Lingít Verb Themes
>The Conjugator ( pdf)
----
√aa ¹ (verb root) sit; situated | classification: singular
S-∅-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive) sit | for (singlular) S to be seated | classification: singular subject
N-t + tux̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√.aa ¹ sit | for (singlular) S to be seated on their butthole | classification: singular subject
N-t + O-S-s-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – transitive) seat | for S to have O (live creature) seated at N
N-t + l-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal) situated | for a building to be situated at N
O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-S-∅-√aa ¹ ˟ quiet; shush | for S to shush O (a baby)
√aa ² (verb root) inspect; examine; kiss ¹; consider; think over; come to senses
N + daa + ÿa-S-d+s-√.aa ² (na act verb – subject intransitive) examine; inspect; judge; assess | for S to examine, inspect, look into N; for S to judge, assess N
N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + ÿa-d+s-√.aa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) kiss ¹ | for S to kiss N
√aa ³ (verb root) grow | classification: plant || pour | pour forth | classification: water || extend | extend or move forward
ka-∅-√.aa ³ (na act verb – impersonal) grow | for a plant to grow | classification: plant || flow; pour | for a stream of water to flow, pour forth | classification: water
yóo + aan + ka-∅-√.aa ³ (na event verb – impersonal) quake; earthquake | for the earth to quake
ka-s-√.aa ³ (na act verb – impersonal) grow | for a plant to grow | classification: plant
O-ka-S-s-√.aa ³ (na act verb – subject intransitive) grow | for S to cause O (plant) to grow | classification: plant || turn on | for S to turn on O (hose), cause O to flow
ḵei-∅-√.aa ³ (na event verb – impersonal) daylight; daybreak; dawn | for it to become daylight, dawn
O-ḵei-S-s-√.aa ³ (na event verb – transitive) celebrate; set apart | for S to celebrate O, set apart O (a particular day)
√aa ⁴ (verb root) migrate | for fish to migrate | classification: fish
{na preverb} + ÿa-∅-√.aa ⁴ (na motion verb – impersonal) run ⁴; migrate | for fish to run, migrate | classification: fish
{∅ motion preverb} + ÿa-∅-√.aa ⁴ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) | for fish to run
√aa ⁵ (verb root) detain
√aak ¹ (verb root) weave | weave bark or roots | classification: tree bark or roots
O-S-∅-√.aak ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) weave | for S to weave O (using tree roots or bark)
S-d+∅-√.aak ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive) weave | for S to weave (using tree roots or bark)
√aak ² (verb root) fire ² | build fire | classification: fire
shóo-t⁓ + a-S-∅-√.aak ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) fire ² | for S to build a fire (using wood) | classification: wood, fire
√aak ³ (verb root) stagger | stagger; move uncontrolled
√aak ⁴ (verb root) make room; reserve | reserve room, space
√aaḵw ¹ (verb root) attempt; try
ka-S-∅-√aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive) try; attempt | for S to try, attempt
O-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – object intransitive) test; try out | for S to try out, test O
O-x̱ʼa-ka-(u)-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive) speak; direct ²; give | for S to give O an opportunity to speak; for S to give O directions as to what to say
√aaḵw ² (verb root) plan; order ¹; command; instruct
át + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (na event verb – transitive) order ¹; command; instruct | for S to give orders to, command, instruct O
yan⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive) decide; plan | for S to make a decision about O; for S to finish planning O
O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (∅ act verb – transitive) plan | for S to plan O
át + O-ji-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (na act verb – transitive) order ¹; instruct | for S to give O orders, instructions (esp. concerning work)
át + sh ji-ka-S-d+∅-√.aaḵw ² (na event verb – subject intransitive) make ² | for S to make oneself do something
√aan ¹ (verb root) sit quietly; meditate; observe ¹
a-S-∅-√.aan ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) sit quietly; meditate; observe ¹; navigate | for S to sit quietly (esp. while watching signs of the weather at sundown); for S to meditate (esp. while watching signs of the weather at sundown); for S to observe the weather while sitting quietly; for S to navigate using weather and stars | classification: weather
√aan ² (verb root) kind ¹; gentle; pleasant; good looking
O-tu-l-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive) kind ¹; gentle | for O to be kind; for O to be gentle
O-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive) | classification: inanimate attractive; good-looking | for O to be attractive, good-looking
O-ÿa-s-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive) attractive; good-looking; pleasant-faced | for O to be attractive, good-looking, pleasant-faced | classification: animate
√aan ³ (verb root) settlement
N-xʼ + S-d+s-√.aan ˀ ³ (? act verb – subject intransitive) settlement | for S to make village at N; for S to settle at N
√aat ¹ (verb root) | classification: plural subject walk; go
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
woosh + kaanáx̱ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive) assemble; congregate; gather together; meet | for (plural) S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings)
woosh + x̱oo-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) assemble; congregate; gather together; meet | for (plural) S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings)
N + jikaadáx̱ + ÿa-(u)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) get out of way | for (plural) S to get out of Nʼs way
ji-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) attack; assault | for (plural) S to attack, assault, fall upon
a-ÿa-(u)-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) turn back; go back | for (plural) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term)
neil⁓ + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in (plural) O
a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) appoint; choose | for S to appoint (plural) O, choose (plural) O for a certain position
{na preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
gánde + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) go; bathroom ¹; pee; urinate; poop ¹; defecate | for (plural) S to go to the bathroom
{ga preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go
N-x̱ + yaa + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive) walking along | for (plural) s to be walking, going (by foot or as general term) along N (basically plural; see √goot ¹ for singular)
yaa + O-shu-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga event verb – transitive) lead ² | for S to lead (plural) O (especially by walking ahead) | classification: plural objects
{g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (g̱a motion verb – subject intransitive) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
√aat ² (verb root) | classification: baggage and personal items carry
{∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² (∅ motion verb – transitive) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take plural O (esp. baggage)
{na preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² (na motion verb – transitive) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take plural O (esp. baggage)
√aat ³ (verb root) carry; lie ¹ | classification: small round or hooplike objects
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ event verb – transitive) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, round or hoop-like objects)
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (na event verb – transitive) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, round or hoop-like objects)
aanáx̱ + ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ act verb – transitive) button up | for S to button up O
N-t + ka-l-√.át ³ (* positional verb – impersonal) lie there | for small, round or hoop-like objects to lie at N
N-t + ka-S-l-√.át ³ (* positional verb – transitive) lying there | for S to have O (small, round or hoop-like objects) lying at N
kei + ÿa-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive) turn ¹ | for S to turn O (boat, car)
√aat ⁴ (verb root) lie down; lie ¹ | classification: plural human
N-t + l-√.át ⁴ (* positional verb – impersonal) lie ¹ | for several things to lie at N; for several persons or animals to lie dead, unconscious, or incapacitated at N
sh S-d+l-√.át ⁴ (* positional verb – subject intransitive) lie down | for (plural) S to be lying down
yan⁓ + sh S-d+l-√.aat ⁴ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) lie down | for (plural) S to lie down
yínde + sh ka-l-√.aat ⁴ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) bend over; lean down | for (plural) S to bend over, lean down
√aat ⁵ (verb root) communicate; think; talk | classification: plural subject
N + daa + yoo + tu-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) think; consider; make up mind | for (plural) S to think over, consider, make up oneʼs mind about N
N + daatx̱ + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) reconsider; change mind | for (plural) S to change mind about N; for (plural) S to think over and reconsider N
x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive) speak; talk; speech | for (plural) S to speak, talk, make a speech
N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) speak; talk | for (plural) S to speak, talk to N
yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) stop talking | for (plural) S to stop talking
yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) speak; talk; converse | for (plural) S to speak, talk, converse
N + géi⁓ + yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) accuse; speak against | for S to accuse, speak against N
√aat ⁶ (verb root) | classification: plural, hinged objects open ¹; close ¹
√aatʼ (verb root) cold ¹
O-S-s-√.áatʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) cold ¹; cool; chill | for S to make O cold, cool
s-√.áatʼ ˟ (∅ state verb – impersonal) cold ¹ | for an inanimate object to be cold
ḵu-s-√.áatʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) cold ¹ | for the weather to be cold | classification: weather
O-sa-∅-√.áatʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) cold ¹ | for O (person) to feel cold | classification: animate
O-ÿa-d+s-√.áatʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) cold ¹ | for Oʼs face to be cold
O-d+s-√.áatʼ (∅ – object intransitive) chilled; cold ¹ | for O (body part or inanimate object) to be chilled, cold
√aatlʼ (verb root) insufficient • variants: √aatsʼ, √aachʼ •
ÿa-ka-u-∅-√.áatlʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal) insufficient | for something to be insufficient, not enough
√aaw (verb root) strap ¹
O-ÿa-S-s-√.áaw (∅ event verb – transitive) strap ¹; tie | for S put a strap on O; for S to tie up O with a string
√aaxʼw ¹ (verb root) fracture; crack
√aaxʼw ² (verb root) bitter; spicy
O-s-√.áaxʼw ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive) bitter; spicy | for O to be bitter; for O to be spicy hot
√aax̱ ¹ (verb root) hear; listen; sound off
O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) hear | for S to hear O
N-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) listen | for S to listen to N
N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) listen to; obey; give heed | for S to listen to, obey, give heed to N
O-S-∅-√.áx̱ch ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive) hear | for S to be able to hear O
N-g̱aa + ḵu-S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) listen for | for S to listen for N
O-sa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) hear | for S to hear O (a voice, esp. singing)
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) hear; understand; comprehend | for S to hear O with understanding; for S to understand, comprehend O
N + x̱ʼéide + ḵu-S-d+s-√.aax̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) listen | for S to (take time to) listen to N
O-S-l-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) play ² | for S to play O (musical instrument)
√aax̱ ² (verb root) | classification: textile-like object carry
{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² (na motion verb – transitive) carry; give; take | for S to carry O (textile-like object)
{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive) carry; give; take | for S to carry O (textile-like object)
N-t + ∅-√.áx̱ ² ˟ (* positional verb – impersonal) lie there | for a textile-like object to lie at N
kaax̱ + kei + O-S-d+∅-√.aax̱ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive) take off | for S to take off O (shirt, dress, coat, etc.)
√aax̱w (verb root) tie; bind; bundle; wrap | tie up; tie together
yánde + O-S-∅-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive) tie; secure | for S to tie up, secure O (esp. a boat to shore)
O-daa-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive) tie; bundle; wrap | for S to tie O together in a bundle; for S to wrap O up
O-kʼi-ka-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive) tie; wrap up | for S to tie O together by the stems; for S to wrap the stems of O
O-sʼaan-S-∅-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive) tie | for S to tie hands of O (a captive)
O-x̱ʼa-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive) tie | for S to tie up the mouth of O (esp. a sack)
√chán ˟ (verb root) stink; stench; smelly
O-l-√chán ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) stink; smelly; stench | for O to stink, have unpleasant odor, smell bad; for O to smell strongly
√chaa (verb root) strain; filter; drain off
O-ka-S-l-√chaa (∅ act verb – transitive) strain; filter; drain off | for S to strain, filter, drain off O
√chaak (verb root) pile; stack; fill
O-ka-S-∅-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive) pile; stack; pack | for S to pile, stack away neatly, pack O (food, clothing, firewood, etc.)
O-sha-ka-S-∅-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive) stack; pack; fill | for S to fill, pack to the top neatly, stack up (food, clothing, etc.)
O-ka-S-l-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive) pile; stack | for S to pile, stack O | classification: stick-like objects
√chaalʼ (verb root) full; drowsy | drowsy from overindulging
√chech ² (verb root) dust ²; clean ² | clean the surface of
√cheich ¹ (verb root) stand; spread | stand spread-legged
√cheix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √cheex̱ʼ • shade; shadow
√chígaa ˟ (verb root) fierce; formidable
√cheesh (verb root)
√chook (verb root) soften; rub | soften by rubbing
√chool (verb root) munch | roll around in mouth
√choon ¹ (verb root) wound ¹; injure
O-d+∅-√choon ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) wounded; injured; hurt ¹; bruised | for O to be wounded, injured, bruised; for O to be hurt (emotionally)
O-S-l-√choon ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) injure; hurt ¹; wound ¹; bruise | for S to injure, hurt, wound, bruise O
√choon ² (verb root) twist; limber | twist (to make limber)
√choox (verb root) knead; massage; roll; pat
O-ka-S-∅-√choox (∅ act verb – transitive) knead; press; pat | for S to knead, press, pat O with palm of hand
√chooxʼ (verb root) rub; touch | rub lightly; touch lightly
√choox̱ (verb root) mooch; cadge; sponge ²; freeload
at u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive) mooch; freeload | for S to mooch, freeload; for S to obtain things often without payment
(N eex̱) + O-u-S-∅-O-u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ (g̱a – transitive) mooch; bum; sponge ²; cadge | for S to mooch, bum, scrounge O (off of N); for S to obtain O (from N) often without payment
√choox̱ʼ (verb root) roll | fat roll off
√chʼaachʼ (verb root) spotted
O-ka-d+∅-√chʼáachʼ (∅ – object intransitive) spotted | for O to be spotted, have spots
ka-d+l-√chʼáchʼx̱ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) spotted | for a natural object (wood, rock, etc.) to be spotted
√chʼaakʼw (verb root) carve; carve design; incise
O-ka-S-∅-√chʼáakʼw (∅ act verb – transitive) carve | for S to carve O (usually smaller, detailed work) using a knife or scoop chisel
ka-S-d+∅-√chʼáakʼw (∅ act verb – transitive) carve | for S to carve (usually smaller, detailed work) using a knife or scoop chisel
√chʼaalʼ (verb root) pale; spotted
√chʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √chʼeex̱ʼ • point ¹; poke; push
√chʼeix̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) dirty
O-S-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) dirty; soil ² | for S to dirty, soil O (esp. clothing or person)
O-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) dirty | for O to be dirty
√chʼeix̱ʼw ² (verb root) tired of | tire (of eating it)
√chʼéitʼaa ˟ (verb root) • variants: √chʼéetʼaa ˟ • play ¹; basketball | play basketball
ash + + ka-u-S-d+l-√chʼéitʼaa ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) basketball | for S to play basketball
√chʼeen (verb root) tie | tie in a bow
√chʼeesh (verb root) splash
ka-d+∅-√chʼeesh (∅ act verb – impersonal) splash | for a liquid to splash, be splashed
(N + daadé) + O-ka-S-l-√chʼeesh (∅ act verb – transitive) splash | for S to splash O (on N)
√chʼeetʼ (verb root) dip
√chʼeex̱ʼ • variants: √chʼeix̱ʼ • point ¹; poke; push
O-S-∅-√chʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) point ¹ | for S to point at, point out O
N-t⁓ + S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) point ¹ | for S to point in the direction of N
O-ÿa-S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) point ¹ | for S to point at O (a person)
√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (verb root) slow
O-l-√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) slow | for O to be slow
O-x̱ʼa-l-√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) slow | for O to be slow in eating or talking
√dáskw ˟ (verb root) quick-tempered
O-tu-ka-u-∅-√dáskw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) quick-tempered | for O to be quick-tempered
√dásʼ ˟ (verb root) hail
√dát ˟ (verb root) bruise
√dáy ˟ (verb root) cry out
√daa ¹ (verb root) flow; rise; flood ¹ | classification: water
daaḵ + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) tide ¹ | for the tide to rise, come in
kei + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) tide ¹; rise | for water level, tide to rise
shí + N + lóot⁓ + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) bleed; run ² | for Nʼs nose to bleed
ka-∅-√daa ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal) flow; run ² | for water, blood to flow; for a nose to run
N-náx̱ + ÿa-∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) flow; flood ¹ | for water, the tide to flow through N; for water, the tide to flood N
N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) flow; rise | for water to flow, rise to N
√daa ² (verb root) accustomed to; figure out
N + ee⁓ + ∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal) accustomed to; used to | for N to become accustomed to, get used to it
N + x̱ʼéix̱ + ∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal) accustomed to; used to | for N to become used to, accustomed to it (of manner of speech or flavor of food)
N-x̱ + O-tu-∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal) accustomed to; used to | for O to become used to, accustomed to N (esp. in attitudes)
N + kát⁓ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√daa ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) watch ¹; keep eye on | for S to keep an eye on, watch N
N + káa + yan⁓ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√daa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) watch ¹; keep eye on | for S to keep an eye on, watch N
√daak (verb root) cook; steam ¹ | cook or steam food in a pit
√daakw (verb root) render
a-S-∅-√daakw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) render | for S to render something down (for oil) (esp. seal blubber)
√daaḵ ¹ (verb root) clear up
a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ (na event verb – impersonal) clear up; stop | for rain to stop; for the sky to clear up
N + daa + a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ (na event verb – impersonal) conscious; come to; sober | for N to regain consciousness; for N to come to oneʼs senses; for N to sober up
√daaḵ ² (verb root) move ² | move residence
{na preverb} + O-s-√daaḵ ² (na motion verb – object intransitive) move ²; migrate | for O to move household (permanently), migrate
kei + O-s-√daaḵ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) move ²; migrate | for O to move household (permanently), migrate
√daaḵ ³ (verb root) bankward
√daal (verb root) heavy
O-∅-√dál ˟ heavy; important | for O (an inanimate object) to be heavy; for O to be important
√daalʼ (verb root) imprint ¹; mark ¹
O-ka-S-l-√dáalʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) type; print ¹ | for S to type O
√daan (verb root) pile | pile up
a-ÿa-ka-∅-√dáan (∅ event verb – impersonal) snow ² | for it to snow heavily
√daas (verb root) light ²
√daasʼ (verb root) wear through; snare | wear through (with wire)
O-S-d+l-√dáasʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) snare | for S to snare O
√daat (verb root) bounce
√daax̱ ¹ (verb root) hew
√daax̱ ² (verb root) inertia
√dáanaa ˟ (verb root) money
√deiḵ (verb root) challenge
O-S-∅-√deiḵ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive) challenge | for S to challenge O
√deil (verb root) protect ¹
(N + káx̱) + yan⁓ + a-S-∅-√deil (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) watch ¹; lookout; protect ¹; guard ¹ | for S to keep watch, keep a lookout (over N)
√deixʼ (verb root) ashamed; shame
O-ka-∅-√déixʼ ˟ (na state verb – object intransitive) ashamed; shame: feel shame | for O to be ashamed; for O to be feel shame
O-ka-S-l-√déixʼ ˟ (na act verb – transitive) shame: put to shame; embarassed | for O to be shamed by S; for O to be embarrassed by S; for O to be put to shame by S
√dín ˟ (verb root) worry
O-tu-ka-∅-√dín ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive) concerned; trouble | for O to be upset, troubled, lacking peace of mind
√deek ¹ (verb root) steer
√deek ² (verb root) dipnet
a-S-d+s-√deek ² (na act verb – subject intransitive) fish ²; dipnet | for S to fish with a dipnet
√deekʼ (verb root) constipate
O-S-s-√déekʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) constipate; plug | for S to constipate, plug O
O-d+s-√déekʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) constipated; plugged | for O to be constipated, plugged
√dees (verb root) shine | for the moon to shine
a-d+l-√dées ˟ (g̱a event verb – impersonal) shine; moon | for the moon to shine
√deexʼ (verb root) plug ¹; cork; shut | plug up; cork; shut mouth or opening
O-S-∅-√déexʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) plug ¹ | for S to plug up O (a hole in a surface)
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√déexʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) cork; shut | for S to cork up (bottle), shut mouth of O
√dooch (verb root) rub
√doochʼ ¹ (verb root) twisting roll; pinch
√doochʼ ² (verb root) cut ¹ | cut preserving bone
√dook ¹ (verb root) solid ; whole
√dook ² (verb root) dry; smoke ¹ | partially dry and smoke fish
√dooḵ (verb root) slush
√doolʼ (verb root) erection
√doosʼ ¹ (verb root) surge; lurch
√doosʼ ² (verb root) soot
√dootʼ (verb root) hiccup
√dootl ¹ (verb root) doubled-up; crumpled-up
N + séit⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√dootl ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) hug | for S to hug N
√dootl ² coax to self; entice
tóo-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√dootl (∅ motion verb – transitive) coax; entice; call; bring | for s to coax, entice, call, or bring O to oneself (esp. child or wild animal)
√dooxʼ (verb root) tie | tie knot
O-ka-S-∅-√dóoxʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) tie | for S to tie O in a knot
√dlaa (verb root) • variants: √tlaa ¹ • settle | settlements to settle
√dlaakw (verb root) scratch | scratch with nails, claws
√dlaaḵ (verb root) gain; obtain; succeed; defeat
O-ÿa-S-∅-√dlaaḵ (na event verb – transitive) get; obtain; acquire; succeed; accomplish; defeat; beat ² | for S to gain, get, obtain, acquire O; for S to succeed, accomplish O; for S to defeat, beat O
√dlaan (verb root) deep; piled thickly
∅-√dlaan (g̱a state verb – impersonal) deep; piled thickly | for water, snow, etc. to be deep, to be piled thickly
yan⁓ + ka-∅-√dlaan (∅ motion verb – impersonal) deep; piled thickly; pile up | for grain-like objects, pine needles, snow to be deep, thick, pile up
√dlaaxʼw (verb root) coil
√dlaax̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) strand; tide ¹ | stranded by the tide
√dlaax̱ʼw ² (verb root) clear | water to clear
√dlénx̱aa ˟ (verb root) tempt; try out; test
O-ka-u-S-∅-√dlénx̱aa ˟ (na act verb – transitive) tempt; try out; test | for S to tempt, try out, test O
√dleigu • variants: √dleikw • shake hands || pat | pat affectionately
O-S-l-√dléigu ˟ (na act verb – transitive) pat; pet | for S to pat O (esp. under chin or on back, to express affection); for S to pet O (esp. under chin or on back, to express affection)
N + jín + S-l-√dléigu ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) shake hands | for s to shake hands with N;
√dleikw (verb root) • variants: √dlaakw • startle
O-S-l-√dléikw (∅ event verb – transitive) startle; scare | for S to scare, startle O
√dleitl (verb root) hang; slack | hang slack
√dleixw (verb root) thumb; remove; peel | remove seafood to eat using thumb; peel skin using thumb
√dleey (verb root) meaty; muscular
√dlooḵ gooey; sticky
O-sh-√dlooḵ (∅ – object intransitive) sticky; gooey | for O to be sticky, gooey
N + waaḵ + ka-d+∅-√dlooḵ (? – object intransitive) pus | for Nʼs eyes to have pus, mucus
√dloox (verb root) • variants: dleexw • peel | to peel skin
√dzaas ¹ thong; lace
√dzaas ² (verb root) winded; tired
√dzaay (verb root) beard
√dzeen (verb root) snare | small snare
√dzeey (verb root) balk; resist
√dzée ˟ (verb root) difficult; hard; frustrating | hard (abstract)
O-l-√dzée ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) difficult; frustrating; hard | for O to be very difficult, frustrating, almost impossible, hard (abstract)
√dzoo throw | throw as missile
O-S-∅-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive) throw | for S to throw something as missile at O
O-sha-S-∅-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive) throw | for S to throw something as missile at the head of O
N-ch + O-S-l-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive) throw | for S to throw N as missile at O
N-ch + O-sha-S-l-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive) throw | for S to throw N as missile at the head of O
√dzooxʼ (verb root) clam; crush; juice | crush clams for juice
√ei ¹ (verb root) answer; reply ¹
a-S-d+∅-√.ei ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive) answer; reply ¹ | for S to answer, reply to a greeting or to oneʼs name
√ei ² (verb root) ask for; wish for
O-S-d+s-√.ei ² (g̱a event verb – transitive) ask for; wish for | for S to ask for more O (often as a payment, often by a medicine person); for S to wish for more O
√eik ¹ (verb root) meaningless
√eik ² (verb root) • variants: √aak ⁵ (T,Y,K) • paralyze | paralyzed by shock
O-d+∅-√.éik ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) paralyzed\; incapable | for O to be paralyzed with fright, shock or surprise; for O to panic, be incapable of action
√eikw (verb root) whistle
a-ka-u-S-∅-√.éikw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) whistle | for S to whistle
√eilʼ (verb root) salty
l-√.éilʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) salty | for something to be salty
√ein (verb root) starve
√eis (verb root) stagger
{na preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-l-√.eis ˟ (na motion verb – object intransitive) stagger | for O to stagger (esp. of young child or drunkard)
{ga preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-l-√.eis ˟ (ga motion verb – object intransitive) stagger | for O to stagger (esp. of young child or drunkard)
√eitsʼ (verb root) careful; delicate
√eix̱ (verb root) • variants: √eex̱ • oil ²; grease ² | oily; greasy
√gaa ¹ (verb root) delay; hesitate; tide ¹; calm | slack tide
du-∅-√gaa ¹ ʰ (∅ event verb – impersonal) tide ¹ | for the tide to be slack
N + toowú + du-∅-√gaa ¹ ʰ (∅ event verb – impersonal) calm; peaceful | for N to be calm, at peace
N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive) delay; wait ¹; pause; take oneʼs time; stay behind; detained | for O to delay, wait, pause, take oneʼs time, stay behind, or be detained at N
√gaa ² (verb root) distribute; put away
yan⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√gaa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive) put up; store up; accumulate | for S to put up, store up, accumulate O (esp. food for winter)
√gaa ³ (verb root) predict
O-shu-S-s-√gaa ³ (na act verb – transitive) predict | for S to predict O
√gaaḵ (verb root) visit
O-S-∅-√gaaḵ (g̱a event verb – transitive) visit | for S to visit O (esp. a particular person)
√gaalʼ (verb root) cataract
√gaan ¹ (verb root) burn ¹; light ¹; shine
N-t⁓ + a-ka-∅-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) burn ¹; alight; on ² | for N (fire) to burn, catch alight; for N (light) to be on
a-d+∅-√gaan ¹ (g̱a event verb – impersonal) sun; shine | for the sun to shine
ka-d+∅-√gáan ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal) shine; light ¹ | for something to shine, produce light by burning
kei + O-S-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) burn up | for S to burn O up
N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) light ¹; set fire; shine; turn on | for S to light, set fire to, cause N to shine; for S to turn N on (light)
√gaan ² (verb root) lean on
√gaasʼ (verb root) housepost; fall; migrate; move ² | classification: large stick-like object
N-t⁓ + sh S-d+l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) leap on; pounce | for S to leap, pounce on N
N-dé + O-l-√gáasʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive) migrate; move ² | for O to migrate (with future plans unspecified) to N; for O to move household (with future plans unspecified) to N
P-t⁓ + O-l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) migrate; move ² | for O to migrate (with future plans unspecified) to N; for O to move household (with future plans unspecified) to N
yan⁓ + O-ÿa-∅-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) fall; nod off; fall asleep | for O to fall on face; for O to nod off, fall asleep while sitting up
√gaaw (verb root) loud; noisy || fight; defend
O-sa-l-√gaaw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) loud-voiced; noisy | for O to be loud-voiced, noisy in speech
(n een) + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) fight | for S to fight (with N)
N + káx̱ + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) fight for; defend | for S to fight for, defend N
√gaaxʼ ¹ (verb root) pray
x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) pray | for S to pray for self
sh + káa + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) pray | for S to pray (for self)
√gaaxʼ ² (verb root) tired of; annoyed | tired of a sound; annoyed by a sound
√gaaxʼw (verb root) riddle
a-S-d+l-√gáaxʼw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) riddle | for S to make riddles
O-S-l-√gáaxʼw (∅ act verb – transitive) guess | for S to make O guess
√gaay (verb root) noise | make noise
√gei ¹ (verb root) big; many
∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – impersonal) many; plenty | for a solid mass or abstracts to be plentiful, be lots, many | classification: general, compact object; abstract
ka-∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – impersonal) big | for a singular, usually spherical object to be big | classification: round or spherical; singular
(yéi) + ka-u-∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal) big; many | for a thing to be (so) big; for things to be (so) many | classification: singular
(yéi) + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal) big | for (plural) things to be (so) big | classification: plural
N + yáanáx̱ + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal) bigger | for an object (inanimate) to be bigger than N | classification: plural
N + ḵín + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal) smaller | for an object (inanimate) to be smaller than N | classification: plural
O-l-√gei ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) | for O (esp. live creature or building) to be big, tall | classification: animate or building
√gei ² (verb root) small
yéi + ka-u-∅-√géinkʼ state verb small | for a singular inanimate object to be small | classification: inanimate
yéi + ka-u-s-√géinkʼ state verb small | for a singular animate object to be small | classification: animate
(yéi) + ka-u-d+s-√gei ² (ga state verb – impersonal) small | for grain-like objects to be small | classification: grain-like objects
√gei ³ (verb root) understand; comprehend
N + daa + yaa + ḵu-shu-s-√géi ³ (ga state verb – impersonal) understand; comprehend | for N to understand, comprehend
tlél + yaa + ḵu-S-d+sh-√géi ³ (ga state verb – subject intransitive) foolish; dimwitted; unwise; crazy | for S to be foolish, dimwitted, unwise, or crazy
yaa + ḵu-S-d+s-√géi ³ (ga state verb – subject intransitive) intelligent; smart; wise | for S to be intelligent, smart, wise
√gei ⁴ (verb root) stingy
yaa + O-S-sh-√gei ⁴ (∅ state verb – transitive) stingy | for S to be stingy with, not want to share, O
√geiḵ (verb root) unsuitable; harmful; restrain
ka-u-d+∅-√géiḵ (ga state verb – impersonal) unsuitable; improper; illegal | for something to be unsuitable, improper
√geil (verb root) braid | braid seal intestines
√geinkʼ (verb root) small
√geis (verb root) call | call for (esp. a dog)
√geit (verb root) walk | walk softly; tiptoe
√geitl (verb root) frail | frail health; poor health
√geiy (verb root) pay | pay off
√geiyáḵw ˟ (verb root) claim; sue | claim as payment; sue for payment
√gídákw ˟ (verb root) show off
√geen (verb root) wrinkle
O-ka-sh-√géen (∅ event verb – transitive) wrinkle | for S to wrinkle O
O-ka-d+sh-√géen (∅ event verb – object intransitive) wrinkled | for O to be wrinkled
√geesh (verb root) soak
√geet ¹ (verb root) fall; move ¹ | move quickly | classification: animate
N-dé + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive) fall | for O (live creature) to fall into N | classification: animate
N-t⁓ + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) fall | for O (live creature) to fall into, against N
daak + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) fall | for O to fall (esp. off of something)
N-náx̱ + yei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) fall; trip | for O (live creature) to fall down N | classification: animate
kei + O-S-s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) wake ¹; rouse | for S to wake O up, rouse O from sleep
kei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) wake ¹ | for O to wake up
ḵut + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (ga – object intransitive) lost | for O to lose oneself, be lost, usure of oneʼs location
√geet ² (verb root) do; act | classification: animate
at + géit + S-d+s-√geet ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) violate; break law; act against; wrongdoing | for s to violate, break (law or custom), to do something wrong
√geets (verb root) rash; hives
√gúkch ˟ (verb root) practice; training; learn how
√gúklʼ (verb root) skilled; learn how | become skilled
√gúnlʼ (verb root) burl; try | have a burl; try hard
√goo ¹ (verb root) happy; fun; joyful
N + toowú + s-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal) happy; glad | for N to be happy, glad
N + tuwáa + S-s-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive) want; like ¹; desire; pleasing | for N to want, like, desire S; for S to be pleasing to N
tlél + O-tu-sh-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive) unhappy; lonesome | for O to be unhappy, lonesome
√goo ² (verb root) swim; travel | swim in school (especially sea mammals); travel in fleet on water | classification: plural
{na preverb} + ÿa-S-∅-√goo ² swim; travel | for S to travel in a pod or fleet (of sea mammals or canoes)
√goo ³ (verb root) push; poke
N-t + x̱ʼus-sha-S-s-√goo ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) trip; stumble; stub | for S to trip over N; for S to stub toe on N; for S to stumble on N
yan + x̱ʼus-sha-S-s-√goo ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) trip; stumble; stub | for S to trip, stumble, stub toe
√gooch (verb root) carry | carry something to give to someone, esp. food
√gook ¹ (verb root) know how; learn how; master a skill
O-S-sh-√góok ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive) know how; learn how | for S to know, learn how to do O
√gook ² (verb root) peck
O-S-∅-O-S-∅-√gook ² peck | for S to peck O
N + daa + a-S-∅-√gook ² peck | for S to peck around N
√gooḵ ¹ (verb root) run ¹ | classification: plural
{∅ preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural
{na preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural
{ga preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (ga motion verb – object intransitive) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural
√gooḵ ² (verb root) push | move by pushing
O-S-√gooḵ ² push | for S to move O by pushing with hands
√gooḵ ³ (verb root) dry | to dry salmon eggs
√goolʼ (verb root) wink; eye | one eye
√goon (verb root) chance | get a chance
√goosʼ (verb root) cloudy
ḵu-l-√góosʼ (ga state verb – impersonal) cloudy | for the sky to be cloudy
√goot ¹ (verb root) walk; go | classification: singular subject
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
neil⁓ + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in (singular) O
a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) appoint; choose | for S to appoint (singular) O, choose O for a certain position
N + jikaadáx̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) get out of way | for (singular) S to get out of Nʼs way
a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) turn back; go back | for (singular) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term)
{na preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
gánde + S-∅-√goot (na motion verb – subject intransitive) go; bathroom; pee; urinate; poop ¹; defecate | for (singular) S to go to the bathroom
{ga preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go
yaa + shu-S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga event verb – transitive) lead ² | for S to lead (singular) O (especially by walking ahead)
N + ítx̱ + yaa + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive) follow ¹ | for (singular) S to follow N (on foot)
{g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (g̱a motion verb – subject intransitive) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
√gootl (verb root) • variants: √gooch • hill; mound
√gooxʼ (verb root) dip
√goox̱ (verb root) slave | have slave
√gwaal (verb root) beat ¹; knock; hit; ring ¹; stab
O-S-∅-√gwaal (ga act verb – transitive) beat ¹; ring ¹; stab | for S to beat O (esp. drum); for S to ring O (bell); for S to stab O
O-ÿa-S-∅-√gwaal (∅ event verb – transitive) hit; punch | for S to hit O in the face (with fist); for S to punch O
sh d+∅-√gwaal (∅ act verb – impersonal) ring ¹ | for a telephone or bell to ring
√gwaalʼ (verb root) curl
√gwaasʼ (verb root) foggy
ḵu-d+∅-√gwáasʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal) foggy | for the weather to be foggy
√gwaash (verb root) hop | hop on one leg
{na preverb} + ÿa-S-d+l-√gwáash (na motion verb – subject intransitive) hop | for S to hop
√gwaatʼ (verb root) upside down
√gwaatl (verb root) roll; curl up | curl up in a ball (of person or animal)
{na preverb} + O-∅-√gwáatl (na motion verb – object intransitive) roll | for O to roll; for O to move by rolling
{∅ preverb} + O-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) roll | for O to roll; for O to move by rolling
{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – transitive) roll | for S to roll O; for S to move O by rolling
N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – impersonal) roll | for a spherical object to roll to N | classification: round or spherical object
áa + yax̱ + ∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – impersonal) capsize; overturn | for a boat to capsize, overturn
O-ḵʼa-d+∅-√gwáatl (∅ event verb – object intransitive) astonished; flabbergasted | for O to be astonished, flabbergasted, left open-mouthed
O-ka-S-l-√gwáatl (na motion verb – transitive) roll | for S to roll O (log, barrel, etc.)
O-ka-S-l-√gwaatl (∅ act verb – transitive) bend ¹; fold up | for S to bend O (leg or arm); for S to fold up O (paper, etc.) in a loose roll
N-t + ka-ka-∅-√gwáatl (na motion verb – impersonal) rock ²; roll | for a canoe, boat to rock, roll around at N
N-t + O-ka-ka-S-l-√gwáatl (na motion verb – transitive) rock ²; roll | for S to rock, roll O (boat) at N
√g̱aa (verb root) shy
√g̱aaḵ ¹ bay ²; yelp
√g̱aaḵ ² gamble | gamble with gambling sticks that are tossed
√g̱aas (verb root) forbidden; taboo
l-√g̱aas ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) forbidden; taboo; inappropriate | for something to be forbidden, taboo, not allowed by custom
at S-l-√g̱aas ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) abstain; refrain from | for S to abstain, refrain from, keep from doing (usually for ceremonial or religious reasons, esp. of lent)
√g̱aasʼ ¹ (verb root) scratch | scratch with long scratches
O-S-l-√g̱áasʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) scratch | for S to scratch O to relieve itching; for S to scratch O with long scratches
sh S-d+l-√g̱áasʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) scratch | for S to scratch oneself to relieve itching
√g̱aasʼ ² (verb root) striped
ka-d+l-√g̱áasʼ ˟ ² (ga state verb – impersonal) striped | for something to be striped
√g̱aat ¹ (verb root) split; fall apart; fall | fall scattered | classification: small objects
O-ka-S-l-√g̱áat ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) sift | for S to sift O
O-ka-S-l-√g̱átch ¹ ˟ (na act verb – transitive) sprinkle; scatter | for S to sprinkle, scatter O carefully
√g̱aat ² (verb root) trap ¹
O-S-d+s-√g̱áat ² (∅ event verb – transitive) trap ¹; catch | for S to trap, catch O in trap (deadfall or other, but not fishtrap)
√g̱aat ³ (verb root) | disoriented
N + daa + yaa + ḵu-∅-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – impersonal) dizzy | for N to be dizzy
yaa + ḵu-S-l-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – transitive) forget | for S to forget O
N + daa + yaa + ḵu-S-l-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) • variants: N + daa + yaa + ḵu-S-s-√g̱áat ³ • dizzy | for S to make N dizzy
N-t + yaa + ḵu-S-d+l-√g̱áat ³ ˟ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) wander | for S to wander around at N; for S to wander around at N trying to find the way
√g̱aax̱ (verb root) cry; wail
S-∅-√g̱aax̱ (ga act verb – subject intransitive) cry; weep; mourn; lament | for (singluar) S to cry, weep; for (singular) S to mourn, lament | classification: singular subject • classification: singular
ka-S-d+∅-√g̱aax̱ (ga act verb – subject intransitive) cry out; scream | for S to cry loudly (of child, or person in great pain); for S to cry out or scream (in fear or pain)
O-ka-S-s-√g̱aax̱ (na event verb – transitive) cry | for S to make O cry, cause O to cry
O-S-d+s-√g̱áax̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive) cry for; ask for | for S to cry for, ask for O
√g̱aax̱ʼ (verb root) thin; skinny
O-sh-√g̱áax̱ʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive) thin; lean; skinny | for O to be thin, lean, skinny
√g̱ei (verb root) • variants: √g̱ee • shining; fancy
O-ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive) fancy; prominent; conspicuous; attracting attention | for O to be fancy, prominent (esp. in appearance), conspicuous, attracting attention
N + toowú + ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – impersonal) proud; pleased | for N to be proud of, highly pleased with
sh tu-ka-S-d+l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – subject intransitive) proud; conceited; particular; picky; snooty | for s to be proud (esp. of oneself), conceited; for s to be particular, picky, snooty
O-sha-ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive) pretty; cute; beautiful | for O to be pretty, cute, beautiful
√g̱eiḵ ¹ (verb root) swing
N-t + O-S-l-√g̱eiḵ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive) swing | for S to swing O back and forth at N
N-t + O-l-√g̱eiḵ ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive) swing; sway | for O to swing, sway back and forth at N
√g̱eiḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √g̱eeḵ • stingy
O-sh-√g̱eeḵ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) stingy; unwilling to give | for O to be stingy, unwilling to give or share much
√g̱ein (verb root) • variants: √g̱een • cast eyes; look ¹
N-t⁓ + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) look ¹ | for S to look at N
N-t + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein (na motion verb – subject intransitive) look ¹ | for S to look around, about N
√g̱eiwú (verb root) fish with net
a-S-d+s-√g̱eiwú ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) fish ²; seine | for S to fish with net, seine
√g̱eiy (verb root) • variants: √g̱eey • dress up
sh ka-S-d+sh-√g̱eiy ˟ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) dress up | for S to dress up, smarten up, make an effort to look different
√g̱eiyáḵw ˟ (verb root) remove | remove from shell
√g̱íx̱ʼ (verb root) creak; rub; squeak | squeak by rubbing
O-l-√g̱íx̱ʼ (na – object intransitive) rub | for O to be rubbing against something (making a grating or squeaking noise)
O-S-l-√g̱íx̱ʼ (na – transitive) rub | for S to rub O (two surfaces) together
O-√g̱íx̱ʼjaa creak; squeak | for O to be creaky or squeaky
O-sh-√g̱íx̱ʼ creak; squeak | for O to creak, squeak by producing friction
√g̱ee (verb root) shining; fancy
√g̱eech ¹ (verb root) pierce; prick
N-t⁓ + ÿa-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) pierce; prick; bite | for a sharp object to pierce, enter, prick N; for an animal to bite N
N-dé + ÿa-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal) pierce; prick; bite | for a sharp object to pierce, enter, prick N; for an animal to bite N
N-t⁓ + ÿa-d+l-√g̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) pierce; prick | for (plural) sharp objects to pierce, enter, prick N | classification: plural object
√g̱eech ² throw | classification: stick-like object || | classification: plural objects one at a time || fell tree; knock over || open ¹; close ¹ | classification: book
O-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive) throw | for S to throw O (one at a time) | classification: one at a time
S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive) throw | for S to throw (one thing at a time) | classification: one at a time
O-ka-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive) throw; donate | for S to throw O (round object, one at a time, or contents of a container); for S to donate O (money, usually of present action) | classification: one at a time
O-S-l-√g̱eech ² (na – transitive) fell tree | for S to fell O (a single tree) | classification: singular object
O-S-l-√g̱eech ² (∅ – transitive) fell tree; clear | for S to fell O (multiple trees or bushes, rocks); for S to clear O (bushes or trees) from an area | classification: plural objects
káx̱ + O-sha-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ – transitive) knock over | for S to knock over O (plural objects) | classification: plural objects, singular: O-sha-S-s-√g̱eexʼ
O-shu-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (na – transitive) throw; turn over | for S to throw (while holding onto one end); for S to turn over O (pages); for S to leaf through a book or magazine
kát + sha-ka-S-d+l-√g̱eech ² (∅ – subject intransitive) dive | for S (plural) to dive from the surface of the water | classification: singular, plural sha-S-d+∅-√x̱eech ¹
√g̱eel (verb root) dull
ÿa-d+∅-√g̱éel (∅ event verb – impersonal) blunt; dull | for an edge to be blunt, dull
√g̱eelʼ (verb root) sharpen; grind; rub; polish
O-ka-S-sh-√g̱éelʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) polish | for S to polish O
O-ÿa-S-∅-√g̱éelʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) sharpen | for S to sharpen O (with a grindstone)
√g̱eet ¹ (verb root) squall; storm
a-∅-√g̱éet ¹ ˟ (na event verb – impersonal) precipitate; rain; hail; snow ² | for rain, hail, snow to fall (often hard, in dark rainstorm)
√g̱eet ² (verb root) dark
ḵu-ka-d+sh-√g̱éet ² (∅ event verb – impersonal) dark | for the sky to be dark
√g̱eexʼ (verb root) throw | classification: singular inanimate object || donate
ḵut + O-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (ga motion verb – transitive) lose | for S to lose O | classification: singular inanimate object
O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (na event verb – transitive) donate; load; shoot; throw | for S to donate O (esp. money); for S to load O (gun), put bullet in; for S to shoot O (basketball); for S to throw O (ball) | classification: spherical or round object
kei + O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive) throw | for S to throw O (esp. ball) up in the air | classification: spherical or round object
ka-S-d+∅-√g̱éexʼ (na event verb – subject intransitive) donate; contribute | for S to donate, contribute
N-t⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√g̱éexʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) donate; contribute; add to | for S to donate, contribute, add to N
ḵut + O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (ga motion verb – transitive) lose | for S to lose O (round, spherical object) | classification: spherical or round object
√g̱oo (verb root) wipe; mop
O-S-l-O-S-l-√g̱oo (g̱a act verb – transitive) wipe; mop | for S to wipe, mop, clean O by wiping
√g̱ook (verb root) clutch; squeeze
O-ka-S-∅-√g̱ook (∅ event verb – transitive) clutch; hold | for S to clutch, hold tightly onto O
√g̱ootl (verb root) mash; squeeze
O-ka-S-∅-√g̱ootl (∅ act verb – transitive) mash; squeeze | for S to mash O by squeezing in the hand; for S to squeeze O tightly
√g̱waatʼ ¹ (verb root) crawl | crawl on hands and knees
{na preverb} + S-d+∅-√g̱wáatʼ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) crawl | for S (esp. child) to crawl on hands and knees
{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√g̱wáatʼ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) crawl | for S (esp. child) to crawl on hands and knees
√g̱waatʼ ² (verb root) close ¹ | close up completely
√haa ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | move many small parts
O-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (na act verb – transitive) plant ² | for S to plant O
a-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive) garden ¹; dig | for S to garden, dig
kei + O-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) dig up | for S to dig O up
O-ÿa-S-s-√haa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) gather up; pick up; take up | for S to gather up, pick up, take up O
√haa ² (verb root) many; numerous
N-t⁓ + O-ÿa-d+∅-√haa ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) move ²; come around; crowd ¹ | for O to move in, come around, crowd at N (of large numbers, esp. people, birds)
O-sha-ÿa-d+∅-√haa ʰ ² (na state verb – object intransitive) many; plenty; lots | for O to be many, plenty, lots
√haa ³ (verb root) move ¹; invisible | move imperceptably; move invisibly
N + jee-t⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√haa ³ give; get | for S to give O to N; for S to get O for N
N + ée-t⁓ + ∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) hungry | for N to be hungry
N + ée-t⁓ + yaan + O-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive) hungry | for S to make N hungry
N-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) time for; arrive | for the time to come for N
N + ée-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) turn ²; have a turn | for N to have a turn
N + daatx̱ + ḵu-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (na act verb – subject intransitive) polish; rub | for S to polish N; for S to rub N until shiny
N + káa + daak + sa-∅-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) remember | for O to remember N
N + káa + daak + sa-S-l-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive) remind | for S to remind O about N
sh + tóo + a-sha-S-d+l-√háa ˟ ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) injure | for S to injure oneself
tlél + ga-u-∅-√háa ³ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) obvious; visible | for something to be obvious, clearly visible
N-dáx̱ + O-S-s-√haa ³ (na act verb – transitive) erase | for S to erase O off of N; for S to rub O off of N; for S to make off with O from N (withouth them knowing)
√haa ⁴ (verb root) want; willing
(yéi) + O-sa-S-∅-√haa ⁴ (na state verb – transitive) want; decided; agree | for S to want O (a certain way); for S to be decided about O; for S to agree to O
N + géi⁓ + O-ka-S-s-√haa ⁴ (∅ state verb – transitive) accuse; blame | for S to accuse, blame N
√haa ⁵ (verb root) fight
ḵu-S-l-√haa ⁵ (ga – subject intransitive) fight; wrestle | for S to fight hand to hand (with N); for S to wrestle, box (with N)
√haach (verb root) tingle; paralyzed
√haachʼ (verb root) shameful
O-ka-l-√háachʼ (ga state verb – object intransitive) shameful | for O to be a shameful thing
sh ka-S-d+l-√háachʼ (na state verb – subject intransitive) shame; embarrass | for S to shame, embarrass themself
√haakw ¹ (verb root) suspicious
√haakw ² (verb root) rally; encourage | rally round
√haan ¹ (verb root) stand; rise | classification: singular
S-∅-√hán ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive) stand | for (singular) S to be standing | classification: singular
yan⁓ + S-∅-√haan ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) stand | for (singular) S to keep standing; for (singular) S to stand firm | classification: singular
S-d+∅-√haan ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive) stand; rise | for (singular) S to stand up, rise | classification: singular
(N + náḵ) + a-ÿa-S-d+∅-√haan ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) flee; run ¹; turn back | S to flee, run, turn back ( from N) | classification: singular
√haan ² (verb root) cut ¹; fringe | cut strips; cut fringe
√haasʼ (verb root) nauseated; vomit
O-∅-√háasʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) vomit | for O to vomit
√haash (verb root) drift ¹; float ¹
{∅ preverb} + O-l-√haash (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift
daak + O-l-√haash (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift out to sea
{na preverb} + O-l-√haash (na motion verb – object intransitive) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift
√haat ¹ (verb root) carry; lug | classification: heavy object
√haat ² (verb root) cover ¹; enclose; herd
√haatlʼ (verb root) soil ²; mess
O-daa-d+∅-√háatlʼ (∅ – object intransitive) soil ²; mess | for O to be covered with excrement, rust, dirt
√hélʼk (verb root) clumsy
tlél + O-ka-u-∅-√hélʼk ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) weak; helpless | for O to be weak, helpless
√heik ¹ (verb root) moan
√heik ² (verb root) • variants: √heek ² • hyperactive | move in hyperactive manner; jump hyperactively
√hein (verb root) own; claim
O-S-∅-√héin ˟ (na state verb – transitive) own; claim | for S to own, claim o (esp. clan property)
woosh + teen + O-S-d+∅- √héin ˟ (na – transitive) share; have in common | for S (plural) to share O; for S (plural) to have O in common | classification: plural subject
√heish (verb root) disgraceful
√héix̱waa (verb root) magic; charm; perform rites
O-S-∅-√héix̱waa ˟ (na act verb – transitive) magic; charm; perform rites | for S to make magic, perform rites on O to bring desirable results in nature or give youngsters power and confidence
√hee ¹ (verb root) pay | pay a medicine person
√hee ² (verb root) nasty
√heech (verb root) watch ¹; accuse | watch covertly
√heek (verb root) full; fill | classification: solids or abstracts
O-sha-∅-√heek (∅ event verb – object intransitive) filled; full | for O to be filled, be full (general and abstract) | classification: solids or abstracts
O-sha-S-l-√heek (∅ event verb – transitive) fill | for S to fill O (with solids or abstracts) | classification: solids or abstracts
yan⁓ + O-sha-S-l-√heek (∅ motion verb – transitive) finish; complete | for S to finish, complete O
√heen ¹ (verb root) believe; trust
N + éekʼ + a-S-∅-√heen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive) believe; trust; believe in | for S to believe, trust, believe in N
sh + tóokʼ + a-S-d+∅-√heen ¹ ˟ (na state verb – subject intransitive) trust self; confidence in self | for S to trust oneself, have confidence in oneself
√heen ² (verb root) swim | school of fish to swim underwater | classification: plural
√heen ³ (verb root) water down; mix | mix with water
√heesʼ (verb root) borrow; loan
O-S-∅-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive) borrow | for S to borrow O
O-ka-S-∅-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive) borrow | for S to borrow O (esp. round, spherical object) | classification: round or sperical object
N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√héesʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive) lend | for S to lend O to N
√heets (verb root) singe | singe hair, fur, or feathers
O-S-l-√heets (∅ act verb – transitive) singe | for S to singe hair, fur, or feathres off O
√heexw (verb root) bewitch; witchcraft | practice witchcraft
O-S-∅-√heexw (∅ act verb – transitive) bewitch; witchcraft | for O to bewitch S; for O to perform witchcraft on O
√hoo ¹ (verb root) wade; swim | swim on surface of water | classification: singular
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√hoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) wade; swim | for (singular) S to wade; for (singular) S to swim on surface of water
N-t + ji-S-d+∅-√hoo ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) wade; swim | for S to wade around at N (esp. aimlessly or in circles)
√hoo ² (verb root) suspect
√hoo ³ (verb root) exclaim | to say « hú! »
√hook (verb root) shout
kei + O-S-∅-√hook (∅ act verb – transitive) shout | for S to lift O (an emptied container of berries or fruit) at ḵu.éexʼ | classification: ḵu.éexʼ
chush + tóodáx̱ + kei + S-∅-√hook (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) shout; grief | for S to remove grief with ritual shouts at ḵu.éexʼ | classification: ḵu.éexʼ
√hoon (verb root) sell
O-S-∅-√hoon (na act verb – transitive) sell | for S to sell O
O-S-l-√hoon (na event verb – transitive) selling; peddle; hawk ² | for S to go selling, peddle, hawk O
S-d+l-√hoon (na event verb – subject intransitive) spending; shopping | for S to go spending, go shopping
√hoot (verb root) carry | carry in apron || plank | to put planks on
√hootlʼ (verb root) wrinkled
√ín (verb root) observe; guard ¹
√ítʼch (verb root) sparkle; reflect light
ka-d+l-√ítʼch ˟ (∅ state verb – impersonal) sparkle; reflect light | for something to sparkle, reflect light
√íx̱tʼ (verb root) medicine person
√ee ¹ (verb root) cook
O-S-s-√.ee ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) cook | for S to cook O
at S-s-√.ee ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) cook | for S to cook
yan⁓ + ∅-√.ee ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) cooked | for food to be cooked, done cooking
√ee ² (verb root) slide ¹; flow
√een ¹ (verb root) carry | classification: container with contents
O-S-∅-√.een (∅ act verb – transitive) | for S to pick O (esp. berries) into a container
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√.een (∅ motion verb – transitive) carry; take; give | for S to pick O (esp. berries) into a container
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√.een (na motion verb – transitive) carry; take; give | for S to pick O (esp. berries) into a container
√een ² | classification: plural kill ¹; slaughter
√een ³ (verb root) sneak
√ees (verb root) whistle | whistle quietly
√eesh (verb root) thread ²; string ² | thread together; string together
O-ka-S-l-√.eesh (∅ act verb – transitive) string ² | for S to thread O (esp. beads), string together
√eesháan (verb root) pitiful; poor
O-l-√eesháan ˟ (∅ pitiful; poor | for O to be pitiable, poor, in an unfortunate state
√eet (verb root) change; transform | change proportion
a-S-d+∅-√éet change; transform | for S to change its proportion; for S to change itself into something else
√eetʼ ¹ (verb root) soak
O-ka-d+∅-√.éetʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) soak; waterlogged | for O to be soaked, waterlogged
√eexʼ (verb root) call out; yell; shout; invite
O-S-∅-√.éexʼ ˟ (na act verb – transitive) call out; shout; holler | for S to call out to, shout to, holler at O
O-S-∅-√.éexʼ ˟ (g̱a event verb – transitive) invite; ask | for S to invite O, ask O to a party
√eex̱ (verb root) • variants: √eix̱ • oily; greasy | oily; greasy
√jaa (verb root) instruct; advise; counsel
O-shu-ka-∅-√jaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive) instruct; show ¹; advise; counsel | for S to instruct, show O (by word); for S to advise, give advice to, counsel O
√jaaḵ (verb root) | classification: singular kill ¹
O-S-∅-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive) kill ¹ | for S to kill O | classification: singular
táach + O-S-∅-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive) fall asleep | for (singular) O to fall asleep ("for sleep to kill (singular) O) | classification: singular object
táach + yax̱ + O-ÿa-S-l-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive) fall asleep | for (plural) O to fall asleep ("for sleep to kill (plural) O") | classification: plural object
√jaaḵw ¹ (verb root) beat up; assault
O-S-∅-√jáaḵw ¹ (na act verb – transitive) beat up; assault; attack | for S to beat up, assault, violently attack O
√jaaḵw ² (verb root) fitting; suited for; perfect
√jeich ¹ (verb root) surprise; astonish; amaze
O-ÿa-S-l-√jeich ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive) suprise; astonish; amaze | for S to suprise, astonish, amaze O
O-ÿa-∅-√jeich ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive) surprised; astonished; amazed | for O to be surprised, astonished, amazed
√jeich ² (verb root) weigh down
√jeil ¹ (verb root) move ¹; reach ¹ | move hands over; reach for
N-náx̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√jeil ¹ (∅ motion) (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) reach ¹ | for S to reach a hand through, around N
√jeil ² (verb root) carry; take | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² (∅ motion verb – transitive) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (esp. to one place, making several trips, or all of one particular type of thing) | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² (na motion verb – transitive) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (esp. to one place, making several trips, or all of one particular type of thing) | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing
√jeitl (verb root) spread apart
√jín ˟ (verb root) hands | have hands
√jee ¹ (verb root) think; wonder
(yéi) + O-u-S-∅-√jee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – transitive) think | for S to think so of O
O-ka-S-∅-√jeek ˟ (na act verb – transitive) wonder; curious; anxious | for S to wonder, be curious, anxious about O
√jee ² (verb root) awful looking; terrible looking; eerie looking
O-ka-u-l-√jée ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive) awful looking; terrible looking; eerie looking; unattractive | for O to be awful, terrible, eerie (in appearance), unattractive
√jee ³ (verb root) punish
O-ÿa-S-∅-√jee ˟ ³ (na – transitive) punish | for S to punish O
√jeekʼ (verb root) carry | carry on shoulders
√jeexw (verb root) • variants: √joox • spin; roll; run ³
√joon (verb root) dream
O-S-∅-√joon (na act verb – transitive) dream | fo S to dream of O
√joow (verb root) messy
√joox (verb root) • variants: √jeexw • spin; roll; run ³
ka-∅-√joox (ga event verb – impersonal) roll; spin; start; run ³ | for a wheel to roll, spin; for an engine to start, run
g̱unéi + ka-∅-√joox (∅ motion verb – impersonal) start | for an engine to start
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√joox (∅ motion verb – transitive) wheel ¹ | for S to wheel O
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√joox (na motion verb – transitive) wheel ¹ | for S to wheel O
√joox̱ʼ (verb root) sling ²; cast ¹ | cast (fishing line); sling, fling
√kaa ¹ (verb root) lazy; slow
a-u-S-d+s-√kaa ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive) lazy; slow | for S to be lazy, slow
√kaa ² (verb root) make signals; make faces; sign language
O-ka-S-d+∅-√kaa ² (na act verb – transitive) copy ¹ | for S to copy O
O-ÿa-S-d+∅-√kaa ² (na act verb – transitive) make faces | for S to make faces at O
O-x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√kaa ² (na act verb – transitive) copy ¹ | for S to copy the speech of O
√kaak (verb root) thick
s-√kaak ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) thick | for something to be thick (cloth, board, food, etc.)
(yéi) + ka-u-s-√kaak ˟ (na state verb – impersonal) thick | for a board, cloth, etc. to be (so) thick
√kaan (verb root) dance ¹ | dance in response
√kaasʼ (verb root) scummy; algae | covered in algae
√kaax̱ (verb root) juicy; rich ³
√kaay (verb root) measure
√káaxʼ (verb root) spotted
O-ka-d+sh-√káxʼx̱ (∅ – object intransitive) • variants: O-ka-d+s-√gáxʼx̱ • spotted | for O to be spotted, have polka-dots
√kéxwk ˟ (verb root) fluffy; light ²
√kei ¹ (verb root) track; trail ² || unravel; undo; untangle
O-ka-S-s-√kei ¹ (g̱a act verb – transitive) track; trail ²; follow ¹; untangle; rip back; undo | for S to track, trail, follow tracks of O; for S to untangle o; for S to rip back, undo O (sewing, knitting)
√kei ² (verb root) stuck; choke | stuck in throat
N + séi-t⁓ + ∅-√kei ² (∅ motion verb – impersonal) choke | for N to choke on something
√keikʼw (verb root) blunder
√keil ¹ (verb root) soak
O-ka-S-l-√keil ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) soak | for S to soak O
√keil ² (verb root) calloused
√keilʼ ¹ (verb root) tear down; take apart; untie
O-S-∅-√kéilʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) take apart; tear down | for s to take O apart, tear O down
O-ka-S-∅-√kéilʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) untie | for S to untie O
√keilʼ ² (verb root) run away; chase | classification: plural
{∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√kéilʼ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) chase | for S to chase O
√keilʼ ³ (verb root) ash
√keit (verb root) skate ² | ice skating
{na preverb} + S-d+s-√keit (na – subject intransitive) skate ² | for S to ice skate
√keits ¹ (verb root) alert
√keits ² (verb root) fluff
√keitsʼ (verb root) wobbly; weak
O-ka-d+∅-√kéitsʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) wobbly; weak | for O to be wobbly, weak
√keixʼw (verb root) crane ²
√keech ¹ (verb root) gasp
√keech ² (verb root) putrid
√keech ³ (verb root) housewarming
√keek (verb root) shake; shudder
√keen (verb root) bother; interrupt
O-S-sh-√keen (∅ event verb – transitive) bother; annoy | for S to bother, annoy O
√kees (verb root) inform
√keesʼ (verb root) pass ¹; expire; extinguish
ka-∅-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal) • variants: ya-ka-∅-√kéesʼ • end ¹; pass ¹ | for a month to end, pass
N + satú + O-S-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) • variants: N + leitóox̱ + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ • hoarse voice; scratchy voice; tickle | for S to make N have hoarse, scratchy voice; for S to make N have a tickle in the throat
N + satú + ka-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal) • variants: N + leitóox̱ + ka-∅-√kéesʼ • hoarse voice; scratchy voice; tickle | for Nʼs voice to be hoarse, scratchy; for N to have a tickle in the throat
O-ÿa-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) put out; extinguish; turn off | for S to put out, extinguish O (fire); for S to turn off O (light)
ÿa-ka-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal) go out | for a fire, light to go out
√keet (verb root) snore
a-S-∅-√keet ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) snore | for S to snore
√keetʼ (verb root) pry
O-S-∅-√keetʼ (∅ – transitive) pry | for S to pry O off
O-S-s-√keetʼ (∅ – transitive) pry | for S to pry O off the ground
√keets (verb root) singe | singe fur
√keetsʼ (verb root) rock ²
O-S-l-√kéetsʼ (na – transitive) rock ² | for S to rock O
√koo ¹ (verb root) know; learn facts
O-S-s-√koo ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) know; acquainted; learn | for S to know, be acquainted with, make known O (esp. people, facts); for S to learn O (esp. facts)
√koo ² (verb root) hold; spit ¹ | hold water in mouth; spit water that was held in mouth
√koochʼ ¹ (verb root) curl
√koochʼ ² (verb root) fart | short, high pitched fart
a-S-∅-√koochʼ ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) fart | for S to fart a short, high-pitched fart
√koodzí ˟ (verb root) amazing; wonderful
O-l-√koodzí ˟ (ga – object intransitive) amazing; wonderful | for O to be amazing, wonderful
√kooḵ ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | move in boiling mass
√kooḵ ² (verb root) cough
a-S-d+s-√kooḵ ² (∅ state verb – subject intransitive) cough | for S to cough
√koos (verb root) dream; alert | for a dog to dream; for a dog to become alert
√kootl (verb root) fluff up; puff out
√kootlʼ (verb root) fart | noiseless fart
a-S-∅-√kootlʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) fart | for S to fart a noiseless fart
√koox (verb root) drain out; bail out; thirsty
ka-l-√koox (na event verb – impersonal) drain out; go dry | for a kettle, container etc. to drain out, go dry
O-sha-∅-√koox (∅ event verb – object intransitive) thirsty; dry | for O to be thirsty; for O to be dry
O-ka-S-s-√koox (∅ act verb – transitive) bail out | for S to bail out O (water, by hand or pump)
√kwaach (verb root) carry; take; give | classification: in cupped hand(s)
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√kwaach (na motion verb – transitive) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (in cupped hands) | classification: grain-like objects
aax̱ + O-S-∅-√kwaach (ga motion verb – transitive) lift; pick up | for S to pick up O (in cupped hands) | classification: cupped in hand(s)
√kwaan (verb root) wade; swim | swim on surface of water | classification: plural
√kwaat (verb root) soot; smudge; lampblack
√kweiy (verb root) mark ¹ | mark; leave as marker
√kʼátsʼ ˟ (verb root) • variants: √kʼáchʼ • sharp; pointy
ÿa-l-√kʼátsʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) sharp | for an edge to be sharp
√kʼaa (verb root) small | too small
√kʼaakʼw (verb root) prowl
√kʼaan (verb root) hate; shoo away
O-S-sh-√kʼaan (ga state verb – transitive) hate | for S to hate O
√kʼaasʼ (verb root) tooth | tooth missing
√kʼaatlʼ (verb root) silent; quiet | become silent
sh S-d+l-√kʼáatlʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) silent; quiet; stop talking; stop crying | for S to become silent, keep quiet; for S to stop talking or crying
√kʼei (verb root) good; fine
O-∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – object intransitive) good; fine; pretty | for O to be good, fine, pretty
N + toowú + ∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – impersonal) glad; happy; fine | for N to be glad, happy, feel fine
N + x̱ʼé⁓ + ∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – impersonal) like ¹; taste | for N to like the taste of something
ḵu-∅-√kʼei (ga state verb – impersonal) good | for the weather to be good
O-S-l-√kʼéi (ga event verb – transitive) improve; make peace; make up | for S to improve O; for S to make peace, make up with O (after quarrel)
tlél + O-sh-√kʼéi (ga state verb – object intransitive) bad; evil; terrible | for O to be bad, evil, no good
√kʼein (verb root) jump
{∅ preverb} + S-d+sh-√kʼéin (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) jump | for (singular) S to jump
{na preverb} + S-d+sh-√kʼéin (na motion verb – subject intransitive) jump | for (singular) S to jump | classification: singular subject
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√kʼéin (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) jump | for (plural) O to jump
{na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√kʼéin (na motion verb – object intransitive) jump | for (plural) O to jump
√kʼeit ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | move stored goods | classification: stored goods
√kʼeit ² (verb root) walk; tiptoe | walk softly
√kʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √kʼeex̱ʼ • gaff; hook ¹
O-S-∅-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) • variants: O-S-∅-√kʼéex̱ʼ • hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O; for S to gaff O
N-náx̱ + O-sh-√kʼéix̱ʼ (ga motion verb – object intransitive) • variants: N-náx̱ + O-sh-√kʼéex̱ʼ • delayed; stuck; hung up; hooked | for O to get delayed, stuck, hung up, hooked at N
O-sha-S-∅-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O in the head; for S to gaff O in the head
√kʼeetʼ (verb root) move ¹; go | move parts in a mass
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) leave; go; die | for O (group of people) to all leave or go; for O (group of people) to die off
{na preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ (na – object intransitive) leave; go; die | for O (group of people) to all leave or go; for O (group of people) to die off
ḵu-S-∅-√kʼéetʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) pick ¹ | for S to pick berries (esp. pick in quantity to take home)
√kʼeetlʼ (verb root) silly; childish | act silly, childish
√kʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √kʼeix̱ʼ • gaff; hook ¹
√kʼoot (verb root) bounce
√kʼoots (verb root) break | classification: rope-like objects
O-S-l-√kʼoots (na event verb – transitive) break | for S to break O (esp. rope-like objects) | classification: rope-like objects
√kʼootsʼ (verb root) pluck | pluck off
√kʼoox (verb root) knock; tap | knock lightly
√kʼoox̱ʼ (verb root) pitchy; sticky
√kʼwaach (verb root) break | break apart
√kʼwaatʼ ¹ (verb root) fold
√kʼwáatʼ ² (verb root) lay egg; nest ²
a-d+l-√kʼwáatʼ ² (na event verb – impersonal) lay egg; nest ² | for birds to lay eggs, nest
√ḵaa ¹ (verb root) say; tell; instruct
(yéi/yóo) + O-daa-ÿa-S-∅-√ḵá ¹ ˟ (* act verb – transitive) tell | for S to tell O (a certain thing)
áa + O-ji-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive) instruct; give orders | for S to instruct O; for S to give O orders (to do)
O-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive) send | for S to send O (esp. on a mission or errand, or to deliver a message)
(yéi/yóo) + ÿa-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive) say; confess; acknowledge; declare | for S to say (a certain thing); for S to confess, acknowledge, declare (a certain thing)
(yéi/yóo) + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive) tell; say; ask | for S to tell, say (that) to O; for S to ask O to do (that)
(N + éede) + O-ÿa-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na act verb – transitive) charge ¹; set price; confess; acknowledge; delcare | for S to charge (N) for O; for S to set the price of O; for S to confess, acknowledge, or delcare O
sh + tugéit + O-ÿa-S-d+s-√ḵaa ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) insult; offend | for S to insult, offend O by what one says
√ḵaa ² (verb root) sew; embroider; bead ¹; tattoo
O-S-∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – transitive) sew | for S to sew O
S-d+∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) sew | for S to sew
O-ka-S-∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – transitive) sew beads; embroider | for S to sew beads on, embroider O
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√ḵaa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive) sew | for S to sew O on N
O-ka-S-s-√ḵaa ² (∅ event verb – transitive) tattoo | for S to tattoo O
√ḵaa ³ (verb root) gamble; cards; dice | gamble with cards, dice, in general, or with gambling sticks that are concealed
a-S-d+l-√ḵáa ˟ ³ (na act verb – subject intransitive) gamble; cards | for S to gamble (by means of gambling sticks, dice, etc.); for S to play cards; for S to play bingo
√ḵaach ¹ (verb root) swell up; rise
kei + O-ka-S-l-√ḵaach (∅ event verb – transitive) raise | for S to raise O (bread)
ka-d+∅-√ḵaach (∅ event verb – impersonal) rise; swell up | for bread to rise, swell up
√ḵaach ² (verb root) limp ¹; lame
O-l-√ḵáchk ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive) limp ¹; lame | for O to limp, be lame, walk unevenly
{na preverb} + S-l-√ḵaach ² (na motion verb – subject intransitive) limp ¹ | for S to limp
√ḵaaḵ (verb root) squat; sit; land ²
S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive) squat; sit; land ² | for S to squat, sit low; for S to squat down, sit quickly; for S to land (of waterfowl, plane) | classification: singular subject
{na preverb} + S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ walk; crawl | for an octopus to walk/crawl
√ḵaan (verb root) quarrel
N + een + S-d+∅-√ḵaan (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) quarrel | for S to quarrel with, exchange harsh words with N (usually of adults)
√ḵei ¹ (verb root) pay
O-ji-S-∅-√ḵéi ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive) pay | for S to pay O (esp. a person, for work done); for S to pay for O
√ḵei ² (verb root) shy
O-ka-u-S-l-√ḵéi ² (ga state verb – transitive) shy | for S to be shy of O
at ka-u-S-l-√ḵéi ² (ga state verb – impersonal) shy; bashful | for S to be shy, bashful
√ḵeitsʼ (verb root) tickle
O-ka-S-l-√ḵéitsʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) tickle; touch | for S to tickle O; for S to touch O lightly
√ḵee ¹ (verb root) sit; situated | classification: plural
S-∅-√ḵee ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive) sit; situated | for (plural) S to be seated
(yei) + S-∅-√ḵee ¹ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive) sit | for (plural) S to sit, sit down (esp. act of sitting)
√ḵee ² (verb root) rise; rouse; get up | classification: plural subject
sha-S-d+∅-√ḵee ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) get up; rise | for (plural) S to get up, rise
√ḵeen ¹ (verb root) fly ¹ | classification: singular subject
{na preverb} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) fly ¹ | for (singular) S (bird, or persons in a plane) to fly | classification: singular subject or people in plane
{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) fly ¹ | for S (of a bird or persons in a plane) to fly | classification: singular subject or people in plane
{ga preverb} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive) fly ¹ | for (singular) S (bird, or persons in a plane) to fly | classification: singular subject or people in plane
N + toowú + kínde + d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (na – impersonal) overjoyed; happy; excited | for N to be overjoyed, excited
yax̱ + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) hover | for S to hover (of bird, helicopter), lift from ground and hang fluttering in the air
√ḵeen ² moon | new moon
ÿa-d+s-√ḵeen ² (∅ event verb – impersonal) moon | for the moon to be new
√ḵeet ¹ (verb root) suspect; annoyed with
O-S-∅-√ḵeet ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) suspect; distrust; suspicious; lack confidence | for S to suspect, distrust, be suspicious of, lack confidence in O
tóo + O-S-sh-√ḵeet ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – transitive) annoyed with; tired of; fed up with | for S to be annoyed with, tired of, fed up with O
√ḵeet ² (verb root) dam
O-S-s-√ḵeet ² (∅ act verb – transitive) dam | for S to dam up O (incompletely or impermanently)
√ḵeetʼ (verb root) suppurate; infected; fester; pus
d+l-√ḵéetʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal) infected; fester; suppurate; pus | for a wound to be infected, have pus
√ḵoo (verb root) flood ¹; vomit
S-d+l-√ḵoo ʰ (na act verb – subject intransitive) vomit; throw up | for S to vomit, throw up
√ḵootlʼ (verb root) muddy
ka-sh-√ḵóotlʼ (∅ state verb – impersonal) muddy | for a road, etc. to be muddy
√ḵoox̱ ¹ (verb root) go; travel | travel by boat; travel by car
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) boat ²; go; travel | for S to travel, go (by boat, car)
daak + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) boat ²; go; travel | for S to go out to sea (in a boat); for S to move into the open (in a boat, car)
g̱unéi + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) boat ²; go; travel | for S to begin traveling, going by boat or car
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) drive | for S to drive O (boat, car)
{na preverb} + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) boat ²; go; travel | for S to travel, go (in a boat, car)
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive) drive | for S to drive O (boat, car)
ḵut + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive) lost | for S to get lost (going by motorized vehicle)
yaa + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive) go; travel | for S to be going, traveling along (by boat, car)
N + daax̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) circle around; drive around | for S to circle, drive around N in a motor vehicle
a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) turn back; return | for S to turn back, return by boat
{∅ preverb} + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) transport; boat ² | for S to transport O by boat; for S to bring, take or fetch O by boat
√ḵʼei (verb root) precious
N + yáa + O-l-√ḵʼéi ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) treasure; value; admire; respect | for N to treasure, value O; for N to admire, think highly of, respect O
√ḵʼeikʼw ¹ (verb root) cut ¹ | cut (flesh) with knife
O-S-∅-√ḵʼéikʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) cut ¹; wound ¹ | for S to cut the flesh of O (usually accidentally); for S to wound O with a sharp instrument
sh S-d+∅-s√ḵʼéikʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) cut ¹; wound ¹ | for S to cut themself, usually accidentally; for s to wound themself with a sharp instrument
√ḵʼeikʼw ² (verb root) walk | walk with long steps
√ḵʼeekʼ (verb root) jammed; crammed
O-d+∅-√ḵʼéekʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) crowded; jammed | for O to be crowded, jammed together
√laa ¹ (verb root) melt || go out
(N-x̱) + ∅-√laa ¹ (g̱a motion verb – impersonal) tide ¹; ebb; go out; recede; subside | for the tide to ebb, go out (from under N); for water to recede, subside, go down (of floodwater)
yan⁓ + ∅-√laa ¹ (∅ motion) (∅ motion verb – impersonal) tide ¹; go out | for the tide to go out, be low
l-√laa ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal) melt; dissolve; thaw | for something to melt, dissolve, thaw
√laa ² (verb root) yell
√laaxw (verb root) starve
O-∅-√laaxw (∅ event verb – object intransitive) starve | for O to be starving, starved
√laax̱ (verb root) dry; die | for a plant to die and dry up
O-d+∅-√laax̱ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) dry; die | for a plant or tree to be dead but still standing; for an old boat to be dried out and weathered
O-S-l-√laax̱ (∅ act verb – transitive) kill ¹ | for S to kill O (a plant or tree)
√lei (verb root) far; distant
O-∅-√lei (na state verb – object intransitive) far; distant | for something to be far, distant
(yéi) + O-ka-u-∅-√lei (na state verb – object intransitive) far; distant | for something to be (so) far, distant (in time or space)
√leil (verb root) flab; limp ²; baggy
√leix̱ʼw (verb root) red | become red or paint face red
√leek (verb root) dazzle
√leekʼw (verb root) slurp | slurp out of a shell
√leelkʼw (verb root) grandparent | become a grandparent
√leelʼ (verb root) bunch up
√leet ¹ (verb root) throw | classification: plural objects, so as to scatter
N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√leet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) throw | for S to throw O (usually with force so that object scatters) to N
kei + O-S-∅-√leet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) throw; throw away | for S to throw O up in the air; for S to throw O away (literally and figuratively)
kei + S-d+∅-√leet ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) give up; quit | for S to give up, quit
√leet ² (verb root) slide ¹; glide | slide (esp. an animal); glide on surface | classification: non-human
√loo (verb root) nose | to have a nose
√look sip; drink ¹ | drink in sips | classification: hot liquid
O-S-∅-√look (∅ act verb – transitive) sip; drink ¹ | for S to drink O in sips, sip O (esp. hot liquids)
√loon (verb root) close ¹ | close eyes
√lóoxʼ (verb root) • variants: √leexʼw • pee; urinate || drip ¹ | drip fast
a-S-∅-√lóoxʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) urinate; pee | for S to urinate
sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lóoxʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) pee; urinate | for S to pee oneself
a-ka-S-l-√lóoxʼ (na act verb – subject intransitive) | for S to urinate
N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√lóoxʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) | for S to urinate at N
√lʼaa (verb root) suck; nurse
O-S-∅-√lʼaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive) suck; nurse | for S to suck on O, nurse on O
O-S-l-√lʼaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive) suck | for S to suck on O
N + x̱ʼéi + a-S-l-√lʼaa ʰ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) nurse | for S to nurse N
√lʼaaḵ (verb root) put down; herring | put down hemlock branches for herring eggs
√lʼaaḵw (verb root) stuck | stuck in mud
√lʼaatʼ (verb root) carry; tongs | carry with tongs
√lʼei (verb root) sediment || promiscuous
√lʼeiw (verb root) sand ¹
√lʼeix̱ (verb root) dance ¹
a-S-∅-√lʼeix̱ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) dance ¹ | for S to dance
√lʼeexw (verb root) close eyes • variants: √lʼoox •
√lʼeexʼ (verb root) break | classification: stick-like objects
O-S-∅-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive) break | for S to break O (esp. of solid objects, wood, metals, etc.) | classification: stick-like objects
∅-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – impersonal) break | for a general, solid object to break | classification: stick-like objects
O-S-l-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive) break | for S to break O (often by bending) (usually long objects) | classification: stick-like objects
l-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – impersonal) break | for a long object to break | classification: stick-like objects
√lʼéelʼ (verb root) defecate; poop ¹
a-S-∅-√lʼéelʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) defecate; poop ¹ | for S to defecate
sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lʼéelʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) poop ¹; defecate | for S to poop oneself
√lʼoon (verb root) hunt
O-S-∅-√lʼóon ˟ (na act verb – transitive) hunt | for S to hunt O (wild game)
a-S-∅-√lʼóon ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) hunt | for S to hunt
√lʼoox (verb root) close ¹ | close eyes • variants: √lʼéexw (K) •
ka-S-d+∅-√lʼoox (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) close ¹ | for S to close eyes
(N waaḵ) + ka-d+∅-√lʼoox (∅ event verb – impersonal) close ¹ | for Nʼs eyes to be closed
√lʼoox̱ʼ (verb root) spray milt; spawn
(a)-d+∅-√lʼóox̱ʼ (na event verb – impersonal) spawn | for something to spawn (esp. herring)
√nák (verb root) numb
√nátlʼ (verb root) • variants: √nátsʼ • waterlogged
√naa ¹ (verb root) drink
O-S-d+∅-√naa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) drink ¹ | for S to drink O
at S-d+∅-√naa ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) drink ¹ | for S to drink
√naa ² (verb root) damp; moisturize | become damp
√naa ³ (verb root) inherit; die; bury
O-S-∅-√naa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive) inherit | for S to inherit O
O-S-s-√naa ³ (na event verb – transitive) bury | for S to bury O with appropriate ceremonial; for S to give O burial and disperse property
O-∅-√naa ³ (na event verb – object intransitive) die | for O to die
√naa ⁴ (verb root) order ¹; send; command; give
O-ka-u-S-∅-√náa ⁴ (na act verb – transitive) order; send; command | for S to order (esp. to go), send, command O || give | for S to give O (esp. in accordance with clan relationship)
√naa ⁵ (verb root) carry | classification: in bundles
√naak (verb root) shape; habit
√naakw (verb root) medicate
O-S-d+∅-√náakw ˟ (na act verb – transitive) medicate; dose | for S to treat O with medicine; for S to medicate O; for S to dose O
√naaḵ ¹ (verb root) stand; rise | classification: plural subject
S-∅-√náḵ ¹ ˟ (* positional verb – subject intransitive) stand | for (plural) S to be standing | classification: plural subject
yan⁓ + S-∅-√naaḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) stand; stay standing | for (plural) S to stand, stay standing | classification: plural subject
S-d+∅-√naaḵ ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive) stand up; rise | for (plural) S to stand up, rise | classification: plural subject
√naaḵ ² (verb root) let go; release; hand ²; give up
O-ji-S-∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – transitive) let go; release; relinquish; leave; desert; hand ²; deliver | for S to let go, release, relinquish O; for S to leave, desert O; for S to hand over, deliver up O
ji-S-d+∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) quit; stop | for S to quit, stop work
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – transitive) quit; give up | for S to quit, give up O (esp. drinking)
√naaḵw ¹ bait; fish ² | to bait hooks (esp. with octopus); to fish with octopus as bait
d+∅-ya-S-d+∅-√náaḵw ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) bait | for S to bait hooks, put bait on fish hooks
√naaḵw ² (verb root) rotten; punky | rotten, punky wood
√naal (verb root) steam ¹ || blow nose
S-d+∅-√naal (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) blow nose | for S to blow oneʼs nose
√naalx̱ (verb root) wealthy; rich ¹
O-l-√náalx̱ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) rich ¹; wealthy; profitable | for O to be rich, wealthy, profitable
√naash (verb root) shake; stagger | shake back and forth
√naaw (verb root) leak
√nei ¹ (verb root) • variants: √nee ¹ • carry | classification: plural & varying objects
N-dáx̱ + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive) • variants: N-dáx̱ + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • carry; pick up; lift; take | for S to pick up, lift up, take (plural) O (objects) up off of N | classification: plural & varying objects
N + jee-t⁓ + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) • variants: N + jee-t⁓ + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • give; take; hand ² | for S to give, take, hand (plural) O to N | classification: plural & varying objects
yan⁓ + yéi + O-ka-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) • variants: yan⁓ + yéi + O-ka-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • put down; leave | for S to put down, leave O (plural round objects) | classification: plural round objects
√nei ² (verb root) • variants: √nee ² • do; work on; happen
(yéi) + O-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – object intransitive) happen; occur | for (that) to happen, occur to O
(yéi) + at ∅-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – impersonal) • variants: (yéi) + at + ∅-√nee ² ʰ • happen | for something to happen
ḵáakw-t + O-∅-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) • variants: ḵáakw-t⁓ + O-∅-√nee ² ʰ • accident ¹; happen | for O to have an accident, get hurt; for something bad to happen to O
N + waḵshiyeexʼ + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive) • variants: N + waḵshiyeexʼ + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • demonstrate; perform; show ¹ | for S to demonstrate, perform publicly, show N how to do O by action
yan⁓ + O-∅-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) • variants: yan⁓ + O-∅-√nee ² ʰ • permanent; finished; ready ¹; prepared | for O to be permanent, happen for good; for O to be finished, complete, ready; for O to be prepared, ready
(yéi) + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive) do; fix; cause | for S to do (that) to O; for S to fix, cause (that) to happen to O
wooch + yáx̱ + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive) • variants: wooch + yáx̱ + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • straighten; smooth | for S to straighten out O, smooth O over (literal or abstract)
wooch + x̱oo-t⁓ + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ event verb – transitive) • variants: wooch + x̱oo-t ⁓ + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • mix; stir | for S to mix O together | classification: variety of things
yan⁓ + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive) finish; complete | for S to finish, complete O
chush + yáa + O-S-d+s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive) • variants: chush + yáa + O-S-d+s-√nee ² ʰ • revenge | for S to get revenge, get even with O
yan⁓ + sh S-d+s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) • variants: yan⁓ + sh + S-d+s-√nee ² ʰ • dress up | for S to dress up
(yéi) + O-daa-S-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na act verb – transitive) do; perform; work on | for S to do, perform O (a particular action); for S to work on O
yéi + ji-S-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na act verb – subject intransitive) work ¹; do | for S to work; for S to do
O-ÿa-u-S-∅-√nei ² (g̱a act verb – transitive) discipline; restrain; restrict; warn; prevent | for S to discipline, restrain, restrict, warn or prevent O from doing something
N + yáa + ḵut + O-∅-√nei ² (ga – object intransitive) amaze; astonish; surprise | for O to amaze N
√nei ³ (verb root) weave; knit; crochet; make | classification: yarns, fabrics
O-ka-S-s-√nei ³ (na act verb – transitive) weave; knit; crochet; make; mend | for S to make O (cloth of any kind) (by weaving, knitting, or crocheting); for S to make or mend O (net)
ka-S-d+s-√nei ³ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) weave; knit; crochet; make | for S to knit, weave, or crochet
√nei ⁴ (verb root) respect
N + yáa + a-ÿa-u-S-∅-√néi ⁴ (ga act verb – subject intransitive) respect; regard | for S to respect, regard highly, think highly of N
√neiḵ (verb root) slush
√neilʼ (verb root) carry | carry bulky object(s) by holding close to the body
√neit (verb root) tremble
O-ka-d+∅-√neit (∅ event verb – object intransitive) tremble; quake; shiver | for O to tremble, quake, shiver (from palsy, fear, or cold)
√neitl (verb root) • variants: √neetl (T) • fat ²; weight ¹ | gain weight
O-d+l-√neitl (∅ event verb – object intransitive) fat ²; weight ¹ | for O to get fat; for O to gain weight
√neix̱ (verb root) save; heal; cure ¹
O-S-s-√neix̱ ˟ (g̱a event verb – transitive) save; heal; cure ¹ | for S to save O; for S to heal, cure O
O-∅-√neix̱ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive) save; heal; cure ¹; recover; satisfied | for O to be saved; for O to be healed, cured, recover; for O to be satisfied
√neiy (verb root) baby; twiddle
√nee ¹ (verb root) • variants: √nei ¹ • carry | classification: plural & varying objects
√nee ² (verb root) • variants: √nei ² • do; work on; happen
√neek (verb root) tell; narrate; inform
O-ka-S-∅-√neek (na act verb – transitive) tell; report; inform; testify | for S to tell about, report about, give facts about O; for S to witness to, tell about, testify about O
kei + O-ka-S-∅-√neek (∅ motion verb – transitive) tell on; tattle; inform on; betray | for S to tell on, inform on, betray O
(N + een) + ḵunáax̱ + daak + O-ka-∅-√neek (∅ act verb – transitive) explain | for S to explain O (to N)
O-x̱ʼa-ka-∅-√neek (na act verb – transitive) translate | for S to translate O
O-ka-S-l-√neek ˟ (na act verb – transitive) tell; talk into | for S to tell the story of O; for S to talk into O
sh ka-S-d+l-√neek ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) tell; preach; narrate | for S to preach, narrate, tell a story
√neekw ¹ (verb root) sick; hurt ¹
O-∅-√néekw ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) sick; hurt ¹; pain | for O to be sick; for O to hurt, be in pain
N + éex̱ + a-S-∅-√néekw ¹ ˟ (na event verb – subject intransitive) bother | for S to bother N (esp. by touching)
O-S-s-√néekw ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive) sicken | for S to make O sick
√neekw ² (verb root) • variants: √nook ² • feel; touch
√neekw ³ (verb root) • variants: √nook ³ • behave; do
√neekw ⁴ (verb root) bother; tease
√neekʼ (verb root) tidy; picky
√neesʼ (verb root) sea urchin | to eat sea urchins raw
√neexʼ (verb root) smell ¹; sniff
O-d+s-√néexʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) • variants: O-S-s-√néexʼ • smell ¹ | for S to smell O
√néegwálʼ paint ²
O-S-∅-√néegwálʼ ˟ (na act verb – transitive) paint ² | for S to paint O
√núkch ˟ (verb root) helpless
√núkts ˟ (verb root) sweet
O-l-√núkts ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) sweet | for O to be sweet
√nook ¹ (verb root) sit | classification: singular
S-∅-√nook ¹ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive) sit | for (singular) S to sit, sit down (esp. act of sitting)
d+∅-√nook ¹ (g̱a event verb – impersonal) situated | for a building to be situated there | classification: building
O-S-s-√nook ¹ (g̱a event verb – transitive) seat | for S to seat O
√nook ² (verb root) • variants: √neekw ² • feel; touch
du-∅-√nook ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) blow; feel | for the wind to blow, be felt (esp. a breeze, light wind)
(yéi) + du-∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – subject intransitive) taste | for something to taste (a certain way)
jée + O-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – transitive) touch; feel | for S to touch, feel O (esp. with hands)
x̱ʼéi + O-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – transitive) taste; sample | for S to taste, sample O
(yéi) + sh tu-S-d+∅-√nook ² (na state verb – subject intransitive) feel | for S to feel (that way) (esp. physical sensation)
N-dáx̱ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) hungry; crave | for S to be hungry for, crave N
yan⁓ + O-ka-s-√nook ² (∅ motion verb – transitive) prove; verify; investigate; test | for S to prove, verify, find out and be sure of O; for S to investigate, make trial of, test out O
√nook ³ (verb root) • variants: √neekw ³ • behave; do
(yéi) + ḵu-S-∅-√nook ³ (na act verb – subject intransitive) behave; do; act | for S to behave, do, act (in a certain way)
N-t + S-∅-√nook ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) act like | for S to act like N
xʼáan-t⁓ + S-∅-√nook ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) • variants: √neekw • angry; mad; mean | for S to be angry, mad, mean
ḵukahín⁓ + S-∅-√nook ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) • variants: √neekw • grumpy; petulant; irritated | for S to be grumpy, cranky, irritated
√nook ⁴ (verb root) rise; rouse; get up | classification: singular subject
sha-d+∅-√nook ⁴ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) get up; rise | for (singular) S to get up, rise
√nook ⁵ (verb root) carry; take | classification: live creature
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (na motion verb – transitive) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (live creature) | classification: live creature
kei + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive) lift | for S to lift up O (live creature)
yan⁓ + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive) put down; leave | for S to put down, leave O (live creature)
√nool sing; pretend | pretend to sing
O-S-∅-√nool sing; pretend | for S to pretend to sing; for S to only sing vocables in a song
√noots ¹ (verb root) grin; smile
at ka-S-∅-√noots ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) grin; smile | for S to smile at something (often knowingly or sarcastically)
√noots ² (verb root) spoil
ka-d+l-√noots ² (∅ event) (∅ event verb – impersonal) spoil | for animal matter to spoil
√nóotʼ (verb root) swallow ¹
O-ka-S-∅-√nóotʼ (na event verb – transitive) swallow ¹ | for S to swallow O (pill, etc.)
√sátk ˟ (verb root) fast ¹; quick
O-∅-√sátk ˟ (ga – object intransitive) fast ¹ | for O to be fast (at doing things)
√saa ¹ (verb root) narrow
yéi + O-ka-u-l-√saa ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) narrow; skinny | for O (esp. container) to be narrow; for O (person) to be skinny
√saa ² (verb root) breathe; live || name ¹; call out
O-S-∅-√saa ² (∅ event verb – transitive) name ¹; nominate | for S to name O; for S to nominate O
yéi/yóo + O-S-∅-√sáakw (na state verb – transitive) call out; name ¹ | for S to call O by a certain name
sh S-d+∅-√saa ² (∅ event verb – transitive) name ¹; introduce | for S to introduce themself; for S to say their own name
S-d+∅-√saa ² (na state verb – subject intransitive) breathe; live | for S to breathe; for S to be alive
S-d+l-√saa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) rest ¹ | for S to rest
O-ji-S-l-√saa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) rest ¹ | for S to give rest to O (especially from work with hands)
√saaḵ (verb root) exhausted
√saan (verb root) cure
√saat (verb root) tight; taut
√saay (verb root) flush ¹; sweat; radiate
O-ka-du-∅-√sáay (ga event verb – object intransitive) hot; sweat; flush ¹ | for O (person or animal) to be hot, sweaty, flush
√sei (verb root) close ²; near
(yéi) + ka-u-∅-√sei (na state verb – impersonal) close ²; near | for something to be (so) close, near (in time or space)
√seiḵʼw (verb root) dye; color ¹; stain
O-ka-d+∅-√séiḵʼw (∅ event verb – object intransitive) stain; dye; color ¹ | for O to be stained, dyed, colored
O-ka-S-l-√séiḵʼw (∅ act verb – transitive) stain; dye; color ¹ | for S to stain, dye, color the surface of O
ÿa-ka-S-d+l-√séiḵʼw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) dye; color ¹; put on | for S to put on makeup
√seil (verb root) tweet; twitter; trill
√seix̱ (verb root) rain | misty rain
√seek ¹ (verb root) delayed; held back
O-ÿa-∅-√seek ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) delayed; held back; weathered in | for O to be delayed, prevented, held back from plans (often due to inclement weather)
√seek ² (verb root) belted; wearing a belt
√seek ³ (verb root) bashful; shy
√seen (verb root) hide ¹; conceal
O-S-l-√seen (∅ – transitive) hide ¹; conceal | for S to hide, conceal, put O out of sight
a-S-d+l-√seen (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) hide ¹ | for S to hide oneself, remain out of sight
√sees (verb root) tired
√seet (verb root) braid
O-ka-l-√seet (∅ act verb – transitive) braid | for S to braid O (hair)
√seetsʼ (verb root) wet | dripping wet
√soo (verb root) supernatural; aid; blessing | supernatural aid
N + eeg̱áa + ∅-√soo (na – impersonal) supernatural; aid; blessing | for N to receive supernatural aid; for N to be blessed by spiritual aid
√soon (verb root) bubble | small bubbles
√soos ¹ (verb root) fall; drop ¹ | fall together; drop together | classification: plural
ḵut + O-ka-∅-√sóos ¹ (ga event verb – object intransitive) lost | for (plural) O (objects, people) to be lost | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular)
ḵut + O-ka-S-l-√sóos ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive) lose | for S to lose (plural) O | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular)
√soos ² put to sleep
√sʼaa (verb root) claim; save | claim as payment; save from destruction
√sʼaaḵ (verb root) boney
O-l-√sʼaaḵ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) ambitious; industrious | for O to be ambitious, industrious, hard working
√sʼaatʼ (verb root) left ¹ | left-handed
√sʼaaxw (verb root) stack; hat | put hat on
√sʼáasʼ (verb root) dance ¹ | dance lightly, sliding the feet
√sʼeiḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √sʼeeḵ ¹ • suck out
O-S-∅-√sʼeeḵ (∅ act verb – transitive) suck out; drink ¹ | for S to drink O by sucking; for S to drink O through a straw
√sʼeiḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √sʼeeḵ ² • smoke ¹; smoky
sh x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√sʼeiḵ ² (na act verb – subject intransitive) smoke ¹ | for s to smoke (cigarettes, etc.)
áx̱ + a-ka-S-l-√sʼeiḵ ² (na – subject intransitive) tan; smoke ¹; cure ² | for S to tan, smoke, cure something by placing in smoke
√sʼeilʼ (verb root) tear; rip; peel
O-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ (na event verb – transitive) tear; rip | for S to tear O
O-ka-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive) tear; rip; peel | for S to tear, tear up, rip off O; for S to peel off O (bark from a tree)
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) tear; open | for S to tear O away (of a fish from a hook); for S to stretch or hold O (opening) open
ka-d+∅-√sʼéilʼ (g̱a state verb – impersonal) tear | for something to be torn up
O-S-l-√sʼéilʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) tear; pull | for S to tear up, pull up O (roots)
√sʼeeḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √sʼeiḵ ¹ • suck out
√sʼeeḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √sʼeiḵ ² • smoke ¹; smoky
√sʼeen (verb root) grimace
√sʼees ¹ (verb root) blown | blown by wind; blown around
N-t + O-l-√sʼees ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive) blown; sail ¹ | for O to be blown around at N (by wind); for O to sail in a boat around at N
N-t + ka-d+l-√sʼees ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal) blown | for an object to be blown around in the wind at N
√sʼees ² tired of; offensive
√sʼeesʼ (verb root) squirt || advise | advise pointedly || whistle | whistle quietly
√sʼeet (verb root) bind; wrap
O-ka-S-∅-√sʼeet (∅ act verb – transitive) bind; wrap; bandage | for S to bind up, wrap around, bandage O
√sʼeex (verb root) aged; ferment; spoil; rot ¹ | aged food
l-√sʼeex (∅ event verb – impersonal) spoil; rot ¹ | for animal matter to age, spoil to stage where still firm, but smelly
√sʼeexw • variants: √sʼoox • sour
√sʼeexʼw (verb root) stick to; adhere; seal together
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√sʼéexʼw (∅ motion verb – transitive) stick to; adhere | for S to stick O (esp. paper) to N
√sʼéex̱ʼ • variants: √sʼéix̱ʼ • diarrhea
O-∅-√sʼéex̱ʼ (g̱a – object intransitive) diarrhea | for O to get, have diarrhea
O-S-l-√sʼéex̱ʼ (g̱a – transitive) diarrhea | for S to cause O to have diarrhea
√sʼoo (verb root) withe; twist; limber | twist to limber
√sʼook (verb root) • variants: √sʼeekw • fry; toast ¹ | fry until crisp
O-ka-S-l-√sʼook (∅ act verb – transitive) • variants: O-ka-S-l-√sʼeekw • toast ¹; fry | for S to toast O (bread); for S to fry O (usually till crisp)
√sʼoon (verb root) kiss ¹ | to make a kissing noise
√sʼoosʼ (verb root) string ²; thread ² | string fish on stick to dry
√sʼootʼ (verb root) spit ¹
√sʼoow (verb root) chop
O-S-∅-√sʼóow (na act verb – transitive) chop | for S to chop O (esp. chopping down trees, chopping off branches)
√sʼoox (verb root) • variants: √sʼeexw • sour
O-ka-l-√sʼoox (∅ event verb – object intransitive) sour | for O to be sour, taste acidic, lose freshness of taste
√sʼoox̱ʼ (verb root) mucus | dried mucus
√sʼóoshkw ˟ (verb root) pinch | pinch large amount of flesh
√sháchk ˟ (verb root) swamp
√shaa ¹ (verb root) bark ²
a-S-∅-√shaa ¹ (ga act verb – subject intransitive) bark ² | for S (dog) to start barking
a-S-∅-√shaa ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) bark ² | for S (dog) to bark
O-ÿa-S-l-√shaa ¹ (na act verb – transitive) bark ² | for S (dog) to bark at O
O-ÿa-S-l-√shaa ¹ (ga act verb – transitive) bark ² | for S (dog) to begin barking at O
√shaa ² (verb root) marry
O-S-∅-√shaa ² (∅ event verb – transitive) marry | for S to marry O
wooch + d+∅-√shaa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) marry | for (plural) S to marry each other
O-du-∅-√shaa ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive) marry | for O to get married
√shaaḵ ¹ (verb root) winded; exhausted
O-ka-∅-√shaaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) winded; exhausted | for O to be winded, short of breath, panting
√shaaḵ ² (verb root) deny
√shaan (verb root) old; age
O-d+∅-√shaan (∅ event verb – object intransitive) old; age | for O to show signs of old age (esp. grey hair), for O to become old, age
√shaash ˟ (verb root) worn out
∅-√sháash ˟ (g̱a event verb – impersonal) worn out | for something to wear out by continuous friction
√shaat (verb root) grab; hold; catch
O-S-∅-√sháat (ga event verb – transitive) catch; grab; hold; arrest; trap ¹ | for S to catch O; for S to grab, take hold of, snatch O; for S to arrest O; for S to trap O
O-S-l-√sháat (g̱a act verb – transitive) hold; capture | for S to hold, retain O in oneʼs grasp; for S to capture, hold O captive
ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+∅-√sháat (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) change mind | for S to change oneʼs mind
N-de⁓ + a-ÿa-∅-√sháat (∅ motion verb – impersonal) wind; gust | for the wind, weather to move in gusts to N
√sheix̱ʼ (verb root) praise; glorify; commend • variants: √shéex̱ʼ •
O-ka-S-∅-√shéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) praise; glorify; commend | for S to praise, glorify O; for S to approve, commend O; for S to comment on O
√shísʼḵ (verb root) raw
√shee ¹ (verb root) search for; hope
át + a-S-d+∅-√shee ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) hope; desire | for S to hope, desire and expect something
N-g̱áa + ḵu-S-∅-√shee ʰ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive) search for; look for | for S to search for, look for N
N-káx̱ + ḵu-S-∅-√shee ʰ ¹ (na event verb – subject intransitive) find; come upon | for S to find, come upon N (often after actively searching)
√shee ² (verb root) touch
N-t⁓ + S-∅-√shee ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) touch; take | for S to touch, take, pick up
N + séináx̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√shee ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) embrace; hug | for S to put arm(s) around N
√shee ³ (verb root) help
N + ée-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√shee ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) help; assist | for S (person, medicine, etc.) to help, give help to, assist N
√shee ⁴ sing; compose
O-S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (ga act verb – transitive) sing | for S to sing O
at S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (ga act verb – subject intransitive) sing | for S to sing
kei + + O-ka-S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (∅ event verb – transitive) sing | for S to start singing O (esp. a ceremonial song)
kei + + at ka-S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (∅ event verb – transitive) sing | for S to start singing (esp. ceremonial songs); for S to break into song (especially ceremonial songs)
at ka-S-l-√shee ⁴ (na event verb – subject intransitive) compose; song | for S to compose songs (esp. about opposite clan)
√sheech (verb root) feminine
√sheekʼw • variants: √shookʼ • cramp; shocked by electricity
√sheesʼ (verb root) strip; squeeze | squeeze empty
√sheesh ¹ (verb root) sip; slurp
√sheesh ² (verb root) outdo | outdo in eating
√sheesht (verb root) squeeze | sqeeze empty
√sheetʼ (verb root) crowd ¹; packed; jammed
√sheex̱ʼ • variants: √sheix̱ʼ • praise; glorify; commend • variants: √shéex̱ʼ •
√sheey ¹ (verb root) right ¹ | right handed
√sheey ² (verb root) knotty
√shoo ¹ (verb root) extend
N-de + ∅-√shoo ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal) extend | for a narrow item (esp. a road or trail) to extend towards N
anax̱ + ∅-√shoo ¹ (na state verb – impersonal) stick up; stand | for a singular object to stick up, stand there | classification: singular (plural √.aa ³)
N-t + √shoo ¹ extend | for a narrow item (esp. a road or trail) to extend to N
N-x̱ + ∅-√shoo ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal) hang | for a singular object to hang down from N | classification: singular (plural √xwaasʼ)
N-x̱ + kei + l-√shoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) extend | for a complex object (esp. road) to extend up to N | classification: complex object
N-x̱ + ÿa-u-∅-√shoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) extend | for a slender item (esp. road) to extend around, along N | classification: slender item
√shoo ² (verb root) suffer
O-ka-∅-√shoo ʰ ² (na event verb – object intransitive) intoxicate; drunk ² | for O to be intoxicated
eeshandéin + yoo + O-ka-∅-√shoo ʰ ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive) suffer | for O to suffer
O-ka-S-l-√shoo ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive) intoxicate | for S to intoxicate O
eeshandéin + yoo + O-ka-S-l-√shoo ʰ ² (∅ event verb – transitive) torment; persecute; suffer | for S to torment, persecute or ill-treat O; for S to cause O to suffer
sh ka-d+l-√shoo ʰ ² (na event verb – subject intransitive) crazy | for S to go crazy
√shooch (verb root) soak; bathe
S-d+∅-√shooch (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) bathe; soak | for S to soak in cold waters for strength; for S to bathe, take a bath
O-S-∅-√shooch (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) bathe | for S to bathe O
√shookʼ • variants: √sheekʼw • cramp; shock
O-ka-d+l-√shóokʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) cramp; shock; electrocute | for O to have cramps; for O to get shocked (by electricity)
√shooḵ (verb root) laugh; smile
O-S-∅-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – transitive) laugh | for S to laugh at O
at S-∅-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) laugh | for S to laugh
at S-∅-√shooḵ (na act verb – subject intransitive) laugh; smile | for S to laugh; for S to smile (often with laughter)
O-ka-S-√shooḵ (∅ – transitive) laugh; deride; make fun of; mock | for S to laugh at, deride, mock, make fun of O
O-S-∅-O-ya-S-∅-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – transitive) smile | for S to smile at O
√shoosʼ (verb root) string ² | string on a stick
√tált ˟ (verb root) discourage
√tánu (verb root) gripe
√taa ¹ (verb root) | classification: singular sleep ¹; rest ¹; put to sleep; put to bed
S-∅-√taa ʰ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive) sleep ¹ | for (singular) S to sleep (alone)
O-S-s-√taa ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive) bed ³; put to bed | for S to put (singular) O to bed
√taa ² (verb root) lie down || carry | classification: dead creature or sleeping baby
(N-t) + sh S-d+s-√táan ² (* positional verb – subject intransitive) lie down | for (singular) S to be lying down (at N)
yan⁓ + sh S-d+s-√taa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) lie down | for (singular) S to lie down
√taa ³ (verb root) fat ²; prime | fat (of animal); prime (of animal) | classification: animal
√taa ⁴ (verb root) steam ¹; boil ¹
O-S-s-√taa ʰ ⁴ (∅ act verb – transitive) steam ¹; boil ¹ | for S to boil, steam O (food, esp. meat)
√taakw (verb root) winter
√taaḵ ¹ (verb root) spear ¹; poke; prod
O-S-∅-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) spear ¹; poke; prod; jab | for S to spear, prod, poke, jab O
O-ka-S-l-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) poke; prod | for S to poke, prod O (a round object, often to pop it) | classification: round object
O-ÿa-S-∅-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) poke | for S to poke O in the face
daak + O-ÿa-S-l-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) pole ²; push | for S to pole, push O (canoe, boat) out away from the shore with a pole
√taaḵ ² (verb root) care; serve
N + daa + O-ÿa-s-√taaḵ ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive) care; look after; serve; minister ¹; note | for O to care for, take care of N; for O to look after N; for O to serve N; for O to minister to N; for O to take note of N
√taan ¹ (verb root) carry; take | classification: empty container or hollow object
O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (usually a container or hollow object) | classification: hollow object, empty container
N-t + O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (usually a hollow object) to N | classification: hollow object, empty container
N + jee-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) give; hand ² | for S to give, hand O (usually a hollow object) to N | classification: hollow object, empty container
N-t + ∅-√tán ¹ ˟ (* positional verb – impersonal) | for a container or hollow object to sit at N | classification: hollow object, empty container
√taan ² (verb root) cover ¹; open ¹ | open a cover
at S-∅-√taan ² (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive) cover ¹ | for S to cover (esp. pot, etc.), put on lid
héide + O-shu-S-∅-√taan ² (na motion verb – transitive) open ¹ | for S to open O (a hinged door or lid) | classification: hinged door or lid
x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-shu-S-∅-√taan ² (∅ motion verb – transitive) close ¹ | for S to close O (a hinged door or lid) | classification: hinged door or lid
aax̱ + O-shu-S-∅-√taan ² (∅ motion verb – transitive) open ¹ | for S to open O by removing (a hinged door or lid) | classification: hinged door or lid
√taan ³ (verb root) carry; take | classification: stick-like object
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (usually long, complex object)
kei + O-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive) bring; unearth; lift; pick up | for S to bring out, unearth O (usually long, complex object)(esp. from a box or other container or place which o is kept); for S to pick up, lift up O
yan⁓ + O-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive) put down; leave | for S to put down, lay down, leave, place O (usually long, complex object)
O-ji-S-∅-√taan ³ (ga motion verb – transitive) take; lead ² | for S to take O by the hand; for S to lead O by the hand
a + tóot + O-ji-S-∅-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive) take; adopt | for S to take O into a clan; for S to adopt O into a clan
kei + ji-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) raise ¹ | for S to raise a hand
yan⁓ + ji-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) lower | for S to lower a hand
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, stick-like object) | classification: small stick-like object
N-t + shu-ka-∅-√tán ³ (∅ positional verb – impersonal) extend; end ¹ | for something to extend to, end at N
N-x̱ + + O-gu-ÿa-S-∅-√taanán ³ ˟ (na event verb – transitive) restore; set | for S to set O (dislocated body part, esp. joint) back in to place; for S to restore O (dislocated body part, esp. joint) back in to place
√taan ⁴ (verb root) wash over; rough | rough (of water)
ji-s-√taan ⁴ (na event verb – impersonal) rough; waves | for the ocean to be rough
yan + ji-s-√taan ⁴ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) hit; reach ¹; waves | for waves to hit, reach the beach
N + kanax̱ + ji-ÿa-s-√taan ⁴ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) waves; wash over | for waves to wash over N
√taan ⁵ (verb root) communicate; think; talk | classification: singular
N + jee⁓ + gush-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) text | for (singular) S to text N (on a phone or computer)
N + daa + yoo + tu-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) think; consider; make up mind | for (singular) S to think over, consider, make up oneʼs mind about N
N + káa + yan + tu-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) trust; rely; faith | for (singular) S to put trust in, rely on, have faith in N | classification: singular
(yéi) + tu-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive) decide; make up mind | for (singular) S to decide, make up oneʼs mind (that way)
N + daatx̱ + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) change mind; reconsider | for (singular) S to change mind about N; for (singular) S to think over and reconsider N
N + daax̱ + tu-ÿa-S-d+∅-√taanán ⁵ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) change mind; reconsider | for (singular) S to reconsider N, think over and change oneʼs mind about N
yoo + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) speak; talk | for (singular) S to speak, talk
N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) speak; talk | for (singular) S to speak, talk to N | classification: singular
x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive) speak; talk; speech | for (singular) S to speak, talk, make a speech
N + jeedé + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) call; phone | for (singular) S to call N on telephone
N + jee-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) call; phone | for S to call N on telephone
yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) stop; talk | for (singular) S to stop talking
√taan ⁶ (verb root) precipitate; fall | classification: precipitation
{precipitation} + daak + s-√taan ⁶ (∅ event verb – impersonal) precipitate; fall; rain; snow ²; hail | for {precipitation} to fall
√taan ⁷ (verb root) bend ¹; bent
O-ka-S-∅-√taan ⁷ (na event verb – transitive) bend ¹ | for S to bend O (usually long, simple object)
yóo + ka-∅-√tán ˟ (∅ positional verb – impersonal) bent | for something to be bent
yínde + sh ka-S-d+∅-√taan ⁷ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) bend over; lean down | for (singular) S to bend over, lean down
√taan ⁸ (verb root) habit; like doing | in habit of
O-ka-u-S-sh-√tán ⁸ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive) habit; like doing | for S to be in habit of doing O; for S to do O frequently because s enjoys doing it
√taan ⁹ (verb root) jump | classification: fish
√taan ¹⁰ (verb root) hunt | hunt octopus
√taats (verb root) pick ¹; shake | pick berries by shaking or hitting branches
√taaw (verb root) steal; sneak
O-S-∅-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive) steal | for S to steal O
O-S-s-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive) steal | for S to steal O (large or complex object) | classification: large or complex object
O-ka-S-∅-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive) steal | for S to steal O (round, spherical object) | classification: round, spherical object
O-ka-S-s-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive) steal | for S to steal O (stick-like object or plural round objects) | classification: stick-like object or plural round objects
√taaxʼ (verb root) bite; chew
O-S-∅-√táaxʼ (ga event verb bite | for S (esp. an insect) to bite O
√taax̱ (verb root) dew
√taax̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) sink ¹; drown
∅-√táax̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal) sink ¹ | for something to sink
O-S-s-√táax̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal) sink ¹ | for S to sink O; for S to cause O to sink
√taax̱ʼw ² (verb root) signal with smoke
√tei (verb root) rocky
√teiḵʼ (verb root) twist | classification: rope-like object
√teis (verb root) mimic
√teisʼ (verb root) flab; limp ² | flabby
√teitlʼ (verb root) fat ² | classification: animal
√teix̱ (verb root) smelly; odor
√teix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √teex̱ʼ • wring; twist; screw ¹ || crooked; twisted; windy ²
O-ka-d+s-√téix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) crooked; wicked | for O to be crooked, wicked
O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ (na event verb – transitive) wind ² | for S to wind O
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive) screw ¹ | for S to screw O into N
N-dáx̱ + O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive) screw ¹ | for S to unscrew O from N
x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√téex̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) lock | for S to lock O
√tíx ˟ (verb root) flea | to have fleas
√tee ¹ (verb root) be
(yéi) + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) be | for O to be (that way)
N-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) be; stay; remain; dwell; live at | for O to be or stay at N; for O to dwell, live at N; for O to remain at N
N + ee⁓ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) affect | for O to affect N
N + eetée-náx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) need; lacking; require | for O to need N; for O to lack N; for O to require N
N + ka-yáanáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) overpowered | for N to be overpowered by O
tliyéi + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) wait ¹; still ²; quiet; stop | for O to be still, quiet; for O to stop (car, clock, e.g.); for O to wait
N + tóo-g̱aa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) acceptable; satisfactory; like ¹ | for N to be acceptable to O; for N to be satisfactory to O; for N to be well-liked by O
N + tóon + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) care about; concerned about; affected by | for N to care about O; for N to be concerned about O; for N to be affected by O
N + toowú + tliyéi + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) calm; meditate | for N to be calm; for N to meditate
N + tóo-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) remember; bear in mind | for N to remember O; for N to bear O in mind
N + waḵsheeyee-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) appear before | for O to appear before N; for O to be apparent to N
N + x̱án-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) near; stay by; remain by; live by | for O to be near N; for O to stay by N; for O to remain by N; for O to live by N
N + x̱ʼéi-g̱aa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) obey; obedient | for O to obey N; for O to be obedient to N
N + yáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) like ²; similar | for O to be like N
xʼóolʼ + yáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) chaos; frenzied; hectic | for O to be chaotic, frenzied, hectic
(yéi) + ḵu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – impersonal) be; weather | for the weather to be (that way)
O-shu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) expect | for O to be expected
O-shu-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive) postpone | for S to postpone O
(yéi) + O-tu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) feel; want | for O to want to do, feel like doing (that); for O to feel a certain way
N + daa + O-tu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) care about; think about; concerned about | for O to care about N; for N to be concerned about O; for N to be affected by O
sh + tóo-g̱aa + O-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) grateful; thankful; satisfied | for O to be grateful, thankful; for O to be satisfied
a-ÿa-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal) stormy; rough; windy ¹ | for the weather to be very windy; for the weather to be stormy, rough
N-x̱ + O-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) be; become | for O to be N (a member of a group); for O to become N
N + een-x̱ + O-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) be with | for O to be with N
g̱ax̱-S-s-√tee ¹ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive) cry; weep; mourn; howl | for (plural) S to cry, weep, mourn; for (plural) S to howl (esp. of wolves) | classification: plural
O-shu-S-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – transitive) expect; anticipate | for S to anticipate, foresee O; for S to expect, consider O likely to happen or arrive
O-ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive) born; exist; live | for O to be in existence; for O to be born; for O to live
ḵu-S-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive) born; exist; live; subsist | for S to exist; for S to be born; for S to live; for S to subsist
N + daat + át + ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal) busy; occupied | for N to be busy with things; for N to be occupied with things
tlél sh + tóo-g̱aa + O-d+sh-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) disinterested; unconcerned | for O to be disinterested, unconcerned
√tee ² (verb root) carry; take; give | classification: general, compact object; abstract
{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (na motion verb – transitive) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (general, compact object; abstract)
kei + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive) bring; unearth; lift; pick up | for S to bring out, unearth O (general, often compact object) (esp. from a box or other container or place which O is kept); for S to pick up, lift up O
daak + + O-sha-S-s-√tee ² anchor | for S to anchor O temporarily
√tee ³ (verb root) hang
√tee ⁴ (verb root) wear; put on
√tee ⁵ (verb root) imitate; mimic; quote
√teel ¹ (verb root) scar
√teel ² (verb root) shoe
√teen ¹ (verb root) travel; go
{na preverb} + ḵu-S-∅-√teen ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) travel; go | for S to travel, go on a trip
{∅ preverb} + ḵu-S-∅-√teen ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) travel; go | for S to travel, go on a trip
√teen ² (verb root) see; perceive
O-S-∅-√teen ² (ga state verb – transitive) see; perceive | for S to see, perceive O (often abstract)
O-ÿa-S-∅-√teen ² (∅ event verb – transitive) recognize | for S to recognize O
O-S-s-√teen ² (g̱a event verb – transitive) see; behold | for S to see, behold O (usually specific)
O-S-l-√teen ² (∅ act verb – transitive) look ¹; gaze; watch ¹; care for; look after | for S to look at, gaze at, watch O; for S to watch, take care of, mind, look after O
O-ka-S-l-√teen ² (∅ act verb – transitive) observe ¹; watch ¹; browse | for S to observe, watch O; for S to look at, browse O (esp. a catalog or book with pictures)
ḵu-S-∅-√teen ² (ga state verb – subject intransitive) sight; see | for S to have sight (see people); for S to be able to see
tlél + ḵu-S-sh-√téen ˟ ² (ga state verb – subject intransitive) blind | for S to be blind
√teen ³ (verb root) go away mad
√tees ¹ (verb root) shuffle; step | take small rapid steps
√tees ² (verb root) make fun of
√teesʼ (verb root) stare; look for; inspect
N-g̱aa + ḵu-S-∅-√téesʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) watch ¹; search for; look for | for S to watch for N; for S to search for N (by looking around)
N + daadé + ḵu-S-∅-√téesʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) inspect; assess | for S to inspect the performance or circumstance of N; for S to assess N
ka-u-l-√téesʼshán ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) watch ¹; sight | for something to be fascinating to watch, to be a wonderful sight
√teesh (verb root) lonesome; bored
O-l-√teesh (g̱a event verb – object intransitive) lonesome | for O to be lonesome
√teet ¹ (verb root) wave ¹
√teet ² (verb root) caulk
√teetʼ (verb root) tense; tendon; vein
√teew (verb root) • variants: √toow • read; count; study; teach
√teexʼ (verb root) rope; twist | make rope; twist into rope
√teex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √teix̱ʼ • wring; twist; screw ¹ || crooked; twisted; windy ²
√teey ¹ (verb root) soak | classification: fish or seafood
√teey ² (verb root) patch
√teey ³ (verb root) carve; chisel
O-ka-S-∅-√teey ³ (∅ act verb – transitive) carve; chisel | for S to carve O (large objects using a chisel of adze); for S to chisel O (large objects using a chisel of adze)
√teey ⁴ (verb root) jealous | jealous (of romantic partner)
√too (verb root) clever
O-s-√too (ga state verb – object intransitive) clever; ingenious | for O to be clever, ingenious
O-x̱ʼa-s-√too (ga state verb – object intransitive) witty; glib | for O to be witty, glib
√tooch (verb root) fresh; raw | classification: food
√toochʼ (verb root) rub; dab; roll | roll (into yarn)
O-S-∅-√toochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) rub | for S to rub O (on hand)
(N-t⁓) + O-S-l-√toochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) dab; pull out | for S to dab O (paint) (onto N); for S to pull out O (wool for spinning)
O-ka-S-l-O-ka-S-l-√toochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) roll | for S to roll O up (for making yarn for woolen weaving)
√took ¹ (verb root) explode
kei + d+sh-√tóok ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal) explode | for something to explode, blow up
√took ² (verb root) rancid; potent; rotten | too strong (overly fermented)
O-l-√took ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive) potent; rancid | for O to be potent (esp. of old coffee), or rancid, too strong to taste good
tlél + O-u-l-√took ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive) clean ¹; pure; holy | for O to be clean; for O to be pure, holy
√tool ¹ (verb root) drill; spin
O-S-∅-√tool ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) drill; bore | for S to drill, bore hole in O
∅-√tool ¹ (∅ act verb – impersonal) spin | for something (top, etc.) to spin
O-S-l-√tool ¹ (na event verb – transitive) spin | for S to make O spin
O-ka-S-l-√tool ¹ (na event verb – transitive) spin | for S to make O spin | classification: rope-like object
O-ka-S-l-√tool ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) roll | for S to roll up O (anything flat and flexible)
√tool ² (verb root) murmur
√toow (verb root) • variants: √teew • read; count; study; teach
O-S-∅-√tóow (na act verb – transitive) read | for S to read O
S-d+∅-√tóow (na act verb – subject intransitive) read; count | for S to read, count
N-t⁓ + S-d+s-√tóow (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) count | for S to count to N
N-xʼ + O-S-l-√tóow (∅ act verb – transitive) teach | for S to teach O to N
N-xʼ + at S-l-√tóow (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) teach | for S to teach N
sh + tóo + O-S-d+l-√tóow (∅ act verb – transitive) study; practice; rehearse | for S to study, learn O; for S to practice, rehearse O
sh + tóo + at S-d+l-√tóow (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) study | for S to study, teach oneself
√toox ¹ (verb root) • variants: √teexw ¹ • stamp
√toox ² (verb root) • variants: √teexw ² • hop
√toox̱ (verb root) spit ¹; spew out
N-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+s-√toox̱ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) spit ¹ | for S to spit, spit out at N
yóo⁓ + O-S-l-√toox̱ (∅ act verb – transitive) spit ¹ | for S to spit out O (esp medicine)
√toox̱ʼ ¹ (verb root) growl | stomach growl
ka-s-√tóox̱ʼ ˟ ¹ (∅ act verb – impersonal) growl; gurgle | for the stomach to growl, gurgle
√toox̱ʼ ² (verb root) spit ¹ | classification: octopus
√tʼaa ¹ (verb root) warm; hot
∅-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal) warm; hot | for something to be warm; for something to be hot
ÿa-∅-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal) hot; heated | for something to be hot; for something to be heated
ḵu-∅-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ state verb – impersonal) warm | for the weather to be warm, hot
O-S-s-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) warm | for S to warm O (water, etc.)
N + toowú + O-S-l-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) comfort | for S to comfort N
√tʼaa ² (verb root) ripe
O-ka-∅-√tʼaa ² (na – object intransitive) ripe | for O to be ripe (of berries, fruit)
O-ka-S-s-√tʼaa ² (na – transitive) ripe | for S to ripen O (of berries, fruit)
√tʼaa ³ (verb root) warp ¹; bend ¹ | bend or warp by steam
√tʼaa ⁴ (verb root) board; skirting
√tʼaach (verb root) slap | slap with open hand
O-S-∅-√tʼaach (∅ act verb – transitive) slap; tag | for S to slap O; for S to tag O (as in game of tag)
(N +) jintáak + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) clap | for S to clap oneʼs hands
jintaak + S-d+∅-√tʼácht ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) clap | for S to clap hands
ka-S-l-√tʼaach (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) applaud; clap | for S to applaud; for S to clap
{na preverb} + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (na motion verb – subject intransitive) swim | for S to swim (of human, using strokes which slap the water) | classification: singular subject • classification: human
{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) swim | for S to swim (of human, using strokes which slap the water) | classification: human
{na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√tʼaach (na motion verb – object intransitive) swim | for (plural) O (humans) to swim (using strokes which slap the water) | classification: plural subjects • classification: human
√tʼaak (verb root) dent; press
√tʼaakw (verb root) slap; hit | slap tail; hit solidly
a-d+sh-√tʼaakw (∅ event verb – impersonal) dive; slap | for something to dive into the water; for something to slap tail down hard as going down in water (esp. of killerwhale and beaver); for someone to hit out at someone and floor them; for someone to scatter down feathers from dance hat in final part of dance (by rapid movements of the head)
√tʼaaḵ (verb root) rock ²
√tʼaalʼ (verb root) mash; roll; flatten | roll flat; mash flat
√tʼaan (verb root) expect; impatient
√tʼaasʼ (verb root) look ¹ | look sharply, with anger
N + yaax̱ + kei + a-ka-S-d+l-√tʼáasʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) snap; askance; glance; look ¹ | for S to snap eyes at, look askance at, or glance at N (indicating anger, dislike, or suspicion)
√tʼaatʼ (verb root) press; pat
√tʼaatl (verb root) splash; flap
√tʼaaxʼ (verb root) flick | flick with thumb and forefingers || cut ¹ | cut into pieces
√tʼaax̱ (verb root) open ¹; agape | open mouth
x̱ʼa-S-∅-√tʼaax̱ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) open ¹; agape | for S to open oneʼs mouth wide, keep oneʼs mouth open
O-x̱ʼa-S-l-√tʼaax̱ (∅ event verb – transitive) open ¹; hold | for S to open Oʼs mouth, hold Oʼs mouth open
√tʼaax̱ʼ ¹ (verb root) pop; crackle
√tʼaax̱ʼ ² (verb root) heat; glow; radiate | radiate heat
N-t⁓ + s-√tʼáax̱ʼ ² (∅ motion verb – impersonal) hot; radiate; heat | for a fire, etc. to be hot, radiate, throw out heat at N
√tʼei ¹ (verb root) • variants: √tʼee • find
O-S-∅-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive) find | for S to find O (to chance upon)
O-ka-S-∅-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive) find | for S to find O (usually round, spherical object) | classification: round or spherical object
O-S-s-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive) find | for S to find O (usually complex or large object or rope-like object) | classification: complex or large object or rope-like object
O-ka-S-s-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive) find | for S to find O (usually stick-like object or plural round objects) | classification: stick-like object or plural round objects
√tʼei ² (verb root) behind
√tʼeix̱ (verb root) fish ² | fish with hook
a-S-d+s-√tʼeix̱ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) fish ²; troll | for S to fish with hooks, catch on a hook
√tʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √tʼeex̱ʼ • pound ¹; smash; hammer ²
O-ka-S-∅-√tʼéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) smash; pound ¹; hammer ²; break | for S to smash O up by pounding; for S to mash O by pounding with something heavy; for S to pound, hammer on O; for S to break O
√tʼee (verb root) • variants: √tʼei ¹ • find
√tʼeek ¹ (verb root) steer; rudder
√tʼeek ² (verb root) stiff
√tʼeesh (verb root) stretch | stretch skin
√tʼeet (verb root) beachcomb; scavenge
√tʼeexʼ ¹ (verb root) freeze; hard; difficult ||
∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal) hard; difficult | for something to be hard (abstract), difficult
N + toowú + ∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal) obstinate; stubborn | for N to be obstinate, sticking to oneʼs opinion or purpose, not yielding to reason
ka-∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal) hard; cake ¹ | for something to harden, cake up
ka-s-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal) hard | for something to be hard (esp. of round object)
d+l-√tʼéexʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal) hard; solidify; freeze | for something to harden, solidify; for something to freeze
√tʼeexʼ ² (verb root) thick; viscious
√tʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √tʼéix̱ʼ • pound; smash; hammer
√tʼeey (verb root) elbow
√tʼooch (verb root) sting; smarts
l-√tʼooch (∅ event verb – impersonal) sting; burn ¹ | for medicine to sting, burn
N + toowú + O-S-l-√tʼooch (∅ event verb – transitive) disappoint | for S to disappoint N (lit. for S to sting Nʼs mind)
N + toowú + l-√tʼooch (∅ event verb – impersonal) disappoint | for N to be disappointed (lit. for Nʼs mind to be stinging)
√tʼoochʼ (verb root) char; black | to char or blacken
√tʼook (positional verb) shoot; select; choose | shoot bow and arrow; select gambling sticks
O-S-∅-√tʼóok (∅ event verb – transitive) shoot; select; choose | for S to shoot O (with bow and arrow); for S to choose O (in gambling with sticks)
√tʼookʼ (verb root) nettle
√tʼoosʼ (verb root) toast ¹; roast; cook | cook, roast, or toast by open flame
O-S-∅-√tʼoosʼ (∅ – transitive) toast ¹ | for S to toast (esp. by open flames) O
O-S-∅-O-S-l-√tʼoosʼ (∅ – transitive) roast; cook | for S to roast O (meat, esp. by coals or open flames) | classification: meat
√tlaa ¹ (verb root) • variants: √dlaa • settle | settle (of sediment)
√tlaa ² (verb root) big; stout | big around in girth
(yéi) + ka-u-d+∅-√tlaa ʰ ² (na state verb – impersonal) big; stout | for something to be (so) big around, in girth
√tlaak (verb root) quieten
√tlaakw (verb root) whisper; investigate || tell | tell legend
O-S-∅-√tlaakw (∅ act verb – transitive) tell; recount; narrate | for S to tell, recount, narrate O (legend, myth, fairy tale, etc.)
O-ka-S-∅-√tlaakw (na event verb – transitive) investigate; inquire; research | for S to investigate, make inquiry into, research O
ḵu-S-∅-√tlaakw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) whisper | for S to whisper
√tlaax̱ (verb root) moldy
d+∅-√tlaax̱ (∅ event verb – impersonal) moldy | for something to be moldy
√tleiḵw (verb root) berries; pick ¹ | pick berries; be gluttonous || gluttonous
√tleilkʼú ˟ (verb root) string figures | make string figures
√tleitʼ ¹ (verb root) lick
O-S-∅-√tléitʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) lick; lap up | for S to lick, lap up O
√tleitʼ ² (verb root) slide ¹ | slide down a pole
√tleiw (verb root) noisy; racket | make a racket
√tleixʼw (verb root) carry; overload; clutch | carry too much; be overloaded; clutch in order to carry too much
√tleix̱w (verb root) plunge; scare | plunge to scare fish into net
√tlúxja (verb root) put foot in mouth
kei + x̱ʼa-S-√tlúxja put foot in mouth | for S to put their foot in their mouth (figuratively)
√tlooxʼ (verb root) crawl; drag | crawl on hands and toes with body close to ground; drag self with hands and body on the ground
{na preverb} + S-∅-√tlóoxʼ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) creep | for S to creep, crawl on hands and toes with body close to ground (usually when stalking game)
√tlʼáakʼ (verb root) wet
O-d+∅-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) wet | for O to be wet (may be thoroughly wet, but not by actual immersion)
O-ka-d+∅-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) wet | for O to be wet on the surface (may be thoroughly wet, but not by actual immersion)
O-S-l-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) wet | for S to wet, make wet by pouring on or immersion
O-ka-S-l-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) wet | for S to wet, make wet by sprinkling
ḵu-ka-l-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal) wet | for the outdoors to be wet
√tlʼeikw ¹ (verb root) dodge
√tlʼeikw ² (verb root) eat ¹; raw | eat beach seafoods raw
√tlʼeil (verb root) • variants: √tlʼeiláḵw • milt; remove; gut | remove milt/eggs and guts from fish | classification: fish
√tlʼein (verb root) shabby
√tlʼeitʼ (verb root) climb; cling to
N + daax̱ + kei + S-d+l-√tlʼéitʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) climb | for S to climb up along N (tree, rope, etc.) by holding on tightly (often to branches or projecting rocks/plants)
N + yáx̱ + S-d+l-√tlʼéitʼ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive) climb | for S to climb up along the face of N (mountain, cliff, fence, etc.)
√tlʼéiláḵw (verb root) • variants: √tlʼeil • milt; remove; gut | remove milt/eggs and guts from fish | classification: fish
√tlʼeekʼát ˟ (verb root) stiffen; thread ² | thread sticks through to stiffen
√tlʼeeḵ (verb root) pincer
√tlʼeen (verb root) tie; gather together | tie in bunch; gather cloth
√tlʼeet (verb root) abandon; leave; throw away; dispose of; divorce
O-S-l-√tlʼeet (na event verb – transitive) abandon; desert; leave; throw away; dispose of; get rid of; divorce; fire ³ | for S to abandon, desert, leave O; for S to throw away, dispose of, get rid of O; for S to divorce O; for S to fire O (from a job)
N + jee-t⁓ + O-S-l-√tlʼeet (∅ – transitive) turn over to | for S to turn O over to N
√tlʼeetʼ (verb root) fill; full; overflow | classification: liquid
O-sha-S-l-√tlʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) fill; overflow | for S to fill O to overflowing (with liquid) | classification: liquid
O-sha-∅-√tlʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) filled; full | for O to be full, be overflowing (with liquid) | classification: liquid
√tlʼeex trash
O-d+l-√tlʼeex (∅ event verb – object intransitive) dirty; trash | for O to be dirty, trashy
√tlʼúnkw ˟ (verb root) mutter; grumble
√tlʼooḵ ¹ (verb root) rot ¹; decay
√tlʼooḵ ² (verb root) drip ¹ | drip slowly
√tlʼoon (verb root) close ¹ | eyes closed
√tsaa (verb root) belch; burp | belch
a-S-d+l-√tsaa ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) burp; belch | for S to burp, belch
√tsaakw (verb root) last ¹ | last a long time
O-∅-√tsáakw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) last ¹; durable | for O to last a long time, be durable (esp. of clothing, machinery, etc.)
O-S-l-√tsáakw ˟ (g̱a state verb – transitive) save; keep; store ¹ | for S to keep, save, store up O (usually food for winter or for special occasion)
√tsaaḵ (verb root) poke; stick out; extend; prick; launch | classification: singular
daak + O-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – transitive) pole ²; push | for S to pole, push O (canoe, boat) out away from the beach with a pole
kei + ji-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) | classification: singular raise ¹ | for (singular) S to raise the hand (in voting, etc.)
(N + g̱áa) + daak + ji-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) reach ¹ | for S to reach a hand out (for N)
náakw + N + tóo-de + S-d+l-√tsaaḵ (? event verb – subject intransitive) inject; medicine | for N to get a shot (of medicine through a needle)
O-shu-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – transitive) plug in | for S to plug in O (electrical cord)
N + kʼéenáx̱ + O-ÿa-u-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) thread ² | for S to thread N (needle)
√tsaatl (verb root) stuck to; plastered
√tsaay (verb root) want; ask
√tseits (verb root) injury; hurt ¹
O-ka-S-∅-√tseits (∅ event verb – transitive) injure; hurt ¹ | for S to injure, hurt O
at ka-S-∅-√tseits (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) injured; hurt ¹ | for S to get injured; for S to have hurt feelings
√tseix̱ (verb root) • variants: √tseex̱ • kick; trample; pedal
O-S-∅-√tseix̱ (∅ act verb – transitive) kick; stamp | for S to kick O; for S to stamp O, put foot down on O violently
{na preverb} + sh ka-S-d+l-√tseix̱ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) pedal; bicycle | for S to bicycle; for S to pedal
√tseek broil; barbecue ¹
O-S-l-√tseek (∅ act verb – transitive) barbecue ¹; broil | for S to broil O slowly; for S to cook O directly over live coals; for S to barbecue O
√tseen ¹ (verb root) strong; value
O-l-√tseen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive) strong; powerful | for O to be strong, powerful
tlél + O-l-√tseen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive) weak; anemic; mild | for O to be weak; for O to be anemic; for O to be mild (of weather)
O-x̱ʼa-S-l-√tseen ˟ ¹ (ga act verb – transitive) cherish; value | for S to cherish, value O
x̱ʼa-l-√tseen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal) precious; expensive; high-priced | for something to be precious, of great value; for something to be expensive, high-priced
√tseen ² (verb root) alive
√tsees (verb root) float ¹; bob
√tseex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √tseix̱ʼ • strangle
√tsoow (verb root) poke; stick out; extend; prick; launch | classification: plural
g̱agaan + N-t⁓ + x̱ʼus + ∅-√tsóow ˟ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) sun; shine | for the sun rays to shine on N
kei + ji-S-l-√tsoow (∅ raise ¹ | for (plural) S to raise the hand (in voting, etc.) | classification: plural
√tsoox̱ (verb root) dam; obstruct
√tsoox̱ʼ (verb root) destring; come off | come off string
√tsʼaa (verb root) fragrant; sweet-smelling
O-l-√tsʼáa ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) fragrant; sweet-smelling | for O to be fragrant, sweet-smelling
√tsʼaal (verb root) drip ¹
√tsʼaan (verb root) shallow
√tsʼein (verb root) • variants: √tsʼaan • stop | cause to stop
yan⁓ + O-S-l-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – transitive) leave alone; stop bothering | for S to leave O alone; for S to stop bothering O
yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) stop talking; quieten down | for S to quieten down, stop talking
yan⁓ + O-x̱ʼa-ka-S-l-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – transitive) quieten; stop talking | for S to quieten O; for S to cause O to stop talking
√tsʼeitʼ (verb root) cut ¹; skin ² | cut fat or skin from a seal | classification: seal
O-S-∅-√tsʼéitʼ (na act verb – transitive) skin ²; cut ¹; operate | for S to skin, flay O; for S to operate on, cut carefully (using small strokes)
√tsʼeix̱ (verb root) indulge; taste | have a taste for
√tsʼixwaa (verb root) • variants: √tsʼixaa • sneeze
a-S-d+l-√tsʼíxaa ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) sneeze | for S to sneeze
√tsʼígwaa ˟ (verb root) sensitive subject; delicate matter
√tsʼeek (verb root) fuss; whine; tantrum
O-S-l-√tsʼeek (∅ – transitive) fuss; whine; tantrum | for S to fuss about, whine for, throw a tantrum for O
√tsʼeekʼw (verb root) • variants: √tsʼeekʼ • pinch | pinch with fingernails
O-S-∅-√tsʼíkʼt ˟ (na act verb – transitive) pinch | for S to pinch O
O-ka-S-∅-√tsʼéekʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) pick ¹ | for S to pick at O
O-S-l-√tsʼéekʼ (ga act verb – transitive) pinch | for s to pinch o with fingernails
√tsʼeetʼ (verb root) fill; full | classification: liquid
O-sha-∅-√tsʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) filled; full | for O to be full (with liquid) | classification: liquid
O-sha-S-l-√tsʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) fill | for S to fill O (with liquid) | classification: liquid
√tsʼoon (verb root) squint
√tsʼoot (verb root) pucker; close ¹ | press closed
√tsʼootsʼ (verb root) nibble; tug | fish to nibble or tug line
√tsʼoox̱ (verb root) budge; move ¹ | move slightly
O-S-l-√tsoox̱ (∅ act verb – transitive) budge; move ¹ | for S to cause O to budge, move slightly
√oo ¹ wear; dress ¹; put in place; use
O-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive) own; possess; have | for S to own, possess, have O
atkʼátskʼu / yát(kʼ) + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na event verb – transitive) birth; pregnant | for S to have O (baby); be pregnant with O (baby)
yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) wear; use; dress ¹ | for S to wear, put on, dress in O; for S to use O
chʼa + aadé + yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na event verb – transitive) forgive; excuse | for S to forgive, excuse O
N-xʼ + yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na event verb – object intransitive) put; leave | for S to put (plural) O at N; for S to leave (plural) O at N | classification: plural objects • classification: several objects and often a variety of things
N + toowú + x̱ʼool + yáx̱ + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na state verb – transitive) frustrate | for S to frustrate N
xʼáan + a-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na – subject intransitive) angry; mean | for S to be angry, mean
N + náa + yéi + sha-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive) dress ¹ | for S to dress N
náa(xʼ) + yéi + sha-S-d+∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive) dress ¹ | for S to get dressed
√oo ² buy
O-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive) buy | for S to buy O
O-ka-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ² (na event verb – transitive) buy | for S to buy O (usually round, spherical object)
(N) + ḵu-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ² (na state verb – impersonal) live at; own | for S to live, live at, dwell permanently (at N); for S to own property (at N)
√ook ¹ (verb root) boil ¹
O-S-l-√.ook ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) boil ¹ | for S to boil O (esp. water)
d+l-√.óok ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal) boil ¹ | for something to boil
√ook ² (verb root) fill; overflow | classification: liquid
√ookʼ (verb root) play ¹; amuse self | play quietly
ḵu-S-d+s-√.ookʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) play ¹; amuse self | for S to play quietly; for S to entertain, amuse oneself
x̱ʼa-S-d+s-√.ookʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) play ¹ | for S to play with food
√oon (verb root) shoot | shoot with firearm
O-S-∅-√.óon (∅ event verb – transitive) shoot | for S to shoot O (with firearm)
O-S-∅-√.únt ˟ (na act verb – transitive) shoot | for S to shoot at O (with firearms)
√oos ¹ (verb root) pout; sulk
tu-S-d+∅-√.oos ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) pout; sulk; refuse | for S to pout, sulk, refuse to speak; for a machine to refuse to run
√oos ² (verb root) hyperactive; wild; crazy; noisy
O-l-O-l-√.oos ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive) crazy; lively; noisy; restless | for O to be crazy, lively, noisy, never still
O-ji-l-√.oos ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive) meddle | for O to meddle, handle too much (esp. of small children touching otherʼs property)
O-x̱ʼa-l-√.oos ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive) talkative; talk; gossip; noisy | for O to be talkative, talk nonsense, be gossipy, or noisy
√oosʼ (verb root) wash ¹
O-S-∅-√.óosʼ (na act verb – transitive) wash ¹ | for S to wash O
O-ka-S-∅-√.óosʼ (na act verb – transitive) wash ¹ | for S to wash O (usually surface of pot, table, etc.)
daa + S-d+∅-√.óosʼ (na act verb – subject intransitive) wash ¹; bathe | for S to take a bath
sha-S-d+∅-√.óosʼ (na act verb – subject intransitive) wash ¹ | for S to wash hair
O-S-l-√.óosʼ (na act verb – transitive) wash ¹ | for S to wash O (often meat or feet)
kwás + íxde + O-S-l-√.óosʼ (na act verb – transitive) flush ²; toilet | for S to flush O (a toilet)
√oosh (verb root) sulk
sh ḵʼa-S-d+l-√.oosh (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) sulk; refuse; puckered | for S to sulk, refuse to talk and have mouth puckered with bad feeling
√ootʼ (verb root) grasp; sucker
O-S-∅-√óotʼ (∅ – transitive) grasp; sucker | for S to grasp O with suckers
√ootl (verb root) boil ¹ | boil fish
O-S-sh-√.óotl (∅ act verb – transitive) boil ¹ | for S to boil O (fish)
√oox (verb root) blow
O-S-l-√.óox (ga act verb – transitive) blow | for S to blow on O
O-ka-S-∅-√.oox (∅ act verb – transitive) blow; inflate | for S to blow up, inflate O
O-ÿa-ka-S-l-√.óox (ga event verb – transitive) blow | for S to blow O (light, candle, match, etc.) out
√waal (verb root) • variants: √wool • hole ²; outlet | have a hole; have an outlet
√waalʼ (verb root) break | classification: general objects, abstract objects
O-ka-S-∅-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) break | for S to break O (usually fairly fragile objects) | classification: fairly fragile objects
ka-∅-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal) break | for something to break (usually fairly fragile objects) | classification: fairly fragile objects
N + toowú + O-ka-S-l-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) break; hurt ¹ | for S to break Nʼs heart, hurt Nʼs feelings
N + toowú + ka-∅-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal) disappoint | for N to be disappointed (lit. for Nʼs mind to be broken)
√waan (verb root) maggot
√waas (verb root) roast
√waasʼ (verb root) • variants: √woosʼ • ask; inquire
√waash (verb root) yawn
√waat ¹ (verb root) grow; raise ² | classification: living creature
(kei) + O-∅-√wáat ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) grow | for O to grow up (size and maturity) (esp. of human and animal)
O-S-s-√wáat ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) raise ²; grow | for S to raise O (child, animal); for S to grow O (plant)
yan⁓ + ÿa-∅-√wáat ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal) moon; full | for the moon to be full
√waat ² (verb root) stretch; measure | stretch limbs; measure with outstretched limbs
√weisʼ (verb root) louse
√weit (verb root) menstruate
√wéinaa (verb root) powder ¹
√woo ¹ (verb root) order ²; send; picnic
N-g̱áa + a-S-∅-√woo ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) send; order ² | for S to send for, order N (usually from a catalog)
N² + jeet + N¹-ch + a-S-s-√woo ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) send | for S to send N¹ to N² through mail or electronically
O-S-d+∅-√woo ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) lunch; picnic; take | for S to take O (food) along (for lunch or a picnic)
√woo ² (verb root) fair | fair skinned; fair complexioned
O-d+l-√wóo ˟ ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive) fair | for O to be fair skinned, fair complexioned
ÿa-ka-S-d+l-√wóo ˟ ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) powder ¹ | for S to powder oneʼs face
√woo ³ (verb root) float ¹
√woo ⁴ (verb root) dare
√woochʼ (verb root) stubborn
O-tu-l-√woochʼ stubborn; unyielding | for O to be stubborn; for O to harden themself, refuse to give in
√wooḵ ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | fabric to move
√wooḵ ² (verb root) lack confidence
√wool (verb root) • variants: √waal • hole ²; outlet | have a hole; have an outlet
∅-√wóol ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) hole ²; outlet | for something to have a hole, outlet
√woolʼ (verb root) peel
√woosʼ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √wáasʼ • ask; inquire
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√wóosʼ ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive) ask; question | for S to ask, question O
√woosʼ ² (verb root) • variants: √woochʼ • murky
√woosʼ ³ (verb root) tough; hard
√wootl (verb root) hurry; trouble
sh + yáa + S-d+∅-√wootl (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) hurry | for S to be in a hurry
√wootlʼ (verb root) persistent; strong-willed
a-d+∅-√wóotlʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) stuck; immobile | for something to be stuck in place, immobile
O-l-√wóotlʼ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) strong-willed; persistent | for O to be mentally strong, persistent
√woox̱ (verb root) tide ¹ | neap tide
√woox̱ʼ (verb root) wide; broad
√xaa (verb root) pour; dump ¹
N-dé + O-ka-S-∅-√xaa (na motion verb – transitive) pour; dump ¹; empty ¹ | for S to pour O into N, pour O out at N; for S to dump, empty O in one mass (by turning over container) at N
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-s-√xaa (∅ motion verb – transitive) pour; dump ¹; empty ¹ | for S to pour, dump, empty O at N
N-dé + ÿa-S-s-√xaa (na motion verb – transitive) pour | for S to pour O on N; for S to pour O in N
√xaach (verb root) give up; put off
(N-xʼ) + a-S-l-√xaach (na event verb – subject intransitive) despair; give up; put off; defer; delay | for S to despair, give up hope (on N); for S to put off, defer, delay doing, or give up (doing N)
√xaak ¹ (verb root) desiccated; skeletal
√xaak ² (verb root) fragrant
√xaakw (verb root) grind; whip up
O-ka-S-l-√xaakw (∅ act verb – transitive) grind; whip up; beat ¹ | for S to grind up O; for S to beat, whip O up (esp. soapberries)
√xaasʼ (verb root) scrape; shave; sand ²
O-S-∅-√xáasʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) scrape | for S to scrape O
N + x̱ʼus + daa + O-S-∅-√xáasʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) shave | for S to shave Nʼs legs
ÿa-S-d+∅-√xáasʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) shave | for S to shave (face)
√xaash (verb root) cut ¹; saw ¹
O-S-∅-√xaash (na act verb – transitive) cut ¹; saw ¹ | for S to cut O with knife; for S to saw O
aax̱ + O-S-∅-√xaash (∅ act verb – transitive) cut ¹; saw ¹ | for S to cut, saw O off (esp. cutting something off or cutting wood)
S-d+∅-√xaash (na act verb – subject intransitive) cut ¹ | for S to cut
O-S-l-√xaash (na act verb – transitive) cut ¹ | for S to cut O (esp. rope-like object) | classification: rope-like object
O-ka-S-∅-√xaash (g̱a event verb – transitive) cut ¹; carve; slice | for S to cut O in several pieces; for S to carve O (on surface); for S to slice O (e.g., bread)
O-sha-S-l-√xaash (na act verb – transitive) cut ¹ | for S to cut the hair of O
√xaat ¹ (verb root) pull tight; fasten; extend; stick out
ka-∅-√xaat ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal) • variants: ka-d+∅-√xaat ¹ • tight | for a lid, rope, etc. to be tight
O-ka-S-s-√xaat ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) tighten; pull; tug | for S to tighten O (which is fastened to something at the other end); for S to tug, pull (on something fastened at the other end)
(N-dé) + O-ka-S-s-√xaat ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) connect; attach; tie | for S to connect, attach, tie O (to N)
N-(dé) + ka-s-√xaat ¹ (∅ state verb – impersonal) connect; attach; tie | for something to be connected, attached, tied (to) N
√xaat ² shape; resemble; look like | resemble (in shape); look like (in shape)
N + yáx̱ + ka-∅-√xaat ² (∅ state verb – impersonal) resemble; look like | for something to resemble N (esp. in shape)
√xaatʼ ¹ (verb root) drag; pull | classification: heavy object or limp object such as dead animal
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√xáatʼ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive) drag; pull; haul; transport | for S to drag, pull O (esp. heavy object or limp object such as dead animal); for S to haul, transport O (by non-motor power)
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√xáatʼ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) drag; pull; haul; transport | for S to drag, pull O (esp. heavy object or limp object such as dead animal); for S to haul, transport O (by non-motor power)
√xaatʼ ² (verb root) suspended | suspended without visible support | classification: celestial bodies
√xaatsʼ (verb root) sky; clear | clear sky
a-ka-∅-√xáatsʼ (na event verb – impersonal) sky; clear | for the sky to be clear, cloudless
√xeikʼw (verb root) sip; inhale; slurp
O-S-s-√xéikʼw ˟ (na act verb – transitive) slurp; sip; drink ¹; snort | for S to slurp, drink O by sipping noisily (esp. drawing in air to cool the drink); for S to snort O
√xeilʼ (verb root) drooling
√xein (verb root) scabby; sored; spotted; old
√xeis (verb root) trap ¹; catch | catch with container
√xeit (verb root) winded | wind knocked out
O-d+∅-√xeit (∅ event verb – object intransitive) winded | for O to have the wind knocked out of them
O-S-s-√xeit (∅ event verb – transitive) winded | for S to knock the wind out of O
√xeech (verb root) exert; concentrate | exert strength; concentrate on
O-S-∅-√xeech (∅ event verb – transitive) exert; concentrate | for S to exert oneʼs full strength on, strive for O; for S to concentrate on, put effort into O
√xeelʼ ¹ (verb root) trouble; tangle; mess
O-ka-S-∅-√xéelʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) bother; trouble; anxiety | for S to bother, trouble, cause trouble or anxiety for O
√xeelʼ ² (verb root) erase
√xeen (verb root) frown; scowl
N + yát + a-S-s-√xeen (∅ – subject intransitive) frown; scowl | for S to frown, scowl at N
√xeesʼ ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | move in arc
√xeesʼ ² (verb root) tangled
ka-d+l-√xéesʼ ² (∅ event verb – impersonal) tangled | for a rope-like object to be tangled
√xeet (verb root) furrow; plow || write; draw ¹ || move ¹ | classification: stick-like object
O-ka-S-sh-√xeet (∅ act verb – transitive) write; draw ¹; paint ²; print ¹; photograph ¹; document | for S to write, draw, or paint a picture of; for S to print O by hand; for S to photograph, take pictures, x-rays of O
ka-S-d+sh-√xeet (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) write; draw ¹; paint ²; print ¹; photograph ¹; document | for S to write, draw, or paint; for S to print by hand; for S to photograph, take pictures, x-rays
N + een + woosh + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√xéet ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) argue; quarrel | for S to argue, quarrel with N
√xeetʼ (verb root) brush ³; scrape; sweep
O-S-∅-√xéetʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive) sweep | for S to sweep O (esp. floor)
S-d+∅-√xéetʼ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive) sweep | for S to sweep
√xeetl ¹ (verb root) fish ²; rake | fish with rake
√xeetl ² (verb root) drift ¹; drag; move ¹ | drag anchor; move off course or uncrontrollably
√xeex ¹ (verb root) fall; drop ¹; hit | classification: singular
∅-√xeex ¹ (g̱a motion verb – impersonal) fall | for an object (usually small, compact) to fall
N-t⁓ + ∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) fall; drop ¹; hit; rumor | for something to fall or drop on N; for a bullet to hit N; for a rumor, news to spread, go around at N
N-t + ∅-√xeex ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal) fall | for something to fall around at N (esp. inside a container)
daak + ∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) sun; moon; fall; drop ¹ | for the sun, moon to come out; for something (esp. a small, compact object) to fall, drop
N + leitóox̱-t⁓ + ∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) choke; stuck | for something to be stuck in Nʼs throat; for N to choke on something
N + tóot + ∅-√xeex ¹ (na event verb – impersonal) worry | for something to worry N; for N to have something constantly on the mind
N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) hit; fall; drop ¹ | for something (usually a round , spherical object such as a bullet, ball) to hit, fall against, drop into N
N-náx̱ + ka-∅-√xeex ¹ (g̱a motion verb – impersonal) fall; drop ¹ | for something (usually a round object) to fall, drop through N
√xeex ² (verb root) run ¹ | classification: singular subject
{na preverb} + S-d+sh-√xeex ² (na motion verb – subject intransitive) run ¹ | for (singular) S to run
{∅ preverb} + S-d+sh-√xeex ² (∅ – subject intransitive) run ¹ | for (singular) S to run
g̱unéi + S-d+sh-√xeex ² (∅ – subject intransitive) run ¹ | for (singular) S to begin running
ḵut + S-d+sh-√xeex ² (ga motion verb – subject intransitive) run away | for (singular) S to run away
shu-∅-√xeex ² (na event verb – impersonal) end ¹; pass ¹; used up | for something to end, come to an end, pass; for something to be used up (of supplies, etc.)
N + jeet⁓ + shu-∅-√xeex ² (∅ event verb – impersonal) run out | for N to run out of something
√xeex ³ (verb root) rise; set ¹; move ¹; blow | classification: celestial body, wind
∅-√xeex ³ (na motion verb – impersonal) blow | for the wind to blow
N-t⁓ + ∅-√xeex ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) blow | for a strong wind to blow at N
kei + ∅-√xeex ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) rise | for the sun, moon to rise
yínde + ∅-√xeex ³ (na motion verb – impersonal) set ¹ | for the sun, moon to set
√xeex ⁴ (verb root) occur; happen
ÿa-∅-√xeex ⁴ (na event verb – impersonal) take place; occur; happen | for something to take place, occur, happen
O-ÿa-S-s-√xeex ⁴ (na – transitive) social event; celebrate | for S to hold a social event for O; for S to celebrate O
sh + kalyéi + O-ÿa-S-∅-√xeex ⁴ (na – transitive) intercourse; sex; affair | for S to fool around sexually with O; for S to have an affair with O
√xoo ¹ (verb root) steam ¹
√xoo ² (verb root) weigh down; rock pile
√xook (verb root) dry
∅-√xook (∅ event verb – impersonal) dry | for something to be dry, dried
O-S-s-√xook (∅ act verb – transitive) dry | for S to dry O (by any method)
ka-∅-√xook (∅ event verb – impersonal) dry | for something to be dry (of inside of container or of loose objects) | classification: in container or loose objects
O-ka-S-s-√xook (∅ act verb – transitive) dry | for S to dry O (inside a container) | classification: inside a container
ḵu-∅-√xook (ga state verb – impersonal) dry | for the weather to be dry
√xool (verb root) sex; intercourse
O-S-∅-√xool (∅ act verb – transitive) sex; intercourse | for S to have sex with O
√xoon ¹ (verb root) thin; lose | get thin; lose weight
O-l-√xoon ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive) lose; thin | for O to lose weight, become thin
sh S-d+l-√xoon ¹ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive) thin; lose | for S to cause oneself to lose weight, slim down
√xoon ² (verb root) reveal; show ¹ | reveal faces; move faces | classification: plural
ÿa-S-d+∅-√xoon ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) show ¹; reveal; dance ¹ | for S to show face (as entering in ceremonial dance)
N + tóot⁓ + ÿa-d+∅-√xoon ² (∅ motion verb – impersonal) possessed | for S to be possessed, have evil spirits
√xoon ³ (verb root) prepare; travel | prepare for travel
S-∅-√xoon ³ (ga – subject intransitive) prepare; travel | for S to prepare for travel
√xoosh (verb root) singe; smolder
√xoots ¹ (verb root) char
√xoots ² (verb root) dominate; overpower
N + een + sh ka-S-d+l-√xoots ² (∅ – subject intransitive) dominate; trounce; overpower | for S to try to dominate or trounce or attempt to overpower N (like a brown bear)
√xwaach (verb root) soft; flexible
O-S-l-√xwaach (∅ – transitive) soften; scrape | for S to soften, make O flexible; for S to scrape O (hide) to soften it
√xwaan (verb root) frost
ḵu-ka-d+l-√xwáan (∅ state verb – impersonal) frost | for the ground or weather to be frosty
√xwaasʼ (verb root) hang | hang in clusters
√xwaats (verb root) paint ² | paint face (esp with black paint)
√xwei (verb root) tease; taunt
O-S-∅-√xwéi ˟ (na act verb – transitive) tease; joke; bad-mouth | for S to tease, joke about O (esp. particular tribal relations, such as paternal uncle); for S to bad-mouth O
√xwein ¹ (verb root) ladle ¹; spoon ²; shovel ¹
O-S-∅-√xwein ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) ladle ¹; spoon ²; shovel ¹ | for S to shovel O; for S to spoon, dish out O | kʼwátlxʼ kaadé axwéin; they are spooning it into the pots; (SN)
√xwein ² (verb root) puckered | face puckered and ready to cry
√xwein ³ (verb root) blossom; flower ¹
O-ḵʼa-ka-d+l-√xwein ˟ ³ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive) flower ¹; blossom | for O to flower, blossom
√xweitl ¹ (verb root) tired; weary
O-d+∅-√xweitl ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) tired; weary | for O to be tired, weary
O-S-l-√xweitl ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) tired | for S to tire O, make O tired (either physically or emotionally)
√xweitl ² (verb root) itch; tickle
ka-S-l-√xweitl ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) itch; tickle | for S to itch, tickle
√xweix̱ (verb root) silent | silent; quiet
√xweix̱ʼ (verb root) emaciated
√xʼaa (verb root) twist; limber | twist to limber
√xʼaak ¹ (verb root) swim | swim underwater (esp. fish and sea mammals)
{∅ preverb} + S-√xʼaak ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) swim | for singular S (esp. large fish and sea mammals) to swim under water | classification: singular
{na preverb} + ∅-√xʼaak ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive) swim | for singular S (esp. large fish and sea mammals) to swim under water | classification: singular
{na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√xʼaak ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive) swim | for (plural) O (esp. large fish and sea mammals) to swim under water | classification: plural
√xʼaak ² (verb root) rough; course
√xʼaaḵw ¹ (verb root) forget; come to an end
N + ká-t⁓ + O-sa-∅-√xʼaaḵw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) forget | for O to forget N
N + ká-t⁓ + O-sa-S-l-√xʼaaḵw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) forget | for S to cause O to forget N
√xʼaaḵw ² (verb root) comfortable | situate comfortably
yan⁓ + sh ka-S-d+l-√xʼaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) comfortable | for S to be make themselves comfortable, settle in a comfortable position
sh ka-S-d+sh-√xʼaaḵw ² (na event verb – subject intransitive) comfortable | for S to be comfortable, sit or lie comfortably
yan⁓ + sh ka-d+sh-√xʼaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) comfortable | for S to be comfortable, sit or lie comfortably
√xʼaan
√xʼaan ¹ (verb root) smoke ¹ | smoke food, especially fish
at S-∅-√xʼaan ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) dry; smoke ¹ | for S to dry (fish, meat) over fire, smoke lightly
√xʼaan ² (verb root) anger; angry
O-∅-√xʼaan ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive) angry | for O to be angry, in a bad mood (all the time)
√xʼaas (verb root) fall; cascade | classification: liquid || drip ¹ | drip at a fast rate
ka-l-√xʼáas ˟ (∅ event verb – impersonal) drip ¹; leak | for something to drip, leak (at fairly fast rate)
√xʼaasʼ (verb root) slice; scrape
√xʼaash (verb root) bewitch
√xʼaat (verb root) file; sharpen
O-ÿa-S-∅-√xʼáat (∅ act verb – transitive) sharpen | for S to sharpen O (an edge) with a file
√xʼeit (verb root) • variants: √xʼeet • hunting
√xʼeen (verb root) grimace
√xʼees (verb root) swell up; boil ² | for skin to swell; have a boil (on skin)
d+∅-√xʼees (∅ event verb – impersonal) swell up; boil ² | for something to swell, be swollen locally; for something to have a boil on it (of skin)
√xʼeesʼ (verb root) tangled
√xʼeesh (verb root) skin ² | to remove the skin
O-S-l-√xʼeesh (na act verb – transitive) skin ²; flay | for S to skin, flay O
√xʼeet (verb root) uproot
√xʼeexʼ (verb root) nip
√xʼoo ¹ (verb root) peg; nail ³
O-ka-S-s-√xʼoo ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) nail ³ | for S to nail O
√xʼoo ² (verb root) blanket | wear a blanket
√xʼook (verb root) steam
√xʼoolʼ ¹ (verb root) tide ¹; whirlpool | rip tide
√xʼoolʼ ² (verb root) pluck
√xʼootʼ ¹ (verb root) glide; soar
√xʼootʼ ² (verb root) scratch | scratch with point
√xʼootʼ ³ (verb root) pull | link and pull middle fingers
√xʼwán ˟ (verb root) boot
√xʼwásḵ ˟ (verb root) numb; no feeling
l-√xʼwásʼḵ ˟ (na event verb – impersonal) numb; no feeling | for something to be numb, have no feeling
√x̱án (verb root) love; accompany
O-S-s-√x̱án ˟ (ga state verb – transitive) love | for S to love O
N-xʼ + sh S-d+l-√x̱án ˟ (ga state verb – subject intransitive) accompany; like ¹; follow ¹ | for S to accompany N; for S to take (a liking) to N; for S to follow N around
√x̱aa ¹ (verb root) eat ¹
O-S-∅-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) eat ¹ | for S to eat O
at S-∅-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) eat ¹ | for S to eat
O-S-s-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) eat ¹ | for S to eat O (small amounts or a variety of things)
yax̱ + O-ÿa-S-s-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) eat ¹ | for S to eat up, finish, consume O (eating lots of pieces)
O-ka-S-d+sh-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) eat ¹ | for S to eat O (berries off the bush)
√x̱aa ² paddle ¹; row
a-S-∅-√x̱aa ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) paddle ¹; row | for S to paddle, row
{∅ preverb} + O-ÿa-S-∅-√x̱aa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive) transport; bring; take; fetch | for S to transport O by boat or car; for S to bring, take or fetch O by boat or car
{na preverb} + O-ÿa-S-∅-√x̱aa ² (na motion verb – transitive) transport; bring; take; fetch | for S to transport O by boat or car; for S to bring, take or fetch O by boat or car
O-ÿa-S-∅-√x̱áaxʼw ˟ ² (na act verb – transitive) • variants: O-ya-S-∅-√x̱éixʼw ² ˟ • transport; haul | for S to regularly transport, haul O by boat or car
√x̱aa ³ (verb root) war; attack | attack in fleet; attack in pod
√x̱aach (verb root) tow | tow (usually by boat)
O-S-∅-√x̱aach (na motion verb – transitive) tow | for S to tow O (usually by boat)
√x̱aak ¹ (verb root) sting | sting (of nettles)
√x̱aak ² (verb root) shrink; shrivel
d+∅-√x̱aak ² (∅ event verb – impersonal) shrink | for something to shrink, be shrunken (esp. cloth)
√x̱aakw (verb root) claw; cling
√x̱aal (verb root) fascinating
√x̱aan (verb root) barb
√x̱aanásʼ (verb root) raft; rack | make a raft; make a rack
√x̱aasʼ (verb root) boil ¹; reduce | strengthen by boiling
√x̱aasʼ ¹ (verb root) scrape
√x̱aasʼ ² (verb root) mend | mend crack
√x̱aash (verb root) ready ¹ | ready to gather (of roots)
√x̱aat (verb root) fish; fin
√x̱aatʼ (verb root) whip; spring ³; bend ¹ | bend under pressure
√x̱aaw (verb root) hairy
N + daa-d+s-√x̱áaw ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) hairy | for N to have a hairy body
√x̱aaxʼ (verb root) split | split into layers
√x̱aax̱ʼ (verb root) dew
√x̱ei (verb root) • variants: √x̱ee • pass ¹ | for a day to pass; pass through night || camp ¹; overnight; stay
O-∅-√x̱ei ʰ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) camp ¹; overnight; stay | for O to stay overnight, spend the night, camp out overnight
O-x̱ʼa-∅-√x̱ei (∅ event verb – object intransitive) fast ²; refrain from | for O to fast, refrain from eating (for 24 hours at a time)
ÿa-∅-√x̱ei (∅ event verb – impersonal) • variants: ya-∅-√x̱ee • pass ¹; elapse | for 24 hours to pass, elapse
√x̱eiḵ (verb root) wakeful; awake • variants: √x̱eek •
O-d+∅-√x̱eiḵ (∅ state verb – object intransitive) wakeful | for O to be wakeful; for O to not get enough sleep
O-S-s-√x̱eiḵ (∅ event verb – transitive) awake | for S to keep O awake
√x̱eil ¹ (verb root) • variants: √x̱eel • foam
√x̱eil ² (verb root) • variants: √x̱eel • coil
√x̱eilʼ (verb root) paralyze
√x̱ein (verb root) • variants: x̱een • move ¹ | move through space
√x̱eisʼ (verb root) wish ¹
a-S-d+l-√x̱éisʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) wish ¹ | for S to wish strongly, make a strong wish (often bringing supernatural results)
√x̱eitl (verb root) • variants: √x̱eetl ² • blessed; lucky
O-l-√x̱éitl ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) blessed; lucky | for O to be blessed, be lucky
tlél + O-sh-√x̱éitl ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) unlucky | for O to be unlucky
√x̱eitlʼ (verb root) • variants: √x̱eetlʼ • afraid; fearful
N-xʼ + a-ka-u-S-d+l-√x̱éitlʼ ˟ (ga state verb – subject intransitive) afraid; fearful | for S to be afraid of, fear N
O-ka-u-l-√x̱éitlʼshán ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) scary; dangerous | for O to be scary, dangerous
√x̱eixʼw (verb root) | classification: plural sleep ¹; rest ¹; put to sleep; put to bed ||
S-∅-√x̱éixʼw (na act verb – subject intransitive) sleep ¹ | for (plural) S to sleep, sleep in company with others, go to bed | classification: plural
O-S-s-√x̱éixʼw (na event verb – transitive) bed ³; put to bed | for S to put (plural) O to bed | classification: plural objects
√x̱ee (verb root) • variants: √x̱ei • pass: for a day to pass; pass through night || camp ¹; overnight; stay
√x̱eech ¹ (verb root) throw | classification: singular animate object || | classification: object in a container
N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√x̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) throw | for S to throw O (esp. an animate object) to N
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√x̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) throw | for S to throw O (esp. liquid) to N | classification: liquid (from a container)
yax̱ + O-ka-S-∅-√x̱eech ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) spill; upset | for S to spill, upset O from a container || | for S to slam O (door, lid) at N
N-t⁓ + O-shu-S-∅-√x̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) slam | for S to slam O (door, lid) at N
√x̱eech ² (verb root) club ¹; beat ¹ | beat with stick-like object
O-sha-S-∅-√x̱eech ² (∅ event verb – transitive) club ¹; hit | for S to club, hit O on the head
√x̱eek (verb root) shoulder; flap | flap arms or shoulders
√x̱eel (verb root) • variants: √x̱eil ¹ • foam
√x̱eelʼ (verb root) slimy
ka-sh-√x̱éelʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) slimy; slippery | for something to be slimy, slippery
√x̱een (verb root) • variants: √x̱ein • move ¹ | move through space | classification: stick-like object or container
N-t⁓ + d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – impersonal) fall; drop | for a stick-like object or container to fall | classification: stick-like object or container
yax̱ + ka-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – impersonal) spill; upset | for something to spill, be upset from a container
N-x̱ʼéidáx̱ + shu-ÿa-u-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – impersonal) open | for N (season, show, etc.) to be open
yan⁓ + shu-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – impersonal) end ¹; close ¹; finish | for a season, show, etc. to come to an end, close, finish
√x̱eesh (verb root) rash
√x̱eet ¹ (verb root) • variants: √x̱eit • breed; mate ¹; spawn; multiply | classification: animals
O-S-s-√x̱eet ¹ (ga event verb – transitive) • variants: O-S-s-√x̱eit • breed; multiply | for S to breed O
d+s-√x̱eet ¹ (ga event verb – impersonal) multiply; increase; breed | for something to multiply, increase in numbers; for animals to produce young, breed
√x̱eet ² (verb root) drizzle; rain
a-ka-s-√x̱eet ² (∅ event verb – impersonal) drizzle; rain | for it to drizzle rain
√x̱eetl ¹ (verb root) newborn
√x̱eetl ² (verb root) blessed; lucky
√x̱eetl ³ (verb root) hem; trim
√x̱eetlʼ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √x̱éitlʼ • afraid; fearful
√x̱oo (verb root) neap; tide ¹ | small tide
√x̱oonáḵw ˟ (verb root) drown
√x̱ootʼ ¹ (verb root) drag; pull
{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√x̱óotʼ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive) drag; pull | for S to drag, pull O (esp. person); for S to pull O in quick movements
{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√x̱óotʼ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) drag; pull | for S to drag, pull O (esp. person); for S to pull O in quick movements
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√x̱óotʼ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive) drag; pull; haul; transport | for S to drag, pull O; for S to haul, transport O (by motor power)
a-sha-S-d+l-√x̱óotʼ ¹ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) fish ² | for S to fish with rod, sportfish, cast
√x̱ootʼ ² (verb root) adze; chip; chop
O-S-∅-√x̱óotʼ ² (∅ act verb – transitive) adze; chip; chop | for S to chip O out (with adze); for S to chop O (wood)
O-ka-S-l-√x̱óotʼ ² (g̱a act verb – transitive) chop; split | for S to chop up O; for S to split O (wood)
√x̱oow (verb root) peel; bark ¹ | peeling bark; pulling slabs of bark
√x̱oox̱ (verb root) summon; call; ask for
O-S-∅-√x̱oox̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive) call; summon | for S to call, summon O
N + éex̱ + O-∅-√x̱oox̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive) ask for | for S to ask for O (from N)
(N + éedáx̱) + O-ka-S-l-√x̱óox̱ ˟ (na event verb – transitive) ask for | for S to ask for O (from N)
√x̱waal (verb root) tremble; shake
O-S-l-√x̱waal (∅ event verb – transitive) shake; tremble | for S to make O shake, tremble
√x̱ʼátʼ ˟ (verb root) unripe
ka-d+l-√x̱ʼátʼ ˟ (* state verb – impersonal) unripe | for berries to be unripe, green and hard
√x̱ʼaalʼ (verb root) wither | wither || cook | cook by blanching
O-ka-S-sh-√x̱ʼáalʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) cook | for S to cook O (herring eggs) by dipping in boiling water and oil
O-ka-sh-√x̱ʼáalʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) wither | for O to wither
√x̱ʼaan (verb root) smolder; fire ²
√x̱ʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √x̱ʼeex̱ʼ • burn ¹; scald | classification: skin or flesh
√x̱ʼeelʼ (verb root) slippery; slip ¹
O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive) slip ¹; slide ¹ | for O to slip, slide around at N
{na preverb} + O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive) slip ¹; slide ¹ | for O to slip, slide
{∅ preverb} + O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) slip ¹; slide ¹ | for O to slip, slide
O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive) slip ¹; slide ¹ | for O to slip, slide
yáanáx̱ + yei + O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (∅ – object intransitive) slip ¹; fall | for O to slip and fall down
ka-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (∅ state verb – impersonal) slippery | for something to be slippery (oil, ice, wet rocks, etc.)
√x̱ʼeexʼ (verb root) squeeze; stuck | squeeze through narrow space; stuck in narrow space
N-x̱ + O-ka-l-√x̱ʼéexʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive) squeeze; stuck | for O to get stuck, be squeezed at N
√x̱ʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √x̱ʼeix̱ʼ • burn ¹; scald | classification: skin or flesh
O-d+∅-√x̱ʼéex̱ʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) burn ¹ | for O to be burned (of flesh, skin), become shriveled and brittle through burning
O-S-l-√x̱ʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) burn ¹; scald | for S to burn O (flesh, skin); for S to scald O
√x̱ʼwaasʼ ¹ (verb root) remove; lose; bald | remove hair; lose hair; become bald
O-S-l-√x̱ʼwáasʼ ¹ (na event verb remove | for S to remove hair from O (hide)
l-√x̱ʼwáasʼ ¹ (na event verb – impersonal) lose; bald | for something to lose its hair, become bald
O-sha-l-√x̱ʼwáasʼ ¹ (na event verb – object intransitive) bald | for O (human) to become bald
√x̱ʼwaasʼ ² (verb root) obtain; easy | easy to obtain
√yáshḵ (verb root) scarce
√yát (verb root) child
ash + ka-u-S-d+l-√yát ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) play ¹ | for S to play (esp. active games)
O-ka-d+∅-√yát ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) pregnant | for O to be pregnant
√yaa ¹ (verb root) move ¹; disappear | move uncertainly
√yaa ² (verb root) pack; carry | carry on back; pack on back
O-S-∅-√yaa ² (ga event verb – transitive) pack; carry | for S to carry O on back; for S to pack O on back
at S-∅-√yaa ² (ga event verb – subject intransitive) pack; carry | for S to pack things on back; for S to carry things on back
√yaa ³ (verb root) lower
O-sha-S-s-√yaa ³ (na event verb – transitive) anchor | for S to anchor O (a boat)
sha-S-d+s-√yaa ³ (na event verb – subject intransitive) anchor | for S to anchor, lower anchor
O-tu-ka-d+sh-√yaa ³ (∅ – object intransitive) reluctant; unwilling | for O to be reluctant; for O to back out of a task; for O to be unwilling
√yaa ⁴ (verb root) spread out
N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√yaa ⁴ (g̱a motion verb – transitive) spread out; unfold; lay out | for S to spread out, unfold, lay out (singular) O along N | classification: singular
N-x̱ + O-ka-S-s-√yaa ⁴ (g̱a motion verb – transitive) spread out; unfold; lay out | for S to spread out, unfold, lay out (plural) O along N | classification: plural
sha-ka-S-d+s-√yaa ⁴ (g̱a – subject intransitive) comb; brush ³ | for S to comb or brush their hair
√yaa ⁵ (verb root) resemble
O-u-S-∅-√yaa ⁵ (g̱a state verb – transitive) resemble; look like | for S to resemble, look like O; for S to be almost identical with O
√yaachʼ (verb root) short | too short
√yaakw (verb root) deny
N-x̱ + a-ka-u-S-l-√yáakw ˟ (na state verb – subject intransitive) deny | for S to deny, cotradict, declare N untrue
√yaaḵw ¹ (verb root) compare
yéi + O-S-l-√yaaḵw ¹ (na – transitive) liken; represent | for S to represent as O; for S to portray, liken to O
√yaaḵw ² (verb root) bequeath
√yaasʼ (verb root) step; smooth
O-ka-d+∅-√yáasʼ (g̱a – object intransitive) smooth; spread out | for O to be smooth; for O to be spread out
O-ka-S-l-√yáasʼ (g̱a – transitive) smooth; spread out | for S to smooth out, spread out O
ka-S-d+l-√yáasʼ (∅ – subject intransitive) step | for S to step, place oneʼs foot
ka-S-d+l-√yáasʼ (g̱a – subject intransitive) stretch | for S to stetch out oneʼs legs
√yaash (verb root) platform; porch
√yaat (verb root) pleat
√yaatʼ (verb root) long
∅-√yáatʼ (na state verb – impersonal) long | for an object to be long (usually stick-like objects)
(yéi) + ka-u-∅-√yáatʼ (na state verb – impersonal) long | for an object (usually stick-like) to be (so) long
yee-∅-√yáatʼ (na state verb – impersonal) long | for something to be long (of time)
l-√yátʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal) long | for something to be long (of time or physical object)
(yéi) + ka-u-l-√yáatʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal) long | for something to be (so) long
√yaatlʼ (verb root) short
yéi + ka-u-l-√yáatlʼ (na state verb – impersonal) short | for a rope-like object to be short | classification: rope-like object
√yaax̱áḵw (verb root) plan
√yaayi (verb root) lively; hyperactive
√yék˟ ¹ (verb root) roomy
l-√yék˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal) roomy; contain | for something to be roomy; for something to hold more, contain more; for something to hold a lot
√yék˟ ² (verb root) fast ¹; excessive | too fast
√yei (verb root) strange; promiscuous
√yeik ¹ (verb root) stalk
√yeik ² (verb root) spirit | to have a spirit
√yeik ³ (verb root) sway; swing
{na preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-l-√yeik ³ (na motion verb – object intransitive) stagger | for O to stagger
√yeiḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √yeeḵ ¹ • pull; draw ²
√yeiḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √yeeḵ ² • mark ¹; draw ¹ | mark with a line; draw with a line
√yeil (verb root) raven ²; pretend; lie ²; cheat; deceive || ḵut O-S-
O-l-√yeil (∅ event verb – transitive) pretend; deceive | for S to pretend to do O; for S to do O without knowing what theyʼre doing
ḵut + O-l-√yeil (ga event verb – transitive) cheat; deceive; fool | for S to cheat, deceive, fool O
at ḵʼa-S-d+l-√yeil (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) lie ²; deceive | for S to lie, deceive
√yeilʼ (verb root) calm; peaceful
ka-du-∅-√yéilʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal) calm; peaceful | for something (esp. bodies of water) to be calm, peaceful
ḵu-ka-du-∅-√yéilʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal) calm; peaceful | for the weather to be calm, peaceful, without storm
√yein (verb root) wave ²; shake
O-sha-ka-S-l-√yéin (∅ event verb – transitive) wag; wave ²; twirl; spin | for S to wag O (tail); for S to wave O (hand, etc.); for S to twirl, spin O around above oneʼs head
√yeisʼ (verb root) bruised; discolored
O-ka-d+∅-√yéisʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) bruised; discolored; colored | for O to be colored, discolored, bruised
√yeix̱ ¹ (verb root) make; use; whittle
O-S-l-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) build; make; construct | for S to build O; for S to make, construct O
N-x̱ + O-S-l-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) use; make | for S to use O for N; for S to make O into N
hóochʼx̱ + O-S-l-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) destroy; disregard | for S to destroy O; for S to make O into nothing
O-ka-S-∅-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) whittle; kindling | for S to whittle O; for S to make O (kindling)
√yeix̱ ² (verb root) gone; lack; remaining
O-u-∅-√yeix̱ ² (na act verb – object intransitive) lack; gone; remaining | for O to be lacking; for O to be gone; for O (time) to be remaining
√yeech (verb root) fly ¹ | classification: plural subject
{na preverb} + O-ka-l-√yeech (na motion verb – object intransitive) fly ¹ | for (plural) O (birds or planes) to fly
√yeeḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √yeiḵ ¹ • pull; draw ²
x̱ʼoos-dáx̱ + O-d+∅-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) take off | for S to take off O (shoes, socks, pants)
x̱ʼoos-dé + O-S-d+∅-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) put on; pull on | for S to put on, pull on O (shoes, socks, pants)
N-t⁓ + O-S-s-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) pull; haul; hoist; hang | for S to pull, haul, hoist O to N (esp. on line); for S to hang O (a human) by the neck
kei + O-S-s-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) pull; haul; hoist | for S to pull, haul O (esp. of line) up; for S to hoist O up
ḵu-ka-S-d+s-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) fish ²; jig | for S to fish with a line, jig for fish
√yeeḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √yéiḵ ² • mark ¹; draw ¹ | mark with a line; draw with a line
√yeeḵ ³ (verb root) bite; carry | carry in mouth
O-S-∅-√yeeḵ ³ (ga event verb – transitive) bite; carry | for S to bite O; for S to carry O in mouth (of animal)
√yeeḵ ⁴ (verb root) swampy; sink ¹; pulled under; weigh down; stop flowing; backed up; fill gradually
√yeesh (verb root) pull | classification: fairly light object
(kínde) + kei + O-S-∅-√yeesh (∅ motion verb – transitive) pull; open | for S to pull O up; for S to open O (window) by pulling up
N-dáx̱ + kei + O-S-∅-√yeesh (∅ motion verb – transitive) pull | for S to pull O (a fairly light object) up out of N
N + káx̱ + O-S-∅-√yeesh (g̱a motion verb – transitive) pull; cover ¹ | for S to pull O (fairly light object) over N; for S to cover N with O
N-x̱ + O-S-∅-√yeesh (g̱a motion verb – transitive) pull; close ¹ | for S to pull O down along N; for S to close O (window) by pulling down along N
√yeet ¹ (verb root) greasy; oily
√yeet ² (verb root) stretch
√yeey (verb root) tie; twine
√yoo (verb root) address | address as (using a kinship term)
(yéi) + N + yát⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+l-√yoo (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) address; adopt | for S to address, call N by certain relationship term and thus adopt that relationship
√yook (verb root) shake
O-sha-ka-S-∅-√yook (∅ – transitive) shake | for S to shake O
O-tu-ka-d+∅-√yook (∅ state verb – object intransitive) nervous; worried; shook up; excited | for O to be nervous, worried, shook up; for O to be excited
O-tu-ka-S-s-√yook (∅ state verb – transitive) nervous; worried; shook up | for S to cause O to be nervous, worried, shook up
√yoox̱ʼ ¹ (verb root) soak
√yoox̱ʼ ² (verb root) remove | remove bones with teeth