ kei oodatéeych s/he hasnʼt taken it off yet tlél aadé kaax̱ kei oox̱diteeyi yé no way can s/he take it off kaax̱ kei oox̱dateeyín s/he would have taken it off kaax̱ kei adatéeni if/when s/he takes it off kaax̱ kei adatéech s/he takes it off (regularly); s/he is trying to take it off I kʼoodásʼi kaax̱ kei idatí! Take off your shirt! [Story & Naish 1973:222] wear it; have it on kát O-S-d-√tee~ (position) for S to wear O

di-tee

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. For all other modes, speakers use the verb: yéi aawa.oo "s/he wore it." [does not occur] [does not occur] kát adatéen s/he is wearing it; s/he has it on tlél kát oodateen s/he isnʼt wearing it; s/he doesnʼt have it on [does not occur] [does not occur] impregnate Note that the literal translation of the phrase: yát du jeet aawatée is "he gave her a baby", but is used to mean "he got her pregnant". yát N jee-t~ O-S-∅-√tee~ (∅ motion) for S to get N pregnant with O (baby)

ya-tee

Yát du jeet tí! Get her pregnant! Líl yát du jeex̱ eeteeḵ! Donʼt get her pregnant! [does not occur] yát du jeet x̱waatée I got her pregnant yát du jeet aawatée he got her pregnant tlél yát du jeet x̱watí I didnʼt get her pregnant tlél yát du jeet awutí he didnʼt get her pregnant yát du jeedé akg̱watée he is going to get her pregnant tlél yát du jeedé akg̱watee he isnʼt going to get her pregnant yát du jeet ag̱atee let him get her pregnant yát du jeet ootéeych he gets her pregnant (every time) tlél yát du jeet ootéeych he hasnʼt gotten her pregnant yet tlél aadé yát du jeet oog̱aateeyi yé no way can he get her pregnant yát du jeet oog̱ateeyín he would have gotten her pregnant yát du jeet atéeni if/when he gets her pregnant yát du jeex̱ atee he keeps getting her pregnant Chʼa yées ḵáax̱ sateeyí yát du jeet aawatée. He got her pregnant when he was young. tee ʰ ³ imitate, mimic, quote imitate her/him; mimic his/her speech; quote her/him O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√tee ʰ (na act) for S to imitate O; for S to mimic Oʼs speech; for S to quote O

x̱ʼa-ya-tee

(Hú) x̱ʼanatee! Imitate (her/him)! (Hú) x̱ʼanaytee! You all imitate (her/him)! Líl x̱ʼeeteeḵ! Donʼt imitate her/him! Líl x̱ʼayteeḵ! Donʼt you all imitate her/him! ax̱ʼatee s/heʼs imitating her/him tlél ax̱ʼeitee s/he/s not imitating her/him ax̱ʼatee nooch s/he always imitates her/him ax̱ʼeiwatee s/he imitated her/him tlél ax̱ʼawutee s/he didnʼt imitate her/him ax̱ʼakg̱watee s/he will imitate her/him tlél ax̱ʼakg̱watee s/he wonʼt imitate her/him ax̱ʼang̱atee let her/him imitate her/him ax̱ʼanateech s/he imitates her/him (every time) tlél ax̱ʼeinateech s/he hasnʼt imitated her/him yet tlél aadé ax̱ʼang̱waateeyi yé no way can s/he imitate her/him ax̱ʼang̱wateeyín s/he would have imitated her/him ax̱ʼanatéeni if/when s/he imitates her/him yoo ax̱ʼayateek s/he imitates her/him (regularly) teen (7) travel, see, watch travel VII Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼtravelʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace aadé ʼtoward thereʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-dé ḵu-S-∅-√teen~ (na motion) for S to travel, go on a trip to N

ḵu-ya-teen

Aadé ḵunateen! Travel there! Aadé ḵunayteen! You all travel there! Líl aadé yoo ḵeetéengiḵ! Donʼt travel there! Líl aadé yoo ḵaytéengiḵ! Donʼt you all travel there! [does not occur] aadé yaa ḵunx̱atín Iʼm traveling there aadé yaa ḵuneetín youʼre traveling there aadé yaa ḵunatín s/heʼs traveling there aadé yaa ḵuntootín weʼre traveling there aadé yaa ḵunaytín you all are traveling there aadé yaa (ha)s ḵunatín they are traveling there aadé yaa ḵundutín someone is traveling there [does not occur] aadé ḵux̱waateen I traveled there aadé ḵeeyateen you traveled there aadé ḵoowateen s/he traveled there aadé ḵuwtuwateen we traveled there aadé ḵuyeeyteen you all traveled there aadé (ha)s ḵoowateen they traveled there aadé ḵuwduwatenn someone traveled there tlél aadé ḵux̱wateen I didnʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵuyiteen you didnʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵuwuteen s/he didnʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵuwtooteen we didnʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵuyeeyteen you all didnʼt travel there tlél aadé (ha)s ḵuwuteen they didnʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵuwduteen nobody traveled there aadé ḵukḵwatéen I will travel there aadé ḵukg̱eetéen you will travel there aadé ḵukg̱watéen s/he will travel there aadé ḵugax̱tootéen we will travel there aadé ḵugax̱yeetéen you all will travel there aadé (ha)s ḵukg̱watéen they will travel there aadé ḵugax̱dutéen someone will travel there tlél aadé ḵukḵwateen I wonʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵukg̱eeteen you wonʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵukg̱wateen s/he wonʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵugax̱tooteen we wonʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵugax̱yeeteen you all wonʼt travel there tlél aadé (ha)s ḵukg̱wateen they wonʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵugax̱duteen nobody will travel there aadé ḵunḵateen let me travel there aadé ḵung̱ateen let her/him travel there aadé ḵunax̱tooteen let us travel there aadé ḵunx̱atínch I travel there (every time) aadé ḵuneetínch you travel there (every time) aadé ḵunatínch s/he travels there (every time) aadé ḵuntootínch we travel there (every time) aadé ḵunaytínch you all travel there (every time) aadé (ha)s ḵunatínch they travel there (every time) aadé ḵundutínch someone travels there (every time) tlél aadé ḵunx̱watínch I havenʼt traveled there yet tlél aadé ḵuneetínch you havenʼt traveled there yet tlél aadé ḵoonatínch s/he hasnʼt traveled there yet tlél aadé ḵuntootínch we havenʼt traveled there yet tlél aadé ḵunaytínch you all havenʼt traveled there yet tlél aadé (ha)s ḵoonatínch they havenʼt traveled there yet tlél aadé ḵundutínch nobody has traveled there yet tlél aadé aadé ḵoong̱aateeni yé no way can s/he travel there aadé ḵoong̱ateenín s/he would have traveled there aadé ḵunatínni if/when s/he travels there aadé yoo ḵuyatínk s/he travels there (regularly) ḵux̱waateení áwé chʼa tlákw du jeex̱ x̱ʼax̱dataan. When I travel, I always call her on the phone. travel II Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace át/áx̱/aadé ʼarriving at Nʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-t~ ḵu-S-∅-√teen~ (∅ motion) for S to travel, go on a trip to N

ḵu-ya-teen

Át ḵutín! Travel there! Át ḵuytín! You all travel there! Líl áx̱ ḵeeteeníḵ! Donʼt travel there! Líl áx̱ ḵayteeníḵ! Donʼt you all travel there! [does not occur] aadé yaa ḵunx̱atín Iʼm traveling there aadé yaa ḵuneetín youʼre traveling there aadé yaa ḵunatín s/heʼs traveling there aadé yaa ḵuntootín weʼre traveling there aadé yaa ḵunaytín you all are traveling there aadé yaa (ha)s ḵunatín they are traveling there aadé yaa ḵundutín someone is traveling there [does not occur] át ḵux̱waatín I traveled there át ḵeeyatín you traveled there át ḵuwatín s/he traveled there át ḵuwtuwatín we traveled there át ḵuyeeytín you all traveled there át has ḵuwatín they traveled there át ḵuwduwatín someone traveled there tlél át ḵux̱wateen I didnʼt travel there tlél át ḵuyiteen you didnʼt travel there tlél át ḵuwuteen s/he didnʼt travel there tlél át ḵuwtooteen we didnʼt travel there tlél át ḵuyeeyteen you all didnʼt travel there tlél át has ḵuwuteen they didnʼt travel there tlél át ḵuwduteen nobody traveled there aadé ḵukḵwatéen I will travel there aadé ḵukg̱eetéen you will travel there aadé ḵukg̱watéen s/he will travel there aadé ḵugax̱tootéen we will travel there aadé ḵugax̱yitéen you all will travel there aadé (ha)s ḵukg̱watéen they will travel there aadé ḵugax̱dutéen someone will travel there tlél aadé ḵukḵwateen I wonʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵukg̱eeteen you wonʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵukg̱wateen s/he wonʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵugax̱tooteen we wonʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵugax̱yiteen you all wonʼt travel there tlél aadé (ha)s ḵukg̱wateen they wonʼt travel there tlél aadé ḵugax̱duteen nobody will travel there át ḵuḵateen let me travel there át ḵug̱ateen let her/him travel there át ḵux̱tooteen let us travel there át ḵoox̱ateench I travel there (every time) át ḵeeteench you travel there (every time) át ḵooteench s/he travels there (every time) át ḵutooteench we travel there (every time) át ḵeeyteench you all travel there (every time) át has ḵooteench they travel there (every time) át ḵooduteench someone travels there (every time) tlél át ḵoox̱ateench I havenʼt traveled there yet tlél át ḵeeteench you havenʼt traveled there yet tlél át ḵooteench s/he hasnʼt traveled there yet tlél át ḵutooteench we havenʼt traveled there yet tlél át ḵeeyteench you all havenʼt traveled there yet tlél át has ḵooteench they havenʼt traveled there yet tlél át ḵooduteench nobody has traveled there yet tlél aadé át ḵug̱waateeni yé no way can s/he travel there át ḵug̱ateenín s/he would have traveled there át ḵutínni if/when s/he travels there áx̱ ḵuteen s/he travels there (regularly) watch her/him/it; look after her/him/it; take care of her/him/it O-S-l-√teen~ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to look at, gaze at, watch O; for S to watch, take care of, mind, look after O

li-tín

Latín! Watch it! Yilatín! You all watch her/him/it! Líl ilatíniḵ! Donʼt watch her/him/it! Líl yilatíniḵ! Donʼt you all watch her/him/it! x̱alatín I watch her/him/it; I am watching her/him/it ilatín you watch her/him/it; you are watching her/him/it altín s/he watches her/him/it; s/he is watching her/him/it tulatín we watch her/him/it; we are watching her/him/it yilatín you all watch her/him/it; you all are watching her/him/it has altín they watch her/him/it; they are watching her/him/it dultín he/she/it is watched; her/him/it is being watched tlél ux̱latín I donʼt watch her/him/it; Iʼm not watching her/him/it tlél ilatín you donʼt watch her/him/it; youʼre not watching her/him/it tlél ooltín s/he doesnʼt watch her/him/it; s/heʼs not watching her/him/it tlél tulatín we donʼt watch her/him/it; weʼre not watching her/him/it tlél yilatín you all donʼt watch her/him/it; you all are not watching her/him/it tlél has ooltín they donʼt watch her/him/it; theyʼre not watching her/him/it tlél dultín he/she/it isnʼt watched; he/she/it isnʼt being watched at latin(i) aa the one who is watching her/him/it altínin s/he used to watch her/him/it tléil ooltínin s/he didnʼt used to watch her/him/it x̱walitín I watched her/him/it yilitín you watched her/him/it awlitín s/he watched her/him/it wutulitín we watched her/him/it yeeylitín you all watched her/him/it has awlitín they watched her/him/it wududlitín he/she/it was watched tlél x̱walateen I didnʼt watch her/him/it tlél yilateen you didnʼt watch her/him/it tlél awulteen s/he didnʼt watch her/him/it tlél wutulateen we didnʼt watch her/him/it tlél yeeylateen you all didnʼt watch her/him/it tlél has awulteen they didnʼt watch her/him/it tlél wudulteen he/she/it wasnʼt watched kuḵalatéen I will watch her/him/it gag̱ilatéen you will watch her/him/it agux̱latéen s/he will watch her/him/it gax̱tulatéen we will watch her/him/it gax̱yilatéen you all will watch her/him/it has agux̱latéen they will watch her/him/it gax̱dultéen he/she/it will be watched tlél kuḵalateen I wonʼt watch her/him/it tlél gag̱ilateen you wonʼt watch her/him/it tlél agux̱lateen s/he wonʼt watch her/him/it tlél gax̱tulateen we wonʼt watch her/him/it tlél gax̱yilateen you all wonʼt watch her/him/it tlél has agux̱lateen they wonʼt watch her/him/it tlél gax̱dulteen he/she/it wonʼt be watched ḵalatín let me watch her/him/it ax̱latín let her/him watch her/him/it g̱atulatín let us watch her/him/it altin nooch s/he always watches her/him/it ux̱latínch I watch her/him/it (every time) ilatínch you watch her/him/it (every time) ooltínch s/he watches her/him/it (every time) tulatínch we watch her/him/it (every time) yilatínch you all watch her/him/it (every time) has ooltínch they watch her/him/it (every time) dultínch he/she/it is watched (every time) tlél ux̱latínch I havenʼt watched her/him/it yet tlél ilatínch you havenʼt watched her/him/it yet tlél ooltínch s/he hasnʼt watched her/him/it yet tlél tulatínch we havenʼt watched her/him/it yet tlél yilatínch you all havenʼt watched her/him/it yet tlél has ooltínch they havenʼt watched her/him/it yet tlél dultínch it hasnʼt been watched her/him/it yet tlél aadé oox̱litíni yé no way can s/he watch her/him/it oox̱latínin s/he would have watched her/him/it altínni if/when s/he watches her/him/it altínx̱ s/he watches her/him/it (regularly) ` ` gaaw altínx̱ clock-watcher Sh eeltín gé? Are you taking care of yourself? Tlél dultínx̱. One shouldnʼt watch it. Tlél ushkʼé dultíni. Itʼs not good to look at it. du latíni his/her care-giver yadultín look at someoneʼs face ḵuyalatíni jury ḵút kawdudliteen. They looked at it so much, it went somewhere. Haa hídi altín. S/he is watching our house. see her/him/it, catch sight of her/him/it O-S-s-√teen~ (g̱a event) for S to see, behold O (usually specific)

si-teen

g̱asteen! See her/him/it! g̱aysateen! You all see her/him/it! [does not occur] [does not occur - ayatéen preferred] [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱wasiteen I see her/him/it; I saw her/him/it yisiteen you see her/him/it; you saw her/him/it awsiteen s/he sees her/him/it; s/he saw her/him/it wutusiteen we see her/him/it; we saw her/him/it yeeysiteen you all see her/him/it; you all saw her/him/it has awsiteen they see her/him/it; they saw her/him/it wududziteen he/she/it is seen tlél x̱wasateen I donʼt see her/him/it; I didnʼt see her/him/it tlél yisateen you donʼt see her/him/it; you didnʼt see her/him/it tlél awusteen s/he doesnʼt see her/him/it; s/he didnʼt see her/him/it tlél wutusateen we donʼt see her/him/it; we didnʼt see her/him/it tlél yeeysateen you all donʼt see her/him/it; you all didnʼt see her/him/it tlél has awusteen they donʼt see her/him/it; they didnʼt see her/him/it tlél wudusteen he/she/it isnʼt seen; he/she/it wasnʼt seen yei kḵwasatéen I will see her/him/it yei kg̱isatéen you will see her/him/it yei agux̱satéen s/he will see her/him/it yei gax̱tusatéen we will see her/him/it yei gax̱yisatéen you all will see her/him/it yei has agux̱satéen they will see her/him/it yei gax̱dustéen he/she/it will be seen tlél yei kḵwasateen I wonʼt see her/him/it tlél yei kg̱isateen you wonʼt see her/him/it tlél yei agux̱sateen s/he wonʼt see her/him/it tlél yei gax̱tusateen we wonʼt see her/him/it tlél yei gax̱yisateen you all wonʼt see her/him/it tlél yei has agux̱sateen they wonʼt see her/him/it tlél yei gax̱dusteen he/she/it wonʼt be seen g̱aaḵasateen let me see her/him/it ag̱aax̱sateen let her/him see her/him/it g̱aax̱tusateen let us see her/him/it [does not occur] ḵasatínch I see her/him/it (every time) g̱isatínch you see her/him/it (every time) ax̱satínch s/he sees her/him/it (every time) g̱atusatínch we see her/him/it (every time) g̱aysatínch you all see her/him/it (every time) has ax̱satínch they see her/him/it (every time) g̱adustínch he/she/it is seen (every time) tlél ḵwasatínch I havenʼt seen her/him/it yet tlél g̱isatínch you havenʼt seen her/him/it yet tlél oox̱satínch s/he hasnʼt seen her/him/it yet tlél g̱atusatínch we havenʼt seen her/him/it yet tlél g̱aysatínch you all havenʼt seen her/him/it yet tlél has oox̱satínch they havenʼt seen her/him/it yet tlél g̱adustínch he/she/it hasnʼt been seen yet tlél aadé ag̱waax̱siteeni yé / oog̱aax̱siteeni yé no way can s/he see her/him/it ag̱waax̱sateenín / oog̱aax̱sateenín s/he would have seen her/him/it ax̱satínni if/when s/he sees her/him/it yei astínch s/he keeps seeing her/him/it Yáat aayí kát ag̱waax̱sateenín. If s/heʼd been sitting here, s/he would have seen it. Haa een wu.aadi kát ag̱waax̱sateenín. If he had come with us, he would have seen it. Ayawsiteen. S/he saw his/her face. Aag̱áa tsá ax̱wsiteeni yé. Itʼs about time I saw it; I finally saw it. see it, perceive it O-S-∅-√teen~ (ga state) for S to see, perceive O (often abstract)

ya-teen

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱aatéen I can see it iyatéen you can see it ayatéen s/he can see it tuwatéen we can see it yeeytéen you all can see it has ayatéen they can see it duwatéen it can be seen; itʼs plain to see tlél x̱wateen I canʼt see it tlél eeteen you canʼt see it tlél ooteen S/he canʼt see it tlél tooteen we canʼt see it tlél yiteen you all canʼt see it tlél has ooteen they canʼt see it tlél duteen it canʼt be seen; itʼs invisible ayatéeni aa / ayatíni aa the one who sees it [does not occur] x̱ateenín I used to see it eeteenín you used to see it ateenín s/he used to see it tooteenín we used to see it yeeteenín you all used to see it has ateenín they used to see it duteenín someone used to see it; it used to be seen tlél x̱wateenín I never saw it tlél eeteenín you never saw it tlél ooteenín s/he never saw it tlél tooteenín we never saw it tlél yeeteenín you all never saw it tlél has ooteenín they never saw it tlél duteenín nobody saw it; it was never seen [does not occur - awsiteen preferred] [does not occur - yei agux̱satéen preferred] [does not occur - ag̱aax̱sateen preferred] x̱ateen nooch I always see it eeteen nooch you always see it ateen nooch s/he always sees it tooteen nooch we always sees it yiteen nooch you all always see it has ateen nooch they always see it duteen nooch itʼs always visible; someone always sees it tlél x̱wateen nooch I never see it tlél eeteen nooch you never see it tlél ooteen nooch s/he never sees it tlél tooteen nooch we never see it tlél yiteen nooch you all never see it tlél has ooteen nooch they never see it tlél duteen nooch it is never seen [does not occur - ax̱satínch preferred] [does not occur - tlél oox̱satínch preferred] [does not occur - tlél aadé ag̱waax̱siteeni yé / oog̱aax̱siteeni yé preferred] [does not occur - ag̱aax̱sateenín preferred] agatínni if/when s/he can see it [does not occur - yei astínch preferred] Át ax̱walg̱einní x̱aatéen haa daadéi áyá yaa ḵushunaxíx. When I look around I see that we are losing a lot of people. ḵaa yináade áwé ayatéen. She sees it differently from other people. Aadé x̱aateeni yé áwé. Thatʼs the way I see it. see; have sight ḵu-S-∅-√teen~ (ga state) for S to have sight (see people)

ḵu-ya-teen

Note that this verb has the prefix ḵu-, which refers to "people." The translation can either be "to have sight (in general)" or "to be able to see people," except in the repetitive imperfective which translates as "to recognize people." This verb is often used with the adverb kʼidéin, as in: tlél kʼidéin ḵoox̱ateen "I donʼt see well." [does not occur] [does not occur] ḵux̱aatéen I have sight ḵeeyatéen you have sight ḵuwatéen / ḵuyatéen s/he has sight ḵutuwatéen we have sight ḵiyeeytéen you all have sight has ḵuwatéen they have sight ḵuduwatéen one has sight tlél ḵoox̱ateen I donʼt see well tlél ḵeeteen you donʼt see well tlél ḵooteen s/he doesnʼt see well tlél ḵutooteen we donʼt see well tlél ḵeeyteen you all donʼt see well tlél has ḵooteen they donʼt see well tlél ḵuduteen nobody sees well wé ḵuwateeni ḵáa the one who has sight kei ḵunx̱atéen Iʼm beginning to be able to see kei ḵuneetéen youʼre beginning to be able to see kei ḵunatéen s/heʼs beginning to be able to see kei ḵuntootéen weʼre beginning to be able to see kei ḵunaytéen you all are beginning to be able to see kei has ḵunatéen theyʼre beginning to be able to see kei ḵundutéen one is beginning to be able to see ḵux̱atéenin I used to be able to see ḵeeytéenin you used to be able to see ḵuteenín (ND) / ḵutéenin (JP) (JM) s/he used to be able to see ḵutootéenin we used to be able to see ḵaytéenin you all used to be able to see has ḵutéenin they used to be able to see ḵuduteenín one used to be able to see tlél ḵoox̱atéenin (JM) I couldnʼt used to see tlél ḵeeytéenin you couldnʼt used to see tlél ḵootéenin s/he couldnʼt used to see tlél ḵootootéenin we couldnʼt used to see tlél ḵaytéenin you all couldnʼt used to see tlél has ḵootéenin they couldnʼt used to see tlél ḵoodutéenin one couldnʼt used to see [does not occur] kei ḵukḵwatéen I will get my vision back kei ḵikg̱eetéen you will get your vision back kei ḵukg̱watéen s/he will get his/her vision back kei ḵugax̱tutéen we will get our vision back kei ḵugax̱yitéen you all will get your vision back kei has ḵukg̱watéen they will get their vision back kei ḵugax̱dutéen one will get oneʼs vision back tlél kei ḵukḵwatéen I will lose my vision tlél kei ḵikg̱eetéen you will lose your vision tlél kei ḵukg̱watéen s/he will lose his/her vision tlél kei ḵugax̱tutéen we will lose our vision tlél kei ḵugax̱yitéen you all will lose your vision tlél kei has ḵukg̱watéen they will lose their vision tlél kei ḵugax̱dutéen one will lose oneʼs vision [does not occur] ḵuteen nooch s/he can always see tlél ḵuteen nooch s/he always canʼt see [does not occur] tlél aadé ḵukg̱waateeni yé no way can s/he have sight ḵukg̱wateenín s/he would have had sight ḵugatínni if/when s/he has sight ḵuwatínx̱ s/he recognizes people (regularly) hooch du ḵutéeni his/her vision is gone ḵooduwagwásʼ chʼa aan ḵu.aa chʼa yei tsú ḵutuwatéen. Despite the fog, we can still see. blind tlél ḵu-S-sh-√téen (ga state) for S to be blind

tléil + ḵu-shi-teen

[does not occur] [see have sight] tlél ḵoox̱shatéen I am blind tlél ḵeeshatéen you are blind tlél ḵooshtéen s/he is blind tlél ḵutooshtéen we are blind tlél ḵayishatéen you all are blind tlél has ḵooshtéen they are blind tlél ḵudushtéen one is blind l ḵooshatéeni the one who is blind [see have sight] tlél kei ḵunax̱shatéen Iʼm losing my eyesight tlél kei ḵineeshtéen / ḵinishatéen (alternate form) youʼre losing youʼre eyesight tlél kei ḵunashtéen s/heʼs losing his/her eyesight tlél kei ḵuntushatéen weʼre losing our eyesight tlél kei ḵinayshatéen you all are losing your eyesight tlél has ḵunashtéen theyʼre losing their eyesight tlél kei ḵundooshtéen one is losing his/her eyesight [see have sight] tlél ḵoox̱shatéenin I used to be blind tlél ḵeeshatéenin you used to be blind tlél ḵooshtéenin s/he used to be blind tlél ḵutushatéenin we used to be blind tlél ḵayishatéenin you all used to be blind tlél has ḵooshtéenin they used to be blind tlél ḵudushtéen one used to be blind [does not occur] [see have sight] tlél kei ḵukḵwashatéen I will go blind tlél kei ḵikg̱ishatéen you will go blind tlél kei ḵugux̱shatéen s/he will go blind tlél kei ḵugax̱tushatéen we will go blind tlél kei ḵigax̱yishatéen you all will go blind tlél kei has ḵugux̱shatéen they will go blind tlél kei ḵugax̱dushatéen someone will go blind [does not occur] [see have sight] tlél ḵux̱shatéen nooch I usually go blind tlél ḵeeshatéen nooch you usually go blind tlél ḵooshtéen nooch s/he usually goes blind tlél ḵutushatéen nooch we usually go blind tlél ḵuyshatéen nooch you all usually go blind tlél has ḵooshtéen nooch they usually go blind tlél ḵudushtéen nooch people usually go blind [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé l ḵugux̱shitéeni yé no way can s/he be blind tlél ḵugux̱shatéenin s/he would have been blind l ḵugooshtéenni if/when s/he goes blind [does not occur] du l ḵooshtéeni his/her blindness teesh lonely lonely O-l-√teesh~ (g̱a event) for O to be lonely

li-teesh

Líl iwulteeshíḵ! Donʼt be lonely! Líl yee wulteeshíḵ! Donʼt you all be lonely! [does not occur] yei x̱at naltísh Iʼm getting lonely yei inaltísh youʼre getting lonely yei naltísh s/heʼs getting lonely yei haa naltísh weʼre getting lonely yei yee naltísh you all are getting lonely yei has naltísh theyʼre getting lonely yei ḵunaltísh people are getting lonely x̱at wuliteesh Iʼm lonely iwliteesh youʼre lonely wuliteesh s/heʼs lonely haa wuliteesh weʼre lonely yee wliteesh you all are lonely has wuliteesh theyʼre lonely ḵuwliteesh people are lonely tlél x̱at wulteesh Iʼm not lonely tlél iwulteesh youʼre not lonely tlél wulteesh s/heʼs not lonely tlél haa wulteesh weʼre not lonely tlél yee wulteesh you all are not lonely tlél has wulteesh theyʼre not lonely tlél ḵuwulteesh nobody is lonely wulteeshín s/he had been lonely; s/he was lonely (but...) tlél wulteeshín s/he hadnʼt been lonely; s/he wasnʼt lonely (at the time, but...) wé wuliteeshi aa the lonely one yei x̱at gux̱latéesh I will be lonely yei igux̱latéesh you will be lonely yei gux̱latéesh s/he will be lonely yei haa gux̱latéesh we will be lonely yei yee gux̱latéesh you all will be lonely yei (ha)s gux̱latéesh they will be lonely yei ḵugux̱latéesh people will be lonely tlél yei x̱at gux̱lateesh I wonʼt be lonely tlél yei igux̱lateesh you wonʼt be lonely tlél yei gux̱lateesh s/he wonʼt be lonely tlél yei haa gux̱lateesh we wonʼt be lonely tlél yei yee gux̱lateesh you all wonʼt be lonely tlél yei (ha)s gux̱lateesh they wonʼt be lonely tlél yei ḵugux̱lateesh nobody will be lonely x̱at g̱aax̱lateesh let me be lonely g̱aax̱lateesh let her/him be lonely haa g̱aax̱lateesh let us be lonely x̱at g̱altíshch I get lonely (every time) ig̱altíshch you get lonely (every time) g̱altíshch s/he gets lonely (every time) haa x̱latíshch we get lonely (every time) yee x̱latíshch you all get lonely (every time) has g̱altíshch they get lonely (every time) ḵux̱latíshch people get lonely (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé g̱waax̱liteeshi yé no way can s/he be lonely g̱waax̱lateeshín s/he would have been lonely g̱alatíshni if/when s/he is lonely yei latíshch s/he gets lonely (regularly) Chʼa tlákw xáanaa dei yaa ḵunahéini áwé x̱at galtíshch. I get lonely every time evening approaches. Ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼ ax̱ náḵ wugoodí x̱at galtíshch. I get lonely every time my grandchild leaves me. téesʼshán fascinating, sight sight to behold; fascinating to watch ka-u-l-√téesʼshán ˟ (ga state) for something to be fascinating to watch, to be a wonderful sight

ka-li-téesʼshan

kulitéesʼshán itʼs a sight to behold tlél kooltéesʼshán itʼs not much to see kawlitéesʼshán it was a sight to behold tlél kawultéesʼshán it wasnʼt much to see kei kagux̱latéesʼshán it will be a sight to behold tlél kei kagux̱latéesʼshán it wonʼt be much to see [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] kagooltéesʼshánni if itʼs a sight to behold [does not occur] teex̱ʼ crooked, wicked, lock, screw, wind wind it O-ka-S-l-√téex̱ʼ (na event) for S to wind O O-ka-S-l-téix̱ʼ~ (na event)

ka-li-teix̱ʼ

Kanaltéex̱ʼ! Wind it! Kanaylatéex̱ʼ! You all wind it! Líl yoo keelatíx̱ʼgiḵ! Donʼt wind it! Líl yoo kaylatíx̱ʼgiḵ! Donʼt you all wind it! [does not occur] yaa akanaltíx̱ʼ s/he is winding it kax̱wlitéex̱ʼ I wound it akawlitéex̱ʼ s/he wound it tlél akawultéex̱ʼ s/he didnʼt wind it akagux̱latéex̱ʼ s/he will wind it tlél akagux̱latéex̱ʼ s/he wonʼt wind it akanax̱latéex̱ʼ let her/him wind it akanaltíx̱ʼch s/he winds it (every time) tlél akoonaltíx̱ʼch s/he hasnʼt wound it yet tlél aadé akoonax̱litéex̱ʼi yé no way can s/he wind it akoonax̱latéex̱ʼin s/he would have wound it aklatíx̱ʼni if/when s/he winds it yoo aklitíx̱ʼk s/he winds it (regularly) Yan aklatʼix̱ʼni gug̱walʼéexʼ. If he stops winding it, it will break. ḵúdáx̱ akawlitéex̱ʼ ax̱ gaaw kaneek washéeni ách áwé woolʼéexʼ. He wound my watch too much, thatʼs why it broke. teix̱ʼ (3) crooked, wicked, lock, screw, wind screw it on it II N-t~ O-ka-S-l-√téex̱ʼ (∅ motion) for S to screw O into N

ka-li-teix̱ʼ

N-t~ O-ka-S-l-téix̱ʼ~ (∅ motion) Át kalatíx̱ʼ! Screw it on it! Át kaylatíx̱ʼ! You all screw it on it! Líl áx̱ keelatéex̱ʼiḵ! Donʼt screw it on it! Líl áx̱ kaylatéex̱ʼiḵ! Donʼt you all screw it on it! [does not occur] aadé yaa akanaltíx̱ʼ s/heʼs screwing it on it át kax̱wlitíx̱ʼ I screwed it on it át akawlitíx̱ʼ s/he screwed it on it tlél át akawultéex̱ʼ s/he didnʼt screw it on it aadé akagux̱latéex̱ʼ s/he will screw it on it tlél aadé akagux̱latéex̱ʼ s/he wonʼt screw it on it át akax̱latéex̱ʼ let her/him screw it on it át akooltéex̱ʼch s/he screws it on it (every time) tlél át akooltéex̱ʼch s/he hasnʼt screwed it on it yet tlél aadé át akoox̱litéex̱ʼi yé no way can s/he screw it on it át akoox̱latéex̱ʼin s/he would have screwed it on it át aklatíx̱ʼni if/when s/he screws it on it áx̱ aklatéex̱ʼ s/he screws it on it (reguarly) crooked; wicked O-ka-d-s-√téix̱ʼ (∅ event) for O to be crooked, wicked

ka-dzi-teix̱ʼ

-téex̱ʼ~ This verb can also be used to refer to a person, as in kawdzitéx̱ʼ "s/he is crooked". The object pronoun must be used with this verb. For example: Tlél x̱at kawustéix̱ʼ. "Iʼm not crooked." [does not occur] kawdzitéx̱ʼ itʼs crooked tlél kawustéix̱ʼ it isnʼt crooked kakg̱wastéix̱ʼ it will be crooked tlél kakg̱wastéix̱ʼ it wonʼt be crooked (chʼa) kg̱astéix̱ʼ (just) let it get crooked koostéx̱ʼch it gets crooked (every time) tlél koostéx̱ʼch it hasnʼt gotten crooked yet tlél aadé koox̱dzitéix̱ʼi yé no way can it get crooked koog̱astéix̱ʼin it would have gotten crooked kastéx̱ʼni if/when itʼs crooked kastéx̱ʼx̱ it gets crooked (regularly) lock it x̱ʼéi-t~ O-ka-S-l-√téex̱ʼ (∅ event) for S to lock O

x̱ʼei- + ka-li-teix̱ʼ

-téix̱ʼ~ x̱ʼéit kalatíx̱ʼ! Lock it! x̱ʼéit kaylatíx̱ʼ! You all lock it! Líl x̱ʼéix̱ keelatéex̱ʼiḵ! Donʼt lock it! Líl x̱ʼéix̱ kaylatéex̱ʼiḵ! Donʼt you all lock it! [does not occur] x̱ʼéide yaa akanaltíx̱ʼ s/heʼs locking it x̱ʼéit akawlitíx̱ʼ s/he locked it tlél x̱ʼéit akawultéex̱ʼ s/he didnʼt lock it x̱ʼéide akagux̱latéex̱ʼ s/he will lock it tlél x̱ʼéide akagux̱latéex̱ʼ s/he wonʼt lock it x̱ʼéit akax̱latéex̱ʼ let her/him lock it x̱ʼéit akooltéex̱ʼch s/he locks it (every time) tlél x̱ʼéit akooltéex̱ʼch s/he hasnʼt locked it yet tlél aadé x̱ʼéit akoox̱litéex̱ʼi yé no way can s/he lock it x̱ʼéit akoox̱latéex̱ʼin s/he would have locked it x̱ʼéit aklatíx̱ʼni if/when s/he locks it x̱ʼéix̱ aklatéex̱ʼ s/he locks it (regularly) tlaa ʰ big big around (that big around, in girth) (yéi) ka-u-d-√tlaa ʰ (na state) for something to be (so) big around, in girth

ya-tlaa

yéi kwditláa itʼs that big around tlél yéi kwdatlaa itʼs not that big around yéi yaa kundatléin itʼs getting to be that big around [does not occur] yéi kagux̱datláa it will get that big around tlél yéi kagux̱datlaa it wonʼt get that big around [does not occur] yéi kundatlaach it gets that big around (every time) tlél yéi kundatlaach it hasnʼt gotten that big around yet tlél aadé yéi kunax̱ditlaayi yé no way can it get that big around yéi kunax̱datlaayín it would have gotten that big around yéi kundatléini if it gets that big around [does not occur] tlaakw (3) investigate, research, tell investigate it; research it O-ka-S-∅-√tlaakw (na event) for S to investigate, make inquiry into, research O

ka-ya-tlaakw

Kanatlaakw! Investigate it! Kanaytlaakw! You all investigate it! Líl kayitlaagúḵ! Donʼt investigate it! Líl kayeeytlaagúḵ! Donʼt you all investigate it! [does not occur] yaa kanx̱atlákw I am investigating it yaa akanatlákw s/he is investigating it kax̱waatlaakw Iʼm investigating it; I investigated it akaawatlaakw s/heʼs investigating it; s/he investigated it tlél kax̱watlaakw I didnʼt investigate it tlél akawutlaakw s/he didnʼt investigate it kakḵwatláakw I will investigate it akakg̱watláakw s/he will investigate it tlél kakḵwatlaakw I wonʼt investigate it tlél akakg̱watlaakw s/he wonʼt investigate it akunḵatlaakw let me investigate it akung̱atlaakw let her/him investigate it kunx̱atlákwch I investigate it (every time) akunatlákwch s/he investigates it (every time) tlél koonx̱atlákwch I havenʼt investigated it yet tlél akoonatlákwch s/he hasnʼt investigated it yet tlél aadé akoong̱aatlaagu yé no way can s/he investigate it akoong̱atlaagún s/he would have investigated it akanatlákwni if/when s/he investigates it yoo akayatlákwk s/he investigates it (regularly) tell a legend O-S-∅-√tlaakw (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to tell, recount, narrate O (legend, myth, fairy tale, etc.)

ya-tlaakw

ḵoon atlákw! Tell people a legend! ḵoon eetlákw! You all tell people a legend! ḵoon atláakw s/he is telling people a legend; s/he tells people legends tlél ḵoon ootlaakw s/he doesnʼt tell people legends ḵoon atláakw nooch s/he always tells people legends ḵoon aawatlákw s/he told people a legend tlél ḵoon awutlaakw s/he didnʼt tell people a ledend ḵoon akg̱watláakw s/he will tell people a legend tlél ḵoon akg̱watlaakw s/he wonʼt tell people a legend ḵoon ag̱atlákw let her/him tell people a legend ḵoon ootlákwch s/he tells people a legend (every time) tlél ḵoon ootlákwch s/he hasnʼt told people a legend yet tlél aadé ḵoon ag̱waatlágu yé no way can s/he tell people a legend ḵoon ag̱watlágun s/he would have told people a legend ḵoon atlákwni if/when s/he tells people a legend ḵoon atlákwx̱ s/he tells people a legend (regularly) whisper ḵu-S-∅-√tlaakw (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to whisper

ḵu-ya-tlaakw

ḵutlákw! Whisper! Líl ḵeetláaguḵ! Donʼt whisper! Líl ḵuyitláguḵ! Donʼt whisper! ḵux̱atláakw Iʼm whispering ḵutláakw s/heʼs whispering tlél ḵux̱watláakw Iʼm not whispering tlél ḵootláakw s/heʼs not whispering yaa ḵunatlákw s/he is starting to whisper ḵux̱waatlákw I whispered ḵoowatlákw s/he whispered tlél ḵux̱watlaakw I didnʼt whisper tlél ḵoowatlaakw s/he didnʼt whisper ḵukg̱watláakw s/he will whisper tlél ḵukg̱watlaakw s/he wonʼt whisper (chʼa) ḵug̱atlákw (just) let her/him whisper ḵootlákwch s/he whispers (every time) tlél ḵootlákwch s/he hasnʼt whispered yet tlél aadé ḵoog̱aatlágu yé no way can s/he whisper ḵoog̱atlágun s/he would have whispered ḵutlákwni if/when s/he whispers ḵutlákwx̱ s/he whispers (regularly) I een ḵukḵwatláakw. Iʼm going to whisper it to you. [Story & Naish 1973: 246] Chʼa tlákw ḵutlaakw nooch. She whispers all the time. Du xán.aa yatéixʼ ḵutláakw. Sheʼs whispering behind her husbandʼs back. Du shantóode ḵutláakw. She whispers in his ear. ḵutlákw sʼaatí áwé. Sheʼs always whispering. tlaax̱ moldy moldy d+∅-√tlaax̱ (∅ event) for something to be moldy

di-tlaax̱

[does not occur] yaa nadatláx̱ itʼs getting moldy wuditláx̱ itʼs moldy; it got moldy tlél wudatlaax̱ itʼs not moldy; it didnʼt get moldy gux̱datláax̱ it will get moldy tlél gux̱datlaax̱ it wonʼt get moldy g̱adatlaax̱ let it get moldy udatláx̱ch it gets moldy (every time) tlél udatlaax̱ch / tlél udatláx̱ch it hasnʼt gotten moldy yet tlél aadé ux̱ditlaax̱i yé no way can it get moldy ux̱datlaax̱ín it would have gotten moldy datláx̱ni if/when it gets moldy ditláx̱kw it molds (easily, regularly) tleitʼ lick lick it, lap it up O-S-∅-√tléitʼ (∅ act) for S to lick, lap up O

ya-tleitʼ

Leer 1973: 08/147 (Chʼa) tlétʼ! (Just) lick it! (Chʼa) yitlétʼ! You all (just) lick it! Líl eetléitʼiḵ! Donʼt lick it! Líl yitléitʼiḵ! Donʼt you all lick it! atléitʼ s/he is licking it tlél ootléitʼ s/he is not licking it x̱waatlétʼ I licked it aawatlétʼ s/he licked it tlél x̱watléitʼ I didnʼt lick it tlél awutléitʼ s/he didnʼt lick it akg̱watléitʼ s/he will lick it tlél akg̱watléitʼ s/he wonʼt lick it (chʼa) ag̱atléitʼ (just) let her/him lick it ootlétʼch s/he licks it (every time) tlél ootlétʼch s/he hasnʼt licked it yet tlél aadé ag̱waatléitʼi yé no way can s/he lick it ag̱watléitʼin s/he would have licked it atlétʼni if/when s/he licks it atlétʼx̱ s/he licks it (regularly) ḵúnáx̱ du x̱ʼéi yakʼéi atléitʼ. Itʼs really good, heʼs licking it. tlooxʼ crawl, creep crawl on oneʼs belly VII N-dé S-∅-√tlóoxʼ (na motion) for S to creep, crawl on hands and toes with body close to ground (usually when stalking game) toward P

ya-tlooxʼ

Aadé natlóoxʼ! Crawl there on your belly! Aadé naytlóoxʼ! You all crawl there on your belly! Líl aadé yoo eetlúxʼguḵ! Donʼt crawl there on your belly! Líl aadé yoo yitlúxʼguḵ! Donʼt you all crawl there on your belly! [does not occur] aadé yaa nx̱atlúxʼ I am crawling there on my belly aadé yaa natlúxʼ s/he is crawling there on his/her belly aadé x̱waatlóoxʼ I crawled there on my belly aadé wootlóoxʼ he/she/it crawled there on his/her/itʼs belly tlél aadé x̱watlóoxʼ I didnʼt crawl there on my belly tlél aadé wutlóoxʼ s/he didnʼt crawl there on his/her belly aadé kḵwatlóoxʼ I will crawl there on my belly aadé kg̱watlóoxʼ he/she/it will crawl there on his/her/its belly tlél aadé kḵwatlóoxʼ I wonʼt crawl there on my belly tlél aadé kg̱watlóoxʼ s/he wonʼt crawl there on his/her belly aadé nḵatlóoxʼ let me crawl there on my belly aadé ng̱atlóoxʼ let her/him crawl there on his/her belly [does not occur] tlél aadé nx̱watlúxʼch I havenʼt crawled there on my belly yet tlél aadé unatlúxʼch s/he hasnʼt crawled there on his/her belly yet tlél aadé nḵwaatlóoxʼu yé no way can I crawl there on my belly tlél aadé ng̱waatlóoxʼu yé no way can s/he crawl there on his/her belly aadé nḵwatlóoxʼun I would have crawled there on my belly aadé ng̱watlóoxʼun s/he would have crawled there on his/her belly aadé nx̱atlúxʼni if/when I crawl there on my belly aadé natlúxʼni if/when s/he crawls there on his/her belly aadé yoo x̱aatlúxʼk I crawl there on my belly (regularly) aadé yoo yatlúxʼk s/he crawls there on his/her belly (regularly) Aadé natlóoxʼ, aag̱áa tlél yei igax̱dusteen. Crawl there on your belly, that way you wonʼt be seen. Ax̱ x̱ánde wootlóoxʼ. He crawled to me on his belly. Líl aadé yoo itlúxʼguḵ, áx̱ yéi i kagux̱lax̱ʼéexʼ - chʼa a daa woogú. Donʼt crawl over there on your belly, youʼre going to get stuck there - just go around it. Tlél aadé ng̱waatlóoxʼu yé ḵútx̱ kootláa. He canʼt crawl there on his belly, heʼs too big around. Át wootlóoxʼ. Sheʼs crawling around on her belly. tlúxja put foot in mouth put foot in oneʼs mouth This verb form was gleaned from a recording of Robert Zuboff telling the Tide Controller story. Speakers consulted for this project were not familiar with the word, and no other modes have been documented. kei x̱ʼa-S-∅-√tlúxja ˟ for S to Nut his/her foot in his/her mouth (figuratively)

---

--- kei x̱ʼayatlúxja s/he is putting his/her foot in his/her mouth Akawulx̱óox̱udáx̱ áyú, kei x̱ʼayatlúxja ḵúnáx̱. After he wanted it, heʼs really putting his foot in his mouth. (The uncle sends his nephew after a giant octopus and after his nephew brings the octopus inside his uncleʼs house and tells it to grow, itʼs getting too big for the house and the uncle yells to get it out.) [From Robert Zuboffʼs telling of the Tide Controller, in Raven Stories manuscript, line 179] tlʼaakʼ wet wet O-d+∅-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ event) for O to be wet (may be thoroughly wet, but not by actual immersion)

di-tlʼaakʼ

Idatlʼákʼ! Get wet! Yee datlʼákʼ! You all get wet! Líl idatlʼákʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt get wet! Líl yee datlʼákʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all get wet! [does not occur] yaa x̱at nadatlʼákʼ Iʼm getting wet yaa ndatlʼákʼ he/she/it is getting wet x̱at wuditlʼákʼ I am wet; I got wet wuditlʼákʼ he/she/it is wet; he/she/it got wet tlél x̱at wudatlʼáakʼ Iʼm not wet; I didnʼt get wet tlél wudatlʼáakʼ he/she/it isnʼt wet; he/she/it didnʼt get wet x̱at gux̱datlʼáakʼ I will get wet gux̱datlʼáakʼ he/she/it will get wet tlél x̱at gux̱datlʼáakʼ I wonʼt get wet tlél gux̱datlʼáakʼ he/she/it wonʼt get wet x̱at g̱adatlʼáakʼ let me get wet g̱adatlʼáakʼ let her/him/it get wet x̱at udatlʼákʼch I get wet (every time) udatlʼákʼch he/she/it gets wet (every time) tlél x̱at udatlʼáakʼch / tlél x̱at udatlʼákʼch I havenʼt gotten wet yet tlél udatlʼáakʼch / tlél udatlʼákʼch he/she/it hasnʼt gotten wet yet tlél aadé x̱at ux̱ditlʼáakʼi yé no way can I get wet tlél aadé ux̱ditlʼáakʼi yé no way can he/she/it get wet x̱at ux̱datlʼáakʼin I would have gotten wet ux̱datlʼáakʼin s/he would have gotten wet x̱at datlʼákʼni if/when I get wet datlʼákʼni if/when s/he gets wet x̱at datlʼákʼx̱ I get wet (regularly) datlʼákʼx̱ he/she/it gets wet (regularly) tlʼeet abandon, get rid of abandon, desert, leave; throw away, dispose of, get rid of O-S-l-√tlʼeet (na act) for S to abandon, desert, leave O; for S to throw away, dispose of, get rid of O

li-tlʼeet

Leer 1973: 08/245 Naltlʼeet! Get rid of it! Naylatlʼeet! You all get rid of it! Líl yoo ilatlʼítgiḵ! Donʼt get rid of it! Líl yoo yilatlʼítgiḵ! Donʼt you all get rid of it! altlʼéet s/he is getting rid of it x̱walitlʼeet I got rid of it awlitlʼeet s/he got rid of it tlél x̱walatlʼeet I didnʼt get rid of it tlél awultlʼeet s/he didnʼt get rid of it agux̱latlʼéet s/he will get rid of it tlél agux̱latlʼeet s/he wonʼt get rid of it (chʼa) anax̱latlʼeet let her/him get rid of it analtlʼítch s/he gets rid of it (every time) tlél oonaltlʼítch s/he hasnʼt gotten rid of it yet tlél aadé oonax̱litlʼeedi yé no way can s/he get rid of it oonax̱latlʼeedín s/he would have gotten rid of it analtlʼítni if/when s/he gets rid of it yoo alitlʼítk s/he gets rid of it (regularly) Nilatlʼítni hél i toowú g̱aa kg̱watee. If you get rid of it, youʼll regret it. Yeisú aawasháa tle wdudlitlʼeet. He just got married then got divorced. Ax̱ shát x̱at wulitlʼeet. My wife deserted me. [Story & Naish 1973:15] Dei x̱walitlʼeet. Iʼve already thrown it away. [Story & Naish 1973:228] Ax̱ taayí x̱oo x̱latlʼéet. Iʼm weeding my garden. [Leer 1973: 08/245] tlʼeetʼ fill fill it (with liquid) O-sha-S-l-√tlʼéetʼ (∅ event) for S to fill O to overflowing (with liquid)

sha-li-tlʼeetʼ

Shalatlʼítʼ! Fill it! Shaylatlʼítʼ! You all fill it! Líl sheelatlʼítʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt fill it! Líl shaylatlʼítʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all fill it! [does not occur] yaa shanax̱latlʼítʼ Iʼm filling it yaa ashanaltlʼítʼ s/he is filling it shax̱wlitlʼítʼ I filled it ashawlitlʼítʼ s/he filled it tlél shax̱wlatlʼéetʼ I didnʼt fill it tlél ashawultlʼéetʼ s/he didnʼt fill it shakḵwalatlʼéetʼ I will fill it ashagux̱latlʼéetʼ s/he will fill it tlél shakḵwalatlʼéetʼ I wonʼt fill it tlél ashagux̱latlʼéetʼ s/he wonʼt fill it shaḵalatlʼéetʼ let me fill it ashax̱latlʼéetʼ let her/him fill it shoox̱latlʼéetʼch I fill it (every time) ashooltlʼéetʼch s/he fills it (every time) tlél shoox̱latlʼéetʼch I havenʼt filled it yet tlél ashooltlʼéetʼch s/he hasnʼt filled it yet tlél aadé shuḵalitlʼéetʼi yé no way can I fill it tlél aadé ashux̱litlʼéetʼi yé no way can s/he fill it shuḵalatlʼéetʼin I would have filled it ashux̱latlʼéetʼin s/he would have filled it shax̱latlʼítʼni if/when I fill it ashalatlʼítʼni if/when s/he fills it shax̱latlʼítʼx̱ I fill it (regularly) ashalatlʼítʼx̱ s/he fills it (regularly) Kʼidéin ashwlitlʼítʼ káaxwei een. She filled it up good with coffee. tlʼeitʼ (2) climb climb up along it I N daax̱ kei S-d+l-√tlʼéitʼ (∅ motion) for S to climb up along N (tree, rope, etc.) by holding on tightly

dli-tlʼeitʼ

A daax̱ kei eeltlʼéitʼ! Climb up it! A daax̱ kei yeeltlʼéitʼ! You all climb up it! Líl a daax̱ kei eeltlʼétʼjiḵ! Donʼt climb up it! Líl a daax̱ kei yeeltlʼéitʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all climb up it! [does not occur] a daax̱ kei nx̱altlʼétʼ I am climbing up it a daax̱ kei naltlʼétʼ he/she/it is climbing up it a daax̱ kei x̱altlʼétʼch I climb up it (regularly) a daax̱ kei iltlʼétʼch he/she/it climbs up it (regularly) a daax̱ kei x̱wdlitlʼétʼ I climbed up it a daax̱ kei wdlitlʼétʼ he/she/it climbed up it tlél a daax̱ kei x̱waltlʼéitʼ I didnʼt climb up it tlél a daax̱ kei wultlʼéitʼ he/she/it didnʼt climb up it a daax̱ kei kḵwaltlʼéitʼ I will climb up it a daax̱ kei kg̱waltlʼéitʼ he/she/it will climb up it tlél a daax̱ kei kḵwaltlʼéitʼ I wonʼt climb up it tlél a daax̱ kei kg̱waltlʼéitʼ he/she/it wonʼt climb up it a daax̱ kei ḵaltlʼéitʼ let me climb up it a daax̱ kei g̱altlʼéitʼ let her/him/it climb up it a daax̱ kei x̱waltlʼéitʼch I climb up it (every time) a daax̱ kei ultlʼéitʼch he/she/it climbs up it (every time) tlél a daax̱ kei x̱waltlʼéitʼch I havenʼt climbed up it yet tlél a daax̱ kei ultlʼéitʼch he/she/it hasnʼt climbed up it yet tlél aadé a daax̱ kei ḵwadlitlʼéitʼi yé no way can I climb up it tlél aadé a daax̱ kei ux̱dlitlʼéitʼi yé no way can he/she/it climb up it a daax̱ kei ḵwaltlʼéitʼin I would have climbed up it a daax̱ kei g̱waltlʼéitʼin he/she/it would have climbed up it a daax̱ kei x̱altlʼétʼni if/when I climb up it a daax̱ kei iltlʼétʼni if/when he/she/it climbs up it ḵúdáx̱ kootláa áwé aas tlél aadé a daax̱ kei ux̱dlitlʼéitʼi yé. That tree is too big around, thereʼs no way he can climb it. climb up along it IX N yáx̱ S-d+l-√tlʼéitʼ (ga motion) for S to climb up along the face of N (mountain, cliff, fence, etc.)

dli-tlʼeitʼ

A yáx̱ geeltlʼéitʼ! Climb the face of it! A yáx̱ gayiltlʼéitʼ! You all climb the face of it! Líl a yáx̱ kei eeltlʼétʼjiḵ! Donʼt climb the face of it! Líl a yáx̱ kei yiltlʼétʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all climb the face of it! [does not occur] a yáx̱ kei naltlʼétʼ he/she/it is climbing the face of it a yáx̱ x̱wadlitlʼéitʼ I climbed the face of it a yáx̱ wudlitlʼéitʼ he/she/it climbed the face of it tlél a yáx̱ x̱waltlʼéitʼ I didnʼt climb the face of it tlél a yáx̱ wultlʼéitʼ he/she/it didnʼt climb the face of it a yáx̱ gug̱altlʼéitʼ he/she/it will climb the face of it tlél a yáx̱ gug̱altlʼéitʼ he/she/it wonʼt climb the face of it a yáx̱ gag̱altlʼéitʼ let her/him/it climb the face of it a yáx̱ galtlʼétʼch he/she/it climbs the face of it (every time) tlél a yáx̱ gooltlʼétʼch he/she/it hasnʼt climbed the face of it yet tlél aadé a yáx̱ goox̱dlitlʼéitʼi yé no way can he/she/it climb the face of it a yáx̱ goog̱altlʼéitʼin he/she/it would have climbed the face of it a yáx̱ galtlʼétʼni if/when he/she/it climbs the face of it a yáx̱ kei iltlʼétʼch he/she/it climbs the face of it (regularly) g̱ílʼ yáx̱ kei naltlʼétʼ wé yadákʼw. The young boy is climbing the cliff face. Líl a yáx̱ kei eeltlʼétʼjiḵ wé lishóowu yé. Donʼt climb up the steep area. took ² explode, blow up explode, blow up kei d+sh-√tóok (∅ event) for something to explode, blow up

shi-took

[does not occur] kei wjitúk it exploded tlél kei wushtóok it didnʼt explode kei kg̱washtóok it will explode tlél kei kg̱washtóok it wonʼt explode kei g̱ashtóok let it explode kei ushtóokch it explodes (every time) tlél kei ushtóokch it hasnʼt exploded yet tlél aadé kei ux̱jitóogu yé no way can it explode kei g̱washtóogun it would have exploded kei ishtúkni if/when it explodes kei ishtúkx̱ it explodes (regularly) tool (5) roll up, drill, spin drill it, bore hole in it O-S-∅-√tool (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to drill, bore hole in O

ya-tool

Túl! Drill it! Líl eetúlx̱uḵ! Donʼt drill it! atóol s/he is drilling it yaa anatúl s/he is drilling it x̱waatúl I drilled it aawatúl s/he drilled it tlél x̱watool I didnʼt drill it tlél awutool s/he didnʼt drill it akg̱watóol s/he will drill it tlél akg̱watool s/he wonʼt drill it ag̱atúl let her/him drill it ootúlch s/he drills it (every time) tlél ootúlch s/he hasnʼt drilled it yet tlél aadé oog̱aatúli yé no way can s/he drill it oog̱atúlin s/he would have drilled it atúlni if/when s/he drills it atúlx̱ s/he tries to drill it Ldakát át dutóol, lʼoowú, g̱ayéisʼ. They drill everything, wood, iron. [Story & Naish 1973: 74] Kasʼéet ya.áak aawatúl. He drilled a hole for the screw. drill it; spin it (make it spin) Note that the forms listed here have the ka- thematic prefix (akawlitool) while Story & Naish (1973) document this verb without this prefix (awlitool). According to speakers consulted for this project, both forms are acceptable and give the same meaning. O-ka-S-l-tool (na event) for S to make O spin; for S to drill O

li-tool

Kanaltool! Make it spin! Kanaylatool! You all make it spin! Líl yoo keelatúlguḵ! Donʼt make it spin! Líl yoo kaylatúlguḵ! Donʼt you all make it spin! [does not occur] yaa akanaltúl s/he is making it spin kax̱wlitool I made it spin akawlitool s/he made it spin tlél kax̱wlatool I didnʼt make it spin tlél akawultool s/he didnʼt make it spin akagux̱latóol s/he will make it spin tlél akagux̱latool s/he wonʼt make it spin akanax̱latool let her/him make it spin akanaltúlch s/he makes it spin (every time) tlél akoonaltúlch s/he hasnʼt made it spin yet tlél aadé akoonax̱litooli yé no way can s/he make it spin akoonax̱latoolín s/he would have made it spin akanaltúlni if/when s/he makes it spin yoo aklitúlk s/he makes it spin (regularly) Sʼíxʼ awlitool. He started the plate spinning. [Story & Naish 1973: 203] Awliyéx̱i toolchʼán akawlitool. He spun the top he made. spin it O-ka-S-l-√tool (na event) for S to spin O, make O spin

li-tool

Kanaltool! Make it spin! Líl yoo keelatúlguḵ! Donʼt make it spin! [does not occur] yaa akanaltúl s/he is making it spin kax̱wlitool I made it spin akawlitool s/he made it spin tlél kax̱wlatool I didnʼt make it spin tlél akawultool s/he didnʼt make it spin akagux̱latóol s/he will make it spin tlél akagux̱latool s/he wonʼt make it spin akanax̱latool let her/him make it spin akanaltúlch s/he makes it spin (every time) tlél akoonaltúlch s/he hasnʼt made it spin it yet tlél aadé akoonax̱litooli yé no way can s/he make it spin akoonax̱latoolín s/he would have made it spin akanaltúlni if/when s/he makes it spin yoo aklitúlk s/he makes it spin (regularly) Sʼíxʼ awlitool. He started the plate spinning. [Story & Naish 1973: 203] Kanaltool wé toolchʼán! Spin the top! roll up (anything flat and flexible) O-ka-S-l-√tool (∅ act) for S to roll up O (anything flat and flexible)

ka-li-tool

Kalatúl! Roll it up! Kaylatúl! You all roll it up! Líl keelatúlx̱iḵ! Donʼt roll it up! Líl kaylatúlx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all roll it up! aklatóol s/he is rolling it up yaa akanaltúl s/he is rolling it up kax̱wlitúl I rolled it up akawlitúl s/he rolled it up tlél kax̱wlatool I didnʼt roll it up tlél akawultool s/he didnʼt roll it up akagux̱latóol s/he will roll it up tlél akagux̱latool s/he wonʼt roll it up akax̱latúl let her/him roll it up akooltúlch s/he rolls it up (every time) tlél akooltúlch s/he hasnʼt rolled it up yet tlél aadé akoox̱litúli yé no way can s/he roll it up akoox̱latúlin s/he would have rolled it up aklatúlni if/when s/he rolls it up aklatúlx̱ s/he is trying to roll it up Xʼúxʼ akawlitúl. He rolled up the paper. [Story & Naish 1973: 175] g̱áach séilʼi akawlitúl. She rolled up the old torn rug. spin (top, etc.) ∅-√tool (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for something (top, etc.) to spin

ya-tool

tóol itʼs spinning yaa natúl itʼs spinning wootúl it spun tlél wutool it didnʼt spin gug̱atóol it will spin tlél gug̱atool it wonʼt spin (chʼa) g̱atúl (just) let it spin utúlch it spins (every time) tlél utúlch it hasnʼt spun yet tlél aadé g̱waatúli yé no way can it spin g̱watúlin it would have spun túlni if/when it spins túlx̱ it spins (regularly) Toolchʼán yaa natúl. The top is spinning. [Story & Naish 1973: 203] toow (6) read, count, teach, learn read it, count it O-S-∅-√tóow ˟ (na act) for S to read O

ya-toow

-teew (An) Natóow! Read it! Naytóow! You all read it! Líl eetóowuḵ! Donʼt read it! Líl yitóowuḵ! Donʼt you all read it! x̱atóow I read it; I am reading it eetóow you read it; you are reading it atóow s/he reads it; s/he is reading it tootóow we read it; we are reading it yitóow you all read it; you all are reading it has atóow they read it; they are reading it dutóow it is read; it is being read tlél x̱watóow I donʼt read it; Iʼm not reading it tlél eetóow you donʼt read it; you arenʼt reading it tlél ootóow s/he doesnʼt read it; s/he isnʼt reading it tlél tootóow we donʼt read it; we arenʼt reading it tlél yitóow you all donʼt read it; you all arenʼt reading it tlél has ootóow they donʼt read it; they arenʼt reading it tlél dutóow it isnʼt read; it isnʼt being read atóowun s/he used to read it tlél ootóowun s/he didnʼt used to read it x̱waatóow I read it iyatóow you read it aawatóow s/he read it wutuwatóow we read it yeeytóow you all read it has aawatóow they read it wuduwatóow it was read tlél x̱watóow I didnʼt read it tlél yitóow you didnʼt read it tlél awutóow s/he didnʼt read it tlél wututóow we didnʼt read it tlél yeeytóow you all didnʼt read it tlél has awutóow they didnʼt read it tlél wudutóow it wasnʼt read kḵwatóow I will read it kg̱eetóow you will read it akg̱watóow s/he will read it gax̱tootóow we will read it gax̱yitóow you all will read it has akg̱watóow they will read it gax̱dutóow it will be read tlél kuḵatóow I wonʼt read it tlél gag̱eetóow you wonʼt read it tlél akg̱watóow s/he wonʼt read it tlél gax̱tootóow we wonʼt read it tlél gax̱yitóow you all wonʼt read it tlél has akg̱watóow they wonʼt read it tlél gax̱dutóow it wonʼt be read naḵatóow let me read it ang̱atóow let her/him read it nax̱tootóow let us read it atóow nuch s/he always reads it nax̱atóowch I read it (every time) neetóowch you read it (every time) anatóowch s/he reads it (every time) natootóowch we read it (every time) naytóowch you all read it (every time) has anatóowch they read it (every time) nadutóowch it is read (every time) tlél nax̱watóowch I havenʼt read it yet tlél neetóowch you havenʼt read it yet tlél oonatóowch s/he hasnʼt read it yet tlél natootóowch we havenʼt read it yet tlél naytóowch you all havenʼt read it yet tlél has oonatóowch they havenʼt read it yet tlél nadutóowch it hasnʼt been read yet tlél aadé oong̱waatóowu yé no way can s/he read it oong̱watóowun s/he would have read it anatóowni if/when s/he reads it yoo ayatóowk / atúwx̱ s/he reads it (regularly) ` ` Tle du jeet wuduteeyí áwé wé xʼúxʼ atúwx̱. As soon as he is given the book, he reads it. Yitoowú áwé tsá i daxʼ kei yaa ḵushugux̱sagéi If/when you read it, you will understand it. Tle du jeedé yaa ndutéeni áwé wé xʼúxʼ tle anatóowch. As soon as he is given the paper, he reads it. Chʼa tlákw yakyee datóow nooch. He reads every day. teach her/him P-xʼ at S-l-tóow (∅ act) for S to teach P

A-xʼ + li-toow

With the noun phrase du ée "to her/him; in his/her company", the postposition -xʼ has a variant form -∅ (unmarked). Therefore, you will notice that in some examples, the postposition -xʼ is present, as in: du éexʼ at wulitóow "s/he taught her/him" and in others it is not, as in: du ée at wulitóow "s/he taught her/him". Both forms are acceptable and have the same meaning. Du éexʼ at latóow! Teach her/him! Du éexʼ at yilatóow! You all teach her/him! Líl du éexʼ at ilatóowuḵ! Donʼt teach her/him! Líl du éexʼ at yilatóowuḵ! Donʼt you all teach her/him! du éexʼ at latóow s/heʼs teaching her/him tlél du éexʼ at ultoow s/heʼs not teaching her/him du éexʼ at wulitóow s/he taught her/him tlél du éexʼ at wultóow s/he didnʼt teach her/him du éexʼ at gux̱latóow s/he will teach her/him tlél du éexʼ at gux̱latoow s/he wonʼt teach her/him du éexʼ at g̱alatóow let her/him teach her/him du éexʼ at ultóowch s/he teaches her/him (every time) tlél du éexʼ at ultóowch s/he hasnʼt taught her/him yet tlél aadé du éexʼ at ux̱litoowu yé no way can s/he teach her/him du éexʼ at ux̱latóowun s/he would have taught her/him du éexʼ at latóowni if/when s/he teaches her/him [does not occur] teach it to her/him N-xʼ O-S-l-√tóow ˟ (∅ act) for S to teach O to N

A-xʼ + li-toow

With the noun phrase du ée "to her/him; in his/her company", the postposition -xʼ has a variant form -∅ (unmarked). Therefore, you will notice that in some examples, the postposition -xʼ is present, as in: du éexʼ awlitóow "s/he taught her/him" and in others it is not, as in: du ée awlitóow "s/he taught her/him". Both forms are acceptable and have the same meaning. Du ée latóow! Teach it to her/him! Du ée yilatóow! You all teach it to her/him! Líl du éexʼ ilatóowuḵ! Donʼt teach it to her/him! Líl du éexʼ yilatóowuḵ! Donʼt you all teach it to her/him! du éexʼ altóow s/he is teaching it to her/him tlél du éexʼ ooltoow s/heʼs not teaching it to her/him du éexʼ awlitóow s/he taught it to her/him tlél du éexʼ awultóow s/he didnʼt teach it to her/him du éexʼ agux̱latóow s/he will teach it to her/him tlél du éexʼ agux̱latoow s/he wonʼt teach it to her/him du éexʼ ax̱latóow let her/him teach it to her/him du éexʼ ooltóowch s/he teaches it to her/him (every time) tlél du éexʼ ooltóowch s/he hasnʼt taught it to her/him yet tlél aadé du éexʼ oox̱litoowu yé no way can s/he teach it to her/him du éexʼ oox̱latóowun s/he would have taught it to her/him du éexʼ altóowni if/when s/he teaches it to her/him [does not occur] study; teach oneself sh tóo at S-d+l-√tóow ˟ (∅ act) for S to study, teach oneself

sh tóo + li-toow

Sh tóo at iltóow! Study! Sh tóo at yiltóow! You all study! Líl sh tóo at eeltóowuḵ! Donʼt study! Líl sh tóo at yiltóowuḵ! Donʼt you all study! sh tóo at x̱altóow I study; I am studying sh tóo at eeltóow you study; you are studying sh tóo at iltóow s/he studies; s/he is studying sh tóo at tooltóow we study; we are studying sh tóo at yeeltóow you all study; you all are studying sh tóo has at iltóow they study; they are studying sh tóo at dultóow people study; people are studying tlél sh tóo at x̱waltóow I donʼt study; Iʼm not studying tlél sh tóo at eeltóow you donʼt study; youʼre not studying tlél sh tóo at ultóow s/he doesnʼt study; s/heʼs not studying tlél sh tóo at tooltóow we donʼt study; weʼre not studying tlél sh tóo at yeeltóow you all donʼt study; you all are not studying tlél sh tóo has at ultóow they donʼt study; theyʼre not studying tlél sh tóo at dultóow nobody studies; nobody is studying wé sh tóo at iltóowu aa the one who studies [does not occur] sh tóo at iltóowun s/he used to study sh tóo at x̱wadlitóow I studied sh tóo at yidlitóow you studied sh tóo at wudlitóow s/he studied sh tóo at wutudlitóow we studied sh tóo at yeeydlitóow you all studied sh tóo has at wudlitóow they studied sh tóo at wududlitóow people studied tlél sh tóo at x̱waltóow I didnʼt study tlél sh tóo at yiltóow you didnʼt study tlél sh tóo at wultóow s/he didnʼt study tlél sh tóo at wutooltóow we didnʼt study tlél sh tóo at yeeyltóow you all didnʼt study tlél sh tóo has at wultóow they didnʼt study tlél sh tóo at wudultóow nobody studied sh tóo at kuḵwaltóow I will study sh tóo at gag̱eeltóow you will study sh tóo at gug̱altóow s/he will study sh tóo at gax̱tooltóow we will study sh tóo at gax̱yiltóow you all will study sh tóo has at gug̱waltóow they will study sh tóo at gax̱dultóow people will study tlél sh tóo at kuḵwaltóow I wonʼt study tlél sh tóo at gag̱eeltóow you wonʼt study tlél sh tóo at gug̱altóow s/he wonʼt study tlél sh tóo at gax̱tooltóow we wonʼt study tlél sh tóo at gax̱yiltóow you all wonʼt study tlél sh tóo has at gug̱waltóow they wonʼt study tlél sh tóo at gax̱dultóow nobody will study sh tóo at ḵaltóow let me study sh tóo at g̱altóow let her/him study sh tóo at g̱atooltóow let us study sh tóo at iltóow nooch s/he always studies sh tóo at x̱waltóowch I study (every time) sh tóo at eeltóowch you study (every time) sh tóo at ultóowch s/he studies (every time) sh tóo at tooltóowch we study (every time) sh tóo at yiltóowch you all study (every time) sh tóo at has ultóowch they study (every time) sh tóo at dultóowch people study (every time) tlél sh tóo at x̱waltóowch I havenʼt studied yet tlél sh tóo at eeltóowch you havenʼt studied yet tlél sh tóo at ultóowch s/he hasnʼt studied yet tlél sh tóo at tooltóowch we havenʼt studied yet tlél sh tóo at yiltóowch you all havenʼt studied yet tlél sh tóo at has ultóowch they havenʼt studied yet tlél sh tóo at dultóowch it hasnʼt been studied yet tlél aadé sh tóo at g̱wadlitoowu yé no way can s/he study sh tóo at g̱waltóowun s/he would have studied sh tóo at iltóowni if/when s/he studies sh tóo at iltóowx̱ s/he studies (regularly) study, learn it; practice it sh tóo O-S-d+l-√tóow ˟ (∅ act) for S to study, learn O; for S to Nractice, rehearse O

sh tóo + li-toow

Sh tóo iltóow! Study it! Sh tóo yiltóow! You all study it! Líl sh tóo eeltóowuḵ! Donʼt study it! Líl sh tóo yiltóowuḵ! Donʼt you all study it! sh tóo altóow s/he is studying it; s/he studies it tlél sh tóo ooltóow s/he doesnʼt study it sh tóo awdlitóow s/he studied it tlél sh tóo awultóow s/he didnʼt study it sh tóo akg̱waltóow s/he will study it tlél sh tóo akg̱waltóow s/he wonʼt study it sh tóo ag̱altóow let her/him study it sh tóo ooltóowch s/he studies it (every time) tlél sh tóo ooltóowch s/he hasnʼt studied it yet tlél aadé sh tóo ax̱wlitoowu yé no way can s/he study it sh tóo ag̱waltóowun s/he would have studied it sh tóo altóowni if/when s/he studies it sh tóo altóowx̱ s/he studies it (regularly) read, count S-d+∅-√tóow ˟ (na act) for S to read, count

ya-toow

-téew (An) Nidatóow! Read! Naydatóow! You all read! Líl idatóowuḵ! Donʼt read! Líl yidatóowuḵ! Donʼt you all read! x̱adatóow I read; I am reading idatóow you read; you are reading datóow s/he reads; s/he is reading tudatóow we read; we are reading yidatóow you all read; you all are reading has datóow they read; they are reading dutóow people read; people are reading tlél x̱wadatóow / tlél ux̱datóow I donʼt read; Iʼm not reading tlél idatóow you donʼt read; you arenʼt reading tlél udatóow s/he doesnʼt read; s/he isnʼt reading tlél tudatóow we donʼt read; we arenʼt reading tlél yidatóow you all donʼt read; you all arenʼt reading tlél has udatóow they donʼt read; they arenʼt reading tlél dutóow nobody reads; nobody is reading datóow aa the one who reads datóowun s/he used to read tlél datóowun s/he didnʼt used to read x̱waditóow I read yiditóow you read wuditóow s/he read wutuditóow we read yeeyditóow you all read has wuditóow they read wuduwatóow people read tlél x̱wadatóow I didnʼt read tlél yidatóow you didnʼt read tlél wudatóow s/he didnʼt read tlél wutudatóow we didnʼt read tlél yeeydatóow you all didnʼt read tlél has wudatóow they didnʼt read tlél wudutóow nobody read kḵwadatóow I will read gag̱idatóow you will read gux̱datóow s/he will read gax̱tudatóow we will read gax̱yidatóow you all will read has gux̱datóow they will read gax̱dutóow people will read tlél kuḵadatóow I wonʼt read tlél gag̱idatóow you wonʼt read tlél gux̱datóow s/he wonʼt read tlél gax̱tudatóow we wonʼt read tlél gax̱yidatóow you all wonʼt read tlél has gux̱datóow they wonʼt read tlél gax̱dutóow nobody will read naḵadatóow let me read nax̱datóow let her/him read nax̱tudatóow let us read datóow nooch s/he always reads nax̱datóowch I read (every time) nidatóowch you read (every time) nadatóowch s/he reads (every time) natudatóowch we read (every time) naydatóowch you all read (every time) has nadatóowch they read (every time) nadutóowch people read (every time) tlél nax̱wdatóowch I havenʼt read yet tlél nidatóowch you havenʼt read yet tlél undatóowch s/he hasnʼt read yet tlél natudatóowch we havenʼt read yet tlél naydatóowch you all havenʼt read yet tlél has undatóowch they havenʼt read yet tlél nadutóowch nobody has read yet tlél aadé nax̱wditóowu yé no way can s/he read nax̱wdatóowun s/he would have read nadatóowni if/when s/he reads yoo ditóowk s/he reads (regularly) Datóow shtóo dudlitóow. S/he learned to read. Aan dutóowun It used to be included in the count. Shtóo altóow datóow. He is teaching himself to read. Tlél ooshgóok datóow. She doesnʼt know how to read. Tlél du een x̱wadatóow. I am not reading to him; I did not include him in the count. toox̱ spit spit II N-t~ ḵʼa-S-d+s-√toox̱ (∅ motion) for S to spit, spit out at N

yóo- + ḵʼa-dzi-toox̱

Yóot ḵʼeestúx̱! Spit! Yóot ḵʼaystúx̱! You all spit! Líl yóox̱ ḵʼeestooox̱úḵ! Donʼt spit! Líl yóox̱ ḵʼaystoox̱úḵ! Donʼt you all spit! [does not occur] yóot ḵʼax̱wdzitúx̱ I spat yóot ḵʼawdzitúx̱ s/he spat tlél yóot ḵʼax̱wastoox̱ I didnʼt spit tlél yóot ḵʼawustoox̱ s/he didnʼt spit yóode ḵʼakg̱wastóox̱ s/he will spit tlél yóode ḵʼakg̱wastoox̱ s/he wonʼt spit yóot ḵʼag̱astoox̱ let her/him spit yóot ḵʼoostoox̱ch s/he spits (every time) tlél yóot ḵʼoostoox̱ch s/he hasnʼt spit yet tlél aadé yóot ḵʼeix̱dzitoox̱u yé no way can s/he spit yóot ḵʼeig̱astoox̱ún s/he would have spit yóot ḵʼastúx̱ni if/when s/he spits yóox̱ ḵʼastoox̱ s/he spits (regularly) Jin úsʼaa yeit kát ḵʼeestúx̱! Spit in the sink! toox̱ʼ growl, gurgle growl, gurgle (of stomach) ka-s-√tóox̱ʼ ˟ (∅ act) for the stomach to growl, gurgle

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This verb only occurs in the imperfective. du x̱ʼóolʼ kastóox̱ʼ his/her stomach is growling tlél du x̱ʼóolʼ koostóox̱ʼ his/her stomach isnʼt growling du x̱ʼóolʼ kastóox̱ʼ nooch his/her stomach always growls [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] du x̱ʼóolʼ kastúx̱ʼni if/when his/her stomach growls [does not occur] tsaa burp burp, belch a-S-d+l-√tsaa (na act) for S to burp, belch

a-li-tsaa

Leer 1973: 09/126-127 (Góok) aneeltsá! (Go ahead) burp! (Góok) anayiltsá! (Go ahead) you all burp! Líl eeltsaayíḵ! Donʼt burp! Líl yeeltsaayíḵ! Donʼt you all burp! altsáa s/he burps; s/he is burping tlél ooltsaa s/he doesnʼt burp; s/he isnʼt burping ax̱wdlitsaa I burped awdlitsaa s/he burped tlél ax̱waltsaa I didnʼt burp tlél awultsaa s/he didnʼt burp akg̱waltsáa s/he is going to burp tlél akg̱waltsaa s/he isnʼt going to burp (chʼa) ang̱altsaa (just) let her/him burp oonaltséich s/he burps (every time) tlél oonaltséich s/he hasnʼt burped yet tlél aadé oonax̱dlitsaayi yé no way can s/he burp oong̱altsaayín s/he would have burped analtséini if/when s/he burps yoo adlitséik s/he burps (regularly) Xákwli wutuwax̱aa ách áwé tlax̱ yéi ax̱wdlitsaa. We ate soap berries, thatʼs why I burped like that. Awultsaayí du éede gux̱dashée wé tʼukanéiyi. If the baby burps, it will help her. Líl yoo eeltsaayíḵ nadáakw yaaxʼ! Donʼt burp at the table! Du díx̱ʼ x̱alatʼácht, chʼa yeisú tlél oonaltséich. Iʼm patting her back, but she hasnʼt burped yet. Analtsaayín ítxʼ sh gug̱walkʼáatlʼ. After she burps, sheʼll stop crying (become quiet). tsaakw (2) keep, save keep, save, store up (usually food, for winter or for special occasion) Note the hortative form in the example sentence from Story & Naish: gax̱tulatsáagu "letʼs save it". This differs from the forms documented under this research in that it is ga conjugation whereas the forms documented here are g̱a conjugation. The hortative form for first person plural for g̱a conjugation would be: g̱aax̱tulatsáakw (or g̱aax̱tulatsáagu) "letʼs save it". O-S-l-√tsáakw ˟ (g̱a state) for S to keep, save, store up O (usually food for winter or for special occasion)

li-tsaakw

Leer 1973: 09/139 g̱alatsáakw! Save it! g̱aylatsáakw! You all save it! x̱alitsáakw I am saving it alitsáakw s/he is saving it tlél ux̱latsáakw Iʼm not saving it tlél ooltsáakw s/heʼs not saving it x̱walitsáakw I saved it awlitsáakw s/he saved it tlél awultsáakw s/he didnʼt save it yei agux̱latsáakw s/he is going to save it tlél yei kḵwalatsáakw s/he isnʼt going to save it (chʼa) ag̱aax̱latsáakw (just) let her/him save it ax̱latsáakwch s/he saves it (every time) tlél oox̱latsáakwch s/he didnʼt save it yet tlél aadé ag̱aax̱wlitsáagu yé no way can s/he save it ag̱aax̱wlatsáagun s/he would have saved it ax̱latsáakwni if/when s/he saves it yei altsáakwch s/he saves it (regularly) Wududlitsáakw chál káxʼ. They kept it in the cellar (for about six months). [Story & Naish 1973: 119] Gax̱tulatsáagu, wé haa x̱ooní haat ḵuwuteeni yís. Letʼs save it for when our friend comes. [Story & Naish 1973: 119] g̱aylatsáakw wé yee atx̱aayí! Store up your food! last a long time, be durable (esp. of clothing, machinery, etc.) O-∅-√tsáakw ˟ (ga state) for O to last a long time, be durable (esp. of clothing, machinery, etc.)

ya-tsaakw

Leer 1973: 09/139 x̱at yatsáakw I last a long time yatsáakw he/she/it lasts a long time tlél x̱at utsáakw I donʼt last a long time tlél utsáakw he/she/it doesnʼt last a long time wootsáakw he/she/it lasted a long time tlél wutsáakw he/she/it didnʼt last a long time kei kg̱watsáakw he/she/it will last a long time tlél kei kg̱watsáakw he/she/it wonʼt last a long time gatsáakwch he/she/it lasts a long time (every time) tlél gootsáakwch he/she/it doesnʼt last a long time (every time) tlél aadé gug̱waatsáagu yé no way can he/she/it last a long time gug̱watsáagun he/she/it would have lasted a long time gatsáakwni if/when he/she/it lasts a long time kei tsáakwch he/she/it lasts a long time (regularly) Dleew kát x̱alatínich áwé, wootsáakw. Because I took good care of it, it lasted a long time. [Story & Naish 1973:122] Ax̱ kinaak.ádi tlél utsáakw. My coat is not durable. [Story & Naish 1973:122] Wé battery tlél utsáakw a latseení yoo shuyaxíxk. That battery doesnʼt last long, its power runs out quickly. Hél yoo ee.eigíḵ, tlél utsáakw. Donʼt buy it, it doesnʼt last long. At xʼéeshi yeelayeix̱í tlél utsáakw tle yax̱ yadusx̱éix̱. When you make dryfish, it doesnʼt last long, it all gets eaten up. Tlél aadé gug̱waatsáagu yé, tlágu sʼélʼdáx̱ wudulyeix̱ích. It canʼt last a long time because itʼs made out of old rubber. Haa yáanáx̱ áwé yatsáakw. Heʼs lasting longer than us. tsaaḵ (6) raise hand, reach for, push, pole, poke, inject, thread needle, plug in, pursue thread needle Story & Naish (1973) document this verb with a ka- thematic prefix (ayakawlitsáḵ). While speakers consulted for this project recognized those forms, they provided the forms documented here without the ka- prefix (ayawlitsáḵ). Both options are acceptable. N kʼéenáx̱ O-ya-u-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to thread N (needle)

ya-ka-li-tsaaḵ

A kʼéenáx̱ wultsáḵ! Thread the needle! Líl a kʼéenáx̱ yaa ilatsáḵjiḵ! Donʼt thread the needle! [does not occur] a kʼéenáx̱ yax̱wlitsáḵ I threaded the needle a kʼéenáx̱ ayawlitsáḵ s/he threaded the needle tlél a kʼéenáx̱ yax̱wlatsaaḵ I didnʼt thread the needle tlél a kʼéenáx̱ ayawultsaaḵ s/he didnʼt thread the needle a kʼéenáx̱ ayagux̱latsáaḵ s//he will thread the needle tlél a kʼéenáx̱ ayagux̱latsaaḵ s/he wonʼt thread the needle a kʼéenáx̱ awux̱latsáḵ let her/him thread the needle a kʼéenáx̱ awooltsaaḵch s/he threads the needle (every time) tlél a kʼéenáx̱ awooltsaaḵch s/he hasnʼt threaded the needle yet tlél aadé a kʼéenáx̱ awoox̱litság̱i yé no way can s/he thread the needle a kʼéenáx̱ awoox̱latság̱in s/he would have threaded the needle a kʼéenáx̱ awultsáḵni if/when s/he threads the needle a kʼéenáx̱ yaa altsáḵch s/he threads the needle (regularly) Ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼ a tóonáx̱ ayakawlitsáḵ ax̱ jeeyís. My granddaughter threaded the needle for me. A kʼéenáx̱ yilatsáḵni yakḵwadláaḵ. If you thread the needle, Iʼll finish it. Chʼa tlákw a kʼéenáx̱ ayalatsáḵ nooch yáa táaxʼálʼ ax̱ jeeyís. She always threads the needles for me. Yáa tás, táaxʼálʼ kʼéenáx̱ yakax̱wlitsáḵ. I threaded this needle with this thread. [Story & Naish 1973: 227] Táaxʼálʼ tóonáx̱ wultsáḵ wé tás! Put the thread through the needle! pole canoe, push boat with pole I daak O-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion) for S to Nole, push O (canoe, boat) out away from the beach with a pole

li-tsaaḵ

Leer 1973: 09/143 Daak latsaaḵ! Push the boat out (with a pole)! Daak yeelatsaaḵ! You all push the boat out (with a pole)! Líl daak ilatsáḵjiḵ! Donʼt push the boat out (with a pole)! Líl daak yeelatsáḵjiḵ! Donʼt you all push the boat out (with a pole)! [does not occur] daak analstáḵ s/he is pushing the boat out (with a pole) daak x̱walitsáḵ Iʼm pushing the boat out (with a pole); I pushed the boat out (with a pole) daak awlitsáḵ s/heʼs pushing the boat out (with a pole); s/he pushed the boat out (with a pole) tlél daak awultsaaḵ s/he didnʼt push the boat out (with a pole) daak agux̱latsáaḵ s/he will push the boat out (with a pole) tlél daak agux̱latsaaḵ s/he wonʼt push the boat out (with a pole) daak ax̱latsaaḵ let her/him push the boat out (with a pole) daak ooltsaaḵch s/he pushes the boat out (with a pole) (every time) tlél daak ooltsaaḵch s/he hasnʼt pushed the boat out (with a pole) yet tlél aadé daak oox̱litsaag̱i yé no way can s/he push the boat out (with a pole) daak oox̱latsaag̱ín s/he would have pushed the boat out (with a pole) daak altsáḵni if/when s/he pushes the boat out (with a pole) daak altsáḵch s/he pushes the boat out (with a pole) (regularly) Daak altsáḵni g̱unéi gax̱tooḵóox̱. When he pushes it (boat) out (with a pole) weʼll get going. Wáa sá yaakw daak ayawlitsáḵ wé yéi kgwaatsʼáni yéidáx̱? How did he pole his boat out from that shallow place? reach for, reach out (oneʼs hand) (N g̱áa) daak ji-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion) for S to reach a hand out (for N)

ji-li-tsaaḵ

Daak jeelatsaaḵ! Reach your hand out! Daak jiylatsaaḵ! You all reach your hands out! Líl daak jeelatsáḵjiḵ! Donʼt reach your hand out! Líl daak jiylatsáḵjiḵ! Donʼt you all reach your hands out! [does not occur] daak jinalstáḵ s/he is reaching his/her hand out daak jix̱wlitsáḵ I reached my hand out daak jiwlitsáḵ s/he reached his/her hand out tlél daak jix̱wlatsaaḵ I didnʼt reach my hand out tlél daak jiwultsaaḵ s/he didnʼt reach his/her hand out daak jigux̱latsáaḵ s/he will reach his/her hand out tlél daak jigux̱latsaaḵ s/he wonʼt reach his/her hand out daak jix̱latsaaḵ let her/him reach his/her hand out daak jeeltsaaḵch s/he reaches his/her hand out (every time) tlél daak jeeltsaaḵch s/he hasnʼt reached his/her hand out yet tlél aadé daak jeex̱litsaag̱i yé no way can s/he reach his/her hand out daak jeex̱latsaag̱ín s/he would have reached his/her hand out daak jilatsáḵni if/when s/he reaches his/her hand out daak jilatsáḵch s/he reaches his/her hand out (regularly) Du óonayí g̱áa daak jiwlitsáḵ. He reached for his rifle. Aag̱áa daak jeelatsaaḵ! Reach for it! raise oneʼs hand (in voting, etc.) kei ji-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ event) for (singular) S to raise the hand (in voting, etc.)

kei ji-li-tsaaḵ

Kei jilatsaaḵ! Raise your hand! [does not occur] Líl kei jeelatsáḵjiḵ! Donʼt raise your hand! [does not occur] [does not occur] kei jinax̱latsáḵ I am raising a hand (slowly) kei jinaltsáḵ s/he is raising a hand (slowly) kei jix̱wlitsáḵ I raised a hand kei jiwlitsáḵ s/he raised a hand tlél kei jix̱wlatsaaḵ I didnʼt raise a hand tlél kei jiwultsaaḵ s/he didnʼt raise a hand kei jikḵwalatsáaḵ I will raise a hand kei jigux̱latsáaḵ s/he will raise a hand tlél kei jikḵwalatsaaḵ I wonʼt raise a hand tlél kei jigux̱latsaaḵ s/he wonʼt raise a hand kei jiḵalatsaaḵ / kei jiḵalatsaag̱í let me raise a hand kei jix̱latsaaḵ / kei jix̱latsaag̱í let her/him raise a hand kei jeex̱latsáḵch I raise a hand (every time) kei jeelatsáḵch s/he raises a hand (every time) tlél kei jeex̱latsaaḵch I havenʼt raised a hand yet tlél kei jeeltsaaḵch s/he hasnʼt raised a hand yet tlél aadé kei jiḵwalitsaag̱i yé no way can I raise a hand tlél aadé kei jeex̱litsaag̱i yé no way can s/he raise a hand kei jiḵwalatsaag̱ín I would have raised a hand kei jeex̱latsaag̱ín s/he would have raised a hand kei jix̱wlatsaag̱í if/when I raise a hand kei jiwultsaag̱í if/when s/he raises a hand [does not occur] Kei jilatsaaḵ i saayí wdusaayí. Raise your hand when they call your name. inject, give shot N tóode O-ka-S-l-√tsaaḵ (na motion) for S to inject O into N

ka-li-tsaaḵ

Náakw du tóode kanaltsaaḵ! Inject medicine into her/him! Líl náakw du tóode yoo keelatsáḵgiḵ! Donʼt inject medicine into her/him! [does not occur] náakw du tóode kax̱wlitsaaḵ I injected medicine into her/him náakw du tóode akawlitsaaḵ s/he injected medicine into her/him tlél náakw du tóode kax̱wlatsaaḵ I didnʼt inject medicine into her/him tlél náakw du tóode akawultsaaḵ s/he didnʼt inject medicine into her/him náakw du tóode akagux̱latsáaḵ s/he will inject medicine into her/him tlél náakw du tóode akagux̱latsaaḵ s/he wonʼt inject medicine into her/him náakw du tóode akanx̱latsaaḵ let her/him inject medicine into her/him náakw du tóode akanaltsáḵch s/he injects medicine into her/him (every time) tlél náakw du tóode akoonaltsáḵch s/he hasnʼt injected medicine into her/him yet tlél aadé náakw du tóode akoonax̱litsaag̱i yé no way can s/he inject medicine into her/him náakw du tóode akoonax̱latsaag̱ín s/he would have injected medicine into her/him náakw du tóode akanaltsáḵni if/when s/he injects medicine into her/him náakw du tóode yoo aklitsáḵk s/he injects medicine into her/him (regularly) Náakw du tóode kawdudlitsaaḵ. She was given a shot of medicine. plug in (electrical cord) II O-shu-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion) for S to Plug in O (electrical cord)

A- + shu-li-tsaaḵ

Át shulatsáḵ Plug it in! Líl áx̱ sheelatsaag̱íḵ! Donʼt plug it in! [does not occur] át shux̱wlitsáḵ I plugged it in át ashoowlitsáḵ s/he plugged it in tlél át shux̱wlatsaaḵ I didnʼt plug it in tlél át ashoowultsaaḵ s/he didnʼt plug it in aadé ashugux̱latsáaḵ s/he will plug it in tlél aadé ashugux̱latsaaḵ s/he wonʼt plug it in (chʼa) át ashux̱latsaaḵ (just) let her/him plug it in át ashooltsaaḵch s/he plugs it in (every time) tlél át ashooltsaaḵch s/he hasʼt plugged it in yet tlél aadé át ashoox̱litsaag̱i yé no way can s/he plug it in át ashoox̱latsaag̱ín s/he would have plugged it in át ashulatsáḵni if/when s/he plugs it in áx̱ ashulatsaaḵ s/he plugs it in there (regularly) Át ashulatsáḵni g̱unéi kakg̱wajóox. If she plugs it in, it will start running. Sʼeenáa kaxéesʼi át shulatsáḵ! Plug in the light cord there! [Story & Naish 1973: 153] tseek cook, barbecue, broil barbecue it; broil it O-S-l-√tseek (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to broil O slowly, cook O directly over live coals, barbecue

li-tseek

Latsík! Barbecue it! Yilatsík! You all barbecue it! Líl ilatsíkx̱iḵ! Donʼt barbecue it! Líl yilatsíkx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all barbecue it! altséek s/heʼs barbecueing it; s/he barbecues it tlél ooltseek s/he doesnʼt barbecue it awlitsík s/he barbecued it tlél awultseek s/he didnʼt barbecue it agux̱latséek s/he will barbecue it tlél agux̱latseek s/he wonʼt barbecue it ax̱latsík let her/him barbecue it ooltsíkch s/he barbecues it (every time) tlél ooltseekch / tlél ooltsíkch s/he hasnʼt barbecued it yet tlél aadé oox̱litsígi yé no way can s/he barbecue it oox̱latsígin s/he would have barbecued it altsíkni if/when s/he barbecues it altsíkx̱ s/he barbecues it (regularly) tseen (4) value value highly, cherish O-x̱ʼa-S-l-√tseen ˟ (ga state) for S to value highly, cherish O

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x̱ʼaklatseen! Value it! x̱ʼagaylatseen! x̱ʼax̱litseen I value her/him/it ax̱ʼalitseen s/he values her/him/it tlél x̱ʼeix̱latseen I donʼt value her/him/it tlél ax̱ʼeilcheen s/he doesnʼt value her/him/it kei ax̱ʼanaltseen s/he is starting to value her/him/it ax̱ʼawlitseen s/he valued her/him/it tlél ax̱ʼeiwulcheen s/he didnʼt value her/him/it kei ax̱ʼagux̱latseen s/he will value her/him/it tlél kei ax̱ʼagux̱latseen s/he wonʼt value her/him/it (chʼa) ax̱ʼagax̱latseen / ax̱ʼagax̱latseení (just) let her/him value her/him/it ax̱ʼaklatseench s/he values her/him/it (every time) tlél ax̱ʼeiklatseench s/he hasnʼt valued her/him/it yet tlél aadé ax̱ʼagoox̱litseeni yé no way can s/he value her/him/it ax̱ʼagoox̱latseenín s/he would have valued her/him/it ax̱ʼaklatseenní if/when s/he values her/him/it Du jeet wuduwateeyi át ax̱ʼaklatseench. Whenever heʼs given something, he really values it. A káx̱ yéi jeewuneiyí ax̱ʼagoox̱latseenín. If she had worked for it, she would have highly valued it. Ax̱ʼaklatseenní dleew kát agux̱latéew. If he values it, heʼll take good care of it. Gax̱toohoon át x̱ʼatulitseen. The thing weʼre selling we value highly. x̱ʼagaylatseen, yee yoo x̱ʼatángi áyá! You all value it, this is your language! weak, anemic, mild (of weather) tlél O-l-√tseen ˟ (ga state) for O to be weak; for O to be mild (of weather); for O to be anemic

tléil + li-tseen

tlél O-l-cheen (ga state) [see "strong"] tlél x̱at ultseen / tlél x̱at ulcheen I am weak tlél ultseen / tlél ulcheen he/she/it is weak [see "strong"] tlél kei x̱at unalcheen I am getting weak tlél kei unalcheen he/she/it is getting weak [see "strong"] tlél ulcheen nooch he/she/it is always weak [see "strong"] tlél x̱at wultseen I was weak tlél wultseen he/she/it was weak [see "strong"] tlél kei x̱at gux̱latseen I will be weak tlél kei gux̱latseen he/she/it will be weak [see "strong"] [does not occur] [see "strong"] [does not occur] [see "strong"] [does not occur] [see "strong"] [does not occur] [see "strong"] tlél áyáx̱ galtseenní if/when he/she/it is weak (not strong enough) [see "strong"] tlél kei ultseench he/she/it doesnʼt get stronger strong, powerful O-l-√tseen ˟ (ga state) for O to be strong, powerful

li-tseen

Iklatseen! Be strong! Yee klatseen! You all be strong! Líl eeltseeníḵ! Donʼt be strong! Líl yee ultseeníḵ! Donʼt you all be strong! x̱at litseen I am strong ilitseen you are strong litseen s/heʼs strong haa litseen we are strong yee litseen you all are strong has litseen they are strong ḵulitseen people are strong tlél x̱at ultseen Iʼm not strong tlél eeltseen youʼre not strong tlél ultseen s/heʼs not strong tlél haa ultseen weʼre not strong tlél yee ultseen you all are not strong tlél has ultseen theyʼre not strong tlél ḵooltseen nobody is strong wé litseeni aa the strong one kei x̱at naltseen I am becoming strong kei inaltseen you are becoming strong kei naltseen s/he is becoming strong kei haa naltseen we are becoming strong kei yee naltseen you all are becoming strong kei (ha)s naltseen they are becoming strong kei ḵunaltseen people are becoming strong tlél kei x̱at unaltseen Iʼm not gaining strength tlél kei eenaltseen youʼre not gaining strength tlél kei unaltseen s/he is not gaining strength tlél kei haa unaltseen weʼre not gaining strength tlél kei yee unaltseen you all are not gaining strength tlél kei (ha)s unaltseen they are not gaining strength tlél kei ḵunaltseen nobody is gaining strength latseenín s/he used to be strong tlél ultseenín s/he didnʼt used to be strong x̱at wulitseen I became strong iwlitseen you became strong wulitseen s/he became strong haa wlitseen we became strong yee wlitseen you all became strong has wulitseen they became strong ḵuwlitseen people became strong tlél x̱at wultseen I didnʼt get strong tlél iwultseen you didnʼt get strong tlél wultseen s/he didnʼt get strong tlél haa wultseen we didnʼt get strong tlél yee wultseen you all didnʼt get strong tlél has wultseen they didnʼt get strong tlél ḵuwultseen nobody got strong kei x̱at gux̱latseen I will be strong kei igux̱latseen you will be strong kei gux̱latseen s/he will be strong kei haa gux̱latseen we will be strong kei yee gux̱latseen you all will be strong kei (ha)s gux̱latseen they will be strong kei ḵugux̱latseen people will be strong tlél kei x̱at gux̱latseen I wonʼt be strong tlél kei igux̱latseen you wonʼt be strong tlél kei gux̱latseen s/he wonʼt be strong tlél kei haa gux̱latseen we wonʼt be strong tlél kei yee gux̱latseen you all wonʼt be strong tlél kei has gux̱latseen they wonʼt be strong tlél kei ḵugux̱latseen nobody will be strong x̱at gax̱latseení let me be strong gax̱latseení let him be strong haa gax̱latseení let us be strong latseen nooch s/he is always strong x̱at galtseench I get strong (evry time) iklatseench you get strong (evry time) galatseench s/he gets strong (evry time) haa klatseench we get strong (evry time) yee klatseench you all get strong (evry time) has galatseench they get strong (evry time) ḵuklatseench people get strong (evry time) tlél x̱at gooltseench I havenʼt become strong yet tlél igooltseench you havenʼt become strong yet tlél gooltseench s/he hasnʼt become strong yet tlél haa gooltseench we havenʼt become strong yet tlél yee gooltseench you all havenʼt become strong yet tlél has gooltseench they havenʼt become strong yet tlél ḵugooltseench nobody has become strong yet tlél aadé gux̱litseeni yé no way can s/he be strong gux̱latseenín s/he would have been strong galatseenní if/when s/he is strong kei latseench s/he gets strong (regularly) ` ` Wulitseen du yóo x̱ʼatángi. His words were powerful. Wé tʼakoonéiyi de sh jiwdlitsín. The baby is gaining strength. Tlél ayáx̱ xat ultseen kax̱wataaní wé dúḵ. Iʼm not strong enough to bend the cottonwood. expensive, high-priced; precious x̱ʼa-l-√tseen ˟ (ga state) for something to be expensive, high-priced; for something to be precious, of great value

x̱ʼa-li-tseen

x̱ʼalitseen itʼs expensive tlél x̱ʼeiltseen itʼs not expensive x̱ʼawlitseen it got expensive tlél x̱ʼawultseen it didnʼt get expensive kei x̱ʼagux̱latseen it will be expensive tlél kei x̱ʼagux̱latseen it wonʼt be expensive x̱ʼagax̱latseen let it be expensive x̱ʼaklatseench it gets expensive (every time) tlél x̱ʼeiklatseench it hasnʼt gotten expensive yet tlél aadé x̱ʼagux̱litseeni yé no way can it be expensive x̱ʼagux̱latseenín it would have been expensive x̱ʼaklatseenní if/when it gets expensive kei x̱ʼalatseench it gets expensive (regularly) tseits (2) injure injure, hurt her/him/it O-ka-S-∅-√tseits (∅ event) for S to injure, hurt O

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Leer 1973: 09/153-154 Líl keetsétsx̱íḵ! Donʼt injure her/him/it! Líl kaytsétsx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all injure her/him/it! [does not occur] kax̱waatséts I injured her/him/it akaawatséts s/he injured her/him/it tlél kax̱watseits I didnʼt injure her/him/it tlél akawutseits s/he didnʼt injure her/him/it akakg̱watséits s/he will injure her/him/it tlél akakg̱watseits s/he wonʼt injure her/him/it (chʼa) akg̱atseits (just) let her/him injure her/him/it akootseitsch s/he injures her/him/it (every time) tlél akootseitsch s/he hasnʼt injured her/him/it yet tlél aadé akg̱waatseitsi yé no way can s/he injure her/him/it akg̱watseitsín s/he would have injured her/him/it akatsétsni if/when s/he injures her/him/it akatsétsx̱ s/he injures her/him/it (regularly) Du toowú akaawatséts. He hurt her feelings. [Leer 1973: 09/154] Du shutóoxʼ akaawatséts. He hurt his ankle. injured, hurt (feelings) at ka-S-∅-√tseits (∅ event) for S to get injured; for S to have hurt feelings

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Leer 1973: 09/153-154 Líl at keetsétsx̱íḵ! Donʼt get injured! Líl at kaytsétsx̱íḵ! Donʼt you all get injured! [does not occur] at kax̱waatséts I got injured at kaawatséts he/she/it got injured tlél at kawutseits he/she/it didnʼt get injured at kakg̱watséits he/she/it will get injured tlél at kakg̱watseits he/she/it wonʼt get injured at kag̱atseits let her/him get injured at kootseitsch he/she/it gets injured (every time) tlél at kootseitsch he/she/it hasnʼt gotten injured yet tlél aadé at koog̱aatseitsi yé no way can he/she/it get injured at koog̱atseitsín he/she/it would have gotten injured at katsétsni if/when he/she/it gets injured at katsétsx̱ he/she/it gets injured (regularly) Wé yéi jiné l awunadláaḵ du toowú at kaawatséts. When he didnʼt get the job it hurt his feelings. tseix̱ kick, stamp kick it; stamp it (with foot) O-S-∅-√tseix̱ (∅ act) for S to kick O; for S to stamp O, put foot down on O violently

ya-tseix̱

The form: atséx̱t gives both a basic imperfective meaning "s/he is kicking it" and a repetitive imperfective meaning: "s/he kicks it (regularly)". Tséx̱! Kick it! Yeetséx̱! You all kick it! Líl eetséx̱iḵ! Donʼt kick it! Líl yitséx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all kick it! x̱atséx̱t Iʼm kicking it atséx̱t s/heʼs kicking it tlél x̱watséx̱t Iʼm not kicking it tlél ootséx̱t s/heʼs not kicking it atséx̱di nooch s/heʼs always kicking it x̱waatséx̱ I kicked it aawatséx̱ s/he kicked it tlél x̱watseix̱ I didnʼt kick it tlél awutseix̱ s/he didnʼt kick it kuḵatséix̱ I will kick it akg̱watséix̱ s/he will kick it tlél kuḵatseix̱ I wonʼt kick it tlél akg̱watseix̱ s/he wonʼt kick it aḵatseix̱ let me kick it ag̱atseix̱ let her/him kick it x̱watseix̱ch I kick it (every time) ootseix̱ch s/he kicks it (every time) tlél x̱watseix̱ch I havenʼt kicked it yet tlél ootseix̱ch s/he hasnʼt kicked it yet tlél aadé oog̱aatseix̱i yé no way can s/he kick it oog̱atseix̱ín s/he would have kicked it atséx̱ni if/when s/he kicks it atséx̱t s/he kicks it (regularly) tsoow (2) shine shine on it (of sun rays) II Note the literal meaning of g̱agaan át x̱ʼus uwatsóow is "the sun is poking its feet out there". g̱agaan N-t~ x̱ʼus ∅-√tsóow ˟ (∅ motion) for the sun rays to shine on P

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[does not occur] g̱agaan át x̱ʼus uwatsóow sun rays are shining on it; sun rays shone on it g̱agaan tlél át x̱ʼus wutsóow sun rays arenʼt shining on it; sun rays didnʼt shine on it g̱agaan aadé x̱ʼus gug̱watsóow sun rays will shine on it g̱agaan tlél aadé x̱ʼus gug̱watsóow sun rays wonʼt shine on it g̱agaan át x̱ʼus g̱atsóow let the sun rays shine on it g̱agan át x̱ʼus utsóowch the sun rays shine on it (every time) g̱agaan tlél át x̱ʼus utsóowch the sun rays havenʼt shone on it yet g̱agaan tlél aadé át x̱ʼus g̱waatsóowu yé no way can the sun rays shine on it g̱agaan át x̱ʼus g̱watsóowun the sun rays would have shone on it g̱agaan át x̱ʼus tsóowni if/when the sun rays shine on it g̱agaan áx̱ x̱ʼus tsóow the sun rays shine on it (regularly) ḵúnáx̱ g̱agaan át x̱ʼus utsóowji yé áwé. Thatʼs where the sun rays shine. raise hands (in voting, etc.) kei ji-S-l-√tsóow ˟ (∅ motion) for (plural) S to raise their hands (in voting, etc.)

ji-li-tsoow

Kei jiylatsóow! You all raise your hands! [does not occur] Líl kei jiylatsóowjiḵ! Donʼt you all raise your hands! [does not occur] kei jiwtulitsóow we raised our hands kei (ha)s jiwlitsóow they raised their hands tlél kei jiwtulatsóow we didnʼt raise our hands tlél kei (ha)s jiwultsóow they didnʼt raise their hands kei jigax̱tulatsóow we will raise our hands kei (ha)s jigux̱latsóow they will raise their hands tlél kei jigax̱tulatsóow we wonʼt raise our hands tlél kei (ha)s jigux̱latsóow they wonʼt raise their hands kei jix̱tulatsóow let us raise our hands kei (ha)s jix̱latsóow let them raise their hands kei jitulatsóowch we raise our hands (every time) kei (ha)s jeeltsóowch they raise their hands (every time) tlél kei jitulatsóowch we havenʼt raised our hands yet tlél kei (ha)s jeeltsóowch they havenʼt raised their hands yet tlél aadé kei jix̱tulitsóowu yé no way can we raise our hands tlél aadé kei (ha)s jix̱litsóowu yé no way can they raise their hands kei jix̱tulatsóowun we would have raised our hands kei (ha)s jix̱latsóowun they would have raised their hands kei jitulatsóowni if/when we raise our hands kei (ha)s jilatsóowni if/when they raise their hands kei jitulatsóowx̱ we raise our hands (regularly) kei (ha)s jilatsóowx̱ they raise their hands (regularly) Tlél aadé kei (ha)s jix̱litsóowu yé yánde (ha)s wuduwa.áx̱. They canʼt raise their hands, theyʼre tied up. tsʼaa fragrant, sweet-smelling fragrant, sweet-smelling O-l-√tsʼáa ˟ (ga state) for O to be fragrant, sweet-smelling

li-tsʼaa

x̱at litsʼáa I am fragrant ilitsʼáa you are fragrant litsʼáa he/she/it is fragrant haa litsʼáa we are fragrant yee litsʼáa you all are fragrant has litsʼáa they are fragrant ḵulitsʼáa people are fragrant tlél x̱at ultsʼáa Iʼm not fragrant tlél eeltsʼáa youʼre not fragrant tlél ultsʼáa he/she/it isnʼt fragrant tlél haa utlsʼáa we arenʼt fragrant tlél yee ultsʼáa you all arenʼt fragrant tlél has ultsʼáa they arenʼt fragrant tlél ḵooltsʼáa nobody is fragrant wé litsʼáayi aa the one thatʼs fragrant kei x̱at naltsʼéin Iʼm starting to smell good kei inaltsʼéin youʼre starting to smell good kei naltsʼéin itʼs starting to smell good kei haa naltsʼéin weʼre starting to smell good kei yee naltsʼéin you all are starting to smell good kei has naltsʼéin they are starting to smell good kei ḵunaltsʼéin people are starting to smell good latsʼáayin it used to be fragrant tlél ultsʼáayin it didnʼt used to be fragrant x̱at wulitsʼáa I was fragrant iwlitsʼáa you were fragrant wulitsʼáa he/she/it was fragrant haa wulitsʼáa we were fragrant yee wlitsʼáa you all were fragrant has wulitsʼáa they were fragrant ḵoolitsʼáa people were fragrant tlél x̱at wultsʼáa I wasnʼt fragrant tlél iwultsʼáa you werenʼt fragrant tlél wultsʼáa it wasnʼt fragrant tlél haa wultsʼáa we werenʼt fragrant tlél yee wultsʼáa you all werenʼt fragrant tlél has wultsʼáa they werenʼt fragrant tlél ḵuwultsʼáa nobody was fragrant kei x̱at gux̱latsʼáa I will be fragrant kei igux̱latsʼáa you will be fragrant kei gux̱latsʼáa it will be fragrant kei haa gux̱latsʼáa we will be fragrant kei yee gux̱latsʼáa you all will be fragrant kei has gux̱latsʼáa they will be fragrant kei ḵugux̱latsʼáa people will be fragrant tlél kei x̱at gux̱latsʼáa I wonʼt be fragrant tlél kei igux̱latsʼáa you wonʼt be fragrant tlél kei gux̱latsʼáa it wonʼt be fragrant tlél kei haa gux̱latsʼáa we wonʼt be fragrant tlél kei yee gux̱latsʼáa you all wonʼt be fragrant tlél kei has gux̱latsʼáa they wonʼt be fragrant tlél kei ḵugux̱latsʼáa nobody will be fragrant ax̱ gax̱latsʼáa let me be fragrant gax̱latsʼáa let it be fragrant haa gax̱latsʼáa let us be fragrant latsʼáa nooch he/she/it always smells good [does not occur] tlél aadé gux̱litsʼáayi yé no way can it be fragrant gux̱latsʼáayin it would have been fragrant galatsʼéini if/when it is fragrant kei latsʼáaych he/she/it becomes fragrant (regularly) ` ` Tlél kei gux̱latsʼáa ikaneek. Talk about you is not going to smell good. tsʼeekʼ (3) pinch, pick pinch her/him with fingernails (keep pinching) Note that Story & Naish (1973: 299) document this verb stem as having a rounded final consonant: -tsʼeekʼw. Leer (1973: 09/329-330) documents both stems -tsʼeekʼw and -tsʼeekʼ. Speakers consulted for this project use -tsʼeekʼ. Note that this verb can be used to say "pick nose" by adding "du lú" or "du lutú" to the verb phrase. For example: du lutú atsʼíkʼt "she is picking her nose". O-S-∅-√tsʼíkʼt ˟ (na act) for S to Pinch O

ya-tsʼeekʼw

Leer 1973: 09/329-330 Natsʼíkʼt! Keep pinching her/him! Naytsʼíkʼt! You all keep pinching her/him! Líl eetsʼíkʼdiḵ! Donʼt keep pinching her/him! Líl yitsʼíkʼdiḵ! Donʼt you all keep pinching her/him! x̱atsʼíkʼt I keep pinching her/him atsʼíkʼt s/he keeps pinching her/him x̱waatsʼíkʼt I kept pinching her/him aawatsʼíkʼt s/he kept pinching her/him tlél x̱watsʼíkʼt I didnʼt keep pinching her/him tlél awutsʼíkʼt s/he didnʼt keep pinching her/him akg̱watsʼíkʼt s/he will keep pinching her/him tlél akg̱watsʼíkʼt s/he wonʼt keep pinching her/him (chʼa) ang̱atsʼíkʼt (just) let her/him keep pinching her/him anatsʼíkʼtch s/he keeps pinching her/him (every time) tlél oonatsʼíkʼtch s/he hasnʼt pinched her/him yet tlél aadé ang̱waatsʼíkʼdi yé no way can s/he keep pinching her/him ang̱watsʼíkʼdin s/he would have kept pinching her/him anatsʼíkʼtni if/when s/he keeps pinching her/him A daa altsʼíkʼt. Sheʼs pinching him all over. [Leer 1973: 09/329] Natsʼíkʼt ax̱ yáaxʼ! Pinch him back for me! [Leer 1973: 09/330] pick at it To say "pick nose" use: du lutú with the forms in the paradigm below. For example: du lutú akaawatsʼíkʼ "he picked his nose". O-ka-S-∅-√tsʼéekʼ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to Pick at O

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Leer 1973: 09/329-330 Katsʼíkʼ! Pick at it! Kaytsʼíkʼ! You all pick at it! Líl keetsʼéekʼiḵ! Donʼt pick at it! Líl kaytsʼéekʼiḵ! Donʼt you all pick at it! akatsʼéekʼ s/he is picking at it tlél akootsʼéekʼ s/he isnʼt picking at it kax̱waatsʼíkʼ I picked at it akaawatsʼíkʼ s/he picked at it tlél kax̱watsʼéekʼ I didnʼt pick at it tlél akawutsʼéekʼ s/he didnʼt pick at it akakg̱watsʼéekʼ s/he will pick at it tlél akakg̱watsʼéekʼ s/he wonʼt pick at it (chʼa) akg̱atsʼíkʼ (just) let her/him pick at it akootsʼíkʼch s/he picks at it (every time) tlél akootsʼíkʼch s/he hasnʼt picked at it yet tlél aadé akg̱waatsʼíkʼi yé no way can s/he pick at it akg̱watsʼíkʼin s/he would have picked at it akatsʼíkʼni if/when s/he picks at it akatsʼíkʼx̱ s/he picks at it (regularly) Du lutú akatsʼíkʼx̱i áa jee yanéekʼ. When he picks his nose he doesnʼt want to touch it. Du lutú akatsʼéekʼ. Sheʼs picking her nose. Du atx̱aayí daa akatsʼéekʼ. Heʼs picking around his food. pinch her/him with fingernails Note that Story & Naish (1973: 299) document this verb stem as having a rounded final consonant: -tsʼeekʼw. Leer (1973: 09/329-330) documents both stems -tsʼeekʼw and -tsʼeekʼ. Speakers consulted for this project use -tsʼeekʼ. O-S-l-√tsʼéekʼ (ga act) for S to Pinch O with fingernails

li-tsʼeekʼw

Leer 1973: 09/329-330 O-S-l-tsʼéekʼw~ (ga act) Galatsʼéekʼ! Pinch her/him! Gaylatsʼéekʼ! You all pinch her/him! Líl kei ilatsʼíkʼjiḵ! Donʼt pinch her/him! Líl kei yilatsʼíkʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all pinch her/him! altsʼéekʼ s/he is pinching her/him tlél ooltsʼéekʼ s/he isnʼt pinching her/him kei analtsʼíkʼ s/he is pinching her/him continuously x̱walitsʼéekʼ I pinched her/him awlitsʼéekʼ s/he pinched her/him tlél x̱walatsʼéekʼ I didnt pinch her/him tlél awultsʼéekʼ s/he didnʼt pinch her/him kei agux̱latsʼéekʼ s/he will pinch her/him tlél kei agux̱latsʼéekʼ s/he wonʼt pinch her/him (chʼa) agax̱latsʼéekʼ (just) let her/him pinch her/him agaltsʼéekʼch s/he pinches her/him (every time) tlél agooltsʼéekʼch s/he hasnʼt pinched her/him yet tlél aadé agoox̱litsʼéekʼi yé no way can s/he pinch her/him agoox̱latsʼéekʼin s/he would have pinched her/him aklatsʼéekʼni if/when s/he pinches her/him kei altsʼíkʼch s/he keeps trying to Ninch her/him Aklatsʼéekʼni a jeet kagux̱dag̱áax̱. If she pinches him, heʼll cry. tsʼein (3) leave alone leave her/him/it alone, stop bothering her/him/it yan~ O-S-l-√tsʼéin (∅ motion) for S to leave O alone, stop bothering O

yan li-tsʼein

yan~ O-S-l-tsʼáan~ (∅ motion) Yan latsʼén! Leave her/him/it alone! Yan yilatsʼén! You all leave her/him/it alone! Líl yax̱ ilatsʼéiniḵ! Donʼt leave her/him/it alone! Líl yax̱ yilatsʼéiniḵ! Donʼt you all leave her/him/it alone! yánde yaa analtsʼén s/he is leaving her/him/it alone yan x̱walitsʼén I left her/him/it alone yan awlitsʼén s/he left her/him/it alone tlél yan awultsʼéin s/he didnʼt leave her/him/it alone yánde agux̱latsʼéin s/he will leave her/him/it alone tlél yánde agux̱latsʼéin s/he wonʼt leave her/him/it alone yan ax̱latsʼéin let her/him leave her/him/it alone yan ooltsʼéinch s/he leaves her/him/it alone (every time) tlél yan ooltsʼéinch s/he hasnʼt left her/him/it alone yet tlél aadé yan oox̱litsʼéini yé no way can s/he leave her/him/it alone yan oox̱latsʼéinin s/he would have left her/him/it alone yan altsʼénni if/when s/he leaves her/him/it alone yax̱ altsʼéin s/he leaves her/him/it alone (regularly) Yan altsʼénni, tlél kei kg̱wag̱aax̱. If she leaves him alone, he wonʼt cry. Tukagadáskwni yan latsʼén. If he gets quick-tempered, leave him alone. quieten, stop talking As might be noticed in the accompanying audio, the speaker consulted here switched between two pronunciations of this verb stem during our session: -tsʼéin and tsʼáan, generally favoring the latter. Both seem to be acceptable pronunciations. For consistency, the form -tsʼáan is documented throughout the paradigm below, although some of the accompanying audio contains the alternate pronunciation -tsʼéin. Also note that in Story and Naish (1973), the theme is given as: yan x̱ʼa-ka-li-tsʼein, having the ka- thematic prefix, as in yan ax̱ʼakwlitsʼén "s/he quietened her/him". However, the speaker consulted here uses yan ax̱ʼawlitsʼán (no ka- prefix). Both are acceptable. yan~ O-x̱ʼa-ka-S-l-√tsʼéin (∅ motion) for S to quieten O, cause O to stop talking

yan x̱ʼa-ka-li-tsʼein

yan~ O-x̱ʼa-ka-S-l-tsʼáan~ (∅ motion) Yan x̱ʼalatsʼán! Quieten her/him! Yan x̱ʼaylatsʼán! You all quieten her/him! Líl yax̱ x̱ʼeelatsʼáaniḵ! Donʼt quieten her/him! Líl yax̱ x̱ʼaylatsʼáaniḵ! Donʼt you all quieten her/him! yánde ax̱ʼanaltsʼán s/he is starting to quieten her/him yan x̱ʼax̱wlitsʼán I quietened her/him yan ax̱ʼawlitsʼán s/he quietened her/him tlél yan ax̱ʼawultsʼáan s/he didnʼt quieten her/him yánde ax̱ʼagux̱latsʼáan s/he will quieten her/him tlél yánde ax̱ʼagux̱latsʼáan s/he wonʼt quieten her/him yan ax̱ʼax̱latsʼáan let her/him quieten her/him yan ax̱ʼeiltsʼáanch s/he quietens her/him (every time) tlél yan ax̱ʼeiltsʼáanch s/he hasnʼt quietened her/him yet tlél aadé yan ax̱ʼeix̱wlitsʼáani yé no way can s/he quieten her/him yan ax̱ʼeix̱wlatsʼáanin s/he would have quietened her/him yan ax̱ʼeiltsʼánni if/when s/he quiets her/him yax̱ ax̱ʼalatsʼán s/he quietens her/him (regularly) quieten down, stop talking As might be noticed in the accompanying audio, the speaker consulted here switched between two pronunciations of this verb stem during our session: -tsʼéin and tsʼáan, generally favoring the latter. Both seem to be acceptable pronunciations. For consistency, the form -tsʼáan is documented throughout the paradigm below, although some of the accompanying audio contains the alternate pronunciation -tsʼéin. yan~ x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√tsʼéin (∅ motion) for S to quieten down, stop talking

yan x̱ʼa-ka-di-tsʼein

yan~ x̱ʼa-S-d-tsʼáan~ (∅ motion) Yan x̱ʼeedatsʼán! Quieten down! Yan x̱ʼaydatsʼán! You all quieten down! Líl yax̱ x̱ʼeedatsʼáaniḵ! Donʼt quieten down! Líl yax̱ x̱ʼaydatsʼáaniḵ! Donʼt you all quieten down! yánde x̱ʼandatsʼán s/he is starting to quieten down yan x̱ʼax̱wditsʼán I quietened down yan x̱ʼawditsʼán s/he quietened down tlél yan x̱ʼawdatsʼáan s/he didnʼt quieten down yánde x̱ʼagux̱datsʼáan s/he will quieten down tlél yánde x̱ʼagux̱datsʼáan s/he wonʼt quieten down yan x̱ʼax̱datsʼáan let her/him quieten down yan x̱ʼeidatsʼáanch s/he quietens down (every time) tlél yan x̱ʼeidatsʼáanch s/he hasnʼt quietened down yet tlél aadé yan x̱ʼeix̱ditsʼáani yé no way can s/he quieten down yan x̱ʼeix̱datsʼáanin s/he would have quietened down yan x̱ʼadatsʼánni if/when s/he quiets down yax̱ x̱ʼadatsʼán s/he quietens down (regularly) tsʼeitʼ skin skin carefully (using small cuts), flay (taking off all the fat) in order to obtain a good hide According to one of the consultants to this project, this verb is used only in reference to skinning seals. O-S-∅-√tsʼéitʼ ˟ (na act) for S to skin, flay O

ya-tsʼeitʼ

Natsʼéitʼ! Skin it! Naytsʼéitʼ! You all skin it! Líl yoo eetsʼéitʼgiḵ! Donʼt skin it! Líl yoo yitsʼéitʼgiḵ! Donʼt you all skin it! x̱atsʼéitʼ I am skinning it atsʼéitʼ s/he is skinning it tlél x̱watsʼéitʼ Iʼm not skinning it tlél ootsʼéitʼ s/heʼs not skinning it yaa anatsʼéitʼ s/he is starting to skin it x̱waatsʼéitʼ I skinned it aawatsʼéitʼ s/he skinned it tlél awutsʼéitʼ s/he didnʼt skin it akg̱watsʼéitʼ s/he will skin it tlél akg̱watsʼéitʼ s/he wonʼt skin it ang̱atsʼéitʼ let her/him skin it anatsʼéitʼch s/he skins it (every time) tlél oonatsʼéitʼch s/he hasnʼt skinned it yet tlél aadé oong̱aatsʼéitʼi yé no way can s/he skin it oong̱atsʼéitʼin s/he would have skinned it anatsʼéitʼni if/when s/he skins it yoo ayatsʼéitʼk s/he skins it (regularly) Tsaa anatsʼéitʼni du jee yéi kg̱watée wé a doogú. If he skins the seal, he can keep the hide. Tsaa x̱atsʼéitʼ. Iʼm skinning a hair seal carefully (to obtain hide). [Story & Naish 1973:194] tsʼíxaa sneeze sneeze a-S-d+l-√tsíxaa ˟ (na act) for S to sneeze

a-dli-tsʼíxaa

(Góok) aneeltsʼíxaa! (Go ahead) sneeze! Líl eeltsʼíxaaḵ! Donʼt sneeze! ax̱altsʼíxaa I am sneezing; I sneeze altsʼíxaa s/he is sneezing; s/he sneezes tlél oox̱altsʼíxaa Iʼm not sneezing; I donʼt sneeze tlél ooltsʼíxaa s/he isnʼt sneezing; s/he doesnʼt sneeze ax̱wdlitsʼíxaa I sneezed awdlitsʼíxaa s/he sneezed tlél ax̱waltsʼíxaa I didnʼt sneeze tlél awultsʼíxaa s/he didnʼt sneeze akg̱waltsʼíxaa s/he is going to sneeze tlél akg̱waltsʼíxaa s/he isnʼt going to sneeze (chʼa) ang̱altsʼíxaa (just) let her/him sneeze analtsʼíxaach s/he sneezes (every time) tlél oonaltsʼíxaach s/he hasnʼt sneezed yet tlél aadé oonax̱dlitsʼíxaayi yé no way can s/he sneeze oong̱altsʼíxaayín s/he would have sneezed analtsʼíxni if/when s/he sneezes Aatlein ax̱altsʼíxaa. Iʼm sneezing a lot. [Story & Naish 1973: 200] Altsʼíxaa du éede yéi yaa nanein. She is starting to sneeze. tʼaa ʰ (5) warm, heat warm it up O-S-s-√tʼaa ʰ (∅ act) for S to warm O (water, etc.)

si-tʼaa

The form: astʼeix̱ gives both a basic imperfective meaning "s/he is warming it up" and a repetitive imperfective meaning "s/he warms it up (regularly)". Satʼá! Warm it up! Yisatʼá! You all warm it up! Líl isatʼeix̱íḵ! Donʼt warm it up! Líl yisatʼeix̱íḵ! Donʼt you all warm it up! x̱asatʼeix̱ Iʼm warming it up astʼeix̱ s/he is warming it up tlél x̱wasatʼeix̱ s/he isnʼt warming it up tlél oostʼeix̱ s/he isnʼt warming it up x̱wasitʼáa I warmed it up awsitʼáa s/he warmed it up tlél x̱wasatʼá I didnʼt warm it up tlél awustʼá s/he didnʼt warm it up kuḵasatʼáa I will warm it up agux̱satʼáa s/he will warm it up tlél kuḵasatʼaa I wonʼt warm it up tlél agux̱satʼaa s/he wonʼt warm it up ḵasatʼaa let me warm it up ax̱satʼaa let her/him warm it up x̱wasatʼáaych I warm it up (every time) oostʼáaych s/he warms it up (every time) tlél x̱wasatʼáaych I havenʼt warmed it up yet tlél oostʼáaych s/he hasnʼt warmed it up yet tlél aadé ux̱sitʼaayi yé no way can s/he warm it up ux̱satʼaayin s/he would have warmed it up astʼéini if/when s/he warms it up astʼeix̱ s/he warms it up (regularly) Héen oostʼáaych aag̱áa áwé g̱áaxʼw táak kadushx̱ʼálʼx̱. She heats the water, then dips the herring eggs in. comfort her/him N toowú S-l-√tʼaa ʰ (∅ act; CV́V Imp/Hort/Pot) for S to comfort N

ḵaa toowú + li-tʼaa

The form: du toowú altʼeix̱ gives both a present tense reading "he/she/it is comforting her/him" and a repetitive reading "he/she/it comforts her/him (regularly)". Du toowú latʼáa! Comfort her/him! Du toowú yilatʼáa! You all comfort her/him! [does not occur] du toowú altʼeix̱ he/she/it is comforting her/him tlél du toowú ooltʼeix̱ he/she/it doesnʼt comfort her/him du toowú awlitʼáa he/she/it comforted her/him tlél du toowú awultʼá he/she/it didnʼt comfort her/him du toowú agux̱latʼáa he/she/it will comfort her/him tlél du toowú agux̱latʼaa he/she/it wonʼt comfort her/him du toowú ax̱latʼáa let her/him/it comfort her/him du toowú ooltʼáaych he/she/it comforts her/him (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé du toowú ax̱wlitʼáayi yé no way can he/she/it comfort her/him du toowú ax̱wlatʼáayin he/she/it would have comforted her/him du toowú altʼéini if/when he/she/it comforts her/him du toowú altʼeix̱ he/she/it comforts her/him (regularly) hot, warm (of weather) ḵu-∅-√tʼaa ʰ (∅ state) for the weather to be warm, hot

ḵu-ya-tʼaa

This may be the only stative verb with a ∅- conjugation prefix. ḵuwatʼáa / ḵuyatʼáa the weather is hot tlél ḵuwatʼaa the weather isnʼt hot yaa ḵunatʼéin the weather is getting hot ḵutʼaa nooch the weather is always hot ḵoowatʼáa the weather got hot tlél ḵoowutʼá the weather didnʼt get hot ḵukg̱watʼáa the weather will be hot tlél ḵukg̱watʼaa the weather wonʼt be hot [does not occur] ḵootʼáaych the weather gets hot (every time) tlél ḵootʼáaych the weather hasnʼt gotten hot yet tlél aadé ḵug̱waatʼaayi yé no way can the weather be hot ḵug̱watʼaayín the weather would have been hot ḵutʼéini if/when the weather is hot ḵutʼeix̱ the weather gets hot (regularly) warm, hot ∅-√tʼaa ʰ (∅ event) for something to be warm, hot

ya-tʼaa

[does not occur] yaa natʼéin itʼs getting hot uwatʼáa itʼs hot tlél wutʼá itʼs not hot gug̱atʼáa it will get hot tlél gug̱atʼaa it wonʼt get hot g̱atʼaa let it get hot utʼáaych it gets hot (every time) tlél utʼáaych it hasnʼt gotten hot yet tlél aadé g̱waatʼaayi yé no way can it get hot g̱watʼaayín it would have gotten hot tʼéini if/when it gets hot tʼeix̱ it gets hot (regularly) hot ya-∅-√tʼaa ʰ (∅ event) for something to be hot, heated

ya-ya-tʼaa

[does not occur] yaa yanatʼéin itʼs getting hot yaawatʼáa itʼs hot; it got hot tlél yawutʼá it isnʼt hot; it didnʼt get hot yakg̱watʼáa it will get hot tlél yakg̱watʼaa it wonʼt get hot yag̱atʼaa let it get hot wootʼáaych it gets hot (every time) tlél wootʼáaych it hasnʼt gotten hot yet tlél aadé yag̱waatʼaayi yé no way can it get hot yag̱watʼaayín it would have gotten hot yatʼéini if/when it gets hot yatʼeix̱ it gets hot (regularly) tʼaach (5) swim swim (of human, using strokes which slap the water) (plural subject) VII N-dé O-ka-du-∅-√tʼaach (na motion) for (plural) O (human) to swim to N using strokes which slap the water

ka-doo-ya-tʼaach

--- Aadé yee kandutʼaach! You all swim there! Líl aadé yoo yee kadutʼáchgiḵ! Donʼt you all swim there! aadé yaa (ha)s kandutʼách they are swimming there aadé haa kawduwatʼaach we swam there aadé (ha)s kawduwatʼaach they swam there tlél aadé haa kawdutʼaach we didnʼt swim there tlél aadé (ha)s kawdutʼaach they didnʼt swim there aadé (ha)s kagux̱datʼáach they will swim there tlél aadé (ha)s kagux̱datʼaach they wonʼt swim there (chʼa) aadé (ha)s kanax̱dutʼaach let them swim there aadé (ha)s kandutʼáchch they swim there (every time) tlél aadé (ha)s kandutʼáchch they havenʼt swam there yet tlél aadé (ha)s koonax̱ditʼaaji yé no way can they swim there aadé (ha)s koonax̱datʼaajín they would have swam there aadé (ha)s kandutʼáchni if/when they swim there aadé yoo (ha)s kaduwatʼáchk they swim there (regularly) Kʼisáani deikéet kandutʼáchch. The young fellows used to swim way out. [Story & Naish 1973: 220] slap her/him/it; tag her/him O-S-√tʼaach (∅ act) for S to slap O; for S to tag O (as in game of tag)

ya-tʼaach

Tʼách! Slap her/him/it! Yitʼách! You all slap her/him/it! Líl eetʼáchx̱iḵ! Donʼt slap her/him/it! Líl yitʼáchx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all slap her/him/it! x̱atʼácht Iʼm slapping her/him/it atʼácht s/he is slapping her/him/it tlél x̱watʼácht Iʼm not slapping her/him/it tlél ootʼácht s/he isnʼt slapping her/him/it x̱waatʼách I slapped her/him/it aawatʼách s/he slapped her/him/it tlél x̱watʼaach I didnʼt slap her/him/it tlél awutʼaach s/he didnʼt slap her/him/it kuḵwatʼáach I will slap her/him/it akg̱watʼáach s/he will slap her/him/it tlél kuḵwatʼaach I wonʼt slap her/him/it tlél akg̱watʼaach s/he wonʼt slap her/him/it ḵatʼaach let me slap her/him/it ag̱atʼaach let her/him slap her/him/it [does not occur] tlél x̱watʼaachch I havenʼt slapped her/him/it yet tlél ootʼaachch s/he hasnʼt slapped her/him/it yet tlél aadé oog̱waatʼaaji yé no way can s/he slap her/him/it oog̱watʼaajín s/he would have slapped her/him/it atʼáchni if/when s/he slaps her/him/it atʼáchx̱ s/he slaps her/him/it (regularly) Du léelkʼw áwé x̱ʼawduwatʼách. His grandparent was slapped in the mouth. [Leer 1973: 07/88] swim (of human, using strokes which slap the water) (plural subject) VII N-dé O-ka-du-∅-√tʼaach (na motion) for (plural) O (humans) to swim to N using strokes which slap the water

ka-du-ya-tʼaach

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼswimʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace aadé ʼtoward thereʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about P N-dé(i) moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of P yux̱ moving out of house P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱aa going to get P Aadé yee kandutʼaach! You all swim there! Líl aadé yoo yee kadutʼáchgiḵ! Donʼt you all swim there! [does not occur] aadé (ha)s kandutʼách they are swimming there aadé haa kawduwatʼaach we swam there aadé (ha)s kawduwatʼaach they swam there tlél aadé (ha)s kawdutʼaach they didnʼt swim there aadé (ha)s kagux̱dutʼáach they will swim there tlél aadé (ha)s kagux̱dutʼaach they wonʼt swim there aadé (ha)s kanax̱dutʼaach let them swim there aadé has kandutʼáchch they swim there (every time) tlél aadé (ha)s koondutʼáchch they havenʼt swam there yet tlél aadé (ha)s koonax̱duwatʼaaji yé no way can they swim there aadé (ha)s koonax̱dutʼaajín they would have swam there aadé (ha)s kandutʼáchni if/when they swim there aadé yoo (ha)s kaduwatʼáchk they swim there (regularly) clap hands jintaak S-d+∅-√tʼácht ˟ (na act) for S to clap hands

jintáak + di-tʼaach

Leer 1973: 07/87-88 Jintaak nidatʼácht! Clap your hands! Jintaak naydatʼácht! You all clap your hands! Líl jintaak idatʼáchdiḵ! Donʼt clap your hands! Líl jintaak yidatʼáchdiḵ! Donʼt you all clap your hands! jintaak datʼácht s/he is clappig his/her hands; s/he claps his/her hands tlél jintaak udatʼácht s/he isnʼt clapping his/her hands; s/he doesnʼt clap his/her hands jintaak x̱waditʼácht I clapped my hands jintaak wuditʼácht s/he clapped his/her hands tlél jintaak x̱wadatʼácht I didnt clap my hands tlél jintaak wudatʼácht s/he didnʼt clap his/her hands jintaak gux̱datʼácht s/he will clap his/her hands tlél jintaak gux̱datʼácht s/he wonʼt clap his/her hands (chʼa) jintaak nax̱datʼácht (just) let her/him clap his/her hands jintaak nadatʼáchtch s/he claps his/her hands (every time) tlél jintaak undatʼáchtch s/he hasnʼt clapped his/her hands yet tlél aadé jintaak unax̱ditʼáchdi yé no way can s/he clap his/her hands jintaak unax̱datʼáchdin s/he would have clapped his/her hands jintaak nadatʼáchtni if/when s/he claps his/her hands jintaak yoo ditʼáchtk s/he claps his/her hands (regularly) Yan at kawusheeyí ítdáx̱ jintaak wuduwatʼách. After she sang, everybody clapped their hands. swim (of human, using strokes which slap the water) (singular subject) VII N-dé S-d+∅-√tʼaach (na motion) for (singular) S (human) to swim to N using strokes which slap the water

di-tʼaach

Leer 1973: 07/89-90 Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼswimʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace aadé ʼtoward thereʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about P N-dé(i) moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of P yux̱ moving out of house P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱aa going to get P Aadé nidatʼaach! Swim there! Líl aadé yoo idatʼáchgiḵ! Donʼt swim there! [does not occur] aadé yaa ndatʼách s/he is swimming there aadé x̱wditʼaach I swam there aadé wditʼaach s/he swam there tlél aadé wdatʼaach s/he didnʼt swim there aadé gux̱datʼáach s/he will swim there tlél aadé gux̱datʼaach s/he wonʼt swim there aadé nax̱datʼaach let her/him swim there aadé ndatʼáchch s/he swims there (every time) tlél aadé undatʼáchch s/he hasnʼt swam there yet tlél aadé unax̱ditʼaaji yé no way can s/he swim there aadé unax̱datʼaajín s/he would have swam there aadé ndatʼáchni if/when s/he swims there aadé yoo ditʼáchk s/he swims there (regularly) Taakw aanási x̱ándáx̱ wuditʼaach. He swam away from the jellyfish. tʼaakw slap, dive dive into the water; slap tail down hard as going down in water (esp. of killerwhale and beaver) a-d+sh-tʼaakw (∅ event) for something to dive into the water; for something to slap tail down hard as going down in water (esp. of killerwhale and beaver)

a-ji-tʼaakw

[does not occur] héende awjitʼákw it dove into the water tlél héende awushtʼaakw it didnʼt dive into the water héende akg̱washtʼáakw it will dive into the water tlél héende akg̱washtʼaakw it wonʼt dive into the water héende ashtʼákwx̱ it dives into the water Cháax̱ héen táade awjitʼákw. The grebe dove into the water. tʼaasʼ look snap eyes at (indicating anger, dislike, or suspicion), look askance at, glance at and away again N yaax̱ kei a-ka-S-d+l-√tʼáasʼ (∅ motion) for S to snap eyes at, look askance at, or glance at N (indicating anger, dislike, or suspicion)

ḵaa yaa-x̱ + a-ka-dli-tʼaasʼ

Líl du yaax̱ kei akeeltʼásʼjiḵ! Donʼt snap your eyes at her/him! [does not occur] du yaax̱ kei akax̱wdlitʼásʼ I snapped my eyes at her/him du yaax̱ kei akawdlitʼásʼ s/he snapped his/her eyes at her/him tlél du yaax̱ kei akax̱waltʼáasʼ I didnʼt snap my eyes at her/him tlél du yaax̱ kei akawultʼáasʼ s/he didnʼt snap his/her eyes at her/him du yaax̱ kei akakg̱waltʼáasʼ s/he will snap his/her eyes at her/him tlél du yaax̱ kei akakg̱waltʼáasʼ s/he wonʼt snap his/her eyes at her/him du yaax̱ kei akg̱altʼáasʼ let her/him snap his/her eyes at her/him du yaax̱ kei akooltʼáasʼch s/he snaps his/her eyes at her/him (every time) tlél du yaax̱ kei akooltʼáasʼch s/he hasnʼt snapped his/her eyes at her/him yet du yaax̱ kei akaltʼásʼni if/when s/he snaps his/her eyes at her/him du yaax̱ kei akaltʼásʼch s/he snaps his/her eyes at her/him (regularly) Du éet ax̱ʼawutaaní du yaax̱ kei akaltʼásʼch. Whenever he speaks to her, she snaps her eyes at him. Ax̱ yaax̱ kei akooltʼáasʼch. She would snap her eyes at me. [Story & Naish 1973: 199] Woosh yaax̱ kei s akawdlitʼásʼ. The were looking askance at each other (real mad). [Story & Naish 1973: 199] tʼaax̱ (2) open open its mouth; hold its mouth open O-x̱ʼa-S-l-√tʼaax̱ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to open Oʼs mouth, hold Oʼs mouth open

---

Leer 1973: 07/102-103 x̱ʼalatʼáx̱! Open its mouth! Líl x̱ʼeelatʼáx̱x̱iḵ! Donʼt open its mouth! [does not occur] x̱ʼax̱wlitʼáx̱ I opened its mouth ax̱ʼawlitʼáx̱ s/he opened its mouth tlél x̱ʼax̱wlatʼaax̱ I didnʼt open its mouth tlél ax̱ʼawultʼaax̱ s/he didnʼt open its mouth ax̱ʼagux̱latʼáax̱ s/he will open its mouth tlél ax̱ʼagux̱latʼaax̱ s/he wonʼt open its mouth (chʼa) ax̱ʼax̱latʼáx̱ / ax̱ʼax̱latʼáx̱i (just) let her/him open its mouth ax̱ʼeiltʼaax̱ch s/he opens its mouth (every time) tlél ax̱ʼeiltʼaax̱ch s/he hasnʼt opened its mouth yet tlél aadé ax̱ʼeix̱litʼáx̱i no way can s/he open its mouth ax̱ʼeix̱latʼáx̱in s/he would have opened its mouth ax̱ʼalatʼáx̱ni if/when s/he opens its mouth ax̱ʼalatʼáx̱x̱ s/he opens its mouth (regularly) Ax̱ʼawlitʼáx̱ aag̱áa áwé tsá wé tʼeix̱ a lakaadáx̱ kei x̱ʼeiwatée. He held its mouth open (fish) and then took the hook out of its mouth. open oneʼs mouth wide, keep oneʼs mouth open x̱ʼa-S-∅-√tʼaax̱ (∅ event) for S to open oneʼs mouth wide, keep oneʼs mouth open

x̱ʼa-ya-tʼaax̱

Leer 1973: 07/102-103 x̱ʼatʼáx̱! Open your mouth! x̱ʼaytʼáx̱! You all open your mouths! Líl x̱ʼeetʼáx̱x̱iḵ! Donʼt open your mouth! Líl x̱ʼaytʼáx̱x̱iḵ! Donʼt you all open your mouths! [does not occur] x̱ʼax̱waatʼáx̱ I opened my mouth x̱ʼeiwatʼáx̱ s/he opened his/her mouth tlél x̱ʼax̱watʼaax̱ I didnʼt open my mouth tlél x̱ʼawutʼaax̱ s/he didnʼt open his/her mouth x̱ʼakg̱watʼáax̱ s/he will open his/her mouth tlél x̱ʼakg̱watʼaax̱ s/he wonʼt open his/her mouth (chʼa) x̱ʼag̱atʼaax̱ let her/him open his/her mouth x̱ʼeitʼáx̱ch s/he opens his/her mouth (every time) tlél x̱ʼeitʼáx̱ch s/he hasnʼt opened his/her mouth yet tlél aadé x̱ʼeig̱aatʼaax̱i yé no way can s/he open his/her mouth x̱ʼeig̱atʼaax̱ín s/he would have opened his/her mouth x̱ʼatʼáx̱ni if/when s/he opens his/her mouth x̱ʼatʼáx̱x̱ s/he leaves his/her mouth open (regularly) Kʼidéin x̱ʼatʼáx̱, i leitóox̱ ḵaaḵasateen! Open your mouth wide, so I can look at your throat! Tlákw x̱ʼeitʼáx̱ch. He leaves his mouth open all the time. [Story & Naish 1973:142] x̱ʼatʼáx̱ni du lakaadé ikḵwalg̱éin. If he opens his mouth, I wil look inside his mouth. x̱ʼakg̱watʼáax̱ du oox̱ aax̱ kéi gax̱duyéesh. He will open his mouth and they will pull his teeth. x̱ʼatʼáx̱ni linúktsi át du x̱ʼéix̱ kuḵatée. If he opens his mouth Iʼll give him candy. tʼaax̱ʼ hot hot (of fire); throw, radiate heat II N-t~ s-√tʼáax̱ʼ (∅ motion) for a fire, etc. to be hot, radiate, throw out heat at N

si-tʼaax̱ʼ

aadé yaa nastʼáx̱ʼ itʼs starting to throw heat out there át wusitʼáx̱ʼ itʼs throwing heat out there tlél át wustʼáax̱ʼ itʼs not throwing heat out there aadé gux̱satʼáax̱ʼ it will throw heat out there tlél aadé gux̱satʼáax̱ʼ it wonʼt throw heat out there át g̱asatʼáax̱ʼ let it throw heat out there át ustʼáax̱ʼch it throws heat out there (every time) tlél át ustʼáax̱ʼch it isnʼt throwing heat out there yet tlél aadé át ux̱sitʼáax̱ʼi yé no way can it throw heat out there át ux̱satʼáax̱ʼin it would have thrown heat out there át satʼáx̱ʼni if/when it throws heat out there áx̱ satʼáax̱ʼ it throws heat out there (regularly) Tlél haa kát wustʼáax̱ʼ. Itʼs not throwing heat on us. Haa kát wusitʼáx̱ʼ wé g̱agaan. The sun is hot on us. tʼeexʼ (4) hard harden, cake up ka-∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ (ga state) for something to harden, cake up

ka-ya-tʼeexʼ

kayatʼéexʼ itʼs hard tlél kootʼéexʼ itʼs not hard kaawatʼéexʼ it hardened tlél kawutʼéexʼ it didnʼt harden kei kakg̱watʼéexʼ it will harden tlél kei kakg̱watʼéexʼ it wonʼt harden kakg̱atʼéexʼ let it harden kagatʼéexʼch it hardens (every time) tlél kagootʼéexʼch it hasnʼt gotten hard yet tlél aadé kakg̱waatʼéexʼi yé no way can it harden kakg̱watʼéexʼin it would have hardened kagatʼéexʼni if/when it hardens kei katʼéexʼch it hardens (regularly) K̲̲útlʼk uxoogú kei katʼéexʼch. Dried mud gets hard/caked up. hard (esp. of round object) This verb applies to things that have been compressed such as kaháakw (stink eggs), or seaweed, or round objects such as apples. ka-s-√tʼéexʼ ˟ (ga state) for something to be hard (esp. of round object)

ka-si-tʼeexʼ

kasitʼéexʼ itʼs hard tlél koostʼéexʼ itʼs not hard kei kanastʼéexʼ itʼs hardening kawsitʼéexʼ it got hard tlél kawustʼéexʼ it didnʼt get hard kei kagux̱satʼéexʼ it will get hard tlél kei kagux̱satʼéexʼ it wonʼt get hard (chʼa) kagax̱satʼéexʼ (just) let it get hard kaksatʼéexʼch it gets hard (every time) tlél kooksatʼéexʼch it hasnʼt gotten hard yet tlél aadé kagoox̱sitʼéexʼi yé no way can it be hard kagoox̱satʼéexʼin it would have gotten hard kaksatʼéexʼni if/when itʼs hard kei ksatʼéexʼch it gets hard (regularly) Xʼáaxʼ kasitʼéexʼ. The crab apples are hard (still green). [Story & Naish 1973: 106] difficult, hard (in abstract) ∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ (ga state) for something to be hard (abstract), difficult

ya-tʼeexʼ

yatʼéexʼ itʼs difficult tlél utʼéexʼ itʼs not difficult kei natʼéexʼ itʼs becoming difficult wootʼéexʼ it became difficult tlél wutʼéexʼ it didnʼt get difficult kei kg̱watʼéexʼ it will be difficult tlél kei kg̱watʼéexʼ it wonʼt be difficult gag̱atʼéexʼ let it be difficult gatʼéexʼch it gets difficult (every time) tlél gwatʼéexʼch it hasnʼt gotten difficult yet tlél aadé kg̱waatʼéexʼi yé no way can it be difficult gug̱watʼéexʼin it would have been difficult gatʼéexʼni if/when it gets difficult kei tʼéexʼch it gets difficult (regularly) freeze, frozen; harden; solidify d+l-√tʼéexʼ (∅ event) for something to harden, solidify; for something to freeze

li-tʼeexʼ

[does not occur] yaa naltʼíxʼ itʼs freezing wudlitʼíxʼ it froze; itʼs frozen tlél wultʼéexʼ it didnʼt freeze; itʼs not frozen gug̱waltʼéexʼ it will freeze tlél gug̱waltʼéexʼ it wonʼt freeze g̱altʼéexʼ let it freeze ultʼíxʼch it freezes (every time) tlél ultʼéexʼch / tlél ultʼíxʼch it hasnʼt frozen yet tlél aadé g̱walitʼéexʼi yé no way can it freeze g̱waltʼéexʼin it would have frozen iltʼíxʼni if/when it freezes ultʼíxʼx̱ it freezes (regularly) tʼeex̱ʼ pound, smash pound it; smash it O-ka-S-∅-√tʼéex̱ʼ (∅ act; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to smash O up by pounding; for S to mash O by pounding with something heavy; for S to Nound, hammer on O; for S to break O

ka-ya-tʼéix̱ʼ

O-ka-S-∅-tʼéix̱ʼ~ (∅ act) Katʼíx̱ʼ! Pound it! Kaytʼíx̱ʼ! You all pound it! Líl keetʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt pound it! Líl kaytʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all pound it! akatʼéex̱ʼ s/he is pounding it tlél akootʼéex̱ʼ s/he isnʼt pounding it akaawatʼíx̱ʼ s/he pounded it tlél akawutʼéex̱ʼ s/he didnʼt pound it akakg̱watʼéex̱ʼ s/he will pound it tlél akakg̱watʼéex̱ʼ s/he wonʼt pound it akg̱atʼíx̱ʼ let her/him pound it akootʼíx̱ʼch s/he pounds it (every time) tlél akootʼéex̱ʼch / tlél akootʼíx̱ʼch s/he hasnʼt pounded it yet tlél aadé ookg̱aatʼíx̱ʼi yé no way can s/he pound it ookg̱atʼíx̱ʼin s/he would have pounded it akatʼíx̱ʼni if s/he pounds it akatʼíx̱ʼx̱ s/he pounds it (regularly) tʼei ¹ (2) find find it O-S-∅-√tʼei ˟ (ga event) for S to find O (usually as the result of searching)

ya-tʼei

Gatʼei! Find it! Gaytʼei! You all find it! [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱waatʼei I found it yeetʼei you found it aawatʼei s/he found it wutuwatʼei we found it yeeytʼei you all found it has aawatʼei they found it wuduwatʼei someone found it tlél x̱watʼei I didnʼt find it tlél yitʼei you didnʼt find it tlél awutʼei s/he didnʼt find it tlél wutootʼei we didnʼt find it tlél yeeytʼei you all didnʼt find it tlél has awutʼei they didnʼt find it tlél wudutʼei nobody found it kei kḵwatʼei I will find it kei gag̱eetʼei you will find it kei akg̱watʼei s/he will find it kei gax̱tootʼei we will find it kei gax̱yitʼei you all will find it kei (ha)s akg̱watʼei they will find it kei gax̱dutʼei someone will find it tlél kei kḵwatʼei I wonʼt find it tlél kei gag̱eetʼei you wonʼt find it tlél kei akg̱watʼei s/he wonʼt find it tlél kei gax̱tootʼei we wonʼt find it tlél kei gax̱yitʼei you all wonʼt find it tlél kei (ha)s akg̱watʼei they wonʼt find it tlél kei gax̱dutʼei nobody will find it gaḵatʼei let me find it akg̱atʼei let her/him find it gax̱tootʼei let us find it [does not occur] [does not occur] tlél aadé akg̱waatʼeiyi yé no way can s/he find it akg̱watʼeiyín s/he would have found it agatʼeiní if/when s/he finds it kei atʼeich s/he finds it (regularly) find it (usually round, spherical object) O-ka-S-∅-√tʼei ˟ (ga event) for S to find O (usually round, spherical object)

ka-ya-tʼei

Kagatʼei! Find it! Kagaytʼei! You all find it! [does not occur] kax̱waatʼei I found it akaawatʼei s/he found it tlél kax̱watʼei I didnʼt find it tlél akawutʼei s/he didnʼt find it kei kakḵwatʼei I will find it kei akakg̱watʼei s/he will find it tlél kakḵwatʼei I wonʼt find it kei akakg̱watʼei s/he wonʼt find it kakḵatʼei let me find it akakg̱atʼei let her/him find it kakx̱atʼeich I find it (every time) akagatʼeich s/he finds it (every time) tlél kakx̱watʼeich I havenʼt found it yet tlél akagootʼeich s/he hasnʼt found it yet tlél aadé akakg̱waatʼeiyi yé no way can s/he find it akakg̱watʼeiyín s/he would have found it akagatʼeiní if/when s/he finds it kei akatʼeich s/he finds it (regularly) tʼeix̱ fish, troll fish (with hook); troll a-S-d+s-√tʼeix̱ ˟ (na act) for S to fish with hooks, catch on a hook, troll

si-tʼeix̱

Aneestʼeix̱! Troll! Anayeestʼeix̱! You all troll! Líl eestʼeix̱íḵ! Donʼt troll! Líl ayeestʼeix̱íḵ! Donʼt you all troll! ax̱astʼeix̱ I troll; I am trolling eestʼeix̱ you troll; you are trolling astʼeix̱ s/he trolls; s/he is trolling atoostʼeix̱ we troll; we are trolling ayistʼeix̱ you all troll; you all are trolling has astʼeix̱ they troll; they are trolling adustʼeix̱ people troll; people are trolling tlél oox̱astʼeix̱ I donʼt troll; Iʼm not trolling tlél eestʼeix̱ you donʼt troll; youʼre not trolling tlél oostʼeix̱ s/he doesnʼt troll; s/heʼs not trolling tlél atoostʼeix̱ we donʼt troll; weʼre not trolling tlél ayistʼeix̱ you all donʼt troll; you all are not trolling tlél has oostʼeix̱ they donʼt troll; theyʼre not trolling tlél adustʼeix̱ nobody trolls; nobody is trolling wé astʼeix̱i aa the one who trolls yaa anx̱astʼéx̱ I am trolling along yaa aneestʼéx̱ you are trolling along yaa anastʼéx̱ s/he is trolling along yaa antoostʼéx̱ we are trolling along yaa anayeestʼéx̱ you all are trolling along yaa (ha)s anastʼéx̱ they are trolling along yaa andustʼéx̱ people are trolling along [does not occur] astʼeix̱ín s/he used to troll ax̱wdzitʼeix̱ I trolled aydzitʼeix̱ you trolled awdzitʼeix̱ s/he trolled awtudzitʼeix̱ we trolled ayeeydzitʼeix̱ you all trolled has awdzitʼeix̱ they trolled awdudzitʼeix̱ people trolled tlél ax̱wastʼeix̱ I didnʼt troll tlél ayistʼeix̱ you didnʼt troll tlél awustʼeix̱ s/he didnʼt troll tlél awtoostʼeix̱ we didnʼt troll tlél ayeeystʼeix̱ you all didnʼt troll tlél has awustʼeix̱ they didnʼt troll tlél awdustʼeix̱ nobody trolled akḵwastʼeix̱ I will troll akg̱eestʼeix̱ you will troll akg̱wastʼeix̱ s/he will troll agax̱toostʼeix̱ we will troll agax̱yistʼeix̱ you all will troll has akg̱wastʼeix̱ they will troll agax̱dustʼeix̱ people will troll tlél akḵwastʼeix̱ I wonʼt troll tlél akg̱eestʼeix̱ you wonʼt troll tlél akg̱wastʼeix̱ s/he wonʼt troll tlél agax̱toostʼeix̱ we wonʼt troll tlél agax̱yistʼeix̱ you all wonʼt troll tlél has akg̱wastʼeix̱ they wonʼt troll tlél agax̱dustʼeix̱ nobody will troll anḵastʼeix̱ let me troll ang̱astʼeix̱ let her/him troll anax̱toostʼeix̱ let us troll astʼeix̱ nooch s/he always trolls [does not occur] tlél anx̱wastʼeix̱ch I havenʼt trolled yet tlél aneestʼeix̱ch you havenʼt trolled yet tlél oonastʼeix̱ch s/he hasnʼt trolled yet tlél antoostʼeix̱ch we havenʼt trolled yet tlél anayeestʼeix̱ch you all havenʼt trolled yet tlél has oonastʼeix̱ch they havenʼt trolled yet tlél andustʼeix̱ch nobody has trolled yet tlél aadé anax̱wdzitʼeix̱i yé no way can s/he troll ang̱wastʼeix̱ín s/he would have trolled anastʼeix̱ní if/when s/he trolls yoo adzitʼeix̱k s/he trolls (regularly) tʼooch (3) sting, disappointed disappoint her/him (lit. sting his/her mind) N toowú O-S-l-√tʼooch (∅ event) for S to disappoint N (lit. for S to sting Nʼs mind)

ḵaa toowú + li-tʼooch

Líl du toowú eeltʼúchx̱iḵ! Donʼt disappoint her/him! Líl du toowú yiltʼúchx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all disappoint her/him! [does not occur] du toowú yaa analtʼúch he/she/it is starting to disappoint her/him du toowú x̱walitʼúch I disappointed her/him du toowú awlitʼúch he/she/it disappointed her/him tlél du toowú x̱waltʼooch I didnʼt disappoint her/him tlél du toowú awultʼooch he/she/it didnʼt disappoint her/him du toowú agux̱latʼóoch he/she/it will disappoint her/him tlél du toowú agux̱latʼooch he/she/it wonʼt disappoint her/him (chʼa) du toowú ax̱latʼooch (just) let her/him/it disappoint her/him du toowú ooltʼoochch he/she/it disappoints her/him (every time) tlél du toowú ooltʼoochch he/she/it hasnʼt disappointed her/him yet tlél aadé du toowú oox̱litʼooji yé no way can he/she/it disappoint her/him du toowú oox̱latʼoojín he/she/it would have disappointed her/him du toowú altʼúchni if/when he/she/it disappoints her/him du toowú altʼúchx̱ he/she/it disappoints her/him (regularly) Du yéet du toowú altʼúchx̱. His son disappoints him. disappointed (lit. mind is stinging) N toowú l-√tʼooch (∅ event) for N to be disappointed (lit. for Nʼs mind to be stinging)

ḵaa toowú + li-tʼooch

Líl i toowú ultʼúchx̱iḵ! Donʼt be disappointed! Líl yee toowú ultʼúchx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all be disappointed! [does not occur] du toowú yaa naltʼúch s/he is starting to get disappointed ax̱ toowú wulitʼúch Iʼm disappointed du toowú wulitʼúch s/he is disappointed tlél ax̱ toowú wultʼooch Iʼm not disappointed tlél du toowú wultʼooch s/he isnʼt disappointed du toowú gux̱latʼóoch s/he will be disappointed tlél du toowú gux̱latʼooch s/he wonʼt be disappointed (chʼa) du toowú x̱latʼooch (just) let her/him be disappointed du toowú ultʼoochch s/he is disappointed (every time) tlél du toowú ultʼoochch s/he hasnʼt been disappointed yet tlél aadé du toowú ux̱litʼooji yé no way can s/he be disappointed du toowú ux̱latʼoojín s/he would have been disappointed du toowú iltʼúchni if/when s/he is disappointed du toowú iltʼúchx̱ s/he is disappointed (regularly) Yan x̱waliyex̱i hít áwé áx̱ kawligaan. A jeet ax̱ toowú wulitʼúch. The house I finished building burned down. I am disappointed because of it. Ax̱ toowú wulitʼúch a jeet yá xʼúxʼ ḵut kax̱wshixeet. Iʼm disappointed in this book - I messed up writing it. sting, be burning (from medicine) l-√tʼooch (∅ event) for medicine to sting, burn

li-tʼooch

[does not occur] yaa naltʼúch itʼs starting to sting wulitʼúch it stings; it stung tlél wultʼooch it doesnʼt sting; it didnʼt sting gux̱latʼóoch itʼs going to sting tlél gux̱latʼooch itʼs not going to sting (chʼa) x̱latʼooch (just) let it sting ultʼoochch it stings (every time) tlél ultʼoochch it hasnʼt stung yet tlél aadé ux̱litʼooji yé no way can it sting ux̱latʼoojín it would have stung iltʼúchni if/when it stings iltʼúchx̱ it stings (regularly) Ax̱ jín wulitʼúch. My hand is stinging. [Story & Naish 1973: 213] Yan sh ida.ín: yáa náakw litʼoojí. Be ready for it; the medicine stings! [Story & Naish 1973: 213] tʼook shoot, choose shoot it (with bow and arrow); choose it (in gambling with sticks) O-S-∅-√tʼóok (∅ event) for S to shoot O (with bow and arrow); for S to choose O (in gambling with sticks)

ya-tʼook

Tʼúk! Shoot it! Yitʼúk! You all shoot it! Líl eetʼúkx̱uḵ! Donʼt shoot it! Líl yitʼúkx̱uḵ! Donʼt you all shoot it! [does not occur] x̱waatʼúk I shot it aawatʼúk s/he shot it tlél x̱watʼóok I didnʼt shoot it tlél awutʼóok s/he didnʼt shoot it kuḵwatʼóok I will shoot it akg̱watʼóok s/he will shoot it tlél kuḵwatʼóok I wonʼt shoot it tlél akg̱watʼóok s/he wonʼt shoot it ḵatʼóok let me shoot it ag̱atʼóok let her/him shoot it x̱watʼúkch I shoot it (every time) ootʼúkch s/he shoots it (every time) tlél x̱watʼúkch I havenʼt shot it yet tlél ootʼúkch s/he hasnʼt shot it yet tlél aadé ḵwaatʼóogu yé no way can I shoot it tlél aadé oog̱aatʼóogu yé no way can s/he shoot it ḵwatʼóogun I would have shot it oog̱atʼóogun s/he would have shot it x̱atʼúkni if/when I shoot it atʼúkni if/when s/he shoots it x̱atʼúkx̱ I shoot it (regularly) atʼúkx̱ s/he shoots it (regularly) Tlél áyáx̱ yan uhaanch yeisú tlél ootʼúkch. Heʼs not standing in the right position, he hasnʼt shot it yet. Oog̱atʼóogun du jeet shuwaxíx wé chooneit. He would have shot it, but he ran out of arrows. Sáḵs tin aawatʼúk. He shot it with a bow. waalʼ (4) break, disappoint break it (usually fairly fragile objects) O-ka-S-∅-√wáalʼ (∅ event) for S to break O

ka-ya-waalʼ

Kawálʼ! Break it! Kaywálʼ! You all break it! Líl keewálʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt break it! Líl Kaywálʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all break it! [does not occur] yaa akanawálʼ s/heʼs breaking it kax̱waawálʼ I broke it akaawawálʼ s/he broke it tlél kax̱wawáalʼ I didnʼt break it tlél akawuwáalʼ s/he didnʼt break it akakg̱wawáalʼ s/he will break it tlél akakg̱wawáalʼ s/he wonʼt break it (chʼa) akag̱awáalʼ (just) let her/him break it akoowáalʼch s/he breaks it (every time) tlél akoowáalʼch s/he hasnʼt broken it yet tlél aadé akoog̱aawáalʼi yé no way can s/he break it akoog̱awáalʼin s/he would have broken it akawálʼni if/when s/he breaks it akawálʼx̱ s/he breaks it (regularly) Sʼíxʼ akaawawálʼ. He broke the plate (into many pieces). [Story & Naish 1973: 34] break his/her heart Note that the intransitive counterpart to this verb (du toowú kaawawálʼ) is translated "s/he is disappointed" both in this database and in Story & Naish (1973). The transitive version given here however (du toowú akawliwálʼ - which is not found in Story & Naish), is translated "he/she/it broke his/her heart". The speaker consulted here feels that this verb has a stronger meaning than "it disappointed her/him", as illustrated by the example sentence provided. N toowú O-ka-S-l-√wáalʼ (∅ event) for S to break Nʼs heart, hurt Nʼs feelings

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Du toowú kalawálʼ! Break his/her heart! Du toowú kaylawálʼ! You all break his/her heart! Líl du toowú keelawálʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt break his/her heart! Líl du toowú kaylawálʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all break his/her heart! [does not occur] du toowú yaa akanalwálʼ he/she/it is starting to break his/her heart du toowú kax̱wliwálʼ I broke his/her heart du toowú akawliwálʼ he/she/it broke his/her heart tlél du toowú kax̱wlawáalʼ I didnʼt break his/her heart tlél du toowú akawulwáalʼ he/she/it didnʼt break his/her heart du toowú akagux̱lawáalʼ he/she/it will break his/her heart tlél du toowú akagux̱lawáalʼ he/she/it wonʼt break his/her heart (chʼa) du toowú akax̱lawáalʼ (just) let her/him/it break his/her heart du toowú akoolwáalʼch he/she/it breaks his/her heart (every time) tlél du toowú akoolwáalʼch he/she/it hasnʼt broken his/her heart yet tlél aadé du toowú akoox̱liwáalʼi yé no way can he/she/it break his/her heart du toowú akoox̱lawáalʼin he/she/it would have broken his/her heart du toowú aklawálʼni if/when he/she/it breaks his/her heart du toowú aklawálʼx̱ he/she/it breaks his/her heart (regularly) Du éesh nanáa du toowú akawliwálʼ. When his father died it broke his heart. disappointed (lit. oneʼs feelings are boken) N toowú ka-∅-√wáalʼ (∅ event) for N to be disappointed

ḵaa toowú + ka-ya-waalʼ

Líl i toowú koowálʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt be disappointed! Líl yee toowú koowálʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all be disappointed! [does not occur] du toowú yaa kanawálʼ s/he is starting to get disappointed ax̱ toowú kaawawálʼ Iʼm disappointed du toowú kaawawálʼ s/heʼs disappointed tlél ax̱ toowú kawuwáalʼ Iʼm not disappointed tlél du toowú kawuwáalʼ s/heʼs not disappointed du toowú kakg̱wawáalʼ s/he will be disappointed tlél du toowú kakg̱wawáalʼ s/he wonʼt be disappointed (chʼa) du toowú kag̱awáalʼ (just) let her/him be disappointed du toowú koowáalʼch s/he is disappointed (every time) tlél du toowú koowáalʼch s/he hasnʼt been disappointed yet tlél aadé du toowú koog̱aawáalʼi yé no way can s/he be disappointed du toowú koog̱awáalʼin s/he would have been disappointed du toowú kawálʼni if/when s/he is disappointed du toowú kawálʼx̱ s/he is disappointed (regularly) Ax̱ yées x̱wasi.oowu engine, tlél kʼidéin aadé sax̱aahéiyi yáx̱ át kawujeexw, a jeet ax̱ toowú kaawawálʼ. The new engine I bought isnʼt running like I hoped, because of that Iʼm disappointed. Ax̱ yéet yagiyee yís ix̱waa.éexʼ, tél ḵwá haat yigoot a jeet ax̱ toowú kaawawálʼ. I invited you to my sonʼs birthday but you didnʼt come, because of that Iʼm disappointed. Wé yéi jiné l awunadláaḵ du toowú kaawawálʼ. When he didnʼt get the job he was disappointed. break (usually fairly fragile objects) ka-∅-√wáalʼ (∅ event) for something to break

ka-ya-waalʼ

[does not occur] yaa kanawálʼ itʼs starting to break kaawawálʼ it broke / itʼs broken tlél kawuwáalʼ it didnʼt break / itʼs not broken kakg̱wawáalʼ it will break tlél kakg̱wawáalʼ it wonʼt break (chʼa) kag̱awáalʼ (just) let it break koowáalʼch it breaks (every time) tlél koowáalʼch it hasnʼt broken yet tlél aadé koog̱aawáalʼi yé no way can it break koog̱awáalʼin it would have broken kawálʼni if/when it breaks kawálʼx̱ it breaks (regularly) Aan school-de ḵukḵwatin dáanaa áwé ax̱ tláach ḵóot uwahísʼ a jeet ax̱ téix̱ʼ kaawawálʼ. My mother loaned the money I was going to go to school with to somebody, my heart was broken. Kooxéedaa kaawawálʼ. The pencil is broken (crushed by something heavy, not snapped across). [Story & Naish 1973: 34-35] waat (3) raise, grow raise her/him/it; grow it O-S-s-√wáat (∅ act) for S to raise O (child, animal); for S to grow O (plant)

si-waat

Sawát! Raise her/him/it! Yisawát! You all raise her/him/it! Líl isawáadiḵ! Donʼt raise her/him/it! Líl yisawáadiḵ! Donʼt you all raise her/him/it! x̱asawáat I raise her/him/it aswáat s/he raises her/him/it kei nax̱sawát I am raising her/him/it kei anaswát s/he is raising her/him/it x̱wasiwát I raised her/him/it awsiwát s/he raised her/him/it tlél x̱wsawáat I didnʼt raise her/him/it tlél awuswáat s/he didnʼt raise her/him/it kuḵasawáat I will raise her/him/it agux̱sawáat s/he will raise her/him/it tlél kuḵasawáat I wonʼt raise her/him/it tlél agux̱sawáat s/he wonʼt raise her/him/it ḵasawáat let me raise her/him/it ax̱sawáat let her/him raise her/him/it x̱wasawáatch / ux̱sawáatch I raise her/him/it (every time) ooswáatch s/he raises her/him/it (every time) tlél x̱wasawátch / tlél ux̱sawátch I havenʼt raise her/him/it yet tlél ooswátch s/he hasnʼt raised her/him/it yet tlél aadé ḵusiwáadi yé no way can I raise her/him/it tlél aadé ux̱siwáadi yé no way can s/he raise her/him/it ḵusawáadin I would have raised her/him/it ux̱sawáadin s/he would have raised her/him/it x̱asawátni if/when I raise her/him/it aswátni if /when s/he raises her/him/it x̱asawátx̱ I raise her/him/it (regularly) aswátx̱ s/he raises her/him/it (regularly) grow up (in size, maturity) O-∅-√wáat (∅ event) for O to grow up (size and maturity) (esp. of human and animal)

ya-waat

Note that the kei in: kei uwawát ʼhe/she/it grew upʼ is optional, and therefore is not given in the Leer-Edwards theme above. However, speakers generally prefer to use the verb with kei. Note also that some of the forms sound strange out of context and require an accompanying phrase. For example: Tlél Sheetʼkáxʼ kei kg̱wawáat "S/he isnʼt going to grow up in Sitka." [does not occur] [does not occur] kei x̱at nawát Iʼm growing up kei nawát he/she/it is growing up kei x̱at uwawát I grew up kei uwawát he/she/it grew up tlél kei x̱at wuwáat I didnʼt grow up tlél kei wuwáat he/she/it didnʼt grow up kei x̱at gug̱awáat I will grow up kei kg̱wawáat he/she/it will grow up tlél kei x̱at gug̱awáat I wonʼt grow up tlél kei kg̱wawáat he/she/it wonʼt grow up kei x̱at g̱awáat let me grow up kei g̱awáat let her/him/it grow up [does not occur] tlél kei x̱at uwáatch I havenʼt grown up yet tlél kei uwáatch he/she/it hasnʼt grown up yet tlél aadé kei x̱at g̱waawáadi yé no way can I grow up tlél aadé kei g̱waawáadi yé no way can he/she/it grow up kei x̱at g̱wawáadin I would have grown up kei g̱wawáadin he/she/it would have grown up kei x̱at wátni if/when I grow up kei wátni if/when he/she/it grows up [does not occur] full (of moon) This verb can also be applied to Neople to say that one reached the peak of oneʼs age, as in: Yan x̱at yaawawát "I reached the peak of my age". This verb takes an object pronoun, having the theme: yan~ O-ya-∅-wáat~ (∅ event). Apparently the same meaning can be given without the ya- thematic prefix. Hereʼs an example: Yan x̱at wátni, daatg̱áa sáwé yéi ḵukḵwastée? Haa jináḵ ḵut kei shandulxíx yá toox̱áa nooch x̱áat "When I reach the peak of my age, what am I going to live on? Theyʼre killing off the salmon that we eat. yan~ ya-∅-√wáat (∅ event) for the moon to be full

ya-ya-waat

[does not occur] yánde yaa yanawát itʼs getting to be a full moon yan yaawawát itʼs a full moon tlél yan yawuwáat itʼs not a full moon yánde yakg̱wawáat it will be a full moon tlél yánde yakg̱wawáat it wonʼt be a full moon (chʼa) yan yag̱awáat (just) let it be a full moon yan woowáatch itʼs a full moon (every time) tlél yan woowáatch it isnʼt a full moon yet tlél aadé yan yag̱waawáadi yé no way can it be a full moon yan yawátni if/when itʼs a full moon Yá dis yan yawátni kei woosh has gug̱wasx̱án. When the moon is full, they will love each other. Dís yan yaawawát. Itʼs a full moon. [Story & Naish 1973: 135]. woo ¹ (2) order, send for order it, send for it N-g̱áa a-S-∅-√woo (∅ event; CV́V Imp/Hort/Pot) for S to send for, order N (usually from a catalog)

a-ya-woo

Aag̱áa awóo! Order it! Aag̱áa yeewóo! You all order it! Líl aag̱áa eewéix̱iḵ! Donʼt order it! Líl aag̱áa yiwéix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all order it! [does not occur] aag̱áa aawawóo s/he ordered it tlél aag̱áa awuwú s/he didnʼt order it aag̱áa akg̱wawóo s/he will order it tlél aag̱áa akg̱wawoo s/he wonʼt order it aag̱áa ag̱awóo let her/him order it aag̱áa oowóowch s/he orders it (every time) tlél aag̱áa oowóowch s/he hasnʼt ordered it yet tlél aadé aag̱áa ag̱waawóowu yé no way can s/he order it aag̱áa ag̱wawóowun s/he would have ordered it aag̱áa awéini if/when s/he orders it aag̱áa awéix̱ s/he orders it (regularly) take food along (lunch, a picnic) O-S-d+∅-√woo (∅ event; CV́V Imp/Hort/Pot) for S to take O (food) along

di-woo

Leer 1973: 03/298 Idawóo! Take food! Yidawóo! You all take food! Líl idawóox̱uḵ! Donʼt take food! Líl yidawóox̱uḵ! Donʼt you all take food! [does not occur] x̱wadiwóo I took food awdiwóo s/he took food tlél awdawú s/he didnʼt take food agux̱dawóo s/he will take food tlél agux̱dawoo s/he wonʼt take food ax̱dawóo let her/him take food oodawóowch s/he takes food (every time) tlél oodawóowch s/he hasnʼt taken food yet tlél aadé oox̱diwóowu yé no way can s/he take food oox̱dawóowun s/he would have taken food adawóoni if/when s/he takes food adawóox̱ s/he takes food (regularly) Gax̱tudawóo. Weʼre going to take a picnic. [Story & Naish 1973:150] Gag̱idawóo gé? Are you taking lunch? Ax̱ éenwu áwé x̱wadiwóo. I took my leftovers along. Tlél wáa sá utí l yidawoowú. Itʼs OK if you donʼt take lunch. woo ² (2) fair-skinned fair-skinned, fair complexioned O-d+l-√wóo ˟ (∅ state) for O to be fair-skinned, fair complexioned

dli-woo

x̱at dliwóo I am fair-skinned dliwóo s/he is fair-skinned tlél x̱at ulwóo Iʼm not fair-skinned tlél ulwóo s/he isnʼt fair-skinned ilwéini if/when s/he is fair-skinned Wéi ḵáa dliwóo. That man is very fair-skinned. [Story & Naish 1973: 85] Yéil ilwéini... When Raven turns white... [Story & Naish 1973: 85] powder oneʼs face Note that Story & Naish (1973) document this verb root as: wéinaa, with the perfective form yakawdliwéinaa "she powdered her face". Also Leer (1973) documents the word: wéinaa "face powder". A consultant to this project however uses: yakawdliwóo "she powdered her face". The paradigm is listed here using the verb root: woo, according to the pronunciation of this consultant, however both options should be considered acceptable. ya-ka-S-d+l-√wóo ˟ (∅ act) for S to Nowder oneʼs face

ya-dli-wéinaa

Leer 1973: 03/306 ya-ka-S-d-l-wéinaa (∅ act) Yakeelwóo! Powder your face! Yakayilwóo! You all powder your faces! Líl yakeelwóox̱iḵ! Donʼt powder your face! Líl yakayilwóox̱iḵ! Donʼt you all powder your faces! yakalwóo s/he is powdering his/her face yakax̱wdliwóo I powdered my face yakawdliwóo s/he powdered his/her face tlél yakax̱walwóo I didnʼt powder my face tlél yakawulwóo s/he didnʼt powder his/her face yakakg̱walwóo s/he will powder his/her face tlél yakakg̱walwóo s/he wonʼt powder his/her face (chʼa) yakg̱alwóo (just) let her/him powder his/her face yakoolwóoch s/he powders his/her face (every time) tlél yakoolwóoch s/he hasnʼt powdered his/her face yet tlél aadé yakoox̱dliwóowu yé no way can s/he powder his/her face yakoog̱alwóowun s/he would have powdered his/her face yakalwéini if/when s/he powders his/her face yakalwéix̱ s/he powders his/her face (regularly) Yakḵwalwéinaa. Iʼm going to Nowder my face. wool hole hole (have a hole, outlet) ∅-√wóol ˟ (ga state) for something to have a hole, outlet

ya-wool

yawóol it has a hole in it tlél uwóol it doesnʼt have a hole in it [does not occur] kei kg̱wawóol it will get holes in it tlél kei kg̱wawóol it wonʼt get holes in it chʼa kg̱awóoli dé just let it have holes gawóolch it gets holes in it (every time) tlél gwawóolch it hasnʼt gotten holes in it yet tlél aadé kg̱waawóoli yé no way can it get holes in it gug̱awóolin it would have gotten holes in it gawóolni if/when it gets holes in it yei wóolch it gets holes in it (regularly) woosʼ ¹ ask, question ask her/him, question her/him O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√wóosʼ ˟ (na act) for S to ask, question O

x̱ʼa-ya-woosʼ

x̱ʼanawóosʼ! Ask her/him! x̱ʼanaywóosʼ! You all ask her/him! Líl x̱ʼeewóosʼiḵ! Donʼt ask her/him! Líl x̱ʼaywóosʼiḵ! Donʼt you all ask her/him! ax̱ʼawóosʼ s/heʼs asking her/him tlél ax̱ʼeiwóosʼ s/he isnʼt asking her/him ax̱ʼeiwawóosʼ s/he asked her/him tlél ax̱ʼawuwóosʼ s/he didnʼt ask her/him ax̱ʼakg̱wawóosʼ s/he will ask her/him tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wawóosʼ s/he wonʼt ask her/him ax̱ʼang̱awóosʼ let her/him ask her/him ax̱ʼawóosʼ nooch s/he always asks her/him ax̱ʼanawóosʼch s/he asks her/him (every time) tlél ax̱ʼeinawóosʼch s/he hasnʼt asked her/him yet tlél aadé ax̱ʼang̱waawóosʼi yé no way can s/he ask her/him ax̱ʼang̱wawóosʼin s/he would have asked her/him ax̱ʼanawóosʼni if s/he asks her/him yoo ax̱ʼayawóosʼk s/he asks her/him (regularly) Ax̱ x̱ʼéit yag̱as.aa x̱ʼax̱waawóosʼ tlei ax̱ náḵ wujixeex. I asked her to kiss me and she ran away from me. Hél aadé x̱ʼanḵwaawóosʼi yé, tlákw yaa sh ḵʼagalyélch. I canʼt ask him a question, he lies every time. wootl hurry hurry Note that the sháa seen throughout the paradigm is a contraction of sh yáa. Either the long form or contracted form are acceptable pronunciations. sh yáa S-d+∅-√wootl (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to be in a hurry

ḵaa yáa + di-wootl

Sháa idawútl! Hurry! Sháa yidawútl! You all hurry! Líl sháa idawútlx̱iḵ! Donʼt hurry! Líl sháa yidawútlx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all hurry! Líl sháa yidawóodliḵ! Donʼt hurry! Líl sháa yeeydawóodliḵ! Donʼt you all hurry! [does not occur] sháa x̱wdiwútl I am in a hurry sháa wdiwútl s/he is in a hurry tlél sháa x̱wdawootl Iʼm not in a hurry tlél sháa wdawootl s/heʼs not in a hurry sháa gux̱dawóotl s/he will be in a hurry tlél sháa gux̱dawootl s/he wonʼt be in a hurry sháa x̱dawútl let her/him be in a hurry sháa udawútlch s/he is in a hurry (every time) tlél sháa udawútlch s/heʼs not in a hurry yet tlél aadé sháa ux̱diwúdli yé no way can s/he be in a hurry sháa ux̱dawúdlin s/he would have been in a hurry sháa dawútlni if/when s/he is in a hurry sháa dawútlx̱ s/he is in a hurry (regularly) Hél x̱at yishakéeniḵ sh yáa x̱wdiwútl. Donʼt disturb me, Iʼm in a hurry. ḵúdáx̱ sháa dawútlni tlél kʼidéin yéi agux̱sanei du yéi jineiyí. If heʼs in too much of a hurry, he wonʼt do a good job. Sh yáa has udawútlch. They are always in a hurry. [Story & Naish 1973:113] Sh yáa ágé idawútl? Are you hurrying? [Story & Naish 1973:113] Sh yáa x̱wdiwútl astʼeix̱ x̱waḵoox̱ú. Iʼm in a hurry to go fishing. wóotlʼ strong strong O-l-√wóotlʼ ˟ (ga state) for O to be strong-willed

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x̱at liwóotlʼ Iʼm strong-willed liwóotlʼ s/he is strong-willed tlél x̱at ulwóotlʼ Iʼm not strong-willed tlél ulwóotlʼ s/he is not strong-willed kei nalwóotlʼ s/he is getting strong-willed wuliwóotlʼ s/he became strong-willed tlél wulwóotlʼ s/he didnʼt become strong-willed kei gux̱lawóotlʼ s/he will be strong-willed tlél kei gux̱lawóotlʼ s/he wonʼt be strong-willed galawóotlʼch s/he gets strong-willed (every time) tlél goolwóotlʼch s/he isnʼt strong-willed yet tlél aadé goox̱liwóotlʼi yé no way can s/he be strong-willed goox̱lawóotlʼin s/he would have been strong-willed galawóotlʼni if/when s/he is strong-willed kei lawóotlʼch s/he gets strong-willed (regularly) Du toowú liwóotlʼ. She is strong (emotionally). I toowú klawóotlʼ! Be strong (mentally)! woox̱ʼ wide, broad wide; broad ∅-√wúx̱ʼ ˟ (ga state) for something to be wide, broad

ya-woox̱ʼ

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. yawúx̱ʼ itʼs wide tlél uwúx̱ʼ itʼs not wide [does not occur] [does not occur] gawúx̱ʼni if itʼs wide xaa (3) pour, dump pour it out; dump it out N-dé O-ka-S-∅-√xaa (na motion) for S to pour O into N, pour O out at N; for S to dump, empty O in one mass (by turning over container) at N

ka-si-xaa

Aadé kanasxá! Pour it out there! Aadé kanaysaxá! You all pour it out there! Líl aadé yoo keesaxéijiḵ! Donʼt pour it out there! Líl aadé yoo kaysaxéijiḵ! Donʼt you all pour it out there! [does not occur] aadé akawsixaa s/he poured it out there tlél aadé akawusxaa s/he didnʼt pour it out there aadé akagux̱saxáa s/he will pour it out there tlél aadé akagux̱saxaa s/he wonʼt pour it out there aadé akanax̱saxaa let her/him pour it out there aadé akanasxéich s/he pours it out there (every time) tlél aadé akunasxéich s/he hasnʼt poured it out there yet tlél aadé aadé aadé akunax̱sixaayi yé no way can s/he pour it out there aadé akunax̱saxaayín s/he would have poured it out there aadé akanasxéini if/when s/he pours it out there aadé yoo aksixéik s/he pours it out there (regularly) pour it N-dé O-ya-S-s-√xaa (na motion) for S to pour O on/in P

ya-si-xaa

A kaadé yanasxá! Pour it on there! A kaadé yanaysaxá! You all pour it on there! Líl a kaadé yoo yeesaxéigiḵ! Donʼt pour it on there! Líl a kaadé yoo yaysaxéigiḵ! Donʼt you all pour it on there! [does not occur] a kaadé yaa yanax̱saxéin (dé) I am (already) pouring it on there a kaadé yaa ayanasxéin (dé) s/he is (already) pouring it on there a kaadé yax̱wsixaa I poured it on there a kaadé ayawsixaa s/he poured it on there tlél a kaadé yax̱wsaxaa I didnʼt pour it on there tlél a kaadé ayawusxaa s/he didnʼt pour it on there a kaadé yakḵwasaxáa I will pour it on there a kaadé ayagux̱saxáa s/he will pour it on there tlél a kaadé yakḵwasaxaa I wonʼt pour it on there tlél a kaadé ayagux̱saxaa s/he wonʼt pour it on there a kaadé yanḵasaxaa let me pour it on there a kaadé ayanax̱saxaa let her/him pour it on there a kaadé yanax̱saxéich I pour it on there (every time) a kaadé ayanasxéich s/he pours it on there (every time) tlél a kaadé yanax̱wsaxéich I havenʼt poured it on there yet tlél a kaadé ayoonasxéich s/he hasnʼt poured it on there yet tlél aadé a kaadé ayanax̱wsixaayi yé no way can s/he pour it on there a kaadé ayanax̱wsaxaayín s/he would have poured it on there a kaadé ayanasxéini if/when s/he pours it on there a kaadé yoo ayasixéik s/he pours it on there (regularly) pour it, dump it II N-t~ O-ka-S-s-√xaa (∅ motion) for S to pour, dump, empty O at N

ka-si-xaa

Át kasaxá! Pour it there! Át kaysaxá! You all pour it there! Líl áx̱ keesaxaaḵ! Donʼt pour it there! Líl áx̱ kaysaxaaḵ! Donʼt you all pour it there! [does not occur] át kax̱wsixáa I poured it there át akawsixáa s/he poured it there tlél át kax̱wsaxá I didnʼt pour it there tlél át akawusxá s/he didnʼt pour it there aadé kakḵwasaxáa I will pour it there aadé akagux̱saxáa s/he will pour it there tlél aadé kakḵwasaxaa I wonʼt pour it there tlél aadé akagux̱saxaa s/he wonʼt pour it there át kaḵasaxaa let me pour it there át akax̱saxaa let her/him pour it there át koox̱saxáaych I pour it there (every time) át akoosxáaych s/he pours it there (every time) tlél át koox̱saxáaych I havenʼt poured it there yet tlél át akoosxáaych s/he hasnʼt poured it there yet tlél aadé át akoonax̱sixaayi yé no way can s/he pour it there át akoonax̱saxaayín s/he would have poured it there át aksaxéini if/when s/he pours it there áx̱ aksaxaa s/he pours it there (regularly) xaach give up, put off despair, give up hope; put off, defer, delay doing, give up (N-xʼ) a-S-l-√xaach (na event) for S to despair, give up hope (on N); for S to put off, defer, delay doing, or give up doing N

a-li-xaach

Áa analxaach! Give up hope (on it)! Áa anaylaxaach! You all give up hope (on it)! Líl áa yoo eelaxaajíḵ! Donʼt give up hope (on it)! Líl áa yoo aylaxaajíḵ! Donʼt you all give up hope (on it)! [does not occur] (áa) yaa analxách s/heʼs giving up hope (on it) (áa) ax̱wlixaach I gave up hope (on it) (áa) awlixaach s/he gave up hope (on it) tlél (áa) ax̱wlaxaach I didnʼt give up hope (on it) tlél (áa) awulxaach s/he didnʼt give up hope (on it) (áa) agux̱laxáach s/he will give up hope (on it) tlél (áa) agux̱laxaach s/he wonʼt give up hope (on it) (áa) ang̱alxaach let her/him give up hope (on it) (áa) analxáchch s/he gives up hope (on it) (every time) tlél (áa) oonalxáchch s/he hasnʼt given up hope (on it) yet tlél aadé (áa) oonax̱lixaaji yé no way can s/he give up hope (on it) (áa) oong̱alxaajín s/he would have given up hope (on it) (áa) analxáchni if/when s/he gives up hope (on it) (áa) yoo alixáchk s/he gives up hope (on it) (regularly) Áxʼ awlixaach akawutaaní. He gave up hope on bending it. Du ée ax̱wlixaach. I gave up hope on him. Ax̱ tuwatee gáalʼ kahaa; ax̱ toowú ḵu.aa awlixaach. I was wanting to dig clams, but I gave up (having thought about it, but never getting to it). [Story & Naish 1973: 163] Áa ax̱wlixaach. I talk about doing something but never get to it / I keep putting it off. [Story & Naish 1973: 163] I éexʼ ax̱wlixaach. Iʼm giving up on you. xaakw whip, grind grind it up; beat it, whip it up (soapberries) O-ka-S-l-√xaakw (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to grind up O; for S to beat, whip O up (soapberries)

ka-li-xaakw

Kalaxákw! Whip it up! Líl keelaxákwx̱uḵ! Donʼt whip it up! akalaxákwlʼ s/he is whipping it up kax̱wlixákw I whipped it up akawlixákw s/he whipped it up tlél kax̱wlaxaakw I didnʼt whip it up tlél akawulxaakw s/he didnʼt wip it up akagux̱laxáakw s/he will whip it up tlél akagux̱laxaakw s/he wonʼt whip it up akax̱laxákw let her/him whip it up akoolxákwch s/he whips it up (every time) tlél akoolxákwch s/he hasnʼt whipped it up yet tlél aadé akoox̱lixágu yé no way can s/he whip it up akoox̱laxágun s/he would have whipped it up aklaxákwni if/when s/he whips it up aklaxákwx̱ s/he is still whipping it up I jínch kalaxákw! Beat it (soapberries) with your hands! [Story & Naish 1973: 27] Xákwlʼi katulaxákwlʼ. Weʼre beating up soapberries. [Story & Naish 1973: 27] Dleey aklaxákwlʼ. Heʼs grinding meat. [Story & Naish 1973: 102] Laaḵʼásk kawtulixákw. We ground up the seaweed. xaash (6) cut, saw cut it, saw it O-S-∅-√xaash (na act) for S to cut O with knife, saw O

ya-xaash

Naxaash! Cut it! Nayxaash! You all cut it! Líl eexaashíḵ! Donʼt cut it! Líl yixaashíḵ! Donʼt you all cut it! x̱axáash I cut it; I am cutting it ixáash you cut it; you are cutting it axáash s/he cuts it; s/he is cutting it tooxáash we cut it; we are cutting it yixáash you all cut it; you all are cutting it has axáash they cut it; they are cutting it duxáash it is cut; it is being cut tlél x̱waxaash I donʼt cut it; I am not cutting it tlél eexaash you donʼt cut it; you arenʼt cutting it tlél ooxaash s/he doesnʼt cut it; s/he isnʼt cutting it tlél tooxaash we donʼt cut it; we arenʼt cutting it tlél yixaash you donʼt cut it; you arenʼt cutting it tlél has ooxaash they donʼt cut it; they arenʼt cutting it tlél duxaash nobody cuts it; nobody is cutting it yaa anaxásh s/he is (in the process of) cutting it wé xaashí the one who cuts it; the one who is cutting it axaashín s/he used to cut it tlél ooxaashín s/he didnʼt use to cut it x̱waaxaash I cut it yixaash you cut it aawaxaash s/he cut it wutuwaxaash we cut it yeeyxaash you all cut it has aawaxaash they cut it wuduwaxaash it was cut tlél x̱waxaash I didnʼt cut it tlél yixaash you didnʼt cut it tlél awuxaash s/he didnʼt cut it tlél wutooxaash we didnʼt cut it tlél yeeyxaash you all didnʼt cut it tlél has awuxaash they didnʼt cut it tlél wuduxaash it wasnʼt cut kḵwaxáash I will cut it gag̱eexáash you will cut it akg̱waxáash s/he will cut it gax̱tooxáash we will cut it gax̱yixáash you all will cut it has akg̱waxáash they will cut it gax̱duxáash it will be cut tlél kuḵwaxaash I wonʼt cut it tlél gag̱eexaash you wonʼt cut it tlél akg̱waxaash s/he wonʼt cut it tlél gax̱tooxaash we wonʼt cut it tlél gax̱yixaash you all wonʼt cut it tlél has akg̱waxaash they wonʼt cut it tlél gax̱duxaash it wonʼt be cut naḵaxaash let me cut it ang̱axaash let her/him cut it nax̱tooxaash let us cut it axáash nooch s/he always cuts it nax̱axáshch I cut it (every time) neexáshch you cut it (every time) anaxáshch she cuts it (every time) natooxáshch we cut it (every time) nayxáshch you all cut it (every time) has anaxáshch they cut it (every time) naduxáshch it is cut (every time) tlél nax̱waxáshch I havenʼt cut it yet tlél neexáshch you havenʼt cut it yet tlél oonaxáshch s/he hasnʼt cut it yet tlél natooxáshch we havenʼt cut it yet tlél nayxáshch you all havenʼt cut it yet tlél has oonaxáshch they havenʼt cut it yet tlél naduxáshch it hasnʼt been cut yet tlél aadé oong̱aaxaashi yé no way can s/he cut it oong̱axaashín s/he would have cut it anaxáshni if/when s/he cuts it yoo ayaxáshk s/he cuts it (repeatedly) ` ` Ax̱ x̱ʼéit axásh wé sakwnéin Cut me a slice of bread! Ax̱ x̱ʼéi (yí)s anayxaash! (why a-)? All of you cut some for me! Wé x̱áat aax̱ aa naxaash du jeeyís! Cut off a piece of fish for her! cut, saw it off O-S-∅-√xaash (∅ act) for S to cut, saw O off (esp. cutting something off or cutting wood)

ya-xaash

Aax̱ xásh! Saw it off! Aax̱ yixásh! You all saw it off! Líl aax̱ eexáshjiḵ! Donʼt saw it off! Líl aax̱ yixáshjiḵ! Donʼt you all saw it off! aax̱ axáash s/heʼs sawing it off tlél aax̱ ooxáash s/he isnʼt sawing it off aax̱ x̱waaxásh I sawed it off aax̱ aawaxásh s/he sawed it off tlél aax̱ x̱waxaash I didnʼt saw it off tlél aax̱ awuxaash s/he didnʼt saw it off aax̱ akg̱waxáash s/he will saw it off tlél aax̱ akg̱waxaash s/he wonʼt saw it off aax̱ ag̱axásh let her/him saw it off aax̱ ooxáshch s/he saws it off (every time) tlél aax̱ ooxáshch s/he hasnʼt sawed it off yet tlél aadé aax̱ oog̱aaxáshi yé no way can s/he saw it off aax̱ oog̱axáshin s/he would have sawed it off aax̱ axáshni if/when s/he saws it off aax̱ axáshch s/he saws it off (regularly) Kʼidéin aax̱ xásh wé tʼáa at x̱ʼax̱éedli! Cut the trimming off the board good! Kʼisáanich gán du jeeyís has aawaxásh. The young men cut wood for him. cut it up; carve it; slice it O-ka-S-∅-√xaash (g̱a event) for S to cut O in several pieces; for S to carve O (on surface); for S to slice O (e.g., bread)

ka-ya-xaash

Kag̱axaash! Cut it up! Kag̱ayxaash! You all cut it up! Líl yei keexáshjiḵ! Donʼt cut it up! Líl yei kayxáshjiḵ! Donʼt you all cut it up! [does not occur] yei kanx̱axásh I am cutting it up yei akanaxásh s/he is cutting it up kax̱waaxaash I cut it up akaawaxaash s/he cut it up tlél kax̱waxaash I didnʼt cut it up tlél akawuxaash s/he didnʼt cut it up yei kakḵwaxáash I will cut it up yei akakg̱waxáash s/he will cut it up tlél yei kakḵwaxaash I wonʼt cut it up tlél akakg̱waxaash s/he wonʼt cut it up kaḵaaḵaxaash let me cut it up akag̱aag̱axaash let her/him cut it up kaḵaxáshch I cut it up (every time) akag̱axáshch s/he cuts it up (every time) tlél kooḵaxáshch I havenʼt cut it up yet tlél akoog̱axáshch s/he hasnʼt cut it up yet tlél aadé kooḵaaḵaaxaashi yé no way can I cut it up tlél aadé akoog̱aag̱aaxaashi yé no way can s/he cut it up kooḵaaḵaxaashín I would have cut it up akoog̱aag̱axaashín s/he would have cut it up kaḵaxáshni if/when I cut it up akg̱axáshni if/when s/he cuts it up yei kax̱axáshch I cut it up (regularly) yei akaxáshch s/he cuts it up (regularly) Sakwnéin akaawaxaash. She sliced the bread. ḵut akaawaxaash du tuḵatáali. She cut (the pattern for) her pants out wrong. Aatlein gán áwé akaawaxaash táakwni yís. He cut up a lot of wood for winter. cut his/her hair O-sha-S-l-√xaash (na act) for S to cut Oʼs hair

sha-li-xaash

Shanalxaash! Cut his/her hair! Líl yoo shilaxáshgiḵ! Donʼt cut his/her hair! ashalxáash s/he is cutting his/her hair shax̱wlixaash I cut his/her hair ashawlixaash s/he cut his/her hair tlél shax̱wlaxaash I didnʼt cut his/her hair tlél ashawulxaash s/he didnʼt cut his/her hair ashagux̱laxáash s/he will cut his/her hair tlél ashagux̱laxaash s/he wonʼt cut his/her hair ashanax̱laxaash let her/him cut his/her hair ashanalxáshch s/he cuts his/her hair (every time) tlél ashoonalxáshch s/he hasnʼt cut his/her hair yet tlél aadé ashoonax̱lixaashi yé no way can s/he cut his/her hair ashoonax̱laxaashín s/he would have cut his/her hair ashanalxáshni if/when s/he cuts his/her hair yoo ashalixáshk s/he cuts his/her hair (regularly) Ax̱ tláa tlél shawdulxaash. My mother has never had her hair cut. [Story & Naish 1973: 61] x̱at shagux̱laxáash. Sheʼs going to cut my hair. [Story & Naish 1973: 61] cut it (esp. rope-like object) O-S-l-√xaash (na act) for S to cut O (esp. rope-like object)

li-xaash

Nalxaash! Cut it! Naylaxaash! You all cut it! Líl yoo eelaxáshgiḵ! Donʼt cut it! Líl yoo yilaxáshgiḵ! Donʼt you all cut it! x̱alaxáash Iʼm cutting it alxáash s/heʼs cutting it [does not occur] x̱walixaash I cut it awlixaash s/he cut it tlél x̱walaxaash I didnʼt cut it tlél awulxaash s/he didnʼt cut it kuḵalaxáash I will cut it agux̱laxáash s/he will cut it tlél kuḵalaxaash I wonʼt cut it tlél agux̱laxaash s/he wonʼt cut it naḵalaxaash let me cut it anax̱laxaash let her/him cut it nax̱laxáshch I cut it (every time) analxáshch s/he cuts it (every time) tlél nax̱wlaxáshch I havenʼt cut it yet tlél unalxáshch s/he hasnʼt cut it yet tlél aadé oonax̱lixaashi yé no way can s/he cut it oonax̱laxaashín s/he would have cut it analxáshni if/when s/he cuts it yoo alixáshk s/he cuts it (regularly) cut S-d+∅-√xaash (na act) for S to cut

ya-xaash

Nidaxaash! Cut! Naydaxaash! You all cut! Líl idaxaashíḵ! Donʼt cut! Líl yidaxaashíḵ! Donʼt you all cut! x̱adaxáash I cut; I am cutting idaxáash you cut; you are cutting daxáash s/he cuts; s/he is cutting tudaxáash we cut; we are cutting yidaxáash you all cut,; you all are cutting has daxáash they cut; they are cutting duxáash people cut; pepole are cutting tlél ux̱daxaash I donʼt cut; Iʼm not cutting tlél idaxaash you donʼt cut; you arenʼt cutting tlél udaxaash s/he doesnʼt cut; s/he isnʼt cutting tlél tudaxaash we donʼt cut; we arenʼt cutting tlél yidaxaash you all donʼt cut; you all arenʼt cutting tlél has udaxaash they donʼt cut; they arenʼt cutting tlél duxaash nobody cuts; nobody is cutting wé daxaashi aa the one who cuts; the one who is cutting daxaashéen s/he used to cut tlél udaxaashéen s/he didnʼt used to cut x̱wadixaash I cut yidixaash you cut wudixaash s/he cut wutudixaash we cut yeeydixaash you all cut has wudixaash they cut wuduwaxaash people cut tlél x̱wadaxaash / tlél ux̱daxaash I didnʼt cut tlél yidaxaash you didnʼt cut tlél wudaxaash s/he didnʼt cut tlél wutudaxaash we didnʼt cut tlél yeeydaxaash you all didnʼt cut tlél has wudaxaash they didnʼt cut tlél wuduxaash nobody cut kuḵadaxáash I will cut gag̱idaxáash you will cut gux̱daxáash s/he will cut gax̱tudaxáash we will cut gax̱yidaxáash you all will cut has gux̱daxáash they will cut gax̱duxáash people will cut tlél kuḵadaxaash I wonʼt cut tlél gag̱idaxaash you wonʼt cut tlél gux̱daxaash s/he wonʼt cut tlél gax̱tudaxaash we wonʼt cut tlél gax̱yidaxaash you all wonʼt cut tlél has gux̱daxaash they wonʼt cut tlél gax̱duxaash people wonʼt cut naḵadaxaash let me cut nax̱daxaash let her/him cut nax̱tudaxaash let us cut daxash nooch s/he always cuts nax̱daxáshch I cut (every time) nidaxáshch you cut (every time) nadaxáshch s/he cuts (every time) natudaxáshch we cut (every time) naydaxáshch you all cut (every time) has nadaxáshch they cut (every time) naduxáshch people cut (every time) tlél nax̱wdaxáshch / tlél unax̱daxáshxch I havenʼt cut yet tlél nidaxáshch you havenʼt cut yet tlél undaxáshch s/he hasnʼt cut yet tlél natudaxáshch we havenʼt cut yet tlél naydaxáshch you all havenʼt cut yet tlél has undaxáshch they havenʼt cut yet tlél naduxáshch nobody has cut yet tlél aadé ng̱wadixaashi yé no way can s/he cut nax̱wdaxaashín s/he would have cut nadaxáshni if/when s/he cuts yoo dixáshk s/he cuts (regularly) xaasʼ (3) scrape, shave scrape it O-S-∅-√xáasʼ (∅ act; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to scrape O

ya-xaasʼ

Xásʼ! Scrape it! Yixásʼ! You all scrape it! Líl eexáasʼiḵ! Donʼt scrape it! Líl yixáasʼiḵ! Donʼt you all scrape it! x̱axáasʼ I am scraping it; I scrape it axáasʼ s/he is scraping it; s/he scrapes it tlél x̱waxáasʼ Iʼm not scraping it; I donʼt scrape it tlél ooxáasʼ s/he isnʼt scraping it; s/he doesnʼt scrape it axáasʼ nooch s/he always scrapes it x̱waaxásʼ I scraped it aawaxásʼ s/he scraped it tlél x̱waxáasʼ I didnʼt scrape it tlél awuxáasʼ s/he didnʼt scrape it kuḵaxáasʼ I will scrape it akg̱waxáasʼ s/he will scrape it tlél kuḵaxáasʼ I wonʼt scrape it tlél akg̱waxáasʼ s/he wonʼt scrape it aḵaxásʼ let me scrape it ag̱axásʼ let her/him scrape it x̱waxásʼch I scrape it (every time) ooxásʼch s/he scrapes it (every time) tlél x̱waxásʼch I havenʼt scraped it yet tlél ooxásʼch s/he hasnʼt scraped it yet tlél aadé oog̱aaxásʼi yé no way can s/he scrape it oog̱axásʼin s/he would have scraped it axásʼni if/when s/he scrapes it axásʼx̱ s/he scrapes it (regularly) Tlax̱ a yáanáx̱ has aawaxásʼ, wé a x̱aawú du doogúdáx̱ kalasóosxʼ. They scraped the hide too hard, the hide is losing its fur. A kax̱éelʼi a daadáx̱ xásʼ! Scrape the slime off of it! shave (legs, under arms) N x̱ʼus daa O-S-∅-√xáasʼ (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to shave Nʼs legs

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I x̱ʼus daa xásʼ! Shave your legs! Líl i x̱ʼus daa eexásʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt shave your legs! du x̱ʼus daa axáasʼ s/he is shaving his/her legs ax̱ x̱ʼus daa x̱waaxásʼ I shaved my legs du x̱ʼus daa aawaxásʼ s/he shaved his/her legs tlél ax̱ x̱ʼus daa x̱waxáasʼ I didnʼt shave my legs tlél du x̱ʼus daa awuxáasʼ s/he didnʼt shave his/her legs du x̱ʼus daa akg̱waxáasʼ s/he will shave his/her legs tlél du x̱ʼus daa akg̱waxáasʼ s/he wonʼt shave his/her legs du x̱ʼus daa ag̱axásʼ let her/him shave his/her legs du x̱ʼus daa ooxásʼch s/he shaves his/her legs (every time) tlél du x̱ʼus daa ooxásʼch s/he hasnʼt shaved his/her legs yet tlél aadé du x̱ʼus daa oog̱aaxásʼi yé no way can s/he shave his/her legs du x̱ʼus daa oog̱axásʼin s/he would have shaved his/her legs du x̱ʼus daa axásʼni if/when s/he shaves his/her legs du x̱ʼus daa axásʼx̱ s/he shaves his/her legs (regularly) I éenyee xásʼ! Shave under your arms! shave (face) ya-S-d+∅-√xáasʼ (∅ act) for S to shave (face)

ya-di-xaasʼ

Yeedaxásʼ! Shave your face! Yaydaxásʼ! You all shave your faces! Líl yeedaxásʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt shave your face! Líl yaydaxásʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all shave your faces! yadaxáasʼ s/he is shaving his/her face tlél yoodaxáasʼ s/he isnʼt shaving his/her face yax̱wdixásʼ I shaved my face yawdixásʼ s/he shaved his/her face tlél yax̱wdaxáasʼ I didnʼt shave my face tlél yawdaxáasʼ s/he didnʼt shave his/her face yagux̱daxáasʼ s/heʼs going to shave his/her face tlél yagux̱daxáasʼ s/heʼs not going to shave his/her face (chʼa) yax̱daxáasʼ / yax̱daxáasʼi (just) let her/him shave his/her face yoodaxáasʼch s/he shaves his/her face (every time) tlél yoodaxáasʼch s/he hasnʼt shaved his/her face yet tlél aadé yoox̱dixáasʼi yé no way can s/he shave his/her face yoox̱daxáasʼin s/he would have shaved his/her face yadaxásʼni if/when s/he shaves his/her face yadaxásʼx̱ s/he shaves his/her face (regularly) Yasx̱áawuch, tlákw yadaxáasʼ. Because his face is so hairy, heʼs always shaving. [Story & Naish 1973: 188] xaat ¹ (4) pull tight, tie, connect connect, attach, tie it there Omit aadé throughout the paradigm to simply say "tie it". Replace aadé throughout the paradigm with yánde to give the meaning "tie it up". For example: yánde akawsixát "s/he tied it up", and yánde ksaxát! "Tie it up!" (N-dé) O-ka-S-s-√xaat (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to connect, attach, tie O (to N)

A- + ka-si-xaat

Aadé ksaxát! Tie it there! Aadé kaysaxát! You all tie it there! Líl aadé keesaxátx̱iḵ! Donʼt tie it there! Líl aadé kaysaxátx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all tie it there! [does not occur] aadé akawsixát s/he tied it there tlél aadé akawusxaat s/he didnʼt tie it there aadé akagux̱saxáat s/he will tie it there tlél aadé akagux̱saxaat s/he wonʼt tie it there aadé akax̱saxát let her/him tie it there aadé akoosxátch s/he ties it there (every time) tlél aadé akoosxátch s/he hasnʼt tied it there yet tlél aadé akoox̱sixádi yé no way can s/he tie it there aadé akoox̱saxádin s/he would have tied it there aadé aksaxátni if/when s/he ties it there aadé aksaxátx̱ s/he ties it there (regularly); s/he is trying to connect it there Du yaagú yánde akawsixát. She tied it up her boat. Kaxéesʼ teen wóoshdei kawdudzixát du x̱ʼásʼ. His jaw is held together with a wire. Yóo tliyaa aasdéi ksaxát wé kaxéesʼ ax̱ atshí ḵóok gúgu yís! Attach the wire to that tree over there for my radio antenna! Kʼidéin akawsixát. He tied it well. Yéi akawsixát. She tied it that way. connected, attached, tied there This verb requires a postpositional phrase which describes where or what something is connected to. This is not a motion verb however, and the conjugation prefix does not change when different postpositions are used. In the theme, the P-(dé) indicates that N (object of a postposition) is required, as is a postposition, but it can be something other than -dé, as indicated by the example sentences. N-(dé) ka-s-√xaat (∅ state; CV́C Hort/Pot) for something to be connected, attached, tied (to) N

A- + ka-si-xaat

aadé kasixát itʼs tied there tlél aadé koosxát itʼs not tied there aadé kawsixát it was tied there tlél aadé kawusxaat it wasnʼt tied there aadé kagux̱saxáat it will be tied there tlél aadé kagux̱saxaat it wonʼt be tied there aadé kax̱saxát let it be tied there aadé koosxátch itʼs tied there (every time) tlél aadé koosxátch itʼs not tied there yet tlél aadé aadé koox̱sixádi yé no way can it be tied there aadé koox̱saxádin it would have been tied there aadé kasaxátni if/when itʼs tied there aadé kasaxátx̱ itʼs tied there (regularly) Wé hít gukshitúdáx̱ kasixát wé kaxéesʼ. The wire runs from the corner of that house. Tláaḵ du eedéi ksixát. The arrow is stuck in his body. A shukaadé kasixát wé tíxʼ. The line is tied to the bow. Aadé kasixát wéidáx̱. Itʼs tied from there to over there. tight (of lid, rope, etc.) Note that two forms are given for each mode here, one with the ya-/∅- classifier (kaawaxát) and one with the d- classifier (kawdixát). Story & Naish (1973) as well as one of the speakers consulted for this project give this verb with the ya-/∅- classifier, while another speaker consulted here pronounces this verb with the d- classifier. This could be a case of regional variation, but more research is necessary to establish this. ka-∅-√xaat (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for a lid, rope, etc. to be tight

ka-ya-xaat

ka-d-xaat~ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) [does not occur] yaa kanaxát / yaa kandaxát itʼs getting tight kaawaxát / kawdixát itʼs tight; it got tight tlél kawuxaat / tlél kawdaxaat itʼs not tight kakg̱waxáat / kagux̱daxáat it will be tight tlél kakg̱waxaat / tlél kagux̱daxaat it wonʼt be tight (chʼa) kag̱axát / (chʼa) kag̱axádi / (chʼa) kax̱daxát / (chʼa) kax̱daxádi (just) let it be tight kooxátch / koodaxátch it gets tight (every time) tlél kooxátch / tlél koodaxátch itʼs not tight yet tlél aadé kg̱waaxádi yé / tlél aadé koox̱dixádi yé no way can it be tight kag̱waxádin / koox̱daxádin it would have been tight kaxátni / kadaxátni if/when itʼs tight kaxátx̱ / kadaxátx̱ it gets tight (regularly) Kasʼéet yaa akanaltʼíxʼi tle áa yaa kandaxát. Itʼs starting to tighten up where heʼs turning the screw. Yaa kanaxát. It (rope) is getting tight. [Story & Naish 1973: 230] Yáa kasʼéet tlax̱ ḵúdáx̱ ax̱ káa kaawaxát. This bandage is too tight on me. [Story & Naish 1973: 230] ḵútx̱ áa kaawaxát. Itʼs on there too tight (lid, e.g.). pull it tight O-ka-S-s-√xaat (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to tighten, pull on O (something fastened at the other end)

ka-si-xaat

This verb can be used in a metaphorical sense: Du jeeyís akawsixát. ʼS/he is pulling for her/him.ʼ This could be used in reference to someone running for office, or a competitor in a race of any kind. Kʼidéin kasaxát! Pull it tight! Kʼidéin kayeesaxát! You all pull it tight! Líl tlax̱ ḵútx̱ keesaxátx̱iḵ! Donʼt pull it too tight! Líl tlax̱ ḵútx̱ kaysaxátx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all pull it too tight! [does not occur] kʼidéin kax̱wsixát I pulled it tight kʼidéin akawsixát s/he pulled it tight tlél kʼidéin kax̱wsaxaat I didnʼt pull it tight tlél kʼidéin akawusxaat s/he didnʼt pull it tight kʼidéin kakḵwasaxáat I will pull it tight kʼidéin akagux̱saxáat s/he will pull it tight tlél kʼidéin kakḵwasaxaat I wonʼt pull it tight tlél kʼidéin akagux̱saxaat s/he wonʼt pull it tight kʼidéin kaḵasaxát let me pull it tight kʼidéin akax̱saxát let her/him pull it tight kʼidéin koox̱saxátch I pull it tight (every time) kʼidéin akoosxátch s/he pulls it tight (every time) tlél kʼidéin koox̱saxátch I havenʼt pulled it tight yet tlél kʼidéin akoosxátch s/he hasnʼt pulled it tight yet tlél aadé kʼidéin akoox̱sixádi yé no way can s/he pull it tight kʼidéin akoox̱saxádin s/he would have pulled it tight kʼidéin aksaxátni if/when s/he pulls it tight kʼidéin aksaxátx̱ s/he pulls it tight (regularly) xaat ² resemble, look like look like it, resemble it N yáx̱ ka-∅-√xaat (∅ state; CV́C Hort/Pot) for something to resemble N (esp. in shape)

A + ka-ya-xaat

This verb can also refer to oneʼs behavior. For example: Tlél a yáx̱ kooxát wéitʼaa. "That one doesnʼt act normal, right." a yáx̱ kaxádin ʼit was the same shapeʼ a yáx̱ kaaxát it looks like it tlél a yáx̱ kooxát it doesnʼt look like it a yáx̱ yaa kanaxát itʼs starting to look like it [does not occur] a yáx̱ kakg̱waxáat it will look like it tlél a yáx̱ kakg̱waxaat it wonʼt look like it a yáx̱ kag̱axát let it look like it a yáx̱ kooxátch it looks like it (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé a yáx̱ koog̱aaxádi yé no way can it look like it a yáx̱ koog̱axádin it would have looked like it a yáx̱ kaxátni if/when it looks like it [does not occur] xaatsʼ clear clear (of sky), be clear, cloudless a-ka-∅-√xáatsʼ (na event) for the sky to be clear, cloudless

a-ka-ya-xaatsʼ

[does not occur] yaa akanaxátsʼ the sky is starting to clear up akaawaxáatsʼ the sky is clear tlél akawuxáatsʼ the sky isnʼt clear akakg̱waxáatsʼ the sky will be clear tlél akakg̱waxáatsʼ the sky wonʼt be clear akanaxáatsʼch the sky clears up (every time) tlél akoonaxáatsʼch the sky hasnʼt cleared up yet akanaxátsʼni if/when the sky clears up yoo akayaxátsʼk the sky clears up (regularly) Akanaxátsʼni gax̱tudawóo yaakw yíkde. If it clears up weʼll take lunch out on the boat. xaatʼ drag, pull drag it; pull it VII N-dáx̱ O-S-s-√xáatʼ (na motion) for S to drag, pull O (esp. heavy object or limp object such as dead animal) away from N; for S to haul, transport O (by non-motor power) away from N

si-xaatʼ

Aadáx̱ nasxáatʼ! Drag it away! Aadáx̱ naysaxáatʼ! You all drag it away! Líl aadáx̱ yoo isaxátʼgiḵ! Donʼt drag it away! Líl aadáx̱ yoo yisaxátʼgiḵ! Donʼt you all drag it away! [does not occur] aadáx̱ yaa nax̱saxátʼ I am dragging it away aadáx̱ yaa anasxátʼ s/he is dragging it away aadáx̱ x̱wasixáatʼ I dragged it away aadáx̱ awsixáatʼ s/he dragged it away tlél aadáx̱ x̱wasaxáatʼ I didnʼt drag it away tlél aadáx̱ awusxáatʼ s/he didnʼt drag it away aadáx̱ kuḵasaxáatʼ I will drag it away aadáx̱ agux̱saxáatʼ s/he will drag it away tlél aadáx̱ kuḵasaxáatʼ I wonʼt drag it away tlél aadáx̱ agux̱saxáatʼ s/he wonʼt drag it away aadáx̱ naḵasaxáatʼ let me drag it away aadáx̱ anax̱saxáatʼ let her/him drag it away aadáx̱ nax̱saxátʼch I drag it away (every time) aadáx̱ anasxátʼch s/he drags it away (every time) tlél aadáx̱ unax̱sixátʼch I havenʼt dragged it away yet tlél aadáx̱ oonasxátʼch s/he hasnʼt dragged it away yet tlél aadé aadáx̱ anax̱wsixáatʼi yé no way can s/he drag it away aadáx̱ anax̱wsaxáatʼin s/he would have dragged it away aadáx̱ anasxátʼni if/when s/he drags it away aadáx̱ yoo asixátʼk s/he drags it away (regularly) xeech exert, concentrate exert oneʼs full strength on it; concentrate on it O-S-∅-√xeech (∅ event) for S to exert oneʼs full strength on, strive for O; for S to concentrate on, put effort into O

ya-xeech

Eexích! Exert your full strength on it! Yeexích! You all exert your full strength on it! Líl eexíchx̱iḵ! Donʼt exert your full strength on it! Líl yeexíchx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all exert your full strength on it! [does not occur] x̱waaxích I exerted my full strength on it; I am exerting my full strength on it aawaxích s/he exerted his/her full strength on it; s/he is exerting his/her full strength on it tlél x̱waxeech I didnʼt exert my full strength on it; Iʼm not exerting my full strength on it tlél awuxeech s/he didnʼt exert his/her full strength on it; s/he isnʼt exerting his/her full strength on it kuḵwaxéech I will exert my full strength on it akg̱waxéech s/he will exert his/her full strength on it tlél kuḵwaxeech I wonʼt exert my full strength on it tlél akg̱waxeech s/he wonʼt exert his/her full strength on it ḵaxeech let me exert my full strength on it ag̱axeech let her/him exert his/her full strength on it x̱waxíchch I exert my full strength on it (every time) ooxíchch s/he exerts his/her full strength on it (every time) tlél x̱waxeechch I havenʼt exerted my full strength on it yet tlél ooxeechch s/he hasnʼt exerted his/her full strength on it yet tlél aadé ḵwaaxeeji yé no way can I exert my full strength on it tlél aadé oog̱aaxeeji yé no way can s/he exert his/her full strength on it ḵwaxeejín I would have exerted my full strength on it oog̱axeejín s/he would have exerted his/her full strength on it x̱axíchni if/when I exert my full strength on it axíchni if/when s/he exerts his/her full strength on it x̱axíchx̱ I exert my full strength on it (regularly) axíchx̱ s/he exerts his/her full strength on it (regularly) Chʼa neechxʼ áwé x̱waaxích. I exerted myself all for naught. xeelʼ trouble, bother, anxiety bother, trouble her/him; cause her/him anxiety O-ka-S-∅-√xéelʼ (∅ event; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to bother, trouble, cause trouble or anxiety for O

ka-ya-xeelʼ

Kaxílʼ! Bother her/him! Kayxílʼ! You all bother her/him! Líl kayixéelʼiḵ! Donʼt bother her/him! Líl kayeeyxéelʼiḵ! Líl kayeeyxéelʼiḵ! [does not occur] yaa kanx̱axílʼ Iʼm starting to bother her/him yaa akanaxílʼ he/she/it is starting to bother her/him kax̱waaxílʼ I am bothering her/him; I bothered her/him akaawaxílʼ he/she/it is bothering her/him; he/she/it bothered her/him tlél kax̱waxéelʼ Iʼm not bothering her/him; I didnʼt bother her/him tlél akawuxéelʼ he/she/it isnʼt bothering her/him; he/she/it didnʼt bother her/him kakḵwaxéelʼ I will bother her/him akakg̱waxéelʼ he/she/it will bother her/him tlél kakḵwaxéelʼ I wonʼt bother her/him tlél akakg̱waxéelʼ he/she/it wonʼt bother her/him (chʼa) kḵaxílʼ (dé) (just) let me bother her/him (now) (chʼa) akg̱axílʼ (dé) (just) let her/him/it bother her/him (now) koox̱axílʼch I bother her/him (every time) akooxílʼch he/she/it bothers her/him (every time) tlél koox̱axéelʼch / tlél koox̱axílʼch I havenʼt bothered her/him yet tlél akooxéelʼch / tlél akooxílʼch he/she/it hasnʼt bothered her/him yet tlél aadé kooḵaaxílʼi yé no way can I bother her/him tlél aadé akg̱waaxílʼi yé no way can he/she/it bother her/him kooḵaxílʼin I would have bothered her/him akoog̱axílʼin he/she/it would have bothered her/him kax̱axílʼni if/when I bother her/him akaxílʼni if/when he/she/it bothers her/him kax̱axílʼx̱ I bother her/him (regularly) akaxílʼx̱ he/she/it bothers her/him (regularly) Ash kaawaxílʼ du téix̱ʼ. Her heart is causing her trouble. xeesʼ tangled tangled (of rope-like object) ka-d-l-√xéesʼ (∅ event; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for a rope-like object to be tangled

ka-li-xeesʼ

[does not occur] yaa kanalxísʼ itʼs getting tangled kawdlixísʼ itʼs tangled tlél kawulxéesʼ itʼs not tangled kakg̱walxéesʼ it will get tangled tlél kakg̱walxéesʼ it wonʼt get tangled (chʼa) kag̱alxísʼ (just) let it get tangled koolxísʼch it gets tangled (every time) tlél koolxísʼch it hasnʼt gotten tangled yet tlél aadé koox̱dlixísʼi yé no way can it get tangled koog̱alxísʼin it would have gotten tangled kalxísʼni if/when it gets tangled kalxísʼx̱ it gets tangled (regularly) Ldakát has du tíxʼi áwé kawdlixísʼ. All of their lines got tangled. Tíxʼ kawdlixísʼ. The rope is tangled. [Story & Naish 1973: 223] xeet (3) write, argue write it; draw it; paint it; take a photograph of it; x-ray it O-ka-S-sh-√xeet (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to write, draw, or paint a picture of O; for S to Nrint O by hand; for S to Nhotograph, take pictures, X-rays of O

ka-shi-xeet

Kashaxít! Write it! Kayshaxít! You all write it! Líl keeshaxeedíḵ! Donʼt write it! Líl kayshaxeedíḵ! Donʼt you all write it! kax̱shaxeet I write it; I am writing it akshaxeet s/he writes it; s/he is writing it tlél koox̱shaxeet I donʼt write it; Iʼm not writing it tlél akooshxeet s/he doesnʼt write it; s/heʼs not writing it kax̱wshixít I wrote it akawshixít s/he wrote it tlél kax̱wshaxeet I didnʼt write it tlél akawushxeet s/he didnʼt write it kakḵwashaxéet I will write it akagux̱shaxéet s/he will write it tlél kakḵwashaxeet I wonʼt write it tlél akagux̱shaxeet s/he wonʼt write it kaḵashaxít let me write it akax̱shaxít let her/him write it akshaxit nooch s/he always writes it koox̱shaxítch I write it (every time) akooshxítch s/he writes it (every time) tlél koox̱shaxeetch I havenʼt written it yet tlél akooshxeetch s/he hasnʼt written it yet tlél aadé akoox̱shixídi yé no way can s/he write it akoox̱shaxídin s/he would have written it akshaxítni if/when s/he writes it akshaxítx̱ s/he writes it (regularly) argue, quarrel N een woosh x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√xéet ˟ (na act) for S to argue, quarrel with N

---

--- Du een woosh x̱ʼeendaxéet! Argue with her/him! Líl du een woosh x̱ʼeedaxéediḵ! Donʼt argue with her/him! du een woosh x̱ʼadaxéet s/he is arguing with her/him du een woosh x̱ʼax̱wdixéet I argued with her/him du een woosh x̱ʼawdixéet s/he argued with her/him tlél du een woosh x̱ʼax̱wdaxéet I didnʼt argue with her/him tlél du een woosh x̱ʼawdaxéet s/he didnʼt argue with her/him du een woosh x̱ʼagux̱daxéet s/he will argue with her/him tlél du een woosh x̱ʼagux̱daxéet s/he wonʼt argue with her/him (chʼa) du een woosh x̱ʼanax̱daxéet (just) let her/him argue with her/him du een woosh x̱ʼandaxéetch s/he aruges with her/him (every time) tlél du een woosh x̱ʼeindaxéetch s/he hasnʼt argued with her/him yet tlél aadé du een woosh x̱ʼeinax̱dixéedi yé no way can s/he argue with her/him du een woosh x̱ʼeinax̱daxéedin s/he would have argued with her/him du een woosh x̱ʼandaxéetni if/when s/he argues with her/him du een yoo woosh x̱ʼadixéetk s/he argues with her/him (regularly) Dáanaa daat woosh has x̱ʼawdixéet. They argued over money. write; draw; paint; take a photograph ka-S-d+sh-√xeet (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to write, draw, or paint; for S to take a photograph

ka-shi-xeet

Keeshxít! Write! Kayishxít! You all write! Líl keeshxeedíḵ! Donʼt write! Líl kayishxeedíḵ! Donʼt you all write! kax̱ashxeet I write; I am writing keeshxeet you write; you are writing kashxeet s/he writes; s/he is writing katooshxeet we write; we are writing kayishxeet you all write; you all are writing has kashxeet they write; they are writing kadushxeet people write; people are writing tlél koox̱ashxeet I donʼt write; Iʼm not writing tlél keeshxeet you donʼt write; you arenʼt writing tlél kooshxeet s/he doesnʼt write; s/he isnʼt writing tlél katooshxeet we donʼt write; we arenʼt writing tlél kayishxeet you all donʼt write; you all arenʼt writing tlél has kooshxeet they donʼt write; they arenʼt writing tlél kadushxeet nobody writes; nobody is writing wé kashxeet aa the one who writes kashxeedín s/he used to write tlél kashxeedín s/he didnʼt used to write kax̱wjixít I wrote kayjixít you wrote kawjixít s/he wrote kawtujixít we wrote kayeeyjixít you all wrote has akawjixít they wrote kawdujixít someone wrote tlél kax̱washxeet I didnʼt write tlél kayishxeet you didnʼt write tlél kawushxeet s/he didnʼt write tlél kawtooshxeet we didnʼt write tlél kayeeyshxeet you all didnʼt write tlél has kawushxeet they didnʼt write tlél kawdushxeet nobody wrote kakḵwashxéet I will write kakg̱eeshxéet you will write kakg̱washxéet s/he will write kagax̱tooshxéet we will write kagax̱yeeshxéet you all will write has kakg̱washxéet they will write kagax̱dushxéet someone will write tlél kakḵwashxeet I wonʼt write tlél kakg̱eeshxeet you wonʼt write tlél kakg̱washxeet s/he wonʼt write tlél kagax̱tooshxeet we wonʼt write tlél kagax̱yeeshxeet you all wonʼt write tlél has kakg̱washxeet they wonʼt write tlél kagax̱dushxeet nobody will write kaḵashxít let me write kag̱ashxít let her/him write kax̱tooshxít let us write kashxit nooch s/he always writes koox̱ashxítch I write (every time) keeshxítch you write (every time) kooshxítch s/he writes (every time) katooshxítch we write (every time) kayishxítch you all write (every time) has kooshxítch they write (every time) kadushxítch someone writes (every time) tlél koox̱ashxeetch I havenʼt written yet tlél keeshxeetch you havenʼt written yet tlél kooshxeetch s/he hasnʼt written yet tlél katooshxeetch we havenʼt written yet tlél kayishxeetch you all havenʼt written yet tlél has kooshxeetch they havenʼt written yet tlél kadushxeetch nobody has written yet tlél aadé koox̱jixídi yé no way can s/he write koog̱ashxídin s/he would have written kashxítni if/when s/he writes kashxítx̱ s/he writes (regularly) Tlél tudatóow ḵa tlél katooshxeet. We canʼt read or write. xeetʼ (2) sweep sweep it O-S-∅-√xéetʼ ˟ (g̱a act) for S to sweep O (esp. floor)

ya-xeetʼ

Tʼaa ká g̱axéetʼ! Sweep the floor! Tʼaa ká g̱ayxéetʼ! You all sweep the floor! Líl tʼaa ká yei eexéetʼjiḵ! Donʼt sweep the floor! Líl tʼaa ká yei yixéetʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all sweep the floor! tʼaa ká axítʼkw s/he is sweeping the floor; s/he sweeps the floor tlél tʼaa ká ooxítʼkw s/he doesnʼt sweep the floor tʼaa ká aawaxéetʼ s/he swept the floor tlél tʼaa ká awuxéetʼ s/he didnʼt sweep the floor tʼaa ká yei akg̱waxéetʼ s/he will sweep the floor tlél tʼaa ká yei akg̱waxéetʼ s/he wonʼt sweep the floor tʼaa ká ag̱aag̱axéetʼ let her/him sweep the floor tʼaa ká ag̱axéetʼch s/he sweeps the floor (every time) tlél tʼaa ká oog̱axéetʼch s/he hasnʼt swept the floor yet tlél aadé tʼaa ká ag̱aag̱waaxéetʼi yé no way can s/he sweep the floor tʼaa ká ag̱aag̱waxéetʼin s/he would have swept the floor tʼaa ká g̱axéetʼni if/when s/he sweeps the floor tʼaa ká yei axéetʼch s/he sweeps the floor (regularly) sweep S-d+∅-√xéetʼ ˟ (g̱a act) for S to sweep

ya-xeetʼ

Tlél udaxítʼk which literally translates as ʼs/he doesnʼt sweepʼ is an expression commonly used to insinuate that the person is slovenly, lazy. g̱idaxéetʼ! Sweep! g̱aydaxéetʼ! You all sweep! Líl yei idaxéetʼjiḵ! Donʼt sweep! Líl yei yidaxéetʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all sweep! daxítʼkw s/he is sweeping; s/he sweeps tlél udaxítʼkw s/he isnʼt sweeping; s/he doesnʼt sweep wudixéetʼ s/he swept tlél wudaxéetʼ s/he didnʼt sweep yei gux̱daxéetʼ s/he will sweep tlél yei gux̱daxéetʼ s/he wonʼt sweep g̱aax̱daxéetʼ let her/him sweep [does not occur] tlél g̱wadaxéetʼch s/he hasnʼt swept yet tlél aadé g̱aax̱wdixéetʼi yé no way can s/he sweep g̱aax̱wdaxéetʼin s/he would have swept g̱adaxéetʼni if/when s/he sweeps yei daxéetʼch s/he sweeps (regularly) xeex (19) run (singular subject), fall, drop, rise, end, happen, blow fall on it (of small, compact object) IX ∅-√xeex (g̱a motion) for an object (usually small, compact) to fall

ya-xeex

[does not occur] [does not occur] a káa wooxeex it fell on it tlél a káa wuxeex it didnʼt fall on it a káa yei kg̱waxéex it will fall on it tlél a káa yei kg̱waxeex it wonʼt fall on it a káa g̱aag̱axeex let it fall on it a káa g̱axíxch it falls on it (every time) tlél a káa g̱ooxíxch it hasnʼt fallen on it yet tlél aadé a káa g̱aag̱waaxeexi yé no way can it fall on it a káa g̱aag̱waxeexín it would have fallen on it a káa g̱axíxni if/when it falls on it a káa yei xíxch it falls on it (regularly) A káa wuxeexí kakg̱wawáalʼ. If it falls on it, it will break. fall, drop through it IX N-náx̱ ka-∅-√xeex (g̱a motion) for something (usually a round object) to fall, drop through N

ka-ya-xeex

[does not occur] anax̱ kaawaxeex it fell through it tlél anax̱ kawuxeex it didnʼt fall through it anax̱ yei kakg̱waxéex it will fall through it tlél anax̱ yei kakg̱waxeex it wonʼt fall through it anax̱ kag̱aag̱axeex let it fall through it anax̱ kag̱axíxch it falls through it (every time) tlél anax̱ koog̱axíxch it hasnʼt fallen through it yet tlél aadé anax̱ koog̱aag̱aaxeexi yé no way can it fall through it anax̱ koog̱aag̱axeexín it would have fallen through it anax̱ kag̱axíxni if/when it falls through it anax̱ yei kaxíxch it falls through it (regularly) Du waaḵnáx̱ kaawaxeex. Heʼs staring at it. (Lit: It fell through his eye.) hit it, fall against it, drop into it (esp. round object) N-t~ ka-∅-√xeex (∅ motion) for something (usually a round , spherical object such as a bullet, ball) to hit, fall against, drop into N

ka-ya-xeex

[does not occur] át kaawaxíx it hit it tlél át kawuxeex it didnʼt hit it aadé kakg̱waxéex it will hit it tlél aadé kakg̱waxeex it wonʼt hit it (chʼa) át kag̱axeex (dé) (just) let it hit it (now) át kooxeexch it hits it (every time) tlél át kooxeexch it hasnʼt hit it yet tlél aadé át kag̱waaxeexi yé no way can it hit it át kag̱waxeexín it would have hit it át kaxíxni if/when it hits it áx̱ kaxeex it hits it (regularly) Tlákw awu.óoni áwé át kooxeexch. Every time he shoots, it (bullet) hits it. Tʼáa yát kaawaxíx koochʼéitʼaa. The ball hit the wall. blow there (esp. of strong wind) II N-t~ ∅-√xeex (∅ motion) for a strong wind to blow at N

ya-xeex

[does not occur] aadé yaa naxíx itʼs starting to blow there át uwaxíx it blew there tlél át wuxeex it didnʼt blow there aadé kg̱waxéex it will blow there tlél aadé kg̱waxeex it wonʼt blow there át ooxeexch it blows there (every time) tlél át ooxeexch it hasnʼt blown there yet át xíxni if/when it blows there áx̱ xeex it blows there (regularly) Kʼeeljáa haa kaadé yaa naxíx - ayakḵwadaḵóox̱. The wind is starting to blow on us - Iʼm going to turn back (in boat). ḵúnáx̱ át uwaxíx yáa xáanaa. Itʼs blowing hard this evening. [Story & Naish 1973:32] Kʼeeljáa has du kát uwaxíx. The storm is blowing on them. [Story & Naish 1973:32] fall, drop on it; hit it (of bullet); spread, go around (of rumor or news) N-t~ ∅-√xeex (∅ motion) for something to fall or drop on N; for a bullet to hit N; for a rumor, news to spread, go around at N

A- + ya-xeex

[does not occur] át uwaxíx it fell on it tlél át wuxeex it didnʼt fall on it aadé kg̱waxéex it will fall on it tlél aadé kg̱waxeex it wonʼt fall on it (chʼa) át g̱axeex (dé) (just) let it fall on it (now) át uxeexch it falls on it (every time) tlél át uxeexch it hasnʼt fallen on it yet tlél aadé át g̱waaxeexi yé no way can it fall on it át g̱waxeexín it would have fallen on it át xíxni if/when it falls on it áx̱ xeex it falls on it (regularly) Kaneek át uwaxíx. The news arrived. Kʼeelʼjáa át uwaxíx aadé yaa neeḵux̱ yé. A storm hit where youʼre heading toward. Tlél kʼeeljáa haa kát wuxeex. A storm didnʼt hit us. fall around (esp. of object inside container); wobbly VII N-t ∅-√xeex (na motion) for something to fall around at N (esp. inside a container)

ya-xeex

[does not occur] át wooxeex itʼs falling around tlél át wuxeex itʼs not falling around át gug̱axéex it will fall around tlél át gug̱axeex it wonʼt fall around át nag̱axeex let it fall around át naxíxch it falls around (every time) tlél át unaxíxch it hasnʼt fallen around yet tlél aadé át nag̱waaxeexi yé no way can it fall around át nag̱waxeexín it would have fallen around át naxíxni if/when it falls around át yoo yaxíxk if falls around (regularly) Du waḵtáanáx̱ át wooxeex. Something fell in her eye. Wé ḵóok tóot wooxeex du waḵdáanayi. His glasses are falling around in the box. Du waḵax̱éix̱ʼu du waḵtáanáx̱ át wooxeex. Her eyelash fell in her eye. Nadáakw x̱ʼoosí át wooxeex. The tableʼs legs are wobbly. Át naxíxni wé nadáakw x̱ʼoosí kuḵwalayéix̱. If the tableʼs legs are wobbly, Iʼll fix it. run (singular subject) II N-t~ S-d+sh-√xeex (∅ motion) for (singular) S to run to N, arrive at N by running

ji-xeex

ya-xeex

[does not occur] daak naxíx itʼs starting to come out daak uwaxíx it came out tlél daak wuxeex it didnʼt come out daak gug̱axéex it will come out tlél daak gug̱axeex it wonʼt come out daak g̱axeex let it come out daak uxeexch it comes out (every time) tlél daak uxeexch it hasnʼt come out yet tlél aadé daak g̱waaxeexi yé no way can it come out daak g̱waxeexín it would have come out daak xíxni if/when it comes out daak xeex it comes out (regularly) g̱agaan daak uwaxíx wé séew ítdáx̱. The sun came out after the rain. run out of something N jeet~ shu-∅-√xeex (∅ event) for N to run out of something

shu-ya-xeex

[does not occur] ax̱ jeedé yaa shunaxíx I am running out of it du jeedé yaa shunaxíx s/he is running out of it ax̱ jeet shux̱waxíx I ran out of it du jeet shuwaxíx s/he ran out of it tlél ax̱ jeet shuwuxeex I didnʼt run out of it tlél du jeet shuwuxeex s/he didnʼt run out of it ax̱ jeedé shukg̱waxéex I will run out of it du jeedé shukg̱waxéex s/he will run out of it tlél ax̱ jeedé shukg̱waxeex I wonʼt run out of it tlél du jeedé shukg̱waxeex s/he wonʼt run out of it (chʼa) ax̱ jeet shug̱axeex (dé) (just) let me run out of it (now) (chʼa) du jeet shug̱axeex (dé) (just) let her/him run out (now) ax̱ jeet shooxeexch I run out of it (every time) du jeet shooxeexch s/he runs out of it (every time) tlél ax̱ jeet shooxeexch I havenʼt run out of it yet tlél du jeet shooxeexch s/he hasnʼt run out of it yet tlél aadé ax̱ jeet shug̱waaxeexi yé no way can I run out of it tlél aadé du jeet shug̱waaxeexi yé no way can s/he run out of it ax̱ jeet shug̱waxeexín I would have run out of it du jeet shug̱waxeexín s/he would have run out of it ax̱ jeet shuxíxni if/when I run out of it du jeet shuxíxni if/when s/he runs out of it ax̱ jeex̱ shuxeex I run out of it (regularly) du jeex̱ shuxeex s/he runs out of it (regularly) Tuwaakú ax̱ jeet shuwaxíx - ayakḵwadaḵóox̱! I ran out of snuff - Iʼm going to turn back! stuck in oneʼs throat; choke N leitóox̱-t~ ∅-√xeex (∅ motion) for something to be stuck in Nʼs throat; for N to choke on something

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Líl i leitóox̱x̱ uxeexíḵ! Donʼt choke! Líl yee leitóox̱x̱ uxeexíḵ! Donʼt you all choke! I leitóox̱ tsá xéex! See that it doesnʼt get stuck in your throat! Yee leitóox̱ tsá xéex! See that it doesnʼt get stuck in your throats! [does not occur] ax̱ leitóox̱t uwaxíx itʼs stuck in my throat du leitóox̱t uwaxíx itʼs stuck in his/her throat tlél ax̱ leitóox̱t wuxeex itʼs not stuck in my throat tlél du leitóox̱t wuxeex itʼs not stuck in his/her throat du leitóox̱de kg̱waxéex it will get stuck in his/her throat tlél du leitóox̱de kg̱waxeex it wonʼt get stuck in his/her throat (chʼa) du leitóox̱t g̱axeex (just) let it get stuck in his/her throat du leitóox̱t uxeexch it gets stuck in his/her throat (every time) tlél du leitóox̱t uxeexch it hasnʼt gotten stuck in his/her throat yet tlél aadé du leitóox̱t g̱waaxeexi yé no way can it get stuck in his/her throat du leitóox̱t g̱waxeexín it would have gotten stuck in his/her throat du leitóox̱t xíxni if/when it gets stuck in his/her throat du leitóox̱ xeex s/he gets stuck in his/her throat (regularly) Wé dleey du leitóox̱t uwaxíx. The meat got stuck in her throat. worry her/him N tóot ∅-√xeex (na event) for something to worry N; for N to have something constantly on the mind

ḵaa tóo-t + ya-xeex

Note that literally translated, du tóot wooxeex means "itʼs rolling around inside her/him". [does not occur] Líl i tóot wuxeexíḵ! Donʼt worry about her/him/it! Líl yee tóot wuxeexíḵ! Donʼt you all worry about her/him/it! [does not occur] [does not occur] ax̱ tóot wooxeex Iʼm worried about her/him/it du tóot wooxeex s/heʼs worried about her/him/it tlél ax̱ tóot wuxeex Iʼm not worried about her/him/it tlél du tóot wuxeex s/heʼs not worried about her/him/it ax̱ tóot gug̱axéex I will worry about her/him/it du tóot gug̱axéex s/he will worry about her/him/it tlél ax̱ tóot gug̱axeex I wonʼt worry about her/him/it tlél du tóot gug̱axeex s/he wonʼt worry about her/him/it [does not occur] ax̱ tóot naxíxch I worry about her/him/it (every time) du tóot naxíxch s/he worries about her/him/it (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé ax̱ tóot nag̱waaxeexi yé no way can I worry about her/him/it tlél aadé du tóot nag̱waaxeexi yé no way can s/he worry about her/him/it ax̱ tóot nag̱waxeexín I would have worried about her/him/it du tóot nag̱waxeexín s/he would have worried about her/him/it ax̱ tóot naxíxni if/when I worry about her/him/it du tóot naxíxni if/when s/he worries about her/him/it ax̱ tóot yoo yaxíxk I worry about her/him/it (regularly) du tóot yoo yaxíxk s/he worries about it (regularly) Kei wjixíx ax̱ keidlí, ax̱ tóot wooxeex. My dog ran off, Iʼm worried about it. Aatlein yanéekw i éekʼ, ách áwé ax̱ tóot wooxeex. Your little brother is really sick, Iʼm worried about him. Du yéet aandé wugoodí du tóot naxíxch. She worries about her son when he goes to town. run (singular subject) III g̱unéi S-d+sh-√xeex (∅ motion) for (singular) S to begin running

ji-xeex

Note that the classifier sh- combined with the verb stem -xeex becomes -sheex. Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace g̱unéi ʼstarting offʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N yáa coming up to N N g̱unayáa separating from N N shukáxʼ getting ahead of N gági emerging, coming out into the open dáag̱i coming out of the water héeni going to the sea; going into the water g̱unayéi / g̱unéi starting off, beginning to go N-x̱ moving in place at N, trying to move while stuck at P g̱unéi eesheex! Start running! Líl g̱unéi eeshíxx̱iḵ! Donʼt start running! [does not occur] [does not occur (with g̱unéi)] [does not occur] [does not occur] g̱unéi x̱wjixíx I started running g̱unéi yjixíx you started running g̱unéi wjixíx he/she/it started running tlél g̱unéi x̱washeex I didnʼt start running tlél g̱unéi yisheex you didnʼt start running tlél g̱unéi wusheex he/she/it didnʼt start running g̱unéi kḵwashéex I will start running g̱unéi kg̱eeshéex you will start running g̱unéi kg̱washéex he/she/it will start running tlél g̱unéi kḵwasheex I wonʼt start running tlél g̱unéi kg̱eesheex you wonʼt start running tlél g̱unéi kg̱washeex he/she/it wonʼt start running g̱unéi ḵasheex let me start running g̱unéi g̱asheex let her/him start running [does not occur] g̱unéi x̱washeexch I start running (every time) g̱unéi eesheexch you start running (every time) g̱unéi usheexch he/she/it starts running (every time) tlél g̱unéi x̱washeexch I havenʼt started running yet tlél g̱unéi eesheexch you havenʼt started running yet tlél g̱unéi usheexch he/she/it hasnʼt started running yet tlél aadé g̱unéi g̱waasheexi yé no way can he/she/it start running g̱unéi g̱washeexín he/she/it would have started running g̱unéi shíxni if/when he/she/it starts running g̱unéi shíxx̱ he/she/it starts running (regularly) rise (of sun or moon) kei ∅-√xeex (∅ motion) for the sun, moon to rise

kei ya-xeex

This verb can also be used in expressions that donʼt pertain to the sun or moon, as in: Neekw kei uwaxíx ʼNews/gossip went aroundʼ. [does not occur] kei naxíx itʼs rising kei uwaxíx it rose tlél kei wuxeex it didnʼt rise kei kg̱waxéex it will rise [does not occur] kei uxeexch it rises (every time) tlél kei uxeexch it hasnʼt risen yet [does not occur] [does not occur] kei xíxni if/when it rises kei xíxch it rises (regularly) g̱agaan kei naxíxi áwé x̱wala.úkch wé káaxwei ax̱ léelkʼu jeeyís. When the sun is coming up, I boil the coffee for my grandmother. run (singular subject) VIII ḵut S-d+sh-√xeex (ga motion) for (singular) S to run away

ji-xeex

-- taking off, starting off N-dáx̱ taking off from NO; starting off from NO ḵut going astray, getting lost ḵut geesheex! Run away! Líl ḵut kei eeshíxjiḵ! Donʼt run away! [does not occur] ḵut kei nx̱ashíx I am running away ḵut kei neeshíx you are running away ḵut kei nashíx he/she/it is running away tlél ḵut kei unx̱ashíx Iʼm not running away tlél ḵut kei neeshíx youʼre not running away tlél ḵut kei unashíx he/she/it isnʼt running away [does not occur] ḵut x̱wajixeex I ran away ḵut yijixeex you ran away ḵut wujixeex he/she/it ran away tlél ḵut x̱washeex I didnʼt run away tlél ḵut yisheex you didnʼt run away tlél ḵut wusheex he/she/it didnʼt run away ḵut kei kḵwashéex I will run away ḵut kei kg̱eeshéex you will run away ḵut kei kg̱washéex he/she/it will run away tlél ḵut kei kḵwasheex I wonʼt run away tlél ḵut kei kg̱eesheex you wonʼt run away tlél ḵut kei kg̱washeex he/she/it wonʼt run away ḵut gaḵasheex let me run away ḵut gag̱asheex let her/him/it run away [does not occur] ḵut gax̱ashíxch I run away (every time) ḵut geeshíxch you run away (every time) ḵut gashíxch he/she/it runs away (every time) tlél ḵut goox̱ashíxch I havenʼt run away yet tlél ḵut geeshíxch you havenʼt run away yet tlél ḵut gooshíxch he/she/it hasnʼt run away yet tlél aadé ḵut gug̱aasheexi yé no way can he/she/it run away ḵut gug̱asheexín he/she/it would have run away ḵut gashíxni if/when he/she/it runs away ḵut kei shíxch he/she/it runs away (regularly) end; used up shu-∅-√xeex (na event) for something to end, come to an end, pass; for something to be used up (of supplies, etc.)

shu-ya-xeex

[does not occur] yaa shunaxíx itʼs coming to an end shuwaxeex it came to an end tlél shuwuxeex it didnʼt come to an end shukg̱waxéex it will come to an end tlél shukg̱waxeex it wonʼt come to an end shung̱axeex let it come to an end shunaxíxch it comes to an end (every time) tlél shunaxíxch it hasnʼt come to an end yet tlél aadé shung̱waaxeexi yé no way can it come to an end shung̱waxeexín it would have come to an end shunaxíxni if/when it comes to an end yoo shuyaxíxk it comes to an end (quickly, regularly) Át ax̱walg̱einní x̱aatéen haa daadéi áyá yaa ḵushunaxíx. When I look around I see that we are losing a lot of people. Sakwnéin ḵa cháayoo áwé shuwaxeex. The bread and tea ran out. Gán shuwaxeex. The wood ran out. Haa gáni shukg̱waxéex, haa sakg̱wa.áatʼ. The wood is going to run out and weʼre going to be cold. Atx̱á haa x̱ʼéide shukg̱waxéex hél dáanaa too.oo alʼóon xʼwán nagú. Our food is running out and we donʼt have money, you better go hunting. run (singular subject) VII N-dé S-d+sh-√xeex (na motion) for (singular) S to run toward P

ji-xeex

Note that the classifier sh- combined with the verb stem -xeex becomes -sheex. Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼgo on footʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace aadé ʼtoward thereʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about N (no repetitive form) N-x̱ moving along P P-dei moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of N; stopped at N on the way by yux̱ moving out of house P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱aa going to get P Neesheex! Run! Líl yoo eeshíxgiḵ! Donʼt run! [does not occur] yaa nx̱ashíx I am running yaa neeshíx you are running yaa nashíx he/she/it is running tlél yaa unx̱ashíx Iʼm not running tlél yaa neeshíx youʼre not running tlél yaa unashíx he/she/it isnʼt running [does not occur] x̱wajixeex I ran yijixeex you ran wujixeex he/she/it ran tlél x̱washeex I didnʼt run tlél yisheex you didnʼt run tlél wusheex he/she/it didnʼt run wé wujixeexi aa the one who ran kuḵashéex I will run gag̱eeshéex you will run gug̱ashéex he/she/it will run tlél kuḵasheex I wonʼt run tlél gag̱eesheex you wonʼt run tlél gug̱asheex he/she/it wonʼt run naḵasheex let me run nag̱asheex let her/him/it run [does not occur] nax̱ashíxch I run (every time) neeshíxch you run (every time) nashíxch he/she/it runs (every time) tlél nax̱washíxch I havenʼt run yet tlél neeshíxch you havenʼt run yet tlél unashíxch he/she/it hasnʼt run yet tlél aadé nax̱wjixeexi yé no way can he/she/it run oong̱asheexín he/she/it would have run nashíxni if/when he/she/it runs yoo jixíxk he/she/it runs (regularly) Ax̱ x̱ʼéit yag̱as.aa x̱ʼax̱waawóosʼ tlei ax̱ náḵ wujixeex. I asked her to kiss me and she ran away from me. happen, occur, take place ya-∅-√xeex (na event) for something to take place, occur, happen

ya-ya-xeex

[does not occur] yaa yanaxíx itʼs happening yaawaxeex it happened tlél yawuxeex it didnʼt happen yakg̱waxéex it will happen tlél yakg̱waxeex it wonʼt happen yang̱axeex let it happen yanaxíxch it happens (every time) tlél yoonaxíxch it hasnʼt happened yet tlél aadé yang̱waaxeexi yé no way can it happen yang̱waxeexín it would have happened yanaxíxni if/when it happens yoo yaxíxk it happens (regularly) set (of sun, moon) yínde ∅-√xeex (na motion) for the sun, moon to set

ya-xeex

Another way to say "the sun went down" is: yan tʼéide wooxeex OR a tʼéide wooxeex. [does not occur] yínde yaa naxíx it is setting yínde wooxeex it set tlél yínde wuxeex it didnʼt set yínde kg̱waxéex it will set tlél yínde kg̱waxeex it wonʼt set [does not occur] yínde naxíxch it sets (every time) tlél yínde unaxíxch it hasnʼt set yet [does not occur] [does not occur] yínde naxíxni if/when it sets yínde yoo yaxíxk it sets (reguarly) Yínde wuxeexí wé g̱agaan, haa káa kakg̱washg̱éet. When the sun sets, itʼs going to get dark on us. blow (esp. of strong wind) VII Note that while itʼs possible to simply say: wooxeex "it blew", the sentence sounds more natural when kʼeeljáa "wind" is included. ∅-√xeex (na motion) for the wind to blow

ya-xeex

[does not occur] (kʼeeljáa) yaa naxíx itʼs starting to blow (kʼeeljáa) wooxeex it blew (kʼeeljáa) tlél wuxeex it didnʼt blow (kʼeeljáa) gug̱axéex it will blow (kʼeeljáa) tlél gug̱axeex it wonʼt blow (kʼeeljáa) g̱axeex let it blow (kʼeeljáa) naxíxch it blows (every time) (kʼeeljáa) tlél unaxíxch it hasnʼt blown yet (kʼeeljáa) naxíxni if/when it blows (kʼeeljáa) yoo yaxíxk it blows (regularly) Whitewater Bay-xʼ kʼeeljáa yoo yaxíxk. The wind blows constantly at Whitewater Bay. xeikʼw slurp drink by sipping noisily (esp. drawing in air to cool the drink), slurp O-S-s-√xéikʼw ˟ (na act) for S to slurp, drink O by sipping noisily (esp. drawing in air to cool the drink)

si-xeikʼw

Nasxéikʼw! Slurp it! Líl isaxéikʼuḵ! Donʼt slurp it! x̱asaxéikʼw I am slurping it asxéikʼw s/he is slurping it x̱wasixéikʼw I slurped it awsixéikʼw s/he slurped it tlél x̱wasaxéikʼw I didnʼt slurp it tlél awusxéikʼw s/he didnʼt slurp it agux̱saxéikʼw s/he will slurp it tlél agux̱saxéikʼw s/he wonʼt slurp it anax̱saxéikʼw let her/him slurp it anasxéikʼwch s/he slurps it (every time) tlél oonasxéikʼwch s/he hasnʼt slurped it yet tlél aadé anax̱wsixéikʼu yé no way can s/he slurp it anax̱wsaxéikʼun s/he would have slurped it anasxéikʼwni if/when s/he slurps it yoo asixéikʼwk s/he slurps it (regularly) Saligaaw asxéikʼu. Sheʼs loud when sheʼs slurping it. Yawutʼaayéech áyá, x̱asaxéikʼw. Itʼs because it is hot I am sipping it noisily. [Story & Naish 1973: 75] Tléil isaxéikʼuḵ; i leitóox̱t g̱waaxeex. Donʼt sip it like that; you will choke! [Story & Naish 1973: 75] xeit (2) wind2 wind (knock the wind out of her/him) O-s-S-√xeit (∅ event) for S to knock the wind out of O

si-xeit

Saxét! Knock the wind out of her/him! Líl isaxétx̱iḵ! Donʼt knock the wind out of her/him! [does not occur] x̱wasixét I knocked the wind out of her/him awsixét s/he knocked the wind out of her/him tlél x̱wasaxeit I didnʼt knock the wind out of her/him tlél awusxeit s/he didnʼt knock the wind out of her/him agux̱saxéit s/he will knock the wind out of her/him tlél agux̱saxeit s/he wonʼt knock the wind out of her/him (chʼa) ax̱saxeit (just) let her/him knock the wind out of her/him oosxeitch s/he knocks the wind out of her/him (every time) tlél oosxeitch s/he hasnʼt knocked the wind out of her/him yet tlél aadé oox̱sixeidi yé no way can s/he knock the wind out of her/him oox̱saxeidín s/he would have knocked the wind out of her/him asxétni if/when s/he knocks the wind out of her/him asxétx̱ s/he knocks the wind out of her/him (regularly) Ash koolchʼéitʼaa has ash koolyádi awsixét. He knocked the wind out of him playing basketball. winded (get the wind knocked out) O-d+∅-√xeit (∅ event) for O to get the wind knocked out

di-xeit

x̱at wudixét I got the wind knocked out of me wudixét s/he got the wind knocked out of her/him gux̱daxéit s/he will get the wind knocked out of her/him tlél gux̱daxeit s/he wonʼt get the wind knocked out of her/him chʼa x̱daxeit just let the wind get knocked out of her/him udaxeitch s/he gets the wind knocked out of her/him (every time) tlél udaxeitch s/he hasnʼt gotten the wind knocked out of her/him yet tlél aadé ux̱dixeidi yé no way can s/he get the wind knocked out of her/him ux̱daxeidín s/he would have gotten the wind knocked out of her/him daxétni if/when s/he gets the wind knocked out of her/him daxétx̱ s/he gets the wind knocked out of her/him (regularly) Ax̱ díx̱ʼ káa x̱at wudzigeet; x̱at wudixét. I fell on my back; the wind got knocked out of me. Du x̱ʼulʼyá nagwátl g̱adaxeidít! Punch him in the stomach to knock the wind out of him! xook (2) dry dry it O-S-s-√xook (∅ act) for S to dry O (by any method)

si-xook

Saxúk! Dry it! Yisaxúk! You all dry it! Líl isaxoogúḵ! Donʼt dry it! Líl yisaxoogúḵ! Donʼt you all dry it! asxook s/he is drying it tlél oosxook s/he isnʼt drying it asxúk nooch s/he always dries it yaa anasxúk s/he is drying it awsixúk s/he dried it tlél awusxook s/he didnʼt dry it agux̱saxóok s/he will dry it tlél agux̱saxook s/he wonʼt dry it ax̱saxook let her/him dry it oosxookch s/he dries it (every time) tlél oosxookch s/he hasnʼt dried it yet tlél aadé oox̱sixoogu yé no way can s/he dry it oox̱saxoogún s/he would have dried it asxúkni if/when s/he dries it asxúkx̱ s/he dries it (regularly) Atx̱ʼéeshi asxook. Sheʼs drying fish. dry ∅-√xook (∅ event) for something to be dry, dried

ya-xook

Note the form yax̱ yawsixúk in one of the example sentences. This is derived from the ʼexhaustiveʼ derivational string which uses the proclitic yax̱ "to completion", the ya- thematic prefix, and the s- or l- classifier. This is a productive derivational string, meaning it can be applied to other verbs. The exhaustive derivational string is used to indicate that all or much of the object is affected. For more information see Leer 1991:100. [does not occur] yaa naxúk itʼs drying uwaxúk it dried tlél wuxook it didnʼt dry gug̱axóok it will dry tlél gug̱axook it wonʼt dry g̱axook let it dry uxúkch it dries (every time) tlél uxookch / tlél uxúkch it hasnʼt dried yet tlél aadé g̱waaxoogu yé no way can it dry g̱waxoogún it would have dried xúkni if/when it dries xúkx̱ it dries (regularly) Wé x̱áat a kajeig̱í a kát uwaxúk. The fish scales dried on it. Yaa naxúk ax̱ naa.ádi. My clothes are drying. Yax̱ yawsixúk wé tléiḵw. The berries all dried up. xoon ¹ (2) lose lose weight, slim down (as a result of trying) sh S-d+l-√xoon (g̱a event) for S to cause oneself to lose weight, slim down

sh dli-xoon

Sh g̱eelxoon! Lose weight! Sh g̱ayilxoon! You all lose weight! Líl yei sh eelxúnjiḵ! Donʼt lose weight! Líl yei sh yilxúnjiḵ! Donʼt you all lose weight! yei sh nalxún s/he is starting to lose weight sh x̱wadlixoon I lost weight sh wudlixoon s/he lost weight tlél sh x̱walxoon I didnʼt lose weight tlél sh wulxoon s/he didnʼt lose weight yei sh gug̱alxóon s/he will lose weight tlél yei sh gug̱alxoon s/he wonʼt lose weight (chʼa) sh g̱aag̱alxoon (just) let her/him lose weight sh g̱alxúnch s/he loses weight (every time) tlél sh g̱oolxúnch s/he hasnʼt lost weight yet tlél aadé sh g̱oox̱dlixooni yé no way can s/he lose weight sh g̱oog̱alxoonín s/he would have lost weight sh g̱alxúnni if/when s/he loses weight yei sh ilxúnch s/heʼs trying to lose weight ḵúdáx̱ áwé yaa inalnétl, sh g̱eelxoon! Youʼre getting too heavy, lose weight! Líl yei sh eelxúnjiḵ, k̲̲údáx̱ áwé iwshig̱áax̱ʼ! Donʼt lose weight, youʼre too skinny! Yei sh gax̱toolxóon. Weʼre going to slim. [Story & Naish 1973: 196]. lose weight, become thin O-l-√xoon (g̱a event) for O to lose weight, become thin

li-xoon

[does not occur] yei nalxún s/he is starting to lose weight x̱at wulixoon I lost weight wulixoon s/he lost weight tlél x̱at wulxoon I didnʼt lose weight tlél wulxoon s/he didnʼt lose weight yei gux̱laxóon s/he will lose weight tlél yei gux̱laxoon s/he wonʼt lose weight (chʼa) g̱aax̱laxoon (just) let her/him lose weight g̱alxúnch s/he loses weight (every time) tlél g̱oolaxúnch s/he hasnʼt lost weight yet tlél aadé g̱aax̱lixooni yé no way can s/he lose weight g̱aax̱laxoonín s/he would have lost weight g̱alxúnni if/when s/he loses weight yei laxúnch s/he loses weight (regularly) Ldakát ḵutaan áwé g̱alxúnch. He loses weight every summer. Yei x̱at nalxún. Iʼm losing weight. [Story & Naish 1973: 245] xoon ² (2) possessed possessed, have evil spirits II N tóot~ ya-d+∅-√xoon (∅ motion) for N to be possessed, have evil spirits

ḵaa tóo- + ya-di-xoon

[does not occur] ax̱ tóot yawdixún I am possessed du tóot yawdixún s/he is possessed tlél ax̱ tóot yawdaxoon Iʼm not possessed tlél du tóot yawdaxoon s/he isnʼt possessed du tóode yagux̱daxóon s/he will be possessed tlél du tóode yagux̱daxoon s/he wonʼt be possessed du tóot yax̱daxoon let her/him be possessed du tóot yoodaxoonch s/he gets possessed (every time) tlél du tóot yoodaxoonch s/he isnʼt possessed yet du tóot yadaxúnni if/when heʼs possessed du tóot yadaxúnx̱ s/he gets possessed (regularly) L ushkʼé du tóot yawdixún. He was possessed by evil. L ushkʼé du tóot yadaxúnni du ée kei akagax̱dulx̱éetlʼ. If heʼs possessed, people will be afraid of him. Yan kawtusinúk i tóot at yadaxúni. We know for sure that you have a demon. [Story & Naish 1973: 156] show faces (as entering in ceremonial dance) ya-S-d+∅-√xoon (∅ motion) for S to show face (as entering in ceremonial dance)

ya-di-xoon

Neil yaydaxún! Come in dancing and showing your faces! [does not occur] neildé yaa s yandaxún theyʼre entering dancing and showing their faces neil has yawdixún they entered dancing and showing their faces tlél neil has yawdaxoon they didnʼt enter dancing and showing their faces neildé has yagux̱daxóon they will enter dancing and showing their faces tlél neildé has yagux̱daxoon they wonʼt enter dancing and showing their faces neil has yax̱daxoon let them enter dancing and showing their faces neil has woodaxoonch they enter dancing and showing their faces (every time) tlél neil has woodaxoonch they havenʼt entered dancing and showing their faces yet tlél aadé neil has woox̱dixooni yé no way can they enter dancing and showing their faces neil has woox̱daxoonín they would have entered dancing and showing their faces neil has yadaxúnni if/when they enter dancing and showing their faces neil has yadaxúnx̱ they enter dancing and showing their faces (regularly) Eet tʼéináx̱ neil has yawdixún. From behind the room they came in dancing and showing their faces. Neildé s yandixún. They are showing their faces (and masks) as they enter dancing (one at a time). [Story & Naish 1973: 189] Naaxein tóot neil has yawdixún. They are showing their faces as they are entering in Chilkat robes. xoots ² dominate dominate (try to dominate) or trounce, attempt to overpower (like brown bear) N een sh ka-S-d+l-√xoots (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to try to dominate or trounce or attempt to overpower N (like a brown bear)

sh ka-dli-xoots

Du een sh keelxúts! Try to dominate her/him! Líl du een sh keelxútsx̱iḵ! Donʼt try to dominate her/him! [does not occur] du een yaa sh kanalxúts s/he is trying to dominate her/him du een sh kax̱wdlixúts I tried to dominate her/him du een sh kawdlixúts s/he tried to dominate her/him tlél du een sh kax̱walxoots I didnʼt try to dominate her/him tlél du een sh kawulxoots s/he didnʼt try to dominate her/him du een sh kakg̱walxóots s/he will try to dominate her/him tlél du een sh kakg̱walxoots s/he wonʼt try to dominate her/him du een sh kag̱alxúts let her/him try to dominate her/him du een sh koolxútsch s/he tries to dominate her/him (every time) tlél du een sh koolxútsch s/he hasnʼt tried to dominate her/him yet tlél aadé du een sh koox̱dlixúdzi yé no way can s/he try to dominate her/him du een sh koog̱alxúdzin s/he would have tried to dominate her/him du een sh kalxútsni if/when s/he tries to dominate her/him du een sh kalxútsx̱ s/he tries to dominate her/him (regularly) Tléináx̱ ḵáa alʼóon wugoodí xóots tóot akawlidútl, du een sh kawdlixúts. A man went hunting alone and called up a brown bear, and it tried to overpower him. ḵoon sh kawdlixúts. They (big team) were trouncing (the other team) without giving them a chance. [Story & Naish 1973: 73] xwaach soften, scrape scrape it (a hide, in order to soften it); soften it (of hide) O-S-l-√xwaach (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to soften, make O flexible; for S to scrape O (hide) to soften it

li-xwaach

Laxwách! Scrape it! Yilaxwách! You all scrape it! Líl ilaxwáchx̱iḵ! Donʼt scrape it! Líl yilaxwáchx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all scrape it! x̱alaxwácht Iʼm scraping it alxwácht s/heʼs scraping it tlél x̱walaxwácht Iʼm not scraping it tlél oolxwácht s/he isnʼt scraping it x̱walixwách I scraped it awlixwách s/he scraped it tlél x̱walaxwaach I didnʼt scrape it tlél awulxwaach s/he didnʼt scrape it kuḵalaxwáach I will scrape it agux̱laxwáach s/he will scrape it tlél kuḵalaxwaach I wonʼt scrape it tlél agux̱laxwaach s/he wonʼt scrape it ḵalaxwách let me scrape it ax̱laxwách let her/him scrape it x̱walaxwáchch I scrape it (every time) oolxwáchch s/he scrapes it (every time) tlél x̱walaxwáchch I havenʼt scraped it yet tlél oolxwáchch s/he hasnʼt scraped it yet tlél aadé ux̱lixwáji yé no way can s/he scrape it ux̱laxwájin s/he would have scraped it alxwáchni if/when s/he scrapes it alxwáchx̱ s/he scrapes it (regularly) xwei joke, bad-mouth tease, joke about (esp. particular tribal relations, such as paternal uncle); bad-mouth her/him O-S-∅-√xwéi ˟ (na act) for S to tease, joke about O (esp. particular tribal relations, such as paternal uncle); for S to bad-mouth O

ya-xwei

Líl yoo eexwéiyiḵ! Donʼt joke about her/him! axwéi s/he is joking about her/him x̱waaxwéi I joked about her/him aawaxwéi s/he joked about her/him tlél x̱waxwéi I didnʼt joke about her/him tlél awuxwéi s/he didnʼt joke about her/him akg̱waxwéi s/he will joke about her/him tlél akg̱waxwéi s/he wonʼt joke about her/him (chʼa) ang̱axwéi (just) let her/him joke about her/him anaxwéich s/he jokes about her/him every time tlél oonaxwéich s/he hasnʼt joked about her/him yet tlél aadé oong̱aaxwéiyi yé no way can s/he joke about her/him oong̱axwéiyin s/he would have joked about her/him anaxwéini if/when s/he jokes about her/him yoo ayaxwéik s/he jokes about her/him (regularly) Tléináx̱ shaawát du yátxʼi has kasiyaayí, kadéixʼ jeet yoo ayaxwéik du yátxʼi. Thereʼs this woman whose kids are crazy, she always says bad things about them out of embarrassment. Du sáni aawaxwéi. He made jokes about his paternal uncle. [Story & Naish 1973: 225] Has haa xwéi, "tlél aan yádi yee x̱oo." They teased us, "thereʼs no prince among you." [Story & Naish 1973: 225] xwein ¹ spoon, shovel shovel; spoon, dish out O-S-∅-√xwein (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to shovel O; for S to spoon, dish out O

ya-xwein

Xwén! Dish it out! Líl ixwénx̱iḵ! Donʼt dish it out! axwéin s/he is dishing it out yaa anaxwén s/he is starting to dish it out x̱waaxwén I dished it out aawaxwén s/he dished it out tlél x̱waxwein I didnʼt dish it out tlél awuxwein s/he didnʼt dish it out akg̱waxwéin s/he is going to dish it out tlél akg̱waxwein s/he isnʼt going to dish it out (chʼa) ag̱axwén (just) let her/him dish it out ooxwénch s/he dishes it out (every time) tlél ooxwénch s/he hasnʼt dished it out yet tlél aadé ag̱waaxwéni yé no way can s/he dish it out ag̱waxwénin s/he would have dished it out axwénni if/when s/he dishes it out axwénx̱ s/he dishes it out (regularly) Shagux̱latlʼéex a kaadáx̱ axwénni. If he spoons it out, heʼll make a big mess. Kʼwátlxʼ kaadé axwéin. Heʼs spooning it into the pots. [Story & Naish 1973: 205] Wé útlx̱i aawaxwén. He dished out the boiled fish stew. ḵútlʼkw x̱waaxwén. I shoveled the mud. [Story & Naish 1973: 189] xweitl (3) tired, itchy tire her/him O-S-l-√xweitl (∅ event) for S to tire O, make O tired (either physically or emotionally)

li-xweitl

Laxwétl! Make her/him tired! Yeeylaxwétl! You all make her/him tired! Líl ilaxwétlx̱iḵ! Donʼt make her/him tired! Líl yilaxwétlx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all make her/him tired! [does not occur] yaa nax̱laxwétl Iʼm making her/him tired yaa nilaxwétl youʼre making her/him tired yaa ash nalxwétl he/she/it is making her/him tired yaa ntulaxwétl weʼre making her/him tired yaa naylaxwétl you all are making her/him tired yaa (ha)s nalxwétl they are making her/him tired yaa ndulxwétl someone is making her/him tired tlél yaa unax̱laxwétl Iʼm not making her/him tired tlél yaa nilaxwétl youʼre not making her/him tired tlél yaa ash unalxwétl he/she/it isnʼt making her/him tired tlél yaa ntulaxwétl weʼre not making her/him tired tlél yaa naylaxwétl you all arenʼt making her/him tired tlél yaa (ha)s unalxwétl theyʼre not making her/him tired tlél yaa ndulxwétl nobody is making her/him tired x̱walixwétl I made her/him tired yilixwétl you made her/him tired ash wulixwétl he/she/it made her/him tired wutulixwétl we made her/him tired yeeylixwétl you all made her/him tired has ash wulixwétl they made her/him tired wududlixwétl someone made her/him tired tlél x̱walaxweitl I didnʼt make her/him tired tlél yilaxweitl you didnʼt make her/him tired tlél ash wulxweitl he/she/it didnʼt make her/him tired tlél wutulaxweitl we didnʼt make her/him tired tlél yeeylaxweitl you all didnʼt make her/him tired tlél ash has wulxweitl they didnʼt make her/him tired tlél wudulxweitl nobody made her/him tired kuḵalaxwéitl I will make her/him tired gag̱ilaxwéitl you will make her/him tired ash gux̱laxwéitl he/she/it will make her/him tired gax̱tulaxwéitl we will make her/him tired gax̱yilaxwéitl you all will make her/him tired has ash gux̱laxwéitl they will make her/him tired gax̱dulxwéitl someone will make her/him tired tlél kuḵalaxweitl I wonʼt make her/him tired tlél gag̱ilaxweitl you wonʼt make her/him tired tlél ash gux̱laxweitl he/she/it wonʼt make her/him tired tlél gax̱tulaxweitl we wonʼt make her/him tired tlél gax̱yilaxweitl you all wonʼt make her/him tired tlél has ash gux̱laxweitl they wonʼt make her/him tired tlél gax̱dulxweitl nobody will make her/him tired ḵalaxweitl let me make her/him tired ax̱laxweitl let her/him make her/him tired g̱atulaxweitl let us make her/him tired ux̱laxweitlch I make her/him tired (every time) ilaxweitlch you make her/him tired (every time) ash ulxweitlch he/she/it makes her/him tired (every time) tulaxweitlch we make her/him tired (every time) yeeylaxweitlch you all make her/him tired (every time) ash has ulxweitlch they make her/him tired (every time) dulxweitlch someone makes her/him tired (every time) tlél ux̱laxweitlch I havenʼt made her/him tired yet tlél ilaxweitlch you havenʼt made her/him tired yet tlél ash ulxweitlch he/she/it hasnʼt made her/him tired yet tlél tulaxweitlch we havenʼt made her/him tired yet tlél yeeylaxweitlch you all havenʼt made her/him tired yet tlél ash has ulxweitlch they havenʼt made her/him tired yet tlél dulxweitlch nobody has made her/him tired yet tlél aadé oox̱lixweidli yé no way can he/she/it make her/him tired oox̱laxweidlín he/she/it would have made her/him tired ash laxwétlni if/when he/she/it makes her/him tired ash laxwétlx̱ he/she/it makes her/him tired (regularly) itch, tickle ka-S-l-√xweitl (∅ event) for S to itch, tickle

ka-li-xweitl

[does not occur] yaa kanalxwétl itʼs starting to itch kawlixwétl itʼs itchy tlél kawulxweitl itʼs not itchy kagux̱laxwéitl it will be itchy tlél kagux̱laxweitl it wonʼt be itchy (chʼa) kax̱laxweitl (dé) (just) let it be itchy (now) koolxwétlch it gets itchy (every time) tlél koolxwétlch it hasnʼt gotten itchy yet tlél aadé kax̱wlixweidli yé no way can it be itchy kux̱laxweidlín it would have been itchy kalaxwétlni if/when itʼs itchy kalaxwétlx̱ it gets itchy (regularly) tired, weary O-d+∅-√xweitl (∅ event) for O to be tired, weary

di-xweitl

Idaxwétl! Be tired! Yee daxwétl! You all be tired! Líl iwdaxweidlíḵ! Donʼt be tired! Líl yee wdaxweidlíḵ! Donʼt you all be tired! [does not occur] yaa x̱at nadaxwétl Iʼm getting tired yaa indaxwétl youʼre getting tired yaa ndaxwétl s/heʼs getting tired yaa haa ndaxwétl weʼre getting tired yaa yee ndaxwétl you all are getting tired yaa (ha)s nadaxwétl they are getting tired yaa ḵundaxwétl people are getting tired tlél yaa x̱at nadaxwétl Iʼm not getting tired tlél yaa indaxwétl youʼre not getting tired tlél yaa undaxwétl s/heʼs not getting tired tlél yaa haa undaxwétl weʼre not getting tired tlél yaa yee undaxwétl you all are not getting tired tlél yaa has undaxwétl theyʼre not getting tired tlél yaa ḵundaxwétl nobody is getting tired x̱at wudixwétl Iʼm tired; I was tired iwdixwétl youʼre tired; you were tired wudixwétl s/heʼs tired; s/he was tired haa wdixwétl weʼre tired; we were tired yee wdixwétl you all are tired; you all were tired has wudixwétl theyʼre tired; they were tired ḵuwdixwétl people are tired; people were tired tlél x̱at wudaxweitl Iʼm not tired tlél iwdaxweitl youʼre not tired tlél wudaxweitl s/heʼs not tired tlél haa wdaxweitl weʼre not tired tlél yee wdaxweitl you all are not tired tlél has wudaxweitl theyʼre not tired tlél ḵuwdaxweitl nobody is tired wudaxweidlín s/he had been tired; s/he was tired (but...) tlél wudaxweidlín s/he hadnʼt been tired; s/he wasnʼt tired (at the time, but...) wé wdixweidli aa the tired one x̱at gux̱daxwéitl I will be tired igux̱daxwéitl you will be tired gux̱daxwéitl s/he will be tired haa gux̱daxwéitl we will be tired yee gux̱daxwéitl you all will be tired has gux̱daxwéitl they will be tired ḵugux̱daxwéitl people will be tired tlél x̱at gux̱daxweitl I wonʼt be tired tlél igux̱daxweitl you wonʼt be tired tlél gux̱daxweitl s/he wonʼt be tired tlél haa gux̱daxweitl we wonʼt be tired tlél yee gux̱daxweitl you all wonʼt be tired tlél has gux̱daxweitl they wonʼt be tired tlél ḵugux̱daxweitl nobody will be tired x̱at g̱adaxweitl let me be tired g̱adaxweitl let her/him be tired haa g̱adaxweitl let us be tired x̱at udaxwétlch I get tired (every time) idaxwétlch you get tired (every time) udaxwétlch s/he gets tired (every time) haa udaxwétlch we get tired (every time) yee udaxwétlch you all get tired (every time) has udaxwétlch they get tired (every time) ḵoodaxwétlch people get tired (every time) tlél x̱at udaxweitlch Iʼm not tired yet tlél idaxweitlch youʼre not tired yet tlél udaxweitlch s/heʼs not tired yet tlél haa udaxweitlch weʼre not tired yet tlél yee udaxweitlch you all arenʼt tired yet tlél has udaxweitlch they arenʼt tired yet tlél ḵoodaxweitlch nobody is tired yet tlél aadé ux̱dixweidli yé no way can s/he be tired ux̱daxweidlín s/he would have been tired daxwétlni if/when s/he gets tired daxwétlx̱ s/he gets tired (repeatedly) xʼaak (3) swim swim under water (esp. of large fish and sea mammals) II N-t~ S-∅-√xʼaak (∅ motion) for S (esp. large fish and sea mammals) to swim under water to N

ya-xʼaak

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼswim under waterʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace át/áx̱/aadé ʼthereʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. N-t (~x̱~dei) arriving at N, coming to N yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving ashore, coming to rest, to a stop, setting down N-náx̱ yan (~yax̱~yándei) moving across P, to the other side of P haat (~haax̱~haa(n)déi) coming here yóot (~yóox̱~yóodei) going away [does not occur] aadé yaa naxʼák itʼs swimming to it át uwaxʼák it swam to it tlél át wuxʼaak it didnʼt swim to it aadé kg̱waxʼáak it will swim to it tlél aadé kg̱waxʼaak it wonʼt swim to it át g̱axʼaak let it swim to it át uxʼaakch it swims to it (every time) tlél át uxʼaakch it hasnʼt swam to it yet tlél aadé át g̱waaxʼaagi yé no way can it swim to it át g̱waxʼaagín it would have swam to it át xʼákni if/when it swims to it áx̱ xʼaak it swims to it (regularly) Héen wátt uwaxʼák wé tʼási. The grayling swam to the mouth of the river. swim under water (esp. of fish or sea mammals) (plural subject) VII N-dé ka-du-∅-√xʼaak (na motion) for (plural) fish or sea mammals to swim under water to N

ka-doo-ya-xʼaak

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼswim under waterʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace aadé ʼtoward thereʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about P N-dé(i) moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of P yux̱ moving out of house P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱aa going to get P [does not occur] aadé yaa (ha)s kanduxʼák they are swimming under water there aadé (ha)s kawduwaxʼaak they swam there tlél aadé (ha)s kawduwaxʼaak they didnʼt swim there aadé (ha)s kagax̱duxʼáak they will swim there tlél aadé (ha)s kagax̱duxʼaak they wonʼt swim there aadé (ha)s kanax̱duxʼaak let them swim there aadé (ha)s kanduxʼákch they swim out there (every time) tlél aadé (ha)s kanduxʼákch they havenʼt swam there yet tlél aadé aadé (ha)s kanax̱duwaxʼaagi yé no way can they swim there aadé (ha)s kanax̱duxʼaagín they would have swam there aadé (ha)s kanduxʼákni if/when they swim there aadé yoo (ha)s kaduwaxʼákk they swim there (regularly) Yáay deikéex̱ yaa kanduxʼák. Whales are swimming way out there. [Story & Naish 1973: 220] swim under water (esp. of large fish or sea mammal) (singular subject) VII N-dé S-∅-√xʼaak (na motion) for S (esp. large fish and sea mammals) to swim under water to N

ya-xʼaak

Direction of Motion - The following are adverbial phrases that can be used with this particular conjugation of the verb ʼswim under waterʼ to specify the direction of motion. Replace aadé ʼtoward thereʼ in the paradigm below with any of the following adverbs to change the direction of motion. -- moving (along) N-t moving around, about P N-dé(i) moving toward P N-dáx̱ moving away from N N-náx̱ moving by way of P P-náḵ leaving N behind P-g̱aa going to get P [does not occur] aadé yaa naxʼák itʼs swimming there under water aadé wooxʼaak it swam there under water tlél aadé wuxʼaak it didnʼt swim there under water aadé kg̱waxʼáak it will swim there under water tlél aadé kg̱waxʼaak it wonʼt swim there under water (chʼa) aadé ng̱axʼaak (just) let it swim there aadé naxʼákch it swims there (every time) tlél aadé unaxʼákch it hasnʼt swam there yet tlél aadé ng̱waaxʼaagi yé no way can it swim there aadé ng̱waxʼaagín it would have swam there aadé naxʼákni if/when it swims there aadé yoo yaxʼákk it swims there (regularly) Íxde yaa naxʼák. It (fish) is swimming downstream. [Story & Naish 1973:220] Aadé naxʼákni wé tóosʼch gug̱wax̱áa. If it swims over there, the shark is going to eat it. xʼaaḵw (3) forget, comfortable forget N ká-t~ O-sa-∅-√xʼaaḵw (∅ event) for O to forget N

a ká- + sa-ya-xʼaaḵw

A kát isaxʼáḵw! Forget it! A kát yee saxʼáḵw! You all forget it! Líl a káx̱ iseixʼaag̱úḵ! Donʼt forget it! Líl a káx̱ yee seixʼaag̱úḵ! Donʼt you all forget it! [does not occur] a kát seiwaxʼáḵw s/he forgot tlél a kát seiwuxʼaaḵw s/he didnʼt forget a kaadé sakg̱waxʼáaḵw s/he will forget tlél a kaadé sakg̱waxʼaaḵw s/he wonʼt forget a kát sag̱axʼaaḵw let her/him forget a kát seixʼaaḵwch s/he forgets (every time) tlél a kát seixʼaaḵwch s/he hasnʼt forgotten yet tlél aadé a kát seig̱aaxʼaag̱u yé no way can s/he forget a kát seig̱axʼaag̱ún s/he would have forgotten a káx̱ saxʼaaḵw s/he forgets (regularly) a kát saxʼáḵwni if/when s/he forgets comfortable, sit or lie comfortably sh ka-S-d+sh-√xʼaaḵw (na event) for S to be comfortable, sit or lie comfortably

sh ka-ji-xʼaaḵw

Sh kaneeshxʼaaḵw! Get comfortable! Líl yoo sh keeshxʼáḵwguḵ! Donʼt get comfortable! [does not occur] yaa sh kanashxʼáḵw s/he is getting comfortable sh kax̱wjixʼaaḵw Iʼm comfortable sh kawjixʼaaḵw s/heʼs comfortable tlél sh kax̱washxʼaaḵw Iʼm not comfortable tlél sh kawushxʼaaḵw s/heʼs not comfortable sh kakg̱washxʼáaḵw s/he will be comfortable tlél sh kakg̱washxʼaaḵw s/he wonʼt be comfortable (chʼa) sh kang̱ashxʼaaḵw (just) let her/him be comfortable sh kanashxʼáḵwch s/he gets comfortable (every time) tlél sh koonashxʼáḵwch s/he isnʼt comfortable yet tlél aadé sh koonax̱jixʼaag̱u yé no way can s/he be comfortable sh koong̱ashxʼaag̱ún s/he would have been comfortable sh kanashxʼáḵwni if/when s/he is comfortable yoo sh kajixʼáḵwk s/he gets comfortable (regularly) Du yee.ádi káxʼ sh kax̱wjixʼaaḵw. Iʼm comfortable on his bed. comfortable, sit or lie comfortably yan~ sh ka-S-d+sh-√xʼaaḵw (∅ motion) for S to be comfortable, sit or lie comfortably

sh ka-ji-xʼaaḵw

Yan sh keeshxʼáḵw! Get comfortable! Líl yax̱ sh keeshxʼaag̱úḵ! Donʼt get comfortable! [does not occur] yánde yaa sh kanashxʼáḵw s/he is getting comfortable yan sh kax̱wjixʼáḵw Iʼm comfortable yan sh kawjixʼáḵw s/heʼs comfortable tlél yan sh kax̱washxʼaaḵw Iʼm not comfortable tlél yan sh kawushxʼaaḵw s/heʼs not comfortable yánde sh kakg̱washxʼáaḵw s/he will be comfortable tlél yánde sh kakg̱washxʼaaḵw s/he wonʼt be comfortable (chʼa) yan sh kag̱ashxʼaaḵw (just) let her/him be comfortable yan sh kashxʼaaḵwch s/he gets comfortable (every time) tlél yan sh kooshxʼaaḵwch s/he isnʼt comfortable yet tlél aadé yan sh koox̱jixʼaag̱u yé no way can s/he be comfortable yan sh koog̱ashxʼaag̱ún s/he would have been comfortable yan sh kashxʼáḵwni if/when s/he is comfortable yax̱ sh kajixʼaaḵw s/he tries to get comfortable Yan sh kax̱wjixʼáḵw. Iʼm sitting very comfortably, just the way I want to be. [Story & Naish 1973: 53] Yánde sh kakḵwashxʼáaḵw. Iʼm going to make myself really comfortable. [Story & Naish 1973: 53] xʼaas drip, leak drip, leak (at fairly fast rate) ka-l-√xʼáas ˟ (∅ event) for something to drip, leak (at fairly fast rate)

ka-li-xʼaas

[does not occur] kawlixʼáas itʼs leaking tlél kawulxʼáas itʼs not leaking kagux̱laxʼáas it will leak tlél kagux̱laxʼáas it wonʼt leak kax̱laxʼáas let it leak koolxʼáasch it leaks (every time) tlél koolxʼáasch it hasnʼt leaked yet tlél aadé koox̱lixʼáasi yé no way can it leak koox̱laxʼáasin it would have leaked kalaxʼáasni if/when it leaks [does not occur] xʼaat sharpen sharpen it (esp. saw, with a file) O-ya-S-∅-√xʼáat (∅ act; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to sharpen O (an edge) with a file

ya-ya-xʼaat

Yaxʼát! Sharpen it! Yayxʼát! You all sharpen it! Líl yeexʼátx̱iḵ! Donʼt sharpen it! Líl yeeyxʼátx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all sharpen it! yax̱axʼáat Iʼm sharpening it ayaxʼáat s/heʼs sharpening it [does not occur] yax̱waaxʼát I sharpened it ayaawaxʼát s/he sharpened it tlél yax̱waxʼáat I didnʼt sharpen it tlél ayawuxʼáat s/he didnʼt sharpen it yakḵwaxʼáat I will sharpen it ayakg̱waxʼáat s/he will sharpen it tlél yakḵwaxʼáat I wonʼt sharpen it tlél ayakg̱waxʼáat s/he wonʼt sharpen it yaḵaxʼát let me sharpen it ayag̱axʼát let her/him sharpen it yoox̱axʼátch I sharpen it (every time) awooxʼátch / ayooxʼátch s/he sharpens it (every time) tlél yoox̱axʼátch I havenʼt sharpened it yet tlél awooxʼátch s/he hasnʼt sharpened it yet tlél aadé ayoog̱waaxʼádi / awoog̱waaxʼádi yé no way can s/he sharpen it ayoog̱waxʼádin / awoog̱waxʼádin s/he would have sharpened it ayaxʼátni if/when s/he sharpens it ayaxʼátx̱ s/he sharpens it (regularly) xʼees swollen swollen d+∅-√xʼees (∅ event) for something to swell, be swollen locally

---

[does not occur] yaa ndaxʼís itʼs beggining to swell wudixʼís itʼs swollen tlél wudaxʼees itʼs not swollen gux̱daxʼées it will swell tlél gux̱daxʼees it wonʼt swell (chʼa) x̱daxʼees (just) let it swell udaxʼísch it swells (every time) tlél udaxʼísch it hasnʼt swollen yet tlél aadé ux̱dixʼeesi yé no way can it swell ux̱daxʼeesín it would have swollen daxʼísni if/when it swells daxʼísx̱ it swells (regularly) Du tʼeeyshú wudixʼís. His elbow is swollen. xʼeesh skin skin it, flay it (usually in preparation for food) O-S-l-√xʼeesh (na act) for S to skin, flay O

li-xʼeesh

Nalxʼeesh! Skin it! Naylaxʼeesh! You all skin it! Líl yoo ilaxʼíshgiḵ! Donʼt skin it! Líl yoo yilaxʼíshgiḵ! Donʼt you all skin it! x̱alaxʼeesh Iʼm skinning it alxʼeesh s/he is skinning it tlél x̱walaxʼeesh Iʼm not skinning it tlél oolxʼeesh s/heʼs not skinning it yaa analxʼísh s/he is starting to skin it awlixʼeesh s/he skinned it tlél awulxʼeesh s/he didnʼt skin it agux̱laxʼéesh s/he will skin it tlél agux̱laxʼeesh s/he wonʼt skin it anax̱laxʼeesh / anax̱laxʼeeshí let her/him skin it analxʼíshch s/he skins it (every time) tlél oonalxʼíshch s/he hasnʼt skinned it yet tlél aadé oonax̱lixʼeeshi yé s/he canʼt skin it oonax̱laxʼeeshín s/he would have skinned it analxʼíshni if/when s/he skins it yoo alixʼíshk s/he skins it (regularly) Chʼa hóoch anax̱laxʼeeshi kʼidéin yéi adaané. Let her skin it, she does a good job. Analxʼíshni chʼa du jeeyís wé a doogú. If she skins it, she can keep the hide. g̱uwakaan x̱alaxʼéesh. Iʼm skinning a deer. [Story & Naish 1973:194] x̱alakʼách yoo dudlixʼíshk. They have to skin porcupine. [Story & Naish 1973:194] xʼoo nail nail it on it O-ka-S-s-√xʼoo (∅ act) for S to nail O

ka-si-xʼoo

Note that the postpositional phrase át/aadé/áx̱ ʼon itʼ is not required with this verb, and therefore is not given in the Leer-Edwards theme. It is given in the forms above however, to show how the postposition changes with each mode. Without the át, one could say: akawsixʼóo ʼs/he drove nails in itʼ. Át kasaxʼú! Nail it on it! Át kaysaxʼú! You all nail it on it! Líl át keesaxʼoogúḵ! Donʼt nail it on it! Líl át kaysaxʼoogúḵ! Donʼt you all nail it on it! [does not occur] aadé yaa kanax̱saxʼwéin Iʼm nailing it on it aadé yaa akanasxʼwéin s/he is nailing it on it át kax̱wsixʼóo I nailed it on it át akawsixʼóo s/he nailed it on it tlél át kax̱wsaxʼú I didnʼt nail it on it tlél át akawusxʼú s/he didnʼt nail it on it aadé kakḵwasaxʼóo I will nail it on it aadé akagux̱saxʼóo s/he will nail it on it tlél aadé kakḵwasaxʼoo I wonʼt nail it on it tlél aadé akagux̱saxʼoo s/he wonʼt nail it on it át kaḵsaxʼoo let me nail it on it át akax̱saxʼoo let her/him nail it on it át koox̱saxʼóowch I nail it on it (every time) át akoosxʼóowch s/he nails it on it (every time) tlél át koox̱saxʼóowch I havenʼt nailed it on it yet tlél át akoosxʼóowch s/he hasnʼt nailed it on it yet tlél aadé át akux̱sixʼoowu yé no way can s/he nail it on it át akux̱saxʼoowún s/he would have nailed it on it át aksaxʼwéini if/when s/he nails it on it áx̱ aksaxʼoo s/he nails it on it (regularly) xʼwásʼḵ numb numb l-√xʼwásʼḵ ˟ (na event) for something to be numb, have no feeling

li-xʼwásʼḵ

-xʼúsʼḵ [does not occur] yaa nalxʼwásʼḵ itʼs beginning to get numb wulixʼwásʼḵ itʼs numb tlél wulxʼwásʼḵ itʼs not numb gux̱laxʼwásʼḵ it will get numb tlél gux̱laxʼwásʼḵ it wonʼt get numb (chʼa) nax̱laxʼwásʼḵ (just) let it get numb nalxʼwásʼḵch it gets numb (every time) tlél unalxʼwásʼḵch it hasnʼt gotten numb yet tlél aadé nax̱wlixʼwásʼg̱i yé no way can it get numb nax̱wlaxʼwásʼg̱in it would have gotten numb nalaxʼwásʼḵni if/when it gets numb yoo lixʼwásʼḵk it gets numb (regularly) Ax̱ x̱ʼoos wulxʼwásʼg̱i tlél aadé yaa kḵwaagoodi yé. I canʼt walk when my leg is numb. x̱aa ¹ (3) eat eat it O-S-∅-√x̱aa (∅ act) for S to eat O

ya-x̱aa

x̱á! Eat it! Yix̱á! You all eat it! Líl eex̱áaḵ! Donʼt eat it! Líl yix̱áaḵ! Donʼt you all eat it! x̱ax̱á I eat it; I am eating it ax̱á s/he eats it; s/he is eating it tlél x̱wax̱á I donʼt eat it; Iʼm not eating it tlél oox̱á s/he doesnʼt eat it; s/he isnʼt eating it yaa anax̱éin s/he is going along eating it ax̱áayin s/he used to eat it tlél oox̱áayin s/he didnʼt used to eat it x̱waax̱áa I ate it aawax̱áa s/he ate it tlél x̱wax̱á I didnʼt eat it tlél awux̱á s/he didnʼt eat it kuḵax̱áa I will eat it akg̱wax̱áa s/he will eat it tlél kuḵax̱aa I wonʼt eat it tlél akg̱wax̱aa s/he wonʼt eat it ḵax̱aa let me eat it ag̱ax̱aa let her/him eat it ax̱áa nooch s/he always eats it x̱ux̱áaych I eat it (every time) oox̱áaych s/he eats it (every time) tlél x̱ux̱áaych I havenʼt eaten it yet tlél oox̱áaych s/he hasnʼt eaten it yet tlél aadé ag̱waax̱aayi yé no way can s/he eat it ag̱wax̱aayín s/he would have eaten it ax̱éini if/when s/he eats it ax̱éix̱ s/he eats it (regularly) Yan x̱at wátni, daatg̱áa sáwé yéi ḵukḵwastée? Haa jináḵ ḵut kei shandulxíx yá toox̱áa nooch x̱áat. When I reach the peak of my age, what am I going to live on? Theyʼre killing off the salmon that we eat. eat at S-∅-√x̱aa (∅ act) for S to eat

ya-x̱aa

At x̱á! Eat! At yix̱á! You all eat! Líl at eex̱áaḵ! Donʼt eat! Líl at yix̱áaḵ! Donʼt you all eat! at x̱ax̱á I eat; I am eating at eex̱á you eat; you are eating at x̱á s/he eats; s/he is eating at toox̱á we eat; we are eating at yix̱á you all eat; you all are eating has at x̱á they eat; they are eating at dux̱á people eat; people are eating tlél at x̱wax̱á I donʼt eat; Iʼm not eating tlél at eex̱á you donʼt eat; you arenʼt eating tlél at ux̱á s/he doesnʼt eat; s/he isnʼt eating tlél at toox̱á we donʼt eat; we arenʼt eating tlél at yix̱á you all donʼt eat; you all arenʼt eating tlél has at ux̱á they donʼt eat; they arenʼt eating tlél at dux̱á people donʼt eat; people arenʼt eatingʼ yaa at nax̱éin s/he is going along eating wé at x̱a (ḵáa) the one who eats; the one who is eating at x̱áayin s/he used to eat tlél at ux̱áayin s/he didnʼt used to eat at x̱waax̱áa I ate at iyax̱áa you ate at uwax̱áa s/he ate at wutuwax̱áa we ate at yeeyx̱áa you all ate has at uwax̱áa they ate at wuduwax̱áa there was eating going on tlél at x̱wax̱á I didnʼt eat tlél at yix̱á you didnʼt eat tlél at wux̱á s/he didnʼt eat tlél wutoox̱á we didnʼt eat tlél at yeeyx̱á you all didnʼt eat tlél has at wux̱á they didnʼt eat tlél at wudux̱á nobody ate at kuḵax̱áa I will eat at gag̱eex̱áa you will eat at gug̱ax̱áa s/he will eat at gax̱toox̱áa we will eat at gax̱yix̱áa you all will eat has at gug̱ax̱áa they will eat at gax̱dux̱áa there will be eating tlél at kuḵax̱aa I wonʼt eat tlél at gag̱eex̱aa you wonʼt eat tlél at gug̱ax̱aa s/he wonʼt eat tlél at gax̱toox̱aa we wonʼt eat tlél at gax̱yix̱aa you all wonʼt eat tlél has at gug̱ax̱aa they wonʼt eat tlél at gax̱dux̱aa there will be no eating at ḵax̱aa let me eat at g̱ax̱aa let her/him eat at g̱atoox̱aa let us eat at x̱áa nuch s/he always eats at x̱ux̱áaych I eat (every time) at eex̱áaych you eat (every time) at ux̱áaych s/he eats (every time) at toox̱áaych we eat (every time) at yix̱áaych you all eat (every time) has at ux̱áaych they eat (every time) at dux̱áaych people eat (every time) tlél at x̱ux̱áaych I havenʼt eaten yet tlél at eex̱áaych you havenʼt eaten yet tlél at ux̱áaych s/he hasnʼt eaten yet tlél at toox̱áaych we havenʼt eaten yet tlél at yix̱áaych you all havenʼt eaten yet tlél has at ux̱áaych they havenʼt eaten yet tlél at dux̱áaych nobody has eaten yet tlél aadé at g̱waax̱aayi yé no way can s/he eat at g̱wax̱aayín s/he would have eaten at x̱éini if/when s/he eats at x̱éix̱ s/he eats (regularly) ` ` Coffee daak duséench donuts aan toox̱áaych. We always eat donuts with coffee brought to us. eat it up; consume it yax̱ O-ya-S-s-√x̱aa (∅ event) for S to eat up, finish, consume O (eating lots of pieces)

yax̱ ya-si-x̱aa

Yax̱ yasax̱á! Eat it all up! Yax̱ yaysax̱á! You all eat it all up! Líl yax̱ yisax̱éix̱iḵ! Donʼt eat it all up! Líl yax̱ yeeysax̱éix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all eat it all up! [does not occur] yax̱ yaa yanax̱sax̱éin I am eating it all up yax̱ yaa ayanasx̱éin s/he is eating it all up yax̱ yax̱wsix̱áa I ate it all up yax̱ ayawsix̱áa s/he ate it all up tlél yax̱ yax̱wsax̱á I didnʼt eat it all up tlél yax̱ ayawusx̱á s/he didnʼt eat it all up yax̱ yakḵwasax̱áa I will eat it all up yax̱ ayagux̱sax̱áa s/he will eat it all up tlél yax̱ yakḵwasax̱aa I wonʼt eat it all up tlél yax̱ ayagux̱sax̱aa s/he wonʼt eat it all up yax̱ yaḵasax̱aa let me eat it all up yax̱ ayax̱sax̱aa let her/him eat it all up yax̱ yoox̱sax̱áaych I eat it all up (every time) yax̱ awoosx̱áaych s/he eats it all up (every time) tlél yax̱ yoox̱sax̱áaych I havenʼt eaten it all up yet tlél yax̱ awoosx̱áaych s/he hasnʼt eaten it all up yet tlél aadé yax̱ ayax̱wsix̱aayi yé no way can s/he eat it all up yax̱ ayoox̱sax̱aayín s/he would have eaten it all up yax̱ ayasax̱éini if/when s/he eats it all up yax̱ ayasax̱éix̱ s/he eats it all up (regularly) x̱aa ² (4) paddle, transport paddle, row a-S-∅-√x̱aa (∅ act; CV́V Imp/Hort/Pot) for S to Naddle, row

a-ya-x̱aa

Ax̱áa! Row! Ayx̱áa! You all row! Líl eex̱áaḵ! Donʼt row! Líl ayx̱áaḵ! Donʼt you all row! ax̱ax̱áa I am rowing ax̱áa s/he is rowing tlél oox̱ax̱áa Iʼm not rowing tlél oox̱áa s/he isnʼt rowing ax̱áa nooch s/he always rows ax̱waax̱áa I rowed aawax̱áa s/he rowed tlél ax̱wax̱á I didnʼt row tlél awux̱á s/he didnʼt row akḵwax̱áa I will row akg̱wax̱áa s/he will row tlél akḵwax̱aa I wonʼt row tlél akg̱wax̱aa s/he wonʼt row aḵax̱áa let me row ag̱ax̱áa let her/him row [does not occur] tlél oox̱ax̱áaych I havenʼt rowed yet tlél oox̱áaych s/he hasnʼt rowed yet tlél aadé oog̱aaax̱áayi yé no way can s/he row oog̱ax̱áayin s/he would have rowed ax̱éini if/when s/he rows [does not occur] transport her/him/it VII N-t O-ya-S-∅-√x̱aa (na motion) for S to transport O around N by boat or car

ya-ya-x̱aa

Át yanax̱á! Transport her/him/it around! Át yanayx̱á! You all transport her/him/it around! Líl át yayix̱aaḵ! Donʼt transport her/him/it around! Líl át yayeeyx̱aaḵ! Donʼt you all transport her/him/it around! [does not occur] át yax̱waax̱aa I am transporting her/him/it around; I transported her/him/it around át ayaawax̱aa s/he is transporting her/him/it around; s/he transported her/him/it around tlél át yax̱wax̱aa I didnʼt transport her/him/it around tlél át ayawux̱aa s/he didnʼt transport her/him/it around át yakḵwax̱áa I will transport her/him/it around át ayakg̱wax̱áa s/he will transport her/him/it around tlél át yakḵwax̱aa I wonʼt transport her/him/it around tlél át ayakg̱wax̱aa s/he wonʼt transport her/him/it around át yanḵax̱aa let me transport her/him/it around át ayang̱ax̱aa let her/him transport her/him/it around át yanx̱ax̱éich I transport her/him/it around (every time) át ayanax̱éich s/he transports her/him/it around (every time) tlél át yanx̱wax̱éich I havenʼt transported her/him/it around yet tlél át ayoonax̱éich s/he hasnʼt transported her/him/it around yet tlél aadé át ayang̱waax̱aayi yé no way can s/he transport her/him/it around át ayang̱wax̱aayín s/he would have transported her/him/it around át ayanax̱éini if/when s/he transports her/him/it around át yoo ayax̱éik s/he transports her/him/it around (regularly) transport her/him/it II N-t~ O-ya-S-∅-√x̱aa (∅ motion) for S to transport O by boat or car to N; for S to bring, take or fetch O by boat or car to N

ya-ya-x̱aa

Át woox̱á! Transport her/him/it there! Át yayx̱á! You all transport her/him/it there! Líl át yayix̱aaḵ! Donʼt transport her/him/it there! Líl át yayeeyx̱aaḵ! Donʼt you all transport her/him/it there! [does not occur] át yax̱waax̱áa I transported her/him/it there át ayaawax̱áa s/he transported her/him/it there tlél át yax̱wax̱á I didnʼt transport her/him/it there tlél át ayawux̱á s/he didnʼt transport her/him/it there aadé yakḵwax̱áa I will transport her/him/it there aadé ayakg̱wax̱áa s/he will transport her/him/it there tlél aadé yakḵwax̱aa I wonʼt transport her/him/it there tlél aadé ayakg̱wax̱aa s/he wonʼt transport her/him/it there át yaḵax̱aa let me transport her/him/it there át ayag̱ax̱aa let her/him transport her/him/it there át yoox̱ax̱áaych I transport her/him/it there (every time) át awoox̱áaych s/he transports her/him/it there (every time) tlél át yoox̱ax̱áaych I havenʼt transported her/him/it there yet tlél át awoox̱áaych s/he hasnʼt transported her/him/it there yet tlél aadé át awoog̱aax̱aayi yé no way can s/he transport her/him/it there át awoog̱ax̱aayín s/he would have transported her/him/it there át ayax̱éini if/when s/he transports her/him/it there áx̱ ayax̱aa s/he transports her/him/it there (regularly) transport, haul it (by boat or car) O-ya-S-∅-√x̱áaxʼw ˟ (na act) for S to regularly transport, haul O by boat or car

ya-ya-x̱aa

O-ya-S-∅-x̱éixʼw (na act) Yanax̱áaxʼw! Haul it! Yanayx̱áaxʼw! You all haul it! Líl yoo yeex̱áaguḵ! Donʼt haul it! Líl yoo yayx̱áaguḵ! Donʼt you all haul it! ayax̱áaxʼw s/he hauls it; s/he is hauling it tlél awoox̱áaxʼw s/he doesnʼt haul it; s/he isnʼt hauling it yax̱waax̱áaxʼw I hauled it ayaawax̱áaxʼw s/he hauled it tlél ayawux̱áaxʼw s/he didnʼt haul it ayakg̱wax̱áaxʼw s/he will haul it tlél ayakg̱wax̱áaxʼw s/he wonʼt haul it ayang̱ax̱áaxʼw let her/him haul it ayanax̱áaxʼwch s/he hauls it (every time) tlél ayoonax̱áaxʼwch s/he hasnʼt hauled it yet tlél aadé ayoong̱aax̱áaxʼu yé no way can s/he haul it ayoong̱ax̱áaxʼun s/he would have hauled it ayanax̱áaxʼwni if/when s/he hauls it yoo ayax̱áaxʼwk s/he hauls it (regularly) ḵuyax̱áaxʼw yaakw yíkt. Heʼs transporting people by boat. x̱aach tow tow it O-S-∅-√x̱aach (na motion) for S to tow O (usually by boat)

ya-x̱aach

Nax̱aach! Tow it! Nayx̱aach! You all tow it! Líl yoo eex̱áchgiḵ! Donʼt tow it! Líl yoo yix̱áchgiḵ! Donʼt you all tow it! [does not occur] yaa nx̱ax̱ách Iʼm towing it yaa anax̱ách s/he is towing it x̱waax̱aach I towed it aawax̱aach s/he towed it tlél x̱wax̱aach I didnʼt tow it tlél awux̱aach s/he didnʼt tow it kuḵax̱áach I will tow it akg̱wax̱áach s/he will tow it tlél kuḵax̱aach I wonʼt tow it tlél akg̱wax̱aach s/he wonʼt tow it naḵax̱aach let me tow it ang̱ax̱aach let her/him tow it nax̱ax̱áchch I tow it (every time) anax̱áchch s/he tows it (every time) tlél nax̱wax̱áchch I havenʼt towed it yet tlél oonax̱áchch s/he hasnʼt towed it yet tlél aadé oong̱waax̱aaji yé no way can s/he tow it oong̱wax̱aajín s/he would have towed it anax̱áchni if/when s/he tows it yoo ayax̱áchk s/he tows it (regularly) x̱aak ² shrink shrink, be shrunken (esp. of cloth) d+∅-√x̱aak (∅ event) for something to shrink, be shrunken (esp. cloth)

di-x̱aak

[does not occur] yaa ndax̱ák itʼs shrinking wudix̱ák it shrank tlél wudax̱aak it didnʼt shrink gux̱dax̱áak it will shrink tlél gux̱dax̱aak it wonʼt shrink g̱adax̱aak let it shrink udax̱aakch it shrinks (every time) tlél udax̱aakch it hasnʼt shrunk yet tlél aadé ux̱dix̱aagi yé no way can it shrink ux̱dax̱aagín it would have shrunk dax̱ákni if/when it shrinks dax̱ákx̱ it shrinks (regularly) Kushtuyáx̱ wudax̱aagí. It doesnʼt matter if it shrinks. Dax̱ákni wáa sá kg̱isanéi? If it shrinks, what will you do with it? Kʼoodásʼ wudix̱ák. The shirt shrank. [Story & Naish 1973: 190] I xʼóowu gux̱dax̱áak. Your blanket is going to shrink. [Story & Naish 1973: 190] Dax̱ákx̱ wé lʼée. That cloth shrinks. x̱aaw hairy hairy N daa-d+s-√x̱áaw ˟ (ga state) for N to have a hairy body

daa-dzi-x̱aaw

Note that the posessive pronoun is used with this verb when talking about a person. For example: du daadzix̱áaw ʼs/he is hairyʼ; ax̱ daadzix̱áaw ʼI am hairyʼ. daadzix̱áaw it is hairy tlél daa.usx̱áaw it isnʼt hairy [does not occur] kei kg̱wasx̱áaw it will be hairy tlél kei kg̱wasx̱áaw it wonʼt be hairy kei isx̱áawch it gets hairy (regularly) x̱án (2) love love her/him/it O-S-s-√x̱án ˟ (ga state) for S to love O

si-x̱án

Gasax̱án! Love her/him/it! Gaysax̱án! You all love her/him/it! asix̱án s/he loves her/him/it tlél oosx̱án s/he doesnʼt love her/him/it asx̱án nooch s/he always loves her/him/it awsix̱án s/he loved her/him/it tlél awusx̱án s/he didnʼt love her/him/it kei agux̱sax̱án s/he will love her/him/it tlél kei agux̱sax̱án s/he wonʼt love her/him/it gax̱sax̱án let her/him love her/him/it [does not occur] tlél aadé agux̱six̱ani yé no way can s/he love her/him/it agux̱sax̱ánin s/he would have loved her/him/it aksax̱ánni if s/he loves her/him/it [does not occur] accompany, take to one, follow around N-xʼ sh S-d+l-√x̱án ˟ (ga state) for S to accompany, take (a liking) to, follow N around

A-xʼ + sh dli-x̱án

áa sh dlix̱án he/she/it is taking a liking to her/him/it áa yaa sh nalx̱án he/she/it is beginning to take a liking to her/him/it áa sh x̱wadlix̱án I took a liking to her/him/it áa sh wudlix̱án he/she/it took a liking to her/him/it tlél áa sh x̱walx̱án I didnʼt take a liking to her/him/it tlél áa sh wulx̱án he/she/it didnʼt take a liking to her/him/it áa kei sh gug̱alx̱án he/she/it is going to take a liking to her/him/it tlél áa kei gug̱alx̱án he/she/it isnʼt going to take a liking to her/him/it (chʼa) áa sh gag̱alx̱án (just) let her/him/it take a liking to her/him/it áa sh galx̱ánch he/she/it takes a liking to her/him/it (every time) tlél áa sh goolx̱ánch he/she/it hasnʼt taken a liking to her/him/it yet áa sh gug̱alx̱ánin he/she/it would have taken a liking to her/him/it áa sh galx̱ánni if/when he/she/it takes a liking to her/him/it áa kei sh ilx̱ánch he/she/it tries to take a liking to her/him/it Tlél g̱aa wushtee John hél yáa yéi wuteeyí, du ée sh gug̱alx̱ánin. Itʼs too bad John isnʼt here, he would have taken a liking to him. Ax̱ ée sh dlix̱án wé keitl. That dog really likes me / follows me around. [Story & Naish 1973: 15] Áa yaa sh nalx̱án. Heʼs beginning to go round with him / becoming friendly. [Story & Naish 1973: 15] x̱ee (2) pass pass (of 24 hours), elapse ya-∅-√x̱ee (∅ event) for 24 hours to Nass, elapse

ya-ya-x̱ee

ya-∅-x̱ei~ (∅ event) [does not occur] déix̱ yaawax̱ée two days have passed tlél déix̱ yawux̱í two days havenʼt passed déix̱ yakg̱wax̱ée two days will pass tlél déix̱ yakg̱wax̱ee two days wonʼt pass déix̱ yag̱ax̱ee let two days pass déix̱ woox̱éeych two days pass (every time) tlél déix̱ woox̱éeych two days havenʼt passed yet tlél aadé déix̱ yag̱waax̱eeyi yé no way can two days pass déix̱ yag̱wax̱eeyín two days would have passed déix̱ yax̱éeni when two days pass Déix̱ yagiyee a yáanáx̱ yaawax̱ée yá asg̱eiwú yagiyeeyí. Itʼs two days past the seine closure (it closed two days ago). Seig̱án déix̱ yagiyee yakg̱wax̱ée yá dís yát. Tomorrow will be the 2nd of this month. Yeisú tlél jinkaat a yáanáx̱ woox̱éeych ḵáaḵwt x̱at wuneiyídáx̱. Ten days havenʼt passed since my accident yet. Xʼoon sá yaawax̱ée? How many 24 hours have passed (that is, what date is it)? [Story & Naish 1973: 145] Jinkaat ḵa déix̱ yaawax̱ée yáa dís. Twelve have passed this month (it is the twelfth). [Story & Naish 1973: 145] Tlél jinkaat ḵa déix̱ yawux̱ee yáa dís. Itʼs not the 12th of the month. fast (esp. for 24 hours at a time), refrain from eating O-x̱ʼa-∅-√x̱ei (∅ event) for O to fast, refrain from eating

x̱ʼa-ya-x̱ee

O-x̱ʼa-∅-x̱ee~ (∅ event) Ix̱ʼax̱é! Fast! Yee x̱ʼax̱é! You all fast! Líl ix̱ʼeix̱éix̱iḵ! Donʼt fast! Líl yee x̱ʼeix̱éix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all fast! [does not occur] yaa x̱ʼanax̱éin s/he is fasting x̱at x̱ʼeiwax̱éi I fasted x̱ʼeiwax̱éi s/he fasted tlél x̱at x̱ʼawux̱é I didnʼt fast tlél x̱ʼawux̱é s/he didnʼt fast x̱ʼakg̱wax̱éi s/he will fast tlél x̱ʼakg̱wax̱ei s/he wonʼt fast (chʼa) x̱ʼag̱ax̱ei (dé) (just) let her/him fast (now) x̱ʼeix̱éiych s/he fasts (every time) tlél x̱ʼeix̱éiych s/he hasnʼt fasted yet tlél aadé x̱ʼag̱waax̱eiyi yé no way can s/he fast x̱ʼag̱wax̱eiyín s/he would have fasted x̱ʼax̱éini if/when s/he fasts x̱ʼax̱éix̱ s/he fasts (regularly) Daaxʼoon x̱at x̱ʼeiwax̱ée. I fasted four days. [Story & Naish 1973: 87] Alʼóon yayeedé ḵaa x̱ʼax̱éex̱. Men fasted before going out on hunting trips. [Story & Naish 1973: 87] x̱ʼax̱éini kʼidéin sh tugux̱danóok. If she fasts sheʼll feel better. x̱eech (4) club, spill, slam, throw club her/him/it; hit her/him/it on the head O-sha-S-∅-√x̱eech (∅ event) for S to club, hit O on the head

sha-ya-x̱eech

Shax̱ích! Club it! Shayx̱ích! You all club it! Líl sheex̱íchx̱iḵ! Donʼt club it! Líl shayx̱íchx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all club it! [does not occur] shax̱waax̱ích I clubbed it ashaawax̱ích s/he clubbed it tlél shax̱wax̱eech I didnʼt club it tlél ashawux̱eech s/he didnʼt club it shakḵwax̱éech I will club it ashakg̱wax̱éech s/he will club it tlél shakḵwax̱eech I wonʼt club it tlél ashakg̱wax̱eech s/he wonʼt club it shaḵax̱eech let me club it ashag̱ax̱eech let her/him club it [does not occur] tlél shoox̱ax̱eech I havenʼt clubbed it yet tlél ashoox̱eech s/he hasnʼt clubbed it yet tlél aadé ashug̱waax̱eeji yé no way can s/he club it ashug̱wax̱eejín s/he would have clubbed it ashax̱íchni if/when s/he clubs it ashax̱íchx̱ s/he clubs it (regularly) throw it to her/him/it (liquid) II N-t~ O-ka-S-∅-√x̱eech (∅ motion) for S to throw O (esp. liquid) to N

A- + ka-ya-x̱eech

Át kax̱ích! Throw it to it! Át keeyx̱ích! You all throw it to it! Líl áx̱ keex̱eejíḵ! Donʼt throw it to it! Líl áx̱ keeyx̱eejíḵ! Donʼt you all throw it to it! [does not occur] át kax̱waax̱ích I threw it to it át akaawax̱ích s/he threw it to it tlél át kax̱wax̱eech I didnʼt throw it to it tlél át akawux̱eech s/he didnʼt throw it to it aadé akakg̱wax̱éech s/he will throw it to it tlél aadé akakg̱wax̱eech s/he wonʼt throw it to it át akg̱ax̱eech let her/him throw it to it át akoox̱eechch s/he throws it to it (every time) tlél át akoox̱eechch s/he hasnʼt thrown it there yet tlél aadé át akg̱waax̱eeji yé no way can s/he throw it there át akg̱wax̱eejín s/he would have thrown it there át akax̱íchni if/when s/he throws it there áx̱ akax̱eech s/he throws it to it (regularly) Gáant akaawax̱ích wé héen. He threw the water outside. Wé héen át akawux̱eejí áa kg̱waltʼéexʼ. If he throws the water there, it will freeze there. To give the meaning ʼthrow outʼ, use: yóo-t~ ʼover thereʼ. For example: Yóot akaawax̱ích. ʼS/he threw it (liquid) out.ʼ slam it shut (door, lid) N-t~ O-shu-S-∅-√x̱eech (∅ motion) for S to slam O (door, lid) at N

A- + shu-ya-x̱eech

Át shux̱ích! Slam it shut! Líl áx̱ sheex̱eejiḵ! Donʼt slam it shut! [does not occur] át shax̱waax̱ích I slammed it shut át ashuwax̱ích s/he slammed it shut tlél át shax̱wax̱eech I didnʼt slam it shut tlél át ashuwux̱eech s/he didnʼt slam it shut aadé ashukg̱wax̱éech s/he will slam it shut tlél aadé ashukg̱wax̱eech s/he wonʼt slam it shut át ashug̱ax̱eech let her/him slam it shut át ashoox̱eechch s/he slams it shut (every time) tlél át ashoox̱eechch s/he hasnʼt slammed it shut yet tlél aadé át ashug̱waax̱eeji yé no way can s/he slam it shut át ashug̱wax̱eejín s/he would have slammed it shut át ashux̱íchni if/when s/he slams it shut áx̱ ashux̱eech s/he slams it shut (regularly) x̱ʼéit ashuwax̱ích. He slammed the door shut. [Story & Naish 1973: 194] Yáa x̱ʼaháat ax̱ yát ashuwax̱ích. He slammed the door in my face. [Story & Naish 1973: 194] spill, upset it yax̱ O-ka-S-∅-√x̱eech (∅ event) for S to spill, upset O

yax̱ ka-ya-x̱eech

[does not occur] Líl yax̱ keex̱íchx̱iḵ! Donʼt spill it! Líl yax̱ kayx̱íchx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all spill it! Yax̱ tsá keex̱éech! Be sure not to spill it! Yax̱ tsá kayx̱éech! You all be sure not to spill it! [does not occur] yax̱ kax̱waax̱ích I spilled it yax̱ akaawax̱ích s/he spilled it tlél yax̱ kax̱wax̱eech I didnʼt spill it tlél yax̱ akawux̱eech s/he didnʼt spill it yax̱ kakḵwax̱éech I will spill it yax̱ akakg̱wax̱éech s/he will spill it tlél yax̱ kakḵwax̱eech I wonʼt spill it tlél yax̱ akakg̱wax̱eech s/he wonʼt spill it yax̱ kaḵax̱eech let me spill it yax̱ akag̱ax̱eech let her/him spill it yax̱ koox̱ax̱eechch I spill it (every time) yax̱ akoox̱eechch s/he spills it (every time) tlél yax̱ koox̱ax̱eechch I havenʼt spilled it yet tlél yax̱ akoox̱eechch s/he hasnʼt spilled it yet tlél aadé yax̱ kooḵaax̱eeji yé no way can I spill it tlél aadé yax̱ akg̱waax̱eeji yé no way can s/he spill it yax̱ kooḵax̱eejín I would have spilled it yax̱ akg̱wax̱eejín s/he would have spilled it yax̱ kax̱ax̱íchni if/when I spill it yax̱ akax̱íchni if/when s/he spills it yax̱ kax̱ax̱íchx̱ I spill it (regularly) yax̱ akax̱íchx̱ s/he spills it (regularly) Kóox yax̱ akaawax̱ích. He spilled the rice. [Story & Naish 1973: 203] Sʼíxʼ ka.ádi yax̱ kax̱waax̱ích. I spilled the contents of the dish. [Story & Naish 1973: 203] x̱eelʼ slimy slimy, slippery ka-sh-√x̱éelʼ ˟ (ga state) for something to be slimy, slippery

ka-shi-x̱eelʼ

kashix̱éelʼ itʼs slimy tlél kooshx̱éelʼ itʼs not slimy kei kanashx̱éelʼ itʼs getting slimy kawshix̱éelʼ it got slimy tlél kawushx̱éelʼ it didnʼt get slimy kei kagux̱shax̱éelʼ it will be slimy tlél kei kagux̱shax̱éelʼ it wonʼt be slimy (chʼa) kagax̱shax̱éelʼ (just) let it be slimy kagashx̱éelʼch it gets slimy (every time) tlél kagooshx̱éelʼch itʼs not slimy yet tlél aadé kagoox̱shix̱éelʼi yé no way can it be slimy kagoox̱shax̱éelʼin it would have been slimy kakshax̱éelʼni if/when itʼs slimy kei kashax̱éelʼch it gets slimy (regularly) ḵúdáx̱ tlágux̱ wusitee wé has akakg̱was.ee dleey, kawshix̱éelʼ. The meat they were going to cook was too old, it got slimy. Du washká kawshix̱éelʼ du lug̱eidlí jeedáx̱. Her cheek was slimy from her snot. Kashix̱éelʼ wé táax̱ʼ. The snail is slimy. x̱een (4) fall, spill, open, end fall, drop on it (of solid, hard object) N-t~ d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion) for a hard, solid object to fall, drop

ji-x̱een

[does not occur] [does not occur] a kát wujix̱ín it fell on it tlél a kát wushx̱een it didnʼt a kaadé kg̱washx̱éen it will fall on it tlél a kaadé kg̱washx̱een it wonʼt fall on it a kát g̱ashx̱een let it fall on it a kát ushx̱eench it falls on it (every time) tlél a kát ushx̱eench it hasnʼt fallen on it yet tlél aadé a kát g̱wajix̱eeni yé no way can it fall on it a kát g̱washx̱eenín it would have fallen on it a kát ishx̱ínni if/when it falls on it a káx̱ ishx̱een it falls on it (regularly) A káa g̱washx̱eenín kʼidéin akaawadóoxʼ. It would have fallen on it, but he tied it good. open (be open, of season, show) V Note that Story & Naish (1973) document this verb theme as: x̱ʼéi-dax̱ + shu-ji-x̱een, producing the perfective form: a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shoowjix̱ín "it opened". The forms provided by the consultant to this project however include the additional thematic prefixes ya- and u-, producing the perfective form: a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuyawjix̱ín "it opened". Note that the former is an event verb, while the latter belongs to the group V motion verb set (illustrated in Edwards (2009)). N-x̱ʼéidáx̱ shu-ya-u-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion) for N (season, show, etc.) to be open

x̱ʼéi-dax̱ + shu-ji-x̱een

[does not occur] a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuyawjix̱ín it opened tlél a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuyawushx̱een it didnʼt open a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuyakg̱washx̱éen it will open tlél a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuyakg̱washx̱een it wonʼt open a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuwug̱ashx̱een let it open a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuwooshx̱ínch it opens (every time) tlél a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuwooshx̱ínch it hasnʼt opened yet tlél aadé a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuwoox̱jix̱eeni yé no way can it open a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuwoog̱ashx̱eenín it would have opened a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuwushx̱ínni if/when it opens a x̱ʼéidáx̱ yaa shushx̱ínch it opens (regularly) ḵutaan yaa shunaxíxi, alʼóon x̱ʼéidáx̱ shushx̱ínch. At the end of the summer, the hunting season opens. [Story & Naish 1973: 142] Tlél unaléi x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuwushx̱eení. It will soon be open / it isnʼt far from opening time. [Story & Naish 1973: 142] Asg̱eiwú a x̱ʼéidáx̱ shuyawjix̱ín. Seining season is open. end, close, finish (of season, show, etc.) II yan~ shu-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion) for a season, show, etc. to come to an end, close, finish

yan shu-ji-x̱een

[does not occur] yánde yaa shunashx̱ín itʼs coming to an end yan shoowjix̱ín it ended tlél yan shuwushx̱een it didnʼt end yánde shukg̱washx̱éen it will end tlél yánde shukg̱washx̱een it wonʼt end yan shug̱ashx̱een let it end yan shooshx̱eench it ends (every time) tlél yan shooshx̱eench it hasnʼt ended yet tlél aadé yan shoox̱jix̱eeni yé no way can it end yan shoog̱ashx̱eenín it would have ended yan shushx̱ínni if/when it ends yax̱ shushx̱een it ends (regularly) Táakw yánde yaa shunashx̱ín. Winter is coming to an end. [Story & Naish 1973: 79] g̱uwakaan lʼóon yan shoowjix̱ín. The deer hunting season is closed / has ended. [Story & Naish 1973: 79] spill (of liquid) III yax̱ ka-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion)

yax̱ ka-ji-x̱een

[does not occur] yax̱ kawjix̱ín it spilled tlél yax̱ kawushx̱een it didnʼt spill yax̱ kakg̱washx̱éen it will spill tlél yax̱ kakg̱washx̱een it wonʼt spill yax̱ kag̱ashx̱een let it spill yax̱ kooshx̱eench it spills (every time) tlél yax̱ kooshx̱eench it hasnʼt spilled yet tlél aadé yax̱ koox̱jix̱eeni yé no way can it spill yax̱ koog̱ashx̱eenín it would have spilled yax̱ kashx̱ínni if/when it spills yax̱ kashx̱ínch it spills (regularly) Yax̱ kawjix̱ín yáa héen. The water spilled. [Story & Naish 1973: 203] Tléil yax̱ kawushx̱een wé xʼeesháa. The bucket isnʼt spilled. [Story & Naish 1973: 203] Yax̱ kawushx̱eení kʼidéin nasné! If it spills, clean it up well. Líl át ilayeix̱íḵ wé gúxʼaa, tlákw yax̱ kooshx̱eench. Donʼt use that cup, it spills every time. x̱eet ¹ rain drizzle rain a-ka-s-√x̱eet (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for it to drizzle rain

---

[does not occur] yaa akanasx̱ít itʼs beginning to drizzle rain akawsix̱ít itʼs drizzling rain tlél akawusx̱eet itʼs not drizzling rain akagux̱sax̱éet itʼs going to drizzle rain tlél akagux̱sax̱eet itʼs not going to drizzle rain akax̱sax̱ít let it drizzle rain akoosx̱ítch it drizzles rain (every time) tlél akoosx̱ítch it hasnʼt drizzled rain yet aksax̱ítni if/when it drizzles rain aksax̱ítx̱ it drizzles rain (regularly) x̱eet ² (2) breed breed them O-S-s-√x̱eit (ga event) for S to breed O

dzi-x̱eet

O-S-s-x̱eet~ (ga event) Líl kei isax̱étjiḵ! Donʼt breed them! Líl kei yisax̱etjiḵ! Donʼt you all breed them! [does not occur] kei nax̱sax̱ét I am breeding them kei anasx̱ét s/he is breeding them asx̱ét nooch s/he always breeds them x̱wasix̱eit I bred them awsix̱eit s/he bred them tlél x̱wasax̱eit I didnʼt breed them tlél awusx̱eit s/he didnʼt breed them kei kḵwasax̱éit I will breed them kei agux̱sax̱éit s/he will breed them tlél kei kḵwasax̱eit I wonʼt breed them tlél kei agux̱sax̱eit s/he wonʼt breed them gaḵasax̱eit let me breed them agax̱sax̱eit let her/him breed them [does not occur] tlél goox̱sax̱étch I havenʼt bred them yet tlél agoosx̱étch s/he hasnʼt bred them yet tlél aadé agux̱six̱eidi yé no way can s/he breed them agux̱sax̱eidín s/he would have bred them agasx̱étni if/when s/he breeds them kei asx̱étch s/he breeds them (regularly) multiply; produce young, breed (of animals) d+s-√x̱eit (ga event) for something to multiply, increase in numbers; for animals to Nroduce young, breed

dzi-x̱eet

d-s-x̱eet~ (ga event) [does not occur] kei (ha)s nasx̱ét they are multiplying has wudzix̱eit they multiplied tlél has wusx̱eit they didnʼt multiply kei (ha)s gug̱asx̱éit they will multiply tlél kei (ha)s gug̱asx̱eit they wonʼt multiply (chʼa) gag̱asx̱eit (dé) / (chʼa) gag̱asx̱eidí (dé) (just) let them multiply (now) has gasx̱étch they multiply (every time) tlél has goosx̱étch they havenʼt multiplied yet tlél aadé has goox̱dzix̱eidi yé no way can they multiply has goog̱asx̱eidín they would have multiplied gasx̱étni if/when they multiply kei (ha)s isx̱étch they multiply (regularly) x̱ei ʰ stay, camp stay overnight; camp out overnight O-∅-√x̱ei ʰ (∅ event) for O to stay overnight, spend the night, camp out overnight

ya-x̱ee

-x̱ee~ (An) (Áa) ix̱é! Stay overnight (there)! (Áa) yee x̱é! You all stay overnight (there)! Líl (áa) ix̱éix̱iḵ! Donʼt stay overnight (there)! Líl (áa) yee x̱éix̱iḵ! Donʼt you all stay overnight (there)! [does not occur] (áa) x̱at uwax̱éi I stayed overnight (there) (áa) uwax̱éi s/he stayed overnight (there) tlél (áa) x̱at wux̱é I didnʼt stay overnight (there) tlél (áa) wux̱é s/he didnʼt stay overnight (there) (áa) x̱at gug̱wax̱éi I will stay overnight (there) (áa) gug̱wax̱éi s/he will stay overnight (there) tlél (áa) x̱at gug̱wax̱ei I wonʼt stay overnight (there) tlél (áa) kg̱wax̱ei s/he wonʼt stay overnight (there) (áa) x̱at g̱ax̱ei let me stay overnight (there) (áa) g̱ax̱ei let her/him stay overnight (there) (áa) x̱at ux̱éiych I stay overnight (there) (every time) (áa) ux̱éiych s/he stays overnight (there) (every time) tlél (áa) x̱at ux̱éiych I havenʼt stayed overnight (there) yet tlél (áa) ux̱éiych s/he hasnʼt stayed overnight yet tlél aadé (áa) x̱at g̱waax̱eiyi yé no way can I stay overnight (there) tlél aadé (áa) g̱waax̱eiyi yé no way can s/he stay overnight (there) (áa) x̱at g̱wax̱eiyín I would have stayed overnight (there) (áa) g̱wax̱eiyín s/he would have stayed overnight (there) (áa) x̱at x̱éini if/when I stay overnight (there) (áa) x̱éini if/when s/he stays overnight (there) (áa) x̱at x̱eix̱ I stay overnight (there) (regularly) (áa) x̱eix̱ s/he stays overnight (there) (regularly) x̱eiḵ awake keep her/him awake O-S-s-√x̱eiḵ (∅ event; CV́C Hort/Pot) for S to keep O awake

si-x̱eiḵ

O-S-s-x̱eeḵ~ (∅ event) Sax̱éḵ! Keep her/him awake! Yisax̱éḵ! You all keep her/him awake! Líl yisax̱eig̱íḵ! Donʼt keep her/him awake! Líl yeeysax̱eig̱íḵ! Donʼt you all keep her/him awake! [does not occur] x̱wasix̱éḵ I kept her/him awake ash wusix̱éḵ he/she/it kept her/him awake tlél x̱wasax̱eiḵ I didnʼt keep her/him awake tlél ash wusx̱eiḵ he/she/it didnʼt keep her/him awake kuḵwasax̱éiḵ I will keep her/him awake ash gux̱sax̱éiḵ he/she/it will keep her/him awake tlél kuḵwasax̱eiḵ I wonʼt keep her/him awake tlél ash gux̱sax̱eiḵ he/she/it wonʼt keep her/him awake (chʼa) ḵasax̱éḵ (just) let me keep her/him awake (chʼa) ash g̱asax̱éḵ (just) let her/him/it keep her/him awake x̱wasax̱éḵch / ux̱sax̱éḵch I keep her/him awake (every time) ash usx̱éḵch he/she/it keeps her/him awake (every time) tlél x̱wasax̱éḵch / tlél ux̱sax̱éḵch I havenʼt kept her/him awake yet tlél ash usx̱éḵch he/she/it hasnʼt kept her/him awake yet tlél aadé ḵwasix̱ég̱i yé no way can I keep her/him awake tlél aadé ash ux̱six̱ég̱i yé no way can he/she/it keep her/him awake ḵwasax̱ég̱in I would have kept her/him awake ash ux̱sax̱ég̱in he/she/it would have kept her/him awake x̱asax̱éḵni if/when I keep her/him awake ash sax̱éḵni if/when he/she/it keeps her/him awake x̱asax̱éḵx̱ I keep her/him awake (regularly) ash sax̱éḵx̱ he/she/it keeps her/him awake (regularly) x̱eisʼ wish wish strongly, make a strong wish (often bringing supernatural results) a-S-d+l-√x̱éisʼ ˟ (na act) for S to wish strongly, make a strong wish (often bringing supernatural results)

a-dli-x̱eisʼ

Yéi aneelx̱éisʼ! Wish for that! Líl yéi eelx̱éisʼiḵ! Donʼt wish for that! ax̱alx̱éisʼ Iʼm wishing alx̱éisʼ s/he is wishing tlél oox̱alx̱éisʼ Iʼm not wishing tlél oolx̱éisʼ s/he isnʼt wishing ax̱wdlix̱éisʼ I wished awdlix̱éisʼ s/he wished tlél ax̱walx̱éisʼ I didnʼt wish tlél awulx̱éisʼ s/he didnʼt wish akg̱walx̱éisʼ s/he will wish tlél akg̱walx̱éisʼ s/he wonʼt wish (chʼa) ang̱alx̱éisʼ (just) let her/him wish analx̱éisʼch s/he wishes (every time) analx̱éisʼni if/whe s/he wishes yoo adlix̱éisʼk s/he wishes (regularly) Geesh kadóotl a kaadé kwshé alx̱éisʼ. He made a strong wish that he might land on a tangle of kelp. [Story & Naish 1973: 248] Gu.aal kwshé áa yéi has wuteeyíḵ wé x̱áat, yéi ax̱alx̱éisʼ. Maybe the fish will be over there, thatʼs what Iʼm really hoping. Lax̱éitl yinaadé ax̱alx̱éisʼ. Iʼm hoping for good fortune. Gu.aal kwshé awdagaaníḵ, yéi ax̱alx̱éisʼ. Maybe it will be sunny, thatʼs what Iʼm really hoping. Yéi analx̱éisʼni, yéi kg̱watée. If she wishes for it, it will be so. x̱eitl blessed, lucky lucky, blessed O-l-√x̱éitl ˟ (ga state) for O to be blessed, be lucky

li-x̱eitl

[does not occur] lix̱éitl s/heʼs lucky tlél ushx̱éitl s/heʼs not lucky wulix̱éitl s/he got lucky tlél wulx̱éitl s/he didnʼt get lucky kei gux̱lax̱éitl s/he will get lucky tlél kei gux̱lax̱éitl s/he wonʼt get lucky gax̱lax̱éitl let her/him get lucky galx̱éitlch s/he gets lucky (every time) tlél goolx̱éitlch s/he hasnʼt gotten lucky yet tlél aadé gux̱lix̱éidli yé no way can s/he get lucky gux̱lax̱éidlin s/he would have gotten lucky galax̱éitlni if/when s/he gets lucky kei lax̱éitlch s/he gets lucky (regularly) x̱eitlʼ afraid, fear afraid of it, fear it N-xʼ a-ka-u-S-d+l-√x̱éitlʼ ˟ (ga state) for S to be afraid of, fear N

A-xʼ + a-ka-dli-x̱éetlʼ

-x̱éetlʼ (An) Áa kageelx̱éitlʼ Be afraid of it! Áa kageeyilx̱éitlʼ! You all be afraid of it! Líl áa akeelx̱éitlʼiḵ! Donʼt be afraid of it! Líl áa akayilx̱éitlʼiḵ! Donʼt you all be afraid of it! áa akux̱dlix̱éitlʼ Iʼm afraid of it áa akwdlix̱éitlʼ s/he is afraid of it tlél áa akoox̱alx̱éitlʼ Iʼm not afraid of it tlél áa akoolx̱éitlʼ s/he isnʼt afraid of it áa akoolx̱éitlʼ nooch s/heʼs always afraid of it áa akux̱wdlix̱éitlʼ I was afraid of it áa akawdlix̱éitlʼ s/he was afraid of it tlél áa akx̱walx̱éitlʼ I wasnʼt afraid of it tlél áa akawulx̱éitlʼ s/he wasnʼt afraid of it áa kei akakg̱walx̱éitlʼ s/he will be afraid of it tlél áa kei akakg̱walx̱éitlʼ s/he wonʼt be afraid of it [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] áa akakg̱walx̱éidlin s/he would have been afraid of it áa akagoolx̱éitlʼni if s/heʼs afraid of it [does not occur] Sh ḵʼuḵwalyeilín, du éexʼ ḵu.aa akux̱dlix̱éitlʼ. I would have lied but Iʼm afraid of him. x̱éitlʼshan scary, dangerous scary; dangerous O-ka-u-l-√x̱éitlʼshán ˟ (ga state) for O to be scary, dangerous

ka-li-x̱éitlʼshan

O-ka-u-l-x̱éetlʼshán (ga state) kulix̱éitlʼshán itʼs scary tlél koolx̱éitlʼshán it isnʼt scary kei kunalx̱éitlʼshán itʼs getting scary kulax̱éitlʼshán nooch itʼs always scary kawlix̱éitlʼshán it was scary tlél kawulx̱éitlʼshán it wasnʼt scary kei kagux̱lax̱éitlʼshán it will be scary tlél kei kagux̱lax̱éitlʼshán it wonʼt be scary [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] kagoox̱lax̱éitlʼshánin it would have been scary akagoolx̱éitlʼshánni if/when itʼs scary kei klax̱éitlʼshánch it gets to be scary (regularly) x̱eixʼw (2) bed put them to bed (plural) O-S-s-√x̱éixʼw (na event) for S to Nut (plural) O to bed

si-x̱eixʼw

Nasx̱éixʼw! Put them to bed! Naysax̱éixʼw! You all put them to bed! Líl yoo isax̱éxʼwguḵ! Donʼt put them to bed! Líl yoo yisax̱éxʼwguḵ! Donʼt you all put them to bed! [does not occur] x̱wasix̱éixʼw I put them to bed awsix̱éixʼw s/he put them to bed tlél x̱wasax̱éixʼw I didnʼt put them to bed tlél awusx̱éixʼw s/he didnʼt put them to bed agux̱sax̱éixʼw s/he will put them to bed tlél agux̱sax̱éixʼw s/he wonʼt put them to bed anax̱sax̱éixʼw let her/him put them to bed anasx̱éxʼwch s/he puts them to bed (every time) tlél oonasx̱éxʼwch s/he hasnʼt put them to bed yet tlél aadé oonax̱six̱éixʼu yé no way can s/he put them to bed oonax̱sax̱éixʼun s/he would have put them to bed anasx̱éxʼwni if/when s/he puts them to bed yoo asix̱éxʼwk s/he tries to Nut them to bed Síkʼ, i yátxʼi nasx̱éixʼw! Daughter, put your children to bed! [Story & Naish 1973: 27] sleep (plural subjects) S-∅-√x̱éixʼw (na act) for (plural) S to sleep, sleep in company with others, go to bed

ya-x̱eixʼw

Nayx̱éixʼw! You all go to bed! [does not occur] has x̱éxʼw theyʼre sleeping tlél has ux̱éxʼw theyʼre not sleeping has woox̱éixʼw they slept tlél has wux̱éixʼw they didnʼt sleep has gug̱ax̱éixʼw they will go to sleep tlél has gug̱ax̱éixʼw they wonʼt go to sleep has nag̱ax̱éixʼw let them sleep has nax̱éxʼwch they sleep (every time) tlél has unax̱éxʼwch they havenʼt slept yet tlél aadé has ung̱waax̱éixʼwi yé no way can they sleep has ung̱wax̱éixʼwun they would have slept has nax̱éxʼwni if/when they sleep has x̱éxʼwx̱ they sleep (regularly) x̱ootʼ ¹ (3) drag, pull, fish drag her/him; pull her/him VII N-dé O-S-∅-√x̱óotʼ (na motion) for S to drag, pull O (esp. person) to N; for S to pull O in quick movements to N

ya-x̱ootʼ

Aadé nax̱óotʼ! Drag her/him/it there! Aadé nayx̱óotʼ! You all drag her/him/it there! Líl aadé yoo eex̱útʼgiḵ! Donʼt drag her/him/it there! Líl aadé yoo yix̱útʼgiḵ! Donʼt you all drag her/him/it there! [does not occur] aadé yaa nx̱ax̱útʼ I am dragging her/him/it there aadé yaa anax̱útʼ he/she/it is dragging her/him/it there aadé x̱waax̱óotʼ I dragged her/him/it there aadé aawax̱óotʼ he/she/it dragged her/him/it there tlél aadé x̱wax̱óotʼ I didnʼt drag her/him/it there tlél aadé awux̱óotʼ s/he didnʼt drag her/him/it there aadé kḵwax̱óotʼ I will drag her/him/it there aadé akg̱wax̱óotʼ he/she/it will drag her/him/it there tlél aadé kḵwax̱óotʼ I wonʼt drag her/him/it there tlél aadé akg̱wax̱óotʼ s/he wonʼt drag her/him/it there aadé nḵax̱óotʼ let me drag her/him/it there aadé ang̱ax̱óotʼ let her/him drag her/him/it there aadé nx̱ax̱útʼch I drag her/him/it there (every time) aadé anax̱útʼch he/she/it drags her/him/it there (every time) tlél aadé nx̱wax̱útʼch I havenʼt dragged her/him/it there yet tlél aadé oonax̱útʼch s/he hasnʼt dragged her/him/it there yet tlél aadé aadé oong̱aax̱óotʼi yé no way can s/he drag her/him/it there aadé oong̱ax̱óotʼin s/he would have dragged her/him/it there aadé anax̱útʼni if/when s/he drags her/him/it there aadé yoo ayax̱útʼk he/she/it drags her/him/it there (regularly) drag, pull it there; haul, transport it there (by motor power) N-dé O-S-s-√x̱óotʼ (na motion) for S to drag, pull O to N; for S to haul, transport O (by motor power) to N

N-dé si-x̱ootʼ

Aadé nasx̱óotʼ! Drag it there! Aadé naysax̱óotʼ! You all drag it there! Líl aadé yoo isax̱útʼgiḵ! Donʼt drag it there! Líl aadé yoo yisax̱útʼgiḵ! Donʼt you all drag it there! [does not occur] aadé yaa nax̱sax̱útʼ Iʼm dragging it there aadé yaa anasx̱útʼ s/he is dragging it there aadé x̱wsix̱óotʼ I dragged it there aadé awsix̱óotʼ s/he dragged it there tlél aadé x̱wsax̱óotʼ I didnʼt drag it there tlél aadé awusx̱óotʼ s/he didnʼt drag it there aadé kḵwasax̱óotʼ I will drag it there aadé agux̱sax̱óotʼ s/he will drag it there tlél aadé kḵwasax̱óotʼ I wonʼt drag it there tlél aadé agux̱sax̱óotʼ s/he wonʼt drag it there aadé naḵasax̱óotʼ let me drag it there aadé anax̱sax̱óotʼ let her/him drag it there aadé nax̱sax̱útʼch I drag it there (every time) aadé anasx̱útʼch s/he drags it there (every time) tlél aadé unax̱sax̱útʼch I havenʼt dragged it there yet tlél aadé oonasx̱útʼch s/he hasnʼt dragged it there yet tlél aadé unḵasix̱óotʼi yé no way can I drag it there tlél aadé unax̱six̱óotʼi yé no way can s/he drag it there aadé unḵasax̱óotʼin I would have drug it there aadé unax̱sax̱óotʼin s/he would have dragged it there aadé nax̱sax̱útʼni if/when I drag it there aadé anasx̱útʼni if/when s/he drags it there aadé yoo x̱asix̱útʼk I drag it there (regularly) aadé yoo asix̱útʼk s/he drags it there (regularly) sportfish, cast sha-S-d+l-x̱óotʼ ˟ (na act) for S to fish with rod, sportfish, cast

sha-dli-x̱ootʼ

Shaneelx̱óotʼ! Sportfish! Shanayilx̱óotʼ! You all sportfish! Líl sheelx̱óotʼiḵ! Donʼt sportfish! Líl shayilx̱óotʼiḵ! Donʼt you all sportfish! shax̱alx̱óotʼ Iʼm sportfishing shalx̱óotʼ s/heʼs sportfishing tlél shax̱walx̱óotʼ Iʼm not sportfishing tlél shoolx̱óotʼ s/heʼs not sportfishing shalx̱óotʼ nooch s/he always sportfishes shax̱wdlix̱óotʼ I sportfished shawdlix̱óotʼ s/he sportfished tlél shax̱walx̱óotʼ I didnʼt sportfish tlél shawulx̱óotʼ s/he didnʼt sportfish shakḵwalx̱óotʼ I will sportfish shakg̱walx̱óotʼ s/he will sportfish tlél shakḵwalx̱óotʼ I wonʼt sportfish tlél shakg̱walx̱óotʼ s/he wonʼt sportfish shanḵalx̱óotʼ let me sportfish shang̱alx̱óotʼ let her/him sportfish shanx̱alx̱óotʼch I sportfish (every time) shanalx̱óotʼch s/he sportfishes (every time) tlél shunx̱alx̱óotʼch I havenʼt sportfished yet tlél shunalx̱óotʼch s/he hasnʼt sportfished yet tlél aadé shunax̱dlix̱óotʼi yé no way can s/he sportfish shang̱walx̱óotʼin s/he would have sportfished shanalx̱óotʼni if/when s/he sportfishes yoo shadlix̱útʼk s/he sportfishes (regularly) x̱ootʼ ² (2) chip chip it out Although Story & Naish (1973) give as one translation of this verb "chop wood", all of the speakers consulted for this project translate this verb as "chip out (with adze)", and use: aklax̱útʼ for "s/he is chopping wood". O-S-∅-√x̱óotʼ (∅ act) for S to chop O (wood); for S to chip O out (with adze)

ya-x̱ootʼ

x̱útʼ! Chip it out! Yix̱útʼ! Donʼt you all chip it out! Líl eex̱útʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt chip it out! Líl yix̱útʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all chip it out! ax̱óotʼ s/he is chipping it out tlél oox̱óotʼ s/he isnʼt chipping it out kei anax̱útʼ s/he is starting to chip it out ax̱útʼx̱ nuch s/he always chips it out x̱waax̱útʼ I chipped it out aawax̱útʼ s/he chipped it out tlél x̱wax̱óotʼ I didnʼt chip it out tlél awux̱óotʼ s/he didnʼt chip it out akg̱wax̱óotʼ s/he will chip it out tlél akg̱wax̱óotʼ s/he wonʼt chip it out ag̱ax̱útʼ let her/him chip it out oox̱útʼch s/he chips it out (every time) tlél oox̱útʼch s/he hasnʼt chipped it out yet tlél aadé oog̱aax̱útʼi yé no way can s/he chip it out oog̱ax̱útʼin s/he would have chipped it out ax̱útʼni if/when s/he chips it out ax̱útʼch s/he chips it out (regularly) At kaayí aawax̱útʼ. He chopped a cord of wood. [Story & Naish 1973: 47] x̱útʼaa átx̱ alyéix̱ kei anax̱útʼi yé. He uses an adze to chip it out (when building a canoe). chop it up; split it (wood) O-ka-S-l-√x̱óotʼ (g̱a act) for S to chop up O; for S to split O (wood)

ka-li-x̱ootʼ

Kax̱lax̱óotʼ! Chop it! Kag̱aylax̱óotʼ You all chop it! Líl yei keelax̱útʼjiḵ! Donʼt chop it! Líl yei kaylax̱útʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all chop it! aklax̱útʼt s/heʼs chopping it [does not occur] akawlix̱óotʼ s/he chopped it tlél akawulx̱óotʼ s/he didnʼt chop it yei akagux̱lax̱óotʼ s/he will chop it tlél yei akagux̱lax̱óotʼ s/he wonʼt chop it akag̱aax̱lax̱óotʼ let her/him chop it akax̱lax̱óotʼch s/he chops it (every time) tlél akoox̱lax̱óotʼch s/he hasnʼt chopped it yet tlél aadé akoog̱aax̱lix̱óotʼi yé no way can s/he chop it akoog̱aax̱lax̱óotʼin s/he would have chopped it akag̱alx̱útʼni if/when s/he chops it yei aklax̱óotʼch s/he chops it (regularly) x̱oox̱ (2) call, summon call her/him; summon her/him O-S-∅-√x̱oox̱ ˟ (g̱a act) for S to call, summon O

ya-x̱oox̱

g̱ax̱oox̱! Call her/him! g̱ayx̱oox̱! You all call her/him! Líl yei eex̱úx̱jiḵ! Donʼt call her/him! Líl yei yix̱úx̱jiḵ! Donʼt you all call her/him! x̱ax̱oox̱ Iʼm calling her/him ax̱oox̱ s/he is calling her/him tlél x̱wax̱oox̱ Iʼm not calling her/him tlél oox̱oox̱ s/he isnʼt calling her/him x̱waax̱oox̱ I called her/him aawax̱oox̱ s/he called her/him tlél x̱wax̱oox̱ I didnʼt call her/him tlél awux̱oox̱ s/he didnʼt call her/him yei kḵwax̱oox̱ I will call her/him yei akg̱wax̱oox̱ s/he will call her/him tlél yei kḵwax̱oox̱ I wonʼt call her/him tlél yei akg̱wax̱oox̱ s/he wonʼt call her/him ḵaaḵax̱oox̱ let me call her/him ag̱aag̱ax̱oox̱ let her/him call her/him ḵax̱oox̱ch I call her/him (every time) ag̱ax̱oox̱ch s/he calls her/him (every time) tlél ḵwax̱oox̱ch I havenʼt called her/him yet tlél oog̱ax̱oox̱ch s/he hasnʼt called her/him yet tlél aadé ag̱aag̱waax̱oox̱u yé no way can s/he call her/him ag̱aag̱wax̱oox̱ún s/he would have called her/him ag̱ax̱oox̱ní if/when s/he calls her/him yei ax̱oox̱ch s/he calls her/him (regularly) ask for it (N éedáx̱) O-ka-S-l-√x̱óox̱ ˟ (na event) for S to ask for O (from N)

ka-li-x̱oox̱

Kanalx̱óox̱! Ask for it! Líl yoo keelax̱óox̱guḵ! Donʼt ask for it! [does not occur] kax̱wlix̱óox̱ I asked for it akawlix̱óox̱ s/he asked for it tlél kax̱wlax̱óox̱ I didnʼt ask for it tlél akawulx̱óox̱ s/he didnʼt ask for it akagux̱lax̱óox̱ s/he will ask for it tlél akagux̱lax̱óox̱ s/he wonʼt ask for it (chʼa) akanax̱lax̱óox̱ let her/him ask for it akanalx̱óox̱ch s/he asks for it (every time) tlél akoonalx̱óox̱ch s/he hasnʼt asked for it yet tlél aadé akoonax̱lix̱óox̱u yé no way can s/he ask for it akoonax̱lax̱óox̱un s/he would have asked for it akanalx̱óox̱ni if/when s/he asks for it yoo aklix̱óox̱k s/he asks for it (regularly) Dáanaa du éetx̱ akawlix̱óox̱. She asked him for money. Wé kaylix̱óox̱u át du éetx̱ kanalx̱óox̱. The thing yourʼe asking for, ask him for it. Wé i tuwáa sigóowu át kanalx̱óox̱. Ask for the thing you want. I éedáx̱ kaawahéesʼi kinaa.át, du éedáx̱ kanlx̱óox̱! Ask him for that coat he borrowed from you. x̱ʼaalʼ ¹ cook, dip cook herring eggs by dipping briefly in boiling water and oil O-ka-S-sh-√x̱ʼáalʼ (∅ event; CV́Cʼ Hort/Pot) for S to cook O (herring eggs) by dipping in boiling water and oil

ka-shi-x̱ʼaalʼ

Keeshx̱ʼálʼ (dé)! Cook the herring eggs (now)! Kayishx̱ʼálʼ (dé)! You all cook the herring eggs (now)! Líl keeshx̱ʼálʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt cook the herring eggs! Líl kayishx̱ʼálʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all cook the herring eggs! [does not occur] kax̱wshix̱ʼálʼ I cooked the herring eggs akawshix̱ʼálʼ s/he cooked the herring eggs tlél kax̱washx̱ʼáalʼ I didnʼt cook the herring eggs tlél akawushx̱ʼáalʼ s/he didnʼt cook the herring eggs kakḵwashx̱ʼáalʼ I will cook the herring eggs akakg̱washx̱ʼáalʼ s/he will cook the herring eggs tlél kakḵwashx̱ʼáalʼ I wonʼt cook the herring eggs tlél akakg̱washx̱ʼáalʼ s/he wonʼt cook the herring eggs kaḵashax̱ʼálʼ let me cook the herring eggs akax̱shax̱ʼálʼ let her/him cook the herring eggs koox̱shax̱ʼáalʼch I cook the herring eggs (every time) akooshx̱ʼáalʼch s/he cooks the herring eggs (every time) tlél koox̱shax̱ʼáalʼch I havenʼt cooked the herring eggs yet tlél akooshx̱ʼáalʼch s/he hasnʼt cooked the herring eggs yet tlél aadé kooḵajix̱ʼálʼi yé no way can I cook the herring eggs tlél aadé akoox̱jix̱ʼálʼi yé no way can s/he cook the herring eggs kooḵashax̱ʼálʼin I would have cooked the herring eggs akoox̱ashx̱ʼálʼin s/he would have cooked the herring eggs kax̱shax̱ʼálʼni if/when I cook the herring eggs akashx̱ʼálʼni if/when s/he cooks the herring eggs kax̱shax̱ʼálʼx̱ I cook the herring eggs (regularly) akashax̱ʼálʼx̱ s/he cooks the herring eggs (regularly) Héen oostʼáaych aag̱áa áwé g̱áaxʼw táak kadushx̱ʼálʼx̱. She heats the water, then the herring eggs are dipped in. x̱ʼaan dry, smoke dry fish, meat at S-∅-√x̱ʼaan (∅ act) for S to dry (fish, meat) over fire, smoke lightly

ya-x̱ʼaan

At x̱ʼán! Dry fish! At yix̱ʼán! You all dry fish! Líl at eex̱ʼaaníḵ! Donʼt dry fish! Líl at yix̱ʼaaníḵ! Donʼt you all dry fish! at x̱ʼáan s/he is drying fish; s/he dries fish tlél at oox̱ʼaan s/he doesnʼt dry fish at uwax̱ʼán s/he dried fish tlél at wux̱ʼaan s/he didnʼt dry fish at gug̱ax̱ʼáan s/he will dry fish tlél at gug̱ax̱ʼaan s/he wonʼt dry fish at g̱ax̱ʼaan let her/him dry fish at ux̱ʼánch s/he dries fish (every time) tlél at ux̱ʼaanch / tlél at ux̱ʼánch s/he hasnʼt dried fish yet tlél aadé at g̱waax̱ʼaani yé no way can s/he dry fish at g̱wax̱ʼaanín s/he would have dried fish at x̱ʼánni if/when s/he dries fish at x̱ʼánx̱ s/he dries fish (regularly) x̱ʼaatʼ unripe, green unripe; green and hard (of berries) ka-d+l-x̱ʼátʼ ˟ (state) for berries to be unripe, green and hard

ka-dli-x̱ʼaatʼ

This verb only occurs in the imperfective. kadlix̱ʼátʼ theyʼre green (unripe) [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] [does not occur] x̱ʼeelʼ (5) slide, slip slide, slip around N-t O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (na motion) for O to slip, slide around at N

shi-x̱ʼeelʼ

[does not occur] [does not occur] át x̱at wushix̱ʼéelʼ I am sliding around; I slid around át wushix̱ʼéelʼ he/she/it is sliding around; he/she/it slid around tlél át x̱at wushx̱ʼéelʼ Iʼm not sliding around; I didnʼt slide around tlél át wushx̱ʼéelʼ he/she/it isnʼt sliding around; he/she/it didnʼt slide around át x̱at gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ I will slide around át gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ he/she/it will slide around tlél át x̱at gux̱shax̱ʼeelʼ I wonʼt slide around tlél át gux̱shax̱ʼeelʼ he/she/it wonʼt slide around át x̱at nax̱shax̱ʼéelʼ let me slide around át nax̱shax̱ʼéelʼ let her/him/it slide around át x̱at nashx̱ʼílʼch I slide around (every time) át nashx̱ʼílʼch he/she/it slides around (every time) [does not occur] tlél aadé át nax̱wshix̱ʼéelʼi yé no way can he/she/it slide around át nax̱wshax̱ʼéelʼin he/she/it would have slid around át nashx̱ʼílʼni if/when he/she/it slides around át yoo shix̱ʼílʼk he/she/it slides around (regularly) slip, slide II N-t~ O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼP-xʼ (∅ motion) for O to slip, slide to N

shi-x̱ʼeelʼ

Át ishax̱ʼílʼ! Slide there! Át yee shax̱ʼílʼ! You all slide there! Líl áx̱ eeshx̱ʼéelʼiḵ! Donʼt slide there! Líl áx̱ yee ushx̱ʼéelʼiḵ! Donʼt you all slide there! [does not occur] aadé yaa nashx̱ʼílʼ he/she/it is sliding there át x̱at wushix̱ʼílʼ I slid there át wushix̱ʼílʼ he/she/it slid there tlél át x̱at wushx̱ʼéelʼ I didnʼt slide there tlél át wushx̱ʼéelʼ he/she/it didnʼt slide there aadé gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ he/she/it will slide there tlél aadé gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ he/she/it wonʼt slide there át g̱ashax̱ʼéelʼ let her/him/it slide there át ushx̱ʼéelʼch he/she/it slides there (every time) tlél át ushx̱ʼéelʼch he/she/it hasnʼt slid there yet tlél aadé át ux̱shix̱ʼéelʼi yé no way can he/she/it slide there át ux̱shax̱ʼéelʼin he/she/it would have slid there át shax̱ʼílʼni if/when he/she/it slides there áx̱ shax̱ʼéelʼ he/she/it slides there (regularly) Héent wushix̱ʼílʼ. He slipped into the water. slippery ka-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼP-xʼ (∅ state) for something to be slippery (oil, ice, wet rocks, etc.)

ka-shi-x̱ʼeelʼ

kashix̱ʼílʼk itʼs slippery tlél kooshx̱ʼílʼk itʼs not slippery kawshix̱ʼílʼ it was slippery tlél kawushx̱ʼéelʼ it wasnʼt slippery kagux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ it will be slippery tlél kagux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ it wonʼt be slippery kax̱shax̱ʼéelʼ let it be slippery kooshx̱ʼílʼch it gets slippery (every time) tlél kooshx̱ʼílʼch it hasnʼt gotten slippery yet tlél aadé koox̱shixʼéelʼi yé no way can it be slippery koox̱shax̱ʼéelʼin it would have been slippery kashax̱ʼílʼni if/when itʼs slippery kashax̱ʼílʼx̱ it gets slippery (regularly) Kashax̱ʼílʼni lʼéiw áa yéi kḵwa.oo. If itʼs slippery, Iʼll put sand there. slip, slide O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ ˟ (g̱a event) for O to slip, slide

shi-x̱ʼeelʼ

[does not occur] yei nashx̱ʼílʼ s/he is slipping x̱at wushix̱ʼéelʼ I slipped wushix̱ʼéelʼ s/he slipped tlél wushx̱ʼéelʼ s/he didnʼt slip yei gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ s/he will slip tlél yei gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ s/he wonʼt slip g̱aag̱ashx̱ʼéelʼ let her/him slip g̱ashx̱ʼéelʼch s/he slips (every time) tlél g̱washx̱ʼéelʼch s/he hasnʼt slipped yet tlél aadé g̱washix̱ʼéelʼi yé no way can s/he slip g̱washax̱ʼéelʼin s/he would have slipped g̱ashx̱ʼéelʼni if/when s/he slips yei ishx̱ʼéelʼch s/he slips (regularly) Note a couple of common metaphorical uses of this verb. Wushix̱ʼéelʼ can be used to mean ʼS/he fell off the wagonʼ (as in started drinking again). Another common expression is: Átkʼ aheení wushix̱éelʼ which means ʼs/he stopped believing, lost faithʼ. slip and fall down I yáanáx̱ yei O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (∅ motion) for O to slip and fall down

shi-x̱ʼeelʼ

Líl yáanáx̱ yei eeshx̱ʼílʼjiḵ! Donʼt slip and fall down! Líl yáanáx̱ yei yee ishx̱ʼílʼjiḵ! Donʼt you all slip and fall down! [does not occur] yáanáx̱ yei x̱at wushix̱ʼílʼ I slipped and fell down yáanáx̱ yei wshix̱ʼílʼ s/he slipped and fell down tlél yáanáx̱ yei wushx̱ʼéelʼ s/he didnʼt slip and fall down yáanáx̱ yei gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ s/he will slip and fall down tlél yáanáx̱ yei gux̱shax̱ʼéelʼ s/he wonʼt slip and fall down yáanáx̱ yei x̱shax̱ʼéelʼ let her/him slip and fall down yáanáx̱ yei ushx̱ʼéelʼch s/he slips and falls down (every time) tlél yáanáxh yei ushx̱ʼéelʼch s/he hasnʼt slipped and fallen down yet tlél aadé yáanáx̱ yei ux̱shix̱ʼéelʼi yé no way can s/he slip and fall down yáanáx̱ yei ux̱shax̱ʼéelʼin s/he would have slipped and fallen down yáanáx yei shax̱ʼílʼni if/when s/he slips and falls down yáanáx̱ yei shax̱ʼílʼch s/he slips and falls down (regularly) x̱ʼeexʼ stuck, squeezed stuck there; squeezed there N-x̱ O-ka-l-√x̱ʼéexʼ (na motion) for O to get stuck, be squeezed at N

A-x̱ + ka-li-x̱ʼeexʼ

Note that this verb gives a literal reading only. It would be used to indicate that someone is stuck in a tight space, but not in the non-literal sense used in phrases such as "stuck at home" or "stuck there (due to weather)", etc. Líl áx̱ ikawulx̱ʼéexʼiḵ! Donʼt get stuck there! Líl áx̱ yee kawulx̱ʼéexʼiḵ! Donʼt you all get stuck there! [does not occur] áx̱ x̱at kawlix̱ʼéexʼ I am stuck there áx̱ kawlix̱ʼéexʼ he/she/it is stuck there tlél áx̱ x̱at kawulx̱ʼéexʼ Iʼm not stuck there tlél áx̱ kawulx̱ʼéexʼ he/she/it isnʼt stuck there áx̱ x̱at kagux̱lax̱ʼéexʼ I will get stuck there áx̱ kagux̱lax̱ʼéexʼ he/she/it will get stuck there tlél áx̱ x̱at kagux̱lax̱ʼéexʼ I wonʼt get stuck there tlél áx̱ kagux̱lax̱ʼéexʼ he/she/it wonʼt get stuck there áx̱ x̱at kanax̱lax̱ʼéexʼ let me get stuck there áx̱ kanax̱lax̱ʼéexʼ let her/him/it get stuck there áx̱ x̱at kanalx̱ʼíxʼch I get stuck there (every time) áx̱ kanalx̱ʼíxʼch he/she/it gets stuck there (every time) tlél áx̱ x̱at koonalx̱ʼíxʼch I havenʼt gotten stuck there yet tlél áx̱ koonalx̱ʼíxʼch he/she/it hasnʼt gotten stuck there yet tlél aadé áx̱ kunax̱wlix̱ʼéexʼi yé no way can he/she/it get stuck there áx̱ kunax̱wlax̱ʼéexʼin he/she/it would have gotten stuck there áx̱ kanalx̱ʼíxʼni if/when he/she/it gets stuck there áx̱ yoo kalix̱ʼíxʼk he/she/it gets stuck there (regularly) x̱ʼeix̱ʼ (2) burn, scald burn her/him/it (flesh, skin); scald it O-S-l-√x̱ʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event) for S to burn O (flesh, skin); for S to scald O

li-x̱ʼeix̱ʼ

-x̱ʼéex̱ʼ~ Lax̱ʼéx̱ʼ! Burn it! Yilax̱ʼéx̱ʼ! You all burn it! Líl ilax̱ʼéx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt burn her/him/it! Líl yilax̱ʼéx̱ʼx̱iḵ! Donʼt you all burn her/him/it! [does not occur] x̱walix̱ʼéx̱ʼ I burned her/him/it awlix̱ʼéx̱ʼ he/she/it burned her/him/it tlél x̱walax̱ʼéix̱ʼ I didnʼt burn her/him/it tlél awulx̱ʼéix̱ʼ s/he didnʼt burn her/him/it kuḵalax̱ʼéix̱ʼ I will burn her/him/it agux̱lax̱ʼéix̱ʼ he/she/it will burn her/him/it tlél kuḵalax̱ʼéix̱ʼ I wonʼt burn her/him/it tlél agux̱lax̱ʼéix̱ʼ s/he wonʼt burn her/him/it ḵalax̱ʼéix̱ʼ let me burn her/him/it ax̱lax̱ʼéix̱ʼ let her/him burn her/him/it x̱walax̱ʼéix̱ʼch I burn her/him/it (every time) oolx̱ʼéix̱ʼch he/she/it burns her/him/it (every time) tlél x̱walax̱ʼéix̱ʼch I havenʼt burned her/him/it yet tlél oolx̱ʼéix̱ʼch s/he hasnʼt burned her/him/it tlél aadé ḵwalix̱ʼéix̱ʼi yé no way can I burn her/him/it tlél aadé oox̱lix̱ʼéix̱ʼi yé no way can s/he burn her/him/it ḵwalax̱ʼéix̱ʼin I would have burned her/him/it ax̱wlax̱ʼéix̱ʼin s/he would have burned her/him/it x̱alax̱ʼéx̱ʼni if/when I burn her/him/it alx̱ʼéx̱ʼni if/when s/he burns her/him/it x̱alax̱ʼéx̱ʼx̱ I burn her/him/it (regularly) alx̱ʼéx̱ʼx̱ he/she/it burns her/him/it (regularly) burned O-d-∅-√x̱ʼéex̱ʼ (∅ event) for O to be burned (of flesh, skin), become shriveled and brittle through burning

di-x̱ʼeex̱ʼ

Note that while the form: (chʼa) g̱adax̱ʼéex̱ʼ "(just) let her/him get burned" is grammatical, it is not something one would normally say. O-d-x̱ʼéix̱ʼ~ (∅ event) Idax̱ʼíx̱ʼ tsá! See that you donʼt get burned! Yee dax̱ʼíx̱ʼ tsá! See that you all donʼt get burned! [does not occur] x̱at wudix̱ʼíx̱ʼ I got burned wudix̱ʼíx̱ʼ s/he got burned tlél x̱at wudax̱ʼéex̱ʼ I didnʼt get burned tlél wudax̱ʼéex̱ʼ s/he didnʼt get burned x̱at gux̱dax̱ʼéex̱ʼ I will get burned gux̱dax̱ʼéex̱ʼ s/he will get burned tlél x̱at gux̱dax̱ʼéex̱ʼ I wonʼt get burned tlél gux̱dax̱ʼéex̱ʼ s/he wonʼt get burned (chʼa) g̱adax̱ʼéex̱ʼ (just) let her/him get burned x̱at udax̱ʼíx̱ʼch I get burned (every time) udax̱ʼíx̱ʼch s/he gets burned (every time) tlél x̱at udax̱ʼíx̱ʼch I havenʼt gotten burned yet tlél udax̱ʼíx̱ʼch s/he hasnʼt gotten burned yet tlél aadé ux̱dix̱ʼéex̱ʼi yé no way can s/he get burned ux̱dax̱ʼéex̱ʼin s/he would have gotten burned dax̱ʼíx̱ʼni if/when s/he gets burned dax̱ʼíx̱ʼx̱ s/he gets burned (regularly) x̱ʼwaasʼ ¹ (3) remove remove hair (from hide) O-S-l-√x̱ʼwáasʼ (na event) for S to remove hair from O (hide)

li-x̱ʼwaasʼ

Nalx̱ʼwáasʼ! Remove its hair! Naylax̱ʼwáasʼ You all remove its hair! Líl yoo ilax̱ʼwásʼgiḵ! Donʼt remove its hair! Líl yoo yilax̱ʼwásʼgiḵ! Donʼt you all remove its hair! [does not occur] yaa analx̱ʼwásʼ s/he is removing its hair x̱walix̱ʼwáasʼ I removed its hair awlix̱ʼwáasʼ s/he removed its hair tlél x̱walax̱ʼwáasʼ I didnʼt remove its hair tlél awulx̱ʼwáasʼ s/he didnʼt remove its hair agux̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ s/he will remove its hair tlél agux̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ s/he wonʼt remove its hair anax̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ let her/him remove its hair analx̱ʼwásʼch s/he removes its hair (every time) tlél oonalx̱ʼwásʼch s/he hasnʼt removed its hair yet tlél aadé oonax̱lix̱ʼwáasʼi yé no way can s/he remove its hair oonax̱lax̱ʼwáasʼin s/he would have removed its hair analx̱ʼwásʼni if/when s/he removes its hair yoo alix̱ʼwásʼk s/he removes its hair (regularly) Analx̱ʼwásʼni wé at doogú du éet kuḵwa.oo. If she takes the hair off that hide, Iʼll buy it from her. bald (become bald, of human specifically) O-sha-l-√x̱ʼwáasʼ (na event) for O (human) to become bald

sha-li-x̱ʼwaasʼ

[does not occur] yaa shanalx̱ʼwásʼ s/he is starting to go bald x̱at shawlix̱ʼwáasʼ Iʼm bald shawlix̱ʼwáasʼ s/he is bald tlél x̱at shawulx̱ʼwáasʼ Iʼm not bald tlél shawulx̱ʼwáasʼ s/he isnʼt bald shagux̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ s/he will go bald tlél shagux̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ s/he wonʼt go bald (chʼa) shanax̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ (just) let her/him go bald shanalx̱ʼwásʼch s/he goes bald (every time) tlél shoonalx̱ʼwásʼch s/he hasnʼt gone bald yet tlél aadé shunax̱lix̱ʼwáasʼi yé no way can s/he go bald shunax̱lax̱ʼwáasʼin s/he would have gone bald shanalx̱ʼwásʼni if/when s/he goes bald yoo shalix̱ʼwásʼk s/he goes bald (regularly) Atkʼátskʼux̱ sateeyídáx̱ shawlix̱ʼwáasʼ. He was bald from the time he was young. bald (become bald), lose hair l-√x̱ʼwáasʼ (na event) for something to lose its hair, become bald

li-x̱ʼwaasʼ

[does not occur] yaa nalx̱ʼwásʼ itʼs losing its hair wulix̱ʼwáasʼ it has no hair tlél wulx̱ʼwáasʼ it didnʼt lose its hair gux̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ it will lose its hair tlél gux̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ it wonʼt lose its hair (chʼa) nax̱lax̱ʼwáasʼ (just) let it lose its hair nalx̱ʼwásʼch it loses its hair (every time) tlél unalx̱ʼwásʼch it hasnʼt lost its hair yet tlél aadé unax̱lix̱ʼwáasʼi yé no way can it lose its hair unax̱lax̱ʼwáasʼin it would have lost its hair nalx̱ʼwásʼni if/when it loses its hair yoo lix̱ʼwásʼk it loses its hair (regularly) At doogú wulix̱ʼwáasʼ. The skin has no hair on it. [Story & Naish 1973: 24] Du shax̱aawú yaa nalx̱ʼwásʼ. Heʼs getting bald-headed. [Story & Naish 1973: 24] Du daadáx̱ yaa nalx̱ʼwásʼ. Itʼs losing hair on its body (dog, etc.). A doogúdáx̱ yéi has adaané wé yaa nalx̱ʼwásʼ x̱áaw. Theyʼre removing the fur thatʼs falling out from the hide. yaa ¹ resemble, look like look like, resemble her/him/it; identical with her/him/it