Themes

√aa ¹ (verb root) sit; situated | classification: singular | plural form: √ḵee ¹

S-∅-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – open) sit | for (singlular) S to be seated | classification: singular subject | only occurs in the imperfective • a noun phrase with (-t) postposition is used to indicate where one is sitting, but this noun phrase is not required by the verb, for example: « .áa » (they are sitting) or « át .áa » (they are sitting there) • the plural verb stem is used when indicating that one person is sitting with another, even though the subject is singular, for example: « du een ḵéen » (they are sitting with them) or « du een x̱aḵéen » (i am sitting with them) | (KE) • Mary chʼa neilt áa → Mary is sitting at home (SN)

• prohibitive: líl ee.aayíḵ! | donʼt be sitting!

• imperfective (+): .áa | they sit; they are sitting

• imperfective (–): tlél u.aa | they donʼt sit; they arenʼt sitting

N-t + tux̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√.aa ¹ – subject intransitive – open) sit | for (singlular) S to be seated on their butthole | classification: singular subject | this phrase is often humorous in Lingít, referring to "really sitting upright" | Tsu té áyú káayag̱ijeitx̱ awliyéx̱ a káa áyú tux̱ʼada.áa. → He was also using a rock for a chair, heʼs sitting his butthole on it. (CW)

N-t + O-S-s-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – transitive – open) seat | for S to have O (live creature) seated at N | only occurs in the imperfective • could be used to indicate that one has a child or animal seated, but would generally not be used to refer to an adult | (KE) • dóosh ḵóok yíkt as.áa → he sat the cat in the box (and it was very docile and remained there) (SN)

• imperfective (+): át as.áa | they have them seated there

• imperfective (–): tlél át oos.áa | they donʼt have them seated there

N-t + l-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – open) situated | for a building to be situated at N | only occurs in the imperfective | (KE) • hit tlein át la.aayín; kei oowagán ḵu.aa → there used to be a large house there, but it burned down (SN) • ax̱ hídi ANB Hall tuwánt la.áa → my house is next to the ANB Hall (SN)

• imperfective (+): át la.áa | itʼs situated there

• imperfective (–): tlél át ul.aa | itʼs not situated there

O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-S-∅-√aa ¹ ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) quiet; shush | for S to shush O (a baby)

• imperative: x̱’ayana.áa! | shush the baby!

• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼayee.áaḵ! | donʼt shush the baby!

• imperfective (+): ax̱’aya.áa | they are shushing the baby

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼayaawa.áa | they shushed them (a baby)

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼayawu.áa | they didnʼt shush them (a baby)

• future (+): x̱ʼayakg̱wa.áa | they will shush them (a baby)

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼayakg̱wa.áa | they wonʼt shush them (a baby)

√aa ² (verb root) inspect; examine; kiss ¹; consider; think over; come to

N + daa + ÿa-S-∅-√.aa ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) consider; think; come to | for S to consider, think over N; for S to come to senses (after drinking) | sh daa yeenda.á! de ḵut áwé kei neegút → think about yourself (think over your life)! you are getting lost already (SN)

• imperative: a daa yanee.á! | consider it!

• prohibitive: líl a daa yee.éix̱iḵ! | donʼt consider it!

• imperfective (+): a daa ya.éix̱ | they are considering it

• imperfective (–): tlél a daa yoo.éix̱ | they arenʼt considering it

• perfective (+): a daa yaawa.aa | they considered it

• perfective (–): tlél a daa yawu.aa | they didnʼt consider it

• future (+): a daa yakg̱wa.áa | they will consider it

• future (–): tlél a daa yakg̱wa.aa | they wonʼt consider it

N + daa + ÿa-S-d+s-√.aa ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) examine; inspect; judge; assess | for S to examine, inspect, look into N; for S to judge, assess N | (KE) • haa daa yagax̱dus.áa → weʼre going to be examined / weʼre going to get a checkup (SN) • haat áyá x̱at kawduwaḵáa yee ḵusteeyí a daa yanḵas.aa → they all sent me here to look into your way of life (to judge whether it is good or not) (SN)

• imperative: a daa yanees.á! | examine it!

• prohibitive: líl a daa yees.éix̱iḵ! | donʼt examine it!

• imperfective (+): a daa yas.éix̱ | they are examining it

• imperfective (–): tlél a daa yoos.éix̱ | they arenʼt examining it

• perfective (+): a daa yawdzi.aa | they examined it

• perfective (–): tlél a daa yawus.aa | they didnʼt examine it

• future (+): a daa yakg̱was.áa | they will examine it

• future (–): tlél a daa yakg̱was.aa | they wonʼt examine it

N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + ÿa-d+s-√.aa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive kiss ¹ | for S to kiss N | (KE) • du sée x̱ʼéide yawdzi.áa → she kissed her daughter (SN)

• imperative: ax̱ x̱ʼéit yees.á! | kiss me!

• prohibitive: líl ax̱ x̱ʼéix̱ yees.aayéeḵ! | donʼt kiss me!

• perfective (+): ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawdzi.áa | they kissed me

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawus.á | they didnʼt kiss me

• future (+): ax̱ x̱ʼéide yakg̱was.áa | they will kiss me

• future (–): tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéide yakg̱was.aa | they wonʼt kiss me

√aa ³ (verb root) ⑴ grow | classification: plant || ⑵ pour | pour forth | classification: water || ⑶ extend | extend or move forward

ka-∅-√.aa ³ (na act verb – impersonal ⑴ grow | for a plant to grow | classification: plant | (KE) • táakw eeteedé yaa ḵunahéin: kayaaní kei kana.éin → springtime is coming; the leaves are coming out/the plants are growing (SN) • daa sá i táayi gèixʼ ka.éix̱? → what is growing in your garden? (SN) || ⑵ flow; pour | for a stream of water to flow, pour forth | classification: water | gílʼ yaadáx̱ héen diyéet kaawa.áa → a small waterfall is flowing over the cliffand hitting a certain place down below

• imperfective (+): ka.éix̱ | it grows; itʼs growing; it flows; itʼs flowing

• imperfective (–): tlél koo.éix̱ | it doesnʼt grow; itʼs not growing; it doesnʼt flow; it isnʼt flowing

• progressive imperfective: yaa kana.éin | itʼs growing; itʼs flowing

• perfective (+): kaawa.aa | it grew; it flowed

• perfective (–): tlél kawu.aa | it didnʼt grow; it didnʼt flow

• future (+): kei kakg̱wa.áa | it will grow; it will flow

• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱wa.aa | it wonʼt grow; it wonʼt flow

yóo + aan + ka-∅-√.aa ³ (na event verb – impersonal [check CP, type] quake; earthquake | for the earth to quake | (SN)

• progressive imperfective: yóo aan yoo kaya.éik | the earth is quaking (right now)

• perfective (+): yóo aan kaawa.áa | the earth quaked

ka-s-√.aa ³ (na act verb – impersonal grow | for a plant to grow | classification: plant | In classical Lingít, this verb meant specifically for a plant with a long stalk to grow (the length of the plant indicated by the s- classifier), however this meaning has been lost for most current speakers, and now just means for a plant in general to grow. | (KE)

• imperfective (+): kasa.éix̱ | it grows; itʼs growing

• imperfective (–): tlél koos.éix̱ | it doesnʼt grow; itʼs not growing

• progressive imperfective: kei kanas.éin | itʼs growing

• perfective (+): kawsi.aa | it grew

• perfective (–): tlél kawus.aa | it didnʼt grow

• future (+): kagux̱sa.áa | it will grow

• future (–): tlél kagux̱sa.aa | it wonʼt grow

O-ka-S-s-√.aa ³ (na act verb – transitive ⑴ grow | for S to cause O (plant) to grow | classification: plant | (KE) • séew ḵa g̱agaan kagaaních áwé kei kanas.éin → the rain and sunshine are making them all (plants) grow (SN) • i shax̱aawú kei kasa.á! → let your hair grow (implying it has been cut short before)! (SN) || ⑵ turn on | for S to turn on O (hose), cause O to flow | héen tʼáa kát akawsi.áa → he turned the hose on the floor (caused the water to pour out over the floor) (SN)

• imperative: kanas.á! | grow it!

• prohibitive: líl keesa.éix̱iḵ! | donʼt grow it!

• imperfective (+): aksa.éix̱ | they grow it; they are growing it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoos.éix̱ | they arenʼt growing it; they donʼt grow it

• perfective (+): akawsi.aa | they grew it

• perfective (–): tlél akawus.aa | they didnʼt grow it

• future (+): akagux̱sa.áa | they will grow it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sa.aa | they wonʼt grow it

ḵei-∅-√.aa ³ (na event verb – impersonal – open) daylight; daybreak; dawn | for it to become daylight, dawn | (KE)

• progressive imperfective: yaa ḵeina.éin | itʼs getting to be daylight

• perfective (+): ḵeiwa.aa | itʼs daylight

• perfective (–): tlél ḵeiwu.aa | itʼs not daylight

• future (+): ḵeikg̱wa.áa | it will be daylight

• future (–): tlél ḵeikg̱wa.aa | it wonʼt be daylight

O-ḵei-S-s-√.aa ³ (na event verb – transitive – open) celebrate; set apart | for S to celebrate O, set apart O (a particular day) | du kayageeyí ḵeewdudzi.aa → they all celebrated his birthday (SN) • Christmas has aḵeegux̱sa.áa → they all are going to celebrate Christmas (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ḵeinas.á! | celebrate it!

• prohibitive: líl yoo ḵeesa.éigiḵ! | donʼt celebrate it!

• progressive imperfective: yaa aḵeinas.éin | they are celebrating it

• perfective (+): aḵeiwsi.aa | they celebrated it

• perfective (–): tlél aḵeiwus.aa | they didnʼt celebrate it

• future (+): aḵeigux̱sa.áa | they will celebrate it

• future (–): tlél aḵeigux̱sa.aa | they wonʼt celebrate it

√aa ⁴ (verb root) migrate | for fish to migrate | classification: fish

{na preverb} + ÿa-∅-√.aa ⁴ (na motion verb – impersonal – open) run ⁴; migrate | for fish to run, migrate | classification: fish | (KE)

• progressive imperfective: yaa yana.éin | the fish are running

• perfective (+): yaawa.aa | the fish are running; the fish ran

• perfective (–): tlél yawu.aa | the fish arenʼt running; the fish didnʼt run

• future (+): yakg̱wa.áa | the fish will run

• future (–): tlél yakg̱wa.aa | the fish wonʼt run

{∅ motion preverb} + ÿa-∅-√.aa ⁴ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) | for fish to run

• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa yana.éin | the fish are running there

• perfective (+): át yaawa.áa | the fish ran there

• perfective (–): tlél át yawu.á | the fish didnʼt run there

• future (+): aadé yakg̱wa.áa | the fish will run there

• future (–): tlél aadé yakg̱wa.aa | the fish wonʼt run there

√aa ⁵ (verb root) detain

√aak ¹ (verb root) weave | weave bark or roots | classification: tree bark or roots

O-S-∅-√.aak ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive weave | for S to weave O (using tree roots or bark) | tèey woodee a.áak g̱áach sákw → sheʼs weaving yellow cedar bark for a mat (SN) • ḵákw wuduwa.ák → baskets are woven (SN)

• imperfective (+): a.áak | they are weaving it (a basket or mat, using tree roots or bark)

• perfective (+): aawa.ák | they wove it (a basket or mat, using tree roots or bark)

S-d+∅-√.aak ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive weave | for S to weave (using tree roots or bark)

• imperfective (+): da.áak | they are weaving (with tree roots or bark)

• perfective (+): da.ák | they wove (with tree roots or bark)

√aak ² (verb root) fire ² | build fire | classification: fire

shóo-t⁓ + a-S-∅-√.aak ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive fire ² | for S to build a fire (using wood) | classification: wood, fire | (KE) • a tóot ax̱waa.ák → I fixed the fire in it (SN) • dei át ágé awduwa.ák? → have they all already made a fire? (SN)

• imperative: shóot eeda.ák! | build a fire!

• prohibitive: líl shóox̱ eeda.aagíḵ! | donʼt build a fire!

• perfective (+): shóot awdi.ák | they built a fire

• perfective (–): tlél shóot awda.aak | they didnʼt build a fire

• future (+): shóode agux̱da.áak | they will build a fire

• future (–): tlél shóode agux̱da.aak | they wonʼt build a fire

√aak ³ (verb root) stagger | stagger; move uncontrolled

√aak ⁴ (verb root) make room; reserve | reserve room, space

√aaḵw ¹ (verb root) attempt; try

ka-S-∅-√aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive [check stem variation] try; attempt | for S to try, attempt | kax̱waa.aaḵw ee yái ax̱walg̱eeni → i tried to look at your face (that is, to get a response from you) (SN)

• imperative: kana.aaḵw! | try!

• perfective (+): kaawa.aaḵw | they tried, attempted

• perfective (–): tlél kawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt try

• future (+): kakg̱wa.aaḵw | they will try

• future (–): tlél kakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt try

O-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check stem variation] test; try out | for S to try out, test O | note that in classical Lingít, this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which seems to be falling out of modern day speech, especially in the imperative form for this verb. this is indicated in the theme as (u)-. alternate forms given here show one form with the thematic (u)- and one without, both of which are acceptable in modern speech | chʼa akaawa.aaḵw áwé, wáa sá yakwg̱aḵaayí → he tested him to see what he would say (SN) • ḵukaawa.aaḵw → he tried out the people (SN) • akoo.aaḵw wé yéi jiné → heʼs giving the job a try (JL) • (KE)

• imperative: kana.aaḵw! / kuna.aaḵw! | try it!

• prohibitive: líl kee.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt try it!

• imperfective (+): akoo.aaḵw | they are trying it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoo.aaḵw | they arenʼt trying it

• progressive imperfective: yaa akuna.áḵw | they are starting to try it

• perfective (+): akaawa.aaḵw | they tried it

• perfective (–): tlél akawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt try it

• future (+): akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they will try it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt try it

O-x̱ʼa-ka-(u)-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive speak; direct ²; give | for S to give O an opportunity to speak; for S to give O directions as to what to say | (KE)

• imperative: x̱ʼakuna.aaḵw! / x̱ʼakana.aaḵw | give them an opportunity to speak!

• prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼakee.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt give them an opportunity to speak!

• imperfective (+): ax̱ʼakoo.aaḵw | they are giving them an opportunity to speak

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼakaawa.aaḵw | they gave them an opportunity to speak

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼakawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt give them an opportunity to speak

• future (+): ax̱ʼakakg̱wa.aaḵw | they will give them an opportunity to speak

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt give them an opportunity to speak

√aaḵw ² (verb root) plan; order ¹; command; instruct

át + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (na event verb – transitive – closed) order ¹; command; instruct | for S to give orders to, command, instruct O | át akaawa.aaḵw wé yéi jiné → heʼs directing/supervising the job (JL) • (KE)

• imperative: át kana.aaḵw! | give them orders!

• prohibitive: líl át kayi.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt give them orders!

• perfective (+): át akaawa.aaḵw | they gave them orders

• perfective (–): tlél át akawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt give them orders

• future (+): át akakg̱wa.áaḵw | they will give them orders

• future (–): tlél át akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt give them orders

yan⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) decide; plan | for S to make a decision about O; for S to finish planning O | (KE)

• imperative: yan ka.áḵw (dé)! | make a decision (now)!

• prohibitive: líl yan kayi.aag̱úḵ (tsá)! | donʼt make a decision (yet)!

• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa kana.áḵw | they are making a decision

• perfective (+): yan akaawa.áḵw | they made a decision

• perfective (–): tlél yan akaawa.aaḵw | they didnʼt make a decision

• future (+): yánde akakg̱wa.áaḵw | they will make a decision

• future (–): tlél yánde akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt make a decision

O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) plan | for S to plan O | (GD, LA, KE) • has du ḵu.éexʼi has akaawa.áḵw. → they all have all the plans set for them allʼs party (JL) • ldakát yan akaawa.áḵw → it has been planned out (SN) • yéi kawtuwa.aaḵw → we planned thus (SN)

• imperative: ka.áḵw! | plan it!

• prohibitive: líl kayi.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt plan it!

• imperfective (+): akoo.aaḵw | they are planning it

• progressive imperfective: yaa akana.áḵw | they are starting to plan it

• perfective (+): akaawa.áḵw | they planned it

• perfective (–): tlél akawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt plan it

• future (+): akakg̱wa.áaḵw | they will plan it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt plan it

át + O-ji-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (na act verb – transitive – closed) order ¹; instruct | for S to give O orders, instructions (esp. concerning work) | (KE)

• imperative: át jikuna.aaḵw! | give them things to do!

• prohibitive: líl át jikayi.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt give them things to do!

• imperfective (+): át ajikoo.aaḵw | they are giving them things to do; they gives them things to do

• progressive imperfective: át yaa ajikuna.áḵw | they are starting to give them things to do

• perfective (+): át ajikaawa.aaḵw | they gave them things to do

• perfective (–): tlél át ajikawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt give them things to do

• future (+): át ajikakg̱wa.áaḵw | they will give them things to do

• future (–): tlél át ajikakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt give them things to do

át + sh + ji-ka-S-d+∅-√.aaḵw ² (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) make ² | for S to make oneself do something | (KE)

• imperative: át sh jikanida.aaḵw! | make yourself do it!

• prohibitive: líl át sh jikayida.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt make yourself do it!

• perfective (+): át sh jikawdi.aaḵw | they made themself do it

• perfective (–): tlél át sh jikawda.aaḵw | they didnʼt make themself do it

• future (+): át sh jikagux̱da.áaḵw | they will make themself do it

• future (–): tlél át sh jikagux̱da.aaḵw | they wonʼt make themself do it

√aan ¹ (verb root) sit quietly; meditate; observe ¹

a-S-∅-√.aan ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive [check CP] sit quietly; meditate; observe ¹; navigate | for S to sit quietly (esp. while watching signs of the weather at sundown); for S to meditate (esp. while watching signs of the weather at sundown); for S to observe the weather while sitting quietly; for S to navigate using weather and stars | classification: weather | gáant oodu.ánjeen → they all used to sit outside, quietly watching the clouds (SN) • x̱ʼawool dzeit kán a.án → heʼs sitting quietly on the steps of his porch meditating (SN)

• imperfective (+): a.án | heʼs sitting quietly and meditating

√aan ² (verb root) kind ¹; gentle; pleasant; good looking

O-tu-l-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) kind ¹; gentle | for O to be kind; for O to be gentle | (KE)

• imperative: itukla.aan! | be kind!

• imperfective (+): tuli.aan | they are kind

• imperfective (–): tlél tool.aan | they arenʼt kind

• future (+): kei tugux̱la.aan | they will be kind

• future (–): tlél kei tugux̱la.aan | they wonʼt be kind

O-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) | classification: inanimate attractive; good-looking | for O to be attractive, good-looking | (KE)

• imperfective (+): kasi.aan | it is good-looking

• imperfective (–): tlél koos.aan | it isnʼt good-looking

• progressive imperfective: kei kanas.aan | it is starting to become good-looking

• perfective (+): kawsi.aan | it became good-looking

• perfective (–): tlél kawus.aan | it didnʼt become good-looking

• future (+): kei kagux̱sa.aan | it will be good-looking

• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱sa.aan | it wonʼt be good-looking

O-ÿa-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) attractive; good-looking; pleasant-faced | for O to be attractive, good-looking, pleasant-faced | classification: animate | yakwsi.aan aadé yeeliyéx̱i yé → the way youʼve made it (totem pole), it has a pleasant face (SN) • xíxchʼ tléil yakoos.aan → a frog isnʼt pleasant-faced; it is kind of ugly (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yaksi.aan | they are good-looking

• imperfective (–): tlél yakoos.aan | they arenʼt good-looking

• progressive imperfective: kei yakanas.aan | they are starting to become good-looking

• perfective (+): yakawsi.aan | they became good-looking

• perfective (–): tlél yakawus.aan | they didnʼt become good-looking

• future (+): kei yakagux̱sa.aan | they will be good-looking

• future (–): tlél kei yakagux̱sa.aan | they wonʼt be good-looking

√aan ³ (verb root) settlement

N-xʼ + S-d+s-√.aan ˀ ³ (? act verb – subject intransitive [check CP, type, stem variation] settlement | for S to make village at N; for S to settle at N | áa wutudzi.aan → we settled there/we made it our village (SN) • Jilḵáatdáx̱ áwé has wuligáasʼ; tlei Aangóonxʼ has wudzi.aan → they all moved from Chilkat and settled in Angoon/made Angoon them allʼs village (SN)

• perfective (+): áa woodzi.aan | they settled there; they made a village there

√aat ¹ (verb root) | classification: plural subject walk; go | singular form: √goot ¹

{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • ixdáaknáx̱ neil has uwa.át wé alʼeix̱í → the dancers came in by the entrance (JL)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} yi.á! | you all go {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yeey.aadíḵ! | you all donʼt go {____}!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ repetitive preverb} yi.átjiḵ!! | you all donʼt ever go {____}!

• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa (ha)s na.át | they all are going {____}

• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s una.át | they all are not going {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s uwa.át | they all went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s wu.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}

{na preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • i x̱ánde gax̱too.áat → we ʼre going to come to your place (SN) • gáande s woo.aat → they all went outside (SN) • du een woo.aat → he accompanied him/went with him (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nay.á! | you all go {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yeey.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na repetitive preverb} yoo yi.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all ever go {____}!

• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa (ha)s na.át | they all are going {____}

• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yaa (ha)s una.át | they all are not going {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} (ha)s woo.aat | they all went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s wu.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}

gánde + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) go; bathroom ¹; pee; urinate; poop ¹; defecate | for (plural) S to go to the bathroom | a euphemism that literally means "go outside" although the indepdendent base « gáan » contracts to « gán ». learners should be careful to keep the vowel long if the intended meaning is "going outside".

{ga preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go | (KE, JC) • aan ká kei átch g̱uwakaan → the deer climb up to the mountain pastures (in July) (SN)

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {ga preverb} kei yi.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all (ever) go {____}!

• progressive imperfective: {ga preverb} kei (ha)s na.át | they all are going {____}

• perfective (+): {ga preverb} has woo.aat | they all went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} has wu.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {ga preverb} kei (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}

(N-x̱) + yaa + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walking along | for (plural) S to be walking, going (by foot or as general term) along N (basically plural; see √goot ¹ for singular) | without the (N-x̱) this verb translates as "walk!" with a focus on the action and not the direction • this is an example of a progressive epiaspectual paradigm (leer, 91), which basically means that all forms are based on the progressive aspect. the progressive epiaspect is characterized by: 1)having the yaa preverb in all forms, 2)having no perfective form, and 3)denotes semantically a continuous transition from one location or state to another | (KE)

• imperative: yaa gay.á! | you all walk!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yaa yi.átjiḵ | donʼt you all walk!

• progressive imperfective: yaa (ha)s na.át | they all are walking

• future (+): yaa (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will be walking

• future (–): tlél yaa (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt be walking

{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} yida.á! | you all go {____}

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yida.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ repetitive preverb} yida.átjiḵ!! | you all donʼt ever go {____}!

• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb) yaa (ha)s nada.át | they all are going {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s wudi.át | they all went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s wuda.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} has gux̱da.áat | they all will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has gux̱da.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}

woosh + kaanáx̱ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – closed) assemble; congregate; gather together; meet | for (plural) S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings) | áxʼ áwé woosh kaanáx̱ kei s da.átch → that is where they all assemble • woosh kaanáx̱ kei has gux̱da.átch → they all are going to gather / assemble for a meeting (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: woosh kaanáx̱ gayda.á! | you all gather together!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl woosh kaanáx̱ kei yda.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all gather together!

• progressive imperfective: woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s nada.át | they all are beginning to gather together

• perfective (+): woosh kaanáx̱ has wudi.aat | they all gathered together

• perfective (–): tlél woosh kaanáx̱ has wuda.aat | they all didnʼt gather together

• future (+): woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will gather together

• future (–): tlél woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt gather together

woosh + x̱oo-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) assemble; congregate; gather together; meet | for (plural) S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings) | áxʼ áwé woosh kaanáx̱ kei s da.átch → that is where they all assemble (SN) • woosh has gux̱da.átch → they all are coming together/ assembling for a meeting (SN) • (KE) • áxʼ áwé woosh kaanáx̱ kei s da.átch → that is where they all assemble (SN) • woosh kaanáx̱ has gux̱da.átch → they all are coming together/ assembling for a meeting

• imperative: woosh x̱oot yida.á! | you all come together!

• prohibitive: líl woosh x̱oox̱ yida.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all come together!

• progressive imperfective: woosh x̱oodé yaa (ha)s nada.át | they all are coming together

• perfective (+): woosh x̱oot has wudi.át | they all came together

• perfective (–): tlél woosh x̱oot has wuda.aat | they all didnʼt come together

• future (+): woosh x̱oodé has gux̱da.áat | they all will come together

• future (–): tlél woosh x̱oodé has gux̱da.aat | they all wonʼt come together

ji-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) attack; assault | for (plural) S to attack, assault, fall upon | to indicate who is being attacked, use –éet (to –). for example: haa éet has jiwdi.át. ʼthey attacked usʼ. it is also acceptable to use this verb without specifying who was attacked | has du aanít jiwduwa.át → them allʼs town was attacked (and captured) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ḵaa éet jeeyda.á! | you all attack someone!

• prohibitive: líl ḵaa éex̱ jeeyda.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all attack anyone!

• progressive imperfective: ḵaa éede yaa (ha)s jinda.át | they all are attacking people

• perfective (+): ḵaa éet has jiwdi.át | they all attacked someone

• perfective (–): tlél ḵaa éet has jiwda.aat | they all didnʼt attack anyone

• future (+): ḵaa eedé has jigux̱da.áat | they all will attack someone

• future (–): tlél ḵaa eedé (ha)s jigux̱da.aat | they all wonʼt attack anyone

N + jikaadáx̱ + ÿa-(u)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) get out of way | for (plural) S to get out of Nʼs way | (KE, JC)

• imperative: du jikaadáx̱ yay.á! | you all get out of their way!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du jikaadáx̱ yaa yi.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all ever get out of their way!

• progressive imperfective: du jikaadáx̱ yaa (ha)s na.át | they all are getting out of their way

• perfective (+): du jikaadáx̱ has yaawa.át | they all got out of their way

• perfective (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ has yawu.aat | they all didnʼt get out of their way

• future (+): du jikaadáx̱ has yakg̱wa.áat | they all will get out of their way

• future (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ has yakg̱wa.aat | they all wonʼt get out of their way

a-ÿa-(u)-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) turn back; go back | for (plural) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term) | (KE, JC)

• imperative: ayeeda.á! | you all turn back!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ayeeda.átx̱iḵ | donʼt you all ever turn back!

• progressive imperfective: yaa (ha)s ayanda.át | they all are turning back

• perfective (+): has ayawdi.át | they all turned back

• perfective (–): tlél has ayawda.aat | they all didnʼt turn back

• future (+): has ayagux̱da.áat | they all will turn back

• future (–): tlél has ayagux̱da.aat | they all wonʼt turn back

neil⁓ + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in (plural) O | keitlxʼ neil wududzi.át → they all let the dogs in (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: neil has sa.á! | let them all in!

• prohibitive: líl neilx̱ has isa.aadíḵ! | donʼt let them all in!

• perfective (+): neil has awsi.át | they let them all in

• perfective (–): tlél neil has awus.aat | they didnʼt let them all in

• future (+): neildé has agux̱sa.áat | they will let them all in

• future (–): tlél neildé has agux̱sa.aat | they wonʼt let them all in

a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) appoint; choose | for S to appoint (plural) O, choose (plural) O for a certain position | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural | a tóo daak has wududzi.át → they all were appointed (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a tóo daak has sa.á! | appoint them all!

• prohibitive: líl a tóo daak has isa.átjiḵ! | donʼt appoint them all!

• perfective (+): a tóo daak has awsi.át | they appointed them all

• perfective (–): tlél a tóo daak has awus.aat | they didnʼt appoint them all

• future (+): a tóo daak has agux̱sa.áat | they will appoint them all

• future (–): tlél a tóo daak has agux̱sa.aat | they wonʼt appoint them all

yaa + O-shu-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for S to lead (plural) O (especially by walking ahead) | classification: plural objects | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural | (KE, JC) • wanadóo yaa ashuna.át → he ʼs leading the sheep (SN) • du yátxʼi át ashoowa.aat → she leads her children around (SN)

• imperative: yaa (ha)s shuga.á! | you all lead them!

• prohibitive: líl has shuyi.aadíḵ! | you all donʼt lead them!

• progressive imperfective: yaa (ha)s ashuna.át | they all are leading them

• perfective (+): has ashoowa.aat | they all led them

• perfective (–): tlél has ashuwu.aat | they all didnʼt lead them

• future (+): yaa (ha)s ashukg̱wa.áat | they will lead them all

• future (–): tlél yaa (ha)s ashukg̱wa.aat | they all wonʼt lead them

{g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (g̱a motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • shaa kaadáx̱ yei has na.át kal.átḵ → theyʼre coming down the mountain without anything (that is, having hunted unsuccessfully) (SN)

• imperative: {g̱a preverb} yaa g̱ay.á! | you all go {___}

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {g̱a preverb} yei yi.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}

• progressive imperfective: {g̱a preverb} yei (ha)s na.át | they all are going {____}

• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei (ha)s una.át | they all are not going {____}

• perfective (+): {g̱a preverb} (ha)s woo.aat | they all went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} (ha)s wu.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {g̱a preverb} yei has gug̱a.áat | they all will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}

√aat ² (verb root) | classification: baggage and personal items carry

{∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² (∅ motion verb – transitive carry; take; give | for S to carry, take plural O (esp. baggage) | a common use for this verb is N + jee-t⁓ + O-S-l-√.aat⁓ ² (∅ motion), such as « du jeet la.át! » (give them all to them!) | (KE, JC) • yei at gux̱la.áat → heʼs going to unload/bring stuff up from the boat (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} la.át! | carry them all {____}!

• prohibitive: Líl {∅ preverb} ila.aadíḵ! | donʼt carry them all {____}_!

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awli.át | they carried them all {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awul.aat | they didnʼt carry them all {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱la.áat | they will carry them all {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱la.aat | they wonʼt carry them all {____}

{na preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² (na motion verb – transitive carry; take; give | for S to carry, take plural O (esp. baggage) | (KE, JC) • ḵóok yaakw yíkde gax̱toola.áat → weʼre going to load the boxes on the boat (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nal.aat! | carry them all {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo ila.átgiḵ! | donʼt carry them all {____}!

• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa anal.át | they are carrying them all {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} awli.aat | they carried them all {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awul.aat | they didnʼt carry them all {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱la.áat | they will carry them all {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱la.aat | they wonʼt carry them all {____}

√aat ³ (verb root) carry; lie ¹ | classification: small round or hooplike objects

{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, round or hoop-like objects) | (KE, JC) • kasʼéet nadáakw ká yan akawli.át → he put the screws on the table (SN) • guk.ádi du jeet akawli.át → he gave her earrings (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} kala.á! | carry them all {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} keela.aadíḵ! | donʼt carry them all {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akawli.át | they carried them all {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawul.aat | they didnʼt {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akagux̱la.áat | they will carry them all {____}

• future (–): tlél du jeedé akagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt carry them all {___}

{na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (na event verb – transitive carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, round or hoop-like objects)

• imperative: {na preverb} kanala.á! | carry them all {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo ila.átgiḵ! | donʼt carry them all {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} akawli.aat | they carried them all {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawul.aat | they didnʼt {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} akagux̱la.áat | they will carry them all {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt carry them all {___}

aanáx̱ + ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) button up | for S to button up O | i kʼoodásʼi aanax̱ kala.á! → button up your shirt! (SN) • aanax̱ akawli.át → he buttoned it up (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: aanáx̱ kala.á! | button it up!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aanáx̱ keela.átx̱iḵ! | donʼt button it up!

• imperfective (+): aanáx̱ akla.aat | they are buttoning it up

• imperfective (–): tlél aanáx̱ akool.aat | they arenʼt buttoning it up

• perfective (+): aanáx̱ akawli.át | they buttoned it up

• perfective (–): tlél aanáx̱ akawul.aat | they didnʼt button it up

• future (+): aanáx̱ akagux̱la.áat | they will button it up

• future (–): tlél aanáx̱ akagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt button it up

N-t + ka-l-√.át ³ (* positional verb – impersonal lie there | for small, round or hoop-like objects to lie at N | (KE) • kasʼéet nadáakw kát kala.át → the screws are (lying) on the table (SN)

• imperfective (+): át kala.át | they all are lying there

• imperfective (–): tlél át kool.át | theyʼre not lying there

N-t + ka-S-l-√.át ³ (* positional verb – transitive lying there | for S to have O (small, round or hoop-like objects) lying at N

• imperfective (+): át akla.át | they have them all lying there

• imperfective (–): tlél át akool.át | they donʼt have them all lying there

kei + ÿa-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) turn ¹ | for S to turn O (boat, car) | héide kei yala.á! → turn (your boat) this way! (SN) • kei ayagux̱la.áat, át ḵuwuhaayí → heʼs going to turn, when the time comes (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kei yala.á! | turn the wheel!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei yeela.átjiḵ! | donʼt turn the wheel!

• progressive imperfective: kei yaa ayanal.át | they are turning the wheel

• perfective (+): kei ayawli.át | they turned the wheel

• perfective (–): tlél kei ayawul.aat | they didnʼt turn the wheel

• future (+): kei ayagux̱la.áat | they will turn the wheel

• future (–): tlél kei ayagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt turn the wheel

√aat ⁴ (verb root) lie down; lie ¹ | classification: plural human | singular form: √taa

N-t + l-√.át ⁴ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ¹ | for several things to lie at N; for several persons or animals to lie dead, unconscious, or incapacitated at N | (KE)

• imperfective (+): át la.át | theyʼre lying there

• imperfective (–): tlél át ul.át | theyʼre not lying there

sh + S-d+l-√.át ⁴ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – invariable) lie down | for (plural) S to be lying down | (KE) • dei s sh il.át → they all are already lying down (SN)

• imperfective (+): has sh il.át | they all are lying down

• imperfective (–): tlél has sh ul.át | they all arenʼt lying down

yan⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√.aat ⁴ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lie down | for (plural) S to lie down | (KE)

• imperative: yan sh yil.á! | you all lie down!

• prohibitive: líl yax̱ sh yil.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all lie down!

• perfective (+): yan has sh wudli.át | they all lay down

• perfective (–): tlél yan has sh wul.aat | they all didnʼt lie down

• future (+): yánde has sh gug̱wal.áat | they all will lie down

• future (–): tlél yánde has sh gug̱wal.aat | they all wonʼt lie down

yínde + sh + ka-l-√.aat ⁴ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) bend over; lean down | for (plural) S to bend over, lean down | (KE)

• imperative: yínde sh kanayil.á! | you all bend over!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yínde yoo sh kayil.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all bend over!

• progressive imperfective: yínde yaa has sh kanal.át | they all are bending over slowly

• perfective (+): yínde has sh kawdli.aat | they all bent over

• perfective (–): tlél yínde has sh kawul.aat | they all didnʼt bend over

• future (+): yínde has sh kakg̱wal.áat | they all will bend over

• future (–): tlél yínde has sh kakg̱wal.aat | they all wonʼt bend over

héen-t⁓ + O-ÿa-S-l-√aat ⁴ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) baptize | for S to baptize O (plural) | classification: singular • classification: plural | héent yawduwatée → they were baptized (SN)

• imperative: héent has yala.á! | baptize them all!

• prohibitive: líl héent has yeela.aadíḵ! | donʼt baptize them all!

• perfective (+): héent has ayawli.át | they baptized them all

• perfective (–): tlél héent has ayawul.aat | they didnʼt baptize them all

• future (+): héende has ayagux̱la.áat | they will baptize them all

• future (–): tlél héende has ayagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt baptize them all

√aat ⁵ (verb root) communicate; think; talk | classification: plural subject | singular form: √taan ⁵

N + daa + yoo + tu-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) think; consider; make up mind | for (plural) S to think over, consider, make up oneʼs mind about N | a daa yoo tugax̱tula.áat → weʼre going to think it over (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a daa yoo teeyla.át! | you all think about it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a daa yoo tuyla.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all think about it!

• imperfective (+): a daa yoo (ha)s tuli.átk | they all think about it; they all are thinking about it

• imperfective (–): tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tool.átk | they all donʼt think about it; they all arenʼt thinking about it

• perfective (+): a daa yoo (ha)s tuwli.át | they all thought about it

• perfective (–): tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tuwul.aat | they all didnʼt think about it

• future (+): a doo yoo (ha)s tugux̱la.áat | they all will think about it

• future (–): tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tugux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt think about it

(N + daatx̱) + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) reconsider; change mind | for (plural) S to change mind (about N); for (plural) S to think over and reconsider (N) | ḵux̱ has tuwdli.át → they all were converted (changed them allʼs thinking) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuyil.át! | change your minds about it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuyil.átjiḵ! | donʼt change your minds about it!

• perfective (+): a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tuwdli.át | they all changed them allʼs minds about it

• perfective (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tuwul.aat | they all didnʼt change them allʼs minds about it

• future (+): a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de has tukg̱wal.áat | they all will change them allʼs minds about it

• future (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de has tukg̱wal.aat | they all wonʼt change them allʼs minds about it

x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk; speech | for (plural) S to speak, talk, make a speech | haa een yoo x̱ʼawli.átk → he talked to us / conversed with us (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: x̱ʼanayil.á! | you all speak!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼayla.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all speak!

• imperfective (+): yaa (ha)s x̱ʼanal.át | they all are speaking

• perfective (+): has x̱ʼawli.aat | they all spoke

• perfective (–): tlél has x̱ʼawul.aat | they all didnʼt speak

• future (+): has x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they all will speak

• future (–): tlél has x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt speak

N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk | for (plural) S to speak, talk to N | in classical Lingít, the verb stem √taan ⁵ refered to a singular subject and the verb stem √.aat ⁵ was used to indicate a plural subject. in modern Lingít however, this distinction is being lost. many speakers use the verb stem √taan ⁵ for both singular and plural subject | (KE)

• imperative: du éet x̱ʼayla.á! | you all speak to them!

• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ x̱ʼayla.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all speak to them!

• perfective (+): du éet has x̱ʼawli.át | they all spoke to them

• perfective (–): tlél du éet has x̱ʼawul.aat | they all didnʼt speak to them

• future (+): du eedé (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they all will speak to them

• future (–): tlél du eedé (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt speak to them

yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stop talking | for (plural) S to stop talking | (KE)

• imperative: yan x̱ʼayla.á! | you all stop talking!

• prohibitive: líl yan x̱ʼayla.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all stop talking!

• perfective (+): yan has x̱ʼawli.át | they all stopped talking

• perfective (–): tlél yan has x̱ʼawul.aat | they all didnʼt stop talking

• future (+): yánde has x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they all will stop talking

• future (–): tlél yánde has x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt stop talking

yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk; converse | for (plural) S to speak, talk, converse | (KE)

• imperative: yoo x̱ʼayla.á! | you all converse!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼayla.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all converse!

• imperfective (+): yoo (ha)s x̱ʼali.átk | they all converse; they all are conversing

• imperfective (–): tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼeil.átk | they all donʼt converse; theyʼre not conversing

• progressive imperfective: (yeisú) yaa (ha)s x̱ʼanal.át | they all are (still) conversing

• perfective (+): yoo (ha)s x̱ʼawli.át | they all conversed

• perfective (–): tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼawul.aat | they all didnʼt converse

• future (+): yoo (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they all will converse

• future (–): tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt converse

N + géi⁓ + yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) accuse; speak against | for S to accuse, speak against N | ax̱ éesh een yee géide yoo x̱ʼax̱la.átk → i accuse you all to my father (KE)

√aat ⁶ (verb root) | classification: plural, hinged objects open ¹; close ¹

woosh + yá-t⁓ + O-shu-S-l-√aat ⁶ [check verb type] close ¹; shut | for S to close, shut O (plural books) | classification: plural books

• imperative: woosh yát shula.á! | close the books!

• perfective (+): woosh yát ashuwli.át | they closed the books

• perfective (–): tlél woosh yát ashuwul.aat | they didnʼt close the books

• perfective (–): tlél woosh yaadé ashugux̱la.aat | they wonʼt close the books

• future (+): woosh yaadé ashugux̱la.áat | they will close the books

√aatʼ (verb root) cold ¹

O-S-s-√.áatʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) cold ¹; cool; chill | for S to make O cold, cool | the form « as.átʼx̱ » gives both a basic imperfective meaning "they are chilling it" and a repetitive imperfective meaning "they chills it (regularly)" | héen awsi.átʼ → they cooled the water (SN) • ax̱ x̱ʼoos oos.átʼch → my feet are always cold (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: sa.átʼ! | chill it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl isa.átʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt chill it!

• imperfective (+): as.átʼx̱ | they are chilling it

• imperfective (–): tlél oos.átʼx̱ | they are not chilling it

• progressive imperfective: yaa ana.úsʼ | they are (in the process of) chilling it

• perfective (+): awsi.átʼ | they chilled it

• perfective (–): tlél awus.áatʼ | they didnʼt chill it

• future (+): agux̱sa.áatʼ | they will chill it

• future (–): tlél agux̱sa.áatʼ | they wonʼt chill it

s-√.áatʼ ˟ (∅ state verb – impersonal – invariable) cold ¹ | for an inanimate object to be cold | (KE)

• imperfective (+): si.áatʼ | itʼs cold

• imperfective (–): tlél us.áatʼ | it isnʼt cold

• progressive imperfective: yaa nas.átʼ | it is getting cold

• progressive imperfective (–): tlél yaa unas.átʼ | itʼs not getting cold

• perfective (+): wusi.áatʼ | it got cold

• perfective (–): tlél wus.áatʼ | it didnʼt get cold

• future (+): gug̱as.áatʼ | it will be cold

• future (–): tlél gug̱as.áatʼ | it wonʼt be cold

O-sa-∅-√.áatʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) cold ¹ | for O (person) to feel cold | classification: animate | haa seiwa.átʼ → we feel cold (SN) • (KE)

• admonitive: i sa.átʼ tsáa! see | that you donʼt get cold!

• progressive imperfective: yaa sana.átʼ | they are starting to get cold

• perfective (+): seiwa.átʼ | they are cold

• perfective (–): tlél sawu.áatʼ | they arenʼt cold

• future (+): sakg̱wa.áatʼ | they will be cold

• future (–): tlél sakg̱wa.áatʼ | they wonʼt be cold

ḵu-s-√.áatʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) cold ¹ | for the weather to be cold | classification: weather | yá táakw kei ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ shákdéi → maybe itʼs going to be cold this winter (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): ḵusi.áatʼ | the weather is cold

• imperfective (–): tlél ḵoos.áatʼ | the weather isnʼt cold

• progressive imperfective: kei ḵunas.áatʼ | the weather is getting cold

• perfective (+): ḵuwsi.áatʼ | the weather got cold

• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwus.áatʼ | the weather didnʼt get cold

• future (+): kei ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ | the weather will be cold

• future (–): tlél kei ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ | the weather wonʼt be cold

O-ÿa-d+s-√.áatʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) cold ¹ | for Oʼs face to be cold | x̱at yawdzi.átʼ → my face is cold (SN) • (KE)

• admonitive: i yas.átʼ tsáa! | see that your face doesnʼt get cold!

• progressive imperfective: yaa yanas.átʼ | their face is getting cold

• perfective (+): yawdzi.átʼ | their face is cold

• perfective (–): tlél yawus.áatʼ | their face isnʼt cold

• future (+): yakg̱was.áatʼ | their face will be cold

• future (–): tlél yakg̱was.áatʼ | their face wonʼt be cold

O-d+s-√.áatʼ (∅ – object intransitive – high) chilled; cold ¹ | for O (body part or inanimate object) to be chilled, cold | used to talk about a body part being cold, or an inanimate object that has been made cold | (JL)

• perfective (+): wudzi.átʼ | it is chilled

√aatlʼ (verb root) insufficient • variants: √aatsʼ, √aachʼ •

ÿa-ka-u-∅-√.áatlʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) insufficient | for something to be insufficient, not enough | i toowúch ágé yakakg̱wa.áatlʼ? → do you think itʼs going to be insufficient? (SN) • yá atx̱á yagoo.áatlʼ → this food is not enough (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yakoo.áatlʼ | itʼs insufficient

• perfective (+): yakaawa.áatlʼ | it was insufficient

• future (+): yakakg̱wa.áatlʼ | it will be insufficient

√aaw (verb root) strap ¹

O-ÿa-S-s-√.áaw (∅ event verb – transitive – open) strap ¹; tie | for S put a strap on O; for S to tie up O with a string | yax̱wsi.áaw → i strapped it (JL) • ayasa.áwx̱ → he is putting a strap on it (JL) • (KE)

• imperative: yasa.áw! | tie it up with a string!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yeesa.áwx̱uḵ! | donʼt tie it up with a string!

• progressive imperfective: yaa ayanas.áw | they are tying it up with a string

• perfective (+): ayawsi.áw | they tied it up with a string

• perfective (–): tlél ayawus.áaw | they didnʼt tie it up with a string

• future (+): ayagux̱sa.áaw | they will tie it up with a string

• future (–): tlél ayagux̱sa.áaw | they wonʼt tie it up with a string

√aaxʼw ¹ (verb root) fracture; crack

√aaxʼw ² (verb root) bitter; spicy

O-s-√.áaxʼw ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) bitter; spicy | for O to be bitter; for O to be spicy hot | at danoogú ágé si.áaxʼw? → does it have a bitter taste? (SN) • kei gux̱sa.áaxʼw, yéi isa.éeni → it will be bitter if you cook it that way (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): si.áaxʼw | itʼs bitter

• imperfective (–): tlél us.áaxʼw | itʼs not bitter

• progressive imperfective: kei nas.áaxʼw | itʼs getting bitter

• perfective (+): wusi.áaxʼw | it got bitter

• perfective (–): tlél wus.áaxʼw | it didnʼt get bitter

• future (+): kei gux̱sa.áaxʼw | it will be bitter

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱sa.áaxʼw | it wonʼt be bitter

√aax̱ ¹ (verb root) hear; listen; sound off

O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hear | for S to hear O | this verb could be used to talk about hearing the sound of someone, like them allʼs footsteps or other commotion, but hearing someoneʼs voice is « O-sa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ » | gaaw tléil x̱wa.aax̱ → I didnʼt hear the bell/drum (SN) • a x̱ʼéide aawa.áx̱ → he heard the message (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: .áx̱! | hear it!

• perfective (+): aawa.áx̱ | they heard it

• perfective (–): tlél awu.aax̱ | they didnʼt hear it

• future (+): akg̱wa.áax̱ | they will hear it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt hear it

N-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen | for S to listen to N | (KE)

• imperative: át sa.áx̱! | listen to it!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ isa.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt listen to it!

• perfective (+): át wusi.áx̱ | they are listening to it; they listened to it

• perfective (–): tlél át wus.aax̱ | they are not listening to it; they didnʼt listen to it

• future (+): aadé gux̱sa.áax̱ | they will listen to it

• future (–): tlél aadé gux̱sa.aax̱ | they wonʼt listen to it

N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen to; obey; give heed | for S to listen to, obey, give heed to N | du tláa x̱ʼéit awes.áx̱ → he obeys his mother (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du x̱ʼéit sa.áx̱! | listen to them!

• prohibitive: líl du x̱ʼéix̱ isa.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt listen to them!

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéit wusi.áx̱ | they are listening to them; they listens to them

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéit wus.aax̱ | they are not listening to them; they donʼt listen to them

• future (+): du x̱ʼéide gux̱sa.áax̱ | they will listen to them

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide gux̱sa.aax̱ | they wonʼt listen to them

O-S-∅-√.áx̱ch ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) hear | for S to be able to hear O | for the forms that do not occur with this verb, see the ∅-conjugation eventive verb « aawa.áx̱ » ʼs/he heard itʼ, which occurs in all modes except the imperfective • as shown in the examples, the fourth person « duwa.áx̱ch » can mean for something to make a sound | núkt duwa.áx̱ch → a grouse can be heard (drumming) (SN) • wasóos duwa.áx̱ch → a cow can be heard lowing, mooing (SN) • nadáakw duwa.áx̱ch → a table can be heard creaking, squeaking (SN) • wáa sá duwa.áx̱ch? → whatʼs that sound? • (KE)

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ee.áx̱jiḵ! | donʼt hear it!

• imperfective (+): aya.áx̱ch | they can hear it

• imperfective (–): tlél oo.áx̱ch | they canʼt hear it

• future (+): kei akg̱wa.áx̱ch | they will be able to hear it

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wa.áx̱ch | they wonʼt be able to hear it

N-g̱aa + ḵu-S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen for | for S to listen for N | (KE)

• imperative: a kayéikg̱aa ḵunees.aax̱! | listen for the sound of it!

• perfective (+): a kayéikg̱aa ḵoowdzi.aax̱ | they listened for the sound of it

• perfective (–): tlél a kayéikg̱aa ḵuwus.aax̱ | they didnʼt listen for the sound of it

• future (+): a kayéikg̱aa ḵukg̱was.áax̱ | they will listen for the sound of it

• future (–): tlél a kayéikg̱aa ḵukg̱was.aax̱ | they wonʼt listen for the sound of it

O-sa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hear | for S to hear O (a voice, esp. singing) | x̱at seiwa.áx̱ he heard my voice (SN) • xóots shákdéi sax̱waa.áx̱ → maybe I heard a bearʼs voice (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): aseiwa.áx̱ | they heard a voice

• perfective (–): tlél asawu.aax̱ | they didnʼt hear a voice

• future (+): asakg̱wa.áax̱ | they will hear a voice

• future (–): tlél asakg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt hear a voice

O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hear; understand; comprehend | for S to hear O with understanding; for S to understand, comprehend O | Lingít age x̱ʼeeya.áx̱ch do you understand Lingít? (SN) • tléil ḵaa x̱ʼei.áx̱ch → he doesnʼt understand people (that is, the language) • (KE)

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwa.áx̱ | they understood them

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawu.aax̱ | they didnʼt understand them

• future (+): ax̱ʼakg̱wa.áax̱ | they will understand them

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt understand them

N + x̱ʼéide + ḵu-S-d+s-√.aax̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen | for S to (take time to) listen to N | one fluent speaker suggests the finer meaning "take time to listen" for this verb, thus distinguishing it slightly from the related verb « du x̱ʼéit wusi.áx̱ » "they listened to, obeyed them" | i x̱ʼéit x̱wasi.áx̱ → iʼm listening to you (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du x̱ʼéide ḵunees.aax̱! | listen to them!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du x̱ʼéide yoo ḵees.áx̱giḵ! | donʼt listen to them!

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéide ḵuwdzi.aax̱ | they listened to them

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵuwus.aax̱ | they didnʼt listen to them

• future (+): du x̱ʼéide ḵukg̱was.áax̱ | they will listen to them

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵukg̱was.aax̱ | they wonʼt listen to them

O-S-l-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) play ² | for S to play O (musical instrument) | the form « ali.áx̱ch » gives both a basic imperfective meaning "they are playing it" and a repetitive imperfective meaning "they plays it (regularly)" | tu.óoxsʼ yeit ali.áx̱ch → heʼs playing a wind instrument (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: la.áx̱! | play it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ila.áx̱jiḵ! | donʼt play it!

• imperfective (+): ali.áx̱ch | they are playing it

• imperfective (–): tlél ool.áx̱ch | they arenʼt playing it

• perfective (+): awli.áx̱ | they played it

• perfective (–): tlél awul.aax̱ | they didnʼt play it

• future (+): agux̱la.áax̱ | they will play it

• future (–): tlél agux̱la.aax̱ | they wonʼt play it

√aax̱ ² (verb root) | classification: textile-like object carry

{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; give; take | for S to carry O (textile-like object) | du kinaak.ádi yaa ana.áx̱ → theyʼre carrying their coat (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} na.aax̱! | carry it {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yi.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt carry it {____}!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} aawa.aax̱ | they are carrying it {____}; they carried it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awu.aax̱ | they didnʼt carry it {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} akg̱wa.áax̱ | they will carry it {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt carry it {____}

{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; give; take | for S to carry O (textile-like object) | sʼísaa haat áx̱! → bring the cloth! (SN) • lʼaak ax̱ jeet awaa.áx̱ → they gave me a dress (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} .áx̱! | carry it {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} ee.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt carry it {____}!

• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa ana.áx̱ | they are carrying it {∅ preverb}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} aawa.áx̱ | they carried it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awu.aax̱ | they didnʼt carry it {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akg̱wa.áax̱ | they will carry it {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt carry it {____}

N-t + ∅-√.áx̱ ² ˟ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie there | for a textile-like object to lie at N | i kʼoodásii yóot áx̱ → your shirt is lying over there (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): át .áx̱ | itʼs lying there

• imperfective (–): tlél át u.áx̱ | itʼs not lying there

kaax̱ + kei + O-S-d+∅-√.aax̱ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) take off | for S to take off O (shirt, dress, coat, etc.) | for taking off oneʼs hat, replace « kaax̱ » with « sháatx̱ » “off the head” throughout the paradigm, as in « sháatx̱ kei awdi.áx̱ » “s/he took off their hat” • note that this verb is not used for taking off pants, shoes, socks, etc. for these, use: « x̱ʼoosdáx̱ awdiyíḵ » "they took them all off (pants, socks, shoes)" | i kʼoodásʼi kaax̱ kei idatí → take off your shirt! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kaax̱ kei ida.áx̱! | take it off!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kaax̱ kei ida.áx̱jíḵ! | donʼt take it off!

• progressive imperfective: kaax̱ kei anda.áx̱ | they are taking it off

• perfective (+): kaax̱ kei awdi.áx̱ | they took it off

• perfective (–): tlél kaax̱ kei awda.aax̱ | they didnʼt take it off

• future (+): kaax̱ kei agux̱da.áax̱ | they will take it off

• future (–): tlél kaax̱ kei agux̱da.aax̱ | they wonʼt take it off

√aax̱w (verb root) tie; bind; bundle; wrap | tie up; tie together

yánde + O-S-∅-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie; secure | for S to tie up, secure O (esp. a boat to shore) | (KE)

• imperative: yánde .áx̱w! | tie it up!

• prohibitive: líl yánde yi.áx̱uḵ! | donʼt tie it up!

• imperfective (+): yánde a.aax̱w | they are tying it up; they ties it up

• imperfective (–): tlél yánde oo.aax̱w | they arenʼt tying it up; they donʼt tie it up

• perfective (+): yánde aawa.áx̱w | they tied it up

• perfective (–): tlél yánde awu.aax̱w | they didnʼt tie it up

• future (+): yánde akg̱wa.áax̱w | they will tie it up

• future (–): tlél yánde akg̱wa.aax̱w | they wonʼt tie it up

O-daa-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie; bundle; wrap | for S to tie O together in a bundle; for S to wrap O up | xʼúxʼ daasa.áx̱w! → tie up the hooks in a bundle! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: daasa.áx̱w! | wrap it up!

• prohibitive: líl daa.ees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt wrap it up!

• imperfective (+): adaasa.áax̱w | they are wrapping it up

• imperfective (–): tlél adaa.us.aax̱w | they are not wrapping it up

• perfective (+): adaawsi.áx̱w | they wrapped it up

• perfective (–): tlél adaawus.aax̱w | they didnʼt wrap it up

• future (+): adaagux̱sa.áax̱w | they will wrap it up

• future (–): tlél adaagux̱sa.aax̱w | they wonʼt wrap it up

O-kʼi-ka-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie; wrap up | for S to tie O together by the stems; for S to wrap the stems of O | kʼeikaxwéin akʼikawsi.áx̱w → he tied up the stems of the flowers (SN)

• imperative: kʼikasa.áx̱w! | wrap its stems up!

• prohibitive: líl kʼikees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt wrap its stems up!

• imperfective (+): akʼikasa.áax̱w | they are wrapping its stems up

• imperfective (–): tlél akʼikoos.aax̱w | they are not wrapping its stems up

• perfective (+): akʼikawsi.áx̱w | they wrapped its stems up

• perfective (–): tlél akʼikawus.aax̱w | they didnʼt wrap its stems up

• future (+): akʼikagux̱sa.áax̱w | they will wrap its stems up

• future (–): tlél akʼikagux̱sa.aax̱w | they wonʼt wrap its stems up

O-sʼaan-S-∅-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie | for S to tie hands of O (a captive) | (SN)

• imperative: sʼaansa.áx̱w! | tie their hands together!

• prohibitive: líl sʼaanees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt tie their hands together!

• imperfective (+): asʼaansa.áax̱w | they are tying their hands together

• imperfective (–): tlél asʼaanus.aax̱w | they are not tying their hands together

• perfective (+): asʼaanwusi.áx̱w | they tied their hands together

• perfective (–): tlél asʼaanwus.aax̱w | they didnʼt tied their hands together

• future (+): asʼaangux̱sa.áax̱w | they will tied their hands together

• future (–): tlél asʼaangux̱sa.aax̱w | they wonʼt tied their hands together

O-x̱ʼa-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie | for S to tie up the mouth of O (esp. a sack) | yá gwéil x̱ʼakḵwas.áax̱w → Iʼm going to tie up this sack (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼasa.áx̱w! | tie the mouth of it up!

• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼa.ees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt tie the mouth of it up!

• imperfective (+): ax̱ʼasa.áax̱w | they are tying the mouth of it up

• imperfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼeiws.aax̱w | they are not tying the mouth of it up

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwsi.áx̱w | they tied the mouth of it up

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawus.aax̱w | they didnʼt tie the mouth of it up

• future (+): ax̱ʼagux̱sa.áax̱w | they will tie the mouth of it up

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼagux̱sa.aax̱w | they wonʼt tie the mouth of it up

√chán ˟ (verb root) stink; stench; smelly

O-l-√chán ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) stink; smelly; stench | for O to stink, have unpleasant odor, smell bad; for O to smell strongly | gishoo áyá lachán nooch → pigs always stink (SN) • lichán awé wé eex̱! → that oil smells bad (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl eelchániḵ | donʼt be stinky!

• imperfective (+): lichán | they stinks

• imperfective (–): tlél ulchán | they donʼt stink

• progressive imperfective: kei nalchán | they are starting to stink

• perfective (+): wulichán | they stank

• perfective (–): tlél wulchán | they didnʼt stink

• future (+): kei gux̱lachán | they will stink

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lachán | they wonʼt stink

√chaa (verb root) strain; filter; drain off

O-ka-S-l-√chaa (∅ act verb – transitive – open) strain; filter; drain off | for S to strain, filter, drain off O | tax̱héeni kalachá → strain the broth! (that is, pour it out, leaving all the solids behind)! (SN) • tléiḵw kahéeni kax̱wlicháa → I strained the fruit juice (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kalachá! | strain it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keelachéix̱iḵ! | donʼt strain it!

• imperfective (+): aklachéix̱ | they are straining it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoolcheix̱ | they arenʼt straining it

• progressive imperfective: yaa akanalchéin | they are (in the process of) straining it

• perfective (+): akawlicháa | they strained it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulchá | they didnʼt strain it

• future (+): akagux̱lacháa | they will strain it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lachaa | they wonʼt strain it

√chaak (verb root) pile; stack; fill

O-ka-S-∅-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pile; stack; pack | for S to pile, stack away neatly, pack O (food, clothing, firewood, etc.) | ḵaa shukát yan kawdichák → he was through packing before the others (SN) • dzeit tayee akaawachák → he piled it (firewood) under the stairs (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kachák! | pack it!

• prohibitive: líl kayeecháagiḵ! | donʼt pack it!

• imperfective (+): akacháak | they are packing it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoocháak | they arenʼt packing it

• perfective (+): akaawachák | they packed it

• perfective (–): tlél akawucháak | they didnʼt pack it

• future (+): akakg̱wacháak | they will pack it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wacháak | they wonʼt pack it

O-sha-ka-S-∅-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) stack; pack; fill | for S to fill, pack to the top neatly, stack up (food, clothing, etc.) | shakx̱waachák → I filled it (a suitcase) (SN)

• imperative: shakachák! | pack it!

• prohibitive: líl shakayeecháagiḵ! | donʼt pack it!

• imperfective (+): ashakacháak | they are packing it

• imperfective (–): tlél ashakoocháak | they arenʼt packing it

• perfective (+): ashakaawachák | they packed it

• perfective (–): tlél ashakawucháak | they didnʼt pack it

• future (+): ashakakg̱wacháak | they will pack it

• future (–): tlél ashakakg̱wacháak | they wonʼt pack it

O-ka-S-l-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pile; stack | for S to pile, stack O | classification: stick-like objects | chʼa wé cháash kax̱toolacháak yee.át sákw → weʼll pile up those branches for bedding (SN)

• imperative: kalachák! | pile it!

• prohibitive: líl keelacháagiḵ! | donʼt pile it!

• imperfective (+): akalacháak | they are piling it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoolcháak | they arenʼt piling it

• perfective (+): akawlichák | they piled it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulcháak | they didnʼt pile it

• future (+): akakg̱walacháak | they will pile it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱walacháak | they wonʼt pile it

√chaalʼ (verb root) full; drowsy | drowsy from overindulging

√cheich ¹ (verb root) astride; spread; stand | stand spread-legged

a-ka-S-∅-√cheich ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) spread; astride | for S to be astride, stand, or walk (usually when carrying very heavy object) with legs far apart | eech kwéiyi kadaalí teen g̱unayéi akaawachéch → they began to walk with legs far apart, struggling with the weight of the buoy (SN)

• imperative: akachéch! | stand spread-legged

• prohibitive: líl akeechéjiḵ! | donʼt stand spread-legged!

• imperfective (+): akachéch | they are standing spread-legged

• perfective (+): akaawachéch | they stood spread-legged

• perfective (–): tlél akawucheich | they didnʼt stand spread-legged

• future (+): akakg̱wachéich | they will stand spread-legged

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wacheich | they wonʼt stand spread legged

√cheich ² (verb root) dust ²; clean ² | clean the surface of

√cheix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √cheex̱ʼ • shade; shadow

√chígaa ˟ (verb root) fierce; formidable

√cheesh (verb root)

√chook (verb root) soften; rub | soften by rubbing

√chool (verb root) munch | roll around in mouth

√choon ¹ (verb root) wound ¹; injure

O-d+∅-√choon ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) wounded; injured; hurt ¹; bruised | for O to be wounded, injured, bruised; for O to be hurt (emotionally) | the most common use of this verb is in the perfective form—other forms are very rare • note that it can also refer to a mental state, as in « ḵúnáx̱ haa wdichún » "weʼre really hurting (emotionally)" (after the loss of a family member, e.g.) | wáang̱aneens ḵaa oodachúnch → once in a while a person is wounded (by octopus) (SN) • ax̱ tláa wudichún → my mother was injured (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): wudichún | they got injured

• perfective (–): tlél wudachoon | they didnʼt get injured

O-S-l-√choon ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) injure; hurt ¹; wound ¹; bruise | for S to injure, hurt, wound, bruise O | g̱uwakaan wududlichún → a deer was wounded (SN) • gandaasʼaají x̱at wulichún → a bee wounded me (that is, stung me) (SN)

• imperative: lachún! | injure them/it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilachúnx̱iḵ! | donʼt injure them/it

• perfective (+): awlichún | they injured them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awulchoon | they didnʼt injure them/it

• future (+): agux̱lachóon | they will injure them/it

• future (–): tlél agux̱lachoon | they wonʼt injure them/it

√choon ² (verb root) twist; limber | twist (to make limber)

√choox (verb root) knead; massage; roll; pat

O-ka-S-∅-√choox (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) knead; press; pat | for S to knead, press, pat O with palm of hand | sakwnéin akaawachúx → he kneaded the bread (SN) • dleey kaxákwlʼi kax̱waachúx → i patted out the ground meat in to patties (SN) • kawduwachúx → people press it (mud) with them allʼs hands (SN)

• imperative: kachúx! | knead it!

• prohibitive: líl keechooxúḵ! | donʼt knead it!

• imperfective (+): akachóox | they knead it; they are kneading it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoochoox | they donʼt knead it; they arenʼt kneading it

• perfective (+): akaawachúx | they kneaded it

• perfective (–): tléil akawuchoox | they didnʼt knead it

• future (+): akakg̱wachóox | they will knead it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wachoox | they wonʼt knead it

√chooxʼ (verb root) rub; touch | rub lightly; touch lightly

√choox̱ (verb root) mooch; cadge; sponge ²; freeload

at u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) mooch; freeload | for S to mooch, freeload; for S to obtain things often without payment | (KE)

• imperative: at g̱achoox̱! | freeload!

• prohibitive: líl at eechoox̱úḵ! | donʼt freeload!

• imperfective (+): at uchoox̱ | they are freeloading; they freeload

• imperfective (–): tlél at uchoox̱ | they arenʼt freeloading; they donʼt freeload

• perfective (+): at woochoox̱ | they freeloaded

• perfective (–): tlél at wuchoox̱ | they didnʼt freeload

• future (+): yei at gug̱wachoox̱ | they will freeload

• future (–): tlél yei at gug̱wachoox̱ | they wonʼt freeload

(N eex̱) + O-u-S-∅-O-u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ (g̱a – transitive – invariable) mooch; bum; sponge ²; cadge | for S to mooch, bum, scrounge O (off of N); for S to obtain O (from N) often without payment | add « –eex̱ » in the preverb to indicate who is being mooched off of • NS and JL both recorded examples of this verb without the irrealis • more research may be needed | chʼa tlákw áwé achoox̱ nooch → heʼs always sponging / getting what he can for nothing (SN) • gán achoox̱! → heʼs cadging firewood (SN) • du eex̱ yei kḵwachoox̱ → iʼm going to sponge it off of him JL • (KE)

• imperative: (du eex̱) g̱achoox̱! | mooch it (off of them)!

• prohibitive: líl (du eex̱) eechoox̱úḵ! | donʼt mooch it (off of them)!

• imperfective (+): (du eex̱) oochoox̱ | they are mooching it (off of them); they mooches it (off of them)

• imperfective (–): tlél (du eex̱) oochoox̱ | they arenʼt mooching it (off of them); they donʼt mooch it (off of them)

• imperfective (–): tlél (du eex̱) awuchoox̱ | they didnʼt mooch it (off of them)

• perfective (+): (du eex̱) aawachoox̱ | they mooched it (off of them)

• future (+): (du eex̱) yei akg̱wachoox̱ | they will mooch it (off of them)

• future (–): tlél (du eex̱) yei akg̱wachoox̱ | they wonʼt mooch it (off of them)

√choox̱ʼ (verb root) roll | fat roll off

√chʼaachʼ (verb root) spotted

O-ka-d+∅-√chʼáachʼ (∅ – object intransitive – high) [transitivity unknown] spotted | for O to be spotted, have spots | sʼíxʼ kawdichʼáchʼ → the dish is spotted (SN) • (JL)

• perfective (+): kawdichʼáchʼ | it is spotted; it got spotted

ka-d+l-√chʼáchʼx̱ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) spotted | for a natural object (wood, rock, etc.) to be spotted | this verb only occurs in the imperfective | kadlichʼáchx̱i yáx̱ yatèe du keenáanáx̱ → it (a flicker) is spotted on top (SN) • tsaa doogú kadlichʼáchʼx̱ áwé yakʼéi → a sealskin that is spotted is real good • (KE)

• imperfective (+): kadlichʼáchʼx̱ | itʼs spotted

• imperfective (–): tlél koolchʼáchʼx̱ | itʼs not spotted

√chʼaakʼw (verb root) carve; carve design; incise

O-ka-S-∅-√chʼáakʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) carve | for S to carve O (usually smaller, detailed work) using a knife or scoop chisel | eex̱ sʼíxʼi akaawachʼákʼw → they carved an oil dish (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kachʼákʼw! | carve it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keechʼákʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt carve it!

• imperfective (+): akachʼáakʼw | they are carving it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoochʼáakʼw | they arenʼt carving it

• perfective (+): akaawachʼákʼw | they carved it

• perfective (–): tlél akawuchʼáakʼw | they didnʼt carve it

• future (+): akakg̱wachʼáakʼw | they will carve it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wachʼáakʼw | they wonʼt carve it

ka-S-d+∅-√chʼáakʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) carve | for S to carve (usually smaller, detailed work) using a knife or scoop chisel | shál sáxwti kadachʼáakʼw ashigóok → they know how to carve spoon handles (SN)

• imperative: keedachʼákʼw! | carve!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keedachʼákʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt carve!

• imperfective (+): akadachʼáakʼw | they are carving

• imperfective (–): tlél akudachʼáakʼw | they- arenʼt carving it

• perfective (+): akawdichʼákʼw | they carved

• perfective (–): tlél akawdachʼáakʼw | they didnʼt carve

• future (+): akagux̱dachʼáakʼw | they will carve

• future (–): tlél akagux̱dachʼáakʼw | they wonʼt carve

√chʼaalʼ (verb root) pale; spotted

√chʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √chʼeex̱ʼ • point ¹; poke; push

√chʼeix̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) dirty

O-S-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) dirty; soil ² | for S to dirty, soil O (esp. clothing or person) | ilí! i lʼaagí gag̱eelachʼéix̱ʼw → donʼt! you will dirty your dress (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: lachʼéx̱ʼw! | get it dirty!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilachʼéx̱ʼwx̱uḵ! | donʼt get it dirty!

• progressive imperfective: yaa analchʼéx̱ʼw | they are getting it dirty

• perfective (+): awlichʼéx̱ʼw | they got it dirty

• perfective (–): tlél awulchʼéix̱ʼw | they didnʼt get it dirty

• future (+): agux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | they will get it dirty

• future (–): tlél agux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | they wonʼt get it dirty

O-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) dirty | for O to be dirty

• imperative: ilachʼéx̱ʼw! | get dirty!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilchʼéx̱ʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt get dirty!

• progressive imperfective: yaa nalchʼéx̱ʼw | they are getting dirty

• perfective (+): wulichʼéx̱ʼw | they are dirty

• perfective (–): tlél wulchʼéix̱ʼw | they are not dirty

• future (+): gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | they will get dirty

• future (–): tlél gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | they wonʼt get dirty

√chʼeix̱ʼw ² (verb root) tired of | tire (of eating it)

√chʼéitʼaa ˟ (verb root) • variants: √chʼéetʼaa ˟ • play ¹; basketball | play basketball

ash + + ka-u-S-d+l-√chʼéitʼaa ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive basketball | for S to play basketball

• imperative: ash kaneelchʼéitʼaa | play basketball!

• prohibitive: líl ash keelchʼéitʼaaḵ! | donʼt play basketball!

• imperfective (+): ash koolchʼéitʼaa | they are playing basketball

• perfective (+): ash kawdlichʼéitʼaa | they played basketball

• perfective (–): tlél ash kawulchʼéitʼaa | they didnʼt play basketball

• future (+): ash kakg̱walchʼéitʼaa | they are going to play basketball

• future (–): tlél ash kakg̱walchʼéitʼaa | the arenʼt going to play basketball

√chʼeen (verb root) tie | tie in a bow

√chʼeesh (verb root) splash

ka-d+∅-√chʼeesh (∅ act verb – impersonal – closed) splash | for a liquid to splash, be splashed | té héent yeeg̱éexʼi, kei kdachʼíshch → when you throw rocks in the water, it splashes up (SN) • wáa ḵusa.áatʼi sáyú, héen kei kandachʼíshi, iltʼíxʼx̱ → when it is very cold, the water freezes as it splashes (as spray or droplets) (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): kadachʼéesh | it is splashing

• perfective (+): kawdichʼísh | it splashed

• perfective (–): tlél kawdachʼeesh | it didnʼt splash

• future (+): kagux̱dachʼéesh | it will splash

• future (–): tlél kagux̱dachʼeesh | it wonʼt splash

(N + daadé) + O-ka-S-l-√chʼeesh (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) splash | for S to splash O (on N) | add « N daadé » in the preverb for "splash on N" | yá héen ax̱ daat kaylichʼísh → you splashed some water on me (SN)

• imperative: (du daadé) kalachʼísh! | splash it (on them)!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl (du daadé) keelachʼíshx̱iḵ! | donʼt splash it (on them)!

• imperfective (+): (du daadé) aklachʼéesh | they are splashing it (on them)

• imperfective (–): tlél (du daadé) akoolchʼéesh | they arenʼt splashing it (on them)

• perfective (+): (du daadé) akawlichʼísh | they splashed it (on them)

• perfective (–): tlél (du daadé) akawulchʼeesh | they didnʼt splash it (on them)

• future (+): (du daadé) akagux̱lachʼéesh | they will splash it (on them)

• future (–): tlél (du daadé) akagux̱lachʼeesh | they wonʼt splash it (on them)

√chʼeetʼ (verb root) dip

√chʼeex̱ʼ • variants: √chʼeix̱ʼ • point ¹; poke; push

O-S-∅-√chʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) point ¹ | for S to point at, point out O | yaakw aawachʼéx̱ʼ → he pointed at the boat (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: chʼéx̱ʼ! | point at it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eechʼéx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt point at it!

• perfective (+): aawachʼéx̱ʼ | they pointed at it

• perfective (–): tlél awuchʼéix̱ʼ | they didnʼt point at it

• future (+): akg̱wachʼéix̱ʼ | they will point at it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wachʼéix̱ʼ | they wonʼt point at it

N-t⁓ + S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) point ¹ | for S to point in the direction of N | át x̱waachʼéx̱ʼ → i pointed over there (SN)

• imperative: át eechʼíx̱ʼ! | point there!

• prohibitive: líl át yichʼéex̱ʼiḵ! | donʼt point there!

• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa nachʼíx̱ʼ | they are pointing there

• perfective (+): át uwachʼíx̱ʼ | they pointed there

• perfective (–): tlél át woochʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt point there

• future (+): aadé kg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | they will point there

• future (–): tlél aadé kg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt point there

O-ÿa-S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) point ¹ | for S to point at O (a person) | x̱at yaawachʼéx̱ʼ → he pointed his finger at me (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yachʼíx̱ʼ! | point at them!

• prohibitive: líl yeechʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt point at them!

• imperfective (+): ayachʼíx̱ʼt | they are pointing at them

• imperfective (–): tlél awoochʼíx̱ʼt | they arenʼt pointing at them

• perfective (+): ayaawachʼíx̱ʼ | they pointed at them

• perfective (–): tlél ayawuchʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt point at them

• future (+): ayakg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | they will point at them

• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt point at them

√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (verb root) slow

O-l-√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) slow | for O to be slow | neilyeexʼ yéi jiné aan x̱at lichʼéeyaḵw → iʼm slow at housework (SN) • a yáanáx̱ lichʼéeyaḵw: yasátgi shí áwé → itʼs too slow (that is, you are singing it too slowly): itʼs a fast song (SN) • tlax̱ ḵútx̱ wulichʼéeyáḵw → he was entirely too slow (JL) • (KE)

• imperative: iklachʼéeyáḵw | be slow!

• prohibitive: líl ilichʼéeyág̱uḵ! | donʼt be slow!

• imperfective (+): lichʼéeyáḵw | they are slow

• imperfective (–): tlél ulchʼéeyáḵw | they arenʼt slow

• progressive imperfective: kei nalchʼéeyáḵw | they are starting to slow down; they are getting slow

• perfective (+): wulichʼéeyáḵw | they got slow

• perfective (–): tlél wulchʼéeyáḵw | they didnʼt get slow

O-x̱ʼa-l-√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) slow | for O to be slow in eating or talking | this verb has been documented with and without the « ya- » thematic prefix (x̱ʼayawlichʼéeyáḵw / x̱ʼawlichʼéeyáḵw); both forms are acceptable and do not seem to change the meaning | atx̱á teen x̱at x̱ʼalichʼéeyáḵw → iʼm slow in eating/I eat slowly (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): x̱ʼalichʼéeyáḵw | they are a slow eater/talker

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼeilchʼéeyáḵw | they arenʼt a slow eater/talker

• progressive imperfective: kei x̱ʼanalchʼéeyáḵw | they are getting to be a slow eater/talker

• perfective (+): x̱ʼawlichʼéeyáḵw | they became a slow eater/talker

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawulchʼéeyáḵw | they didnʼt become a slow eater/talker

• future (+): x̱ʼagux̱lachʼéeyáḵw | they will be a slow eater/talker

• future (–): tlél x̱ʼagux̱lachʼéeyáḵw | they wonʼt be a slow eater/talker

√dáskw ˟ (verb root) quick-tempered

O-tu-ka-u-∅-√dáskw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) quick-tempered | for O to be quick-tempered

• prohibitive: líl itukoodásguḵ! | donʼt be quick-tempered!

• imperfective (+): tukuwadáskw | they are quick-tempered

• imperfective (–): tlél tukoodáskw | they arenʼt quick-tempered

• progressive imperfective: kei tukunadáskw | they are getting to be quick-tempered

• perfective (+): tukaawadáskw | they were quick-tempered

• perfective (–): tlél tukawudáskw | they werenʼt quick-tempered

• future (+): kei tukakg̱wadáskw | they will be quick-tempered

• future (–): tlél kei tukakg̱wadáskw | they wonʼt be quick-tempered

√dásʼ ˟ (verb root) hail

√dát ˟ (verb root) bruise

√dáy ˟ (verb root) cry out

√daa ¹ (verb root) flow; rise; flood ¹ | classification: water

daaḵ + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹ | for the tide to rise, come in | yan kát oowadáa → itʼs high tide (that is, the tide has flowed in completely to the shore) (SN) • (KE)

• progressive imperfective: daaḵ nadéin | the tide is coming in

• perfective (+): daaḵ uwadáa | the tide is in

• future (+): daaḵ gug̱adáa | the tide will rise

kei + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹; rise | for water level, tide to rise | (KE)

• progressive imperfective: kei nadéin | itʼs rising

• perfective (+): kei uwadáa | it rose

• perfective (–): tlél kei wudá | it didnʼt rise

• future (+): kei kg̱wadáa | it will rise

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wadaa | it wonʼt rise

shí + N¹ + N²-t⁓ + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) bleed; run ² | for N¹ʼs (often pronoun) N² (body part) to bleed | to say "Nʼs nose is running", replace « shí » "blood" with « héen » “water", as in « héen ax̱ lóot uwadáa » “my nose is running | (KE) • shé du jínt kaawadáa → their hand was bleeding

• progressive imperfective: shí du lóode yaa nadéin | their nose is starting to bleed

• perfective (+): shí du lóot uwadáa | their nose is bleeding; their nose bled

• perfective (–): tlél shí du lóot wudá | their nose isnʼt bleeding; their nose didnʼt bleed

• future (+): shí du lóode kg̱wadáa | their nose is going to bleed

• future (–): tlél shí du lóode kg̱wadaa | their nose isnʼt going to bleed

ka-∅-√daa ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – open) flow; run ² | for water, blood to flow; for a nose to run | haa káx̱ kaawadaa → the tide caught us (that is, flowed onto us) (SN) • shé du jint kaawadáa → his hand was bleeding (SN) • (KE) • g̱ílʼ yaadáx̱ héen diyéet kaawa.áa → a small waterfall is flowing over the cliff and hitting a certain place down below (SN)

• imperfective (+): kanaadaa | itʼs flowing

• progressive imperfective: yaa kanadéin | itʼs starting to flow

• perfective (+): kaawadaa | it flowed; itʼs flowing

• perfective (–): tlél kawudaa | it didnʼt flow; itʼs not flowing

• future (+): kakg̱wadáa | it will flow

• future (–): tlél kakg̱wadaa | it wonʼt flow

N-náx̱ + ÿa-∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) flow; flood ¹ | for water, the tide to flow through N; for water, the tide to flood N | héen naadaa → the creek is flowing (SN) • (KE)

• progressive imperfective: anax̱ yaa yanadéin | itʼs flowing there

• perfective (+): anax̱ yaawadáa | it flowed there

• perfective (–): tlél anax̱ yawudá | it didnʼt flow there

• future (+): anax̱ yakg̱wadáa | it will flow there

• future (–): tlél anax̱ yakg̱wadaa | it wonʼt flow there

N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) flow; rise | for water to flow, rise to N | a katʼóott kadéin → the liquid is half gone / flowed away (SN) • (KE)

• progressive imperfective: wé héen aadé yaa kanadéin | the water level is starting to rise to there

• perfective (+): wé héen át kaawadáa | the water level rose to there

• perfective (–): wé héen tlél át kawudá | the water level didnʼt rise to there

• future (+): wé héen aadé kakg̱wadáa | the water level will rise to there

• future (–): wé héen tlél aadé kakg̱wadaa | the water level wonʼt rise to there

√daa ² (verb root) accustomed to; figure out

N + ee⁓ + ∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal – open) accustomed to; used to | for N to become accustomed to, get used to it | ha éex̱ yaa nadéin → weʼre getting used to it (a wood stove) (SN)

• imperative: i éex̱ nadá! | get used to it!

• progressive imperfective: du éex̱ yaa nadéin | they are getting used to it

• perfective (+): du éex̱ woodaa | they got used to it

• perfective (–): tlél du éex̱ wudaa | they didnʼt get used to it

• future (+): du éex̱ gug̱adáa | they will get used to it

• future (–): tlél du éex̱ gug̱adaa | they wonʼt get used to it

N + x̱ʼéix̱ + ∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal – open) accustomed to; used to | for N to become used to, accustomed to it (of manner of speech or flavor of food) | has du x̱ʼéix̱ woodaa → theyʼve grown accustomed to using certain words all the time (SN)

• imperative: i x̱ʼéix̱ nadá! | get used to it!

• progressive imperfective: du x̱ʼéix̱ yaa nadéin | they are getting used to it

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéix̱ woodaa | they got used to it

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ wudaa | they didnʼt get used to it

• future (+): du x̱ʼéix̱ gug̱adáa | they will get used to it

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ gug̱adaa | they wonʼt get used to it

N-x̱ + O-tu-∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal – open) accustomed to; used to | for O to become used to, accustomed to N (esp. in attitudes) | áx̱ x̱at tukg̱wadáa shákdé → maybe iʼll get used to it (SN) • áx̱ yaa yee tunadéin ágé, ixkéexʼ yéi tí? → are you getting used to living down south? (SN)

• imperative: ax̱ itunadá! | get used to it!

• progressive imperfective: ax̱ yaa tunadéin | they are getting used to it

• perfective (+): áx̱ tuwaadaa | they got used to it

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ tuwudaa | they didnʼt get used to it

• future (+): áx̱ tukg̱wadáa | they will get used to it

• future (–): tlél áx̱ tukg̱wadaa | they wonʼt get used to it

N + kát⁓ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√daa ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) watch ¹; keep eye on | for S to keep an eye on, watch N | de chʼáakw áyá i kát wux̱adéin → iʼve been watching you for a long time (to see how you behave) (SN)

• imperative: a kát woodá! | keep an eye on them/it!

• prohibitive: líl a káx̱ yeedaayíḵ! | donʼt keep an eye on them/it!

• imperfective (+): a kát woodéin | they are keeping an eye on them/it

• imperfective (–): tlél a kát woodéin | they arenʼt keeping an eye on them/it

• perfective (+): a kát yaawadáa | they kept an eye on them/it

• perfective (–): tlél a kát yawudá | they didnʼt keep an eye on them/it

• future (+): a kaadé yakg̱wadáa | they will keep an eye on them/it

• future (–): tlél a kaadé yakg̱wadaa | they wonʼt keep an eye on them/it

N + káa + yan⁓ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√daa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) watch ¹; keep eye on | for S to keep an eye on, watch N | (KE)

• imperative: a káa yan woodá! | keep an eye on them/it!

• prohibitive: líl a káa yax̱ yeedaayíḵ! | donʼt keep an eye on them/it!

• perfective (–): tlél a káa yan yawudá | they didnʼt keep an eye on them/it

• future (+): a káa yan yaawadáa | they kept an eye on them/it

• future (+): a káa yánde yakg̱wadáa | they will keep an eye on them/it

• future (–): tlél a káa yánde yakg̱wadaa | they wonʼt keep an eye on them/it

√daak (verb root) cook; steam ¹ | cook or steam food in a pit

O-S-l-√daak (na act verb – transitive – closed) | for S to cook O in a pit under fire (usually food wrapped in skunk cabbage) | x̱áat naldaak! → cook the salmon in an under-fire pit! (SN)

• imperative: naldaak! | cook it in a pit!

• perfective (+): awlidaak | they cooked it in a pit

• perfective (–): tlél awuldaak | they didnʼt cook it in a pit

• future (+): agux̱ladáak | they will cook it in a pit

• future (–): tlél agux̱ladaak | they wonʼt cook it in a pit

kei + O-S-l-√daak (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] | for S to dig up O (cooked food from an under-fire pit) | (SN)

• imperative: kei ladák! | dig up the food ciiked in a pit!

• perfective (+): kei awlidák | they dug up the food cooked in a pit

• perfective (–): tlél kei awuldaak | they didnʼt dig up the food cooked in a pit

• future (+): kei agux̱ladáak | they will dig up the food cooked in a pit

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱ladaak | they wonʼt dig up the food cooked in a pit

√daakw (verb root) render

a-S-∅-√daakw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) render | for S to render something down (for oil) (esp. seal blubber) | cv́c hort/pot | tsaa taayí aawadákw → he rendered seal oil (SN) • agax̱toodáakw → we are going to render it down (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: adákw! | render it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eedákwx̱uḵ! | donʼt render it!

• imperfective (+): adáakw | they are rendering it

• perfective (+): aawadákw | they rendered it

• perfective (–): tlél awudaakw | they didnʼt render it

• future (+): akg̱wadáakw | they will render it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wadaakw | they wonʼt render it

√daaḵ ¹ (verb root) clear up

a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) clear up; stop | for rain to stop; for the sky to clear up | (SN)

• imperative: anadaaḵ! | clear up!

• progressive imperfective: yaa anadáḵ | the rain is beginning to stop

• perfective (+): aawadaaḵ | the rain stopped

• perfective (–): tlél awudaaḵ | the rain didnʼt let up

• future (+): akg̱wadáaḵ | the rain will let up

• future (–): tlél akg̱wadaaḵ | the rain wonʼt let up

N + daa + a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) conscious; come to; sober | for N to regain consciousness; for N to come to oneʼs senses; for N to sober up | ḵaa daa yaa anadáḵ → people are coming to/coming back to consciousness after drinking (SN) • daa akg̱wadáaḵ → theyʼre going to get back to their senses (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: i daa anadaaḵ (dé)! | sober up (now)!

• progressive imperfective: du daa yaa anadáḵ | they are beginning to sober up

• perfective (+): du daa aawadaaḵ | they sobered up

• perfective (–): tlél du daa awudaaḵ | they didnʼt sober up

• future (+): du daa akg̱wadáaḵ | they will sober up

• future (–): tlél du daa akg̱wadaaḵ | they wonʼt sober up

√daaḵ ² (verb root) move ² | move residence

{na preverb} + O-s-√daaḵ ² (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) move ²; migrate | for O to move household (permanently), migrate | yáadáx̱ haa gux̱sadáaḵ → weʼre going to move from here/never coming back (SN) • ixkéede wsidaaḵ → he moved south permanently (SN)

• perfective (+): {na preverb} + wsidáḵ | they moved {na preverb}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wusdaaḵ | they didnʼt move {na preverb}

• future (+): {na preverb} gux̱sadáaḵ | they will move {na preverb}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱sadaaḵ | they wonʼt move {na preverb}

kei + O-s-√daaḵ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) move ²; migrate | for O to move household (permanently), migrate | (KE)

• perfective (+): aax̱ kei wsidáḵ | they moved from there

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ kei wusdaaḵ | they didnʼt move from there

• future (+): aax̱ kei gux̱sadáaḵ | they will move from there

• future (–): tlél aax̱ kei gux̱sadaaḵ | they wonʼt move from there

√daaḵ ³ (verb root) bankward

√daal (verb root) heavy

O-∅-√dál ˟ heavy; important | for O (an inanimate object) to be heavy; for O to be important | yá tʼáa ax̱ jee yadál → this board is heavy for me • i at la.ádi kei kgwál → your baggage is going to be heavy (SN)

√daalʼ (verb root) imprint ¹; mark ¹

O-ka-S-l-√dáalʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) type; print ¹ | for S to type O | i jiyís kakḵwaladáalʼ → lʼll type it for you (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kaladálʼ! | type it!

• prohibitive: líl keeldáalʼiḵ! | donʼt type it!

• imperfective (+): akladáalʼ | they are typing it; they type it

• imperfective (–): tlél akooldáalʼ | they arenʼt typing it; they donʼt type it

• progressive imperfective: yaa akanaldálʼ | they are (in the process of) typing it

• perfective (+): akawlidálʼ | they typed it

• perfective (–): tlél akawuldáalʼ | they didnʼt type it

• future (+): akagux̱ladáalʼ | they will type it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱ladáalʼ | they wonʼt type it

√daan (verb root) pile | pile up

a-ÿa-ka-∅-√dáan (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) snow ² | for it to snow heavily | dleit yakaawadán → the snow is coming down so heavily, one canʼt see far (SN) • yéi x̱wajée haa káa ayakg̱wadáan → i think itʼs going to snow real heavily on us (SN) • (KE)

• progressive imperfective: yaa ayakanadán | itʼs starting to snow heavily

• perfective (+): ayakaawadán | itʼs snowing heavily; it snowed heavily

• perfective (–): tlél ayakawudáan | itʼs not snowing heavily; it didnʼt snow heavily

• future (+): ayakakg̱wadáan | it will snow heavily

• future (–): tlél ayakakg̱wadáan | it wonʼt snow heavily

√daas (verb root) light ²

√daasʼ (verb root) wear through; snare | wear through (with wire)

O-S-d+l-√dáasʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) snare | for S to snare O | xóots x̱wadlidásʼ → i snared a brown bear (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: eeldásʼ! | snare it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eeldásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt snare it!

• perfective (+): awdlidásʼ | they snared it

• perfective (–): tlél awuldáasʼ | they didnʼt snare it

• future (+): akg̱waldáasʼ | they will snare it

• future (–): tlél akg̱waldáasʼ | they wonʼt snare it

√daat (verb root) bounce

√daax̱ ¹ (verb root) hew; adze

O-S-∅-√daax̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) hew; adze | for S to hew O out; for S to adze O out

• imperative: dáx̱! | hew it out!

• prohibitive: líl eedáax̱íḵ! | donʼt hew it out!

• imperfective (+): adáax̱ | they are hewing it out

• perfective (+): aawadáx̱ | they hewed it out

• perfective (–): tlél awudaax̱ | they didnʼt hew it out

• perfective (–): tlél awudaax̱ | they didnʼt hew on it

• future (+): akg̱wadáax̱ | they will hew it out

• future (+): akg̱wadáax̱ | they will hew on it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wadaax̱ | they wonʼt hew it out

• future (–): tlél akg̱wadaax̱ | they wonʼt hew on it

O-S-∅-√daax̱ ¹ (na act verb – transitive – closed) hew; adze | for S to hew on O; for S to adze on O

• imperative: nadaax̱! | hew on it!

• perfective (+): aawadaax̱ | they hewed on it

√daax̱ ² (verb root) inertia

O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-∅-√dáax̱ ˟ ² (na motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and stem variation] ⑴ inertia; bounce | for O to keep going on own momentum; for O to move by skipping on water | tayeis ḵʼáatlʼ héen x̱ukáx̱ yoo x̱ʼayadáax̱k → flat stones bounce on the wate (SN) || ⑵ lose | for O to lose train of thought while speaking

• perfective (+): x̱ʼayaawadáax̱ | it kept going on its own momentum

√dáanaa ˟ (verb root) money

√deiḵ (verb root) challenge

O-S-∅-√deiḵ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) challenge | for S to challenge O | ḵulagaaw yís woosh has wudideiḵ → they challenged each other to a fight (SN) • aawadeiḵ ag̱atáawut → they dared them to steal (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: g̱adeiḵ! | challenge them!

• imperfective (+): adeiḵ | they are challenging them

• perfective (+): aawadeiḵ | they challenged them

• perfective (–): tlél awudeiḵ | they dindʼt challenge them

• future (+): yei akg̱wadéiḵ | they will challenge them

• future (–): tlél yei akg̱wadeiḵ | they wonʼt challenge them

√deil (verb root) protect ¹

(N + káx̱) + yan⁓ + a-S-∅-√deil (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) watch ¹; lookout; protect ¹; guard ¹ | for S to keep watch, keep a lookout (over N) | sháal káx̱ yan aawadél → he watched the fishtrap (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yan adél! | keep watch!

• prohibitive: líl yax̱ eedeilíḵ! | donʼt keep watch!

• perfective (+): yan aawadél | they kept watch

• perfective (–): tlél yan awudeil | they didnʼt keep watch

• future (+): yánde akg̱wadéil | they will keep watch

• future (–): tlél yánde akg̱wadeil | they wonʼt keep watch

√deixʼ (verb root) ashamed; shame

O-ka-∅-√déixʼ ˟ (na state verb – object intransitive ashamed; shame: feel shame | for O to be ashamed; for O to be feel shame | (GD, KE) • ax̱ dlaakʼ kayadéixʼ → my sister is ashamed (SN) • tlax̱ tléil koodéixʼ → heʼs never ashamed (because hardened) (SN)

• imperative: ikanadéixʼ! | be ashamed!

• prohibitive: líl ikoodéixʼiḵ! | donʼt be ashamed!

• imperfective (+): kayadéixʼ / kaadéixʼ | they are ashamed

• imperfective (–): tlél koodéixʼ | they arenʼt ashamed

• perfective (+): kaawadéixʼ | they became ashamed

• perfective (–): tlél kawudéixʼ | they didnʼt become ashamed

• future (+): kakg̱wadéixʼ | they will be ashamed

• future (–): tlél kakg̱wadéixʼ | they wonʼt be ashamed

O-ka-S-l-√déixʼ ˟ (na act verb – transitive shame: put to shame; embarassed | for O to be shamed by S; for O to be embarrassed by S; for O to be put to shame by S | (GD, KE) • du yéi jineiyích kawlidéixʼ → his work/what he did made him ashamed (SN) • tlax̱ x̱at kalidéixʼi → Iʼm real ashamed (SN)

• imperfective (+): akalidéixʼ | they makes them ashamed

• imperfective (–): tlel akooldéixʼ | they donʼt make them ashamed

• perfective (+): akawlidéixʼ | they made them ashamed

• perfective (–): tlél akawuldéixʼ | they didnʼt make them ashamed

• future (+): akagux̱ladéixʼ | they will make them ashamed

• future (–): tlél akagux̱ladéixʼ | they wonʼt make them ashamed

√dín ˟ (verb root) worry

O-tu-ka-∅-√dín ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) concerned; trouble | for O to be upset, troubled, lacking peace of mind | daa sákwshé gé itukaawadín? → what could it be that has you concerned/troubled (SN) • tukayadínkw → they are easily upset (JL)

• perfective (+): tukaawadín | they got upset

• perfective (–): tlél tukawudín | they didʼt get upset

• future (+): tukakg̱wadín | they will get upset

• future (–): tlél tukakg̱wadín | they wonʼt get upset

O-tu-ka-d+∅-√dín ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) concerned; trouble | for O to be upset, troubled, lacking peace of mind | x̱at tukawdidín → i am concerned / i have no peace of mind / i donʼt feel good (about something) (SN)

• perfective (+): tukawdidín | they got upset

• perfective (–): tlél tukawudín | they didnʼt get upset

• future (+): tukagux̱dadín | they will get upset

• future (–): tlél tukagux̱dadín | they wonʼt get upset

O-tu-ka-s-√dín ˟ (∅ act verb – transitive – invariable) concerned; trouble | for O to be concerned, feel troubled | tukasadínx̱ → they make them worry (regularly) (JL)

• imperative: tukasadín! | worry them!

• perfective (+): tukawsidín | they worried them

• perfective (–): tlél tukawusdín | they didnʼt worry them

• future (+): tukagux̱sadín | they will worry them

• future (–): tlél tukagux̱sadín | they wonʼt worry them

√deek ¹ (verb root) steer

√deek ² (verb root) dipnet

a-S-d+s-√deek ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) fish ²; dipnet | for S to fish with a dipnet

√deekʼ (verb root) constipate

O-S-s-√déekʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) constipate; plug | for S to constipate, plug O | (KE)

• perfective (+): ash wusidíkʼ | it constipated them

• perfective (–): tlél ash wusdéekʼ | it didnʼt constipate them

• future (+): ash gux̱sadéekʼ | it will constipate them

• future (–): tlél ash gux̱sadéekʼ | it wonʼt constipate them

O-d+s-√déekʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) constipated; plugged | for O to be constipated, plugged | a yáanáx̱ tléiḵw aawax̱áa; gug̱asdéekʼ → theyʼve eaten too many berries; theyʼll be constipated (SN) • yáanáx̱ aanáx̱ wudzidíkʼ → this side (nostril) is plugged up (SN) • (KE)

• progressive imperfective: yaa nasdíkʼ | they are getting constipated

• perfective (+): wudzidíkʼ | they are constipated

• perfective (–): tlél wusdéekʼ | they are not constipated

• future (+): gug̱asdéekʼ | they are going to be constipated

• future (–): tlél gug̱asdéekʼ | they arenʼt going to be constipated

√dees (verb root) shine | for the moon to shine

a-d+l-√dées ˟ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – high) shine; moon | for the moon to shine

• perfective (+): awdlidées | the moon is shining

• perfective (+): yei akg̱waldées | the moon will shine

• perfective (–): tlél awuldées | the moon isnʼt shining

• future (–): tlél yei akg̱waldées | the moon wonʼt shine

√deexʼ (verb root) plug ¹; cork; shut | plug up; cork; shut mouth or opening

O-S-∅-√déexʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) plug ¹ | for S to plug up O (a hole in a surface) | wé x̱aawaag̱í eetí gax̱toodéexʼ → we are going to stuff up the hole in the window (SN)

• imperative: díxʼ! | plug it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: idíxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt plug it!

• perfective (+): aawadíxʼ | they plugged it

• perfective (–): tlél awudéexʼ | they didnʼt plug it

• future (+): akg̱wadéexʼ | they will plug it

• future (–): akg̱wadéexʼ | they wonʼt plug it

O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√déexʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) cork; shut | for S to cork up (bottle), shut mouth of O | in xʼeesháa x̱ʼawduwadíxʼ → the bottle was corked up (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼadíxʼ! | cork it up!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeedíxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt cork it up!

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwadíxʼ | they corked it up

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawudéexʼ | they didnʼt cork it up

• future (+): ax̱ʼakg̱wadéexʼ | they will cork it up

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wadéexʼ | they wonʼt cork it up

√dooch (verb root) rub

√doochʼ ¹ (verb root) twisting roll; pinch

√doochʼ ² (verb root) cut ¹ | cut preserving bone

√dook ¹ (verb root) solid ; whole

O-d+∅-√dook ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type, and stem variation in hortative and habitual] close ¹; heal; whole | for O to become closed up, come together (of wound), heal rapidly and completely | wudidóok doo xeitká wé óonaa eetí → their chest healed rapidly and completely from that bullet wound (SN)

• imperfective (+): didúk | it is solid, whole

• perfective (+): wudidóok | it became solid, whole

• perfective (–): tlél wudadóok | it didnʼt become solid, whole

• future (+): yei gux̱dadóok | it will become solid, whole

• future (–): tlél yei gux̱dadóok | it wonʼt become solid, whole

O-ka-d+∅-√dook ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type, and stem variation in hortative and habitual] close ¹; plug ¹ | for O to be closed up, plugged up permanently | (SN)

• imperfective (+): kadidúk | it is closed up

• perfective (+): kawdidóok | it became closed up

• perfective (–): tlél kawdadóok | it didnʼt become closed up

• future (+): yei kagux̱dadóok | it will become closed up

• future (–): tlél yei kagux̱dadóok | it wonʼt become closed up

O-tu-ka-d+∅-√dook ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type, and stem variation in hortative and habitual] close ¹; plug ¹ | for O (a tube-like object) be closed up, plugged up | classification: tube-like object | pipe tukawdidúk → the pipe is plugged up (SN)

• perfective (+): tukawdidúk | it became plugged up

• perfective (–): tlél tukawdadóok | it didnʼt become plugged up

• future (+): tukagux̱dadóok | it will become plugged up

• future (–): tlél tukagux̱dadóok | it wonʼt become plugged up

O-ka-ka-S-s-√dook ¹ (na state verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation in hortative and habitual, SN have imperfective as +i] close ¹; whole | for S to keep O (a round object) closed up, as one piece | tsu kakeesadóok yá kahísʼi → you still never opened that ʼcheeseʼ (that is coho eggs packed in seal stomach) (SN)

• imperfective (+): akaksidóok | they are keeping it closed up

• perfective (+): akakawsidóok | they kept it closed up

• perfective (–): tlél akakawusdóok | they didnʼt keep it closed up

• future (+): akakagux̱sadóok | they are going to keep it closed up

• future (–): tlél akakagux̱sadóok | they wonʼt keep it closed up

√dook ² (verb root) dry; smoke ¹ | partially dry and smoke fish

√dooḵ (verb root) slush

√doolʼ (verb root) erection

√doosʼ ¹ (verb root) surge; lurch

√doosʼ ² (verb root) soot

√dootʼ (verb root) hiccup

√dootl ¹ (verb root) doubled-up; crumpled-up

N + séit⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√dootl ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) hug | for S to hug N | (KE)

• imperative: du séit keedadútl! | hug them!

• prohibitive: líl du séix̱ keedadoodlíḵ! | donʼt hug them!

• perfective (+): du séit kawdidútl | they hugged them

• perfective (–): tlél du séit kawdadootl | they didnʼt hug them

• future (+): du séide kagux̱dadóotl | they will hug them

• future (–): tlél du séide kagux̱dadootl | they wonʼt hug them

√dootl ² coax to self; entice

tóo-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√dootl (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) coax; entice; call; bring | for s to coax, entice, call, or bring O to oneself (esp. child or wild animal) | tsaa kax̱wlidútl → i called up a seal (brought it close enough to shoot) (SN) • tóot kax̱wlidútl wé at kʼátskʼu → iʼve got that child used to me (with candy, etc.) so heʼll do what i please (SN)

• imperative: tóot kaladútl! | call it over to you!

• prohibitive: líl tóox̱ keeladoodlíḵ! | donʼt call it over to you!

• imperfective (+): tóode yaa akanaldútl | they are calling them/it over to them

• perfective (+): tóot akawlidútl | they called them/it over to her

• perfective (–): tlél tóot akawuldootl | they didnʼt call them/it over to them

• future (+): tóode akagux̱ladóotl | they will call them/it over to them

• future (–): tlél tóode akagux̱ladootl | they wonʼt call them/it over to them

√dooxʼ (verb root) tie | tie knot

O-ka-S-∅-√dóoxʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) tie | for S to tie O in a knot | ḵútx̱ kax̱waadúxʼ → i knotted it too tight (SN) • tíxʼ yátxʼi akadóoxʼ → heʼs tying the strings in knots (SN) • yoowa.át sh káa akawdidúxʼ she tied an apron around herself • (KE)

• imperative: kadúxʼ! | tie it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keedúxʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt tie it!

• imperfective (+): akadóoxʼ | they are tying it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoodóoxʼ | they are not tying it

• perfective (+): akaawadúxʼ | they tied it

• perfective (–): tlél akawudóoxʼ | they didnʼt tie it

• future (+): akakg̱wadóoxʼ | they will tie it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wadóoxʼ | they wonʼt tie it

√dlaa (verb root) • variants: √tlaa ¹ • settle | settlements to settle

√dlaakw (verb root) scratch | scratch with nails, claws

√dlaaḵ (verb root) gain; obtain; succeed; defeat

O-ÿa-S-∅-√dlaaḵ (na event verb – transitive – closed) get; obtain; acquire; succeed; accomplish; defeat; beat ² | for S to gain, get, obtain, acquire O; for S to succeed, accomplish O; for S to defeat, beat O | the prohibitive forms "donʼt win it!" require context in order to make sense • an example would be the statement, said jokingly « líl yoo yeedláḵgiḵ: yakḵwadláaḵ! » "donʼt win it: iʼm going to win it!” | násʼk cháatl yawtuwadlaaḵ → we have gained three halibut (SN) • yées yaakw ayaawadlaaḵ → heʼs acquired a new boat (SN) • kagax̱too.áaḵw yóo yán yawtudlaag̱i → we are going to try to make it to shore (that is, to successfully reach the shore) (SN) • yéi x̱waajée tléil yagax̱yeedlaaḵ → i donʼt think you all wiIl succeed (SN) • tlákw yoo yaduwadláḵkw → he always loses (that is, people always beat him) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yanadlaaḵ! | win it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo yeedláḵgiḵ! | donʼt win it!

• perfective (+): ayaawadlaaḵ | they won it

• perfective (–): tlél ayawudlaaḵ | they didnʼt win it

• future (+): ayakg̱wadláaḵ | they will win it

• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wadlaaḵ | they wonʼt win it

√dlaan (verb root) deep; piled thickly

∅-√dlaan (g̱a state verb – impersonal – closed) deep; piled thickly | for water, snow, etc. to be deep, to be piled thickly | this verb is one of a very small set of dimensional verbs with extensional imperfective forms (leer, 1991) • it is distinguished by an imperfective form which requires the g̱a-conjugation prefix | x̱ʼáak táaxʼ dleit g̱aadlaan → down in a ravine the snow is deep (SN) • héen tléil gwadlaan → the water is not deep (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): g̱aadlaan | itʼs deep

• imperfective (–): tlél g̱wadlaan | itʼs not deep

• progressive imperfective: yei nadlán | itʼs getting deep

• perfective (+): woodlaan | it became deep

• perfective (–): tlél wudlaan | it didnʼt become deep

• future (+): yei kg̱wadláan | it will get deep

• future (–): tlél yei kg̱wadlaan | it wonʼt get deep

yan⁓ + ka-∅-√dlaan (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) deep; piled thickly; pile up | for grain-like objects, pine needles, snow to be deep, thick, pile up | g̱ítg̱aa áa yan kaawadlán → the pine needles are thick (on the ground) there (SN) • dlèit yánde yaa kanadlán → the snow is getting deep (SN) • (KE)

• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa kanadlán | itʼs beginning to pile up

• perfective (+): yan kaawadlán | itʼs piled up

• perfective (–): tlél yan kawudlaan | itʼs not piled up; it didnʼt stick (of snow)

• future (+): yánde kakg̱wadláan | itʼs going to pile up

• future (–): tlél yánde kakg̱wadlaan | itʼs not going to pile up

√dlaaxʼw (verb root) coil

√dlaax̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) strand; tide ¹ | stranded by the tide

√dlaax̱ʼw ² (verb root) clear | water to clear

√dlénx̱aa ˟ (verb root) tempt; try out; test

O-ka-u-S-∅-√dlénx̱aa ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) tempt; try out; test | for S to tempt, try out, test O | ḵáa x̱at koodlénx̱aa; tléil ḵu.aa a yáx̱ x̱at utí → a person tempted me, but I disregarded it (SN) • koox̱adlénx̱aa → i tempted him (SN) • ax̱ yées yaagú koox̱dlénx̱aa → i tried out my new boat (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanadlénx̱aa! | tempt them!

• prohibitive: líl keedlénx̱aayiḵ! | donʼt tempt them!

• imperfective (+): akoodlénx̱aa | they are tempting them

• imperfective (–): tlél akoodlénx̱aa | they arenʼt tempting them

• perfective (+): akaawadlénx̱aa | they tempted them

• perfective (–): tlél akawudlénx̱aa | they didnʼt tempt them

• future (+): akakg̱wadlénx̱aa | they will tempt them

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wadlénx̱aa | they wonʼt tempt them

√dleigu • variants: √dleikw • ⑴ shake hands || ⑵ pat | pat affectionately

O-S-l-√dléigu ˟ (na act verb – transitive pat; pet | for S to pat O (esp. under chin or on back, to express affection); for S to pet O (esp. under chin or on back, to express affection) | tʼukanéiyi aldléigu → Sheʼs rocking/patting the baby (SN) • du x̱ʼásʼ x̱walidléigu → i patted her on the chin (esp. grandparent, of child) (SN) • (GD, LA, KE)

• imperative: naldléigu! | pat them!

• prohibitive: líl iladléiguḵ! | donʼt pat them!

• imperfective (+): aldléigu | they are patting them

• perfective (+): awlidléigu | they patted them

• perfective (–): tlél awuldléigu | they didnʼt pat them

• future (+): agux̱ladléigu | they will pat them

• future (–): tlél agux̱ladléigu | they wonʼt pat them

N + jín + S-l-√dléigu ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) shake hands | for s to shake hands with N; | du jín x̱walidléigu → i shook hands with him (SN) • ax̱ jín naldléigu → shake my hand! (SN)

• imperative: du jín naldléigu! | shake their hand!

• prohibitive: líl du jín iladléiguḵ! | donʼt shake their hand!

• imperfective (+): du jín aldléigu | they are shaking their hand

• imperfective (–): tlél du jín ooldléigu | they arenʼt shaking their hand

• perfective (+): du jín awlidléigu | they shook their hand

• perfective (–): tlél du jín awuldléigu | they didnʼt shake their hand

• future (+): du jín agux̱ladléigu | they will shake their hand

• future (–): tlél du jín agux̱ladléigu | they wonʼt shake their hand

√dleikw (verb root) • variants: √dlaakw • startle

O-S-l-√dléikw (∅ event verb – transitive – high) startle; scare | for S to scare, startle O | x̱at yilidlékw → you scared me (SN) • tlax̱ x̱at ooldlékwch → i was really scared (by a dream) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ladlékw! | scare them!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl iladlékwx̱uḵ! | donʼt scare them!

• perfective (+): awlidlékw | they scared them

• perfective (–): tlél awuldléikw | they didnʼt scare them

• future (+): agux̱ladléikw | they will scare them

• future (–): tlél agux̱ladléikw | they wonʼt scare them

√dleitl (verb root) hang; slack | hang slack

√dleixw (verb root) thumb; remove; peel | remove seafood to eat using thumb; peel skin using thumb

√dleey (verb root) meaty; muscular

√dlooḵ gooey; sticky

O-sh-√dlooḵ (∅ – object intransitive – closed) sticky; gooey | for O to be sticky, gooey | (JL)

• perfective (+): wushidlúḵ | they/it is sticky

N + waaḵ + ka-d+∅-√dlooḵ (? – object intransitive – high) pus | for Nʼs eyes to have pus, mucus | (JL)

• perfective (+): ax̱ waaḵ kawdidlóoḵ | my eyes are pussed up

√dloox (verb root) • variants: dleexw • peel | to peel skin

√dzaas ¹ thong; lace

√dzaas ² (verb root) winded; tired

√dzaay (verb root) beard

√dzeen (verb root) snare | small snare

√dzeey (verb root) balk; resist

√dzée ˟ (verb root) difficult; hard; frustrating | hard (abstract)

O-l-√dzée ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) difficult; frustrating; hard | for O to be very difficult, frustrating, almost impossible, hard (abstract) | anóoshi yoo x̱ʼatángi ax̱ x̱ʼéit lidzée → the Russian language is very hard for me (to speak) (SN) • du een ḵunáax̱ daak kaneek; aag̱áa tléil du jeexʼ kei gux̱ladzée → explain it to her, then it won ʼt be difficult for her (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): lidzée | itʼs difficult

• imperfective (–): tlél uldzée | itʼs not difficult

• imperfective (–): tlél kei unaldzéen | itʼs getting easier

• progressive imperfective: kei naldzéen | itʼs getting difficult

• perfective (+): wulidzée | it became difficult

• perfective (–): tlél wuldzée | it didnʼt get difficult

• future (+): kei gux̱ladzée | it will be difficult

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱ladzée | it wonʼt be difficult

√dzoo throw | throw as missile

O-S-∅-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw something as missile at O | keitl aawadzóo → they threw it (a rock) at the dog and hit it (SN) • chʼa yeisú adzeit → theyʼre still throwing stones

• imperative: dzóo! | throw it at it/them!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eedzéiduḵ! | donʼt throw it at it/them!

• imperfective (+): adzeit | they are throwing it at it/them

• perfective (+): aawadzóo | they threw it at and hit it/them

• perfective (–): tlél awudzoo | they didnʼt throw it at it/them

• future (+): akg̱wadzóo | they will throw it at it/them

• future (–): tlél akg̱wadzoo | they wonʼt throw it at it/them

O-sha-S-∅-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw something as missile at the head of O | shawduwadzóo → someone threw it (a rock) at them (SN)

• imperative: shadzóo! | throw it at its/their head!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sheedzéiduḵ! | donʼt throw it at its/their head!

• imperfective (+): ashadzeit | they are throwing it at its/their head

• perfective (+): ashaawadzóo | they threw it at and hit its/their head

• perfective (–): tlél ashawudzoo | they didnʼt throw it at its/their head

• future (+): ashakg̱wadzóo | they will throw it at its/their head

• future (–): tlél ashakg̱wadzoo | they wonʼt throw it at its/their head

N-ch + O-S-l-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw N as missile at O

• imperative: ách ladzóo! | throw it at it/them!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ách eeladzéiduḵ! | donʼt throw it at it/them!

• imperfective (+): ách aldzeit | they are throwing it at it/them

• perfective (+): ách awlidzóo | they threw it at and hit it/them

• perfective (–): tlél ách awuldzoo | they didnʼt throw it at it/them

• future (+): ách agux̱ladzóo | they will throw it at it/them

• future (–): tlél ách agux̱ladzoo | they wonʼt throw it at it/them

N-ch + O-sha-S-l-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw N as missile at the head of O | shawduwadzóo → someone threw it (a rock) at them (SN)

• imperative: ách shaladzóo! | throw it at its/their head!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ách sheeladzéiduḵ! | donʼt throw it at its/their head!

• imperfective (+): ách ashaldzeit | they are throwing it at its/their head

• perfective (+): ách ashawlidzóo | they threw it at and hit its/their head

• perfective (–): tlél ách ashawuldzoo | they didnʼt throw it at its/their head

• future (+): ách ashagux̱ladzóo | they will throw it at its/their head

• future (–): tlél ách ashagux̱ladzoo | they wonʼt throw it at its/their head

√dzooxʼ (verb root) clam; crush; juice | crush clams for juice

√ei ¹ (verb root) answer; reply ¹

a-S-d+∅-√.ei ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) answer; reply ¹ | for S to answer, reply to a greeting or to oneʼs name | i.éexʼ áwé: anida.ei! → theyʼre calling you: answer them! (SN) • de ax̱wdi.ei → i answered already / i said "yes" already • (KE)

• imperative: anida.ei! | answer!

• imperfective (+): ada.ei | they are answering

• perfective (+): awdi.ei | they answered

• perfective (–): tlél awda.ei | they didnʼt answer

• future (+): agux̱da.ei | they will answer

• future (–): tlél agux̱da.ei | they wonʼt answer

√ei ² (verb root) ask for; wish for

O-S-d+s-√.ei ² (g̱a event verb – transitive – open) ask for; wish for | for S to ask for more O (often as a payment, often by a medicine person); for S to wish for more O | íx̱tʼ awdzi.ei → the medicine person asked for more (blankets, bracelets, money, etc) • x̱útʼaa xʼwán g̱ees.ei! → ask for more adzes (medicine person instructing their helper)! (SN) • lax̱éitl x̱wadzi.ei → i wished for good luck (JL)

• imperative: g̱ees.ei! | ask for more!; wish for it!

• perfective (+): awdzi.ei | they asked for more; they wished for it

• perfective (–): tlél awus.ei | they didnʼt ask for more; they didnʼt wish for it

• future (+): yei akg̱was.éi | they will ask for more; they will wish for it

• future (–): tlél yei akg̱was.ei | they wonʼt ask for more; they wonʼt wish for it

√eik ¹ (verb root) meaningless

√eik ² (verb root) • variants: √aak ⁵ (T,Y,K) • paralyze | paralyzed by shock

O-d+∅-√.éik ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) paralyzed\; incapable | for O to be paralyzed with fright, shock or surprise; for O to panic, be incapable of action | two different stem variations have been recorded with this verb—more research is necessary to determine why | x̱at wudi.éik → it paralyzed me / i was so shocked i couldnʼt act (SN) • áa wudi.ék → (while climbing a high ladder, e.g.) he became incapable of going any further (JL) • (KE)

• perfective (+): wudi.ák | they were paralyzed with fear

• perfective (–): tlél wuda.áak | they werenʼt paralyzed with fear

• future (+): gux̱da.áak | they will be paralyzed with fear

• future (–): tlél gux̱da.áak | they wonʼt be paralyzed with fear

√eikw (verb root) whistle

a-ka-u-S-∅-√.éikw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) whistle | for S to whistle | tléil akx̱wa.éikw → i donʼt whistle (SN) • ash yaadé akoo.éikw → they are whistling to them (JL) • du yaadé akx̱waa.éikw → i whistled at them (JL) • g̱unéi akaawa.éikw → they started whistling (JL) • kei akaawa.éikw → they started up whistling (JL) • (KE)

• imperative: akuna.éikw! | whistle!

• prohibitive: líl akee.éiguḵ! | donʼt whistle!

• imperfective (+): akoo.éikw | they are whistling

• imperfective (–): tlél akoo.éikw | they are not whistling; they donʼt whistle

• progressive imperfective: yaa akuna.éikw | they are going along whistling

• perfective (+): akaawa.éikw | they whistled

• perfective (–): tlél akawu.éikw | they didnʼt whistle

• future (+): akakg̱wa.éikw | they will whistle

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wa.éikw | they wonʼt whistle

√eilʼ (verb root) salty

l-√.éilʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) salty | for something to be salty | (KE)

• imperfective (+): li.éilʼ | itʼs salty

• imperfective (–): tlél ul.éilʼ | itʼs not salty

• progressive imperfective: kei nal.éilʼ | it is getting salty

• perfective (+): wuli.éilʼ | it got salty

• perfective (–): tlél wul.éilʼ | it didnʼt get salty

• future (+): kei gux̱la.éilʼ | it will be salty

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱la.éilʼ | it wonʼt be salty

√ein (verb root) starve

√eis (verb root) stagger

{na preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-l-√.eis ˟ (na motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) stagger | for O to stagger (esp. of young child or drunkard) | (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} yee yakanal.eis! you all stagger {____}! |

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} iyakawul.eisíḵ! | donʼt stagger {____}!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} yakawli.eis | they are staggering {____}; they staggered {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yakawul.eis | they arenʼt staggering {____}; they didnʼt stagger {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} yakagux̱la.eis | they will stagger {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} yakagux̱la.eis | they wonʼt stagger {____}

{ga preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-l-√.eis ˟ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) stagger | for O to stagger (esp. of young child or drunkard) | naaw jeeyeet áwé yaa yakakla.ésch → he staggers around on account of the liquor (SN)

√eitsʼ (verb root) careful; delicate

x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-shu-ka-S-∅-√éitsʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] close | for S to close O (usually a door) quietly | x̱ʼéit ashukoo.étsʼch → they always close the door really quietly (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼaháat x̱ʼéit shuka.étsʼ! | close the door quietly!

• perfective (+): x̱ʼéit ashukaawa.étsʼ | they closed the door quietly

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼéit ashukawu.éitsʼ | they didnʼt close the door quietly

• future (+): x̱ʼéide ashukakg̱wa.éitsʼ | they will close the door quietly

• future (–): tlél x̱ʼéide ashukakg̱wa.éitsʼ | they wonʼt close the door quietly

√eix̱ (verb root) • variants: √eex̱ • oil ²; grease ² | oily; greasy

√gaa ¹ (verb root) delay; hesitate; tide ¹; calm | slack tide

du-∅-√gaa ¹ ʰ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) tide ¹ | for the tide to be slack | ḵéesʼ wuduwagáa → the tide is slack (at high tide) (SN) • (KE)

• progressive imperfective: yaa ndugéin | itʼs getting to be slack tide

• perfective (+): wuduwagáa | itʼs slack tide

• perfective (–): tlél wudugá | itʼs not slack tide

• future (+): gax̱dugáa | it will be slack tide

• future (–): tlél gax̱dugaa | it wonʼt be slack tide

N + toowú + du-∅-√gaa ¹ ʰ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) calm; peaceful | for N to be calm, at peace | (DK)

• progressive imperfective: du toowú yaa ndugéin | they are beginning to feel peaceful

• perfective (+): du toowú wuduwagáa | they feel peaceful

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú wudugá | they do not feel peaceful

• future (+): du toowú gax̱dugáa | they will feel peaceful

• future (–): tlél du toowú gax̱dugaa | they wonʼt feel peaceful

N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – open) delay; wait ¹; pause; take oneʼs time; stay behind; detained | for O to delay, wait, pause, take oneʼs time, stay behind, or be detained at N | to say "wait for someone" use « ash eeg̱áa yax̱ kaawagaa » "they waited for them" • to say "wait there (deliberately)" use « áx̱ sh akwdligaa » "they are waiting there" | chʼa yáax̱ x̱at kakg̱wagáa tléixʼ sunday → iʼm going to be detained here one week (SN) • tléil atx̱á yaax̱x̱ koogaax̱ → he doesnʼt delay after meals (he jumps up quickly and goes off) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: áx̱ ikag̱agá! | take your time there!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl áx̱ yei ikoogéijiḵ! | donʼt delay there!

• perfective (+): áx̱ kaawagaa | they are delayed there

• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ kawugaa | they are not delayed there

• future (+): áx̱ yei kakg̱wagáa | they will delay there

• future (–): tlél áx̱ yei kakg̱wagaa | they wonʼt delay there

√gaa ² (verb root) distribute; put away

yan⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√gaa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) put up; store up; accumulate | for S to put up, store up, accumulate O (esp. food for winter) | woosh g̱uwanáade atx̱á yan kadulgáayjin → people used to put up all kinds of different foods (SN) • ax̱ yátxʼi x̱ʼéis atx̱á yánde kakḵwalagáa → iʼm going to put up food for my children (before I go on a journey) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yan kalagá! | put up food!

• progressive imperfective: yánde yaa akanalgéin | they are putting up food

• perfective (+): yan akawligáa | they put up food

• perfective (–): tlél yan akawulgá | they didnʼt put up food

• future (+): yánde akagux̱lagáa | they will put up food

• future (–): tlél yánde akagux̱lagaa | they wonʼt put up food

√gaa ³ (verb root) predict

O-shu-S-s-√gaa ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) predict | for S to predict O | (KE)

• imperative: shunasgá! | predict it!

• prohibitive: líl yoo sheesagéigiḵ! | donʼt predict it!

• imperfective (+): ashoosgeitʼ | they are predicting it

• imperfective (–): tlél ashoosgeitʼ | they are not predicting it

• perfective (+): ashoowsigaa | they predicted it

• perfective (–): tlél ashuwusgaa | they didnʼt predict it

• future (+): ashagux̱sagáa | they will predict it

• future (–): tlél ashagux̱sagaa | they wonʼt predict it

√gaaḵ (verb root) visit

O-S-∅-√gaaḵ (g̱a event verb – transitive – closed) visit | for S to visit O (esp. a particular person) | (GD, KE) • yei haa gax̱dugáaḵ → we are going to have visitors (SN) • g̱unayéi ḵwáan haa woogaaḵ → folk from other localities are visiting us / staying temporarily in our town (SN)

• prohibitive: líl yei eegáḵjiḵ! | donʼt visit them!

• perfective (+): aawagaaḵ | they visited them

• perfective (–): tlél awugaaḵ | they didnʼt visit them

• future (+): yei akg̱wagáaḵ | they will visit them

• future (–): tlél yei akg̱wagaaḵ | they wonʼt visit them

√gaalʼ (verb root) cataract

O-waḵ-sh-√gáalʼ ˟ [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] cataract | for O to have a cataract | (SN)

• perfective (+): waḵshigáalʼ | they have a cataract

• perfective (–): tlél wushgáalʼ | they didnʼt get a cataract

√gaan ¹ (verb root) burn ¹; light ¹; shine

a-d+∅-√gaan ¹ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – closed) sun; shine | for the sun to shine | ax̱ kát awdigán → the sun is shining on me (SN) • seig̱ánin yei agux̱dagáan shákdé → maybe it will be sunshiny tomorrow (SN) • (KE)

• progressive imperfective: yei andagán | the sun is coming out

• perfective (+): awdigaan | itʼs sunny

• perfective (+): yei kagux̱sagáan | it will burn up completely

• perfective (–): tlél awdagaan | it isnʼt sunny

• future (+): yei agux̱dagáan | it will be sunny

• future (–): tlél yei agux̱dagaan | it wonʼt be sunny

• future (–): tlél yei kagux̱sagaan | it wonʼt burn completely

O-S-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) burn | for S to burn O (usually out of doors or over an area) | classification: outdoors | xʼéedadi kínde x̱asagántʼ → iʼm burning up uprooted tree stumps (SN)

• imperfective (+): asgántʼ | they are burning it

• perfective (+): awsigán | they burned it

• perfective (–): tlél awusgaan | they didnʼt burn it

• future (+): agux̱sagáan | they are going to burn it

• future (–): tlél agux̱sagaan | they arenʼt going to burn it

kei + O-S-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) burn up | for S to burn O up | (KE)

• imperative: kei sagaan! | burn it up!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei isagánjiḵ! | donʼt burn it up!

• progressive imperfective: kei anasgán | they are burning it up

• perfective (+): kei awsigán | they burned it up

• perfective (–): tlél kei awusgaan | they didnʼt burn it up

• future (+): kei agux̱sagáan | they will burn it up

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱sagaan | they wonʼt burn it up

ka-t⁓ + O-S-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) fry; cook | for S to fry, roast O (esp. food) | classification: food | (JL)

• imperfective (+): káx̱ asgántʼ | they are frying, roasting it

• perfective (+): kát awsigán | they fried it

• perfective (–): tlél kát awusgaan | the food didnʼt burn

• future (+): kaadé agux̱sagáan | the food is going to burn

• future (–): tlél kaadé agux̱sagaan | the food isnʼt going to burn

ka-t⁓ + O-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) burn ¹ | for O (esp. food) to burn | classification: food | ḵʼwádli kaadé gux̱sagáan → your pot is going to burn (i.e. the contents) (SN)

• perfective (+): kát wusigán | the food burned

• perfective (–): tlél kát wusgaan | the food didnʼt burn

• future (+): kaadé gux̱sagáan | the food is going to burn

• future (–): tlél kaadé gux̱sagaan | the food isnʼt going to burn

O-ka-∅-√gaan ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) | for O to burn, be burned | lʼoowú kaawagaan → the wood is burnt (SN) • yei kanagán → it (house) is burning down (from top to bottom) (SN)

• imperfective (+): yei akanagán | it is burning

• perfective (+): kaawagaan | it is burnt

• perfective (–): tlél kawugaan | it isnʼt burnt

• future (+): yei kakg̱wagáan | it will be burnt

• future (–): tlél yei kakg̱wagaan | it wonʼt be burnt

N-t⁓ + a-ka-∅-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) burn ¹; alight; on ² | for N (fire) to burn, catch alight; for N (light) to be on | (KE)

• perfective (+): át akaawagán | itʼs lit

• perfective (–): tlél át akawugaan | itʼs not lit

• future (+): aadé akakg̱wagáan | it will be lit

• future (–): tlél aadé akakg̱wagaan | it wonʼt be lit

ka-d+∅-√gáan ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) shine; light ¹ | for something to shine, produce light by burning | sʼeenáa kʼidéin yéi awsinee; ách ḵu.aa kei kagux̱dagáan → they fixed the light, so now it will shine brighter (SN) • yee tula.aaní yee yadooknáx̱ yóot kawdigán → your kindness shines through your faces (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): kawdigán | itʼs bright

• perfective (–): tlél kawdagáan | it isnʼt bright

• future (+): kagux̱dagáan | it will be bright

• future (–): tlél kagux̱dagáan | it wonʼt be bright

O-ka-S-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) burn | for S to burn O (esp. trash) | classification: trash | naa.át aksagántʼ → theyʼre burning (old) clothes (on the beach) (SN)

• imperfective (+): aksgántʼ | they are burning it

• perfective (+): akawsigán | they burned it

• perfective (–): tlél akawusgaan | they didnʼt burn it

• future (+): akagux̱sagáan | they are going to burn it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sagaan | they arenʼt going to burn it

O-ka-s-√gaan ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) burn ¹; sunburn | for O to burn (completely); for O to be sunburned | yaakw kawsigaan → the boat burned up (SN) • g̱agaan latseeních haa yá kawsigaan → the strength of the sun sunburned our faces (SN)

• progressive imperfective: yei kanasgán | its burning completely

• perfective (+): kawsigaan | it burned completely

• perfective (–): tlél kawulgaan | it didnʼt burn completely

N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) light ¹; set fire; shine; turn on | for S to light, set fire to, cause N to shine; for S to turn N on (light) | sʼeenáat akawligán → he lights a lamp / turns on a light (SN) • tléil át akawtulagaan wé sdoox → we didnʼt light the stove (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: át aklagán! | light it!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ akeelagaaníḵ | donʼt light it!

• perfective (+): át akawligán | they lit it

• perfective (–): tlél át akawulgaan | they didnʼt light it

• future (+): aadé akagux̱lagáan | they will light it

• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱lagaan | they wonʼt light it

√gaan ² (verb root) lean on

√gaasʼ (verb root) housepost; fall; migrate; move ² | classification: large stick-like object

N-t⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) leap on; pounce | for S to leap, pounce on N | (KE)

• imperative: a kát sh eelgásʼ! | leap on it!

• prohibitive: líl a káx̱ sh eelgáasʼiḵ! | donʼt leap on it!

• perfective (+): a kát sh wudligásʼ | they leaped on it

• perfective (–): tlél a kát sh wulgáasʼ | they didnʼt leap on it

• future (+): a kát sh gug̱algáasʼ | they will leap on it

• future (–): tlél a kát sh gug̱algáasʼ | they wonʼt leap on it

N-dé + O-l-√gáasʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) migrate; move ² | for O to migrate (with future plans unspecified) to N; for O to move household (with future plans unspecified) to N | yáadáx̱ kei haa gux̱lagáasʼ → we are going to move from here (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: aadé inalgáasʼ! | move there!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aadé yoo ilgásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt move there!

• perfective (+): aadé wligáasʼ | they moved there

• perfective (–): tlél aadé wulgáasʼ | they didnʼt move there

• future (+): aadé gux̱lagáasʼ | they will move there

• future (–): tlél aadé gux̱lagáasʼ | they wonʼt move there

P-t⁓ + O-l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) migrate; move ² | for O to migrate (with future plans unspecified) to N; for O to move household (with future plans unspecified) to N | (KE)

• imperative: át eelgásʼ! | move there!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ eelgáasʼiḵ! | donʼt move there!

• perfective (+): át wuligásʼ | they moved there

• perfective (–): tlél át wulgáasʼ | they didnʼt move there

• future (+): aadé gux̱lagáasʼ | they will move there

yan⁓ + O-ÿa-∅-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) fall; nod off; fall asleep | for O to fall on face; for O to nod off, fall asleep while sitting up | (KE)

• admonitive: yan tsá iyagáasʼ! | see that you donʼt fall on your face!

• perfective (+): yan yaawagásʼ | they fell on their face

• perfective (–): tlél yan yawugáasʼ | they didnʼt fall on their face

• future (+): yánde yakg̱wagáasʼ | they will fall on their face

• future (–): tlél yánde yakg̱wagáasʼ | they wonʼt fall on their face

√gaaw (verb root) ⑴ loud; noisy || ⑵ fight; defend

O-sa-l-√gaaw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) loud-voiced; noisy | for O to be loud-voiced, noisy in speech | the thematic prefix in this verb seems to be interchangeable « x̱ʼa- », as in O-x̱ʼa-l-√gaaw ˟ | salagaawúch, du aatch gánde kaawanáa → when he is noisy, his aunt sends him outdoors (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: isaklagaaw! | be loud!

• imperative: saligaaw | they are loud-voiced

• prohibitive: líl isalagaawúḵ! | donʼt be loud!

• imperfective (–): tlél seilgaaw | they arenʼt loud-voiced

• perfective (+): sawligaaw | they were loud-voiced

• perfective (–): tlél sawulgaaw | they werenʼt loud-voiced

• future (+): kei sagux̱lagaaw | they will be loud-voiced

• future (–): tlél kei sagux̱lagaaw | they wonʼt be loud-voiced

(n een) + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fight | for S to fight (with N) | ḵux̱wligaaw du een → i fought them (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: (du een) ḵunalgaaw! | fight (them)!

• prohibitive: líl (du een) yoo keelagaawúḵ! | donʼt fight (them)!

• imperfective (+): (du een) ḵulagaaw | they are fighting (them)

• perfective (+): (du een) ḵoowligaaw | they fought (them)

• perfective (–): tlél (du een) ḵuwulgaaw | they didnʼt fight (them)

• future (+): (du een) ḵugux̱lagaaw | they will fight (them)

• future (–): tlél (du een) ḵugux̱lagaaw | they wonʼt fight (them)

N + káx̱ + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fight for; defend | for S to fight for, defend N | yú keitl tlein chush káx̱ ḵoowdligaaw → the big dog defended himself (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du káx̱ ḵunalgaaw! | fight for them!

• prohibitive: líl du káx̱ yoo keelagaawúḵ! | donʼt fight for them!

• imperfective (+): du káx̱ ḵulagaaw | they are fighting for them

• perfective (+): du káx̱ ḵoowligaaw | they fought for them

• perfective (–): tlél du káx̱ ḵuwulgaaw | they didnʼt fight for them

• future (+): du káx̱ ḵugux̱lagaaw | they will fight for them

• future (–): tlél du káx̱ ḵugux̱lagaaw | they wonʼt fight for them

√gaaxʼ ¹ (verb root) pray

x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pray | for S to pray for self | add « N káxʼ » in the preverb for "pray for N" • add « N yáaxʼ » in the preverb for "pray to N" or "pray with N" • the difference between this theme and the reflexive theme below is not quite clear: more research is needed | tléil x̱ʼeidagáxʼx̱ → he doesnʼt pray (SN) • a yáaxʼ x̱ʼawdigáxʼ → he pleaded with him / prayed to him (SN) • i káxʼ x̱ʼax̱wdigáxʼ → iʼm praying for you (SN) • sh káa x̱ʼeidagáxʼ! → pray for yourself! (SN)

sh + káa + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pray | for S to pray (for self) | add « N jiyís » in the preverb for "pray for N"

• imperative: sh káa x̱ʼeedagáxʼ! | pray!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: íl sh káa x̱ʼeidagáxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt pray!

• imperfective (+): sh káa x̱ʼadagáaxʼ | they prays; they are praying

• imperfective (–): tlél sh káa x̱ʼeidagáaxʼ | they donʼt pray

• perfective (+): sh káa x̱ʼawdigáxʼ | they prayed

• perfective (–): tlél sh káa x̱ʼawdagáaxʼ | they didnʼt pray

• future (+): sh káa x̱ʼagux̱dagáaxʼ | they will pray

• future (–): tlél sh káa x̱ʼagux̱dagáaxʼ | they wonʼt pray

√gaaxʼ ² (verb root) annoy; bother; tired of | tired of a sound; annoyed by a sound

O-S-s-√gáaxʼ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation in hor/pot] annoy; compel | for S to annoy, bother O by compelling them to talk | daa dé! yaa x̱at nisagaxʼ → stop now! you are getting me annoyed (with your chattering) • jeewsitaani teet ligaaw: yaa nasgáxʼ → the waves beating (on the shore) are loud: itʼs getting him annoyed (tired of it) (SN)

• imperative: sagáxʼ! | annoy them!

• perfective (+): awsigáxʼ | they annoyed them

• perfective (–): tlél awusgáaxʼ | they didnʼt annoy them

• future (+): agux̱sagáaxʼ | they will annoy them

• future (–): tlél agux̱sagáaxʼ | they wonʼt annoy them

O-x̱ʼa-S-s-√gáaxʼ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation in hor/pot; check verb type] annoy; bother | for S to annoy, bother O by continual noise | x̱at x̱ʼawsigáxʼ → they annoyed me by keeping on talking (so that I had to keep on replying) • x̱ʼax̱wsigáxʼ → i made them talk so much that they were annoyed (and hardly knew what they were saying) (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼasagáxʼ! | annoy them by compelling them to talk!

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼawsigáxʼ | they annoyed them by compelling them to talk

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawusgáaxʼ | they didnʼt annoy them by compelling them to talk

• future (+): ax̱ʼagux̱sagáaxʼ | they will annoy them by compelling them to talk

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼagux̱sagáaxʼ | they wonʼt annoy them by compelling them to talk

√gaaxʼw (verb root) riddle

a-S-d+l-√gáaxʼw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) riddle | for S to make riddles | (JL)

• imperfective (+): algáxʼwx̱ | they are making riddles; they are making people guess

• perfective (+): awdligáxʼ | they made riddles

O-S-l-√gáaxʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) guess | for S to make O guess | (JL)

• perfective (+): awligáxʼw | they made them guess

√gaay (verb root) noise | make noise

√gei ¹ (verb root) big; many

∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) many; plenty | for a solid mass or abstracts to be plentiful, be lots, many | classification: general, compact object; abstract | sooḵ áa yagéi → there is lots of (wide) grass there (SN) • ḵaa atx̱aayí yagéi → thereʼs plenty of food (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yagéi | there are many

• imperfective (–): tlél ugé | there arenʼt many

• progressive imperfective: yaa nagéin | itʼs increasing (in number)

• progressive imperfective (–): tlél yaa unagéin | itʼs not increasing (in number)

• perfective (+): woogei | there got to be many

• perfective (–): tlél wugei | there werenʼt many

• future (+): gug̱agéi | there will be many

• future (–): tlél gug̱agei | there wonʼt be many

ka-∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) big | for a singular, usually spherical object to be big | classification: round or spherical; singular | tlax̱ yéi kakwdigéixʼ wé tléiḵw → the berries are very large (SN) • tlax̱ a yáanáx̱ kakoogéi yá kʼúntsʼ → this potato is too big (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): kayagéi | itʼs big

• imperfective (–): tlél koogé | itʼs not big

• progressive imperfective: yaa kanagéin | itʼs getting big

• future (+): kakg̱wagéi | it will be big

(yéi) + ka-u-∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big; many | for a thing to be (so) big; for things to be (so) many | classification: singular | (KE)

• imperfective (+): yéi koogéi | itʼs that big

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koogei | it isnʼt that big

• perfective (+): yéi kaawagei | it got that big

• perfective (–): tlél yéi kawugei | it didnʼt get that big

• future (+): yéi kakg̱wagéi | it will get that big

• future (–): tlél yéi kakg̱wagei | it wonʼt get that big

(yéi) + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big | for (plural) things to be (so) big | classification: plural | N yáanáx̱ kudigéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kudigéi (it is smaller than N) | (KE)

• imperfective (+): yéi kwdigéi | theyʼre that big

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koodagei | theyʼre not that big

• progressive imperfective: yéi yaa kundagéin | theyʼre getting that big

• future (+): yéi kagux̱dagéi | they all will be that big

• future (–): tlél yéi kagux̱dagei | they all wonʼt be that big

N + yáanáx̱ + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) bigger | for an object (inanimate) to be bigger than N | classification: plural | N yáanáx̱ kudigéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kudigéi (it is smaller than N) • for living things: N + yáanáx̱ + ka-u-l-√gei ¹ ʰ | (BC, FS)

• imperfective (+): N yáanáx̱ kudigéi | itʼs bigger than N

• imperfective (–): tlél N yáanáx̱ koodagei | itʼs not bigger than N

• progressive imperfective: N yáanáx̱ yaa kundagéin | itʼs getting bigger than N

• future (+): N yáanáx̱ kagux̱dagéi | it will be bigger than N

• future (–): tlél N yáanáx̱ kagux̱dagei | it wonʼt be bigger than N

N + ḵín + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) smaller | for an object (inanimate) to be smaller than N | classification: plural | N yáanáx̱ kudigéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kudigéi (it is smaller than N) • for living things: N + ḵín + ka-u-l-√gei ¹ ʰ | (BC, FS)

• imperfective (+): N ḵín kudigéi | itʼs smaller than N

• imperfective (–): tlél N ḵín koodagei | itʼs not smaller than N

• progressive imperfective: N ḵín yaa kundagéin | itʼs getting smaller than N

• future (+): N ḵín kagux̱dagéi | it will be smaller than N

• future (–): tlél N ḵín kagux̱dagei | it wonʼt be smaller than N

O-l-√gei ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) bog; tall | for O (esp. live creature or building) to be big, tall | classification: animate or building | ax̱ jikayáanáx̱ kakwligéi yá kées → this bracelet is too big for me (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): ligéi | they are tall

• imperfective (–): tlél ulgé | they arenʼt tall

• progressive imperfective: yaa nalgéin | they are getting tall

• perfective (+): wuligei | they got tall

• perfective (–): tlél wulgé | they didnʼt get tall

• future (+): kei gux̱lagéi | they will be tall

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lagei | they wonʼt be tall

(yéi) + O-ka-ka-u-l-√gei ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type] big | for O (usually of narrow or stick-like object) to be so big, tall | classification: narrow or stick-like object | N yáanáx̱ kakwligéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kakwligéi (it is smaller than N) | ax̱ jikayáanáx̱ kakwligéi yá kées → this bracelet is too big for me (SN)

• imperfective (+): yéi kakwligéi | itʼs that big

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi kakoolgé | it isnʼt that big

• perfective (+): yéi kakawligéi | it got that big

• perfective (–): tlél yéi kakawulgé | it wasnʼt that big

• future (+): yéi kakagux̱lagéi | it will get that big

• future (–): tlél yéi kakagux̱lagei | it wonʼt get that big

(yéi) + O-ÿa-ka-u-∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type] big; many | for O to be big in numbers, many (often of people) | classification: people | N yáanáx̱ there are fourteen of them (there) (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kakwligéi (it is smaller than N) | awsiteen aantḵeení aadé yakoogéiyi yé → they saw how big the crowd of villagers is (SN) • jinkaat ḵa daaxʼoon yéi has yakoogéi → there are fourteen of them (there) (SN)

• imperfective (+): yéi yakoogéi | there are that many

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi yakoogé | there arenʼt that many

• perfective (+): yéi yakawligéi | there got to be that many

• perfective (–): tlél yéi yakawulgé | there werenʼt that many

• future (+): yéi yakagux̱lagéi | there will get to be that many

• future (–): tlél yéi yakagux̱lagei | there wonʼt get to be that many

√gei ² (verb root) small

yéi + ka-u-∅-√géinkʼ state verb small | for a singular inanimate object to be small | classification: inanimate

• imperfective (+): yéi gugéinkʼ | it is small

yéi + ka-u-s-√géinkʼ state verb small | for a singular animate object to be small | classification: animate

• imperfective (+): yéi kwsigéinkʼ | it is snamm

(yéi) + ka-u-d+s-√gei ² (ga state verb – impersonal – open) small | for grain-like objects to be small | classification: grain-like objects | yéi kakwdzigéi → they all are small (berries, beads, etc.) (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yéi kwdzigéi | theyʼre small

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koosgei | theyʼre not small

√gei ³ (verb root) understand; comprehend

N + daa + yaa + ḵu-shu-s-√géi ³ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) understand; comprehend | for N to understand, comprehend | daaḵw.aa sá tléil i daa yaa ḵushusgé? → which donʼt you understand? (SN) • du daa yaa x̱at ḵushusigéi → he understands me (can comprehend what i say) (SN) • (KE) • tlél has du daa yaa ḵushuwusgé, wáa sá at kawdayaayí → they were confused (that is, they didnʼt understand what was happening) (SN)

• imperative: i daa yaa ḵushuksagéi (dé)! | understand (now)!

• imperfective (+): du daa yaa ḵushusigéi | they understands

• imperfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵushusgé | they donʼt understand

• progressive imperfective: du daa kei yaa ḵushunasgéin | they are beginning to understand

• perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵushuwsigéi | they came to understand

• perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵushuwusgéi | they didnʼt come to understand

• future (+): du daa kei yaa ḵushugux̱sagéi | they will understand

• future (–): tlél du daa kei yaa ḵushugux̱sagéi | they wonʼt understand

tlél + yaa + ḵu-S-d+sh-√géi ³ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) foolish; dimwitted; unwise; crazy | for S to be foolish, dimwitted, unwise, or crazy | uháan ḵu.aa tléil yaa kutooshgé → we however are foolish/we donʼt reason things out (SN) • yées ḵáax̱ satéexʼ, tléil yaa ḵuwushgé → when he was a young man he was foolish/unwise (in the way he behaved) (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl yaa ḵeeshgéiḵ! | donʼt be foolish!

• imperfective (–): tlél yaa ḵooshgé | they are foolish

• perfective (–): tlél yaa ḵuwushgéi | they became foolish

• future (–): tlél kei yaa ḵukg̱washgéi | they are going to be foolish

yaa + ḵu-S-d+s-√géi ³ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) intelligent; smart; wise | for S to be intelligent, smart, wise | yaa ḵeedzigéi; yáatʼaa ḵu.aa s tléil a daa teeydataan → you are intelligent, but you havenʼt considered this matter (SN) • du daa.itnagóowu tóonáx̱ duwatéen kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgéi → through his actions one can see heʼs going to be intelligent (of small child) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yaa ḵugeesgéi! | be smart!

• imperfective (+): yaa ḵudzigéi | they are smart

• imperfective (–): tlél yaa ḵoosgé | they arenʼt smart

• progressive imperfective: kei yaa ḵunasgéin | they are getting smart

• perfective (+): yaa ḵoowdzigéi | they got smart

• perfective (–): tlél yaa ḵuwusgéi | they didnʼt get smart

• future (+): kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgéi | they are going to be smart

• future (–): tlél kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgéi | they arenʼt going to be smart

√gei ⁴ (verb root) stingy

yaa + O-S-sh-√gei ⁴ (∅ state verb – transitive – open) stingy | for S to be stingy with, not want to share, O | dáanaa yaa awshigéi → they refused to give or lend any money • shig̱eig̱i ḵáa chʼa tlákw yaa at shigéi → a stingy person always refuses to give anything (SN)

• imperfective (+): yaa ashigéi | they are stingy with it

• perfective (+): yaa awshigéi | they were stingy with is

√geiḵ (verb root) unsuitable; harmful; restrain

ka-u-d+∅-√géiḵ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) unsuitable; improper; illegal | for something to be unsuitable, improper | aadé akaawa.aag̱ú yé ḵóo kawdigéiḵ → the way that they planned isnʼt suitable / it doesnʼt fit the way it should (SN) • kei s akaawashéeyi shí, ḵóo kdigéig̱i átx̱ wusitee → the song that they all sang was unsuitable/it didnʼt fit the occasion (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): kudigéiḵ | itʼs improper

• imperfective (–): tlél koodagéiḵ | itʼs not improper

• perfective (+): kawdigéiḵ | it became improper

• perfective (–): tlél kawdagéiḵ | it didnʼt become improper

• future (+): kei kagux̱dagéiḵ | it will be improper

• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱dagéiḵ | it wonʼt be improper

√geil (verb root) braid | braid seal intestines

√geinkʼ (verb root) small

√geis (verb root) call | call for (esp. a dog)

√geit (verb root) walk | walk softly; tiptoe

√geitl (verb root) frail | frail health; poor health

√geiy (verb root) pay | pay off

√geiyáḵw ˟ (verb root) claim; sue | claim as payment; sue for payment

√gídákw ˟ (verb root) show off

√geen (verb root) wrinkle

O-ka-sh-√géen (∅ event verb – transitive – high) wrinkle | for S to wrinkle O | kashgínx̱ wé sʼísaa → that cloth wrinkles easily (SN) • ilí! kakg̱eeshagéen → donʼt! youʼll wrinkle it (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kashagín! | wrinkle it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keeshagínx̱iḵ! | donʼt wrinkle it!

• progressive imperfective: yaa akanashgín | they are starting to wrinkle it

• perfective (+): akawshigín | they wrinkled it

• perfective (–): tlél akawushgéen | they didnʼt wrinkle it

• future (+): akagux̱shagéen | they will wrinkle it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱shagéen | they wonʼt wrinkle it

O-ka-d+sh-√géen (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) wrinkled | for O to be wrinkled | (KE)

• progressive imperfective: yaa kanashgín | itʼs starting to get wrinkled

• perfective (+): kawjigín | itʼs wrinkled

• perfective (–): tlél kawushgéen | itʼs not wrinkled

• future (+): kakg̱washgéen | it will be wrinkled

• future (–): tlél kakg̱washgéen | it wonʼt get wrinkled

√geesh (verb root) soak

√geet ¹ (verb root) fall; move ¹ | move quickly | classification: animate

N-dé + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O (live creature) to fall into N | classification: animate | dzeit káx̱ wudzigeet → he fell down from the ladder (SN) • tléil aadé tʼéexʼ káxʼ has gux̱dzigeedi yé → they all wonʼt fall on the ice (SN) • (KE)

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aadé yoo eesgítgiḵ! | donʼt fall there!

• perfective (+): aadé wdzigeet | they fell there

• perfective (–): tlél aadé wusgeet | they didnʼt fall there

• future (+): aadé kg̱wasgéet | they will fall there

• future (–): tlél aadé kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt fall there

N-t⁓ + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O (live creature) to fall into, against N

• perfective (+): át wudzigít | they fell against it

• perfective (–): tlél át wusgeet | they didnʼt fall against it

• future (+): aadé kg̱wasgéet | they will fall against it

• future (–): tlél aadé kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt fall against it

daak + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O to fall (esp. off of something) | this verb is most commonly used to indicate falling off of something, such as in « aadáx̱ daak wudzigít » "he fell down off of it" | (KE)

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: tlél daak isgítjiḵ! | donʼt fall!

• admonitive: daak tsá isgéet! | see that you donʼt fall!

• perfective (+): daak wudzigít | they fell

• perfective (–): tlél daak wusgeet | they didnʼt fall

• future (+): daak gug̱asgéet | they will fall

• future (–): tlél daak gug̱asgeet | they wonʼt fall

N-náx̱ + yei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall; trip | for O (live creature) to fall down N | classification: animate | this verb means "to fall down N"; change the preverb to « N kaanáx̱ » in order to get "for O to trip and fall over N" as in « a kaanáx̱ yei wdzigít » "they tripped over it" | (KE)

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl anax̱ yei eesgítjiḵ! | donʼt fall down there!

• perfective (+): anax̱ yei wdzigít | they fell down there

• perfective (–): tlél anax̱ yei wusgeet | they didnʼt fall down there

• future (+): anax̱ yei kg̱wasgéet | they will fall down there

• future (–): tlél anax̱ yei kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt fall down there

kei + O-S-s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) wake ¹; rouse | for S to wake O up, rouse O from sleep | gooshúḵ gaaw kei x̱at wusigít → she woke me at nine oʼclock (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kei sageet! | wake them up!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei eesgítjiḵ! | donʼt wake them up!

• perfective (+): kei awsigít | they woke them up

• perfective (–): tlél kei awusgeet | they didnʼt wake them up

• future (+): kei agux̱sagéet | they will wake them up

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱sageet | they wonʼt wake them up

kei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) wake ¹ | for O to wake up | tsʼootaat kei x̱at wudzigít → i wake up in the morning, early (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): kei wdzigít | they woke up

• perfective (–): tlél kei wusgeet | they didnʼt wake up

• future (+): kei kg̱wasgéet | they will wake up

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt wake up

ḵut + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (ga – object intransitive – closed) lost | for O to lose oneself, be lost, usure of oneʼs location | ḵut x̱at wudzigeet → i was lost / i didnʼt know whereabouts i was (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ḵut igasgeet! | get lost!

• admonitive: ḵut tsá igasgéet! | be sure not to get lost!

• perfective (+): ḵut wudzigeet | they got lost

• perfective (–): tlél ḵut wusgeet | they didnʼt get lost

• future (+): ḵut kei kg̱wasgéet | they will get lost

• future (–): tlél ḵut kei kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt get lost

√geet ² (verb root) do; act | classification: animate

at + géit + S-d+s-√geet ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) violate; break law; act against; wrongdoing | for s to violate, break (law or custom), to do something wrong | yá a káa dulseix̱ yakyee géide wudzigeet → he violated the sabbath day of rest (SN) • du yoo x̱ʼatángi a géide has wudzigeet → they all violated his word/ they all broke his law (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl at géix̱ eesgeedíḵ! | donʼt do anything wrong!

• progressive imperfective: at géide yaa nasgít | they are doing something wrong

• perfective (+): at géit wudzigít | they did something wrong

• perfective (–): tlél at géit wusgeet | they didnʼt do anything wrong

• future (+): at géide kg̱wasgéet | they will do something wrong

• future (–): tlél at géide kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt do anything wrong

√geets (verb root) rash; hives

√gúkch ˟ (verb root) practice; training; learn how

√gúklʼ (verb root) skilled; learn how | become skilled

√gúnlʼ (verb root) burl; try | have a burl; try hard

√goo ¹ (verb root) happy; fun; joyful

N + toowú + s-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) happy; glad | for N to be happy, glad | this verb is conjugated for person by changing the possessive pronoun, as in « du toowú sigóo » "they are happy" and « ax̱ toowú sigóo » "i am happy" | ax̱ toowú sigóo ix̱wsateení → i am happy to see you (SN) • tsu yei yee kḵwasatéen ḵu.aa; aag̱áa awé yee toowú kei gux̱sagóo ḵúnáx̱ → but i will see you all again, and then you will all be really happy (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: i toowú ksagóo! | be happy!

• imperfective (+): du toowú sigóo | they are happy

• imperfective (–): tlél du tooshgú | they arenʼt happy

• perfective (+): du toowú wsigóo | they became happy

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú wushgóo | they werenʼt happy

• future (+): du toowú kei gux̱sagóo | they will be happy

• future (–): tlél du toowú kei gux̱sagóo | they wonʼt be happy

N + tuwáa + S-s-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) want; like ¹; desire; pleasing | for N to want, like, desire S; for S to be pleasing to N | tsu dáanaa du tuwáa aa sigóo → he wants some more money (SN) • ax̱ tuwáa sigóo neildé x̱wagoodí → i want to go home (SN) • has du tuwáaxʼ isigóo → they all want you (CG) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): du tuwáa sigóo | they wants it

• imperfective (–): tlél du tuwáa ushgú | they donʼt want it

• progressive imperfective: du tuwáa kei nasgwéin | they are beginning to want it

• perfective (+): du tuwáa wsigóo | they wanted it

• perfective (–): tlél du tuwáa wushgóo | they didnʼt want it

• future (+): du tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo | they will want it

• future (–): tlél du tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo | they wonʼt want it

tlél + O-tu-sh-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) unhappy; lonesome | for O to be unhappy, lonesome | tléil x̱at tooshgú; ách áwé !x̱aan sh kaneelneek! → i feel a bit unhappy and low, so tell me some stories! (SN) • wáa sáwé l tooshgú? → why is he unhappy? (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (–): tlél tooshgú | they are unhappy

• perfective (–): tlél tuwushgóo | they became unhappy

• future (–): tlél kei tugux̱shagóo | they will be unhappy

tlél + O-x̱ʼa-u-sh-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) boring | for O to be boring, dull, dry and uninteresting (esp. of speeches at party) | tlél x̱at x̱ʼeishgú → iʼm uninteresting/iʼm no good at jokes (said when pressed to speak at party) (SN)

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼeishgú | they are boring

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawushgóo | they became boring

• future (–): tlél kei x̱ʼagux̱shagóo | they will be boring

√goo ² (verb root) swim; travel | swim in school (especially sea mammals); travel in fleet on water | classification: plural

{na preverb} + ÿa-S-∅-√goo ² swim; travel | for S to travel in a pod or fleet (of sea mammals or canoes) | yéi yaa yanagwéin héide kéet → the killer whales are swimming along this direction

• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} + yaa yanagwéin | they are swimming {na preverb} in a pod; they are moving {na preverb} as a fleet

• perfective (+): {na preverb} + yaawagoo | they swam {na preverb} in a pod; they moved {na preverb} as a fleet

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yawugoo | they didnʼt swim {na preverb} in a pod; they didnʼt move {na preverb} as a fleet

• future (+): {na preverb} yakg̱wagóo | they are going to swim {na preverb} as a pod; they are going to move {na preverb} as a fleet

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} yakg̱wagoo | they are not going to swim {na preverb} as a pod; they are not going to move {na preverb} as a fleet

√goo ³ (verb root) push; poke

N-t + x̱ʼus-sha-S-s-√goo ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) trip; stumble; stub | for S to trip over N; for S to stub toe on N; for S to stumble on N

• perfective (+): át x̱ʼus.shawsigóo | they stumbled on it

yan + x̱ʼus-sha-S-s-√goo ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) trip; stumble; stub | for S to trip, stumble, stub toe | teixʼ dei káa shayadihéin; yan tsé x̱ʼus.shaysagú! → there are lots of rocks in the road; see that you donʼt trip! • yan x̱ʼus.shax̱wsigóo → i bumped my foot (SN)

• perfective (+): yan x̱ʼus.shawsigóo | they tripped

√gooch (verb root) carry | carry something to give to someone, esp. food

√gook ¹ (verb root) know how; learn how; master a skill

O-S-sh-√góok ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) know how; learn how | for S to know, learn how to do O | asg̱eiwú tléil ux̱shagóok → i donʼt know how to seine (SN) • Lingít ḵusteeyí ishigóok → you know the Lingít way of life/ how to live as a Lingít (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: gashgóok! | learn how to do it!

• imperfective (+): ashigóok | they knows how to do it

• imperfective (–): tlél ooshgóok | they donʼt know how to do it

• perfective (+): awshigóok | they learned how to do it

• perfective (–): tlél awushgóok | they didnʼt learn how to do it

• future (+): kei agux̱shagóok | they will know how to do it

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱shagóok | they wonʼt know how to do it

√gook ² (verb root) peck

O-S-∅-O-S-∅-√gook ² peck | for S to peck O

• imperfective (+): agúkt | it is pecking it; it pecks it

• perfective (+): aawagúk | it pecked it

• perfective (–): tlél awugook | it didnʼt peck it

• future (+): akg̱wagóok | it will peck it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wagook | it wonʼt peck it

N + daa + a-S-∅-√gook ² peck | for S to peck around N | gandaadagóok aas daa agóok → a woodpecker pecks around a tree

• imperfective (+): agóok | it is pecking it; it pecks it

• perfective (+): aawagúk | it pecked it

• perfective (–): tlél awugook | it didnʼt peck it

• future (+): akg̱wagóok | it will peck it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wagook | it wonʼt peck it

√gooḵ ¹ (verb root) run ¹ | classification: plural | singular form: √xeex ¹

{∅ preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural | éeḵdáx̱ neildé g̱unayéi s loowagúḵ → they all started to run home from the beach (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} yee lugúḵ! | you all run {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yee lugoog̱úḵ! | donʼt you all run {____}

• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa (ha)s lunagúḵ | they all are running {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} has luwagúḵ | they all ran {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s luwugooḵ | they all didnʼt run {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ | they all will run {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagooḵ | they all wonʼt run {____}

{na preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural | sakwnéing̱aa hoon daakahídidé haa lukg̱wagóoḵ → weʼre going to run to the store for bread (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} yee lunagúḵ! | you all run {____}!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo yee lugúḵguḵ! | donʼt you all run {____}!

• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa (ha)s lunagúḵ | they all are running {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} has loowagooḵ | they all ran {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s luwugooḵ | they all didnʼt run {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ | they all will run {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagooḵ | they all wonʼt run {____}

{ga preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural | (KE)

• imperative: {ga preverb} yee lugagooḵ! | you all run {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {ga preverb} yoo yee luwugoog̱úḵ! | donʼt you all run {____}

• progressive imperfective: {ga preverb} kei (ha)s lunagúḵ | they all are running {____}

• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei (ha)s loonagúḵ | theyʼre not running {____}

• perfective (+): {ga preverb} has loowagooḵ | they all ran {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} (ha)s luwugooḵ | they all didnʼt run {____}

• future (+): {ga preverb} kei (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ | they all will run {____}

• future (–): {ga preverb} kei (ha)s lukg̱wagooḵ | they all wonʼt run {____}

√gooḵ ² (verb root) push | move by pushing

O-S-∅-√gooḵ ² push | for S to move O by pushing with hands

• imperative: yaa gagooḵ! | push them/it!

• prohibitive: lil yoox̱ eegoog̱úḵ! | donʼt push them/it!; no pushing!

• progressive imperfective: yan anagóoḵ | they are pushing them/it

• perfective (+): aawagooḵ | they pushed them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awugooḵ | they didnʼt push them/it

• future (+): yaa kg̱wagóoḵ | they will push them/it

• future (–): yaa kg̱wagooḵ | they wonʼt push them/it

O-S-s-√góoḵ ² (na motion verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] carry along; push | for S to carry O along (of running water, ocean, or flood water usually) | classification: running water, ocean, or flood water | hít tsú awsigóoḵ → it carried away houses too (after dam burst) (SN)

• perfective (+): awsigóoḵ | the water carried it along

• perfective (–): tlél awusgóoḵ | the water didnʼt carry it along

• future (+): agux̱sagóoḵ | the water will carry it along

• future (–): tlél agux̱sagóoḵ | the water wonʼt carry it along

yan⁓ + O-S-s-√góoḵ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] carry along; push | for S to carry O to the shore (of running water, ocean, or flood water usually) | classification: running water, ocean, or flood water | shaaḵ yáxʼi yan awsigúḵ → small pieces of driftwood were being carried along and washed up on shore (SN)

• perfective (+): yan awsigúḵ | the water carried it to the shore

• perfective (–): tlél yan awusgóoḵ | the water didnʼt carry it to the shore

• future (+): yánde agux̱sagóoḵ | the water will carry it to the shore

• future (–): tlél yánde agux̱sagóoḵ | the water wonʼt carry it to the shore

O-ka-S-s-√gooḵ ² (∅ – transitive – closed) anchor; overboard; push | for S to drop/push O (usually an anchor) overboard

√gooḵ ³ (verb root) dry | to dry salmon eggs

√goolʼ (verb root) wink; eye | one eye

√goon (verb root) chance | get a chance

√goosʼ (verb root) cloudy

ḵu-l-√góosʼ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) cloudy | for the sky to be cloudy

• imperfective (+): ḵuligóosʼ | itʼs cloudy

• imperfective (–): tlél ḵoolgóosʼ | itʼs not cloudy

• progressive imperfective: kei ḵunalgóosʼ | itʼs getting cloudy

• perfective (+): ḵoowligóosʼ | it got cloudy

• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwulgóosʼ | it didnʼt get cloudy

• future (+): kei ḵugux̱lagóosʼ | it will be cloudy

• future (–): tlél kei ḵugux̱lagóosʼ | it wonʼt be cloudy

√goot ¹ (verb root) walk; go | classification: singular subject | plural form: √.aat ¹

{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • wáa sáwé tléil haa x̱ánx̱ eegoot? → why do you never come (walking) to our place? (SN) • chʼa ldakát yakyee haa hídeex̱ goot → they come to our house every day (SN) • haa ítx̱ neil uwagút → they followed us into the house (SN) • gági uwagút → they appeared (came where all could see him, having been previously out of sight) (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} gú! | go {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yigoodíḵ! | donʼt go {____}

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ líl repetitive preverb} eegoodíḵ! | donʼt (ever) go {____}

• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa nagút | they are going {____}

• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} yaa unagút | they arenʼt going {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} uwagút | they went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wugoot | they didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} gug̱agóot | they all will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} kg̱wagoot | they all wonʼt go {____}

{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | « ḵux̱ wudigút » "they came back" also has a metaphorical meaning to "come back to life" | (KE, JC)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} yida.gú! | you all go {____}

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yida.goodíḵ! | donʼt go {____}

• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb) yaa nada.gút | they are going {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wudi.gút | they went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wuda.goot | they didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} gux̱da.góot | they will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gux̱da.goot | they wonʼt go {____}

{na preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • goodé sá yaa neegút? → where are you going (walking}? (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nagú! | go {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yigoodíḵ! | donʼt go {____}!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo eegútgiḵ! | donʼt (ever) go {____}!

• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa nagút | they are going {____}

• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yaa unagút | they are not going {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} woogoot | they went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wugoot | they didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} kg̱wagóot | they will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} kg̱wagoot | they wonʼt go {____}

gánde + S-∅-√goot (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) go; bathroom; pee; urinate; poop ¹; defecate | for (singular) S to go to the bathroom | a euphemism that literally means "go outside" although the indepdendent base « gáan » contracts to « gán ». learners should be careful to keep the vowel long if the intended meaning is "going outside".

N + ítx̱ + yaa + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) follow ¹ | for (singular) S to follow N (on foot) | note that the preverb « yaa » does not occur in the perfective form | haa ítx̱ neil uwagút → he followed us into the house (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a ítx̱ yaa gagú! | follow it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a ítx̱ yaa eegútjiḵ! | donʼt follow it!

• progressive imperfective: a ítx̱ yaa nagút | they are following it

• perfective (+): a ítx̱ woogoot | they followed it

• perfective (–): tlél a ítx̱ wugoot | they didnʼt follow it

• future (+): a ítx̱ yaa kg̱wagóot | they will follow it

• future (–): tlél a ítx̱ yaa kg̱wagoot | they wonʼt follow it

{ga preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go | (KE, JC) • shaa yadaax̱ kei nagút → they are ascending (climbing up) the mountain (SN)

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {repetitive ga preverb} kei eegútjiḵ! | donʼt (ever) go {____}!

• progressive imperfective: {ga preverb} kei nagút | they are going {____}

• perfective (+): {ga preverb} woogoot | they went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} wugoot | they didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {ga preverb} kei kg̱wagóot | they will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei kg̱wagoot | they wonʼt go {____}

(N-x̱) + yaa + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walking along | for (singular) S to be walking, going (by foot or as general term) (along N) (see √aat ¹ for singular) | without the (N-x̱) this verb translates as "walk!" with a focus on the action and not the direction • this is an example of a progressive epiaspectual paradigm (leer, 91), which basically means that all forms are based on the progressive aspect. the progressive epiaspect is characterized by: 1)having the yaa preverb in all forms, 2)having no perfective form, and 3)denotes semantically a continuous transition from one location or state to another | (KE)

• imperative: yaa gagú! | walk!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yaa eegútjiḵ | donʼt walk!

• progressive imperfective: yaa nagút | they are walking

• future (+): yaa kg̱wagóot | they will be walking

• future (–): tlél yaa kg̱wagoot | they wonʼt be walking

{g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (g̱a motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC)

• imperative: {g̱a preverb} yaa g̱aygú! | go {___}!

• prohibitive: líl {g̱a preverb} yei yigútjiḵ! | donʼt go {____}!

• progressive imperfective: {g̱a preverb} yei nagút | they are going {____}

• progressive imperfective (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei unagút | they are not going {____}

• perfective (+): {g̱a preverb} woo.aat | they went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} wugoot | they didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {g̱a preverb} yei gug̱agóot | they will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei gug̱agoot | they wonʼt go {____}

neil⁓ + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in (singular) O | dóosh neil sagú! → let the cat in! (SN) • tléil gáande yoo isagútguḵ! → donʼt let him out! (SN) • aadóoch sá neil wusgoodí yáa kax̱waaḵaayi aa, x̱át tsú neilx̱ x̱at sagoot → whoever receives and welcomes anyone i send, receives me also (SN) • neilx̱ ágé isagoot? → did you welcome him / take him into the home? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: neil sagú! | let them/it in!

• prohibitive: líl neilx̱ isagoodíḵ! | donʼt let them/it in!

• perfective (+): neil awsigút | they let them/it in

• perfective (–): tlél neil awusgoot | they didnʼt let them/it in

• future (+): neildé agux̱sagóot | they will let them/it in

• future (–): tlél neildé agux̱sagoot | they wonʼt let them/it in

a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) appoint; choose | for S to appoint (singular) O, choose O for a certain position | ax̱ éeshch a tóo daak x̱at wusigút → my father appointed me (to fill the position) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a tóo daak sagú! | appoint them!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a tóo daak isagútjiḵ! | donʼt appoint them!

• perfective (+): a tóo daak awsigút | they appointed them

• perfective (–): tlél a tóo daak awusgoot | they didnʼt appoint them

• future (+): a tóo daak agux̱sagóot | they will appoint them

• future (–): tlél a tóo daak agux̱sagoot | they wonʼt appoint them

ji-S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) attack; assault | for (singular) S to attack, assault, fall upon | to indicate who is being attacked, use –éet (to –). for example: haa éet jiwdigút. ʼthey attacked usʼ. it is also acceptable to use this verb without specifying who was attacked | haa eetéenáx̱ áyá yan jeewdigút → they (one attacking force) attacked in our absence • keitl du éet jeewdigút → the dog attacked them (SN)

• imperative: du éet jeedagú! | attack them!

• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ jeeydagoodíḵ! | donʼt attack them!

• progressive imperfective: du éede yaa jindagút | they are attacking them

• perfective (+): du éet jiwdigút | they attacked them

• perfective (–): tlél du éet jiwdagoot | they didnʼt attack them

• future (+): du eedé jigux̱dagóot | they will attack them

• future (–): tlél du eedé jigux̱dagoot | they wonʼt attack them

x̱áa + ji-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) attack; assault | for (plural) S to attack, assault, fall upon as a war party | to indicate who is being attacked, use –éet (to –). for example: haa éet jiwdigút. ʼthey attacked usʼ. it is also acceptable to use this verb without specifying who was attacked • note that the second example given here is a na-motion verb, and this verb functions as a motion verb that can change its conjugation type based on the type of motion | x̱áa aadé daak jiwtusigút → we attacked/invaded (as a war party) • x̱áa has át jiwsigoot → they went on a war party ( to attack the enemy) (SN)

• imperative: du éet x̱áa jeeysagú! | attack them as a war party!

• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ x̱áa jeeysagoodíḵ! | donʼt attack them as a war party!

• progressive imperfective: du éede x̱áa yaa s jinasgút | they all are attacking them as a war party

• perfective (+): du éet x̱áa has jiwsigút | they all attacked them as a war party

• perfective (–): tlél du éet x̱áa has jiwusgoot | they all didnʼt attack them as a war party

• future (+): du eedé x̱áa has jigux̱sagóot | they all will attack them as a war party

• future (–): tlél du eedé x̱áa has jigux̱sagoot | they all wonʼt attack them as a war party

N + jikaadáx̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) get out of way | for (singular) S to get out of Nʼs way | (KE, JC)

• imperative: du jikaadáx̱ woogú! | get out of their way!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du jikaadáx̱ yaa eegútjiḵ! | donʼt (ever) get out of their way!

• progressive imperfective: du jikaadáx̱ yaa wunagút | they are getting out of their way

• perfective (+): du jikaadáx̱ has yaawagút | they got out of their way

• perfective (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ yawu.goot | they didnʼt get out of their way

• future (+): du jikaadáx̱ yakg̱wa.góot | they will get out of their way

• future (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ yakg̱wagoot | they wonʼt get out of their way

a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) turn back; go back | for (singular) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term) | neildé ayawdigút → he turned back and returned home (SN) • (KE, JC)

• imperative: ayeedagú! | turn back!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ayeedagútx̱iḵ! | donʼt (ever) turn back!

• progressive imperfective: yaa awundagút | they are turning back

• perfective (+): ayawdigút | they turned back

• perfective (–): tlél ayawdagoot | they didnʼt turn back

• future (+): ayakg̱wadagóot | they will turn back

• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wadagoot | they wonʼt turn back

yaa + O-shu-S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for S to lead (singular) O (especially by walking ahead) | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural | neildé ishukḵwagóot → Iʼll lead you home (SN) • héen x̱ʼayaax̱dé x̱at shoowagoot → he led me to the riverʼs edge (SN) • (KE, JC, JL)

• imperative: yaa shugagú! | lead them!

• prohibitive: líl shuyigootdíḵ! | donʼt lead them!

• progressive imperfective: yaa ashunagút | they are leading them

• perfective (+): ashoowagoot | they led them

• perfective (–): tlél ashuwugoot | they didnʼt lead them

• future (+): yaa ashukg̱wagóot | they will lead them

• future (–): tlél yaa ashukg̱wagoot | they wonʼt lead them all

N + jee-t⁓ + O-shu-S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for S to betray, lead (singular) O into enemy hands (especially by walking ahead) | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural | du yaanaayí jeet ashoowagút → they betrayed them (SN)

• imperative: du jeet shugú! | lead them into their enemyʼs hands

• prohibitive: líl du jeet shuyigootdíḵ! | donʼt lead them to their hands!

• progressive imperfective: du jeedé yaa ashunagút | they are leading them into their hands

• perfective (+): du jeet ashoowagút | they led them to their hands

• perfective (–): tlél du jeet ashuwugoot | they didnʼt lead them to their hands

• future (+): du jeedé ashukg̱wagóot | they will lead them to their hands

• future (–): tlél du jeedé ashukg̱wagoot | they wonʼt lead them to their hands

O-S-s-√goot ¹ (na act verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation type] carry; pack | for S to carry, pack O on one shoulder or on back | du óonayi yaa anasgút → theyʼre carrying their rifle on their shoulder (SN)

• imperfective (+): asgútxʼw | they are packing them in loads on their back/shoulder

• perfective (+): awsigoot | they packed it on their shoulder/back

• perfective (–): tlél auwsgoot | they didnʼt pack it on their shoulder/back

√gootl (verb root) • variants: √gooch • hill; mound

√gooxʼ (verb root) dip

√goox̱ (verb root) slave | have slave

√gwaal (verb root) beat ¹; knock; hit; ring ¹; stab

O-S-∅-√gwaal (ga act verb – transitive – closed) beat ¹; ring ¹; stab | for S to beat O (esp. drum); for S to ring O (bell); for S to stab O | gaaw agwáal → theyʼre beating the drum (or, less usual, theyʼre ringing the bell) (SN) • wuduwagwál → they were stabbed (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: gagwaal! | beat it!

• prohibitive: líl eegwaalíḵ! | donʼt beat it!

• imperfective (+): agwáal | they beats it; they are beating it

• imperfective (–): tlél oogwaal | they donʼt beat it; they arenʼt beating it

• perfective (+): aawagwaal | they beat it

• perfective (–): tlél awugwaal | they didnʼt beat it

• future (+): kei akg̱wagwáal | they will beat it

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wagwaal | they wonʼt beat it

O-ÿa-S-∅-√gwaal (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hit; punch | for S to hit O in the face (with fist); for S to punch O | x̱at yaawagwál → they beat me up, hitting me in the face (SN) • x̱at yagwált → they kept hitting me in the face with their fist (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yagwál! | hit them in the face!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yeegwálx̱iḵ! | donʼt hit them in the face!

• perfective (+): ayaawagwál | they hit them in the face

• perfective (–): tlél ayawugwaal | they didnʼt hit them in the face

• future (+): ayakg̱wagwáal | they will hit them in the face

• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wagwaal | they wonʼt hit them in the face

sh + d+∅-√gwaal (∅ act verb – impersonal – closed) ring ¹ | for a telephone or bell to ring | gaaw sh dagwáal → the bell is ringing (lit. beating itself) (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): sh dagwáal | itʼs ringing

• perfective (+): sh wudigwál | it rang

• perfective (–): tlél sh wudagwaal | it didnʼt ring

• future (+): sh gux̱dagwáal | it will ring

• future (–): tlél sh gux̱dagwaal | it wonʼt ring

√gwaalʼ (verb root) curl

√gwaasʼ (verb root) foggy

ḵu-d+∅-√gwáasʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) foggy | for the weather to be foggy

• progressive imperfective: yaa ḵundagwásʼ | it is getting foggy

• perfective (+): ḵuwdigwásʼ | it is foggy; it got foggy

• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwdagwáasʼ | it isnʼt foggy; it didnʼt get foggy

• future (+): ḵugux̱dagwáasʼ | it will be foggy

• future (–): tlél ḵugux̱dagwáasʼ | it wonʼt be foggy

√gwaash (verb root) hop | hop on one leg

{na preverb} + ÿa-S-d+l-√gwáash (na motion verb – subject intransitive – high) hop | for S to hop | át yax̱wdligwáash → i hopped around (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} yanalgwáash! | hop {___}

• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa yanalgwásh | they are hopping {___}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} yawdligwáash | they hopped {___}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yawulgwáash | they didnʼt hop {___}

• future (+): {na preverb} yakg̱walgwáash | they will hop {___}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} yakg̱walgwáash | they wonʼt hop {___}

√gwaatʼ (verb root) upside down

√gwaatl (verb root) roll; curl up; bend; fold | curl up in a ball (of person or animal)

{na preverb} + O-∅-√gwáatl (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) roll | for O to roll; for O to move by rolling | aas éeḵt nax̱laháshin, át nagwátlch → when a tree is drifting to the beach, it rails back and forth (SN)

• progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa nagwátl | it is rolling {na preverb}; they are rolling {na preverb}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} woogwáatl | it rolled; they rolled {na preverb}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wugwáatl | it didnʼt roll {na preverb}; they didnʼt roll {na preverb}

• future (+): {na preverb} kg̱wagwáatl | it is going to roll {na preverb}; they are going to roll {na preverb}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} kg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt roll {na preverb}; they wonʼt roll {na preverb}

{∅ preverb} + O-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) roll | for O to roll; for O to move by rolling | shaa yadaaxʼ daak x̱at uwagwátl → i rolled down the mountain (SN)

• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa nagwátl | it is rolling {∅ preverb} ; they are rolling {∅ preverb}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} uwagwátl | it rolled {∅ preverb} ; they rolled {∅ preverb}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wugwáatl | it didnʼt roll {∅ preverb} ; they didnʼt roll {∅ preverb}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} kg̱wagwáatl | it is going to roll {∅ preverb}; they are going to roll {∅ preverb}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} kg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt roll {∅ preverb}; they wonʼt roll {∅ preverb}

{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) roll | for S to roll O; for S to move O by rolling | káast yaa nax̱lagwátl → i am rolling a barrel • héent sh wudligwátl → they rolled themself into the water (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} lagwátl! | roll it {∅ preverb}!

• progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa analgwátl | they are rolling it {∅ preverb}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awligwátl | they rolled it {∅ preverb}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awulgwáatl | they didnʼt roll it {∅ preverb}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱lagwáatl | they are going to roll it {∅ preverb}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱lagwáatl | they wonʼt roll it {∅ preverb}

áa + yax̱ + ∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – impersonal – high) capsize; overturn | for a boat to capsize, overturn | du yaagú du een áa yax̱ uwagwátl → their boat capsized with them (SN)

• progressive imperfective: áa yax̱ yaa nagwátl | itʼs starting to capsize

• perfective (+): áa yax̱ uwagwátl | it capsized

• perfective (–): tlél áa yax̱ wugwáatl | it didnʼt capsize

• future (+): áa yax̱ gug̱wagwáatl | itʼs going to capsize

• future (–): tlél áa yax̱ gug̱wagwáatl | itʼs not going to capsize

N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – impersonal – high) roll | for a spherical object to roll to N | classification: round or spherical object

• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa kanagwátl | itʼs rolling to it

• perfective (+): át kaawagwátl | it rolled to it

• perfective (–): tlél át kawugwáatl | it didnʼt roll to it

• future (+): aadé kakg̱wagwáatl | it will roll to it

• future (–): tlél aadé kakg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt roll to it

ka-S-d+∅-√gwáatl (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check verb type] bend ¹; fold | for S to fold, bend over; for S to (a person) to be hunched up, knees up against body | (SN)

• imperative: keedagwátl! | bend your knees up to your chest!

• perfective (+): kawdigwátl | they bent their knees to their chest

• perfective (–): tlél kawdagwáatl | they didnʼt bend their knees to their chest

• future (+): kagux̱dagwáatl | they will bend their knees to their chest

• future (–): tlél kagux̱dagwáatl | they wonʼt bend their knees to their chest

O-ka-S-l-√gwáatl (na motion verb – transitive – high) roll | for S to roll O (log, barrel, etc.) | the thematic prefix « ka- » appears to be optional in this verb, and does not affect meaning | káast yaa nax̱lagwátl → i am rolling a barrel (SN) • héent sh wudligwátl → he rolled himself into the water (SN) • aas kaxáshdi yaa akanalgwátl → heʼs rolling a block of wood (SN)

• imperative: kanalgwáatl! | roll it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keelagwátlgiḵ! | donʼt roll it!

• progressive imperfective: yaa akanalgwátl | they are rolling it

• perfective (+): akawligwáatl | they rolled it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulgwáatl | they didnʼt roll it

• future (+): akagux̱lagwáatl | they will roll it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lagwáatl | they wonʼt roll it

O-ka-S-l-√gwaatl (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) bend ¹; fold up | for S to bend O (leg or arm); for S to fold up O (paper, etc.) in a loose roll | « –tʼeeyshú » "their elbow" can be replaced with another foldable body part • a flexible object like « xʼúxʼ » "paper" can replace « –tʼeeyshú » to convey the meaning "fold up" | tléináx̱ aanáx̱ ḵu.aa chʼa aklagwátlx̱ → they can bend one leg (SN) • tléil du x̱eek akawulgwaatl → they didnʼt bend their arm (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: (i tʼeeyshú) kalagwátl! | bend (your elbow)!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl (i tʼeeyshú) keelagwátlx̱iḵ! | donʼt bend (your elbow)!

• imperfective (+): (du tʼeeyshú) aklagwáatl | they are bending (their elbow)

• progressive imperfective: (du tʼeeyshú) yaa akanalgwátl | they are starting to bend (their elbow)

• perfective (+): (du tʼeeyshú) akawligwátl | they bent (their elbow)

• perfective (–): tlél (du tʼeeyshú) akawulgwaatl | they didnʼt bend (their elbow)

• future (+): (du tʼeeyshú) akagux̱lagwáatl | they will bend (their elbow)

• future (–): tlél (du tʼeeyshú) akagux̱lagwaatl | they wonʼt bend (their elbow)

N-t + ka-ka-∅-√gwáatl (na motion verb – impersonal – high) rock ²; roll | for a canoe, boat to rock, roll around at N | this verb theme has two « ka- » prefixes, but the future verb form provided by the speaker consulter has only one « ka- » prefix (át kakg̱wagwáatl), possibly because two « ka- » prefixes are especially awkward to pronounce in the future form | teet jiwustaaní, yaakw át kakanagwátlch → when the waves are beating hard, the boat really rolls (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): át kakaawagwáatl | itʼs rolling around; it rolled around

• perfective (–): tlél át kakawugwáatl | itʼs not rolling around; it didnʼt roll around

• future (+): át kakg̱wagwáatl | it will roll around

• future (–): tlél át kakg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt roll around

N-t + O-ka-ka-S-l-√gwáatl (na motion verb – transitive – high) rock ²; roll | for S to rock, roll O (boat) at N | this verb theme has two « ka- » prefixes, but the future verb form provided by the speaker consulter has only one « ka- » prefix (át akagux̱lagwáatl), possibly because two « ka- » prefixes are especially awkward to pronounce in the future form | tléil ushkʼé yaakw át kakawdulgwáadli → itʼs bad to roll or rock the boat (SN) • yaakw át akakawligwáatl → heʼs making the boat roll (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: át kakanalgwáatl! | rock the boat!

• prohibitive: líl át kakaylagwáadliḵ! | donʼt rock the boat!

• perfective (+): át akakawligwáatl | they are rocking the boat; they rocked the boat

• perfective (–): tlél át akakawulgwáatl | they arenʼt rocking the boat; they didnʼt rock the boat

• future (+): át akagux̱lagwáatl | they will rock the boat

• future (–): tlél át akagux̱lagwáatl | they wonʼt rock the boat

O-ḵʼa-d+∅-√gwáatl (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) astonish; flabbergast | for O to be astonished, flabbergasted, left open-mouthed | x̱at ḵʼawdigwátl wé i shkalneegí → iʼm flabbergasted by your story (SN) • (KE)

• progressive imperfective: yaa ḵʼandagwátl | they are getting to be astonished

• perfective (+): ḵʼawdigwátl | they are astonished

• perfective (–): tlél ḵʼawdagwáatl | they are not astonished

• future (+): ḵʼagux̱dagwáatl | they are going to be astonished

• future (–): tlél ḵʼagux̱dagwáatl | they arenʼt going to be astonished

√g̱aa (verb root) shy

√g̱aaḵ ¹ bay ²; yelp

√g̱aaḵ ² gamble | gamble with gambling sticks that are tossed

√g̱aas (verb root) forbidden; taboo

l-√g̱aas ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) forbidden; taboo; inappropriate | for something to be forbidden, taboo, not allowed by custom | « lig̱aas » in Lingít is an action that will likely bring a harsh consequence, possibly at a later time to future generations | (GD, KE) • íx̱tʼ ádi át awusheeyí lig̱aas → itʼs forbidden to touch a spiritual healerʼs (íx̱tʼ) things (SN)

• imperfective (+): lig̱aas | itʼs forbidden

• imperfective (–): tlél ulg̱aas | itʼs not forbidden

O-S-l-√g̱aas ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) abstain; refrain from | for S to abstain, refrain from, keep from doing O (usually for ceremonial or religious reasons, esp. of lent) | at x̱alig̱aas → i abstain (from things such as eating meat) (SN) • wududlig̱aas → they all are keeping from various foods and activities (in observance of lent) (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl at ilag̱aasíḵ! | donʼt abstain

• imperfective (+): at lig̱aas | they are abstaining

• imperfective (–): tlél at ulg̱aas | they arenʼt abstaining

• progressive imperfective: kei at nalg̱aas | they are starting to abstain

• perfective (+): at wulig̱aas | they abstained

• perfective (–): tlél at wulg̱aas | they didnʼt abstain

• future (+): kei at gux̱lag̱aas | they will abstain

• future (–): tlél kei at gux̱lag̱aas | they wonʼt abstain

√g̱aasʼ ¹ (verb root) scratch | scratch with long scratches

O-S-l-√g̱áasʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) scratch | for S to scratch O to relieve itching; for S to scratch O with long scratches | yei nanéx̱ich áwé kalaxweidlí: tléil ilag̱ásʼx̱iḵ! → itʼs itching because itʼs healing: donʼt scratch it! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: lag̱ásʼ! | scratch it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ilag̱ásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt scratch it!

• imperfective (+): alg̱ásʼx̱ | they are scratching it

• progressive imperfective: yaa analg̱ásʼ | they are starting to scratch it

• perfective (+): awlig̱ásʼ | they scratched it

• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱áasʼ | they didnʼt scratch it

• future (+): agux̱lag̱áasʼ | they will scratch it

• future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱áasʼ | they wonʼt scratch it

sh + S-d+l-√g̱áasʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) scratch | for S to scratch oneself to relieve itching | keitl sh wudlig̱ásʼ → the dog is scratching himself (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: sh eelg̱ásʼ! | scratch yourself!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh eelg̱ásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt scratch yourself!

• imperfective (+): sh ilg̱ásʼx̱ | they are scratching them/itself

• progressive imperfective: yaa sh nalg̱ásʼ | them/itself is starting to scratch them/itself

• perfective (+): sh wudlig̱ásʼ | they scratched them/itself

• perfective (–): tlél sh wulg̱áasʼ | they didnʼt scratch them/itself

• future (+): sh gug̱walg̱áasʼ | they will scratch them/itself

• future (–): tlél sh gug̱walg̱áasʼ | they wonʼt scratch them/itself

√g̱aasʼ ² (verb root) striped

ka-d+l-√g̱áasʼ ˟ ² (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) striped | for something to be striped | this verb only occurs in the imperfective | (KE)

• imperfective (+): kadlig̱áasʼ | itʼs striped

• imperfective (–): tlél koolg̱áasʼ | itʼs not striped

√g̱aat ¹ (verb root) split; fall apart; fall | fall scattered | classification: small objects

O-ka-S-l-√g̱áat ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) sift | for S to sift O | sakwnéin akagux̱lagáat → sheʼs going to sift the flour (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kalag̱át! | sift it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keelag̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt sift it!

• imperfective (+): aklag̱át | they are sifting it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoolg̱át | they arenʼt sifting it

• progressive imperfective: yaa akanalg̱át | they are sifting it along

• perfective (+): akawlig̱át | they sifted it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulg̱áat | they didnʼt sift it

• future (+): akagux̱lag̱áat | they will sift it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lag̱áat | they wonʼt sift it

O-ka-S-l-√g̱átch ¹ ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) sprinkle; scatter | for S to sprinkle, scatter O carefully | éilʼ aklagátch → he sprinkles salt (SN) • dei kaadé lʼéiw akawligátch → he sprinkled sand on the road (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanalg̱átch! | sprinkle it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keelag̱átjiḵ! | donʼt sprinkle it!

• imperfective (+): aklag̱átch | they are sprinkling it

• progressive imperfective: yaa akanalg̱átch | they are sprinkling it along

• perfective (+): akawlig̱átch | they sprinkled it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulg̱átch | they didnʼt sprinkle it

• future (+): akagux̱lag̱átch | they are going to sprinkle it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lg̱átch | they arenʼt going to sprinkle it

√g̱aat ² (verb root) trap ¹

O-S-d+s-√g̱áat ² (∅ event verb – transitive – high) trap ¹; catch | for S to trap, catch O in trap (deadfall or other, but not fishtrap) | kʼóox awdzig̱át → he trapped a marten (SN) • xóots tsú dusg̱ádin → people used to trap brown bear too (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: eesg̱át! | trap it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eesg̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt trap it!

• imperfective (+): asg̱átt | they are trapping it

• perfective (+): awdzig̱át | they trapped it

• perfective (–): tlél awusg̱áat | they didnʼt trap it

• future (+): akg̱wasg̱áat | they will trap it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wasg̱áat | they wonʼt trap it

√g̱aat ³ (verb root) | disoriented

N + daa + yaa + ḵu-∅-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) dizzy | for N to be dizzy | ax̱ daa yaa ḵusag̱átx̱ → iʼm dizzy all the time (SN) • gílʼ shakéedáx̱ yínde awulg̱een, ḵaa daa yaa ḵusag̱áadi → looking down from a cliff top makes one dizzy (SN) • (KE)

• progressive imperfective: du daa yaa ḵunag̱át | they are starting to get dizzy

• perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵoowag̱át | they are dizzy

• perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵuwug̱áat | they arenʼt dizzy

• future (+): du daa yaa ḵukg̱wag̱áat | they will get dizzy

• future (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵukg̱wag̱áat | they wonʼt get dizzy

N + daa + yaa + ḵu-S-s-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) confuse | for S to confuse N | ḵugwáasʼ ax̱ daa yaa ḵuwsig̱át; chʼa g̱óot yéidee x̱waagoot → the fog confused me; i went the wrong way (SN) • teet kayéik ḵaa daa yaa ḵusag̱átch → the noise of the waves confuses people (SN)

• imperative: du daa yaa ḵusag̱át! | confuse them!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du daa yaa ḵeesag̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt confuse them!

• progressive imperfective: du daa yaa ḵunasg̱át | it is starting to make them confused

• perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵuwsig̱át | it made them confused

• perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵuwusg̱áat | it didnʼt make them confused

• future (+): du daa yaa ḵug̱ux̱sag̱áat | it will make them confused

• future (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵug̱ux̱sag̱áat | it wonʼt make them confused

yaa + ḵu-S-l-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) forget | for S to forget O

• imperative: yaa ḵulag̱át! | forget it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yaa ḵeelag̱átjiḵ! | donʼt forget it!

• progressive imperfective: yaa aḵunalg̱át | they are starting to forget it

• perfective (+): yaa aḵoowlig̱át | they forgot it

• perfective (–): tlél yaa aḵuwulg̱áat | they didnʼt forget it

• future (+): yaa aḵugux̱lag̱áat | they will forget it

• future (–): tlél yaa aḵugux̱lag̱áat | they wonʼt forget it

N + daa + yaa + ḵu-S-l-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) dizzy | for S to make N dizzy

• imperative: du daa yaa ḵulag̱át! | make them dizzy!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du daa yaa ḵeelag̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt make them dizzy!

• progressive imperfective: du daa yaa ḵunalg̱át | it is starting to make them dizzy

• perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵuwlig̱át | it made them dizzy

• perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵuwulg̱áat | it didnʼt make them dizzy

• future (+): du daa yaa ḵug̱ux̱lag̱áat | it will make them dizzy

• future (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵug̱ux̱lag̱áat | it wonʼt make them dizzy

N-t + yaa + ḵu-S-d+l-√g̱áat ³ ˟ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – invariable) wander | for S to wander around at N; for S to wander around at N trying to find the way | this verb has an invariable stem, except the example documented by SN which may have been mistakenly written and is changed here | chʼa koogéiyi át yaa ḵunalg̱áatch → heʼs always wandering around in a daze (JL) • sʼeenáa gé wéidu? kag̱ít tóot yaa ḵux̱wdlig̱aat → is there a light there? iʼm wandering in the dark (SN • (KE)

• imperative: (chʼa) át yaa ḵuneelg̱áat! | (just) wander around!

• prohibitive: líl át yaa ḵuyeelg̱áadiḵ! | donʼt wander around!

• perfective (+): át yaa ḵuwdlig̱áat | they are wandering around; they wandered around

• perfective (–): tlél át yaa ḵuwulg̱áat | they arenʼt wandering around; they didnʼt wander around

• future (+): át yaa ḵukg̱walg̱áat | they will wander around

• future (–): tlél át yaa ḵukg̱walg̱áat | they wonʼt wander around

√g̱aax̱ (verb root) cry; wail

S-∅-√g̱aax̱ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – closed) cry; weep; mourn; lament | for (singluar) S to cry, weep; for (singular) S to mourn, lament | classification: singular subject • classification: singular

• imperative: gag̱aax̱! | cry!

• prohibitive: líl eeg̱aax̱íḵ! | donʼt cry!

• imperfective (+): g̱áax̱ | they cries; they are crying

• imperfective (–): tlél ug̱aax̱ | they donʼt cry; they are not crying

• progressive imperfective: kei nag̱áx̱ | they are beginning to cry

• perfective (+): woog̱aax̱ | they cried

• perfective (–): tlél wug̱aax̱ | they didnʼt cry

• future (+): kei kg̱wag̱áax̱ | they will cry

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wag̱aax̱ | they wonʼt cry

ka-S-d+∅-√g̱aax̱ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – closed) cry out; scream | for S to cry loudly (of child, or person in great pain); for S to cry out or scream (in fear or pain) | kootsʼeen ax̱satéen kadag̱áax̱ → they cried out when she saw the mouse (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl keedag̱aax̱íḵ! | donʼt cry out!

• imperfective (+): kadag̱áax̱ | they are crying out; they cries out

• imperfective (–): tlél koodag̱aax̱ | they arenʼt crying out; they donʼt cry out

• progressive imperfective: kei kandag̱áx̱ | they are beginning to cry out

• perfective (+): kawdig̱aax̱ | they cried out

• perfective (+): kei kagux̱dag̱áax̱ | they will cry out

• perfective (–): tlél kawdag̱aax̱ | they didnʼt cry out

• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱dag̱aax̱ | they wonʼt cry out

O-ka-S-s-√g̱aax̱ (na event verb – transitive – closed) cry | for S to make O cry, cause O to cry | kakḵwasagáax̱ → iʼm going to make them cry (SN) • x̱at kawsigaax̱ → she made me cry (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanasg̱aax̱! | make them cry!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keesag̱áx̱giḵ! | donʼt make them cry!

• perfective (+): akawsig̱aax̱ | they made them cry

• perfective (–): tlél akawusg̱aax̱ | they didnʼt make them cry

• future (+): akagux̱sag̱áax̱ | they will make them cry

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sag̱aax̱ | they wonʼt make them cry

O-S-d+s-√g̱áax̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) cry for; ask for; beg | for S to cry for, ask for O (with no possibility of returning favor); for S to beg for O (with no possibility of returning favor) | dáanaa áx̱ awdzig̱aax̱ → he asked for money (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: g̱eesg̱áax̱! | ask for it!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei eesg̱áax̱jiḵ! | donʼt ask for it!

• imperfective (+): asg̱áax̱ | they are asking for it

• imperfective (–): tlél oosg̱áax̱ | they arenʼt asking for it

• perfective (+): awdzig̱áax̱ | they asked for it

• perfective (–): tlél awusg̱áax̱ | they didnʼt ask for it

• future (+): yei akg̱wasg̱áax̱ | they will ask for it

• future (–): tlél yei akg̱wasg̱áax̱ | they wonʼt ask for it

√g̱aax̱ʼ (verb root) thin; skinny

O-sh-√g̱áax̱ʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) thin; lean; skinny | for O to be thin, lean, skinny | g̱uwakaan kei nashg̱áx̱ʼ dé → the deer are getting pretty lean (SN) • (KE)

• progressive imperfective: yei nashg̱áax̱ʼ | they are getting thin

• perfective (+): wushig̱áax̱ʼ | they are thin

• perfective (–): tlél wushg̱áax̱ʼ | they arenʼt thin

• future (+): yei gux̱shag̱áax̱ʼ | they will be thin

• future (–): tlél yei gux̱shag̱áax̱ʼ | they wonʼt be thin

√g̱ei (verb root) • variants: √g̱ee • shining; fancy

O-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) [check transitivity] bright; shine | for O to be very bright, shine brightly | lig̱ei → itʼs bright (of particularly brilliant star) (SN)

• imperfective (+): lig̱éi | itʼs bright

• imperfective (–): tlél ulg̱é | it isnʼt bright

• perfective (+): wulig̱éi | it got bright

• perfective (–): tlél wulg̱éi | it didnʼt get bright

• future (+): kei gux̱lag̱éi | it will be bright

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lag̱éi | it wonʼt be bright

O-ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) fancy; prominent; conspicuous; attracting attention | for O to be fancy, prominent (esp. in appearance), conspicuous, attracting attention | kalig̱éi yá nadáakw → this is a fancy table (SN) • kalig̱éiyi ḵáax̱ sitee → heʼs a prominent man / attracts attention by his dress, ʼhigh-browʼ (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): kalig̱éi | they are fancy

• imperfective (–): tlél koolg̱é | they arenʼt fancy

• perfective (+): kawlig̱éi | they got fancy

• perfective (–): tlél kawulg̱éi | they didnʼt get fancy

• future (+): kei kagux̱lag̱éi | they will be fancy

• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱lag̱éi | they wonʼt be fancy

N + toowú + ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – impersonal – high) proud; pleased | for N to be proud of, highly pleased with | in Lingít it is better to be proud of someone or something (add « N kaax̱ » to the preverb), otherwise it is seen as vein or boastful | ax̱ toowú klig̱éi i kaax̱ → iʼm proud of you (SN) • woosh kaax̱ has du toowú klig̱éi → they all are proud of each other (SN) • du toowú kaligéi → heʼs proud of himself / vain (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: i toowú kaklag̱éi! | be proud!

• imperfective (+): du toowú klig̱éi | they are proud

• imperfective (–): tlél du toowú | koolg̱é they arenʼt proud

• perfective (+): du toowú kawlig̱éi | they became proud

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú kawulg̱éi | they werenʼt proud

• future (+): du toowú kei kagux̱lag̱éi | they will be proud

• future (–): tlél du toowú kei kagux̱lag̱éi | they wonʼt be proud

sh + tu-ka-S-d+l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) proud; conceited; particular; picky; snooty | for s to be proud (esp. of oneself), conceited; for s to be particular, picky, snooty | this verb only occurs in the imperfective • can mean "to be conceited,” but can also be used to indicate that one is proud of something or someone by inserting « N kaax̱ » (proud of n) in the preverb— . usually the N represents something or someone that the individual has a personal stake in (grandchild, friend, relative)

• imperfective (+): sh tukdlig̱éi | they are proud (conceited)

• imperfective (–): tlél sh tukoolg̱é | they arenʼt proud (conceited)

O-sha-ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) pretty; cute; beautiful | for O to be pretty, cute, beautiful | this verb typically refers to females, and « O-ya-ka-s-√.aan » (pleasant-faced) is more commonly used for males • can be used to talk about cute, and often baby animals, but not used for inanimate objects | (KE)

• imperfective (+): shaklig̱éi | she is pretty

• imperfective (–): tlél shakoolg̱é | she isnʼt pretty

• progressive imperfective: kei shakanalg̱éin | she is becoming pretty

• future (+): kei shakagux̱lag̱éi | she will be pretty

• future (–): tlél kei shakagux̱lag̱éi | she wonʼt be pretty

O-x̱ʼa-ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] boast; brag | for O to boast, brag | x̱ʼaklig̱éi → they boast/talks big of their status and wealth (but with no truth in it) (SN)

• imperfective (+): x̱ʼaklig̱éi | they are boasting

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼakoolg̱é | they arenʼt boasting

• perfective (+): x̱ʼakawlig̱éi | they boasted

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼakawulg̱éi | they didnʼt boast

• future (+): kei x̱ʼakagux̱lag̱éi | they will boast

• future (–): tlél kei x̱ʼakagux̱lag̱éi | they wonʼt boast

√g̱eiḵ ¹ (verb root) swing

N-t + O-S-l-√g̱eiḵ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) swing | for S to swing O back and forth at N | du óonayi yaa analg̱éḵ → he is swinging his rifle (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: át nalg̱eeḵ! | swing them/it back and forth!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl át yoo ilag̱íḵgiḵ! | donʼt swing them/it back and forth!

• progressive imperfective: yaa analg̱íḵ | they are swinging them/it back and forth

• perfective (+): át awlig̱eeḵ | they swung them/it back and forth; they are swinging them/it back and forth

• perfective (–): tlél át awulg̱eeḵ | they didnʼt swing them/it back and forth; they are not swinging them/it back and forth

• future (+): át agux̱lag̱éeḵ | they will swing them/it back and forth

• future (–): tlél át agux̱lag̱eeḵ | they wonʼt swing them/it back and forth

N-t + O-l-√g̱eiḵ ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) swing; sway | for O to swing, sway back and forth at N | (KE)

• imperative: át inalg̱eeḵ! | swing back and forth!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl át yoo ilag̱íḵgiḵ! | donʼt swing back and forth!

• progressive imperfective: yaa nalg̱íḵ | they are swinging back and forth

• perfective (+): át wulig̱eeḵ | they swung back and forth; they are swinging back and forth

• perfective (–): tlél át wulg̱eeḵ | they didnʼt swing back and forth; they arenʼt swinging back and forth

• future (+): át gux̱lag̱éeḵ | they will swing back and forth

• future (–): tlél át gux̱lag̱eeḵ | they wonʼt swing back and forth

√g̱eiḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √g̱eeḵ • stingy

O-sh-√g̱eeḵ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) stingy; unwilling to give | for O to be stingy, unwilling to give or share much

• imperative: ikshag̱eeḵ! | be stingy!

• prohibitive: líl eeshg̱eeg̱íḵ! | donʼt be stingy!

• imperfective (+): shig̱eeḵ | they are stingy

• imperfective (–): tlél ushg̱eeḵ | they arenʼt stingy

• perfective (+): wushig̱eeḵ | they became stingy

• perfective (–): tlél wushg̱eeḵ | they didnʼt become stingy

• future (+): kei gux̱shag̱eeḵ | they will be stingy

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱shag̱eeḵ | they wonʼt be stingy

√g̱ein (verb root) • variants: √g̱een • cast eyes; look ¹

N-t⁓ + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) look ¹ | for S to look at N | áa neilt awdlig̱ín → they looked in (SN)

• imperative: át eelg̱én! | look at it!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ eelg̱einíḵ! | donʼt look at

• progressive imperfective: aadé yaa analg̱én | they are going to look at it

• perfective (+): át awdlig̱én | they looked at it

• perfective (–): tlél át awulg̱ein | they didnʼt look at it

• future (+): aadé akg̱walg̱éin | they will look at it

• future (–): tlél aadé akg̱walg̱ein | they wonʼt look at it

N-t + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) look ¹ | for S to look around, about N | woosh wooyaat has awdlig̱éen → they all looked around at each other (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: át aneelg̱ein! | look around!

• prohibitive: líl át ayilg̱einíḵ! | donʼt look around!

• perfective (+): át awdlig̱ein | they looked around; they are looking around

• perfective (–): tlél át awulg̱ein | they didnʼt look around; they are not looking around

• future (+): át akg̱walg̱éin | they will look around

• future (–): tlél át akg̱walg̱ein | they wonʼt look around

√g̱eiwú (verb root) fish with net

a-S-d+s-√g̱eiwú ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fish ²; seine | for S to fish with net, seine | cháasʼ awdzig̱eiwú → he seined humpy salmon (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: aneesg̱eiwú! | seine!

• prohibitive: líl eesg̱eiwúḵ! | donʼt seine!

• imperfective (+): asg̱eiwú | they seines; they are seining

• imperfective (–): tlél oosg̱eiwú | they donʼt seine; they are not seining

• perfective (+): awdzig̱eiwú | they seined

• perfective (–): tlél awusg̱eiwú | they didnʼt seine

• future (+): akg̱wasg̱eiwú | they will seine

• future (–): tlél akg̱wasg̱eiw | they wonʼt seine

√g̱eiy (verb root) • variants: √g̱eey • dress up

sh + ka-S-d+sh-√g̱eiy ˟ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – invariable) dress up | for S to dress up, smarten up, make an effort to look different | daat yís sá kwshé gé sh kawjig̱éiy? → i wonder why heʼs all dressed up? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: sh keeshg̱éiy! | get dressed up!

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh keeshg̱éiyx̱iḵ! | donʼt get all dressed up!

• progressive imperfective: yaa sh kanashg̱éiyn | they are getting all dressed up

• perfective (+): sh kawjig̱éiy | they got all dressed up

• perfective (–): tlél sh kawushg̱éiy | they didnʼt get all dressed up

• future (+): sh kakg̱washg̱éiy | they will get all dressed up

• future (–): tlél sh kakg̱washg̱éiy | they wonʼt get all dressed up

√g̱eiyáḵw ˟ (verb root) remove | remove from shell

√g̱íx̱ʼ (verb root) creak; rub; squeak | squeak by rubbing

O-l-√g̱íx̱ʼ (na – object intransitive – high) rub | for O to be rubbing against something (making a grating or squeaking noise) | yaakw yán yoo lig̱íx̱ʼk → the boat is rubbing on the shore (SN)

• perfective (+): wulig̱íx̱ʼ | it rubbed against something

• perfective (–): tlél wulg̱íx̱ʼ | it didnʼt rub against something

• future (+): gux̱lag̱íx̱ʼ | it will rub against something

• future (–): tlél gux̱lag̱íx̱ʼ | it wonʼt rub against something

O-S-l-√g̱íx̱ʼ (na – transitive – high) rub | for S to rub O (two surfaces) together | woosht yoo lag̱éex̱ʼ! → rub them against each other!

• imperative: nalg̱íx̱ʼ! | rub it (against it)!

• perfective (+): awlig̱íx̱ʼ | they rubbed it (against it)

• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱íx̱ʼ | they didnʼt rub them together

• future (+): agux̱lag̱íx̱ʼ | they will rub it (against it)

• future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱íx̱ʼ | they wonʼt rub it (against it)

• repetitive imperfective (+): yoo alg̱íx̱ʼk | they are rubbing it (against it)

O-√g̱íx̱ʼjaa creak; squeak | for O to be creaky or squeaky | lig̱íx̱ʼjaa yá nadáakw → this table is creaky (SN)

O-sh-√g̱íx̱ʼ creak; squeak | for O to creak, squeak by producing friction | ax̱ hídi, kʼeeljáa a kát g̱axíxin, shag̱íx̱ʼch nooch → whenever a storm hits my house, it always creaks (SN) • aas sheeyxʼí woosh nashg̱íx̱ʼch → branches of the trees area creaking as they rub against each other (SN)

√g̱ee (verb root) shining; fancy

√g̱eech ¹ (verb root) pierce; prick

N-t⁓ + ÿa-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) pierce; prick; bite ¹ | for a sharp object to pierce, enter, prick N; for an animal to bite N | ḵáasʼ ax̱ tlʼèikt yawdig̱ích → a splinter went into my finger (SN) • tuháayi anax̱ yawdig̱ích → a nail pierced it (SN) • (KE) • táax’álʼ du tlʼeikt yawdig̱ích → she pricked herself (accidentally) (SN)

• perfective (+): át yawdig̱ích | it pierced it

• perfective (–): tlél át yawdag̱eech | it didnʼt pierce it

• future (+): aadé yagux̱dag̱éech | it will pierce it

• future (–): tlél aadé yagux̱dag̱eech | it wonʼt pierce it

N-dé + ÿa-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – closed) pierce; prick; bite ¹ | for a sharp object to pierce, enter, prick N; for an animal to bite N | (KE)

• perfective (+): aadé yawdig̱eech | it pierced it

• perfective (–): tlél aadé yawdag̱eech | it didnʼt pierce it

• future (+): aadé yagux̱dag̱éech | it will pierce it

• future (–): tlél aadé yagux̱dag̱eech | it wonʼt pierce it

N-t⁓ + ÿa-d+l-√g̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) pierce; prick | for (plural) sharp objects to pierce, enter, prick N | classification: plural object | (KE)

• perfective (+): át yawdlig̱ích | they all peirced it

• perfective (–): tlél át yawulg̱eech | they all didnʼt pierce it

• future (+): aadé yakg̱walg̱éech | they all will pierce it

• future (–): tlél aadé yakg̱walg̱eech | they all wonʼt pierce it

√g̱eech ² ⑴ throw ⒜ | classification: stick-like object || ⒝ | classification: plural objects one at a time || ⑵ fell tree; knock over || ⑶ open ¹; close ¹ | classification: book

O-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw O (one at a time) | classification: one at a time | x̱ʼaan ganaltáade yee gax̱dug̱éech → you all will be thrown into the fire (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: g̱ich! | throw it/them!

• imperfective (+): ag̱eech | they are throwing it/them

• perfective (+): aawag̱ích | they threw it/them

• perfective (–): tlél awug̱eech | they didnʼt throw it/them

• future (+): akg̱wag̱éech | they will throw it/them

• future (–): tlél akg̱wag̱eech | they wonʼt throw it/them

S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw (one thing at a time) | classification: one at a time | (JL)

• imperative: dag̱ich! | throw!

• imperfective (+): dag̱eech | they are throwing

• perfective (+): wudig̱ích | they threw

• perfective (–): tlél wudag̱eech | they didnʼt throw

• future (+): gux̱dag̱éech | they will throw

• future (–): tlél gux̱dag̱eech | they wonʼt throw

O-ka-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) throw; donate | for S to throw O (round object, one at a time, or contents of a container); for S to donate O (money, usually of present action) | classification: one at a time | dáanaa akag̱éech → they are donating money right now (SN) • séew akag̱éech → raindrops are falling (individually (JL)

• imperative: kag̱ich! | throw it/them!

• imperfective (+): akag̱eech | they are throwing it/them

• perfective (+): akaawag̱ích | they threw it/them

• perfective (–): tlél akawug̱eech | they didnʼt throw it/them

• future (+): akakg̱wag̱éech | they will throw it/them

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wag̱eech | they wonʼt throw it/them

O-S-l-√g̱eech ² (na act verb – transitive – closed) fell tree | for S to fell O (a single tree) | classification: singular object | aas a yayeidi káxʼ has agux̱lag̱éech → they all are going to fell the tree onto skids (SN) • wé aas aax̱ nalg̱eech! → fell that tree off of it! (SaJ) • (JL) • tlíl sʼé yei ilag̱íchjiḵ! wé truck a x̱’anaa kaawahaa. → donʼt fell the tree yet! there is a truck in the way of it. (SaJ)

• imperative: nalg̱eech! | fell it!

• imperfective (+): alg̱eech | they are felling it

• imperfective (–): tlél oolg̱eech | they are not felling it

• perfective (+): awlig̱eech | they felled it

• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱eech | they didnʼt fell it

• future (+): agux̱lag̱éech | they will fell it

• future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱eech | they wonʼt fell it

O-S-l-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) fell tree; clear | for S to fell O (multiple trees or bushes, rocks); for S to clear O (bushes or trees) from an area | classification: plural objects | aas tlénxʼ has alg̱ícht → they all fell big trees (SN) • yaakwdeiyí wududlig̱ích → the beach was cleared (of rocks) for a canoe landing • wásʼ yaa ndulg̱ích → bushes are being cleared (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: lag̱ích! | fell them!

• imperfective (+): alg̱ícht | they are felling them

• perfective (+): awlig̱ích | they felled them

• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱eech | they didnʼt fell them

• future (+): agux̱lag̱éech | they will fell them

• future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱eech | they wonʼt fell them

káx̱ + O-sha-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] knock over | for S to knock over O (plural objects) | classification: plural objects, singular: O-sha-S-s-√g̱eexʼ | nadáakw káx̱ ashawlig̱ích → they knocked over the tables (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: káx̱ shalag̱ích | knock them over!

• perfective (+): káx̱ ashawlig̱ích | they knocked them over

• perfective (–): tlél káx̱ ashawulg̱eech | they didnʼt knock them over

• future (+): káx̱ ashagux̱lag̱éech | they will knock them over

• future (–): tlél káx̱ ashagux̱lag̱eech | they wonʼt knock them over

kát + sha-ka-S-d+l-√g̱eech ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type] dive | for S (plural) to dive from the surface of the water | classification: singular, plural sha-S-d+∅-√x̱eech ¹ | gáaxw kát shakawdlig̱ích → the ducks dove