∅- ⁓ a- (object pronoun) them; her; him | object pronoun | third person object (3.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Lingít is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • the default form is « ∅- » but will change to « a- » if the subject is also third person [∅-] and there is no ergative marker in the verb phrase • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱at | me [object] →  first person singular object (1s.O)

• haa | us [object] →  first person plural object (1p.O)

• i- | you [object] →  second person singular object (2s.O)

• yee | you all [object] →  second person plural object (2p.O)

• ∅- ⁓ a- | them →  third person object (3.O)

• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• ash | this person [object] →  third person proximal object (3prx.O)

• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] →  fourth person human object (4h.O)

• at | something [object] →  fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)

• aa- | one, some [object] →  partitive object (part.O)

• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self →  reflexive object (rflx.O)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] →  reciprocal object (recip.O)

∅- ¹ (classifier) | ∅ group classifier; (–d,∅,–i) | Lingít classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be « ayatéen (∅, "seeing") and « altín » (l, "watching") which have the same root but a different classifier • a Lingít classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Lingít classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human (« 4H ») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group

–i verb modes

• act imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it

• imperfective (–) | they are not doing it; they does not do it

• progressive imperfective (+) | they are in the process of doing it

• perfective (–) | they didnʼt do it

• imperative | do it!

• perfective habitual (+) | they does it (every time)

• perfective habitual (–) | they hasnʼt done it yet

• future (+) | they will do it; it will happen

• future (–) | they wonʼt do it; they are not going to do it; it wonʼt happen

• hortative | let them do it; let us do it

• repetitive imperfective | they does it (regularly)

• potential decessive | they would have done it

• conditional | if/when they does it

+i verb modes

• state imperfective (+) | they are doing it; they does it

• perfective (+) | they did it

• potential (+) | they might do it

• potential (–) | they might not do it

• potential attributive | no way they can do it

∅ group

• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i)

• ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i)

• da- | (+d,∅,–i)

• di- | (+d,∅,+i)

s group

• sa- | (–d,∅,–i)

• si- | (–d,∅,+i)

• s- | (+d,∅,–i)

• dzi- | (+d,∅,+i)

l group

• la- | (–d,∅,–i)

• li- | (–d,∅,+i)

• l- | (+d,∅,–i)

• dli- | (+d,∅,+i)

sh group

• sha- | (–d,∅,–i)

• shi- | (–d,∅,+i)

• sh- | (+d,∅,–i)

• ji- | (+d,∅,+i)

∅- ² (subject pronoun) they; she; he | third person subject (3.S) • in a verb phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb • other subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱a- | i [subject] →  first person singular subject (1s.S)

• tu- | we [subject] →  first person plural subject (1p.S)

• i- | you [subject] →  second person singular subject (2s.S)

• yi- | you all [subject] →  second person plural subject (2p.S)

• ∅- | they [subject] →  third person subject (3.S)

• has + ∅- | they all [subject] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• du- | someone [subject] →  fourth person human subject (4h.S)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] →  reciprocal subject (recip.S)

∅ conjugation motion preverbs | these preverbs create motion verbs using the ∅ conjugation prefix

motion towards a terminus

• N-{t,x̱,de} | arriving at N; coming to N

• neil(t) ⁓ neilx̱ ⁓ neildé | moving inside; coming home

• N-xʼ + neil(t) | moving inside house at N

• haat ⁓ haax̱ ⁓ haa(n)dé | coming to our vicinity

• yóo-{t,x̱,de} | going away; going off somewhere

• kux ⁓ kuxx̱ ⁓ kúxde | moving aground; into shallow water

• ÿan ⁓ ÿax̱ ⁓ ÿánde | moving ashore; to rest; completing

• N-xʼ + ÿan | coming to rest at N

• N-náx̱ + ÿan | moving across N; to the other side of N

• ÿan + kʼi- | setting up; erecting

• ÿan + sha- | setting up; leaning against

motion toward area

• kei | moving up

• ux̱ + kei | moving out of control, blindly, amiss

• N-x̱ʼé-xʼ + kei | catching up with N

• yei | disembark, exit boat or other vehicle

• yeiḵ ⁓ yeeḵ | moving down to shore

• héeni + yeiḵ | moving down into water

• daaḵ | moving up from shore; back from open

• dáag̱i + daaḵ | moving farther up from shore

• ḵwáaḵx̱ + daaḵ | moving by mistake, wrongly

• daak | seaward; out into open; falling from sky

• ḵux̱ ⁓ ḵúx̱de [+d] | reverting; returning

• N-xʼ ḵux̱ [+d] | reverting to N; returning to N

motion confined to a location

• N-xʼ | coming near N

• N-ÿa | coming up to N

• N + gunaÿa- | separating from N

• N + jishá- | getting ahead of N

• gági | emerging; coming out into open

• dáagi | coming out of water

• héeni | going into water

• g̱unayéi ⁓ g̱unéi | beginning

• N-x̱ | moving in place at N; while stuck at N

• N-xʼ + ÿax̱ | turning over by N

• áa + ÿax̱ | turning over

• shú + ÿax̱ | turning over end by end

• ÿetx̱ | starting, taking off, picking up

oscillating motion

• yoo | moving back and forth; to and fro

• ÿan + yoo | moving up and down (from surface)

hanging

• N-x̱ sha-ÿa-oo | hanging up at N

• ÿax̱ + sha-ÿa-oo | hanging up

revertive motion

• a-ÿa-oo [+d] | reverting, turning back

• kei + a-ÿa-oo [+d] | escape, flee, run away

oblique unbounded motion

• N-x̱ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously along N

• N + daa-x̱ | circling around N

• N-dé + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously toward N

• hé-dé | moving over that way, aside, out of the way

• N-dáx̱ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously away from N

• N + jikaa-dáx̱ | getting out of Nʼs way

• N-náx̱ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously along, through N

• N-xʼ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, circuitously at N

• N + daséi-xʼ | exchanging places with N

• woosh + kaanáx̱ [+d] | gathering together, assembling

a- (subject pronoun) someone | fourth person human subject (4h.S) • in a verb phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb • used to indicate an unspecified person is the pronoun, and best translated as “someone” • as a subject in verbs, it translates to “the verb occurs,” as in « yoo duwasáakw » (it is called), « hít wududliyéx̱ » (a house was built), and « adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa » (dance paddle) • will make all ∅ classifiers –d and all non-∅ classifiers (s,l,sh) +d regardless of verb theme or mode • will appear as « a- » in the object position for motion verbs • other subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱a- | i [subject] →  first person singular subject (1s.S)

• tu- | we [subject] →  first person plural subject (1p.S)

• i- | you [subject] →  second person singular subject (2s.S)

• yi- | you all [subject] →  second person plural subject (2p.S)

• ∅- | they [subject] →  third person subject (3.S)

• has + ∅- | they all [subject] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• du- | someone [subject] →  fourth person human subject (4h.S)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] →  reciprocal subject (recip.S)

a- ⁓ ∅- (object pronoun) them [object]; them [object] | third person object (3.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Lingít is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • the default form is « ∅- » but will change to « a- » if the subject is also third person [∅-] and there is no ergative marker in the verb phrase • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱at | me [object] →  first person singular object (1s.O)

• haa | us [object] →  first person plural object (1p.O)

• i- | you [object] →  second person singular object (2s.O)

• yee | you all [object] →  second person plural object (2p.O)

• ∅- ⁓ a- | them →  third person object (3.O)

• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• ash | this person [object] →  third person proximal object (3prx.O)

• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] →  fourth person human object (4h.O)

• at | something [object] →  fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)

• aa- | one, some [object] →  partitive object (part.O)

• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self →  reflexive object (rflx.O)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] →  reciprocal object (recip.O)

a ¹ (relational pronoun) its | third person nonhuman possessive (3N.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ | my →  first person singular possessive (1s.r)

• haa | our →  first person plural possessive (1p.r)

• i | your →  second person singular possessive (2s.r)

• yee | you allʼs →  second person plural possessive (2p.r)

• du | their →  third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)

• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs →  third person plural possessive (3p.r)

• a | its →  third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)

• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs →  third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)

• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs →  third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)

• ḵaa | someoneʼs →  fourth person human possessive (4h.r)

• at | somethingʼs →  fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)

• aa | oneʼs, someʼs →  partitive possessive (part.r)

• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs →  reflexive possessive (rflx.r)

• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs →  reciprocal possessive (recip.r)

a ² (relational pronoun) her; his | their (a secondary character of a narrative or event) | third person obviate possessive (3obv.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ | my →  first person singular possessive (1s.r)

• haa | our →  first person plural possessive (1p.r)

• i | your →  second person singular possessive (2s.r)

• yee | you allʼs →  second person plural possessive (2p.r)

• du | their →  third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)

• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs →  third person plural possessive (3p.r)

• a | its →  third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)

• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs →  third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)

• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs →  third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)

• ḵaa | someoneʼs →  fourth person human possessive (4h.r)

• at | somethingʼs →  fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)

• aa | oneʼs, someʼs →  partitive possessive (part.r)

• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs →  reflexive possessive (rflx.r)

• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs →  reciprocal possessive (recip.r)

a dákx̱u (compound noun) food | steamed food | a + √dákw-x̱-u →  its.(3n.r) + √cooked.in.pit-repetitive-relational • (JL)

a daax̱ yaa dulsheech át (compound noun) banister; railing; handrail | "thing people go along touching around it" | a + daa-x̱ + yaa + du-l-√shee-ch + át →  its.(3n.r) + around/about-at.(repeatedly) + along + someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(l)-√touch-habitual + thing.(4n.i) • (KE)

a déinde.aa (compound noun) close ²; rest ²; vicinity | the one(s) in the vicinity of it; the rest of it/them all | a + déin-de-aa →  its.(3N.r) + vicinity-towards-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)

a déinnáx̱ (preverb) right ² | the right way | a déinnáx̱ yéi nasní! →  do it the right way! • (JL)

a géit yaa nasgít (verbal noun) shenanigans | "violating it (law or custom)" | a + géi-t + yaa + na-s-√gít →  its.(3n.r) + against/opposing-at.(arrived) + along + (progressive)-classifier.(d,s)-√acts.so • (SE)

a ít.aa (compound noun) • variants: e ítde.aa (C) • after | the following one; the next one | a + ít-aa →  its.(4n.r) + following-one(s).(part.i) • (KE)

a ee- ⁓ aan (postpositional pronoun) it; with; means | (to) it | third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me →  first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)

• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us →  first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)

• i ee- | (to) you →  second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)

• yee ee- | (to) you all →  second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)

• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them →  third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)

• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all →  third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it →  third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)

• ash ee- | (to) this person →  third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person →  third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)

• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone →  fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)

• at ee- | (to) something →  fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)

• aa ee- | (to) one, some →  partitive postpositional (part.PP)

• chush | (to) -selfʼs →  reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)

• woosh, wooch | (to) each other →  reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)

a eeti.aa (phrase) next; following | the next one(s); the following one(s) | a eeti.aa ḵutaan →  the following summer; next summer (GD) • a eeti.aa haat ḵutootéeni →  the next time we visit (NR) • a + eet-í-aa →  its.(3n.r) + remains-one(s).(part.i)

a jáḵwti (verbal noun) thing; beat up | beat up old thing | a + √jáḵw-t-i →  its.(3n.r) + √beat.up-repetitive-relational • (JL)

a káa ḵududziteeyi yoo x̱ʼatánk (compound noun) law; ordinance | words one lives by | a + ká-∅ + ḵu-du-dzi-√tee-yi + yoo + x̱ʼa-∅-√tán-k →  its.(3n.r) + on-at.(resting) + areal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s,i)-√be-attributive + along + mouth-clasifier.(∅)-√communicate-repetitive • (KE)

a kachóox (compound noun) dough; clay | dough shaped with hands; clay shaped with hands; something shaped by hands and clay-like or dough-like; "its thing shaped by hand" | a + ka-∅-√chóox →  its.(3n.r) + horizontal-classifier.(∅)-√rub/massage • (JL)

a kagaadí (compound noun) • variants: hít kagaadí • rafter | a + ka-∅-√gaat-í →  its.(3n.r) + horizontal-classifier.(∅)-√rafter-relational • (JL)

a kagúḵxʼu (noun) • variants: góoḵ • egg | dried salmon eggs | usually dried in stomach or gunnysack strung in tree | a + ka-∅-√gúḵ-xʼ-u →  its.(3n.r) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√dry.salmon.eggs-repetitive-relational • (JL)

a kaxóowu (compound noun) rock ¹; stone | big rock used as a weight | a + ka-∅-√xóow-u →  its.(3n.r) + horizontal-classifier.(∅)-√weigh.down.with.rocks-relational • (JL)

a kát dul.usʼku át (compound noun) • variants: a káa dul.usʼku át • washboard | "thing on which people wash" | ká-t + du-l-√.usʼ-k-u + át →  on-at.(arriving) + someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,l)-√wash-repetitive-attributive + thing.(4n.i) • (KE)

a kát sh is.éex̱ át (compound noun) crockpot; cooker | slow cooker | a + ká-t + sh + i-s-√.ée-x̱ + át →  its.(4n.r) + on-at.(arrived) + self.(rflx.O) + peg.vowel-classifier.(d,s)-√cook-repetitive + thing.(4n.i) • (JL)

a kát sh kadultsex̱t át (compound noun) bicycle | "thing a person kicks themselves around on" | a + ká-t + sh + ka-du-l-√tsex̱-t + át →  its.(3n.r) + on-at.(arrived) + self.(rflx.O) + horizonal-someone.(4h.s)-classifier.(d,l)-√kick-repetitive + thing.(4n.i) • (KE)

a kát yadu.usʼgu át (compound noun) • variants: a kát yat.usʼkw át, a kát yadu.usʼgu sʼíxʼ • wash ²; basin | wash basin (for face); "thing on which the face is washed" | a + ká-t + ya-du-∅-√.usʼ-k-u + át →  its.(3n.r) + on-at.(arrived) vertical-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(∅)-√wash-repetitive-attributive + thing.(4n.i) • (JL)

a káxʼ yoo kduwahéigi át (compound noun) stirrer; stirring stick | a + ká-xʼ + yoo ka-du-ÿa-√háa-k-i + át →  its.(3n.r) + on-at.(residing) + to/fro + someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(∅,i)-√move.(small.parts)-repetitive-attributive + thing.(4n.i) • (EM)

a káx̱ ash kudushx̱ʼílʼaa át (compound noun) slide ³ | slide (for playing) | (JM) • a + ka-x̱ + a-sh + ka-u-sh-√x̱ʼílʼ-aa + át →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + on-at.(repeatedly) + its.(3n.r)-instrumental + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,sh)-√slip-one(s).(part.i) + thing.(4n.i)

a kaax̱ at sahéix̱ át (compound noun) bleach | a + ká-dáx̱ + at + sa-√háa-x̱ + át →  its.(3n.r) + on-from + something.(4n.O) + cl.(s).√move.invisibly + thing.(4n.i) • (FS)

a káa dulséix̱ yagee (compound noun) • variants: a káa dulséix̱ yakyee • Sunday; day | "a day of rest" | a + káa + du-l-√sáa-x̱ + yagee →  its.(3n.r) + on + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l,)-√rest-repetitive + day • (JL)

a káa dul.usʼku át (compound noun) washboard | "thing on which things are washed" | a + ká + du-l-√.usʼ-k-u + át →  its.(3n.r) + on + someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,l)-√wash-repetitive-relational + thing.(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: kát dul.usʼku át •

a káa kadusné át (compound noun) loom | a + ká-∅ + ka-du-s-√né + át →  its.(4n.r) + on-at.(resting) + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,s)-√weave.(yarns) + something.(4n.i)

a káa kadushxeedi dáanaa (compound noun) money; check | check (from a bank account) | a + ká + ka-du-sh-√xeet-i + dáanaa →  its.(3n.r) + on + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,sh)-√furrow-attributive + money

a káa yei aḵeech át (compound noun) bench | a + ká-∅ + yei + a-∅-√ḵee-ch + át →  its.(3n.r) + on-at.(residing) + downward + someone.(4h.O)-cl.(∅)-√sit.(plural)-repetitive + thing.(4n.i) • (FS)

a káa yei kaduxáshch tʼáa (compound noun) board; cutting | cutting board | a + ká-∅ + yei + ka-du-∅-√xásh-ch + tʼáa →  its.(3n.r) + on-at.(residing) + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(∅)-√cut-repetitive + board

a kinaa kashxeedí (compound noun) character; marking | high tone marker in writing | a + keenaa + ka-sh-√xeet-í →  its-(3h.r) + above + horizontal-clasifier.(sh)-√furrow-relational • (FS)

a náax̱ adux̱aa át (compound noun) oarlock | "thing through which a person oars" | originally two sturdy pegs or sticks inserted into sides of boat | a + náax̱ + a-du-∅-√x̱aa + át →  its.(3n.r) + covering-at.(repeatedly) + a.theme-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√paddle + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

a siyeiḵ (compound noun) • variants: a sayeiḵ (T), a siyeix̱ • day; next | the next day | usually with a « -xʼ » relational suffix | (JL)

a tayee dusyeig̱í kashxeedí (compound noun) character; marking | underline of a character in writing | a + tayee + du-s-√yeiḵ-í + ka-sh-√xeet-í →  its.(3h.r) + underneath + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s)-√mark.line-relational + horizontal-clasifier.(sh)-√furrow-relational • (FS)

a tayeex̱ nasyéḵ (compound noun) • variants: a tayeex̱ nasyíḵ • underline | "marking underneath it" | a + tayee-x̱ + na-s-√yéḵ →  its.(4n.r) + underneath-at.(repeatedly) + na.con-clasifier.(s)-√mark • (FS)

a tuḵ akoogaanjí (compound noun) firefly | "its butt is always lit" | a + tuḵ + a-ka-ÿu-∅-ÿa-√gaan-ch-í →  its.(4n.r) + butt/bottom + them/it.(3.O)-horizontal-perfective-they.(3.S)-classifier.(∅,i)-√burn/light-habitual-relational

a tóo at dultʼixʼx̱i át (compound noun) • variants: a tóo at iltʼixʼx̱ át • freezer | "thing that freezes something inside of it" | a + tú-∅+ at + du-l-√tʼixʼ-x̱-i + át →  its.(4n.r) + inside-at.(resting) + something.(4n.O) + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l)-√freeze/harden-repetitive-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

a tóo at is.atʼx̱i át (compound noun) refrigerator | "thing in which things are chilled" | a + tú-∅ + at + i-s√.atʼ-x̱-i + át →  its.(3n.r) + inside-at.(resting) + something.(4n.O) + peg.vowel-classifier.(d,s)-√cold-repetitive-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

a tóo sh isxuk át (compound noun) • variants: naa.át kaxóogu át • dryer | a + tú-∅ + sh + i-s-√xuk + át →  its.(3n.r) + inside-at.(resting) + self.(rflx.O) + peg.vowel-classifier.(d,s)-√dry + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

a tóo yoo kawdzigít (compound noun) experience | something a person has been through; "they fell through it" | a + tú-∅ + yoo + ka-ÿu-dzi-√gít →  its.(3n.r) + inside-at.(resting) + too/fro + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(d,s,i)-√fall/occur • (GD, MD)

a tóonáx̱ héen naadaayi át (compound noun) pipe | pipe for carrying water; "thing through which water flows" | a + tú-náx̱ + héen + na-∅-√daa-yi + át →  its.(3n.r) + inside-through/via + water + na.con-classifier.(∅)-√flow/run-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

a tóonáx̱ kadusʼíḵsʼ át (compound noun) straw | "thing that somone draws through it by sucking" | a + tú-náx̱ + ka-du-∅-√sʼíḵ-sʼ + át →  its.(4n.r) + inside-through + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√draw.out.by.suction)-repetitive + thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: kaxéesʼ •

a tóonáx̱ yaa andag̱wátʼ át (compound noun) tunnel | crawling tunnel (for play) | a + tú-náx̱ + yaa + a-na-da-√g̱wátʼ + át →  its.(3n.r) + inside-through/along + along + someone.(4h.O)-na.cn-cl.(d,∅)-√crawl + thing.(4n.i)

a tóonáx̱ yoo x̱ʼadul.átgi át (compound noun) phone; telephone; microphone | "thing through which someone talks" | a + tú-náx̱ + yoo + x̱ʼa-du-l-√.át-k-i + át →  its(3n.r) + inside-through + along + mouth-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l)-√communicate-repetitive-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (RD)

a wanáade aa (compound noun) excess; left ²; more; surplus | amount in excess of it or left over from it; surplus more than it

a x̱oo.aa (compound noun) some | some of them all | a + x̱oo-aa →  its.(4n.r) + among-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)

a x̱ʼéix̱ yei sheich katíx̱ʼaa (compound noun) padlock | "key that joins it at the mouth" | a + x̱ʼéi-x̱ + yei + √shaa-ch + katíx̱ʼaa →  its.(3n.r) + mouth-at.(repeatedly) + downward + √marry-habitual + key • (JL)

a yáx̱ (particle) like: itʼs like that | often appears with « áwé » as in « a yáx̱ áwé! » (thatʼs what itʼs like!)

ach kooshx̱ʼílʼaa yeit (compound noun) • variants: ach koolx̱ʼílʼaa yeit • sled | sled (for recreational sledding); "the one(s) beneath to slide with” | áa-ch + ka-ÿu-sh-√x̱ʼílʼ-aa + yee-át →  something-(4n.i).instrumental + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(d,sh)-√slip/slide-one(s).(part.i) + beneath-thing-(4n.i) • (KE, JL)

adawóotl (verbal noun) ⑴ trouble; rush; hurry | conflict, war; trouble (between opposing factions); “s/he troubled/warred” | a-∅-da-√wóotl →  them/it.(3.O).they.(3.S)-classifier.(d,∅)-√agitated/trouble/war || ⑵ conflict; war | (JL)

adawóotl yuwaa.át (compound noun) armor; breast | body armor; breastplate; "war abdomen thing" | a-da-√wóotl + yuwaa-át →  them/it.(3.O)-classifier.(d,∅)-√agitated/trouble/war + abdomen-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

adátxʼi (compound noun) • variants: atyátxʼi, atyétxʼi (T), adétxʼi (T), edétxʼi (C) • child | children; “somethingʼs children” | this could be translated as "somethingʼs children" but always refers to human children | (KE) • at + yát-xʼ-i →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + child-relational

adátxʼi áa dultin yé (compound noun) daycare; preschool | "place where children are watched / cared for" | at-yát-xʼ-i + áa + du-l-√tin-i + yé →  somethingʼs.(4n.r)-child-plural-relational + there + someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,l)-√see + place • (NJ, WA)

adátxʼi daat yawustaag̱i ḵáa (compound noun) guardian at liedem | "protects & serves the children" | at-yát-xʼ-i + daat + ya-ÿu-s-√taaḵ-i + ḵáa →  somethingʼs.(4n.r)-child-plural-relational  + about + vertical-perfective-clasifier.(d,s)√care.for-relational + person.(4h.i) • (GD, MD)

adéli (verbal noun) • variants: at káx̱ adéli • guard ²; watchman | (JL) • a-∅-∅-√dél-i →  it-(4n.O).they.(3.S)-classifier.(∅)-√protect-relational

adeendaa (borrowed noun) beaver | half-grown beaver | from an Athabascan language • young beaver old enough to leave home, or smaller beaver | (JL)

adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa (compound noun) paddle ²; dance ²; regalia | dance paddle | a-du-∅-√lʼeix̱ + a-∅-√x̱áa →  a.theme-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√dance + a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√paddle

ag̱anáa (interjection) oh no! | often used to express grief or regret; sometimes used for pretend grief | (KE)

akahéix̱i (verbal noun) • variants: táay kahéix̱i • farmer | "digger of it" | a-ka-∅-√háa-x̱-i →  it/them.(3.O)-horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√move.small.parts-repetitive-relational • (JL)

akoolx̱éitlʼ (verbal noun) • variants: akoolx̱éetlʼ • fear | a-ka-u-l-√x̱éitlʼ →  a.theme-horizontal-irrealis-clasifier.(d,l)-√afraid • (JL)

akoo.éikw (verbal noun) whistle | the act or sound of whistling | a-ka-u-∅√.éikw →  a.theme-comparative-irrealis-clasifier.(∅)-√whistle • (JL)

aldaawáa (noun) ⑴ game | games played using string in the hands || ⑵ checkers | (KE)

aldís (verbal noun) light ¹; moon | moonlight | for some speakers in Carcross this can also mean "the moon" | a-l-√dís →  a.theme-classifier.(d,l)-√moon • aldís káaxʼ →  by moonlight • (JL)

al’eix̱tsaag̱áa (compound noun) dance ²; staff | large dance staff or paddle | al’eix̱-√tsaaḵ-áa →  dance-√poke/prod-one(s).(part.i)

algáaxʼw (verbal noun) • variants: gáaxʼw • riddle | (JL)

alg̱áḵ (verbal noun) gambling | gambling with gambling sticks that are tossed (g̱ag̱áḵ) | a-l-√g̱áḵ →  a.theme-classifier.(d,l)-√gamble.with.sticks • (JL)

alḵáa (verbal noun) • variants: at ilḵáa • ⑴ game; stick game | gambling; game of chance || ⑵ gambling; bingo | (KE) • a-l-√ḵáa →  a.theme-classifier.(d,l)-√gamble

alḵáa át (compound noun) dice | a-l-√ḵáa + át →  a.theme-classifier.(d,l)-√gamble + thing.(4n.ind)

alḵáa kadug̱ích ḵóokxʼu sáani (compound noun) dice | a-l-√ḵáa + ka-du-∅-√g̱ích + ḵóok-xʼ-u + sáani →  a.theme-classifier.(d,l)-√gamble + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(∅)-√throw.(plural.objects) + box-small-peg.vowel + small.plural (SaJ)

alḵáa xʼúxʼ (compound noun) cards | playing cards | a-l-√ḵáa + xʼúxʼ →  a.theme-classifier.(d,l)-√gamble + paper/membrane

altsʼíxaa (verbal noun) • variants: altsʼíxwaa, tsʼíxaa • sneeze | a-l-√tsʼíxaa →  a.theme-classifier.(d,l)-√sneeze • (JL)

alʼeix̱ (verbal noun) dance ² | a-∅-√lʼeix̱ →  a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√dance • (KE)

alʼóon (verbal noun) hunt | a-∅-√lʼóon →  a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√hunt • (KE)

alʼóoni (verbal noun) hunter | a-∅-√lʼóon-i →  a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√hunt-relational • (KE)

anahoo (noun) rutabaga; turnip | (KE)

anax̱ ⑴ (particle) through; along | through it; along it | a-náx̱ →  its.(3n.r)-through/along • (KE) || ⑵ (preverb) | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded)

anax̱ daséigu yé (body part) blowhole | "place through which it breathes" | a-náx̱ + da-√sáa-kw-u + yé →  its.(3n.r)-through + clasifier.(d,∅)-√breathe-repetitive-relational + place/way • (FI)

Ana.óot (borrowed noun) • variants: Giyaḵw, Gutéix̱ʼ • Aleut | from Sugpiaq aluʼuut: people/community | (JC, KE)

Anáaski (borrowed noun) • variants: Anásgi • Alaska | from Unangan Alaxsxi-x: object to which the action of the sea is directed | Bergsland, Knut (ed.) (1994). Aleut Dictionary: Unangam Tunudgusii. Alaska Native Language Center • (KE)

Anóoshi (borrowed noun) person; Russian | in early times of contact, white people were called « gusʼkʼiḵwáan » (people at the base of the clouds), and then often either « Anóoshi » (Russian) or « Waashdan ḵwáan » (People of Boston) | (JL)

Anóoshi aaní (compound noun) Russia | "Russian land" | Anóoshi + aan-í →  Russian + village/occupied.land-relational • (KE)

Anóoshi héeni (compound noun) vodka | "Russian water" | Anóoshi + héen-i →  Russian + water/river-relational

asg̱eiwú (verbal noun) ⑴ fisher; seine | seine fisher | (JL) • variants: isg̱éiw sʼaatí, x̱áat isg̱éiwu • || ⑵ boat ¹ | seine boat | a-s-√g̱eiwú →  a.theme-classifier.(d,s)-√web/seine • (KE)

asḵuḵgu náakw (compound noun) • variants: isḵuḵgu náakw • medicine | cough medicine | the verb root for cough has been documented as √ḵooḵ and √kooḵ, and is presented here as √ḵooḵ | a-s-√ḵúḵ-kw-u + náakw →  a.theme-classifier.(d,s)-√cough-repetitive-attributive + medicine (JL, NS) • (JL)

astʼeix̱ tíxʼ (compound noun) fishing line | a-s-√tʼeix̱ + tíxʼ →  a.theme + rope • (FS)

astʼeix̱í (verbal noun) fisher | fisher; troller | a-s-√tʼeix̱-í →  a.theme-classifier.(d,s)-√fish.with.hook-relational • (KE)

asxʼaansháachʼi (compound noun) songbird | "green plant on the tip of the tree branch"; green songbird | perhaps warbler (Vermivora peregrina/celata) or western tanager (Piranga ludoviciana) | aas-xʼaan-sháachʼ-i →  tree-tip.(of.branch)-green.plant.that.grows.on.trees-relational • (KE, JL)

asxʼeit (verbal noun) • variants: asxʼeet (At,T) • hunting | (JL) • a-s-√xʼeet →  a.theme-classifier.(s)-√uproot

ash ¹ (independent pronoun) her; him | them (the main character of a narrative or event) | third person proximal independent (3prx.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • "proximate third person represents the topic of discourse, the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or the person ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: 38) • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱át | me →  first person singular independent (1s.i)

• uháan | us →  first person plural independent (1p.i)

• wa.é | you →  second person singular independent (2s.i)

• yeewháan | you all →  second person plural independent (2p.i)

• hú | they →  third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)

• hás | them all →  third person plural independent (3p.i)

• á | it →  third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)

• ash | this person →  third person proximal independent (3prx.i)

• á | that other person →  third person obviate independent (3obv.i)

• ḵáa | someone →  fourth person human independent (4h.i)

• át | something →  fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)

• aa | one, some →  partitive independent (part.i)

• chúsh | -self →  reflexive independent (rflx.i)

• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together →  reciprocal independent (recip.i)

ash ² (relational pronoun) her; his | their (the main character of a narrative or event) | third person proximal possessive (3prx.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • "proximate third person represents the topic of discourse, the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or the person ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: 38) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ | my →  first person singular possessive (1s.r)

• haa | our →  first person plural possessive (1p.r)

• i | your →  second person singular possessive (2s.r)

• yee | you allʼs →  second person plural possessive (2p.r)

• du | their →  third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)

• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs →  third person plural possessive (3p.r)

• a | its →  third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)

• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs →  third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)

• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs →  third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)

• ḵaa | someoneʼs →  fourth person human possessive (4h.r)

• at | somethingʼs →  fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)

• aa | oneʼs, someʼs →  partitive possessive (part.r)

• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs →  reflexive possessive (rflx.r)

• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs →  reciprocal possessive (recip.r)

ash ³ (object pronoun) her; him | them (the main character of a narrative or event) | third person proximal object (3prx.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Lingít is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • "proximate third person represents the topic of discourse, the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or the person ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: 38) • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱at | me [object] →  first person singular object (1s.O)

• haa | us [object] →  first person plural object (1p.O)

• i- | you [object] →  second person singular object (2s.O)

• yee | you all [object] →  second person plural object (2p.O)

• ∅- ⁓ a- | them →  third person object (3.O)

• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• ash | this person [object] →  third person proximal object (3prx.O)

• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] →  fourth person human object (4h.O)

• at | something [object] →  fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)

• aa- | one, some [object] →  partitive object (part.O)

• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self →  reflexive object (rflx.O)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] →  reciprocal object (recip.O)

ash ee- (postpositional pronoun) her; him; to | to them (the main character of a narrative or event) | third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me →  first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)

• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us →  first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)

• i ee- | (to) you →  second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)

• yee ee- | (to) you all →  second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)

• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them →  third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)

• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all →  third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it →  third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)

• ash ee- | (to) this person →  third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person →  third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)

• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone →  fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)

• at ee- | (to) something →  fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)

• aa ee- | (to) one, some →  partitive postpositional (part.PP)

• chush | (to) -selfʼs →  reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)

• woosh, wooch | (to) each other →  reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)

ash kadulyát yé (compound noun) playground | "the place people play" | a-sh + ka-du-l-√yát + yé →  it.(3n.i)-instrumental + horizontal-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l)-√child + place/way • (SE)

ash kudat’ájaa (compound noun) play ¹; swim | playing in the water (swimming); swimming (for fun) | a-sh + ka-u-da-√tʼách-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,∅)-√slap-one(s).(part.i) • (GD)

ash kushx̱ʼílʼaa (compound noun) play ¹; slide ³ | playing on slides; sliding | a-sh + ka-u-sh-√x̱ʼílʼ-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,sh)-√slip-one(s).(part.i) • (GD)

ash koolchʼéitʼaa (compound noun) play ¹; basketball | playing basketball | a-sh + ka-u-l-√chʼéitʼ-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,sh)-√ball-one(s).(part.i) • (SN)

ash koolg̱eig̱áchʼ (compound noun) play ¹; swing | play on swings | a-sh + ka-u-l-√g̱éiḵ-áchʼ →  it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√swing.? • (SN)

ash koolg̱íx̱ʼjaa (compound noun) play ¹; violin | playing violin (or other similar stringed instrument with a bow) | a-sh + ka-u-l-√g̱íx̱ʼ-ch-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√creak.habitual-one(s).(part.i) • (SN)

ash koolkítsʼaa (compound noun) play ¹; seesaw | play on seesaw | a-sh + ka-u-l-√kítsʼ-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√rock-one(s).(part.i) • (SN)

ash koolkʼéinaa (compound noun) play ¹; jump; twirl | play at jumping or twirling round | a-sh + ka-u-l-√kʼéin-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√jump-one(s).(part.i) • (SN)

ash koolḵʼíshaa (compound noun) play ¹; baseball | playing baseball | a-sh + ka-u-l-√ḵʼish-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,sh)-√bat-one(s).(part.i) • (SN, JL)

ash kooltág̱aa (compound noun) billiards; pool (billiards) | playing pool, billiards | a-sh + ka-u-du-l-√táḵ-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l)-√poke-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)

ash kooltʼáaxʼaa (compound noun) play ¹; marbles | playing marbles | a-sh + ka-u-l-√tʼáaxʼ-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√flick-one(s).(part.i) • (SN)

ash koolyát (compound noun) play ¹ | playing (esp. active games) | a-sh + ka-u-l-√yát →  it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√child • (SN)

ash koolyát saa (compound noun) nickname; name ² | nickname; "play name" | a-sh + ka-u-l-√yát + saa →  it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,l)-√child + name • (EM)

ash koosḵúx̱aa (compound noun) play ¹; boat ² | playing boats (esp. toy boats) | a-sh + ka-u-s-√ḵúx̱-aa →  it-[inst] + comparitive-irrealis-classifier.(d,s)-√go-(by boat or car)-one(s).(part.i) • (SN)

at ¹ (object pronoun) something | fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Lingít is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • used to indicate that an unspecified thing is the pronoun, and is best translated as "something" • as an object can signal the unidentified as in « at x̱waa.áx̱ » (i hear something), or can create special meanings as an object verbs, such as: « adaná » (they are drinking it) and « at daná » (they are drinking alcohol) • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱at | me [object] →  first person singular object (1s.O)

• haa | us [object] →  first person plural object (1p.O)

• i- | you [object] →  second person singular object (2s.O)

• yee | you all [object] →  second person plural object (2p.O)

• ∅- ⁓ a- | them →  third person object (3.O)

• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• ash | this person [object] →  third person proximal object (3prx.O)

• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] →  fourth person human object (4h.O)

• at | something [object] →  fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)

• aa- | one, some [object] →  partitive object (part.O)

• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self →  reflexive object (rflx.O)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] →  reciprocal object (recip.O)

at ² (relational pronoun) somethingʼs | fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ | my →  first person singular possessive (1s.r)

• haa | our →  first person plural possessive (1p.r)

• i | your →  second person singular possessive (2s.r)

• yee | you allʼs →  second person plural possessive (2p.r)

• du | their →  third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)

• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs →  third person plural possessive (3p.r)

• a | its →  third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)

• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs →  third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)

• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs →  third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)

• ḵaa | someoneʼs →  fourth person human possessive (4h.r)

• at | somethingʼs →  fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)

• aa | oneʼs, someʼs →  partitive possessive (part.r)

• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs →  reflexive possessive (rflx.r)

• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs →  reciprocal possessive (recip.r)

at ashoowatán (verbal noun) mean ²; signify; denote; simile | mean something; signify something; denote something | (NR, NS) • at + a-shu-ÿu-ÿa-√tán →  something.(4n.O) + a.theme.end.perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√tán

at áatʼláni (compound noun) • variants: átʼláni • food; drink ²; seafood | cold food; cold drink; raw seafood | at + √áatʼ-láni →  something.(4n.O) + √cold.[??] • (JL)

at chʼéx̱ʼdi (verbal noun) cursor | "points at something"; cursor (on computer) | at + ∅-√chʼéx̱ʼ-t-i →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√point • (HC, FS)

at danáayi (verbal noun) drunk ¹; drunkard | "drinking something" | at + da-√náa-yi →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(d,∅)-√drink-relational • (KE)

at dáli (verbal noun) weight ²; pound ² | a certain measure of weight; pound (weight unit) | at + ∅-√dál-i →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√be-heavy-relational • (JL)

at daakayéx̱aa lítaa (compound noun) • variants: et daakeyéx̱aa lítaa • knife | curved carving knife (for making different leveled planes); "the one that planes around it" | at + daa-ka-∅-√yéx̱-aa + √lít-aa →  something.(4n.O) + around-horizontal-clasifier.(∅).make/plan-one(s).(part.i) + √slide-one(s).(part.i) • (JL)

at daayí (compound noun) birch | "somethingʼs bark" | at + daayí →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + bark • (KE)

at daayí ḵákw (compound noun) basket; birch | birch bark basket; "somethingʼs bark basket" | at + daayí + ḵákw →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + bark + basket • (KE)

at daa.ideidí (compound noun) frame; shell | frame; its shell (as of a building); "thing of somethingʼs body" | at + daa.-it-át-í →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + body/around-remnant-thing-(4n.i)-relational • (JL)

at dultʼéexʼ (verbal noun) cast ² | cast (to help set a broken bone) | at + du-l-√tʼéexʼ →  something.(4n.O) + someone.(4n.S)-classifier.(d,l)-√frozen/hard • (JL)

at duxáshgu (verbal noun) tongue | "cut from something"; tongues cut out for an íx̱tʼ | in order to gain spiritual power, an íx̱tʼ would fast regularly, and if it were meant to be an animal would present itself and then die in front of the fasting íx̱tʼ, who would then cut the tongue and keep it in a pouch, thus gaining spiritual power by having that animal as a « yeik » (spirit helper) | (JL)

At Gadax̱ít Dísi (compound noun) • variants: X̱aayáḵw Dísi, Dlix̱aayáx̱w Dísi • June; month | June; "breeding month" | when animals give birth (breed) | (NR)

At Gadax̱ít Yinaa Dísi (compound noun) May; month | May; "month before breeding" | before the animals give birth | (NR)

at gas.ee sʼaatí (compound noun) chef | at + ga-s-√ee + sʼaatí →  something.(4n.O) + self.benefactive-cl.(d,s)-√cook + master • (FS)

At Gataa Dísi (compound noun) • variants: X̱áat Dísi • July; month | July; "fat month" | when the animals are fat | (NR)

at gutu.ádi (compound noun) animal | animal in the woods; animal that walks on land | at + gú-tú-át-i →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + base-inside-thing.(4n.i)-relational

at gutu.ádi déili (compound noun) shelter | animal shelter | at + gú-tú-át-i + déil-i →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + base-inside-thing.(4n.i)-relational + shelter-relational • (FS)

at gutú (landform) woods; bush ¹; brush ¹; underbrush; wilderness; forest | "inside the base of something" | (KE) • at + gú-tú →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + base-inside • variants: at gatú (T), et getú (C) •

at ee- (postpositional pronoun) something | (to) something | fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me →  first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)

• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us →  first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)

• i ee- | (to) you →  second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)

• yee ee- | (to) you all →  second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)

• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them →  third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)

• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all →  third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it →  third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)

• ash ee- | (to) this person →  third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person →  third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)

• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone →  fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)

• at ee- | (to) something →  fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)

• aa ee- | (to) one, some →  partitive postpositional (part.PP)

• chush | (to) -selfʼs →  reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)

• woosh, wooch | (to) each other →  reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)

at éewu (verbal noun) food | cooked food | at + ∅-√.ée(w)-u →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√cook-relational • (JL)

at kachʼáakʼu (verbal noun) carver | "carves something" | at + ka-∅-√chʼáakʼw-u →  something.(4n.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√carve-design/incise-relational • (KE)

at kahéeni (compound noun) juice | at + ka-héen-i →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + on.water.(possessive) • (KE)

at kasayé (verbal noun) strange | something strange | at + ka-sa-√yé →  something.(4n.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(s)-√strange • (JL)

at katáxʼaa (verbal noun) pliers | "the one that something" | at + ka-√táxʼ-aa →  something.(4n.O) + horizontal-√bite-one(s).(part.i) • (KE) • variants: kakatáxʼaa •

at katé (verbal noun) bullet | at + ka-∅-√té →  something.(4n.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√rock • (KE)

at kax̱útʼti (verbal noun) wood | wood chips (from adzing) | at + ka-∅-√x̱útʼ-t-i →  something.(4n.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√chop/chip-repetitive-relational • (JL)

at ka.áax̱u (verbal noun) wrapping | wrappings (for a present or something bundled and tied) | at + ka-∅-√.áax̱w-u →  something.(4n.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(∅)-√bundle/wrap-relational • (JL)

at káx̱ adéli (verbal noun) • variants: adéli • guard ²; watchman | "protects something" | at + ká-x̱ + a-∅-√dél-i →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + on.at-(repeatedly) + it/them.(3.O)-classifier.(∅)-√protect-relational • (KE)

at kaawaxúkw (verbal noun) dried | dried thing, esp. food; "something was dried" | at + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√xúkw →  something.(4n.O) + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√dry

at kaayí (verbal noun) wood | cord (of wood); "something measured" | literally, measure of something [i.e. firewood] | at + √kaay-í →  something.(4n.O) + √measure-relational • tléixʼ et kaayí →  one cord (of wood) (JL)

at kuna.áaḵw (compound noun) | at kuna.áag̱u plan; directions; commandment; suggestion | at + ka-u-na-∅-√.áaḵw →  something-(4h.O) + horizontal-irrealis-na.con-classifier.(∅)-√command • (JL)

at kookeidí (compound noun) parable | "a thing that is measured against something" | at + ka-ÿu-∅-√kaay-át-i →  something.(4n.O) + compare.perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√measure.something-(4n.i)-relational • (NR, JL, KE)

at kwéiyi (compound noun) cone | traffic cone; training cone | at + kwéiy-i →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + marker-relational

at kʼé (verbal noun) good | good thing | at + ∅-√kʼé →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√good • (JL)

at layeix̱ sʼaatí (compound noun) carpenter | "master builder" | at + la-√yeix̱ + sʼaatí →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(l)-√make/use + boss/master • (KE)

at la.át (verbal noun) baggage; luggage; suitcase | things, stuff packed up for carrying | áa-t la.√.át ² →  there-around clasifier.(l)-√carry-(personal belongings) • at la.át ashayalihéin →  they have many pieces of baggage (SN) • (KE)

at luxʼaaḵáawu (compound noun) troublemaker | "person at the point of something" | at + lú-xʼaa-ḵáa-wu →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + noise/point.tip.someone-(4h.i)-relational • (KE)

at nané (verbal noun) art | this phrase has been translated as "an iconic event" which refers to an event that results in a clan claiming an image for a crest | at na-∅-√né →  something.(4n.O) na.cn-classifier.(∅)-√do/work

at natéeyi (verbal noun) hunter | at + na-∅-√tée-yi →  something.(4n.O) + na-cn-classifier.(∅)-√carry-(general/compact)?-relational • (JL)

at sag̱ahaayí (verbal noun) will; wish ² | will; wish(es); "something one wills to do" | that one wants to do or to have happen | at + sa-g̱a-∅-√haa-yí →  something.(4n.O) + voice.g̱a-md-classifier.(∅)-√willing-relational • (KE, JL)

at sax̱án (verbal noun) love | love (of things); love (of everything) | at + sa-√x̱án →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(s)-√love • (KE)

at sʼaan.ax̱w dzáas (compound noun) spear ² | spear which binds rope around a seal; "thonging that wraps up limbs" | this spear was invented by a small beaver in Basket Bay | at + sʼaan-∅-√.áx̱w + dzáas →  something.(4n.O) + limb-classifier.(∅)-√tie-up/wrap-up + thonging • (KE)

at sʼéilʼi (compound noun) rag | rags (for cleaning or wiping)

at shax̱ishdi dzáas (compound noun) spear ² | spear for clubbing; "clubbing something on the head thonging" | at + sha-∅-√x̱ish-t-i + dzáas →  something + head-classifier.(∅)-√club-repetitive-relational + babiche/thonging • (KE)

at shí (verbal noun) singing; song; music | at + ∅-√shí →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√sing • (KE)

at shí ḵóok (compound noun) radio; phonograph; stereo; music box; ipod; music device | "song box" | at + ∅-√shí + ḵóok →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅-–i)-√sing + box • (KE)

at sheexʼí (verbal noun) singer; choir | singers | at + ∅√shée-xʼ-i →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√sing.[plural]-relational • (KE) • variants: et shéexʼi (C) •

at sheeyí (verbal noun) singer | at + ∅√shée-yi →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√sing-relational • (KE)

at shooḵ (verbal noun) laughter | at + ∅-shooḵ →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√laugh/smile • (KE)

at tugáni (compound noun) gunpowder | "burns something inside" | at + tu-∅-√gán-i →  something + inside-classifier.(∅)-√burn/light-relational • (KE)

at tux̱ʼwánsʼi (compound noun) buckshot | "something rotted to powder" | at + tu-∅-√x̱ʼwán-sʼ-i →  something + inside-classifier.(∅)-√rot-to-powder-repetitive-relational • (KE)

at tʼaa.éexʼi (verbal noun) town crier | "yells something to the landward side" | at + tʼáa-∅-√.éexʼ-i →  something.(4n.O) + landward-side-classifier.(∅)-√shout/call-out-relational (JL)

at tsʼíkʼwti (verbal noun) muscle; pincher | "pinches something"; muscle that opens and closes the shell of a shellfish | at + ∅-√tsʼíkʼw-t-i →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√pinch-repetitive-relational • (JL)

at uhéini (verbal noun) • variants: at uhéin • claim; property; crest ² | claimed property; that which is claimed or willed | particularly a crest or other totem claimed by a clan | at + wu-∅-√héin-i →  something.(4n.O) + perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√claim-relational • (JL)

at wujaaḵw (verbal noun) accomplishment | "something that is fitting" | at + wu-∅-√jaaḵw →  something.(4n.O) + perfective-clasifier.(∅)-√fitting

at wulyáaḵw (verbal noun) simile; comparison | at + wu-la-√yáaḵw →  something.(4n.O) + perfective-clasifier.(l)-√compare/represent-as • (JL)

at wulyú (compound noun) speech | public speaking; "something declared publicly" | (NR, HC, DK) • at + ÿu-l-√yú →  something-(4h.O) + perfective-clasifier.(d,l)-√declare/speak-publicly-(?) • variants: ḵaankageetxʼ yoo x̱ʼawditaaní •

at wuskú yís át ḵuwduwateen (compound noun) field trip | "traveling around for knowledge" | at + ÿu-sa-√kú + yís + aa-t + ḵu-ÿu-du-ÿa-√teen →  something-(4h.O) + perfective-clasifier.(s)-√know + for-(benefit) + there.around + areal.perfective-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅,i)-√travel • (GD, MD)

at wuskóowu (verbal noun) person; elder | elder; knowledgeable person; wisdom bearer; "knows something" | at + ÿu-s-√kóo-wu →  something.(4n.O) + perfective-clasifier.(d,s)-√know-relational

at wooskú daakahídi (compound noun) • variants: ; áxʼ ḵaa ée at dultóow yé, sgóon, shgóon • school | "house around wisdom" | (KE) • at ÿu-s-√kú + daaká-hít-i →  something.(4n.O) + perfective-clasifier.(d,s)-√know + around-outside.house-relational

at xáshdi téel (compound noun) moccasin | "something cut up shoe" | (KE) • at + ∅-√xásh-t-i + téel →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√cut/saw-repetitive-relational + shoe • variants: keish téel (Y) •

at xáshdi xʼóow (compound noun) blanket | blanket sewn from scraps of hide; "something cut up blanket" | at + ∅-√xásh-t-i + xʼóow →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√cut/saw-repetitive-relational + blanket • (KE)

at xʼaan aaní (compound noun) fish camp; camp for drying fish | "something dried by smoke land" | at + ∅-√xʼaan + aan-i →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√dry-by-smoking-(fish) + land-(inhabited)-relational • (CG)

at xʼaan hídi (compound noun) • variants: et xʼaan hídi (C), sʼeiḵ hídi (T), sʼeiḵ daakahídi, sʼeiḵ daakéedi (C) • smokehouse | "something dried by smoke house" | at + ∅-√xʼaan + híd-i →  something.(4n.O) + clasifier.(∅)-√dry-by-smoking-(fish) + house-relational • (KE)

at x̱aagú shakee.át (compound noun) claw; headdress | claw headdress | at + x̱aagw-ú + shakée-át →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + claw-relational + on-head-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

at x̱ʼawóosʼ (verbal noun) • variants: ḵaa x̱ʼawóosʼ • question | at + x̱ʼa-∅-√wóosʼ →  something.(4n.O) + mouth-classifier.(∅)-√ask • (JL)

at x̱ʼéeshi (compound noun) fish: dryfish | thinly cut and dried fish • possibly from a neighboring Na-Dene Northern Athabascan language | (KE) • variants: at duwax̱ʼéeshi •

at yahaayí xʼúxʼ kshaxeet (compound noun) art | art; drawing; painting; "writing the image of something" | « ḵaa yahaayí kshaxeet » is the act of drawing, painting, and making non-sculptural art; « at yahaayí xʼúxʼ kshaxeet » is an artifact from drawing, painting, and making non-sculptural art | at+ yahaayí + xʼúxʼ ka-sha-√xeet →  somethingʼs.(4n.r) + image/shadow + paper/membrane + horizontal-clasifier.(sh)-√furrow/write • (GD)

at yana.á (verbal noun) fish ¹; run ⁴; migrate | fish run, migration | at + ya-na-∅-√.á →  something.(4n.O) + vertical-na.con-classifier.(∅)-√migrate-(of fish) • (KE)

at yanáag̱u (verbal noun) bait | at + ya-∅-√náaḵw-u →  something.(4n.o) + vertical-classifier.(∅)-√bait-relational • (GD)

at yawusḵá (verbal noun) promise | "something told" | at + ya-ÿu-sa-√ḵá →  something.(4n.O) + vertical-perfective-clasifier.(s)-√say/tell • (JL)

at yátxʼi daa yoo at kooneik ḵáa (compound noun) advocate | court appointed special advocate; "doing on behalf of children" | at yátxʼi + daa + yoo + at + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√nei-k + ḵáa →  children + around/about + to/fro + something.(4n.O) + horizontal-perfective-clasifier.(∅,i)-√do/work-on-repetitive + person.(4h.i) • (GD, MD)

at yáa awuné (verbal noun) • variants: yáa at wooné • respect | at + yáa + a-wu-∅-√né →  something-(4n.r) + along +  + a.theme.irrealis-classifier.(∅)-√respect

atkʼátskʼu (compound noun) child | adolescent | at-kʼátskʼu →  its.(4n.r).adolescent/small • (KE)

atxaayí (compound noun) centipede | (KE)

atx̱a át (compound noun) moth | "thing that eats something" | at-∅-√x̱a + át →  something.(4n.O)-classifier.(∅)-√eat + thing-(4n.i) • (KE, JL) • variants: naa.át ax̱a át •

atx̱á (verbal noun) food; meal | "thing eaten" | at-∅-√x̱á →  something.(4n.O)-cl.(∅)-√eat • (KE)

atx̱á áxʼ yéi daadunéi yé (compound noun) counter | kitchen counter | atx̱á + á-xʼ + yéi + ∅-daa-du-∅-√néi + yé →  food + its.(3n.i)-at.(residing) + thus + it/them.(3.O)-around-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(∅)-√do/happen + place

atx̱á daakahídi (compound noun) restaurant; tavern | "building around food" | atx̱á + daaka-hít-i →  food + around-outside.house-relational • (KE)

atx̱á jishagóon (compound noun) utensil; kitchen utensil | "food tool" | atx̱á + ji-shagóon →  food + hand.components/parts • (KE)

atx̱aaxʼí sáani (verbal noun) snacks | "little things eaten" | át-√x̱á-xʼ-i + sáani →  thing-√eat.[plural].[peg vowel].[diminutive] • (FW)

atyátxʼi (compound noun) children | “somethingʼs children” | this could be translated as "somethingʼs children" but always refers to human children. there has been debate about whether one « atyátxʼi » is human and « adátxʼi » is nonhuman but the consensus is that both were used for human children only | at + yát-xʼ-i →  [somethingʼs.(4n.r) + child.pos] • (KE) • variants: adátxʼi, atyétxʼi (T), adétxʼi (T), edétxʼi (C) •

atyátxʼi latíni (compound noun) babysitter | “watches children” | (KE) • at + yát-xʼ-i + la-√tín-i →  somethingʼs-(4h.r) + child.[plural]-relational + clasifier.(l)-√see-relational

at.óow (verbal noun) possession; clan | sacred clan-owned item; "something bought" | used to denote something that is owned by a clan and cannot be claimed by an individual • things that can be at.óow are names, houses, stories, songs, land, the image of animals and the supernatural, and objects made with the images of those things • at.óow may be jointly claimed by multiple clans, but use of at.óow that is not claimed by your clan is inappropriate unless proper permissions have been given • the children, grandchildren, and close relatives of clans would often be dressed in some of the most valuable at.óow of a clan that recognizes the relationship publicly | at-∅-√.óow →  something.(4n.O)-classifier.(∅)-√buy

at.óow latíni (compound noun) clan; caretaker | clan caretaker of at.óow | at-∅-√.óow + la-√tín-i →  something.(4n.O)-classifier.(∅)-√buy + clasifier.(l)-√see-relational

atskanée! (interjection) • variants: atsganée • scary! | (KE)

atsʼáts (noun) hawk; osprey | osprey; fish hawk; sea hawk | atsʼáts live on fish and build nests close to water

awliwás (verbal noun) dryfish, hard | "roasted dry fish" | a-ÿu-∅-li-√wás →  them/it.(3.O).perfective-they.(3.S)-classifier.(l,i)-√roast/scorch-(by fire) • (KE)

ax̱ (relational pronoun) my | first person singular possessive pronoun (1s.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ | my →  first person singular possessive (1s.r)

• haa | our →  first person plural possessive (1p.r)

• i | your →  second person singular possessive (2s.r)

• yee | you allʼs →  second person plural possessive (2p.r)

• du | their →  third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)

• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs →  third person plural possessive (3p.r)

• a | its →  third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)

• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs →  third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)

• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs →  third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)

• ḵaa | someoneʼs →  fourth person human possessive (4h.r)

• at | somethingʼs →  fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)

• aa | oneʼs, someʼs →  partitive possessive (part.r)

• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs →  reflexive possessive (rflx.r)

• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs →  reciprocal possessive (recip.r)

ax̱ adée (interjection) oh goodness!

ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼé (kinship term) grandchild | my wonderful grandchild! | endearing term used when speaking lovingly to a grandchild | dachx̱án-√kʼé →  grandchild-√good/fine • (DK)

ax̱ ee- (postpositional pronoun) me | to me; with me | first person singular postpositional (1s.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱aat | (to) me →  first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)

• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us →  first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)

• i ee- | (to) you →  second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)

• yee ee- | (to) you all →  second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)

• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them →  third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)

• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all →  third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it →  third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)

• ash ee- | (to) this person →  third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person →  third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)

• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone →  fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)

• at ee- | (to) something →  fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)

• aa ee- | (to) one, some →  partitive postpositional (part.PP)

• chush | (to) -selfʼs →  reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)

• woosh, wooch | (to) each other →  reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)

ax̱áa (verbal noun) paddle | “paddler” | a-∅-√x̱áa ² →  a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√paddle/row • (KE)

ayaheeyáa (compound noun) curlew | (KE)

ayáx̱ (particle) correct; right ² | often appears with « áwé » as in « ayáx̱ áwé » (thatʼs correct)

a.án (verbal noun) watch ¹; meditate; weather; navigate; forecast | watching the weather to forecast; watching the stars to navigate | a-∅-√án →  a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√observe/meditate

á ¹ (particle) | [focus particle] | this particle puts focus on the previous word or phrase. • it is often heard when giving someone a name, and the name is said and repeated while "killing money;" the name is said followed immediately by « á! »

á ² (independent pronoun) ⑴ it || ⑵ there; reason; place; then | that place, time, reason, fact | third person nonhuman independent (3N.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • common suffix combinations are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length | (JC, KE, JL)

• ách [áa-ch] | because of it; with it

• aag̱áa [áa-g̱áa] | after it; following it

• aadáx̱ / aax̱ [áa-dáx̱] | from it; after it [that time]

• aadé [áa-dé] | towards it

• aan [áa-n] | with it

• anax̱ [áa-náx̱] | through it; along it

• át [áa-t] | arriving at it; at it

• áwu [áa-wu] | located at it

• áxʼ [áa-xʼ] | residing at it; located at it

• áx̱ [áa-x̱] | moving along it; repeatedly at it

á ³ (independent pronoun) her; him | them (a secondary character of a narrative or event) | third person obviate independent (3obv.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • "proximate third person represents the topic of discourse, the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or the person ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: 38) | (JC, KE)

ách ¹ (particle) because; so; therefore | because of that; therefore; so | áa-ch →  it-because • (JL)

ách ² (particle) with it; using it | áa-ch →  it.with-(instrumental) • (JC)

ách at dusx̱a át (compound noun) • variants: aan at dusx̱a át, ájudusx̱a.aa • fork | “thing a person eats with” | áa-ch + at + du-s-√x̱a + át →  one(s).(part.i).erg-(inst) + something.(4n.O) + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s)-√eat + thing-(4n.i) • (KE)

ágé (particle) | [interrogative: marks yes/no questions] | this particle is used to turn any statement into a yes or no question • the placement of the particle is often determined by grammar, but at times is determined by what part of the phrase is being questioned | (KE) • variants: gé •

áhé (particle) this | this here (is) | á-hé →  focus.particle-here • (KE)

ákhé (particle) is it this here? | á-gé-hé →  [focus-particle].[yes/no question].here • (KE)

ákyá (particle) is it this right here? | á-gé-yá →  [focus-particle].[yes/no question].right-here • (KE)

ákyú (particle) is it that way over there? | á-gé-yú →  [focus-particle].[yes/no question].way-over-there • (KE)

ákwé (particle) is it that there? | á-gé-wé →  [focus-particle].[yes/no question].there • (KE)

ánkʼw (noun) • variants: énkw (C) • brat; person | person who cries easily | (KE)

ásíwé (compound noun) perhaps; maybe | perhaps that is

át ¹ (independent pronoun) something | fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • used to indicate that an unspecified thing is the pronoun; Like the fourth person human pronoun this one is often used as a placeholder in nouns and verbs. It alters a lot of words when used in a variety of forms. Keep an eye out for it as you build vocabulary, and you will see it is one of the most powerful words in Lingít. For example: at.óow (sacred clan-owned item), at daná (they are drinking alcohol), and Daḵlʼaweidí [daḵ-lʼéiw-at-i] (Thing of the Inland Sand Bar – name of an Eagle-Killer Whale Clan). • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱át | me →  first person singular independent (1s.i)

• uháan | us →  first person plural independent (1p.i)

• wa.é | you →  second person singular independent (2s.i)

• yeewháan | you all →  second person plural independent (2p.i)

• hú | they →  third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)

• hás | them all →  third person plural independent (3p.i)

• á | it →  third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)

• ash | this person →  third person proximal independent (3prx.i)

• á | that other person →  third person obviate independent (3obv.i)

• ḵáa | someone →  fourth person human independent (4h.i)

• át | something →  fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)

• aa | one, some →  partitive independent (part.i)

• chúsh | -self →  reflexive independent (rflx.i)

• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together →  reciprocal independent (recip.i)

át ² (preverb) there; arriving | arriving there | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) | áa-t →  there.at-(arriving) • (JC)

át ³ (preverb) around | moving around | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded) | áa-t →  there.at-(moving around) • (JC)

át amdliseenín néekw (compound noun) • variants: át awdliseenín néekw • COVID | áa-t + a-ÿu-dli-√seen-ín + néekw →  there-at.(moving) + a.theme-perfective-classifier.(d,l,i)-√hide-decessive + sick/hurt • (SaJ)

át kanduḵʼíshji (compound noun) hockey; baseball | batter in baseball; hockey player; "bats it around” | áa-t + ka-na-du-∅-√ḵʼísh-ch-i →  there-at.(arrived) + horizontal-na.con-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(∅)-√bat.rep.rel]

át kawdliyeeji át (compound noun) birds | áa-t + ka-ÿu-dli-√yeech-i + át →  there-at.(around) + horizontal-perfective-cl.(d,l,i)-√fly.(plural)-attributive + thing.(4n.i) • (FS)

át ḵukawu.aag̱ú (verbal noun) director; planner; commander | "orders people around"; "directs people" | (KE) • variants: át at kawu.aag̱ú, ét et kawu.aag̱ú (C), ét ḵukawu.aag̱ú (C) •

át ḵoowsix̱óotʼi át (compound noun) bus | á-t + ḵu-ÿu-si-√x̱óotʼ-i + át →  it-at.(arrived) + someone.(4h.O)-perfective-cl.(s,i)-√drag/haul-attributive + thing.(4n.i) • (FS)

át ḵoowsix̱óotʼi ḵáa (compound noun) bus; driver | bus driver | áa-t + ḵu-ÿu-∅-si-√x̱óotʼ-i + ḵáa →  there-around + people.(4h.O)-perfective-they.(3.S)-cl.(s,i)-√drag-attributive + person

át sh kawdudziyéedi (verbal noun) accordion | "thing a person stretches apart" | át + sh + ka-ÿu-du-dzi-√yéet-i →  something-(4n.i) + self.(rflx.O) + horizontal-perfective-someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,s,i)-√stretch-relational • (GD, MD)

át wudiḵeeni yaakw (compound noun) airplane | áa-t + wu-di-√ḵeen-i + yaakw →  there-at.(around) + perfective-classifier.(d,∅,i)-√fly-attributive + canoe

át wududziḵux̱u át ¹ (borrowed noun) • variants: káa • car; automobile | "thing that people drive around" | (KE) • áa-t + ÿu-du-dzi-√ḵux̱-u + át →  there-at.(arrived) + perfective-someone.(4h.S)-classifier.(d,s,i)-√go.(by boat or car)-attributive + thing-(4n.i)

át wududziḵux̱u át ² (compound noun) car | át wududziḵux̱u át →  áa-t + ∅-ÿu-du-dzi-√ḵux̱-u + át there-around + it/them.(3.O)-perfective-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(d,z,i)-√drive.(car/boat)-attributive +thing.(4h.i) • (FS)

át wududzix̱óotʼi (compound noun) baggage; luggage; suitcase | luggage or briefcase on wheels | áa-t la.√.át ² →  there-around clasifier.(l)-√carry-(personal belongings) • at la.át ashayalihéin →  they have many pieces of baggage (SN) • (FS)

át wulisʼéesi (verbal noun) kite | "blows around" | áa-t + ÿu-li-√sʼées-i →  there.around + perfective-clasifier.(l,i)-√blown-(by wind)-relational • (GD, MD)

át yana.á (verbal noun) migration | fish migration | áa-t + ya-na-∅-√.á →  there-at.(arrived) + vertical-na-cn-classifier.(∅)-√inspect/peer • (JL)

átdáx̱ ḵusahéix̱ át (compound noun) detergent; bleach | spot remover | át-dáx̱ ḵu-sa-√háa-x̱ át →  something.(4n.i)-from areal-classifier.(s)-√move-in-mass-repetitive something.(4n.i) • (JL)

átkʼ aheen (verbal noun) faith; belief; trust; religion | "they believes it" | át-kʼ + a-∅-√heen →  it-(4n.i).[locative] + a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√believe • (KE)

átkʼ aheení (verbal noun) believer | át-kʼ + a-∅-√heen →  it-(4n.i).[locative] + a.theme-classifier.(∅)-√believe-relational • (KE)

átxʼi sáani (compound noun) thing; knickknacks | át-xʼ-i + sáani →  thing.(4n.i)-plural-peg.vowel + plural.small • (SN)

átx̱ sateeyí át (compound noun) thing; important | important thing; thereʼs something important in it | át-x̱ sa-√tee-yí + át →  thing-(4n.i).[locative] + clasifier.(s)-√be-relational + thing-(4n.i) • (GB)

átʼiweit (compound noun) pot | cooking pot; "cooking thing" | at-.√ée(w)-u-át →  something.(4n.O)-√cook-relational-thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

átʼláni (compound noun) slime | slime (inside clamshell); "raw seafood"; "cold food or drink" | √.áatʼ-láni →  √cold.[?] • (JL)

áwé (particle) that | that there (is) | this particle is used often in Lingít oratory and conversation to signal a pause or that the speaker intends to speak or continue speaking | á-wé →  focus.particle-there

áwu (particle) located; at | located at it | áa-wu →  it.located-at

áxʼ (particle) at; located | residing at it; located at it | áa-xʼ →  there.at-(residing or at rest)

áxʼ ḵaa ée at dultóow yé (compound noun) • variants: sgóon; shgóon; at wooskú daakahídi • school | “place where people are taught there” | (KE) • áa-x + ḵaa + ée + at + du-l-√tóow + yé →  there.at-(residing) + someoneʼs-(4h.r) + [empty base] + something.(4n.O) + someone.(4h.S)-clasifier.(d,l)-√teach + place

áxʼ woosh kaanáx̱ wuduwa.aadi yé (compound noun) hall; community | community hall; gathering center | á-xʼ + woosh + ká-náx̱ + ÿu-du-ÿa-√aat-i + yé →  its.(3n.i)-at.(residing) + reciprocal + on-through + perfective-someone.(4h.S)-cl.(i,∅)-√go/walk.(plural)-attributive + place

áx̱ ⑴ (particle) at | moving around at it; repeatedly arriving at | áa-x̱ →  there.at-(moving around or arriving repeatedly) || ⑵ (preverb) | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded)

áx̱ sh kalgan sʼeenáa (compound noun) light ¹ | electric light | aa-x̱ + sh + ka-l-√gan + sʼeenáa →  there.at-(repetitive) + self.(rflx.O) + horizontal-clasifier.(d,l)-√burn/light + light • (JL)

áyá (particle) this | this right here (is) | á-yá →  focus.particle-right.here

áyú (particle) that | that way over there (is) | á-yá →  focus.particle]-over.yonder

aa- (object pronoun) one ²; some | partitive object (part.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Lingít is to write all single letter object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter as part of the preverb, except for « ḵu- » • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the verb prefix • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱at | me [object] →  first person singular object (1s.O)

• haa | us [object] →  first person plural object (1p.O)

• i- | you [object] →  second person singular object (2s.O)

• yee | you all [object] →  second person plural object (2p.O)

• ∅- ⁓ a- | them →  third person object (3.O)

• has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them all [object] →  third person pluralizer (3pl)

• ash | this person [object] →  third person proximal object (3prx.O)

• ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] →  fourth person human object (4h.O)

• at | something [object] →  fourth person nonhuman object (4n.O)

• aa- | one, some [object] →  partitive object (part.O)

• sh ⁓ ∅- | -self →  reflexive object (rflx.O)

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] →  reciprocal object (recip.O)

aa ¹ (independent pronoun) one ²; some | partitive independent (part.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in phrases like « yáadu x̱át » (here i am) and « uháan áyá » (it is us) • used to refer to parts of a group or set, and can cover a wide range of meanings. In some cases, it can mean some general object, as in aadóo aayí sáyá? (whose thing is this?). In other cases, it can refer to a separated groups of things, as in daaḵw.aa sá? (which one of a group?). It often means the one or ones that perform a verb, and is used to create words in Lingít. There are many of these, and you will see more as you study. Here are some examples: lítaa (knife; literally “the one that slides”), x̱út’aa (adze; literally “the one that chips out wood”), and ḵutlʼídaa (shovel; literally “the one that throws away a space”). • other independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• x̱át | me →  first person singular independent (1s.i)

• uháan | us →  first person plural independent (1p.i)

• wa.é | you →  second person singular independent (2s.i)

• yeewháan | you all →  second person plural independent (2p.i)

• hú | they →  third person human singular independent (3Hs.i)

• hás | them all →  third person plural independent (3p.i)

• á | it →  third person nonhuman independent (3N.i)

• ash | this person →  third person proximal independent (3prx.i)

• á | that other person →  third person obviate independent (3obv.i)

• ḵáa | someone →  fourth person human independent (4h.i)

• át | something →  fourth person nonhuman independent (4n.i)

• aa | one, some →  partitive independent (part.i)

• chúsh | -self →  reflexive independent (rflx.i)

• wóosh, wóoch | each other, together →  reciprocal independent (recip.i)

aa ² (relational pronoun) oneʼs; someʼs | partitive possessive (part.P) • used to show a relationship between things, including ownership (« haa aaní » – “our land”), kinship term origination (« du éesh » – “their father”), the link to a relational base (« ax̱ x̱áni » – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs (« du toowú sigóo » – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ | my →  first person singular possessive (1s.r)

• haa | our →  first person plural possessive (1p.r)

• i | your →  second person singular possessive (2s.r)

• yee | you allʼs →  second person plural possessive (2p.r)

• du | their →  third person human singular possessive (3Hs.r)

• has du ⁓ s du | them allʼs →  third person plural possessive (3p.r)

• a | its →  third person nonhuman possessive (3N.r)

• ash | this galʼs/guyʼs →  third person proximal possessive (3prx.r)

• a | that other galʼs/guyʼs →  third person obviate possessive (3obv.r)

• ḵaa | someoneʼs →  fourth person human possessive (4h.r)

• at | somethingʼs →  fourth person nonhuman possessive (4n.r)

• aa | oneʼs, someʼs →  partitive possessive (part.r)

• chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs →  reflexive possessive (rflx.r)

• woosh, wooch | each otherʼs →  reciprocal possessive (recip.r)

aa ee- (postpositional pronoun) one ²; some | (to) one; (to) one | partitive postpositional (part.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

• ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan ⁓ x̱áat | (to) me →  first person singular postpositional (1s.PP)

• haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us →  first person plural postpositional (1p.PP)

• i ee- | (to) you →  second person singular postpositional (2s.PP)

• yee ee- | (to) you all →  second person plural postpositional (2p.PP)

• du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) them →  third person human singular postpositional (3s.PP)

• has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them all →  third person plural postpositional (3p.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it →  third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP)

• ash ee- | (to) this person →  third person proximal postpositional (3prx.PP)

• a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other person →  third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP)

• ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone →  fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP)

• at ee- | (to) something →  fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP)

• aa ee- | (to) one, some →  partitive postpositional (part.PP)

• chush | (to) -selfʼs →  reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP)

• woosh, wooch | (to) each other →  reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP)

aa sá (question particle) • variants: aadóo sá • who; someone; somebody | when asking who is the subject of a verb, the ergative « -ch » often attaches to create « aadóoch » • determiners may be added to « sá » as in « aadóo sáyá » (who is this?), « aadóo sáwé? » (who is that?) • question particles combine most commonly to form questions, but can also be used to create statements like « jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí » (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | aadóo sá du jeewú? →  who has it? • aadóoch sá aawax̱áa? →  who ate it? • (JC,KE)