Lingít Verbs

√aa ¹ (verb root) sit; situated | classification: singular | plural form: √ḵee ¹

S-∅-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – open) sit | for (singlular) S to be seated | classification: singular subject | only occurs in the imperfective • a noun phrase with (-t) postposition is used to indicate where one is sitting, but this noun phrase is not required by the verb, for example: « .áa » (they are sitting) or « át .áa » (they are sitting there) • the plural verb stem is used when indicating that one person is sitting with another, even though the subject is singular, for example: « du een ḵéen » (they are sitting with them) or « du een x̱aḵéen » (i am sitting with them) | (KE) • Mary chʼa neilt áa → Mary is sitting at home (SN)

• prohibitive: líl ee.aayíḵ! | donʼt be sitting!

• imperfective (+): .áa | they sit; they are sitting

• imperfective (–): tlél u.aa | they donʼt sit; they arenʼt sitting

N-t + tux̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – open) sit | for (singlular) S to be seated on their butthole | classification: singular subject | this phrase is often humorous in Lingít, referring to “really sitting upright” | tsu té áyú káayag̱ijeitx̱ awliyéx̱ a káa áyú tux̱ʼada.áa → they were also using a rock for a chair, heʼs sitting his butthole on it (CW)

N-t + O-S-s-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – transitive – open) seat | for S to have O (live creature) seated at N | only occurs in the imperfective • could be used to indicate that one has a child or animal seated, but would generally not be used to refer to an adult | (KE) • dóosh ḵóok yíkt as.áa → they sat the cat in the box (and it was very docile and remained there) (SN)

• imperfective (+): át as.áa | they have them seated there

• imperfective (–): tlél át oos.áa | they donʼt have them seated there

N-t + l-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – open) situated | for a building to be situated at N | only occurs in the imperfective | (KE) • hit tlein át la.aayín; kei oowagán ḵu.aa → there used to be a large house there, but it burned down (SN) • ax̱ hídi ANB Hall tuwánt la.áa → my house is next to the ANB Hall (SN)

• imperfective (+): át la.áa | itʼs situated there

• imperfective (–): tlél át ul.aa | itʼs not situated there

O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-S-∅-√aa ¹ ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) quiet; shush | for S to shush O (a baby)

• imperative: x̱’ayana.áa! | shush the baby!

• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼayee.áaḵ! | donʼt shush the baby!

• imperfective (+): ax̱’aya.áa | they are shushing the baby

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼayaawa.áa | they shushed them (a baby)

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼayawu.áa | they didnʼt shush them (a baby)

• future (+): x̱ʼayakg̱wa.áa | they will shush them (a baby)

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼayakg̱wa.áa | they wonʼt shush them (a baby)

√aa ² (verb root) inspect; examine; kiss ¹; consider; think over; come to

N + daa + ÿa-S-∅-√.aa ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) consider; think; come to | for S to consider, think over N; for S to come to senses (after drinking) | sh daa yeenda.á! de ḵut áwé kei neegút → think about yourself (think over your life)! you are getting lost already (SN)

• imperative: a daa yanee.á! | consider it!

• prohibitive: líl a daa yee.éix̱iḵ! | donʼt consider it!

• imperfective (+): a daa ya.éix̱ | they are considering it

• imperfective (–): tlél a daa yoo.éix̱ | they arenʼt considering it

• perfective (+): a daa yaawa.aa | they considered it

• perfective (–): tlél a daa yawu.aa | they didnʼt consider it

• future (+): a daa yakg̱wa.áa | they will consider it

• future (–): tlél a daa yakg̱wa.aa | they wonʼt consider it

N + daa + ÿa-S-d+s-√.aa ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) examine; inspect; judge; assess | for S to examine, inspect, look into N; for S to judge, assess N | (KE) • haa daa yagax̱dus.áa → weʼre going to be examined / weʼre going to get a checkup (SN) • haat áyá x̱at kawduwaḵáa yee ḵusteeyí a daa yanḵas.aa → i have been sent here to look into your way of life (to judge whether it is good or not) (SN)

• imperative: a daa yanees.á! | examine it!

• prohibitive: líl a daa yees.éix̱iḵ! | donʼt examine it!

• imperfective (+): a daa yas.éix̱ | they are examining it

• imperfective (–): tlél a daa yoos.éix̱ | they arenʼt examining it

• perfective (+): a daa yawdzi.aa | they examined it

• perfective (–): tlél a daa yawus.aa | they didnʼt examine it

• future (+): a daa yakg̱was.áa | they will examine it

• future (–): tlél a daa yakg̱was.aa | they wonʼt examine it

N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + ÿa-d+s-√.aa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) kiss ¹ | for S to kiss N | (KE) • du sée x̱ʼéide yawdzi.áa → they kissed their daughter (SN)

• imperative: ax̱ x̱ʼéit yees.á! | kiss me!

• prohibitive: líl ax̱ x̱ʼéix̱ yees.aayéeḵ! | donʼt kiss me!

• perfective (+): ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawdzi.áa | they kissed me

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawus.á | they didnʼt kiss me

• future (+): ax̱ x̱ʼéide yakg̱was.áa | they will kiss me

• future (–): tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéide yakg̱was.aa | they wonʼt kiss me

O-ka-d+∅-√éiyáḵw ˟ ² (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type] injured; impaired | for O be injured, be rendered impaired (of limb) (general term, covering dislocation, torn ligaments, etc.) | ax̱ jín kawdi.éiyaḵw → my hand was injured and rendered impaired (SN)

• perfective (+): kawdi.éiyáḵw | it was injured to the point of impairment

• perfective (–): tlél kawda.éiyáḵw | it wasnʼt injured to the point of impairment

√aa ³ (verb root) ⑴ grow | classification: plant || ⑵ pour | pour forth | classification: water || ⑶ extend | extend or move forward

ka-∅-√.aa ³ (na act verb – impersonal – open) ⑴ grow | for a plant to grow | classification: plant | (KE) • táakw eeteedé yaa ḵunahéin: kayaaní kei kana.éin → springtime is coming; the leaves are coming out/the plants are growing (SN) • daa sá i táayi gèixʼ ka.éix̱? → what is growing in your garden? (SN) || ⑵ flow; pour | for a stream of water to flow, pour forth | classification: water | g̱ílʼ yaadáx̱ héen diyéet kaawa.áa → a small waterfall is flowing over the cliffand hitting a certain place down below

• imperfective (+): ka.éix̱ | it grows; itʼs growing; it flows; itʼs flowing

• imperfective (–): tlél koo.éix̱ | it doesnʼt grow; itʼs not growing; it doesnʼt flow; it isnʼt flowing

• progressive: yaa kana.éin | itʼs growing; itʼs flowing

• perfective (+): kaawa.aa | it grew; it flowed

• perfective (–): tlél kawu.aa | it didnʼt grow; it didnʼt flow

• future (+): kei kakg̱wa.áa | it will grow; it will flow

• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱wa.aa | it wonʼt grow; it wonʼt flow

yóo + aan + ka-∅-√.aa ³ (na event verb – impersonal – open) [check CP, type] quake; earthquake | for the earth to quake | (SN)

• progressive: yóo aan yoo kaya.éik | the earth is quaking (right now)

• perfective (+): yóo aan kaawa.áa | the earth quaked

ka-s-√.aa ³ (na act verb – impersonal – open) grow | for a plant to grow | classification: plant | In classical Lingít, this verb meant specifically for a plant with a long stalk to grow (the length of the plant indicated by the s- classifier), however this meaning has been lost for most current speakers, and now just means for a plant in general to grow. | (KE)

• imperfective (+): kasa.éix̱ | it grows; itʼs growing

• imperfective (–): tlél koos.éix̱ | it doesnʼt grow; itʼs not growing

• progressive: kei kanas.éin | itʼs growing

• perfective (+): kawsi.aa | it grew

• perfective (–): tlél kawus.aa | it didnʼt grow

• future (+): kagux̱sa.áa | it will grow

• future (–): tlél kagux̱sa.aa | it wonʼt grow

O-ka-S-s-√.aa ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) ⑴ grow | for S to cause O (plant) to grow | classification: plant | (KE) • séew ḵa g̱agaan kagaaních áwé kei kanas.éin → the rain and sunshine are making them all (plants) grow (SN) • i shax̱aawú kei kasa.á! → let your hair grow (implying it has been cut short before)! (SN) || ⑵ turn on | for S to turn on O (hose), cause O to flow | héen tʼáa kát akawsi.áa → they turned the hose on the floor (caused the water to pour out over the floor) (SN)

• imperative: kanas.á! | grow it!

• prohibitive: líl keesa.éix̱iḵ! | donʼt grow it!

• imperfective (+): aksa.éix̱ | they grow it; they are growing it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoos.éix̱ | they arenʼt growing it; they donʼt grow it

• perfective (+): akawsi.aa | they grew it

• perfective (–): tlél akawus.aa | they didnʼt grow it

• future (+): akagux̱sa.áa | they will grow it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sa.aa | they wonʼt grow it

ḵei-∅-√.aa ³ (na event verb – impersonal – open) daylight; daybreak; dawn | for it to become daylight, dawn | ḵutaant ḵug̱uhéinin, gooshúḵ gaawxʼ ḵeena.éich → in summer it is full daylight by 9:00 (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa ḵeina.éin | itʼs getting to be daylight

• perfective (+): ḵeiwa.aa | itʼs daylight

• perfective (–): tlél ḵeiwu.aa | itʼs not daylight

• future (+): ḵeikg̱wa.áa | it will be daylight

• future (–): tlél ḵeikg̱wa.aa | it wonʼt be daylight

O-ḵei-S-s-√.aa ³ (na event verb – transitive – open) celebrate; set apart | for S to celebrate O, set apart O (a particular day) | du kayageeyí ḵeewdudzi.aa → they all celebrated their birthday (SN) • Christmas has aḵeegux̱sa.áa → they all are going to celebrate Christmas (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ḵeinas.á! | celebrate it!

• prohibitive: líl yoo ḵeesa.éigiḵ! | donʼt celebrate it!

• progressive: yaa aḵeinas.éin | they are celebrating it

• perfective (+): aḵeiwsi.aa | they celebrated it

• perfective (–): tlél aḵeiwus.aa | they didnʼt celebrate it

• future (+): aḵeigux̱sa.áa | they will celebrate it

• future (–): tlél aḵeigux̱sa.aa | they wonʼt celebrate it

√aa ⁴ (verb root) migrate | for fish to migrate | classification: fish

{na preverb} + ÿa-∅-√.aa ⁴ (na motion verb – impersonal – open) run ⁴; migrate | for fish to run, migrate | classification: fish | (KE)

• progressive: yaa yana.éin | the fish are running

• perfective (+): yaawa.aa | the fish are running; the fish ran

• perfective (–): tlél yawu.aa | the fish arenʼt running; the fish didnʼt run

• future (+): yakg̱wa.áa | the fish will run

• future (–): tlél yakg̱wa.aa | the fish wonʼt run

{∅ motion preverb} + ÿa-∅-√.aa ⁴ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) | for fish to run

• progressive: aadé yaa yana.éin | the fish are running there

• perfective (+): át yaawa.áa | the fish ran there

• perfective (–): tlél át yawu.á | the fish didnʼt run there

• future (+): aadé yakg̱wa.áa | the fish will run there

• future (–): tlél aadé yakg̱wa.aa | the fish wonʼt run there

√aa ⁵ (verb root) detain; delay

O-ÿa-S-∅-√.aa ⁵ (na event verb – transitive – open) [check conjugation type and stem variation] delay; hinder | for S to delay, hinder, cause O to be late | daa sáwé ash yawu.aayín? → what was it that delayed them? (SN) • ax̱ éesh yax̱waa.aa → i delayed my father (each time he started leaving I said something else to him, so he couldnʼt get away) (SN)

• imperative: yana.á | delay them!

• perfective (+): ayaawa.aa | they delayed them

• perfective (–): tlél ayawu.aa | they didnʼt delay them

• future (+): ayakg̱wa.áa | they will delay them

• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wa.aa | they wonʼt delay them

O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-S-∅-√.aa ⁵ (na event verb – transitive – open) [check conjugation type and stem variation] delay; interrupt | for S to delay O in speech, interrupt | x̱at x̱ʼayeeya.aa → you delayed me in speaking/you slowed down my talk by butting in (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼayana.á | delay their speech!

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼayaawa.aa | they delayed their speech

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼayawu.aa | they didnʼt delay their speech

• future (+): ax̱ʼayakg̱wa.áa | they will delay their speech

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼayakg̱wa.aa | they wonʼt delay their speech

O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-d+∅-√.aa ⁵ (na event verb – transitive – open) [check conjugation type and stem variation] delay; slow | for O to delay to speak, hold back in speech, be slow to speak | x̱at x̱ʼayawdi.aa → i didnʼt speak up right away / I was slow to speak (SN)

• perfective (+): ax̱ayawdi.aa | they were delayed in speech

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼayawda.aa | they werenʼt delayed in speech

• future (+): ax̱ʼayagux̱da.áa | they will be delayed in speech

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼayagux̱da.aa | they wonʼt be delayed in speech

N-ch + O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-s-√.aa ⁵ (na event verb – transitive – open) [check conjugation type and stem variation] delay | for N to cause O to be delayed in speaking | daatch sáwé ix̱ʼayawsi.aa? → what made you be delayed in speaking / what kept you from speaking right away? (SN)

• perfective (+): ách x̱ʼayawsi.aa | it caused them to be delayed in speech

• perfective (–): tlél ách x̱ʼayawus.aa | it didnʼt cause them to be delayed in speech

• future (+): ách x̱ʼayagux̱sa.áa | it will cause them to be delayed in speech

• future (–): tlél ách x̱ʼayagux̱sa.aa | it wonʼt cause them to be delayed in speech

√aak ¹ (verb root) weave | weave bark or roots | classification:
tree bark or roots

O-S-∅-√.aak ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive weave | for S to weave O (using tree roots or bark) | tèey woodee a.áak g̱áach sákw → sheʼs weaving yellow cedar bark for a mat (SN) • ḵákw wuduwa.ák → baskets are woven (SN)

• imperfective (+): a.áak | they are weaving it (a basket or mat, using tree roots or bark)

• perfective (+): aawa.ák | they wove it (a basket or mat, using tree roots or bark)

S-d+∅-√.aak ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive weave | for S to weave (using tree roots or bark)

• imperfective (+): da.áak | they are weaving (with tree roots or bark)

• perfective (+): da.ák | they wove (with tree roots or bark)

√aak ² (verb root) fire ² | build fire | classification: fire

N-t⁓ + a-S-∅-√.aak ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) fire ² | for S to build a fire at N | classification: wood, fire | a tóot ax̱waa.ák → I fixed the fire in it (SN) • de át ágé awduwa.ák? → has a fire already been made? (SN)

• imperative: át eeda.ák! | build a fire there!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ eeda.aagíḵ! | donʼt build a fire there!

• perfective (+): át awdi.ák | they built a fire there

• perfective (–): tlél át awda.aak | they didnʼt build a fire there

• future (+): aadé agux̱da.áak | they will build a fire there

• future (–): tlél aadé agux̱da.aak | they wonʼt build a fire there

shóo-t⁓ + a-S-∅-√.aak ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) fire ² | for S to build a fire (using wood) | classification: wood, fire | shóode agax̱tuda.áak tsʼootaatʼ → weʼll make a (wood) fire in the morning (SN) • shóot ax̱wdi.ák → i fixed the fire (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: shóot eeda.ák! | build a fire!

• prohibitive: líl shóox̱ eeda.aagíḵ! | donʼt build a fire!

• perfective (+): shóot awdi.ák | they built a fire

• perfective (–): tlél shóot awda.aak | they didnʼt build a fire

• future (+): shóode agux̱da.áak | they will build a fire

• future (–): tlél shóode agux̱da.aak | they wonʼt build a fire

√aak ³ (verb root) stagger | stagger; move uncontrolled

√aak ⁴ (verb root) make room; reserve | reserve room, space

√aaḵw ¹ (verb root) attempt; try

ka-S-∅-√aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive [check stem variation] try; attempt | for S to try, attempt | kax̱waa.aaḵw ee yái ax̱walg̱eeni → i tried to look at your face (that is, to get a response from you) (SN)

• imperative: kana.aaḵw! | try!

• perfective (+): kaawa.aaḵw | they tried, attempted

• perfective (–): tlél kawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt try

• perfective (–): tlél kawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt try

• future (+): kakg̱wa.aaḵw | they will try

• future (–): tlél kakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt try

O-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check stem variation] test; try out | for S to try out, test O | note that in classical Lingít, this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which seems to be falling out of modern day speech, especially in the imperative form for this verb. this is indicated in the theme as (u)-. alternate forms given here show one form with the thematic (u)- and one without, both of which are acceptable in modern speech | chʼa akaawa.aaḵw áwé, wáa sá yakwg̱aḵaayí → they tested them to see what they would say (SN) • ḵukaawa.aaḵw → they tried out the people (SN) • akoo.aaḵw wé yéi jiné → theyʻre giving the job a try (JL) • (KE)

• imperative: kana.aaḵw! / kuna.aaḵw! | try it!

• prohibitive: líl kee.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt try it!

• imperfective (+): akoo.aaḵw | they are trying it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoo.aaḵw | they arenʼt trying it

• progressive: yaa akuna.áḵw | they are starting to try it

• perfective (+): akaawa.aaḵw | they tried it

• perfective (–): tlél akawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt try it

• future (+): akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they will try it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt try it

O-x̱ʼa-ka-(u)-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive speak; direct ²; give | for S to give O an opportunity to speak; for S to give O directions as to what to say | (KE)

• imperative: x̱ʼakuna.aaḵw! / x̱ʼakana.aaḵw | give them an opportunity to speak!

• prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼakee.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt give them an opportunity to speak!

• imperfective (+): ax̱ʼakoo.aaḵw | they are giving them an opportunity to speak

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼakaawa.aaḵw | they gave them an opportunity to speak

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼakawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt give them an opportunity to speak

• future (+): ax̱ʼakakg̱wa.aaḵw | they will give them an opportunity to speak

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt give them an opportunity to speak

√aaḵw ² (verb root) plan; order ¹; command; instruct

át + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (na event verb – transitive – closed) order ¹; command; instruct | for S to give orders to, command, instruct O | át akaawa.aaḵw wé yéi jiné → theyʻre directing/supervising the job (JL) • (KE)

• imperative: át kana.aaḵw! | give them orders!

• prohibitive: líl át kayi.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt give them orders!

• perfective (+): át akaawa.aaḵw | they gave them orders

• perfective (–): tlél át akawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt give them orders

• future (+): át akakg̱wa.áaḵw | they will give them orders

• future (–): tlél át akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt give them orders

yan⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) decide; plan | for S to make a decision about O; for S to finish planning O | (KE)

• imperative: yan ka.áḵw (dé)! | make a decision (now)!

• prohibitive: líl yan kayi.aag̱úḵ (tsá)! | donʼt make a decision (yet)!

• progressive: yánde yaa kana.áḵw | they are making a decision

• perfective (+): yan akaawa.áḵw | they made a decision

• perfective (–): tlél yan akaawa.aaḵw | they didnʼt make a decision

• future (+): yánde akakg̱wa.áaḵw | they will make a decision

• future (–): tlél yánde akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt make a decision

O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) plan | for S to plan O | (GD, LA, KE) • has du ḵu.éexʼi has akaawa.áḵw. → they all have all the plans set for them allʼs party (JL) • ldakát yan akaawa.áḵw → it has been planned out (SN) • yéi kawtuwa.aaḵw → we planned thus (SN)

• imperative: ka.áḵw! | plan it!

• prohibitive: líl kayi.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt plan it!

• imperfective (+): akoo.aaḵw | they are planning it

• progressive: yaa akana.áḵw | they are starting to plan it

• perfective (+): akaawa.áḵw | they planned it

• perfective (–): tlél akawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt plan it

• future (+): akakg̱wa.áaḵw | they will plan it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt plan it

át + O-ji-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (na act verb – transitive – closed) order ¹; instruct | for S to give O orders, instructions (esp. concerning work) | (KE)

• imperative: át jikuna.aaḵw! | give them things to do!

• prohibitive: líl át jikayi.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt give them things to do!

• imperfective (+): át ajikoo.aaḵw | they are giving them things to do; they gives them things to do

• progressive: át yaa ajikuna.áḵw | they are starting to give them things to do

• perfective (+): át ajikaawa.aaḵw | they gave them things to do

• perfective (–): tlél át ajikawu.aaḵw | they didnʼt give them things to do

• future (+): át ajikakg̱wa.áaḵw | they will give them things to do

• future (–): tlél át ajikakg̱wa.aaḵw | they wonʼt give them things to do

át + sh + ji-ka-S-d+∅-√.aaḵw ² (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) make ² | for S to make oneself do something | (KE)

• imperative: át sh jikanida.aaḵw! | make yourself do it!

• prohibitive: líl át sh jikayida.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt make yourself do it!

• perfective (+): át sh jikawdi.aaḵw | they made themself do it

• perfective (–): tlél át sh jikawda.aaḵw | they didnʼt make themself do it

• future (+): át sh jikagux̱da.áaḵw | they will make themself do it

• future (–): tlél át sh jikagux̱da.aaḵw | they wonʼt make themself do it

√aan ¹ (verb root) sit quietly; meditate; observe ¹

a-S-∅-√.aan ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive [check CP] sit quietly; meditate; observe ¹; navigate | for S to sit quietly (esp. while watching signs of the weather at sundown); for S to meditate (esp. while watching signs of the weather at sundown); for S to observe the weather while sitting quietly; for S to navigate using weather and stars | classification: weather | gáant oodu.ánjeen → they all used to sit outside, quietly watching the clouds (SN) • x̱ʼawool dzeit kán a.án → theyʻre sitting quietly on the steps of their porch meditating (SN)

• imperfective (+): a.án | theyʻre sitting quietly and meditating

√aan ² (verb root) kind ¹; gentle; pleasant; good looking

O-tu-l-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) kind ¹; gentle | for O to be kind; for O to be gentle | ax̱ tʼaaḵxʼí, gunalchéesh aadé x̱aan yee tuli.aani yé → my siblings, i am thankful for the way you all are kind to me (SN) • tlél x̱aan has tool.aan → they havenʼt been kind to me (e.g., in distribution of funeral presents) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: itukla.aan! | be kind!

• imperfective (+): tuli.aan | they are kind

• imperfective (–): tlél tool.aan | they arenʼt kind

• future (+): kei tugux̱la.aan | they will be kind

• future (–): tlél kei tugux̱la.aan | they wonʼt be kind

O-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) | classification: inanimate attractive; good-looking | for O to be attractive, good-looking | (KE)

• imperfective (+): kasi.aan | it is good-looking

• imperfective (–): tlél koos.aan | it isnʼt good-looking

• progressive: kei kanas.aan | it is starting to become good-looking

• perfective (+): kawsi.aan | it became good-looking

• perfective (–): tlél kawus.aan | it didnʼt become good-looking

• future (+): kei kagux̱sa.aan | it will be good-looking

• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱sa.aan | it wonʼt be good-looking

O-ÿa-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) attractive; good-looking; pleasant-faced | for O to be attractive, good-looking, pleasant-faced | classification: animate | yakwsi.aan aadé yeeliyéx̱i yé → the way youʼve made it (totem pole), it has a pleasant face (SN) • xíxchʼ tléil yakoos.aan → a frog isnʼt pleasant-faced; it is kind of ugly (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yaksi.aan | they are good-looking

• imperfective (–): tlél yakoos.aan | they arenʼt good-looking

• progressive: kei yakanas.aan | they are starting to become good-looking

• perfective (+): yakawsi.aan | they became good-looking

• perfective (–): tlél yakawus.aan | they didnʼt become good-looking

• future (+): kei yakagux̱sa.aan | they will be good-looking

• future (–): tlél kei yakagux̱sa.aan | they wonʼt be good-looking

√aan ³ (verb root) settlement

N-xʼ + S-d+s-√.aan ˀ ³ (? act verb – subject intransitive [check CP, type, stem variation] settlement | for S to make village at N; for S to settle at N | áa wutudzi.aan → we settled there/we made it our village (SN) • Jilḵáatdáx̱ áwé has wuligáasʼ; tlei Aangóonxʼ has wudzi.aan → they all moved from Chilkat and settled in Angoon/made Angoon them allʼs village (SN)

• perfective (+): áa woodzi.aan | they settled there; they made a village there

√aat ¹ (verb root) walk; go | classification: plural subject | singular form: √goot ¹

{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • ixdáaknáx̱ neil has uwa.át wé alʼeix̱í → the dancers came in by the entrance (JL)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} yi.á! | you all go {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yeey.aadíḵ! | you all donʼt go {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ repetitive preverb} yi.átjiḵ!! | you all donʼt ever go {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa (ha)s na.át | they all are going {____}

• progressive (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s una.át | they all are not going {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s uwa.át | they all went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s wu.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}

{na preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • i x̱ánde gax̱too.áat → we ʼre going to come to your place (SN) • gáande s woo.aat → they all went outside (SN) • du een woo.aat → they accompanied them/went with them (SN) • du ítx̱  nax̱too.aat! → letʼs follow them! (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nay.á! | you all go {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yeey.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na repetitive preverb} yoo yi.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all ever go {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa (ha)s na.át | they all are going {____}

• progressive (–): tlél {na preverb} yaa (ha)s una.át | they all are not going {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} (ha)s woo.aat | they all went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s wu.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}

gánde + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) go; bathroom ¹; pee; urinate; poop ¹; defecate | for (plural) S to go to the bathroom | a euphemism that literally means “go outside” although the indepdendent base « gáan » contracts to « gán ». learners should be careful to keep the vowel long if the intended meaning is “going outside”.

{ga preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go | (KE, JC) • aan ká kei átch g̱uwakaan → the deer climb up to the mountain pastures (in July) (SN)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {ga preverb} kei yi.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all (ever) go {____}!

• progressive: {ga preverb} kei (ha)s na.át | they all are going {____}

• perfective (+): {ga preverb} has woo.aat | they all went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} has wu.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {ga preverb} kei (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}

{g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (g̱a motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • shaa kaadáx̱ yei has na.át kal.átḵ → theyʼre coming down the mountain without anything (that is, having hunted unsuccessfully) (SN)

• imperative: {g̱a preverb} yaa g̱ay.á! | you all go {___}

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {g̱a preverb} yei yi.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}

• progressive: {g̱a preverb} yei (ha)s na.át | they all are going {____}

• progressive (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei (ha)s una.át | they all are not going {____}

• perfective (+): {g̱a preverb} (ha)s woo.aat | they all went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} (ha)s wu.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {g̱a preverb} yei has gug̱a.áat | they all will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}

(N-x̱) + yaa + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walking along | for (plural) S to be walking, going (by foot or as general term) along N (basically plural; see √goot ¹ for singular) | without the (N-x̱) this verb translates as “walk!” with a focus on the action and not the direction • this is an example of a progressive epiaspectual paradigm (leer, 91), which basically means that all forms are based on the progressive aspect. the progressive epiaspect is characterized by: 1)having the yaa preverb in all forms, 2)having no perfective form, and 3)denotes semantically a continuous transition from one location or state to another | (KE)

• imperative: yaa gay.á! | you all walk!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yaa yi.átjiḵ | donʼt you all walk!

• progressive: yaa (ha)s na.át | they all are walking

• future (+): yaa (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will be walking

• future (–): tlél yaa (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt be walking

{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} yida.á! | you all go {____}

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yida.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ repetitive preverb} yida.átjiḵ!! | you all donʼt ever go {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb) yaa (ha)s nada.át | they all are going {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s wudi.át | they all went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s wuda.aat | they all didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} has gux̱da.áat | they all will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has gux̱da.aat | they all wonʼt go {____}

woosh + kaanáx̱ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – closed) assemble; congregate; gather together; meet | for (plural) S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings) | áxʼ áwé woosh kaanáx̱ kei s da.átch → that is where they all assemble • woosh kaanáx̱ kei has gux̱da.átch → they all are going to gather / assemble for a meeting (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: woosh kaanáx̱ gayda.á! | you all gather together!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl woosh kaanáx̱ kei yda.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all gather together!

• progressive: woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s nada.át | they all are beginning to gather together

• perfective (+): woosh kaanáx̱ has wudi.aat | they all gathered together

• perfective (–): tlél woosh kaanáx̱ has wuda.aat | they all didnʼt gather together

• future (+): woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they all will gather together

• future (–): tlél woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they all wonʼt gather together

woosh + x̱oo-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) assemble; congregate; gather together; meet | for (plural) S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings) | áxʼ áwé woosh kaanáx̱ kei s da.átch → that is where they all assemble (SN) • woosh has gux̱da.átch → they all are coming together/ assembling for a meeting (SN) • (KE) • áxʼ áwé woosh kaanáx̱ kei s da.átch → that is where they all assemble (SN) • woosh kaanáx̱ has gux̱da.átch → they all are coming together/ assembling for a meeting

• imperative: woosh x̱oot yida.á! | you all come together!

• prohibitive: líl woosh x̱oox̱ yida.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all come together!

• progressive: woosh x̱oodé yaa (ha)s nada.át | they all are coming together

• perfective (+): woosh x̱oot has wudi.át | they all came together

• perfective (–): tlél woosh x̱oot has wuda.aat | they all didnʼt come together

• future (+): woosh x̱oodé has gux̱da.áat | they all will come together

• future (–): tlél woosh x̱oodé has gux̱da.aat | they all wonʼt come together

a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) appoint; choose | for S to appoint (plural) O, choose (plural) O for a certain position | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural | a tóo daak has wududzi.át → they all were appointed (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a tóo daak has sa.á! | appoint them all!

• prohibitive: líl a tóo daak has isa.átjiḵ! | donʼt appoint them all!

• perfective (+): a tóo daak has awsi.át | they appointed them all

• perfective (–): tlél a tóo daak has awus.aat | they didnʼt appoint them all

• future (+): a tóo daak has agux̱sa.áat | they will appoint them all

• future (–): tlél a tóo daak has agux̱sa.aat | they wonʼt appoint them all

neil⁓ + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in (plural) O | keitlxʼ neil wududzi.át → the dogs were let in (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: neil has sa.á! | let them all in!

• prohibitive: líl neilx̱ has isa.aadíḵ! | donʼt let them all in!

• perfective (+): neil has awsi.át | they let them all in

• perfective (–): tlél neil has awus.aat | they didnʼt let them all in

• future (+): neildé has agux̱sa.áat | they will let them all in

• future (–): tlél neildé has agux̱sa.aat | they wonʼt let them all in

ji-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) attack; assault | for (plural) S to attack, assault, fall upon | to indicate who is being attacked, use –éet (to –). for example: haa éet has jiwdi.át. ʼthey attacked usʼ. it is also acceptable to use this verb without specifying who was attacked | has du aanít jiwduwa.át → them allʼs town was attacked (and captured) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ḵaa éet jeeyda.á! | you all attack someone!

• prohibitive: líl ḵaa éex̱ jeeyda.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all attack anyone!

• progressive: ḵaa éede yaa (ha)s jinda.át | they all are attacking people

• perfective (+): ḵaa éet has jiwdi.át | they all attacked someone

• perfective (–): tlél ḵaa éet has jiwda.aat | they all didnʼt attack anyone

• future (+): ḵaa eedé has jigux̱da.áat | they all will attack someone

• future (–): tlél ḵaa eedé (ha)s jigux̱da.aat | they all wonʼt attack anyone

{na motion} + O-shu-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for S to lead (plural) O (especially by walking ahead) | classification: plural objects | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural | (KE, JC) • wanadóo yaa ashuna.át → theyʼre leading the sheep (SN) • du yátxʼi át ashoowa.aat → they lead their children around (SN)

• imperative: {na motion} has shunay.á! | you all lead them!

• prohibitive: líl {na motion} has shuyi.aadíḵ! | you all donʼt lead them!

• progressive: {na motion} yaa has ashuna.át | they all are leading them

• perfective (+): {na motion} has ashoowa.aat | they all led them

• perfective (–): tlél {na motion} has ashuwu.aat | they all didnʼt lead them

• future (+): {na motion} has ashukg̱wa.áat | they will lead them all

• future (–): tlél {na motion} has ashukg̱wa.aat | they all wonʼt lead them

yaa + O-shu-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for S to lead (plural) O (especially by walking ahead) | classification: plural objects | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural | (KE, JC)

• imperative: yaa (ha)s shugay.á! | you all lead them!

• prohibitive: líl has shuyi.aadíḵ! | you all donʼt lead them!

• progressive: yaa (ha)s ashuna.át | they all are leading them

• perfective (+): has ashoowa.aat | they all led them

• perfective (–): tlél has ashuwu.aat | they all didnʼt lead them

• future (+): yaa (ha)s ashukg̱wa.áat | they will lead them all

• future (–): tlél yaa (ha)s ashukg̱wa.aat | they all wonʼt lead them

N + jikaadáx̱ + ÿa-(u)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) get out of way | for (plural) S to get out of Nʼs way | (KE, JC)

• imperative: du jikaadáx̱ yay.á! | you all get out of their way!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du jikaadáx̱ yaa yi.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all ever get out of their way!

• progressive: du jikaadáx̱ yaa (ha)s na.át | they all are getting out of their way

• perfective (+): du jikaadáx̱ has yaawa.át | they all got out of their way

• perfective (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ has yawu.aat | they all didnʼt get out of their way

• future (+): du jikaadáx̱ has yakg̱wa.áat | they all will get out of their way

• future (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ has yakg̱wa.aat | they all wonʼt get out of their way

a-ÿa-(u)-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) turn back; go back | for (plural) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term) | (KE, JC)

• imperative: ayeeda.á! | you all turn back!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ayeeda.átx̱iḵ | donʼt you all ever turn back!

• progressive: yaa (ha)s ayanda.át | they all are turning back

• perfective (+): has ayawdi.át | they all turned back

• perfective (–): tlél has ayawda.aat | they all didnʼt turn back

• future (+): has ayagux̱da.áat | they all will turn back

• future (–): tlél has ayagux̱da.aat | they all wonʼt turn back

kéi + a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) | for (plural) S to escape, flee, run away (on foot) | (SN)

• imperative: kéi ayeeda.á! | you all escape!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kéi ayeeda.átx̱iḵ | donʼt you all ever escape!

• progressive: kéi  (ha)s ayanda.át | they all are escaping

• perfective (+): kéi has ayawdi.át | they all escaped

• perfective (–): tlél kéi has ayawda.aat | they all didnʼt escape

• future (+): kéi has ayagux̱da.áat | they all will escape

• future (–): tlél kéi has ayagux̱da.aat | they all wonʼt escape

√aat ² (verb root) | classification: baggage and personal items carry

{∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² (∅ motion verb – transitive carry; take; give | for S to carry, take plural O (esp. baggage) | a common use for this verb is N + jee-t⁓ + O-S-l-√.aat⁓ ² (∅ motion), such as « du jeet la.át! » (give them all to them!) | (KE, JC) • yei at gux̱la.áat → theyʻre going to unload/bring stuff up from the boat (SN) • woosh daséixʼ yax̱tula.aadí kwshé! → maybe letʼs trade! (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} la.át! | carry them all {____}!

• prohibitive: Líl {∅ preverb} ila.aadíḵ! | donʼt carry them all {____}_!

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awli.át | they carried them all {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awul.aat | they didnʼt carry them all {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱la.áat | they will carry them all {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱la.aat | they wonʼt carry them all {____}

{na preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² (na motion verb – transitive carry; take; give | for S to carry, take plural O (esp. baggage) | (KE, JC) • ḵóok yaakw yíkde gax̱toola.áat → weʼre going to load the boxes on the boat (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nal.aat! | carry them all {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo ila.átgiḵ! | donʼt carry them all {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa anal.át | they are carrying them all {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} awli.aat | they carried them all {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awul.aat | they didnʼt carry them all {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱la.áat | they will carry them all {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱la.aat | they wonʼt carry them all {____}

√aat ³ (verb root) carry; lie ¹ | classification: small round or hooplike objects

{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, round or hoop-like objects) | (KE, JC) • kasʼéet nadáakw ká yan akawli.át → they put the screws on the table (SN) • guk.ádi du jeet akawli.át → they gave them earrings (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} kala.á! | carry them all {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} keela.aadíḵ! | donʼt carry them all {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akawli.át | they carried them all {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawul.aat | they didnʼt {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akagux̱la.áat | they will carry them all {____}

• future (–): tlél du jeedé akagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt carry them all {___}

{na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (na event verb – transitive carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, round or hoop-like objects)

• imperative: {na preverb} kanala.á! | carry them all {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo  ila.átgiḵ! | donʼt carry them all {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} akawli.aat | they carried them all {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawul.aat | they didnʼt {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} akagux̱la.áat | they will carry them all {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt carry them all {___}

aanáx̱ + ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) button up | for S to button up O | i kʼoodásʼi aanax̱ kala.á! → button up your shirt! (SN) • aanax̱ akawli.át → they buttoned it up (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: aanáx̱ kala.á! | button it up!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl aanáx̱ keela.átx̱iḵ! | donʼt button it up!

• imperfective (+): aanáx̱ akla.aat | they are buttoning it up

• imperfective (–): tlél aanáx̱ akool.aat | they arenʼt buttoning it up

• perfective (+): aanáx̱ akawli.át | they buttoned it up

• perfective (–): tlél aanáx̱ akawul.aat | they didnʼt button it up

• future (+): aanáx̱ akagux̱la.áat | they will button it up

• future (–): tlél aanáx̱ akagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt button it up

kei + ÿa-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) turn ¹ | for S to turn O (boat, car) | héide kei yala.á! → turn (your boat) this way! (SN) • kei ayagux̱la.áat, át ḵuwuhaayí → theyʻre going to turn, when the time comes (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kei yala.á! | turn the wheel!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei yeela.átjiḵ! | donʼt turn the wheel!

• progressive: kei yaa ayanal.át | they are turning the wheel

• perfective (+): kei ayawli.át | they turned the wheel

• perfective (–): tlél kei ayawul.aat | they didnʼt turn the wheel

• future (+): kei ayagux̱la.áat | they will turn the wheel

• future (–): tlél kei ayagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt turn the wheel

N-t + ka-l-√.át ˟ ³ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for small, round or hoop-like objects to lie at N | (KE) • kasʼéet nadáakw kát kala.át → the screws are (lying) on the table (SN)

• imperfective (+): át kala.át | they all are lying there

• imperfective (–): tlél át kool.át | theyʼre not lying there

N-t + ka-S-l-√.át ³ (* positional verb – transitive lie ² | for S to have small, round or hoop-like objects lying at N

• imperfective (+): át akla.át | they have them all lying there

• imperfective (–): tlél át akool.át | they donʼt have them all lying there

√aat ⁴ (verb root) lie ²; lie down | classification: plural human | singular form: √taa

yan⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√.aat ⁴ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lie down | for (plural) S to lie down | (KE) • tʼaa káxʼ yan has sh wudli.át nisdaat → they all lay on the floor last night (KE)

• imperative: yan sh yil.á! | you all lie down!

• prohibitive: líl yax̱ sh yil.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all lie down!

• perfective (+): yan has sh wudli.át | they all lay down

• perfective (–): tlél yan has sh wul.aat | they all didnʼt lie down

• future (+): yánde has sh gug̱wal.áat | they all will lie down

• future (–): tlél yánde has sh gug̱wal.aat | they all wonʼt lie down

yínde + sh + ka-l-√.aat ⁴ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) bend over; lean down | for (plural) S to bend over, lean down | (KE)

• imperative: yínde sh kanayil.á! | you all bend over!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yínde yoo sh kayil.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all bend over!

• progressive: yínde yaa has sh kanal.át | they all are bending over slowly

• perfective (+): yínde has sh kawdli.aat | they all bent over

• perfective (–): tlél yínde has sh kawul.aat | they all didnʼt bend over

• future (+): yínde has sh kakg̱wal.áat | they all will bend over

• future (–): tlél yínde has sh kakg̱wal.aat | they all wonʼt bend over

héen-t⁓ + O-ÿa-S-l-√.aat ⁴ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) baptize | for S to baptize O (plural) | classification: singular • classification: plural | héent yawduwatée → they were baptized (SN)

• imperative: héent has yala.á! | baptize them all!

• prohibitive: líl héent has yeela.aadíḵ! | donʼt baptize them all!

• perfective (+): héent has ayawli.át | they baptized them all

• perfective (–): tlél héent has ayawul.aat | they didnʼt baptize them all

• future (+): héende has ayagux̱la.áat | they will baptize them all

• future (–): tlél héende has ayagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt baptize them all

N-t + l-√.át ˟ ⁴ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for several things to lie at N; for several persons or animals to lie dead, unconscious, or incapacitated at N | (KE)

• imperfective (+): át la.át | theyʼre lying there

• imperfective (–): tlél át ul.át | theyʼre not lying there

sh + S-d+l-√.át ˟ ⁴ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – invariable) lie down | for (plural) S to be lying down | (KE) • dei s sh il.át → they all are already lying down (SN)

• imperfective (+): has sh il.át | they all are lying down

• imperfective (–): tlél has sh ul.át | they all arenʼt lying down

√aat ⁵ (verb root) communicate; think; talk | classification: plural subject | singular form: √taan ⁵

N + daa + yoo + tu-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) think; consider; make up mind | for (plural) S to think over, consider, make up oneʼs mind about N | a daa yoo tugax̱tula.áat → weʼre going to think it over (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a daa yoo teeyla.át! | you all think about it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a daa yoo tuyla.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all think about it!

• imperfective (+): a daa yoo (ha)s tuli.átk | they all think about it; they all are thinking about it

• imperfective (–): tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tool.átk | they all donʼt think about it; they all arenʼt thinking about it

• perfective (+): a daa yoo (ha)s tuwli.át | they all thought about it

• perfective (–): tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tuwul.aat | they all didnʼt think about it

• future (+): a doo yoo (ha)s tugux̱la.áat | they all will think about it

• future (–): tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tugux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt think about it

(yéi) + tu-S-l-√aat ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) decide; make up mind | for (plural) S to decide, make up them allʼs mind (that way) | yan has g̱aḵoox̱t has tuwli.aat → they all decided to go back (by boat) (SN)

• perfective (+): (yéi) tuwli.aat | they all thought (that way)

• perfective (–): tlél (yéi) tuwul.aat | they all didnʼt think (that way)

• future (+): (yéi) tugux̱la.áat | they all will think (that way)

• future (–): tlél (yéi) tugux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt think (that way)

(N + daatx̱) + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) reconsider; change mind | for (plural) S to change mind (about N); for (plural) S to think over and reconsider (N) | ḵux̱ has tuwdli.át → they all were converted (changed them allʼs thinking) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuyil.át! | change your minds about it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuyil.átjiḵ! | donʼt change your minds about it!

• perfective (+): a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tuwdli.át | they all changed them allʼs minds about it

• perfective (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tuwul.aat | they all didnʼt change them allʼs minds about it

• future (+): a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de has tukg̱wal.áat | they all will change them allʼs minds about it

• future (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de has tukg̱wal.aat | they all wonʼt change them allʼs minds about it

(N + daa) + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk; speech | for (plural) S to speak, talk, make a speech (about N) | haa een yoo x̱ʼawli.átk → they talked to us / conversed with us (SN) • a daa x̱ʼawtuli.aat yaakw tlein wudulyeix̱í → we discussed making a large canoe (SN) • kʼisáani a daa yoo x̱ʼali.atk → the young fellows are discussing it (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: x̱ʼanayil.á! | you all speak!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼayla.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all speak!

• imperfective (+): yaa (ha)s x̱ʼanal.át | they all are speaking

• perfective (+): has x̱ʼawli.aat | they all spoke

• perfective (–): tlél has x̱ʼawul.aat | they all didnʼt speak

• future (+): has x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they all will speak

• future (–): tlél has x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt speak

N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk | for (plural) S to speak, talk to N | in classical Lingít, the verb stem √taan ⁵ refered to a singular subject and the verb stem √.aat ⁵ was used to indicate a plural subject. in modern Lingít however, this distinction is being lost. many speakers use the verb stem √taan ⁵ for both singular and plural subject | (KE)

• imperative: du éet x̱ʼayla.á! | you all speak to them!

• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ x̱ʼayla.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all speak to them!

• perfective (+): du éet has x̱ʼawli.át | they all spoke to them

• perfective (–): tlél du éet has x̱ʼawul.aat | they all didnʼt speak to them

• future (+): du eedé (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they all will speak to them

• future (–): tlél du eedé (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt speak to them

yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stop talking | for (plural) S to stop talking | (KE)

• imperative: yan x̱ʼayla.á! | you all stop talking!

• prohibitive: líl yan x̱ʼayla.aadíḵ! | donʼt you all stop talking!

• perfective (+): yan has x̱ʼawli.át | they all stopped talking

• perfective (–): tlél yan has x̱ʼawul.aat | they all didnʼt stop talking

• future (+): yánde has x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they all will stop talking

• future (–): tlél yánde has x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt stop talking

yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk; converse | for (plural) S to speak, talk, converse | (KE)

• imperative: yoo x̱ʼayla.á! | you all converse!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼayla.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all converse!

• imperfective (+): yoo (ha)s x̱ʼali.átk | they all converse; they all are conversing

• imperfective (–): tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼeil.átk | they all donʼt converse; theyʼre not conversing

• progressive: (yeisú) yaa (ha)s x̱ʼanal.át | they all are (still) conversing

• perfective (+): yoo (ha)s x̱ʼawli.át | they all conversed

• perfective (–): tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼawul.aat | they all didnʼt converse

• future (+): yoo (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they all will converse

• future (–): tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they all wonʼt converse

N + géi⁓ + yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) accuse; speak against | for S to accuse, speak against N | ax̱ éesh een yee géide yoo x̱ʼax̱la.átk → i accuse you all to my father (KE)

N + toowú + yaadé + yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-√aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) discourage; stop | for (plural) S to discourage N (from doing something), try to stop N (from doing something) | classification: plural | (SN)

• imperative: du toowú yaadé yoo x̱ʼayla.á! | you all discourage them from doing it!

• prohibitive: líl du toowú yaadé yoo x̱ʼayla.átgiḵ! | you all donʼt discrouage them from doing it!

• perfective (+): du toowú yaadé yoo s x̱ʼawli.át | they all discouraged them from doing it

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú yaadé yoo s x̱ʼawul.aat | they all didnʼt discrouage them from doing it

• future (+): du toowú yaadé yoo s x̱ʼagax̱tula.áat | they all will discrouage them from doing it

• future (–): tlél du toowú yaadé yoo s x̱ʼagax̱tula.aat | they all wonʼt discrouage them from doing it

√aat ⁶ (verb root) | classification: plural, hinged objects open ¹; close ¹

woosh + yá-t⁓ + O-shu-S-l-√.aat ⁶ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] close ¹; shut | for S to close, shut O (plural books) | classification: plural books

• imperative: woosh yát shula.á! | close the books!

• perfective (+): woosh yát ashuwli.át | they closed the books

• perfective (–): tlél woosh yát ashuwul.aat | they didnʼt close the books

• future (+): woosh yaadé ashugux̱la.áat | they will close the books

• future (–): tlél woosh yaadé ashugux̱la.aat | they wonʼt close the books

xee-∅-√.aat ⁶ (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) [check stem variation] dusk | for it to be dusk | yá xeeg̱a.áat du ḵágu tsu ashaawajáḵw → after dusk, her basket was full again (GD) • (SN)

• progressive: yánde yaa xeena.át | it is getting to be dusk

• perfective (+): xeewa.át | it became dusk

• perfective (–): tlél xeewu.aat | it didnʼt become dusk

• future (+): xeekg̱wa.áat | it will be dusk

• future (–): tlél xeekg̱wa.aat | it wonʼt be dusk

√aatʼ (verb root) cold ¹

O-S-s-√.áatʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) cold ¹; cool; chill | for S to make O cold, cool | the form « as.átʼx̱ » gives both a basic imperfective meaning “they are chilling it” and a repetitive imperfective meaning “they chills it (regularly)” | héen awsi.átʼ → they cooled the water (SN) • ax̱ x̱ʼoos oos.átʼch → my feet are always cold (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: sa.átʼ! | chill it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl isa.átʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt chill it!

• imperfective (+): as.átʼx̱ | they are chilling it

• imperfective (–): tlél oos.átʼx̱ | they are not chilling it

• progressive: yaa ana.úsʼ | they are (in the process of) chilling it

• perfective (+): awsi.átʼ | they chilled it

• perfective (–): tlél awus.áatʼ | they didnʼt chill it

• future (+): agux̱sa.áatʼ | they will chill it

• future (–): tlél agux̱sa.áatʼ | they wonʼt chill it

s-√.áatʼ ˟ (∅ state verb – impersonal – invariable) cold ¹ | for an inanimate object to be cold | (KE)

• imperfective (+): si.áatʼ | itʼs cold

• imperfective (–): tlél us.áatʼ | it isnʼt cold

• progressive: yaa nas.átʼ | it is getting cold

• progressive (–): tlél yaa unas.átʼ | itʼs not getting cold

• perfective (+): wusi.áatʼ | it got cold

• perfective (–): tlél wus.áatʼ | it didnʼt get cold

• future (+): gug̱as.áatʼ | it will be cold

• future (–): tlél gug̱as.áatʼ | it wonʼt be cold

O-sa-∅-√.áatʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) cold ¹ | for O (person) to feel cold | classification: animate | haa seiwa.átʼ → we feel cold (SN) • (KE)

• admonitive: i sa.átʼ tsáa! see | that you donʼt get cold!

• progressive: yaa sana.átʼ | they are starting to get cold

• perfective (+): seiwa.átʼ | they are cold

• perfective (–): tlél sawu.áatʼ | they arenʼt cold

• future (+): sakg̱wa.áatʼ | they will be cold

• future (–): tlél sakg̱wa.áatʼ | they wonʼt be cold

ḵu-s-√.áatʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) cold ¹ | for the weather to be cold | classification: weather | yá táakw kei ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ shákdéi → maybe itʼs going to be cold this winter (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): ḵusi.áatʼ | the weather is cold

• imperfective (–): tlél ḵoos.áatʼ | the weather isnʼt cold

• progressive: kei ḵunas.áatʼ | the weather is getting cold

• perfective (+): ḵuwsi.áatʼ | the weather got cold

• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwus.áatʼ | the weather didnʼt get cold

• future (+): kei ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ | the weather will be cold

• future (–): tlél kei ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ | the weather wonʼt be cold

O-ÿa-d+s-√.áatʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) cold ¹ | for Oʼs face to be cold | x̱at yawdzi.átʼ → my face is cold (SN) • (KE)

• admonitive: i yas.átʼ tsáa! | see that your face doesnʼt get cold!

• progressive: yaa yanas.átʼ | their face is getting cold

• perfective (+): yawdzi.átʼ | their face is cold

• perfective (–): tlél yawus.áatʼ | their face isnʼt cold

• future (+): yakg̱was.áatʼ | their face will be cold

• future (–): tlél yakg̱was.áatʼ | their face wonʼt be cold

O-d+s-√.áatʼ (∅ – object intransitive – high) chilled; cold ¹ | for O (body part or inanimate object) to be chilled, cold | used to talk about a body part being cold, or an inanimate object that has been made cold | (JL)

• perfective (+): wudzi.átʼ | it is chilled

√aatlʼ (verb root) insufficient • variants: √aatsʼ, √aachʼ •

ÿa-ka-u-∅-√.áatlʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) insufficient | for something to be insufficient, not enough | i toowúch ágé yakakg̱wa.áatlʼ? → do you think itʼs going to be insufficient? (SN) • yá atx̱á yagoo.áatlʼ → this food is not enough (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yakoo.áatlʼ | itʼs insufficient

• perfective (+): yakaawa.áatlʼ | it was insufficient

• future (+): yakakg̱wa.áatlʼ | it will be insufficient

√aaw (verb root) strap ¹

O-ÿa-S-s-√.áaw (∅ event verb – transitive – open) strap ¹; tie | for S put a strap on O; for S to tie up O with a string | yax̱wsi.áaw → i strapped it (JL) • ayasa.áwx̱ → they are putting a strap on it (JL) • (KE)

• imperative: yasa.áw! | tie it up with a string!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yeesa.áwx̱uḵ! | donʼt tie it up with a string!

• progressive: yaa ayanas.áw | they are tying it up with a string

• perfective (+): ayawsi.áw | they tied it up with a string

• perfective (–): tlél ayawus.áaw | they didnʼt tie it up with a string

• future (+): ayagux̱sa.áaw | they will tie it up with a string

• future (–): tlél ayagux̱sa.áaw | they wonʼt tie it up with a string

√aaxʼw ¹ (verb root) fracture; crack

O-d+∅-√.áaxʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] crack | for O to be cracked on the surface (esp. of china, rock) | tlél uda.áxʼwx̱ → itʼs not cracked/it wonʼt crack easily (that is, good material) (SN) • wudi.áxʼu sʼíxʼ tlél ushkʼé: néekw a tóonáx̱ ḵudzitee → a cracked dish is no good: it harbors germs (SN)

• perfective (+): wudi.áxʼw | it cracked

• perfective (–): tlél wuda.áaxʼw | it didnʼt crack

• future (+): gux̱da.áaxʼw | it will crack

• future (–): tlél gux̱da.áaxʼw | it wonʼt crack

O-∅-√.áaxʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation in HOR/POT] fracture; crack | for O (a bone) to fracture, crack | ax̱ xisʼtusʼaaḵ uwa.áxʼw → my shin bone fractured (SN)

• perfective (+): uwa.áxʼw | it cracked

• perfective (–): tlél wu.áaxʼw | it didnʼt crack

• future (+): gug̱a.áaxʼw | it will crack

• future (–): tlél gug̱a.áaxʼw | it wonʼt crack

O-S-l-√.áaxʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation in HOR/POT] crack | for S to crack O | (SN)

• perfective (+): awli.áxʼw | they cracked it

• perfective (–): tlél awul.áaxʼw | they didnʼt crack it

• future (+): agux̱la.áaxʼw | they will crack it

• future (–): tlél agux̱la.áaxʼw | they wonʼt crack it

√aaxʼw ² (verb root) bitter; spicy

O-s-√.áaxʼw ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) bitter; spicy | for O to be bitter; for O to be spicy hot | at danoogú ágé si.áaxʼw? → does it have a bitter taste? (SN) • kei gux̱sa.áaxʼw, yéi isa.éeni → it will be bitter if you cook it that way (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): si.áaxʼw | itʼs bitter

• imperfective (–): tlél us.áaxʼw | itʼs not bitter

• progressive: kei nas.áaxʼw | itʼs getting bitter

• perfective (+): wusi.áaxʼw | it got bitter

• perfective (–): tlél wus.áaxʼw | it didnʼt get bitter

• future (+): kei gux̱sa.áaxʼw | it will be bitter

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱sa.áaxʼw | it wonʼt be bitter

√aax̱ ¹ (verb root) hear; listen; sound off

O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hear | for S to hear O | this verb could be used to talk about hearing the sound of someone, like them allʼs footsteps or other commotion, but hearing someoneʼs voice is « O-sa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ » | gaaw tlél x̱wa.aax̱ → i didnʼt hear the bell/drum (SN) • a x̱ʼéide aawa.áx̱ → they heard the message (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: .áx̱! | hear it!

• perfective (+): aawa.áx̱ | they heard it

• perfective (–): tlél awu.aax̱ | they didnʼt hear it

• future (+): akg̱wa.áax̱ | they will hear it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt hear it

O-S-∅-√.áx̱ch ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) hear; sound off | for S to be able to hear O; for O to sound off (4th person subject required) | for the forms that do not occur with this verb, see the ∅-conjugation eventive verb « aawa.áx̱ » ʼs/he heard itʼ, which occurs in all modes except the imperfective • as shown in the examples, the fourth person « duwa.áx̱ch » can mean for something to make a sound and can replace a lot of specified English terms like moo, bleat, meow, croak, etc. | núkt duwa.áx̱ch → a grouse can be heard (drumming); a grouse is calling out (hooting) (SN) • wasóos duwa.áx̱ch → a cow can be heard lowing / mooing (SN) • nadáakw duwa.áx̱ch → a table can be heard creaking, squeaking (SN) • wáa sá duwa.áx̱ch? → whatʼs that sound? • (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ee.áx̱jiḵ! | donʼt hear it!

• imperfective (+): aya.áx̱ch | they can hear it

• imperfective (–): tlél oo.áx̱ch | they canʼt hear it

• future (+): kei akg̱wa.áx̱ch | they will be able to hear it

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wa.áx̱ch | they wonʼt be able to hear it

N-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen | for S to listen to N | (KE)

• imperative: át sa.áx̱! | listen to it!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ isa.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt listen to it!

• perfective (+): át wusi.áx̱ | they are listening to it; they listened to it

• perfective (–): tlél át wus.aax̱ | they are not listening to it; they didnʼt listen to it

• future (+): aadé gux̱sa.áax̱ | they will listen to it

• future (–): tlél aadé gux̱sa.aax̱ | they wonʼt listen to it

N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen; obey; give heed | for S to listen to, obey, give heed to N | du tláa x̱ʼéit awsi.áx̱ → they obey their mother (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du x̱ʼéit sa.áx̱! | listen to them!

• prohibitive: líl du x̱ʼéix̱ isa.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt listen to them!

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéit wusi.áx̱ | they are listening to them; they listens to them

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéit wus.aax̱ | they are not listening to them; they donʼt listen to them

• future (+): du x̱ʼéide gux̱sa.áax̱ | they will listen to them

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide gux̱sa.aax̱ | they wonʼt listen to them

O-d+s-√aax̱ ¹ (na event verb – object intransitive – closed) echo; resound | for O to echo, resound | xeitl wudzi.aax̱ → the thunder echoed back and forth (SN) • yoo dzi.áx̱k → it resounds; it echoes (SN)

• perfective (+): wudzi.aax̱ | it echoed

• perfective (–): tlél wus.aax̱ | it didnʼt echo

• future (+): gug̱as.áax̱ | it will echo

• future (–): tlél gug̱as.aax̱ | it wonʼt echo

O-S-l-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) play ² | for S to play O (musical instrument) | the form « ali.áx̱ch » gives both a basic imperfective meaning “they are playing it” and a repetitive imperfective meaning “they plays it (regularly)” | tu.óoxsʼ yeit ali.áx̱ch → theyʼre playing a wind instrument (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: la.áx̱! | play it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ila.áx̱jiḵ! | donʼt play it!

• imperfective (+): ali.áx̱ch | they are playing it

• imperfective (–): tlél ool.áx̱ch | they arenʼt playing it

• perfective (+): awli.áx̱ | they played it

• perfective (–): tlél awul.aax̱ | they didnʼt play it

• future (+): agux̱la.áax̱ | they will play it

• future (–): tlél agux̱la.aax̱ | they wonʼt play it

O-ka-S-l-√aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type, and how «yan» preverb affects meaning] hear | for S to barely hear, mis-hear O; for S to be confused in hearing O | adding «yan» to the preverb may result in “to be able to hear after trying” | xʼáatʼ kát kax̱wli.áx̱ → i think i hear a sound coming from the island (SN) • yan ágé kayli.áx̱? → do you understand it now (that is, have you finally heard)? (SN)

• perfective (+): akawli.áx̱ | they barely heard them

• perfective (–): tlél akawul.aax̱ | they didnʼt barely hear them

• future (+): akagux̱la.áax̱ | they will barely hear them

• future (–): tlél akagux̱la.aax̱ | they wonʼt barely hear them

N-g̱aa + ḵu-S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen for | for S to listen for N | (KE)

• imperative: a kayéikg̱aa ḵunees.aax̱! | listen for the sound of it!

• perfective (+): a kayéikg̱aa ḵoowdzi.aax̱ | they listened for the sound of it

• perfective (–): tlél a kayéikg̱aa ḵuwus.aax̱ | they didnʼt listen for the sound of it

• future (+): a kayéikg̱aa ḵukg̱was.áax̱ | they will listen for the sound of it

• future (–): tlél a kayéikg̱aa ḵukg̱was.aax̱ | they wonʼt listen for the sound of it

N + x̱ʼéide + ḵu-S-d+s-√.aax̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen | for S to (take time to) listen to N | one fluent speaker suggests the finer meaning “take time to listen” for this verb, thus distinguishing it slightly from the related verb « du x̱ʼéit wusi.áx̱ » “they listened to, obeyed them” | i x̱ʼéit x̱wasi.áx̱ → iʼm listening to you (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du x̱ʼéide ḵunees.aax̱! | listen to them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du x̱ʼéide yoo ḵees.áx̱giḵ! | donʼt listen to them!

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéide ḵuwdzi.aax̱ | they listened to them

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵuwus.aax̱ | they didnʼt listen to them

• future (+): du x̱ʼéide ḵukg̱was.áax̱ | they will listen to them

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵukg̱was.aax̱ | they wonʼt listen to them

O-sa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hear | for S to hear O (a voice, esp. singing) | x̱at seiwa.áx̱ they heard my voice (SN) • xóots shákdéi sax̱waa.áx̱ → maybe i heard a bearʼs voice (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): aseiwa.áx̱ | they heard a voice

• perfective (–): tlél asawu.aax̱ | they didnʼt hear a voice

• future (+): asakg̱wa.áax̱ | they will hear a voice

• future (–): tlél asakg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt hear a voice

O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hear; understand; comprehend | for S to hear O with understanding; for S to understand, comprehend O | Lingít ágé x̱ʼeeya.áx̱ch → do you understand Lingít? (SN) • tléil ḵaa x̱ʼei.áx̱ch → they donʼt understand people (that is, the language) • (KE)

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwa.áx̱ | they understood them

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawu.aax̱ | they didnʼt understand them

• future (+): ax̱ʼakg̱wa.áax̱ | they will understand them

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt understand them

(N + tuwáa) + x̱ʼa-ka-u-l-√.áax̱chʼán ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) fascinating; compelling; listen | for something to be fascinating to listen to (to N); for someone to be a compelling storyteller (to N) | du shkalneegí x̱ʼakwli.áax̱chʼan → their story was fascinating, one was compelled to listen (SN)

• imperfective (+): x̱ʼakuli.áax̱chʼán | itʼs a compelling story

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼakool.áax̱chʼán | itʼs not a compelling story

• perfective (+): x̱ʼakwli.áax̱chʼan | it was a compelling story

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼakawul.áax̱chʼán | it wasnʼt a compelling story

• future (+): kei x̱ʼakagux̱la.áax̱chʼán | it will be a compelling story

• future (–): tlél kei x̱ʼakagux̱la.áax̱chʼán | it wonʼt be a compelling story

ḵut + O-ka-S-l-√aax̱ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] hear | for S to miss hearing O | ḵut kei kax̱wla.áx̱ch → i missed (what was said) (SN)

• perfective (+): ḵut akawli.aax̱ | they missed hearing them

• perfective (–): tlél ḵut akawul.aax̱ | they didnʼt miss hearing them

• future (+): ḵut kei akagux̱la.áax̱ | they will miss hearing them

• future (–): tlél ḵut kei akagux̱la.aax̱ | they wonʼt miss hearing them

√aax̱ ² (verb root) | classification: textile-like object carry

{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; give; take | for S to carry O (textile-like object) | sʼísaa haat áx̱! → bring the cloth! (SN) • lʼaak ax̱ jeet awaa.áx̱ → they gave me a dress (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} .áx̱! | carry it {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} ee.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt carry it {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa ana.áx̱ | they are carrying it {∅ preverb}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} aawa.áx̱ | they carried it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awu.aax̱ | they didnʼt carry it {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akg̱wa.áax̱ | they will carry it {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt carry it {____}

{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; give; take | for S to carry O (textile-like object) | du kinaak.ádi yaa ana.áx̱ → theyʼre carrying their coat (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} na.aax̱! | carry it {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yi.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt carry it {____}!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} aawa.aax̱ | they are carrying it {____}; they carried it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awu.aax̱ | they didnʼt carry it {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} akg̱wa.áax̱ | they will carry it {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akg̱wa.aax̱ | they wonʼt carry it {____}

N-t + ∅-√.áx̱ ˟ ² (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a textile-like object to lie at N | i kʼoodásii yóot áx̱ → your shirt is lying over there (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): át .áx̱ | itʼs lying there

• imperfective (–): tlél át u.áx̱ | itʼs not lying there

kaax̱ + kei + O-S-d+∅-√.aax̱ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) take off | for S to take off O (shirt, dress, coat, etc.) | for taking off oneʼs hat, replace « kaax̱ » with « sháatx̱ » “off the head” throughout the paradigm, as in « sháatx̱ kei awdi.áx̱ » “s/he took off their hat” • note that this verb is not used for taking off pants, shoes, socks, etc. for these, use: « x̱ʼoosdáx̱ awdiyíḵ » “they took them all off (pants, socks, shoes)” | i kʼoodásʼi kaax̱ kei idatí → take off your shirt! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kaax̱ kei ida.áx̱! | take it off!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kaax̱ kei ida.áx̱jíḵ! | donʼt take it off!

• progressive: kaax̱ kei anda.áx̱ | they are taking it off

• perfective (+): kaax̱ kei awdi.áx̱ | they took it off

• perfective (–): tlél kaax̱ kei awda.aax̱ | they didnʼt take it off

• future (+): kaax̱ kei agux̱da.áax̱ | they will take it off

• future (–): tlél kaax̱ kei agux̱da.aax̱ | they wonʼt take it off

√aax̱w (verb root) tie; bind; bundle; wrap | tie up; tie together

yánde + O-S-∅-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie; secure | for S to tie up, secure O (esp. a boat to shore) | (KE)

• imperative: yánde .áx̱w! | tie it up!

• prohibitive: líl yánde yi.áx̱uḵ! | donʼt tie it up!

• imperfective (+): yánde a.aax̱w | they are tying it up; they ties it up

• imperfective (–): tlél yánde oo.aax̱w | they arenʼt tying it up; they donʼt tie it up

• perfective (+): yánde aawa.áx̱w | they tied it up

• perfective (–): tlél yánde awu.aax̱w | they didnʼt tie it up

• future (+): yánde akg̱wa.áax̱w | they will tie it up

• future (–): tlél yánde akg̱wa.aax̱w | they wonʼt tie it up

O-daa-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie; bundle; wrap | for S to tie O together in a bundle; for S to wrap O up | xʼúxʼ daasa.áx̱w! → tie up the hooks in a bundle! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: daasa.áx̱w! | wrap it up!

• prohibitive: líl daa.ees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt wrap it up!

• imperfective (+): adaasa.áax̱w | they are wrapping it up

• imperfective (–): tlél adaa.us.aax̱w | they are not wrapping it up

• perfective (+): adaawsi.áx̱w | they wrapped it up

• perfective (–): tlél adaawus.aax̱w | they didnʼt wrap it up

• future (+): adaagux̱sa.áax̱w | they will wrap it up

• future (–): tlél adaagux̱sa.aax̱w | they wonʼt wrap it up

O-kʼi-ka-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie; wrap up | for S to tie O together by the stems; for S to wrap the stems of O | kʼeikaxwéin akʼikawsi.áx̱w → they tied up the stems of the flowers (SN)

• imperative: kʼikasa.áx̱w! | wrap its stems up!

• prohibitive: líl kʼikees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt wrap its stems up!

• imperfective (+): akʼikasa.áax̱w | they are wrapping its stems up

• imperfective (–): tlél akʼikoos.aax̱w | they are not wrapping its stems up

• perfective (+): akʼikawsi.áx̱w | they wrapped its stems up

• perfective (–): tlél akʼikawus.aax̱w | they didnʼt wrap its stems up

• future (+): akʼikagux̱sa.áax̱w | they will wrap its stems up

• future (–): tlél akʼikagux̱sa.aax̱w | they wonʼt wrap its stems up

O-sʼaan-S-∅-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie | for S to tie hands of O (a captive) | (SN)

• imperative: sʼaansa.áx̱w! | tie their hands together!

• prohibitive: líl sʼaanees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt tie their hands together!

• imperfective (+): asʼaansa.áax̱w | they are tying their hands together

• imperfective (–): tlél asʼaanus.aax̱w | they are not tying their hands together

• perfective (+): asʼaanwusi.áx̱w | they tied their hands together

• perfective (–): tlél asʼaanwus.aax̱w | they didnʼt tied their hands together

• future (+): asʼaangux̱sa.áax̱w | they will tied their hands together

• future (–): tlél asʼaangux̱sa.aax̱w | they wonʼt tied their hands together

O-x̱ʼa-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie | for S to tie up the mouth of O (esp. a sack) | yá gwéil x̱ʼakḵwas.áax̱w → Iʼm going to tie up this sack (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼasa.áx̱w! | tie the mouth of it up!

• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼa.ees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt tie the mouth of it up!

• imperfective (+): ax̱ʼasa.áax̱w | they are tying the mouth of it up

• imperfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼeiws.aax̱w | they are not tying the mouth of it up

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwsi.áx̱w | they tied the mouth of it up

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawus.aax̱w | they didnʼt tie the mouth of it up

• future (+): ax̱ʼagux̱sa.áax̱w | they will tie the mouth of it up

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼagux̱sa.aax̱w | they wonʼt tie the mouth of it up

√chán ˟ (verb root) stink; stench; smelly

O-l-√chán ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) stink; smelly; stench | for O to stink, have unpleasant odor, smell bad; for O to smell strongly | gishoo áyá lachán nooch → pigs always stink (SN) • lichán awé wé eex̱! → that oil smells bad (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl eelchániḵ | donʼt be stinky!

• imperfective (+): lichán | they stinks

• imperfective (–): tlél ulchán | they donʼt stink

• progressive: kei nalchán | they are starting to stink

• perfective (+): wulichán | they stank

• perfective (–): tlél wulchán | they didnʼt stink

• future (+): kei gux̱lachán | they will stink

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lachán | they wonʼt stink

√chaa (verb root) strain; filter; drain off

O-ka-S-l-√chaa (∅ act verb – transitive – open) strain; filter; drain off | for S to strain, filter, drain off O | tax̱héeni kalachá → strain the broth! (that is, pour it out, leaving all the solids behind)! (SN) • tléiḵw kahéeni kax̱wlicháa → I strained the fruit juice (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kalachá! | strain it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keelachéix̱iḵ! | donʼt strain it!

• imperfective (+): aklachéix̱ | they are straining it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoolcheix̱ | they arenʼt straining it

• progressive: yaa akanalchéin | they are (in the process of) straining it

• perfective (+): akawlicháa | they strained it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulchá | they didnʼt strain it

• future (+): akagux̱lacháa | they will strain it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lachaa | they wonʼt strain it

√chaak (verb root) pile; stack; fill

O-ka-S-∅-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pile; stack; pack | for S to pile, stack away neatly, pack O (food, clothing, firewood, etc.) | ḵaa shukát yan kawdichák → they were through packing before the others (SN) • dzeit tayee akaawachák → they piled it (firewood) under the stairs (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kachák! | pack it!

• prohibitive: líl kayeecháagiḵ! | donʼt pack it!

• imperfective (+): akacháak | they are packing it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoocháak | they arenʼt packing it

• perfective (+): akaawachák | they packed it

• perfective (–): tlél akawucháak | they didnʼt pack it

• future (+): akakg̱wacháak | they will pack it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wacháak | they wonʼt pack it

O-sha-ka-S-∅-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) stack; pack; fill | for S to fill, pack to the top neatly, stack up (food, clothing, etc.) | shakx̱waachák → I filled it (a suitcase) (SN)

• imperative: shakachák! | pack it!

• prohibitive: líl shakayeecháagiḵ! | donʼt pack it!

• imperfective (+): ashakacháak | they are packing it

• imperfective (–): tlél ashakoocháak | they arenʼt packing it

• perfective (+): ashakaawachák | they packed it

• perfective (–): tlél ashakawucháak | they didnʼt pack it

• future (+): ashakakg̱wacháak | they will pack it

• future (–): tlél ashakakg̱wacháak | they wonʼt pack it

O-ka-S-l-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pile; stack | for S to pile, stack O | classification: stick-like objects | chʼa wé cháash kax̱toolacháak yee.át sákw → weʼll pile up those branches for bedding (SN)

• imperative: kalachák! | pile it!

• prohibitive: líl keelacháagiḵ! | donʼt pile it!

• imperfective (+): akalacháak | they are piling it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoolcháak | they arenʼt piling it

• perfective (+): akawlichák | they piled it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulcháak | they didnʼt pile it

• future (+): akakg̱walacháak | they will pile it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱walacháak | they wonʼt pile it

√chaalʼ (verb root) full; drowsy | drowsy from overindulging

√cheich ¹ (verb root) astride; spread; stand | stand spread-legged

a-ka-S-∅-√cheich ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) spread; astride | for S to be astride, stand, or walk (usually when carrying very heavy object) with legs far apart | eech kwéiyi kadaalí teen g̱unayéi akaawachéch → they began to walk with legs far apart, struggling with the weight of the buoy (SN)

• imperative: akachéch! | stand spread-legged

• prohibitive: líl akeechéjiḵ! | donʼt stand spread-legged!

• imperfective (+): akachéch | they are standing spread-legged

• perfective (+): akaawachéch | they stood spread-legged

• perfective (–): tlél akawucheich | they didnʼt stand spread-legged

• future (+): akakg̱wachéich | they will stand spread-legged

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wacheich | they wonʼt stand spread legged

√cheich ² (verb root) dust ²; clean ² | clean the surface of

√cheix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √cheex̱ʼ • shade; shadow

√chígaa ˟ (verb root) fierce; formidable

√cheesh (verb root) exploit; accomplish; possible

O-S-l-√cheesh (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] exploit; get; accomplish | for S to exploit O; for S to get O easily; for S to accomplish O with no problem | yá shaa awlichísh → they exploit the mountain (they goes up when they have a chance and every time comes back with deer, etc.) (SN)

√chook (verb root) soften; rub | soften by rubbing

O-S-∅-√chook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) rub | for S to soften O (skin, paper) by rubbing in fists | chʼa yéi x̱achúksʼ wé at x̱ʼéeshi → i rub the dried fish in my hands to soften it (SN)

• imperative: chúk! | soften it by rubbing!

• imperfective (+): achúksʼ | they are softening it by rubbing

• perfective (+): aawachúk | they softened it by rubbing

• perfective (–): tlél awuchook | they didnʼt soften it by rubbing

• future (+): akg̱wachóok | they will soften it by rubbing

• future (–): tlél akg̱wachook | they wonʼt soften by rubbing

O-ka-S-∅-√chook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) rub | for S to soften O (card or stiff paper) by crumpling in fists

• imperative: kachúk! | soften it by crumpling!

• imperfective (+): akachóok | they are softening it by crumpling

• perfective (+): akawachúk | they softened it by crumpling

• perfective (–): tlél akawuchook | they didnʼt soften it by crumpling

• future (+): akakg̱wachóok | they will soften it by crumpling

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wachook | they wonʼt soften by crumpling

O-ka-d+∅-√chook (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] crumple | for O (card or stiff paper) to be crumpled or softened by crumpling in fists | tléixʼ daanaa kawdichúk → the (new) one dollar bill is crumpled up (SN)

• perfective (+): kawdichúk | it was softened by crumpling

• perfective (–): tlél akawdachook | it wasnʼt softened by crumpling

• future (+): akagux̱dachóok | it will be softened by crumpling

• future (–): tlél akagux̱dachook | it wonʼt be softened by crumpling

√chool (verb root) munch | roll around in mouth

√choon ¹ (verb root) wound ¹; injure

O-d+∅-√choon ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) wounded; injured; hurt ¹; bruised | for O to be wounded, injured, bruised; for O to be hurt (emotionally) | the most common use of this verb is in the perfective form—other forms are very rare • note that it can also refer to a mental state, as in « ḵúnáx̱ haa wdichún » “weʼre really hurting (emotionally)” (after the loss of a family member, e.g.) | wáang̱aneens ḵaa oodachúnch → once in a while a person is wounded (by octopus) (SN) • ax̱ tláa wudichún → my mother was injured (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): wudichún | they got injured

• perfective (–): tlél wudachoon | they didnʼt get injured

O-S-l-√choon ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) injure; hurt ¹; wound ¹; bruise | for S to injure, hurt, wound, bruise O | g̱uwakaan wududlichún → a deer was wounded (SN) • gandaasʼaají x̱at wulichún → a bee wounded me (that is, stung me) (SN)

• imperative: lachún! | injure them/it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ilachúnx̱iḵ! | donʼt injure them/it

• perfective (+): awlichún | they injured them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awulchoon | they didnʼt injure them/it

• future (+): agux̱lachóon | they will injure them/it

• future (–): tlél agux̱lachoon | they wonʼt injure them/it

√choon ² (verb root) twist; limber | twist (to make limber)

√choox (verb root) knead; massage; roll; pat

O-ka-S-∅-√choox (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) knead; press; pat | for S to knead, press, pat O with palm of hand | sakwnéin akaawachúx → they kneaded the bread (SN) • dleey kaxákwlʼi kax̱waachúx → i patted out the ground meat in to patties (SN) • kawduwachúx → people press it (mud) with them allʼs hands (SN)

• imperative: kachúx! | knead it!

• prohibitive: líl keechooxúḵ! | donʼt knead it!

• imperfective (+): akachóox | they knead it; they are kneading it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoochoox | they donʼt knead it; they arenʼt kneading it

• perfective (+): akaawachúx | they kneaded it

• perfective (–): tléil akawuchoox | they didnʼt knead it

• future (+): akakg̱wachóox | they will knead it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wachoox | they wonʼt knead it

√chooxʼ (verb root) rub; touch | rub lightly; touch lightly

√choox̱ (verb root) mooch; cadge; sponge ²; freeload

at  + u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) mooch; freeload | for S to mooch, freeload; for S to obtain things often without payment | (KE)

• imperative: at g̱achoox̱! | freeload!

• prohibitive: líl at eechoox̱úḵ! | donʼt freeload!

• imperfective (+): at uchoox̱ | they are freeloading; they freeload

• imperfective (–): tlél at uchoox̱ | they arenʼt freeloading; they donʼt freeload

• perfective (+): at woochoox̱ | they freeloaded

• perfective (–): tlél at wuchoox̱ | they didnʼt freeload

• future (+): yei at gug̱wachoox̱ | they will freeload

• future (–): tlél yei at gug̱wachoox̱ | they wonʼt freeload

(N eex̱) + O-u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ (g̱a – transitive – invariable) mooch; bum; sponge ²; cadge | for S to mooch, bum, scrounge O (off of N); for S to obtain O (from N) often without payment | add « –eex̱ » in the preverb to indicate who is being mooched off of • NS and JL both recorded examples of this verb without the irrealis • more research may be needed | chʼa tlákw áwé achoox̱ nooch → theyʻre always sponging / getting what they can for nothing (SN) • gán achoox̱! → theyʻre cadging firewood (SN) • du eex̱ yei kḵwachoox̱ → iʼm going to sponge it off of them JL • (KE)

• imperative: (du eex̱) g̱achoox̱! | mooch it (off of them)!

• prohibitive: líl (du eex̱) eechoox̱úḵ! | donʼt mooch it (off of them)!

• imperfective (+): (du eex̱) oochoox̱ | they are mooching it (off of them); they mooches it (off of them)

• imperfective (–): tlél (du eex̱) oochoox̱ | they arenʼt mooching it (off of them); they donʼt mooch it (off of them)

• imperfective (–): tlél (du eex̱) awuchoox̱ | they didnʼt mooch it (off of them)

• perfective (+): (du eex̱) aawachoox̱ | they mooched it (off of them)

• future (+): (du eex̱) yei akg̱wachoox̱ | they will mooch it (off of them)

• future (–): tlél (du eex̱) yei akg̱wachoox̱ | they wonʼt mooch it (off of them)

√choox̱ʼ (verb root) roll | fat roll off

√chʼaachʼ (verb root) spotted

O-ka-d+∅-√chʼáachʼ (∅ – object intransitive – high) [transitivity unknown] spotted | for O to be spotted, have spots | sʼíxʼ kawdichʼáchʼ → the dish is spotted (SN) • (JL)

• perfective (+): kawdichʼáchʼ | it is spotted; it got spotted

ka-d+l-√chʼáchʼx̱ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) spotted | for a natural object (wood, rock, etc.) to be spotted | this verb only occurs in the imperfective | kadlichʼáchx̱i yáx̱ yatèe du keenáanáx̱ → it (a flicker) is spotted on top (SN) • tsaa doogú kadlichʼáchʼx̱ áwé yakʼéi → a sealskin that is spotted is real good • (KE)

• imperfective (+): kadlichʼáchʼx̱ | itʼs spotted

• imperfective (–): tlél koolchʼáchʼx̱ | itʼs not spotted

√chʼaakʼw (verb root) carve; carve design; incise

O-ka-S-∅-√chʼáakʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) carve | for S to carve O (usually smaller, detailed work) using a knife or scoop chisel | eex̱ sʼíxʼi akaawachʼákʼw → they carved an oil dish (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kachʼákʼw! | carve it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keechʼákʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt carve it!

• imperfective (+): akachʼáakʼw | they are carving it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoochʼáakʼw | they arenʼt carving it

• perfective (+): akaawachʼákʼw | they carved it

• perfective (–): tlél akawuchʼáakʼw | they didnʼt carve it

• future (+): akakg̱wachʼáakʼw | they will carve it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wachʼáakʼw | they wonʼt carve it

ka-S-d+∅-√chʼáakʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) carve | for S to carve (usually smaller, detailed work) using a knife or scoop chisel | shál sáxwti kadachʼáakʼw ashigóok → they know how to carve spoon handles (SN)

• imperative: keedachʼákʼw! | carve!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keedachʼákʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt carve!

• imperfective (+): akadachʼáakʼw | they are carving

• imperfective (–): tlél akudachʼáakʼw | they- arenʼt carving it

• perfective (+): akawdichʼákʼw | they carved

• perfective (–): tlél akawdachʼáakʼw | they didnʼt carve

• future (+): akagux̱dachʼáakʼw | they will carve

• future (–): tlél akagux̱dachʼáakʼw | they wonʼt carve

√chʼaalʼ (verb root) pale; spotted

√chʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √chʼeex̱ʼ • point ¹; poke; push

√chʼeix̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) dirty

O-S-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) dirty; soil ² | for S to dirty, soil O (esp. clothing or person) | ilí! i lʼaagí gag̱eelachʼéix̱ʼw → donʼt! you will dirty your dress (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: lachʼéx̱ʼw! | get it dirty!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ilachʼéx̱ʼwx̱uḵ! | donʼt get it dirty!

• progressive: yaa analchʼéx̱ʼw | they are getting it dirty

• perfective (+): awlichʼéx̱ʼw | they got it dirty

• perfective (–): tlél awulchʼéix̱ʼw | they didnʼt get it dirty

• future (+): agux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | they will get it dirty

• future (–): tlél agux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | they wonʼt get it dirty

O-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) dirty | for O to be dirty

• imperative: ilachʼéx̱ʼw! | get dirty!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ilchʼéx̱ʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt get dirty!

• progressive: yaa nalchʼéx̱ʼw | they are getting dirty

• perfective (+): wulichʼéx̱ʼw | they are dirty

• perfective (–): tlél wulchʼéix̱ʼw | they are not dirty

• future (+): gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | they will get dirty

• future (–): tlél gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | they wonʼt get dirty

O-ka-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) dirty | for O to be dirty (on surface) | ax̱ kʼoodásʼi sé kawlichʼéx̱ʼw → the neck of my shirt is dirty (SN)

• progressive: yaa kanalchʼéx̱ʼw | itʼs getting dirty

• perfective (+): kawlichʼéx̱ʼw | it got dirty; it is dirty

• perfective (–): tlél kawulchʼéix̱ʼw | it didnʼt get dirty

• future (+): kagux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | it will get dirty

• future (–): tlél kagux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | it wonʼt get dirty

√chʼeix̱ʼw ² (verb root) tired of | tire (of eating it)

√chʼéitʼaa ˟ (verb root) • variants: √chʼéetʼaa ˟ • play ¹; basketball | play basketball

ash + + ka-u-S-d+l-√chʼéitʼaa ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive basketball | for S to play basketball

• imperative: ash kaneelchʼéitʼaa | play basketball!

• prohibitive: líl ash keelchʼéitʼaaḵ! | donʼt play basketball!

• imperfective (+): ash koolchʼéitʼaa | they are playing basketball

• perfective (+): ash kawdlichʼéitʼaa | they played basketball

• perfective (–): tlél ash kawulchʼéitʼaa | they didnʼt play basketball

• future (+): ash kakg̱walchʼéitʼaa | they are going to play basketball

• future (–): tlél ash kakg̱walchʼéitʼaa | the arenʼt going to play basketball

√chʼeen (verb root) tie | tie in a bow

√chʼeesh (verb root) splash

ka-d+∅-√chʼeesh (∅ act verb – impersonal – closed) splash | for a liquid to splash, be splashed | té héent yeeg̱éexʼi, kei kdachʼíshch → when you throw rocks in the water, it splashes up (SN) • wáa ḵusa.áatʼi sáyú, héen kei kandachʼíshi, iltʼíxʼx̱ → when it is very cold, the water freezes as it splashes (as spray or droplets) (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): kadachʼéesh | it is splashing

• perfective (+): kawdichʼísh | it splashed

• perfective (–): tlél kawdachʼeesh | it didnʼt splash

• future (+): kagux̱dachʼéesh | it will splash

• future (–): tlél kagux̱dachʼeesh | it wonʼt splash

(N + daadé) + O-ka-S-l-√chʼeesh (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) splash | for S to splash O (on N) | add « N daadé » in the preverb for “splash on N” | yá héen ax̱ daat kaylichʼísh → you splashed some water on me (SN)

• imperative: (du daadé) kalachʼísh! | splash it (on them)!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl (du daadé) keelachʼíshx̱iḵ! | donʼt splash it (on them)!

• imperfective (+): (du daadé) aklachʼéesh | they are splashing it (on them)

• imperfective (–): tlél (du daadé) akoolchʼéesh | they arenʼt splashing it (on them)

• perfective (+): (du daadé) akawlichʼísh | they splashed it (on them)

• perfective (–): tlél (du daadé) akawulchʼeesh | they didnʼt splash it (on them)

• future (+): (du daadé) akagux̱lachʼéesh | they will splash it (on them)

• future (–): tlél (du daadé) akagux̱lachʼeesh | they wonʼt splash it (on them)

√chʼeetʼ (verb root) dip

O-S-∅-√chʼéetʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] eat ¹; dip; lick | for S to eat O after dipping in oil, syrup, etc.; for S to lick O off after dipping | eex̱ gax̱toochʼéetʼ → weʼll dip it in the oil and eat it (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: chʼítʼ | dip it and eat it!

• imperfective (+): achʼéetʼ | they are dipping it and eating it

• perfective (+): aawachʼítʼ | they dipped it and ate it

• perfective (–): tlél awuchʼéetʼ | they didnʼt dip it and eat it

• future (+): akg̱wachʼéetʼ | they will dip it and eat it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wachʼéetʼ | they wonʼt dip it and eat it

O-S-l-√chʼéetʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) eat ¹; dip | for S to eat O with fingers, especially by dipping fingers into the food

• imperative: lachʼítʼ! | dip your fingers in and eat it!

• imperfective (+): alchʼéetʼ | theyʼre dipping their fingers in and eating it

• perfective (+): awlichʼítʼ | they dipper their fingers in and ate it

• perfective (–): tlél awulchʼéetʼ | they didnʼt dip their fingers in and eat it

• future (+): agux̱lachʼéetʼ | they will dip their fingers in and eat it

• future (–): tlél agux̱lachʼéetʼ | they wonʼt dip their fingers in and eat it

O-S-∅-√chʼéetʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] eat ¹; lick | for S to eat up O with back of fingers, clean up plate or bowl with fingers and lick clean | yá sʼíxʼ kagax̱toochʼéetʼ → weʼll clean up this plate with our fingers (showing our real enjoyment of the food) (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: kachʼítʼ | clean it off with your fingers (and eat it off your fingers)

• imperfective (+): akachʼéetʼ | they are cleaning it off with their fingers and eating it

• perfective (+): akaawachʼítʼ | they cleaned it off with their fingers and ate it

• perfective (–): tlél akawuchʼéetʼ | they didnʼt clean it off with their fingers and eat it

• future (+): akakg̱wachʼéetʼ | they will clean it off with their fingers and eat it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wachʼéetʼ | they wonʼt clean it off with their fingers and eat it

√chʼeex̱ʼ • variants: √chʼeix̱ʼ • point ¹; poke; push

O-S-∅-√chʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) point ¹ | for S to point at, point out O | yaakw aawachʼéx̱ʼ → they pointed at the boat (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: chʼéx̱ʼ! | point at it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eechʼéx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt point at it!

• perfective (+): aawachʼéx̱ʼ | they pointed at it

• perfective (–): tlél awuchʼéix̱ʼ | they didnʼt point at it

• future (+): akg̱wachʼéix̱ʼ | they will point at it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wachʼéix̱ʼ | they wonʼt point at it

N-t⁓ + S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) point ¹ | for S to point in the direction of N | át x̱waachʼéx̱ʼ → i pointed over there (SN)

• imperative: át eechʼíx̱ʼ! | point there!

• prohibitive: líl át yichʼéex̱ʼiḵ! | donʼt point there!

• progressive: aadé yaa nachʼíx̱ʼ | they are pointing there

• perfective (+): át uwachʼíx̱ʼ | they pointed there

• perfective (–): tlél át woochʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt point there

• future (+): aadé kg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | they will point there

• future (–): tlél aadé kg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt point there

O-ÿa-S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) point ¹ | for S to point at O (a person) | x̱at yaawachʼéx̱ʼ → they pointed their finger at me (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yachʼíx̱ʼ! | point at them!

• prohibitive: líl yeechʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt point at them!

• imperfective (+): ayachʼíx̱ʼt | they are pointing at them

• imperfective (–): tlél awoochʼíx̱ʼt | they arenʼt pointing at them

• perfective (+): ayaawachʼíx̱ʼ | they pointed at them

• perfective (–): tlél ayawuchʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt point at them

• future (+): ayakg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | they will point at them

• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt point at them

√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (verb root) slow

O-l-√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) slow | for O to be slow | neilyeexʼ yéi jiné aan x̱at lichʼéeyaḵw → iʼm slow at housework (SN) • a yáanáx̱ lichʼéeyaḵw: yasátgi shí áwé → itʼs too slow (that is, you are singing it too slowly): itʼs a fast song (SN) • tlax̱ ḵútx̱ wulichʼéeyáḵw → they were entirely too slow (JL) • (KE)

• imperative: iklachʼéeyáḵw | be slow!

• prohibitive: líl ilichʼéeyág̱uḵ! | donʼt be slow!

• imperfective (+): lichʼéeyáḵw | they are slow

• imperfective (–): tlél ulchʼéeyáḵw | they arenʼt slow

• progressive: kei nalchʼéeyáḵw | they are starting to slow down; they are getting slow

• perfective (+): wulichʼéeyáḵw | they got slow

• perfective (–): tlél wulchʼéeyáḵw | they didnʼt get slow

O-x̱ʼa-l-√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) slow | for O to be slow in eating or talking | this verb has been documented with and without the « ya- » thematic prefix (x̱ʼayawlichʼéeyáḵw / x̱ʼawlichʼéeyáḵw); both forms are acceptable and do not seem to change the meaning | atx̱á teen x̱at x̱ʼalichʼéeyáḵw → iʼm slow in eating/I eat slowly (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): x̱ʼalichʼéeyáḵw | they are a slow eater/talker

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼeilchʼéeyáḵw | they arenʼt a slow eater/talker

• progressive: kei x̱ʼanalchʼéeyáḵw | they are getting to be a slow eater/talker

• perfective (+): x̱ʼawlichʼéeyáḵw | they became a slow eater/talker

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawulchʼéeyáḵw | they didnʼt become a slow eater/talker

• future (+): x̱ʼagux̱lachʼéeyáḵw | they will be a slow eater/talker

• future (–): tlél x̱ʼagux̱lachʼéeyáḵw | they wonʼt be a slow eater/talker

√dáskw ˟ (verb root) quick-tempered

O-tu-ka-u-∅-√dáskw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) quick-tempered | for O to be quick-tempered

• prohibitive: líl itukoodásguḵ! | donʼt be quick-tempered!

• imperfective (+): tukuwadáskw | they are quick-tempered

• imperfective (–): tlél tukoodáskw | they arenʼt quick-tempered

• progressive: kei tukunadáskw | they are getting to be quick-tempered

• perfective (+): tukaawadáskw | they were quick-tempered

• perfective (–): tlél tukawudáskw | they werenʼt quick-tempered

• future (+): kei tukakg̱wadáskw | they will be quick-tempered

• future (–): tlél kei tukakg̱wadáskw | they wonʼt be quick-tempered

√dásʼ ˟ (verb root) hail

√dát ˟ (verb root) bruise

√dáy ˟ (verb root) cry out; exclaim; scold

x̱ʼa-ÿa-S-d+s-√dáy ˟ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check stem variation] exclaim; cry out | for S to exclaim, cry «hoo! hoo!»ʼ (in order to strengthen oneʼs resolve to endure pain or death) | also can be used to refer to someone making the sound of their clan crest animal when going out to die | a yayeedé x̱ʼayeesdáy → cry «hoo! hoo!» before it happens (e.g., before having amputation, mentally shut off the pain by this means)! (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼayeesdáy | cry out!

• imperfective (+): x̱ʼayasdáy | they are crying out

• perfective (+): x̱ʼayawdzidáy | they cried out

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼayawusdáy | they didnʼt cry out

• future (+): x̱ʼayakg̱wasdáy | they will cry out

• future (–): tlél x̱ʼayakg̱wasdáy | they wonʼt cry out

√daa ¹ (verb root) flow; rise; flood | classification: water

∅-√daa ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) flow | for water or the tide to flow

• imperfective (+): naadaa | it is flowing

• perfective (+): woodaa | it flowed

• perfective (–): tlél wudaa | it didnʼt flow

• future (+): gug̱adáa | it will flow

• future (–): tlél gug̱adaa | it wonʼt flow

O-∅-√daa ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type and verb type] flood | for O to flood (of creek, etc.) | woodaa → the creek flooded (SN)

• progressive: yaa nadéin | it is flooding

• perfective (+): woodaa | it flooded

• perfective (–): tlél wudaa | it didnʼt flood

• future (+): gug̱adáa | it will flood

• future (–): tlél gug̱adaa | it wonʼt flood

daaḵ + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹ | for the tide to rise, come in | yan kát oowadáa → itʼs high tide (that is, the tide has flowed in completely to the shore) (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: daaḵ nadéin | the tide is coming in

• perfective (+): daaḵ uwadáa | the tide is in

• future (+): daaḵ gug̱adáa | the tide will rise

kei + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹; rise | for water level, tide to rise | (KE)

• progressive: kei nadéin | itʼs rising

• perfective (+): kei uwadáa | it rose

• perfective (–): tlél kei wudá | it didnʼt rise

• future (+): kei kg̱wadáa | it will rise

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wadaa | it wonʼt rise

shí + N¹ + N²-t⁓ + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) bleed; run ² | for N¹ʼs (often pronoun) N² (body part) to bleed | to say “Nʼs nose is running”, replace « shí » “blood” with « héen » “water”, as in « héen ax̱ lóot uwadáa » “my nose is running | (KE) • shé du jínt kaawadáa → their hand was bleeding

• progressive: shí du lóode yaa nadéin | their nose is starting to bleed

• perfective (+): shí du lóot uwadáa | their nose is bleeding; their nose bled

• perfective (–): tlél shí du lóot wudá | their nose isnʼt bleeding; their nose didnʼt bleed

• future (+): shí du lóode kg̱wadáa | their nose is going to bleed

• future (–): tlél shí du lóode kg̱wadaa | their nose isnʼt going to bleed

ka-∅-√daa ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) flow; run ² | for water, blood to flow; for a nose to run | haa káx̱ kaawadaa → the tide caught us (that is, flowed onto us) (SN) • shé du jint kaawadáa → their hand was bleeding (SN) • (KE) • g̱ílʼ yaadáx̱ héen diyéet kaawa.áa → a small waterfall is flowing over the cliff and hitting a certain place down below (SN)

• imperfective (+): kanaadaa | itʼs flowing

• progressive: yaa kanadéin | itʼs starting to flow

• perfective (+): kaawadaa | it flowed; itʼs flowing

• perfective (–): tlél kawudaa | it didnʼt flow; itʼs not flowing

• future (+): kakg̱wadáa | it will flow

• future (–): tlél kakg̱wadaa | it wonʼt flow

N-náx̱ + ÿa-∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) flow; flood | for water, the tide to flow through N; for water, the tide to flood N | héen naadaa → the creek is flowing (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: anax̱ yaa yanadéin | itʼs flowing there

• perfective (+): anax̱ yaawadáa | it flowed there

• perfective (–): tlél anax̱ yawudá | it didnʼt flow there

• future (+): anax̱ yakg̱wadáa | it will flow there

• future (–): tlél anax̱ yakg̱wadaa | it wonʼt flow there

N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) flow; rise | for water to flow, rise to N | a katʼóott kadéin → the liquid is half gone / flowed away (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: wé héen aadé yaa kanadéin | the water level is starting to rise to there

• perfective (+): wé héen át kaawadáa | the water level rose to there

• perfective (–): wé héen tlél át kawudá | the water level didnʼt rise to there

• future (+): wé héen aadé kakg̱wadáa | the water level will rise to there

• future (–): wé héen tlél aadé kakg̱wadaa | the water level wonʼt rise to there

O-ka-S-s-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) [check verb type] fill | for S to fill O (usually from faucet) | a katʼóott kasadá → fill it half full! (SN)

• imperfective (+): kasadá! | fill it!

• perfective (+): akawsidáa | they filled it

• perfective (–): tlél akawusdaa | they didnʼt fill it

• future (+): akagux̱sadáa | they will fill it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sadaa | they wonʼt fill it

(N-t) + ∅-√déin ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for O (a body of water) to lie (at N) | classification: water body | áa át déin → thereʼs a lake there (CG)

• imperfective (+): at déin | itʼs lying there

ka-∅-√déin ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ²; flow to | for liquid level to be at a certain point | classification: liquid | a katʼóott kadéin → the liquid is half gone / flowed away; the container of liquid is half full (SN, JL)

• imperfective (+): át kadéin | it is at that point

√daa ² (verb root) accustomed to; figure out

N + ee⁓ + ∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal – open) accustomed to; used to | for N to become accustomed to, get used to it | ha éex̱ yaa nadéin → weʼre getting used to it (a wood stove) (SN)

• imperative: i éex̱ nadá! | get used to it!

• progressive: du éex̱ yaa nadéin | they are getting used to it

• perfective (+): du éex̱ woodaa | they got used to it

• perfective (–): tlél du éex̱ wudaa | they didnʼt get used to it

• future (+): du éex̱ gug̱adáa | they will get used to it

• future (–): tlél du éex̱ gug̱adaa | they wonʼt get used to it

N + x̱ʼéix̱ + ∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal – open) accustomed to; used to | for N to become used to, accustomed to it (of manner of speech or flavor of food) | has du x̱ʼéix̱ woodaa → theyʼve grown accustomed to using certain words all the time (SN)

• imperative: i x̱ʼéix̱ nadá! | get used to it!

• progressive: du x̱ʼéix̱ yaa nadéin | they are getting used to it

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéix̱ woodaa | they got used to it

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ wudaa | they didnʼt get used to it

• future (+): du x̱ʼéix̱ gug̱adáa | they will get used to it

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ gug̱adaa | they wonʼt get used to it

N-x̱ + O-tu-∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal – open) accustomed to; used to | for O to become used to, accustomed to N (esp. in attitudes) | áx̱ x̱at tukg̱wadáa shákdé → maybe iʼll get used to it (SN) • áx̱ yaa yee tunadéin ágé, ixkéexʼ yéi tí? → are you getting used to living down south? (SN)

• imperative: ax̱ itunadá! | get used to it!

• progressive: ax̱ yaa tunadéin | they are getting used to it

• perfective (+): áx̱ tuwaadaa | they got used to it

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ tuwudaa | they didnʼt get used to it

• future (+): áx̱ tukg̱wadáa | they will get used to it

• future (–): tlél áx̱ tukg̱wadaa | they wonʼt get used to it

N + daax̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√daa ² (na motion verb – subject intransitive – open) [check transitivity and verb type] figure out; investigate; evaluate | for S to figure N out, size up, investigate and evaluate N | du daax̱ ḵuyaawadaa → people have observed them and figured them out (as being good or bad) (SN) • this verb is listed as subject intransitive in Story Naish, but the example given appears to be object intransitive

• imperative: a daax̱ woonadá! | investigate it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a daax̱ yoo yeedéigíḵ! | donʼt investigate it

• perfective (+): a daax̱ yaawadaa | they investigated it

• perfective (–): tlél a daax̱ yawudaa | they didnʼt investigate it

• future (+): a daax̱ yakg̱wadáa | they will investigate it

• future (–): tlél a daax̱ yakg̱wadaa | they wonʼt investigate it

N + kát⁓ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√daa ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) watch ¹; keep eye on | for S to keep an eye on, watch N | de chʼáakw áyá i kát wux̱adéin → iʼve been watching you for a long time (to see how you behave) (SN)

• imperative: a kát woodá! | keep an eye on them/it!

• prohibitive: líl a káx̱ yeedaayíḵ! | donʼt keep an eye on them/it!

• imperfective (+): a kát woodéin | they are keeping an eye on them/it

• imperfective (–): tlél a kát woodéin | they arenʼt keeping an eye on them/it

• perfective (+): a kát yaawadáa | they kept an eye on them/it

• perfective (–): tlél a kát yawudá | they didnʼt keep an eye on them/it

• future (+): a kaadé yakg̱wadáa | they will keep an eye on them/it

• future (–): tlél a kaadé yakg̱wadaa | they wonʼt keep an eye on them/it

N + káa + yan⁓ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√daa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) watch ¹; keep eye on | for S to keep an eye on, watch N | (KE)

• imperative: a káa yan woodá! | keep an eye on them/it!

• prohibitive: líl a káa yax̱ yeedaayíḵ! | donʼt keep an eye on them/it!

• perfective (–): tlél a káa yan yawudá | they didnʼt keep an eye on them/it

• future (+): a káa yan yaawadáa | they kept an eye on them/it

• future (+): a káa yánde yakg̱wadáa | they will keep an eye on them/it

• future (–): tlél a káa yánde yakg̱wadaa | they wonʼt keep an eye on them/it

√daak (verb root) cook; steam ¹ | cook or steam food in a pit

O-S-l-√daak (na act verb – transitive – closed) | for S to cook O in a pit under fire (usually food wrapped in skunk cabbage) | x̱áat naldaak! → cook the salmon in an under-fire pit! (SN)

• imperative: naldaak! | cook it in a pit!

• perfective (+): awlidaak | they cooked it in a pit

• perfective (–): tlél awuldaak | they didnʼt cook it in a pit

• future (+): agux̱ladáak | they will cook it in a pit

• future (–): tlél agux̱ladaak | they wonʼt cook it in a pit

kei + O-S-l-√daak (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] | for S to dig up O (cooked food from an under-fire pit) | (SN)

• imperative: kei ladák! | dig up the food ciiked in a pit!

• perfective (+): kei awlidák | they dug up the food cooked in a pit

• perfective (–): tlél kei awuldaak | they didnʼt dig up the food cooked in a pit

• future (+): kei agux̱ladáak | they will dig up the food cooked in a pit

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱ladaak | they wonʼt dig up the food cooked in a pit

√daakw (verb root) render

a-S-∅-√daakw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) render | for S to render something down (for oil) (esp. seal blubber) | cv́c hort/pot | tsaa taayí aawadákw → they rendered seal oil (SN) • agax̱toodáakw → we are going to render it down (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: adákw! | render it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eedákwx̱uḵ! | donʼt render it!

• imperfective (+): adáakw | they are rendering it

• perfective (+): aawadákw | they rendered it

• perfective (–): tlél awudaakw | they didnʼt render it

• future (+): akg̱wadáakw | they will render it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wadaakw | they wonʼt render it

√daaḵ ¹ (verb root) clear up

a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) clear up; stop | for rain to stop; for the sky to clear up | (SN)

• imperative: anadaaḵ! | clear up!

• progressive: yaa anadáḵ | the rain is beginning to stop

• perfective (+): aawadaaḵ | the rain stopped

• perfective (–): tlél awudaaḵ | the rain didnʼt let up

• future (+): akg̱wadáaḵ | the rain will let up

• future (–): tlél akg̱wadaaḵ | the rain wonʼt let up

N + daa + a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) conscious; come to; sober | for N to regain consciousness; for N to come to oneʼs senses; for N to sober up | ḵaa daa yaa anadáḵ → people are coming to/coming back to consciousness after drinking (SN) • daa akg̱wadáaḵ → theyʼre going to get back to their senses (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: i daa anadaaḵ (dé)! | sober up (now)!

• progressive: du daa yaa anadáḵ | they are beginning to sober up

• perfective (+): du daa aawadaaḵ | they sobered up

• perfective (–): tlél du daa awudaaḵ | they didnʼt sober up

• future (+): du daa akg̱wadáaḵ | they will sober up

• future (–): tlél du daa akg̱wadaaḵ | they wonʼt sober up

√daaḵ ² (verb root) move ² | move residence

{na preverb} + O-s-√daaḵ ² (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) move ²; migrate | for O to move household (permanently), migrate | yáadáx̱ haa gux̱sadáaḵ → weʼre going to move from here/never coming back (SN) • ixkéede wsidaaḵ → they moved south permanently (SN)

• perfective (+): {na preverb} + wsidáḵ | they moved {na preverb}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wusdaaḵ | they didnʼt move {na preverb}

• future (+): {na preverb} gux̱sadáaḵ | they will move {na preverb}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱sadaaḵ | they wonʼt move {na preverb}

kei + O-s-√daaḵ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) move ²; migrate | for O to move household (permanently), migrate | (KE)

• perfective (+): aax̱ kei wsidáḵ | they moved from there

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ kei wusdaaḵ | they didnʼt move from there

• future (+): aax̱ kei gux̱sadáaḵ | they will move from there

• future (–): tlél aax̱ kei gux̱sadaaḵ | they wonʼt move from there

√daaḵ ³ (verb root) bankward

√daal (verb root) heavy

O-∅-√dál ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) heavy; important | for O (an inanimate object) to be heavy; for O to be important | classification: inanimate | yá tʼáa ax̱ jee yadál → this board is heavy for me (SN) • i at la.ádi kei kg̱wadál → your baggage is going to be heavy (SN) • yadáli saayí áwé i jeewú; a yáx̱ kig̱eestí → you have an important (aristocratic) name (lit. a heavy name); live up to it! (SN)

• imperfective (+): yadál | it is heavy

• imperfective (–): tlél udál | itʼs not heavy

• progressive: kei nadál | itʼs getting heavy

• perfective (+): wudál | it was heavy

• perfective (–): tlél wudál | it wasnʼt heavy

• future (+): kei kg̱wadál | it will be heavy

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wadál | it wonʼt be heavy

O-l-√dál ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) heavy; important | for O (an animate object) to be heavy; for O to be important | classification: animate | tlél uldál yá at kʼátskʼu → the child is not heavy (SN) • kei x̱at naldál → iʼm getting heavier / gaining weight (SN)

• imperfective (+): lidál | theyʼre heavy

• imperfective (–): tlél uldál | theyʼre not heavy

• progressive: kei naldál | theyʼre getting heavy

• perfective (+): wulidál | they were heavy

• perfective (–): tlél wuldál | they werenʼt heavy

• future (+): kei gux̱ladál | they will be heavy

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱ladál | they wonʼt be heavy

N + yáx̱ + O-ka-S-l-√dáal (ga state verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] esteem | for S to consider O of equal esteem to N | a yáx̱ sh kudlidáal → they esteemed themsef of equal esteem to it (lit. they made themself of the same weight as it) (SN)

• imperfective (+): a yáx̱ akulidáal | they consider them equal to it

• imperfective (–): tlél a yáx̱ akawuldáal | they donʼt consider them equal to it

• perfective (+): a yáx̱ akawlidáal | they considered them equal to it

• perfective (–): tlél a yáx̱ akawuldáal | they didnʼt consider them equal to it

• future (+): a yáx̱ kei akagux̱ladáal | they will consider them equal to it

• future (–): tlél a yáx̱ kei akagux̱ladáal | they wonʼt consider them equal to it

N + yáanáx̱ + O-ka-S-l-√dáal (ga state verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] esteem | for S to consider O of greater esteem to N | ḵaa yáanáx̱ ikoox̱lidáal → i think you are above everyone / rate you higher than others (lit. I make you heavier than anyone) (SN)

• imperfective (+): a yáanáx̱ akulidáal | they consider them to be of greater esteem than it

• imperfective (–): tlél a yáanáx̱ akawuldáal | they donʼt consider them to be of greater esteem than it

• perfective (+): a yáanáx̱ akawlidáal | they considered them of greater esteem than it

• perfective (–): tlél a yáanáx̱ akawuldáal | they didnʼt consider them of greater esteem than it

• future (+): a yáanáx̱ kei akagux̱ladáal | they will consider them of greater esteem than it

• future (–): tlél a yáanáx̱ kei akagux̱ladáal | they wonʼt consider them of greater esteem than it

√daalʼ (verb root) imprint ¹; mark ¹

O-ka-S-l-√dáalʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) type; print ¹ | for S to type O | i jiyís kakḵwaladáalʼ → lʼll type it for you (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kaladálʼ! | type it!

• prohibitive: líl keeldáalʼiḵ! | donʼt type it!

• imperfective (+): akladáalʼ | they are typing it; they type it

• imperfective (–): tlél akooldáalʼ | they arenʼt typing it; they donʼt type it

• progressive: yaa akanaldálʼ | they are (in the process of) typing it

• perfective (+): akawlidálʼ | they typed it

• perfective (–): tlél akawuldáalʼ | they didnʼt type it

• future (+): akagux̱ladáalʼ | they will type it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱ladáalʼ | they wonʼt type it

√daan (verb root) pile | pile up

a-ÿa-ka-∅-√dáan (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) snow ² | for it to snow heavily | dleit yakaawadán → the snow is coming down so heavily, one canʼt see far (SN) • yéi x̱wajée haa káa ayakg̱wadáan → i think itʼs going to snow real heavily on us (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa ayakanadán | itʼs starting to snow heavily

• perfective (+): ayakaawadán | itʼs snowing heavily; it snowed heavily

• perfective (–): tlél ayakawudáan | itʼs not snowing heavily; it didnʼt snow heavily

• future (+): ayakakg̱wadáan | it will snow heavily

• future (–): tlél ayakakg̱wadáan | it wonʼt snow heavily

√daas (verb root) light ²

O-ka-∅-√dáas (ga event verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type and verb type] light | for O (esp. an anchor) be insufficiently heavy | shayéinaa kaawadáas → that anchor is not heavy enough (that is, to hold the boat) (SN)

• perfective (+): kaawadáas | it is insufficiently heavy; it was insufficiently heavy

• perfective (–): tlél kawudáas | it wasnʼt insufficiently heavy

√daasʼ (verb root) wear through; snare; cut ¹ | wear through (with wire)

O-S-l-√dáasʼ (g̱a – transitive – high) [check conjugation type] | for S to cut through O with wire | classification: wire

• imperative: g̱aldáasʼ | cut it with wire!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei eeladáasʼjiḵ | donʼt cut it with wire!

• perfective (+): awlidáasʼ | they cut it with wire

• future (+): yei agux̱ladáasʼ | they will cut it with wire

• future (–): tlél yei agux̱ladáasʼ | they wonʼt cut it with wire

O-S-d+l-√dáasʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) snare | for S to snare O | xóots x̱wadlidásʼ → i snared a brown bear (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: eeldásʼ! | snare it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eeldásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt snare it!

• perfective (+): awdlidásʼ | they snared it

• perfective (–): tlél awuldáasʼ | they didnʼt snare it

• perfective (–): tlél awuldáasʼ | they didnʼt cut it with wire

• future (+): akg̱waldáasʼ | they will snare it

• future (–): tlél akg̱waldáasʼ | they wonʼt snare it

√daat (verb root) bounce

√daax̱ ¹ (verb root) hew; adze

O-S-∅-√daax̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) hew; adze | for S to hew O out; for S to adze O out

• imperative: dáx̱! | hew it out!

• prohibitive: líl eedáax̱íḵ! | donʼt hew it out!

• imperfective (+): adáax̱ | they are hewing it out

• perfective (+): aawadáx̱ | they hewed it out

• perfective (–): tlél awudaax̱ | they didnʼt hew it out

• perfective (–): tlél awudaax̱ | they didnʼt hew on it

• future (+): akg̱wadáax̱ | they will hew it out

• future (+): akg̱wadáax̱ | they will hew on it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wadaax̱ | they wonʼt hew it out

• future (–): tlél akg̱wadaax̱ | they wonʼt hew on it

O-S-∅-√daax̱ ¹ (na act verb – transitive – closed) hew; adze | for S to hew on O; for S to adze on O

• imperative: nadaax̱! | hew on it!

• perfective (+): aawadaax̱ | they hewed on it

√daax̱ ² (verb root) inertia

O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-∅-√dáax̱ ˟ ² (na motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and stem variation] ⑴ inertia; bounce | for O to keep going on own momentum; for O to move by skipping on water | tayeis ḵʼáatlʼ héen x̱ukáx̱ yoo x̱ʼayadáax̱k → flat stones bounce on the wate (SN) || ⑵ lose | for O to lose train of thought while speaking

• perfective (+): x̱ʼayaawadáax̱ | it kept going on its own momentum

√daay (verb root) exclaim; scold

x̱ʼa-ÿa-S-d+s-√daay (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check stem variation] exclaim; cry | for S to exclaim, cry «hoo! hoo!»ʼ (in order to strengthen oneʼs resolve to endure pain or death)

√dáanaa ˟ (verb root) money

√deiḵ (verb root) challenge

O-S-∅-√deiḵ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) challenge | for S to challenge O | ḵulagaaw yís woosh has wudideiḵ → they challenged each other to a fight (SN) • aawadeiḵ ag̱atáawut → they dared them to steal (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: g̱adeiḵ! | challenge them!

• imperfective (+): adeiḵ | they are challenging them

• perfective (+): aawadeiḵ | they challenged them

• perfective (–): tlél awudeiḵ | they dindʼt challenge them

• future (+): yei akg̱wadéiḵ | they will challenge them

• future (–): tlél yei akg̱wadeiḵ | they wonʼt challenge them

√deil (verb root) protect ¹

(N + káx̱) + yan⁓ + a-S-∅-√deil (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) watch ¹; lookout; protect ¹; guard ¹ | for S to keep watch, keep a lookout (over N) | sháal káx̱ yan aawadél → they watched the fishtrap (SN) • has du káx̱ yan ax̱waadél; aag̱áa tlél has du x̱oodáx̱ ḵut aa woosgeet → i protected them and not one of them was lost (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yan adél! | keep watch!

• prohibitive: líl yax̱ eedeilíḵ! | donʼt keep watch!

• perfective (+): yan aawadél | they kept watch

• perfective (–): tlél yan awudeil | they didnʼt keep watch

• future (+): yánde akg̱wadéil | they will keep watch

• future (–): tlél yánde akg̱wadeil | they wonʼt keep watch

N + káx̱ + a-S-∅-√deil (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) watch ¹; lookout; protect ¹; guard ¹ | for S to keep watch over, guard N | x̱ʼaháat káx̱ adel shaatkʼ at x̱ʼeiwatán → they spoke to the girl guarding the gate (SN)

• imperative: a káx̱ adél! | guard it!

• prohibitive: líl a káx̱ eedeilíḵ! | donʼt guard it!

• perfective (+): a káx̱ aawadél | they guarded it

• perfective (–): tlél a káx̱ awudeil | they didnʼt guard it

• future (+): a káx̱ akg̱wadéil | they will guard it

• future (–): tlél a káx̱ akg̱wadeil | they wonʼt guard it

√deixʼ (verb root) ashamed; shame

O-ka-∅-√déixʼ ˟ (na state verb – object intransitive ashamed | for O to be ashamed; for O to be feel shame | (GD, KE) • ax̱ dlaakʼ kayadéixʼ → my sister is ashamed (SN) • tlax̱ tléil koodéixʼ → theyʻre never ashamed (because hardened) (SN)

• imperative: ikanadéixʼ! | be ashamed!

• prohibitive: líl ikoodéixʼiḵ! | donʼt be ashamed!

• imperfective (+): kayadéixʼ / kaadéixʼ | they are ashamed

• imperfective (–): tlél koodéixʼ | they arenʼt ashamed

• perfective (+): kaawadéixʼ | they became ashamed

• perfective (–): tlél kawudéixʼ | they didnʼt become ashamed

• future (+): kakg̱wadéixʼ | they will be ashamed

• future (–): tlél kakg̱wadéixʼ | they wonʼt be ashamed

O-ka-S-l-√déixʼ ˟ (na act verb – transitive shame; embarass | for O to be shamed by S; for O to be put to shame by S; for O to be embarrassed by S | (GD, KE) • du yéi jineiyích kawlidéixʼ → their work/what they did made them ashamed (SN) • tlax̱ x̱at kalidéixʼi → Iʼm real ashamed (SN)

• imperfective (+): akalidéixʼ | they makes them ashamed

• imperfective (–): tlel akooldéixʼ | they donʼt make them ashamed

• perfective (+): akawlidéixʼ | they made them ashamed

• perfective (–): tlél akawuldéixʼ | they didnʼt make them ashamed

• future (+): akagux̱ladéixʼ | they will make them ashamed

• future (–): tlél akagux̱ladéixʼ | they wonʼt make them ashamed

√dín ˟ (verb root) worry

O-tu-ka-∅-√dín ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) concerned; trouble | for O to be upset, troubled, lacking peace of mind | daa sákwshé gé itukaawadín? → what could it be that has you concerned/troubled (SN) • tukayadínkw → they are easily upset (JL)

• perfective (+): tukaawadín | they got upset

• perfective (–): tlél tukawudín | they didʼt get upset

• future (+): tukakg̱wadín | they will get upset

• future (–): tlél tukakg̱wadín | they wonʼt get upset

O-tu-ka-d+∅-√dín ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) concerned; trouble | for O to be upset, troubled, lacking peace of mind | x̱at tukawdidín → i am concerned / i have no peace of mind / i donʼt feel good (about something) (SN)

• perfective (+): tukawdidín | they got upset

• perfective (–): tlél tukawudín | they didnʼt get upset

• future (+): tukagux̱dadín | they will get upset

• future (–): tlél tukagux̱dadín | they wonʼt get upset

O-tu-ka-s-√dín ˟ (∅ act verb – transitive – invariable) concerned; trouble | for O to be concerned, feel troubled | tukasadínx̱ → they make them worry (regularly) (JL)

• imperative: tukasadín! | worry them!

• perfective (+): tukawsidín | they worried them

• perfective (–): tlél tukawusdín | they didnʼt worry them

• future (+): tukagux̱sadín | they will worry them

• future (–): tlél tukagux̱sadín | they wonʼt worry them

√deek ¹ (verb root) steer

√deek ² (verb root) dipnet

a-S-d+s-√deek ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) fish ²; dipnet | for S to fish with a dipnet | (SN)

• imperative: anasdeek! | dipnet!

• imperfective (+): asdeek | they are dipnetting

• perfective (+): awdzideek | they dipnetted

• perfective (–): tlél awusdeek | they didnʼt dipnet

• future (+): akg̱wasdéek | they will dipnet

• future (–): tlél akg̱wasdeek | they wonʼt dipnet

• future (–): tlél akg̱wasdeegáa | they wonʼt dipnet

a-S-d+s-√deegáa ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fish ²; dipnet | for S to fish with a dipnet | saak áwé dusdeegáa → people dip net for eulachon (candlefish) (SN)

• imperative: anasdeegáa! | dipnet!

• imperfective (+): asdeegáa | they are dipnetting

• perfective (+): awdzideegáa | they dipnetted

• perfective (–): tlél awusdeegáa | they didnʼt dipnet

• future (+): akg̱wasdeegáa | they will dipnet

√deekʼ (verb root) constipate

O-S-s-√déekʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) constipate; plug | for S to constipate, plug O | (KE)

• perfective (+): ash wusidíkʼ | it constipated them

• perfective (–): tlél ash wusdéekʼ | it didnʼt constipate them

• future (+): ash gux̱sadéekʼ | it will constipate them

• future (–): tlél ash gux̱sadéekʼ | it wonʼt constipate them

O-d+s-√déekʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) constipated; plugged | for O to be constipated, plugged | a yáanáx̱ tléiḵw aawax̱áa; gug̱asdéekʼ → theyʼve eaten too many berries; theyʼll be constipated (SN) • yáanáx̱ aanáx̱ wudzidíkʼ → this side (nostril) is plugged up (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa nasdíkʼ | they are getting constipated

• perfective (+): wudzidíkʼ | they are constipated

• perfective (–): tlél wusdéekʼ | they are not constipated

• future (+): gug̱asdéekʼ | they are going to be constipated

• future (–): tlél gug̱asdéekʼ | they arenʼt going to be constipated

√dees (verb root) shine | for the moon to shine

a-d+l-√dées ˟ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – high) shine; moon | for the moon to shine

• perfective (+): awdlidées | the moon is shining

• perfective (+): yei akg̱waldées | the moon will shine

• perfective (–): tlél awuldées | the moon isnʼt shining

• future (–): tlél yei akg̱waldées | the moon wonʼt shine

√deexʼ (verb root) plug ¹; cork; shut | plug up; cork; shut mouth or opening

O-S-∅-√déexʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) plug ¹ | for S to plug up O (a hole in a surface) | wé x̱aawaag̱í eetí gax̱toodéexʼ → we are going to stuff up the hole in the window (SN)

• imperative: díxʼ! | plug it!

• repetitive prohibitive: idíxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt plug it!

• perfective (+): aawadíxʼ | they plugged it

• perfective (–): tlél awudéexʼ | they didnʼt plug it

• future (+): akg̱wadéexʼ | they will plug it

• future (–): akg̱wadéexʼ | they wonʼt plug it

O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√déexʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) cork; shut | for S to cork up (bottle), shut mouth of O | in xʼeesháa x̱ʼawduwadíxʼ → the bottle was corked up (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼadíxʼ! | cork it up!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeedíxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt cork it up!

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwadíxʼ | they corked it up

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawudéexʼ | they didnʼt cork it up

• future (+): ax̱ʼakg̱wadéexʼ | they will cork it up

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wadéexʼ | they wonʼt cork it up

√dooch (verb root) rub

√doochʼ ¹ (verb root) twisting roll; pinch

√doochʼ ² (verb root) cut ¹ | cut preserving bone

O-ka-S-l-√dóochʼ ² (∅ – transitive – high) [check stem variation] cut ¹ | for S to cut O (fish) into chunks for boiling, cutting carefully between ribs and leaving skin attached | cháasʼ akawlidúchʼ → they cut up humpy salmon (for boiling) (SN)

• imperative: kaladúchʼ! | carefully cut the fish into pieces

• perfective (+): akawlidúchʼ | they cut the fish carefully into pieces

• perfective (–): akawuldóochʼ | they didnʼt cut the fish carefully into pieces

• future (+): akagux̱ladóochʼ | they will cut the fish carefully into pieces

• future (–): tlél akagux̱ladóochʼ | they wonʼt cut the fish carefully into pieces

√dook ¹ (verb root) solid ; whole

O-d+∅-√dóok ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type, and stem variation in hortative and habitual] close ¹; heal; whole | for O to become closed up, come together (of wound), heal rapidly and completely | wudidóok doo xeitká wé óonaa eetí → their chest healed rapidly and completely from that bullet wound (SN)

• imperfective (+): didúk | it is solid, whole

• perfective (+): wudidóok | it became solid, whole

• perfective (–): tlél wudadóok | it didnʼt become solid, whole

• future (+): yei gux̱dadóok | it will become solid, whole

• future (–): tlél yei gux̱dadóok | it wonʼt become solid, whole

O-ka-d+∅-√dóok ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type, and stem variation in hortative and habitual] close ¹; plug ¹ | for O to be closed up, plugged up permanently | (SN)

• imperfective (+): kadidúk | it is closed up

• perfective (+): kawdidóok | it became closed up

• perfective (–): tlél kawdadóok | it didnʼt become closed up

• future (+): yei kagux̱dadóok | it will become closed up

• future (–): tlél yei kagux̱dadóok | it wonʼt become closed up

O-tu-ka-d+∅-√dóok ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type, and stem variation in hortative and habitual] close ¹; plug ¹ | for O (a tube-like object) be closed up, plugged up | classification: tube-like object | pipe tukawdidúk → the pipe is plugged up (SN)

• perfective (+): tukawdidúk | it became plugged up

• perfective (–): tlél tukawdadóok | it didnʼt become plugged up

• future (+): tukagux̱dadóok | it will become plugged up

• future (–): tlél tukagux̱dadóok | it wonʼt become plugged up

O-ka-ka-S-s-√dóok ¹ (na state verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation in hortative and habitual, SN have imperfective as +i] close ¹; whole | for S to keep O (a round object) closed up, as one piece | tsu kakeesadóok yá kahísʼi → you still never opened that ʼcheeseʼ (that is coho eggs packed in seal stomach) (SN)

• imperfective (+): akaksidóok | they are keeping it closed up

• perfective (+): akakawsidóok | they kept it closed up

• perfective (–): tlél akakawusdóok | they didnʼt keep it closed up

• future (+): akakagux̱sadóok | they are going to keep it closed up

• future (–): tlél akakagux̱sadóok | they wonʼt keep it closed up

N + een + sh + x̱ʼa-S-d+s-√dóok ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] keep silence | for S to keep silence (after giving a final pronouncement of one’s opinion or position), cease from further discussion with N | du een sh x̱ʼax̱wdzidóok → i put it firmly before them / there is no way to change me and i shall say no more on the subject to them (SN)

• perfective (+): du een sh x̱ʼawdzidóok | they kept silent with them

• perfective (–): tlél du een s x̱ʼawusdóok | the didnʼt keep silent with them

• future (+): du een sh x̱ʼakg̱wasdóok | they will keep silent with them

• future (–): tlél du een sh x̱ʼakg̱wasdóok | they wonʼt keep silent with them

N + een + sh + x̱ʼa-ka-S-d+s-√dóok ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] keep silence | for S keep silence, keep mouth closed, seal oneʼs lips with N | x̱át tsú du een kei sh x̱ʼakakḵwasdóok → i, too, shall say nothing to them / shall be silent about it (SN)

• perfective (+): du een sh x̱ʼakawdzidóok | they kept silent with them

• perfective (–): tlél du een s x̱ʼakawusdóok | the didnʼt keep silent with them

• future (+): du een sh x̱ʼakakg̱wasdóok | they will keep silent with them

• future (–): tlél du een sh x̱ʼakakg̱wasdóok | they wonʼt keep silent with them

√dook ² (verb root) dry; smoke ¹ | partially dry and smoke fish

√dooḵ (verb root) slush

√doolʼ (verb root) erection

√doosʼ ¹ (verb root) surge; lurch

√doosʼ ² (verb root) soot

√dootʼ (verb root) hiccup

O-∅-√dóotʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) hiccup | for O to hiccup, have hiccups

√dootl ¹ (verb root) doubled-up; crumpled

N + séit⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√dootl ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) hug | for S to hug N | (KE)

• imperative: du séit keedadútl! | hug them!

• prohibitive: líl du séix̱ keedadoodlíḵ! | donʼt hug them!

• perfective (+): du séit kawdidútl | they hugged them

• perfective (–): tlél du séit kawdadootl | they didnʼt hug them

• future (+): du séide kagux̱dadóotl | they will hug them

• future (–): tlél du séide kagux̱dadootl | they wonʼt hug them

O-ka-d+∅-√dootl ¹ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – closed) crumple | for O to be crumpled up, folded over and over | xʼúxʼ akladootl → theyʼre crumpling paper (SN)

• perfective (+): kawdidútl | it is crumpled

• perfective (–): tlél kawdadootl | it isnʼt crumpled

• future (+): kagux̱dadóotl | it will become crumpled

• future (–): tlél kagux̱dadootl | they wonʼt become crumpled

O-ka-S-l-√dootl ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) ⑴ double-up; fold | for S to double up, fold (limbs) of O | ash kawlidútl → it (the pain) doubled him up (SN) • ash kawlidútl → it (the pain) doubled them up (SN) || ⑵ crumple | for  S to crumple up O, fold O over and over | xʼúxʼ akladootl → theyʼre crumpling paper (SN)

• imperative: kaladútl! | crumple it

• imperfective (+): akladootl | theyʼre crumpling it

• perfective (+): akawlidútl | they crumpled it

• perfective (–): tlél akawuldootl | they didnʼt crumpled it

• future (+): akagux̱ladóotl | they will crumple it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱ladootl | they wonʼt crumple it

ka-S-d+∅-√dootl ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] doubled-up | for  S to be doubled up, folded (of limbs) | nisdaat kax̱wdiudutl: kusi.áatʼ → i was doubled up last night, it was so cold (SN) • kadadútlx̱ yaa ndaḵíni → it flaps then folds its wings alternately in flight (woodpecker) (SN)

• imperative: keedadútl! | double-up your limbs!

• perfective (+): kawdidútl | they doubled-up their limbs

• perfective (–): tlél kawdadootl | they didnʼt double-up their limbs

• future (+): kagux̱dadóotl | they will double-up their limbs

• future (–): tlél kagux̱dadootl | they wonʼt double-up their limbs

√dootl ² coax to self; entice

(tóo-t⁓) + O-ka-S-l-√dootl (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) coax; entice; call; bring | for S to coax, entice, call, or bring O to oneself (esp. child or wild animal) | tsaa kax̱wlidútl → i called up a seal (brought it close enough to shoot) (SN) • tóot kax̱wlidútl wé at kʼátskʼu → iʼve enticed that child to me (with candy, etc.) (SN)

• imperative: tóot kaladútl! | call it over to you!

• prohibitive: líl tóox̱ keeladoodlíḵ! | donʼt call it over to you!

• imperfective (+): tóode yaa akanaldútl | they are calling them/it over to them

• perfective (+): tóot akawlidútl | they called them/it over to her

• perfective (–): tlél tóot akawuldootl | they didnʼt call them/it over to them

• future (+): tóode akagux̱ladóotl | they will call them/it over to them

• future (–): tlél tóode akagux̱ladootl | they wonʼt call them/it over to them

√dooxʼ (verb root) tie | tie knot

O-ka-S-∅-√dóoxʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) tie | for S to tie O in a knot | ḵútx̱ kax̱waadúxʼ
→ i knotted it too tight (SN) • tíxʼ yátxʼi akadóoxʼ → theyʻre tying the strings in knots (SN) • yoowa.át sh káa akawdidúxʼ she tied an apron around herself • (KE)

• imperative: kadúxʼ! | tie it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keedúxʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt tie it!

• imperfective (+): akadóoxʼ | they are tying it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoodóoxʼ | they are not tying it

• perfective (+): akaawadúxʼ | they tied it

• perfective (–): tlél akawudóoxʼ | they didnʼt tie it

• future (+): akakg̱wadóoxʼ | they will tie it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wadóoxʼ | they wonʼt tie it

√dlaa (verb root) • variants: √tlaa ¹ • settle | settlements to settle

√dlaakw (verb root) scratch | scratch with nails, claws

√dlaaḵ (verb root) gain; obtain; succeed; defeat

O-ÿa-S-∅-√dlaaḵ (na event verb – transitive – closed) get; obtain; acquire; succeed; accomplish; defeat; beat ² | for S to gain, get, obtain, acquire O; for S to succeed, accomplish O; for S to defeat, beat O | the prohibitive forms “donʼt win it!” require context in order to make sense • an example would be the statement, said jokingly « líl yoo yeedláḵgiḵ: yakḵwadláaḵ! » “donʼt win it: iʼm going to win it!” | násʼk cháatl yawtuwadlaaḵ → we have gained three halibut (SN) • yées yaakw ayaawadlaaḵ → theyʻve acquired a new boat (SN) • kagax̱too.áaḵw yóo yán yawtudlaag̱i → we are going to try to make it to shore (that is, to successfully reach the shore) (SN) • yéi x̱waajée tléil yagax̱yeedlaaḵ → i donʼt think you all wiIl succeed (SN) • tlákw yoo yaduwadláḵkw → they always lose (that is, people always beat them) (SN) • tlél yoonx̱adláḵch → i havenʼt won yet (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yanadlaaḵ! | win it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo yeedláḵgiḵ! | donʼt win it!

• perfective (+): ayaawadlaaḵ | they won it

• perfective (–): tlél ayawudlaaḵ | they didnʼt win it

• future (+): ayakg̱wadláaḵ | they will win it

• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wadlaaḵ | they wonʼt win it

(N + ée-t⁓) + O-ÿa-S-l-√dlaaḵ (na event verb – transitive – closed) get | for S to present, give O as a permanent gift (to N) | ANB-ch haa ée yawlidlaaḵ → the ANB presented it to us (SN) • du nanaawúch ayawlidlaaḵ haa ḵusteeyí → by his death he gave us life (SN)

• imperative: du ée yanaldlaaḵ! | give it to them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du ée yoo yeeladláḵgiḵ! | donʼt give it to them!

• perfective (+): du ée ayawlidlaaḵ | they gave it to them

• perfective (–): tlél du ée ayawuldlaaḵ | they didnʼt give it to them

• future (+): du eedé ayagux̱ladláaḵ | they will give it to them

• future (–): tlél du ée ayagux̱ladlaaḵ | they wonʼt give it to them

√dlaan (verb root) deep; piled thickly

∅-√dlaan (g̱a state verb – impersonal – closed) deep; piled thickly | for water, snow, etc. to be deep, to be piled thickly | this verb is one of a very small set of dimensional verbs with extensional imperfective forms (leer, 1991) • it is distinguished by an imperfective form which requires the g̱a-conjugation prefix | x̱ʼáak táaxʼ dleit g̱aadlaan → down in a ravine the snow is deep (SN) • héen tléil gwadlaan → the water is not deep (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): g̱aadlaan | itʼs deep

• imperfective (–): tlél g̱wadlaan | itʼs not deep

• progressive: yei nadlán | itʼs getting deep

• perfective (+): woodlaan | it became deep

• perfective (–): tlél wudlaan | it didnʼt become deep

• future (+): yei kg̱wadláan | it will get deep

• future (–): tlél yei kg̱wadlaan | it wonʼt get deep

(N + ká⁓) + O-S-l-√dlaan (g̱a motion verb – transitive – closed) deep; piled thickly | for S to make O deep, thick, pile up O thickly | sʼíxʼg̱aa a káa yei duldlánch → people make the moss thick there (SN)

• imperative: g̱aldlaan! | pile it thickly!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei eeldlánjiḵ! | donʼt pile it thickly!

• progressive: yei analdlán | they are piling it thickly

• perfective (+): awlidlaan | they piled it thickly

• perfective (–): tlél awuldlaan | they didnʼt pile it thickly

• future (+): yei agux̱ladláan | they will pile it thickly

• future (–): tlél yei agux̱ladlaan | they wonʼt pile it thickly

yan⁓ + ka-∅-√dlaan (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) deep; piled thickly; pile up | for grain-like objects, pine needles, snow to be deep, thick, pile up | g̱ítg̱aa áa yan kaawadlán → the pine needles are thick (on the ground) there (SN) • dlèit yánde yaa kanadlán → the snow is getting deep (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yánde yaa kanadlán | itʼs beginning to pile up

• perfective (+): yan kaawadlán | itʼs piled up

• perfective (–): tlél yan kawudlaan | itʼs not piled up; it didnʼt stick (of snow)

• future (+): yánde kakg̱wadláan | itʼs going to pile up

• future (–): tlél yánde kakg̱wadlaan | itʼs not going to pile up

(N + ká⁓) + O-ka-S-l-√dlaan (g̱a motion verb – transitive – closed) deep; piled thickly | for S to make O deep, thick, pile up O thickly (on the ground or a surface) | dleit aadé x̱waaxwéin: a káa kax̱wlidlaan → i shoveled the snow there and made it deep (on sides of roadway) (SN) • sakwnéin a káa kax̱ladlaan! → let the flour be thicker (that is, sift more onto table)! (SN)

• imperative: kag̱aldlaan! | pile it thickly!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei keeldlánjiḵ! | donʼt pile it thickly!

• progressive: yei akanaldlán | they are piling it thickly

• perfective (+): akawlidlaan | they piled it thickly

• perfective (–): tlél akawuldlaan | they didnʼt pile it thickly

• future (+): yei akagux̱ladláan | they will pile it thickly

• future (–): tlél yei akagux̱ladlaan | they wonʼt pile it thickly

√dlaaxʼw (verb root) coil

√dlaax̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) strand; tide ¹ | stranded by the tide

√dlaax̱ʼw ² (verb root) clear | water to clear

√dlénx̱aa ˟ (verb root) tempt; try out; test

O-ka-u-S-∅-√dlénx̱aa ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) tempt; try out; test | for S to tempt, try out, test O | ḵáa x̱at koodlénx̱aa; tléil ḵu.aa a yáx̱ x̱at utí → a person tempted me, but I disregarded it (SN) • koox̱adlénx̱aa → i tempted them (SN) • ax̱ yées yaagú koox̱dlénx̱aa → i tried out my new boat (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanadlénx̱aa! | tempt them!

• prohibitive: líl keedlénx̱aayiḵ! | donʼt tempt them!

• imperfective (+): akoodlénx̱aa | they are tempting them

• imperfective (–): tlél akoodlénx̱aa | they arenʼt tempting them

• perfective (+): akaawadlénx̱aa | they tempted them

• perfective (–): tlél akawudlénx̱aa | they didnʼt tempt them

• future (+): akakg̱wadlénx̱aa | they will tempt them

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wadlénx̱aa | they wonʼt tempt them

√dleigu • variants: √dleikw • ⑴ shake hands || ⑵ pat | pat affectionately

O-S-l-√dléigu ˟ (na act verb – transitive pat; pet | for S to pat O (esp. under chin or on back, to express affection); for S to pet O (esp. under chin or on back, to express affection) | tʼukanéiyi aldléigu → Sheʼs rocking/patting the baby (SN) • du x̱ʼásʼ x̱walidléigu → i patted them on the chin (esp. grandparent, of child) (SN) • (GD, LA, KE)

• imperative: naldléigu! | pat them!

• prohibitive: líl iladléiguḵ! | donʼt pat them!

• imperfective (+): aldléigu | they are patting them

• perfective (+): awlidléigu | they patted them

• perfective (–): tlél awuldléigu | they didnʼt pat them

• future (+): agux̱ladléigu | they will pat them

• future (–): tlél agux̱ladléigu | they wonʼt pat them

N + jín + S-l-√dléigu ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) shake hands | for s to shake hands with N; | du jín x̱walidléigu → i shook hands with them (SN) • ax̱ jín naldléigu → shake my hand! (SN)

• imperative: du jín naldléigu! | shake their hand!

• prohibitive: líl du jín iladléiguḵ! | donʼt shake their hand!

• imperfective (+): du jín aldléigu | they are shaking their hand

• imperfective (–): tlél du jín ooldléigu | they arenʼt shaking their hand

• perfective (+): du jín awlidléigu | they shook their hand

• perfective (–): tlél du jín awuldléigu | they didnʼt shake their hand

• future (+): du jín agux̱ladléigu | they will shake their hand

• future (–): tlél du jín agux̱ladléigu | they wonʼt shake their hand

√dleikw (verb root) • variants: √dlaakw • startle

O-S-l-√dléikw (∅ event verb – transitive – high) startle; scare | for S to scare, startle O | x̱at yilidlékw → you scared me (SN) • tlax̱ x̱at ooldlékwch → i was really scared (by a dream) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ladlékw! | scare them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl iladlékwx̱uḵ! | donʼt scare them!

• perfective (+): awlidlékw | they scared them

• perfective (–): tlél awuldléikw | they didnʼt scare them

• future (+): agux̱ladléikw | they will scare them

• future (–): tlél agux̱ladléikw | they wonʼt scare them

√dleitl (verb root) hang; slack | hang slack

√dleixw (verb root) thumb; remove; peel | remove seafood to eat using thumb; peel skin using thumb

O-S-l-√dleixw (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) thumb; eat ¹ | for S to eat O (after taking out edible part with back of the thumb, esp. seafoods and dried fish) | classification: seafoods and dried fish | néesʼ ladléxw → thumb out the edible part and eat the sea urchins! (SN)

• imperative: ladléxw | thumb it out and eat it!

• imperfective (+): adléixw | theyʼre thumbing it out and eating it

• perfective (+): awlidléxw | they thumbed it out and ate it

• perfective (–): tlél awuldleixw | they didnʼt thumb it out and eat it

• future (+): agux̱ladléixw | they will thumb it out and eat it

• future (–): tlél agux̱ladleixw | they wonʼt thumb it out and eat it

√dleey (verb root) meaty; muscular

√dlooḵ gooey; sticky

O-sh-√dlooḵ (∅ – object intransitive – closed) sticky; gooey | for O to be sticky, gooey | (JL)

• perfective (+): wushidlúḵ | they/it is sticky

N + waaḵ + ka-d+∅-√dlooḵ (? – object intransitive – high) pus | for Nʼs eyes to have pus, mucus | (JL)

• perfective (+): ax̱ waaḵ kawdidlóoḵ | my eyes are pussed up

√dloox (verb root) • variants: dleexw • peel | to peel skin

√dzaas ¹ thong; lace

O-x̱ʼa-ka-S-l-√dzaas ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] lace | for S to lace, lace up O (shoes, clothing) | i téeli x̱ʼakladzás! → lace your shoes! (SN) • du kʼoodásʼi ax̱ʼakawlidzás → they laced their shirt (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼakladzás! | lace it up!

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼakawlidzás | they laced it up

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼakawuldzaas | they didnʼt lace it up

• future (+): ax̱ʼakagux̱ladzáas | they will lace it up

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakagux̱ladzaas | they wonʼt lace it up

√dzaas ² (verb root) winded; tired

O-ka-∅-√dzaas ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] exhausted; winded; tired | for O to be exhausted, short of breath, tired out | x̱at kaawadzás → iʼm tired out, winded (after hunting or paddling) (SN)

• imperfective (+): yaa kanadzás | they are getting winded, tired out

• perfective (+): kaawadzás | they got winded, tired out

• perfective (–): tlél kawudzaas | they didnʼt get winded, tired out

• future (+): kakg̱wadzáas | they will get winded, tired out

• future (–): tlél kakg̱wadzaas | they wonʼt get winded, tired out

O-ka-S-l-√dzaas ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] exhausted; winded; tired | for S to exhaust O, cause O to be winded | yaa ndayaáan x̱at kawlidzás → packing (deer) really tires me out, leaves me short of breath (SN)

• imperative: kaladzás! | run it out of breath!

• imperfective (+): yaa akanaldzás | they are getting them winded, tired out

• perfective (+): akawlidzás | they got them winded, tired out

• perfective (–): tlél akawuldzaas | they didnʼt get them winded, tired out

• future (+): akagux̱ladzáas | they will get them winded, tired out

• future (–): tlél akagux̱ladzaas | they wonʼt get them winded, tired out

√dzaay (verb root) beard

√dzeen (verb root) snare | small snare

√dzeey (verb root) balk; resist

ḵux̱ + a-ka-S-d+∅-√dzéey (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check verb type] stop | for S to draw back, stop suddenly and retreat, stop short | xóots ḵasatéen, ḵux akax̱wdidzéey → after i saw the bear i stopped short (SN) • xʼíg̱aa ḵáa yaa kg̱agúdin, tlél ḵúx̱de akwdadzéey → whenever a brave peron is going along, they donʼt draw back (SN)

• imperative: ḵux̱ akaydadzíy! | stop short!

• perfective (+): ḵux̱ akawdidzíy | they stopped short

• perfective (–): tlél ḵux̱ akawdadzéey | they didnʼt stop short

• future (+): ḵúx̱de akagux̱dadzéey | they will stop short

• future (–): tlél ḵúx̱de akagux̱dadzéey | they wonʼt stop short

√dzée ˟ (verb root) difficult; hard; frustrating | hard (abstract)

O-l-√dzée ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) difficult; frustrating; hard | for O to be very difficult, frustrating, almost impossible, hard (abstract) | Anóoshi yoo x̱ʼatángi ax̱ x̱ʼéit lidzée → the Russian language is very hard for me (to speak) (SN) • du een ḵunáax̱ daak kaneek; aag̱áa tléil du jeexʼ kei gux̱ladzée → explain it to them, then it won ʼt be difficult for them (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): lidzée | itʼs difficult

• imperfective (–): tlél uldzée | itʼs not difficult

• imperfective (–): tlél kei unaldzéen | itʼs getting easier

• progressive: kei naldzéen | itʼs getting difficult

• perfective (+): wulidzée | it became difficult

• perfective (–): tlél wuldzée | it didnʼt get difficult

• future (+): kei gux̱ladzée | it will be difficult

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱ladzée | it wonʼt be difficult

√dzoo throw | throw as missile

O-S-∅-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw something as missile at O | keitl aawadzóo → they threw it (a rock) at the dog and hit it (SN) • chʼa yeisú adzeit → theyʼre still throwing stones • gúxʼaa aawadzóo → they aimed at the can (with a rock) and hit it (SN)

• imperative: dzóo! | throw it at it/them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eedzéiduḵ! | donʼt throw it at it/them!

• imperfective (+): adzeit | they are throwing it at it/them

• perfective (+): aawadzóo | they threw it at and hit it/them

• perfective (–): tlél awudzoo | they didnʼt throw it at it/them

• future (+): akg̱wadzóo | they will throw it at it/them

• future (–): tlél akg̱wadzoo | they wonʼt throw it at it/them

O-sha-S-∅-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw something as missile at the head of O | shawduwadzóo → someone threw it (a rock) at them (SN) • té teen tsʼítskw shagax̱dudzóo → people are going to aim at the small birds and hit them  with rocks (SN)

• imperative: shadzóo! | throw it at its/their head!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl sheedzéiduḵ! | donʼt throw it at its/their head!

• imperfective (+): ashadzeit | they are throwing it at its/their head

• perfective (+): ashaawadzóo | they threw it at and hit its/their head

• perfective (–): tlél ashawudzoo | they didnʼt throw it at its/their head

• future (+): ashakg̱wadzóo | they will throw it at its/their head

• future (–): tlél ashakg̱wadzoo | they wonʼt throw it at its/their head

N-ch + O-S-l-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw N as missile at O

• imperative: ách ladzóo! | throw it at it/them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ách eeladzéiduḵ! | donʼt throw it at it/them!

• imperfective (+): ách aldzeit | they are throwing it at it/them

• perfective (+): ách awlidzóo | they threw it at and hit it/them

• perfective (–): tlél ách awuldzoo | they didnʼt throw it at it/them

• future (+): ách agux̱ladzóo | they will throw it at it/them

• future (–): tlél ách agux̱ladzoo | they wonʼt throw it at it/them

N-ch + O-sha-S-l-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw N as missile at the head of O | gánch ashagux̱ladzóo → theyʼre going to hit it on the head with a piece of firewood (which they will throw at it) (SN)

• imperative: ách shaladzóo! | throw it at its/their head!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ách sheeladzéiduḵ! | donʼt throw it at its/their head!

• imperfective (+): ách ashaldzeit | they are throwing it at its/their head

• perfective (+): ách ashawlidzóo | they threw it at and hit its/their head

• perfective (–): tlél ách ashawuldzoo | they didnʼt throw it at its/their head

• future (+): ách ashagux̱ladzóo | they will throw it at its/their head

• future (–): tlél ách ashagux̱ladzoo | they wonʼt throw it at its/their head

√dzooxʼ (verb root) clam; crush; juice | crush clams for juice

√ét (verb root) • variants: √ék • meaningless

tlél + O-ka-u-d+∅-√.ét ˟ (ga – object intransitive – invariable) • variants: O-ka-u-d+∅-√ék ˟ • [check conjugation type, verb type, stem variation] empty ² | for O to be empty, contain nothing | this verb might only be used in the negative imperfective | tlél kooda.ét: keitl shákdé a kaax̱ uwakítʼ → thereʼs nothing there (in the dish): maybe the dog ate it all up (SN) • kʼúntsʼ gwéil tlél kooda.ét → the potato sack is empty (SN)

• imperfective (–): tlél kooda.ét | itʼs empty

tlél + O-tu-u-d+∅-√.ét ˟ (ga – object intransitive – invariable) • variants: O-tu-u-d+∅-√ék ˟ • [check conjugation type, verb type, stem variation] empty ² | for O (a container with small opening) to be empty inside, contain nothing | this verb might only be used in the negative imperfective | ín xʼeesháa tlél tooda.ét → the bottle is empty/has nothing in it (SN)

• imperfective (–): tlél tooda.ét | itʼs empty inside

√ei ¹ (verb root) answer; reply ¹

a-S-d+∅-√.ei ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) answer; reply ¹ | for S to answer, reply to a greeting or to oneʼs name | i.éexʼ áwé: anida.ei! → theyʼre calling you: answer them! (SN) • de ax̱wdi.ei → i answered already / i said “yes” already • (KE)

• imperative: anida.ei! | answer!

• imperfective (+): ada.ei | they are answering

• perfective (+): awdi.ei | they answered

• perfective (–): tlél awda.ei | they didnʼt answer

• future (+): agux̱da.ei | they will answer

• future (–): tlél agux̱da.ei | they wonʼt answer

√ei ² (verb root) ask for; wish for

O-S-d+s-√.ei ² (g̱a event verb – transitive – open) ask for; wish for | for S to ask for more O (often as a payment, often by a medicine person); for S to wish for more O | íx̱tʼ awdzi.ei → the medicine person asked for more (blankets, bracelets, money, etc) • x̱útʼaa xʼwán g̱ees.ei! → ask for more adzes (medicine person instructing their helper)! (SN) • lax̱éitl x̱wadzi.ei → i wished for good luck (JL)

• imperative: g̱ees.ei! | ask for more!; wish for it!

• perfective (+): awdzi.ei | they asked for more; they wished for it

• perfective (–): tlél awus.ei | they didnʼt ask for more; they didnʼt wish for it

• future (+): yei akg̱was.éi | they will ask for more; they will wish for it

• future (–): tlél yei akg̱was.ei | they wonʼt ask for more; they wonʼt wish for it

√eik (verb root) • variants: √aak ⁵ (T,Y,K) • paralyze | paralyzed by shock

O-d+∅-√.éik (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) paralyzed\; incapable | for O to be paralyzed with fright, shock or surprise; for O to panic, be incapable of action | two different stem variations have been recorded with this verb—more research is necessary to determine why | x̱at wudi.éik → it paralyzed me / i was so shocked i couldnʼt act (SN) • áa wudi.ék → (while climbing a high ladder, e.g.) they became incapable of going any further (JL) • (KE)

• perfective (+): wudi.ák | they were paralyzed with fear

• perfective (–): tlél wuda.áak | they werenʼt paralyzed with fear

• future (+): gux̱da.áak | they will be paralyzed with fear

• future (–): tlél gux̱da.áak | they wonʼt be paralyzed with fear

√eikw (verb root) whistle

a-ka-u-S-∅-√.éikw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) whistle | for S to whistle | tléil akx̱wa.éikw → i donʼt whistle (SN) • ash yaadé akoo.éikw → they are whistling to them (JL) • du yaadé akx̱waa.éikw → i whistled at them (JL) • g̱unéi akaawa.éikw → they started whistling (JL) • kei akaawa.éikw → they started up whistling (JL) • (KE)

• imperative: akuna.éikw! | whistle!

• prohibitive: líl akee.éiguḵ! | donʼt whistle!

• imperfective (+): akoo.éikw | they are whistling

• imperfective (–): tlél akoo.éikw | they are not whistling; they donʼt whistle

• progressive: yaa akuna.éikw | they are going along whistling

• perfective (+): akaawa.éikw | they whistled

• perfective (–): tlél akawu.éikw | they didnʼt whistle

• future (+): akakg̱wa.éikw | they will whistle

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wa.éikw | they wonʼt whistle

√eilʼ (verb root) salty

l-√.éilʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) salty | for something to be salty | (KE)

• imperfective (+): li.éilʼ | itʼs salty

• imperfective (–): tlél ul.éilʼ | itʼs not salty

• progressive: kei nal.éilʼ | it is getting salty

• perfective (+): wuli.éilʼ | it got salty

• perfective (–): tlél wul.éilʼ | it didnʼt get salty

• future (+): kei gux̱la.éilʼ | it will be salty

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱la.éilʼ | it wonʼt be salty

√ein (verb root) starve

√eis (verb root) stagger

{na preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-l-√.eis ˟ (na motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) stagger | for O to stagger (esp. of young child or drunkard) | (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} yee yakanal.eis! you all stagger {____}! |

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} iyakawul.eisíḵ! | donʼt stagger {____}!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} yakawli.eis | they are staggering {____}; they staggered {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yakawul.eis | they arenʼt staggering {____}; they didnʼt stagger {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} yakagux̱la.eis | they will stagger {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} yakagux̱la.eis | they wonʼt stagger {____}

{ga preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-l-√.eis ˟ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) stagger | for O to stagger (esp. of young child or drunkard) | naaw jeeyeet áwé yaa yakakla.ésch → they stagger around on account of the liquor (SN)

√eitsʼ (verb root) careful; delicate

x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-shu-ka-S-∅-√éitsʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] close | for S to close O (usually a door) quietly | x̱ʼéit ashukoo.étsʼch → they always close the door really quietly (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼaháat x̱ʼéit shuka.étsʼ! | close the door quietly!

• perfective (+): x̱ʼéit ashukaawa.étsʼ | they closed the door quietly

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼéit ashukawu.éitsʼ | they didnʼt close the door quietly

• future (+): x̱ʼéide ashukakg̱wa.éitsʼ | they will close the door quietly

• future (–): tlél x̱ʼéide ashukakg̱wa.éitsʼ | they wonʼt close the door quietly

√eix̱ (verb root) • variants: √eex̱ • oil ²; grease ² | oily; greasy

√gaa ¹ (verb root) delay; hesitate; tide ¹; calm | slack tide

du-∅-√gaa ¹ ʰ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) tide ¹ | for the tide to be slack | ḵéesʼ wuduwagáa → the tide is slack (at high tide) (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa ndugéin | itʼs getting to be slack tide

• perfective (+): wuduwagáa | itʼs slack tide

• perfective (–): tlél wudugá | itʼs not slack tide

• future (+): gax̱dugáa | it will be slack tide

• future (–): tlél gax̱dugaa | it wonʼt be slack tide

N + toowú + du-∅-√gaa ¹ ʰ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) calm; peaceful | for N to be calm, at peace | (DK)

• progressive: du toowú yaa ndugéin | they are beginning to feel peaceful

• perfective (+): du toowú wuduwagáa | they feel peaceful

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú wudugá | they do not feel peaceful

• future (+): du toowú gax̱dugáa | they will feel peaceful

• future (–): tlél du toowú gax̱dugaa | they wonʼt feel peaceful

N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – open) delay; wait ¹; pause; take oneʼs time; stay behind; detained | for O to delay, wait, pause, take oneʼs time, stay behind, or be detained at N | to say “wait for someone” use « ash eeg̱áa yax̱ kaawagaa » “they waited for them” • to say “wait there (deliberately)” use « áx̱ sh akwdligaa » “they are waiting there” | tléil atx̱á yaax̱x̱ koogaax̱ → they donʼt delay after meals (they jump up quickly and go off) (SN) • chʼa yáax̱ x̱at kakg̱wagáa tléixʼ sunday → iʼm going to be detained here one week (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: áx̱ ikag̱agá! | take your time there!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl áx̱ yei ikoogéijiḵ! | donʼt delay there!

• perfective (+): áx̱ kaawagaa | they are delayed there

• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ kawugaa | they are not delayed there

• future (+): áx̱ yei kakg̱wagáa | they will delay there

• future (–): tlél áx̱ yei kakg̱wagaa | they wonʼt delay there

N-x̱ + O-tu-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – open) hesitate; undecided; wait ¹; hold back | for O to hesitate, be undecided (on account of some other person or circumstance) | l áa uteeyích áwé, yax̱ x̱at tukaawagaa → because theyʼre not there, I hesitate ( to do something) (SN) • chʼa yeisú yax̱ tukaawagaa → theyʼre still hesitating (waiting to see what the other will do) (SN)

• imperative: áx̱ itukg̱agá! | hesitate to do it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl áx̱ yei itukoogéijiḵ! | donʼt hesitate to do it!

• perfective (+): áx̱ tukaawagaa | they hesitated to do it

• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ tukawugaa | they didnʼt hesitate to do it

• future (+): áx̱ yei tukakg̱wagáa | they will hesitate to do it

• future (–): tlél áx̱ yei tukakg̱wagaa | they wonʼt hesitate to do it

√gaa ² (verb root) distribute; put away

yan⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√gaa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) put up; store up; accumulate | for S to put up, store up, accumulate O (esp. food for winter) | woosh g̱uwanáade atx̱á yan kadulgáayjin → people used to put up all kinds of different foods (SN) • ax̱ yátxʼi x̱ʼéis atx̱á yánde kakḵwalagáa → iʼm going to put up food for my children (before I go on a journey) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yan kalagá! | put up food!

• progressive: yánde yaa akanalgéin | they are putting up food

• perfective (+): yan akawligáa | they put up food

• perfective (–): tlél yan akawulgá | they didnʼt put up food

• future (+): yánde akagux̱lagáa | they will put up food

• future (–): tlél yánde akagux̱lagaa | they wonʼt put up food

O-ka-S-d+s-√gaa ² (ga – transitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation] distribute | for S to distribute, hand out, pass out O (esp. definite amount being given out at party) | dáanaa akawligaa → they distributed the money (SN) • atx̱á kei kakḵwalagáa → iʼm going to pass out the food (SN)

• imperative: kalagaa! | distribute it!

• perfective (+): akawligaa | they distributed it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulgaa | they didnʼt distribute it

• future (+): kei akagux̱lagáa | they will distribute it

• future (–): tlél kei akagux̱lagaa | they wonʼt distribute it

√gaa ³ (verb root) predict

O-shu-S-s-√gaa ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) predict | for S to predict O | (KE)

• imperative: shunasgá! | predict it!

• prohibitive: líl yoo sheesagéigiḵ! | donʼt predict it!

• imperfective (+): ashoosgeitʼ | they are predicting it

• imperfective (–): tlél ashoosgeitʼ | they are not predicting it

• perfective (+): ashoowsigaa | they predicted it

• perfective (–): tlél ashuwusgaa | they didnʼt predict it

• future (+): ashagux̱sagáa | they will predict it

• future (–): tlél ashagux̱sagaa | they wonʼt predict it

√gaaḵ (verb root) visit

O-S-∅-√gaaḵ (g̱a event verb – transitive – closed) visit | for S to visit O (esp. a particular person) | (GD, KE) • yei haa gax̱dugáaḵ → we are going to have visitors (SN) • g̱unayéi ḵwáan haa woogaaḵ → folk from other localities are visiting us / staying temporarily in our town (SN)

• prohibitive: líl yei eegáḵjiḵ! | donʼt visit them!

• perfective (+): aawagaaḵ | they visited them

• perfective (–): tlél awugaaḵ | they didnʼt visit them

• future (+): yei akg̱wagáaḵ | they will visit them

• future (–): tlél yei akg̱wagaaḵ | they wonʼt visit them

√gaalʼ (verb root) cataract

O-waḵ-sh-√gáalʼ ˟ (ga – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] cataract | for O to have a cataract | (SN)

• perfective (+): waḵshigáalʼ | they have a cataract

• perfective (–): tlél wushgáalʼ | they didnʼt get a cataract

√gaan ¹ (verb root) burn ¹; light ¹; shine

a-d+∅-√gaan ¹ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – closed) sun; shine | for the sun to shine | ax̱ kát awdigán → the sun is shining on me (SN) • seig̱ánin yei agux̱dagáan shákdé → maybe it will be sunshiny tomorrow (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yei andagán | the sun is coming out

• perfective (+): awdigaan | itʼs sunny

• perfective (+): yei kagux̱sagáan | it will burn up completely

• perfective (–): tlél awdagaan | it isnʼt sunny

• future (+): yei agux̱dagáan | it will be sunny

• future (–): tlél yei agux̱dagaan | it wonʼt be sunny

• future (–): tlél yei kagux̱sagaan | it wonʼt burn completely

O-S-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) burn | for S to burn O (usually out of doors or over an area) | classification: outdoors | xʼéedadi kínde x̱asagántʼ → iʼm burning up uprooted tree stumps (SN)

• imperfective (+): asgántʼ | they are burning it

• perfective (+): awsigán | they burned it

• perfective (–): tlél awusgaan | they didnʼt burn it

• future (+): agux̱sagáan | they are going to burn it

• future (–): tlél agux̱sagaan | they arenʼt going to burn it

kei + O-S-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) burn up | for S to burn O up | (KE)

• imperative: kei sagaan! | burn it up!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei isagánjiḵ! | donʼt burn it up!

• progressive: kei anasgán | they are burning it up

• perfective (+): kei awsigán | they burned it up

• perfective (–): tlél kei awusgaan | they didnʼt burn it up

• future (+): kei agux̱sagáan | they will burn it up

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱sagaan | they wonʼt burn it up

ka-t⁓ + O-S-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) fry; cook | for S to fry, roast O (esp. food) | classification: food | (JL)

• imperfective (+): káx̱ asgántʼ | they are frying, roasting it

• perfective (+): kát awsigán | they fried it

• perfective (–): tlél kát awusgaan | the food didnʼt burn

• future (+): kaadé agux̱sagáan | the food is going to burn

• future (–): tlél kaadé agux̱sagaan | the food isnʼt going to burn

ka-t⁓ + O-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] burn ¹ | for O (esp. food) to burn | classification: food | ḵʼwádli kaadé gux̱sagáan → your pot is going to burn (i.e. the contents) (SN) • at kʼátsʼku tsú tle yei kagánch → children used to be cremated too

• perfective (+): kát wusigán | the food burned

• perfective (–): tlél kát wusgaan | the food didnʼt burn

• future (+): kaadé gux̱sagáan | the food is going to burn

• future (–): tlél kaadé gux̱sagaan | the food isnʼt going to burn

O-ka-∅-√gaan ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) | for O to burn, be burned | lʼoowú kaawagaan → the wood is burnt (SN) • yei kanagán → it (house) is burning down (from top to bottom) (SN)

• imperfective (+): yei akanagán | it is burning

• perfective (+): kaawagaan | it is burnt

• perfective (–): tlél kawugaan | it isnʼt burnt

• future (+): yei kakg̱wagáan | it will be burnt

• future (–): tlél yei kakg̱wagaan | it wonʼt be burnt

N-t⁓ + a-ka-∅-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) burn ¹; alight; on ² | for N (fire) to burn, catch alight; for N (light) to be on | (KE)

• perfective (+): át akaawagán | itʼs lit

• perfective (–): tlél át akawugaan | itʼs not lit

• future (+): aadé akakg̱wagáan | it will be lit

• future (–): tlél aadé akakg̱wagaan | it wonʼt be lit

ka-d+∅-√gáan ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) shine; light ¹ | for something to shine, produce light by burning | sʼeenáa kʼidéin yéi awsinee; ách ḵu.aa kei kagux̱dagáan → they fixed the light, so now it will shine brighter (SN) • yee tula.aaní yee yadooknáx̱ yóot kawdigán → your kindness shines through your faces (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): kawdigán | itʼs bright

• perfective (–): tlél kawdagáan | it isnʼt bright

• future (+): kagux̱dagáan | it will be bright

• future (–): tlél kagux̱dagáan | it wonʼt be bright

O-ka-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) burn | for S to burn O (esp. trash) | classification: trash | naa.át aksagántʼ → theyʼre burning (old) clothes (on the beach) (SN)

• imperfective (+): aksgántʼ | they are burning it

• perfective (+): akawsigán | they burned it

• perfective (–): tlél akawusgaan | they didnʼt burn it

• future (+): akagux̱sagáan | they are going to burn it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sagaan | they arenʼt going to burn it

O-ka-S-s-√gaan ¹ (g̱a act verb – transitive – closed) cremate | for S to cremate O | woonáawu ḵáa yei kadusgánjin → dead people used to be cremated (SN)

• imperative: kag̱asgaan! | cremate them!

• perfective (+): akawsigaan | they cremated them

• perfective (–): tlél akawusgaan | they didnʼt cremate them

• future (+): yei akagux̱sagáan | they are going to cremate them

• future (–): tlél yei akagux̱sagaan | they arenʼt going to cremate them

O-ka-s-√gaan ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] burn ¹; sunburn | for O to burn (completely); for O to be sunburned | yaakw kawsigaan → the boat burned up (SN) • g̱agaan latseeních haa yá kawsigaan → the strength of the sun sunburned our faces (SN)

• progressive: yei kanasgán | its burning completely

• perfective (+): kawsigaan | it burned completely

• perfective (–): tlél kawulgaan | it didnʼt burn completely

N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) light ¹; set fire; shine; turn on | for S to light, set fire to, cause N to shine; for S to turn N on (light) | sʼeenáat akawligán → they light a lamp / turn on a light (SN) • tléil át akawtulagaan wé sdoox → we didnʼt light the stove (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: át aklagán! | light it!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ akeelagaaníḵ | donʼt light it!

• perfective (+): át akawligán | they lit it

• perfective (–): tlél át akawulgaan | they didnʼt light it

• future (+): aadé akagux̱lagáan | they will light it

• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱lagaan | they wonʼt light it

√gaan ² (verb root) lean ¹

N-t⁓ + sha-ka-S-d+l-√gaan ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lean ¹ | for S to lean on, lean against N | hít yát shakax̱wdligán → i leaned against the wall (SN)

• imperative: át shakeelgán! | lean against it!

• repetitive prohibitive: tlél át shakayeelgaaníḵ! | donʼt lean against it!

• perfective (+): át shakawdligaan | they leaned against it

• perfective (–): tlél shakawulgaan | they didnʼt lean against it

• future (+): aadé shakakg̱walgáan | they will lean against it

• future (–): tlél aadé shakakg̱walgaan | they wonʼt lean against it

yan⁓ + sha-ka-S-d+l-√gaan ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lean ¹ | for S to lean | (SN)

• imperative: yan shakeelgán! | lean!

• repetitive prohibitive: tlél yax̱ shakayeelgaaníḵ! | donʼt lean!

• perfective (+): yan shakawdligaan | they leaned

• perfective (–): tlél yan shakawulgaan | they didnʼt lean

• future (+): yánde shakakg̱walgáan | they will lean

• future (–): tlél yánde shakakg̱walgaan | they wonʼt lean

√gaasʼ (verb root) housepost; fall; migrate; move ² | classification: large stick-like object

N-t⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) leap on; pounce | for S to leap, pounce on N | (KE)

• imperative: a kát sh eelgásʼ! | leap on it!

• prohibitive: líl a káx̱ sh eelgáasʼiḵ! | donʼt leap on it!

• perfective (+): a kát sh wudligásʼ | they leaped on it

• perfective (–): tlél a kát sh wulgáasʼ | they didnʼt leap on it

• future (+): a kát sh gug̱algáasʼ | they will leap on it

• future (–): tlél a kát sh gug̱algáasʼ | they wonʼt leap on it

N-dé + O-l-√gáasʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) migrate; move ² | for O to migrate (with future plans unspecified) to N; for O to move household (with future plans unspecified) to N | yáadáx̱ kei haa gux̱lagáasʼ → we are going to move from here (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: aadé inalgáasʼ! | move there!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl aadé yoo ilgásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt move there!

• perfective (+): aadé wligáasʼ | they moved there

• perfective (–): tlél aadé wulgáasʼ | they didnʼt move there

• future (+): aadé gux̱lagáasʼ | they will move there

• future (–): tlél aadé gux̱lagáasʼ | they wonʼt move there

P-t⁓ + O-l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) migrate; move ² | for O to migrate (with future plans unspecified) to N; for O to move household (with future plans unspecified) to N | (KE)

• imperative: át eelgásʼ! | move there!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ eelgáasʼiḵ! | donʼt move there!

• perfective (+): át wuligásʼ | they moved there

• perfective (–): tlél át wulgáasʼ | they didnʼt move there

• future (+): aadé gux̱lagáasʼ | they will move there

yan⁓ + O-ÿa-∅-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) fall; nod off; fall asleep | for O to fall on face; for O to nod off, fall asleep while sitting up | (KE)

• admonitive: yan tsá iyagáasʼ! | see that you donʼt fall on your face!

• perfective (+): yan yaawagásʼ | they fell on their face

• perfective (–): tlél yan yawugáasʼ | they didnʼt fall on their face

• future (+): yánde yakg̱wagáasʼ | they will fall on their face

• future (–): tlél yánde yakg̱wagáasʼ | they wonʼt fall on their face

O-ÿa-l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) move ¹; pierce | for O to move through air (esp. in downward curve); for O (esp. an arrow) to pierce | chooneit du tóonáx̱ yawligásʼ → the arrow went through them (SN) • du ḵoowúdáx̱ daak uwagút, yá xóots, aag̱áa yá du éekʼ hás chooneidí du téix̱ʼ tóonáx̱ yawulgáasʼi → he emerged from his den, this bear, and then the arrows of her brothers pierced his heart (GD)

• perfective (+): yawligásʼ | it moved through the air

• perfective (–): tlél yawulgáasʼ | it didnʼt move through the air

• future (+): yagux̱lagáasʼ | it will move through the air

• future (–): tlél yagux̱lagáasʼ | it wonʼt move through the air

√gaaw (verb root) ⑴ loud; noisy || ⑵ fight; defend

O-sa-l-√gaaw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) loud-voiced; noisy | for O to be loud-voiced, noisy in speech | the thematic prefix in this verb seems to be interchangeable « x̱ʼa- », as in O-x̱ʼa-l-√gaaw ˟ | salagaawúch, du aatch gánde kaawanáa → when they are noisy, their aunt sends them outdoors (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: isaklagaaw! | be loud!

• prohibitive: líl isalagaawúḵ! | donʼt be loud!

• imperfective (+): saligaaw | they are loud-voiced

• imperfective (–): tlél seilgaaw | they arenʼt loud-voiced

• perfective (+): sawligaaw | they were loud-voiced

• perfective (–): tlél sawulgaaw | they werenʼt loud-voiced

• future (+): kei sagux̱lagaaw | they will be loud-voiced

• future (–): tlél kei sagux̱lagaaw | they wonʼt be loud-voiced

(n een) + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fight | for S to fight (with N) | ḵux̱wligaaw du een → i fought them (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: (du een) ḵunalgaaw! | fight (them)!

• prohibitive: líl (du een) yoo keelagaawúḵ! | donʼt fight (them)!

• imperfective (+): (du een) ḵulagaaw | they are fighting (them)

• perfective (+): (du een) ḵoowligaaw | they fought (them)

• perfective (–): tlél (du een) ḵuwulgaaw | they didnʼt fight (them)

• future (+): (du een) ḵugux̱lagaaw | they will fight (them)

• future (–): tlél (du een) ḵugux̱lagaaw | they wonʼt fight (them)

N + káx̱ + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fight for; defend | for S to fight for, defend N | yú keitl tlein chush káx̱ ḵoowdligaaw → the big dog defended himself (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du káx̱ ḵunalgaaw! | fight for them!

• prohibitive: líl du káx̱ yoo keelagaawúḵ! | donʼt fight for them!

• imperfective (+): du káx̱ ḵulagaaw | they are fighting for them

• perfective (+): du káx̱ ḵoowligaaw | they fought for them

• perfective (–): tlél du káx̱ ḵuwulgaaw | they didnʼt fight for them

• future (+): du káx̱ ḵugux̱lagaaw | they will fight for them

• future (–): tlél du káx̱ ḵugux̱lagaaw | they wonʼt fight for them

O-x̱ʼa-l-√gaaw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) ⑴ harp on | for O to harp on, repeat tediously || ⑵ loud-voiced; noisy | for O to be loud-voiced, noisy in speech | the thematic prefix in this verb seems to be interchangeable « x̱ʼa- », as in O-x̱ʼa-l-√gaaw ˟ | x̱ʼaligaaw → they harp on it / keep telling me over and over (till Iʼm tired of it (SN)

• imperative: ix̱ʼaklagaaw! | harp on it!

• prohibitive: líl ix̱ʼalagaawúḵ! | donʼt harp on it!

• imperfective (+): x̱ʼaligaaw | they are harping on it

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼeilgaaw | they arenʼt harping on it

• perfective (+): x̱ʼawligaaw | they were harping on it

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawulgaaw | they werenʼt harping on it

• future (+): kei x̱ʼagux̱lagaaw | they will harp on it

• future (–): tlél kei x̱ʼagux̱lagaaw | they wonʼt harp on it

√gaaxʼ ¹ (verb root) pray

x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pray | for S to pray for self | add « N káxʼ » in the preverb for “pray for N” • add « N yáaxʼ » in the preverb for “pray to N” or “pray with N” • the difference between this theme and the reflexive theme below is not quite clear: more research is needed | tléil x̱ʼeidagáxʼx̱ → they donʼt pray (SN) • a yáaxʼ x̱ʼawdigáxʼ → they pleaded with it / prayed to it (SN) • i káxʼ x̱ʼax̱wdigáxʼ → iʼm praying for you (SN) • sh káa x̱ʼeidagáxʼ! → pray for yourself! (SN)

sh + káa + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pray | for S to pray (for self) | add « N jiyís » in the preverb for “pray for N”

• imperative: sh káa x̱ʼeedagáxʼ! | pray!

• repetitive prohibitive: íl sh káa x̱ʼeidagáxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt pray!

• imperfective (+): sh káa x̱ʼadagáaxʼ | they prays; they are praying

• imperfective (–): tlél sh káa x̱ʼeidagáaxʼ | they donʼt pray

• perfective (+): sh káa x̱ʼawdigáxʼ | they prayed

• perfective (–): tlél sh káa x̱ʼawdagáaxʼ | they didnʼt pray

• future (+): sh káa x̱ʼagux̱dagáaxʼ | they will pray

• future (–): tlél sh káa x̱ʼagux̱dagáaxʼ | they wonʼt pray

√gaaxʼ ² (verb root) annoy; bother; tired of | tired of a sound; annoyed by a sound

O-S-s-√gáaxʼ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation in hor/pot] annoy; compel | for S to annoy, bother O by compelling them to talk | daa dé! yaa x̱at nisagaxʼ → stop now! you are getting me annoyed (with your chattering) • jeewsitaani teet ligaaw: yaa nasgáxʼ → the waves beating (on the shore) are loud: itʼs getting them annoyed (tired of it) (SN)

• imperative: sagáxʼ! | annoy them!

• perfective (+): awsigáxʼ | they annoyed them

• perfective (–): tlél awusgáaxʼ | they didnʼt annoy them

• future (+): agux̱sagáaxʼ | they will annoy them

• future (–): tlél agux̱sagáaxʼ | they wonʼt annoy them

O-x̱ʼa-S-s-√gáaxʼ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation in hor/pot; check verb type] annoy; bother | for S to annoy, bother O by continual noise | x̱at x̱ʼawsigáxʼ → they annoyed me by keeping on talking (so that I had to keep on replying) • x̱ʼax̱wsigáxʼ → i made them talk so much that they were annoyed (and hardly knew what they were saying) (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼasagáxʼ! | annoy them by compelling them to talk!

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼawsigáxʼ | they annoyed them by compelling them to talk

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawusgáaxʼ | they didnʼt annoy them by compelling them to talk

• future (+): ax̱ʼagux̱sagáaxʼ | they will annoy them by compelling them to talk

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼagux̱sagáaxʼ | they wonʼt annoy them by compelling them to talk

√gaaxʼw (verb root) riddle

a-S-d+l-√gáaxʼw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) riddle | for S to make riddles | (JL)

• imperfective (+): algáxʼwx̱ | they are making riddles; they are making people guess

• perfective (+): awdligáxʼ | they made riddles

O-S-l-√gáaxʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) guess | for S to make O guess | (JL)

• perfective (+): awligáxʼw | they made them guess

√gaay (verb root) noise | make noise

√gei ¹ (verb root) big; many

∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) many; plenty | for a solid mass or abstracts to be plentiful, be lots, many | classification: general, compact object; abstract | sooḵ áa yagéi → there is lots of (wide) grass there (SN) • ḵaa atx̱aayí yagéi → thereʼs plenty of food (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yagéi | there are many

• imperfective (–): tlél ugé | there arenʼt many

• progressive: yaa nagéin | itʼs increasing (in number)

• progressive (–): tlél yaa unagéin | itʼs not increasing (in number)

• perfective (+): woogei | there got to be many

• perfective (–): tlél wugei | there werenʼt many

• future (+): gug̱agéi | there will be many

• future (–): tlél gug̱agei | there wonʼt be many

O-l-√gei ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) bog; tall | for O (esp. live creature or building) to be big, tall | classification: animate or building | ax̱ jikayáanáx̱ kakwligéi yá kées → this bracelet is too big for me (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): ligéi | they are tall

• imperfective (–): tlél ulgé | they arenʼt tall

• progressive: yaa nalgéin | they are getting tall

• perfective (+): wuligei | they got tall

• perfective (–): tlél wulgé | they didnʼt get tall

• future (+): kei gux̱lagéi | they will be tall

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lagei | they wonʼt be tall

ka-u-∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) big | for a singular, usually spherical object to be big | classification: round or spherical; singular | tlax̱ a yáanáx̱ kakoogéi yá kʼúntsʼ → this potato is too big (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): kayagéi | itʼs big

• imperfective (–): tlél koogé | itʼs not big

• progressive: yaa kanagéin | itʼs getting big

• future (+): kakg̱wagéi | it will be big

(yéi) + ka-u-∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big; many | for a thing to be (so) big; for things to be (so) many | classification: singular | N-g̱aa in the preverb results in “big enough for N” or “fits N” | ax̱ náag̱aa koogéi → it (the clothing) fits me (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yéi koogéi | itʼs that big

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koogei | it isnʼt that big

• perfective (+): yéi kaawagei | it got that big

• perfective (–): tlél yéi kawugei | it didnʼt get that big

• future (+): yéi kakg̱wagéi | it will get that big

• future (–): tlél yéi kakg̱wagei | it wonʼt get that big

(yéi) + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big | for (plural) things to be (so) big | classification: plural | N yáanáx̱ kudigéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kudigéi (it is smaller than N) • N-g̱aa in the preverb results in “big enough for N” or “fits N” | (KE) • ax̱ jikáag̱aa kwdigéi → they (gloves) fit me (SN) • ax̱ x̱ʼoosg̱áa kwdigéi → they (shoes) fit me (SN)

• imperfective (+): yéi kwdigéi | theyʼre that big

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koodagei | theyʼre not that big

• progressive: yéi yaa kundagéin | theyʼre getting that big

• future (+): yéi kagux̱dagéi | they all will be that big

• future (–): tlél yéi kagux̱dagei | they all wonʼt be that big

N + yáanáx̱ + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) bigger | for an object (inanimate) to be bigger than N | classification: plural | N yáanáx̱ kudigéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kudigéi (it is smaller than N) • for living things: N + yáanáx̱ + ka-u-l-√gei ¹ ʰ | (BC, FS)

• imperfective (+): N yáanáx̱ kudigéi | itʼs bigger than N

• imperfective (–): tlél N yáanáx̱ koodagei | itʼs not bigger than N

• progressive: N yáanáx̱ yaa kundagéin | itʼs getting bigger than N

• future (+): N yáanáx̱ kagux̱dagéi | it will be bigger than N

• future (–): tlél N yáanáx̱ kagux̱dagei | it wonʼt be bigger than N

N + ḵín + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) smaller | for an object (inanimate) to be smaller than N | classification: plural | N yáanáx̱ kudigéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kudigéi (it is smaller than N) • for living things: N + ḵín + ka-u-l-√gei ¹ ʰ | (BC, FS)

• imperfective (+): N ḵín kudigéi | itʼs smaller than N

• imperfective (–): tlél N ḵín koodagei | itʼs not smaller than N

• progressive: N ḵín yaa kundagéin | itʼs getting smaller than N

• future (+): N ḵín kagux̱dagéi | it will be smaller than N

• future (–): tlél N ḵín kagux̱dagei | it wonʼt be smaller than N

(yéi) + O-ka-ka-u-l-√gei ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type] big | for O (usually of narrow or stick-like object) to be so big, tall | classification: narrow or stick-like object | N yáanáx̱ kakwligéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kakwligéi (it is smaller than N) | ax̱ jikayáanáx̱ kakwligéi yá kées → this bracelet is too big for me (SN)

• imperfective (+): yéi kakwligéi | itʼs that big

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi kakoolgé | it isnʼt that big

• perfective (+): yéi kakawligéi | it got that big

• perfective (–): tlél yéi kakawulgé | it wasnʼt that big

• future (+): yéi kakagux̱lagéi | it will get that big

• future (–): tlél yéi kakagux̱lagei | it wonʼt get that big

ka-ka-u-d+∅-√géixʼ ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) big | for a plural, usually spherical objects to be big | classification: round or spherical; plural | tlax̱ yéi kakwdigéixʼ wé tléiḵw → the berries are very large (SN)

• imperfective (+): kakwdigéixʼ | they are big

• imperfective (–): tlél kakwdagé | theyʼre not big

• future (+): kakagux̱dagéixʼ | they will be big

• future (–): kakagux̱dagéixʼ | they wonʼt be big

(yéi) + O-ÿa-ka-u-∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type] big; many | for O to be big in numbers, many (often of people) | classification: people | N yáanáx̱ there are fourteen of them (there) (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kakwligéi (it is smaller than N) | awsiteen aantḵeení aadé yakoogéiyi yé → they saw how big the crowd of villagers is (SN) • jinkaat ḵa daaxʼoon yéi has yakoogéi → there are fourteen of them (there) (SN)

• imperfective (+): yéi yakoogéi | there are that many

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi yakoogé | there arenʼt that many

• perfective (+): yéi yakawligéi | there got to be that many

• perfective (–): tlél yéi yakawulgé | there werenʼt that many

• future (+): yéi yakagux̱lagéi | there will get to be that many

• future (–): tlél yéi yakagux̱lagei | there wonʼt get to be that many

√gei ² (verb root) small

yéi + ka-u-∅-√géinkʼ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) small | for a singular inanimate object to be small | classification: inanimate

• imperfective (+): yéi gugéinkʼ | it is small

yéi + ka-u-s-√géinkʼ state verb small | for a singular animate object to be small | classification: animate

• imperfective (+): yéi kwsigéinkʼ | it is snamm

(yéi) + ka-u-d+s-√gei  ² (ga state verb – impersonal – open) small | for grain-like objects to be small | classification: grain-like objects | yéi kakwdzigéi → they all are small (berries, beads, etc.) (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yéi kwdzigéi | theyʼre small

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koosgei | theyʼre not small

√gei ³ (verb root) understand; comprehend

N + daa + yaa + ḵu-shu-s-√géi ³ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) understand; comprehend | for N to understand, comprehend | daaḵw.aa sá tléil i daa yaa ḵushusgé? → which donʼt you understand? (SN) • du daa yaa x̱at ḵushusigéi → they understand me (can comprehend what i say) (SN) • (KE) • tlél has du daa yaa ḵushuwusgé, wáa sá at kawdayaayí → they were confused (that is, they didnʼt understand what was happening) (SN)

• imperative: i daa yaa ḵushuksagéi (dé)! | understand (now)!

• imperfective (+): du daa yaa ḵushusigéi | they understands

• imperfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵushusgé | they donʼt understand

• progressive: du daa kei yaa ḵushunasgéin | they are beginning to understand

• perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵushuwsigéi | they came to understand

• perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵushuwusgéi | they didnʼt come to understand

• future (+): du daa kei yaa ḵushugux̱sagéi | they will understand

• future (–): tlél du daa kei yaa ḵushugux̱sagéi | they wonʼt understand

tlél + yaa + ḵu-S-d+sh-√géi ³ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) foolish; dimwitted; unwise; crazy | for S to be foolish, dimwitted, unwise, or crazy | uháan ḵu.aa tléil yaa kutooshgé → we, however, are foolish / we donʼt reason things out (SN) • yées ḵáax̱ satéexʼ, tléil yaa ḵuwushgé → when he was a young man he was foolish/unwise (in the way he behaved) (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl yaa ḵeeshgéiḵ! | donʼt be foolish!

• imperfective (–): tlél yaa ḵooshgé | they are foolish

• perfective (–): tlél yaa ḵuwushgéi | they became foolish

• future (–): tlél kei yaa ḵukg̱washgéi | they are going to be foolish

yaa + ḵu-S-d+s-√géi ³ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) intelligent; smart; wise | for S to be intelligent, smart, wise | yaa ḵeedzigéi; yáatʼaa ḵu.aa s tlél a daa teeydataan → you are intelligent, but you havenʼt considered this matter (SN) • du daa.itnagóowu tóonáx̱ duwatéen kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgéi → through their actions one can see theyʻre going to be intelligent (of small child) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yaa ḵugeesgéi! | be smart!

• imperfective (+): yaa ḵudzigéi | they are smart

• imperfective (–): tlél yaa ḵoosgé | they arenʼt smart

• progressive: kei yaa ḵunasgéin | they are getting smart

• perfective (+): yaa ḵoowdzigéi | they got smart

• perfective (–): tlél yaa ḵuwusgéi | they didnʼt get smart

• future (+): kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgéi | they are going to be smart

• future (–): tlél kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgéi | they arenʼt going to be smart

√gei ⁴ (verb root) stingy

yaa + O-S-sh-√gei ⁴ (∅ state verb – transitive – open) stingy | for S to be stingy with, not want to share, O | dáanaa yaa awshigéi → they refused to give or lend any money • shig̱eig̱i ḵáa chʼa tlákw yaa at shigéi → a stingy person always refuses to give anything (SN)

• imperfective (+): yaa ashigéi | they are stingy with it

• perfective (+): yaa awshigéi | they were stingy with is

√geiḵ (verb root) unsuitable; harmful; restrain

ka-u-d+∅-√géiḵ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) unsuitable; improper; illegal | for something to be unsuitable, improper | aadé akaawa.aag̱ú yé ḵóo kawdigéiḵ → the way that they planned isnʼt suitable / it doesnʼt fit the way it should (SN) • kei s akaawashéeyi shí, ḵóo kdigéig̱i átx̱ wusitee → the song that they all sang was unsuitable/it didnʼt fit the occasion (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): kudigéiḵ | itʼs improper

• imperfective (–): tlél koodagéiḵ | itʼs not improper

• perfective (+): kawdigéiḵ | it became improper

• perfective (–): tlél kawdagéiḵ | it didnʼt become improper

• future (+): kei kagux̱dagéiḵ | it will be improper

• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱dagéiḵ | it wonʼt be improper

ḵóo + O-d+∅-√géiḵ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] die | for O to die, pass away, cease to exist | this is an indirect way to say that someone has passed away, and is often more polite but may be rare today | ax̱ tláa ḵóo wdigéiḵ → my mother died/she no longer exists (SN) • wáa sá ḵóo s wudigéiḵ? → how did they all die? (SN)

• perfective (+): ḵoo wdigéiḵ | they passed away

• perfective (–): tlél ḵóo wdagéiḵ | they didnʼt pass away

• future (+): ḵóo gux̱dagéiḵ | they are going to pass away

• future (–): tlél ḵóo gux̱dagéiḵ | they wonʼt pass away

√geil (verb root) braid | braid seal intestines

√geinkʼ (verb root) small

√geis (verb root) call | call for (esp. a dog)

O-ka-S-∅-√géis ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) [check stem variation] call; entice | for S to call O over (esp a dog or other animal) | usually by calling «géis! géis! géis!» | keitl kanagéis! → call the dog! (SN) • ldakat át kadugéis → people call everything (such as deer, seal) (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: kanagéis! | call it over!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keegéisgiḵ! | donʼt call it over!

• imperfective (+): akagéis | they are calling it over

• perfective (+): akaawagéis | they called it over

• perfective (–): tlél akawugéis | they didnʼt call it over

• future (+): akakg̱wagéis | they will call it over

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wagéis | they wonʼt call it over

√geit (verb root) walk | walk softly; tiptoe

√geitl (verb root) frail | frail health; poor health

√geiy (verb root) pay | pay off

√geiyáḵw ˟ (verb root) claim; sue | claim as payment; sue for payment

√gídákw ˟ (verb root) show off

√geen (verb root) wrinkle

O-ka-sh-√géen (∅ event verb – transitive – high) wrinkle | for S to wrinkle O | kashgínx̱ wé sʼísaa → that cloth wrinkles easily (SN) • ilí! kakg̱eeshagéen → donʼt! youʼll wrinkle it (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kashagín! | wrinkle it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keeshagínx̱iḵ! | donʼt wrinkle it!

• progressive: yaa akanashgín | they are starting to wrinkle it

• perfective (+): akawshigín | they wrinkled it

• perfective (–): tlél akawushgéen | they didnʼt wrinkle it

• future (+): akagux̱shagéen | they will wrinkle it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱shagéen | they wonʼt wrinkle it

O-ka-d+sh-√géen (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) wrinkled | for O to be wrinkled | (KE)

• progressive: yaa kanashgín | itʼs starting to get wrinkled

• perfective (+): kawjigín | itʼs wrinkled

• perfective (–): tlél kawushgéen | itʼs not wrinkled

• future (+): kakg̱washgéen | it will be wrinkled

• future (–): tlél kakg̱washgéen | it wonʼt get wrinkled

√geesh (verb root) soak

√geet ¹ (verb root) fall; move ¹ | move quickly | classification: animate

O-d+s-√geet ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O (live creature) to fall | classification: animate | tléil aadé tʼéexʼ káxʼ has gux̱dzigeedi yé → thereʼs no way they will fall on the ice (SN)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei eesgítjiḵ! | donʼt fall!

• perfective (+): wudzigeet | they fell

• perfective (–): tlél wusgeet | they didnʼt fall

• future (+): yei kg̱wasgéet | they will fall

• future (–): tlél yei kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt fall

N-dé + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O (live creature) to fall into N | classification: animate | dzeit kaax̱ wudzigeet → they fell down from the ladder (SN) • (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl aadé yoo eesgítgiḵ! | donʼt fall there!

• perfective (+): aadé wdzigeet | they fell there

• perfective (–): tlél aadé wusgeet | they didnʼt fall there

• future (+): aadé kg̱wasgéet | they will fall there

• future (–): tlél aadé kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt fall there

N-t⁓ + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O (live creature) to fall into, against N

• perfective (+): át wudzigít | they fell against it

• perfective (–): tlél át wusgeet | they didnʼt fall against it

• future (+): aadé kg̱wasgéet | they will fall against it

• future (–): tlél aadé kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt fall against it

daak + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O to fall (esp. off of something) | this verb is most commonly used to indicate falling off of something, such as in « aadáx̱ daak wudzigít » “he fell down off of it” | (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: tlél daak isgítjiḵ! | donʼt fall!

• admonitive: daak tsá isgéet! | see that you donʼt fall!

• perfective (+): daak wudzigít | they fell

• perfective (–): tlél daak wusgeet | they didnʼt fall

• future (+): daak gug̱asgéet | they will fall

• future (–): tlél daak gug̱asgeet | they wonʼt fall

N + káa + daak + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) elect | for N to be elected (lit. for the choice to fall on N) | classification: singular (plural √soos) | (SN)

• perfective (+): du káa daak wudzigít | they were elected

• perfective (–): tlél du káa daak wusgeet | they werenʼt elected

• future (+): du káa daak gug̱asgéet | they will be elected

• future (–): tlél du káa daak gug̱asgeet | they wonʼt be elected

N-náx̱ + yei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall; trip | for O (live creature) to fall down N | classification: animate | this verb means “to fall down N”; change the preverb to « N kaanáx̱ » in order to get “for O to trip and fall over N” as in « a kaanáx̱ yei wdzigít » “they tripped over it” | (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl anax̱ yei eesgítjiḵ! | donʼt fall down there!

• perfective (+): anax̱ yei wdzigít | they fell down there

• perfective (–): tlél anax̱ yei wusgeet | they didnʼt fall down there

• future (+): anax̱ yei kg̱wasgéet | they will fall down there

• future (–): tlél anax̱ yei kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt fall down there

kei + O-S-s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) wake ¹; rouse | for S to wake O up, rouse O from sleep | gooshúḵ gaaw kei x̱at wusigít → they woke me at nine oʼclock (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kei sageet! | wake them up!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei eesgítjiḵ! | donʼt wake them up!

• perfective (+): kei awsigít | they woke them up

• perfective (–): tlél kei awusgeet | they didnʼt wake them up

• future (+): kei agux̱sagéet | they will wake them up

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱sageet | they wonʼt wake them up

kei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) wake ¹ | for O to wake up | tsʼootaat kei x̱at wudzigít → i wake up in the morning, early (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): kei wdzigít | they woke up

• perfective (–): tlél kei wusgeet | they didnʼt wake up

• future (+): kei kg̱wasgéet | they will wake up

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt wake up

ḵut + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – closed) lost | for O to lose oneself, be lost, usure of oneʼs location | ḵut x̱at wudzigeet → i was lost / i didnʼt know whereabouts i was (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ḵut igasgeet! | get lost!

• admonitive: ḵut tsá igasgéet! | be sure not to get lost!

• perfective (+): ḵut wudzigeet | they got lost

• perfective (–): tlél ḵut wusgeet | they didnʼt get lost

• future (+): ḵut kei kg̱wasgéet | they will get lost

• future (–): tlél ḵut kei kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt get lost

√geet ² (verb root) do; act | classification: animate

yéi + S-d+s-√geet ² (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] do; act | for S to do, act (often in relation to instruction or to public opinion) | as shown in the examples here, adding «N + x̱ʼayáx̱» in the preverb results in “do as N says” | aadé yawdudziḵaayi yé yáx̱ wudzigeet → they did as it was said to them (SN) • has du x̱ʼayáx̱ x̱wadzigeet → i did it as they told me to (SN)

• imperative: yéi nasgeet! | do it!

• progressive: yéi yaa nasgít | they are doing it

• perfective (+): yéi wdzigeet | they did it

• perfective (–): tlél wusgeet | they didnʼt do it

• future (+): yéi kg̱wasgéet | they will do it

• future (–): tlél yéi kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt do it

at + géit + S-d+s-√geet ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) violate; break law; act against; wrongdoing | for S to violate, break (law or custom), to do something wrong | yá a káa dulseix̱ yakyee géide wudzigeet → they violated the sabbath day of rest (SN) • du yoo x̱ʼatángi a géide has wudzigeet → they all violated their word/ they all broke their law (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl at géix̱ eesgeedíḵ! | donʼt do anything wrong!

• progressive: at géide yaa nasgít | they are doing something wrong

• perfective (+): at géit wudzigít | they did something wrong

• perfective (–): tlél at géit wusgeet | they didnʼt do anything wrong

• future (+): at géide kg̱wasgéet | they will do something wrong

• future (–): tlél at géide kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt do anything wrong

N + x̱ʼakaanáx̱ + S-d+s-√geet ² (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type and conjugation type] disobey | for S to disobey, act against instructions of N | wé xʼúxʼ chʼa áa yéi ng̱ateet yax̱wsiḵaa. ax̱ x̱ʼakaanáx̱ áwé woodzigeet; aax̱ akaawajeil → i told them to leave the books. they disobeyed me and took them (SN)

• imperative: du x̱ʼakaanáx̱ nasgeet! | disobey them!

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼakaanáx̱ wudzigeet | they disobeyed them

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼakaanáx̱ wusgeet | they didnʼt disobey them

• future (+): du x̱ʼakaanáx̱ gug̱asgeet | they will disobey them

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼakaanáx̱ gug̱asgeet | they wonʼt disobey them

N + yaadé + S-d+s-√geet ² (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] wave ²; salute; honor | for S to wave to N; for S to salute N; for S to honor N (often by giving a banquet etc,,usually used for farewell, but occasionally for greeting) | as shown in the examples here, adding «N + x̱ʼayáx̱» in the preverb results in “do as N says” | aan du yaadé yóo wdudzigeet → they were honored ith a party (or a present) in farewell (SN) • du yaadé yóo x̱wdzigeet → i saluted them (SN)

• imperative: yéi nasgeet! | do it!

• progressive: yéi yaa nasgít | they are doing it

• perfective (+): yéi wdzigeet | they did it

• perfective (–): tlél wusgeet | they didnʼt do it

• future (+): yéi kg̱wasgéet | they will do it

• future (–): tlél yéi kg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt do it

N + eetéexʼ + ka-S-d+s-√geet (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) honor; ḵu.éexʼ | for S to honor N by hosting a ḵu.éexʼ for them | ax̱ káak eetéexʼ yóo kax̱wdzigít → i gave a memorial party for my maternal uncle (I did all expected of me to honor his name) (SN)

• imperative: du eetéexʼ keesgít! | host a ḵu.éexʼ for them!

• perfective (+): du eetéexʼ kawdzigít | they hosted a ḵu.éexʼ for them

• perfective (–): tlél du eetéexʼ kawusgeet | they didnʼt host a ḵu.éexʼ for them

• future (+): du eetéexʼ kakg̱wasgéet | they will host a ḵu.éexʼ for them

• future (–): tlél du eetéexʼ kakg̱wasgeet | they wonʼt host a ḵu.éexʼ for them

√geets (verb root) rash; hives

√gúkch ˟ (verb root) practice; training; learn how

√gúklʼ (verb root) skilled; learn how | become skilled

√gúnlʼ (verb root) burl; try | have a burl; try hard

√goo ¹ (verb root) happy; fun; joyful

N + toowú + s-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) happy; glad | for N to be happy, glad | this verb is conjugated for person by changing the possessive pronoun, as in « du toowú sigóo » “they are happy” and « ax̱ toowú sigóo » “i am happy” | ax̱ toowú sigóo ix̱wsateení → i am happy to see you (SN) • tsu yei yee kḵwasatéen ḵu.aa; aag̱áa awé yee toowú kei gux̱sagóo ḵúnáx̱ → but i will see you all again, and then you will all be really happy (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: i toowú ksagóo! | be happy!

• imperfective (+): du toowú sigóo | they are happy

• imperfective (–): tlél du tooshgú | they arenʼt happy

• perfective (+): du toowú wsigóo | they became happy

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú wushgóo | they werenʼt happy

• future (+): du toowú kei gux̱sagóo | they will be happy

• future (–): tlél du toowú kei gux̱sagóo | they wonʼt be happy

N + tuwáa + S-s-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) want; like ¹; desire; pleasing | for N to want, like, desire S; for S to be pleasing to N | tsu dáanaa du tuwáa aa sigóo → they want some more money (SN) • ax̱ tuwáa sigóo neildé x̱wagoodí → i want to go home (SN) • has du tuwáaxʼ isigóo → they all want you (CG) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): du tuwáa sigóo | they want it

• imperfective (–): tlél du tuwáa ushgú | they donʼt want it

• progressive: du tuwáa kei nasgwéin | they are beginning to want it

• perfective (+): du tuwáa wsigóo | they wanted it

• perfective (–): tlél du tuwáa wushgóo | they didnʼt want it

• future (+): du tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo | they will want it

• future (–): tlél du tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo | they wonʼt want it

tlél + N + tuwáa + u-S-sh-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) dislike | for N to dislike, not want S | tlél ax̱ tuwáa ushgú neildé x̱wagoodí: tlax̱ a yáanax̱ si.áatʼ → i donʼt want to go home: itʼs too cold (SN) • tlél ágé i tuwáa ushgú? → donʼt you like it/do you dislike it? (SN)

• imperfective (–): tlél du tuwáa ushgú | they donʼt like

• progressive: tlél du tuwáa kei nashgwéin | they are beginning to not like it

• perfective (–): tlél du tuwáa wushgóo | they didnʼt like it

• future (–): tlél du tuwáa kei gux̱shagóo | they will dislike it

tlél + O-tu-u-sh-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) unhappy; lonesome | for O to be unhappy, lonesome | tléil x̱at tooshgú; ách áwé x̱aan sh kaneelneek! → i feel a bit unhappy and low, so tell me some stories! (SN) • wáa sáwé l tooshgú? → why are they unhappy? (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (–): tlél tooshgú | they are unhappy

• perfective (–): tlél tuwushgóo | they became unhappy

• future (–): tlél kei tugux̱shagóo | they will be unhappy

(N + tuwáa) + O-ḵʼa-s-√góo (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) fun; enjoyable | fot O to be fun, enjoyable (to N) | ax̱ tuwáa yee ḵʼawsigóo: yee at sheeyí wookʼéi → i really enjoyed you all: yʼallʼs singing was good (SN) • Christmas ḵu.éexʼi kei ḵʼagux̱agóo → the Christmas party will be enjoyable (there will be lots of fun) (SN) • tlax̱ ḵʼasigóo → they are really fun (people feel good as they speak or sing) (SN)

• imperative: iḵʼaksagóo! | be fun!

• imperfective (+): ḵʼasigóo | itʼs fun

• imperfective (–): tlél ḵʼeisgú | itʼs not fun

• perfective (+): ḵʼawsigóo | it was fun

• perfective (–): tlél ḵʼawusgú | it wasnʼt fun

• future (+): kei ḵʼagux̱sagóo | it will be fun

• future (–): tlél kei ḵʼagux̱sagóo | it wonʼt be fun

tlél + O-x̱ʼa-u-sh-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) boring | for O to be boring, dull, dry and uninteresting (esp. of speeches at party) | tlél x̱at x̱ʼeishgú → iʼm uninteresting/iʼm no good at jokes (said when pressed to speak at party) (SN)

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼeishgú | they are boring

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawushgóo | they became boring

• future (–): tlél kei x̱ʼagux̱shagóo | they will be boring

√goo ² (verb root) swim; travel | swim in school (especially sea mammals); travel in fleet on water | classification: plural

{na preverb} + ÿa-S-∅-√goo ² swim; travel | for S to travel in a pod or fleet (of sea mammals or canoes) | yéi yaa yanagwéin héide kéet → the killer whales are swimming along this direction

• progressive: {na preverb} + yaa yanagwéin | they are swimming {na preverb} in a pod; they are moving {na preverb} as a fleet

• perfective (+): {na preverb} + yaawagoo | they swam {na preverb} in a pod; they moved {na preverb} as a fleet

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yawugoo | they didnʼt swim {na preverb} in a pod; they didnʼt move {na preverb} as a fleet

• future (+): {na preverb} yakg̱wagóo | they are going to swim {na preverb} as a pod; they are going to move {na preverb} as a fleet

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} yakg̱wagoo | they are not going to swim {na preverb} as a pod; they are not going to move {na preverb} as a fleet

√goo ³ (verb root) push; poke

N-t + x̱ʼus-sha-S-s-√goo ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) trip; stumble; stub | for S to trip over N; for S to stub toe on N; for S to stumble on N

• perfective (+): át x̱ʼus.shawsigóo | they stumbled on it

yan + x̱ʼus-sha-S-s-√goo ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) trip; stumble; stub | for S to trip, stumble, stub toe | teixʼ dei káa shayadihéin; yan tsé x̱ʼus.shaysagú! → there are lots of rocks in the road; see that you donʼt trip! • yan x̱ʼus.shax̱wsigóo → i bumped my foot (SN)

• perfective (+): yan x̱ʼus.shawsigóo | they tripped

√gooch (verb root) carry | carry something to give to someone, esp. food

√gook ¹ (verb root) know how; learn how; master a skill

O-S-sh-√góok ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) know how | for S know how to do O; for S to be practiced, competent, have mastery in O | iyagóok → you know how to do it / you are competent at it (SN) • aadé aawagóogu yéich, chʼu tle ḵútx̱ yoo ashulixíxk → because of how practiced they were, they regularly killed them of (SN)

• imperative: gagóok! | be competent at it!

• imperfective (+): ayagóok | they are competent at it

• imperfective (–): tlél awugóok | they arenʼt competent at it

• perfective (+): aawagóok | they became competent at it

• perfective (–): tlél awugóok | they didnʼt become competent at it

• future (+): kei akg̱wagóok | they will become competent at it

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wagóok | they wonʼt become competent at it

O-S-sh-√góok ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) know how; learn how | for S to know, learn how to do O | datlʼéikw ashigóok → they know how to dodge (in tag ball) (SN) • asg̱eiwú tléil ux̱shagóok → i donʼt know how to seine (SN) • Lingít ḵusteeyí ishigóok → you know the Lingít way of life/ how to live as a Lingít (SN) • daḵéisʼ yei ntushagóok → we are learning how to sew (SN) • datóow x̱washigook → i learned to read (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: gashgóok! | learn how to do it!

• imperfective (+): ashigóok | they know how to do it

• imperfective (–): tlél ooshgóok | they donʼt know how to do it

• perfective (+): awshigóok | they learned how to do it

• perfective (–): tlél awushgóok | they didnʼt learn how to do it

• future (+): kei agux̱shagóok | they will know how to do it

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱shagóok | they wonʼt know how to do it

N + ée⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√góok ˟ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] instruct; train ³ | for S to instruct O to N (by demonstration); for S to show N how to do O, train, teach how (esp. in practical matters) | du ée ktoolgúkch yá aadé yoo kwg̱ahaan yé → we are instructing them how to move around (in speeches and dances) (SN) • haa ée kayidligóok → you showed us how to do it (SN)

• imperative: du ée kalagúk! | show them how to do it!

• imperfective (+): du ée aklagúkch | they are showing them how to do it

• perfective (+): du ée akawligóok | they showed them how to do it

• perfective (–): tlél du ée akawulgóok | they didnʼt show them how to do it

• future (+): du ée akagux̱lagóok | they will show them how to do it

• future (–): tlél du ée akagux̱lagóok | they wonʼt show them how to do it

O-x̱ʼa-ka-sh-√góok ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) know how | for O to know how to speak publicly | tlél áyá ix̱ʼakooshgóok → you donʼt know how to speak in public (SN)

• imperative: ix̱ʼakgashgóok! | learn how to speak publicly!

• imperfective (+): x̱ʼakashigóok | they know how to speak publicly

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼakooshgóok | they donʼt know how to speak publicly

• perfective (+): x̱ʼakawshigóok | they learned how to speak publicly

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼakawushgóok | they didnʼt learn how to speak publicly

• future (+): kei x̱ʼakagux̱shagóok | they will know how to speak publicly

• future (–): tlél kei x̱ʼakagux̱shagóok | they wonʼt know how to speak publicly

√gook ² (verb root) peck

O-S-∅-√gook ² peck | for S to peck O

• imperfective (+): agúkt | it is pecking it; it pecks it

• perfective (+): aawagúk | it pecked it

• perfective (–): tlél awugook | it didnʼt peck it

• future (+): akg̱wagóok | it will peck it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wagook | it wonʼt peck it

N + daa + a-S-∅-√gook ² peck | for S to peck around N | gandaadagóok aas daa agóok → a woodpecker pecks around a tree

• imperfective (+): agóok | it is pecking it; it pecks it

• perfective (+): aawagúk | it pecked it

• perfective (–): tlél awugook | it didnʼt peck it

• future (+): akg̱wagóok | it will peck it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wagook | it wonʼt peck it

√gooḵ ¹ (verb root) run ¹ | classification: plural | singular form: √xeex ¹

{∅ preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural | éeḵdáx̱ neildé g̱unayéi s loowagúḵ → they all started to run home from the beach (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} yee lugúḵ! | you all run {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yee lugoog̱úḵ! | donʼt you all run {____}

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa (ha)s lunagúḵ | they all are running {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} has luwagúḵ | they all ran {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s luwugooḵ | they all didnʼt run {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ | they all will run  {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagooḵ | they all wonʼt run  {____}

{na preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural | sakwnéing̱aa hoon daakahídidé haa lukg̱wagóoḵ → weʼre going to run to the store for bread (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} yee lunagúḵ! | you all run {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo yee lugúḵguḵ! | donʼt you all run {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa (ha)s lunagúḵ | they all are running {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} has loowagooḵ | they all ran {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s luwugooḵ | they all didnʼt run {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ | they all will run  {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagooḵ | they all wonʼt run  {____}

{ga preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural | (KE)

• imperative: {ga preverb} yee lugagooḵ! | you all run {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {ga preverb} yoo yee luwugoog̱úḵ! | donʼt you all run {____}

• progressive: {ga preverb} kei (ha)s lunagúḵ | they all are running {____}

• progressive (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei (ha)s loonagúḵ | theyʼre not running {____}

• perfective (+): {ga preverb} has loowagooḵ | they all ran {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} (ha)s luwugooḵ | they all didnʼt run {____}

• future (+): {ga preverb} kei (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ | they all will run  {____}

• future (–): {ga preverb} kei (ha)s lukg̱wagooḵ | they all wonʼt run  {____}

√gooḵ ² (verb root) push | move by pushing

O-S-∅-√gooḵ ² (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) push | for S to move O by pushing with hands

• imperative: yaa gagooḵ! | push them/it!

• prohibitive: lil yoox̱ eegoog̱úḵ! | donʼt push them/it!; no pushing!

• progressive: yaa anagóoḵ | they are pushing them/it

• perfective (+): aawagooḵ | they pushed them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awugooḵ | they didnʼt push them/it

• future (+): kei kg̱wagóoḵ | they will push them/it

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wagooḵ | they wonʼt push them/it

sh + S-d+∅-√gooḵ ² (∅ motion verb – reflexive – closed) drive; force | for S to drive in (of rain), force itself in | neil sh wudigéḵ wé séew héeni → rain water was driving in (during heavy storm) (SN)

• progressive: yan ndagúḵ | the rain is driving in

• perfective (+): sh wudigúḵ | the rain drove in

• perfective (–): tlél sh wudagooḵ | the rain didnʼt drive in

• future (+): sh gux̱dagóoḵ | the rain will drive in

• future (–): tlél sh gux̱dagooḵ | the rain wonʼt drive in

O-S-s-√góoḵ ² (na motion verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] carry along; push | for S to carry O along (of running water, ocean, or flood water usually) | classification: running water, ocean, or flood water | hít tsú awsigóoḵ → it carried away houses too (after dam burst) (SN)

• perfective (+): awsigóoḵ | the water carried it along

• perfective (–): tlél awusgóoḵ | the water didnʼt carry it along

• future (+): agux̱sagóoḵ | the water will carry it along

• future (–): tlél agux̱sagóoḵ | the water wonʼt carry it along

yan⁓ + O-S-s-√góoḵ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation] carry along; push | for S to carry O to the shore (of running water, ocean, or flood water usually) | classification: running water, ocean, or flood water | shaaḵ yáxʼi yan awsigúḵ → small pieces of driftwood were being carried along and washed up on shore (SN)

• perfective (+): yan awsigúḵ | the water carried it to the shore

• perfective (–): tlél yan awusgóoḵ | the water didnʼt carry it to the shore

• future (+): yánde agux̱sagóoḵ | the water will carry it to the shore

• future (–): tlél yánde agux̱sagóoḵ | the water wonʼt carry it to the shore

O-ka-S-s-√gooḵ ² (∅ – transitive – closed) anchor; overboard; push | for S to drop/push O (usually an anchor) overboard

√gooḵ ³ (verb root) dry | to dry salmon eggs

√goolʼ (verb root) wink; eye | one eye

√goon (verb root) chance | get a chance

√goosʼ (verb root) cloudy

ḵu-l-√góosʼ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) cloudy | for the sky to be cloudy

• imperfective (+): ḵuligóosʼ | itʼs cloudy

• imperfective (–): tlél ḵoolgóosʼ | itʼs not cloudy

• progressive: kei ḵunalgóosʼ | itʼs getting cloudy

• perfective (+): ḵoowligóosʼ | it got cloudy

• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwulgóosʼ | it didnʼt get cloudy

• future (+): kei ḵugux̱lagóosʼ | it will be cloudy

• future (–): tlél kei ḵugux̱lagóosʼ | it wonʼt be cloudy

√goot ¹ (verb root) walk; go | classification: singular subject | plural form: √.aat ¹

{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • wáa sáwé tléil haa x̱ánx̱ eegoot? → why do you never come (walking) to our place? (SN) • chʼa ldakát yakyee haa hídeex̱ goot → they come to our house every day (SN) • haa ítx̱ neil uwagút → they followed us into the house (SN) • gági uwagút → they appeared (came where all could see them, having been previously out of sight) (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} gú! | go {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yigoodíḵ! | donʼt go {____}

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ líl repetitive preverb} eegoodíḵ! | donʼt (ever) go {____}

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa nagút | they are going {____}

• progressive (–): tlél {∅ preverb} yaa unagút | they arenʼt going {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} uwagút | they went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wugoot | they didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} gug̱agóot | they all will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} kg̱wagoot | they all wonʼt go {____}

{na preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • goodé sá yaa neegút? → where are you going (walking)? (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nagú! | go {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yigoodíḵ! | donʼt go {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo eegútgiḵ! | donʼt (ever) go {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa nagút | they are going {____}

• progressive (–): tlél {na preverb} yaa unagút | they are not going {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} woogoot | they went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wugoot | they didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} kg̱wagóot | they will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} kg̱wagoot | they wonʼt go {____}

gánde + S-∅-√goot (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) go; bathroom; pee; urinate; poop ¹; defecate | for (singular) S to go to the bathroom | a euphemism that literally means “go outside” although the indepdendent base « gáan » contracts to « gán ». learners should be careful to keep the vowel long if the intended meaning is “going outside”.

N + ítx̱ + yaa + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) follow ¹ | for (singular) S to follow N (on foot) | note that the preverb « yaa » does not occur in the perfective form | haa ítx̱ neil uwagút → they followed us into the house (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a ítx̱ yaa gagú! | follow it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a ítx̱ yaa eegútjiḵ! | donʼt follow it!

• progressive: a ítx̱ yaa nagút | they are following it

• perfective (+): a ítx̱ woogoot | they followed it

• perfective (–): tlél a ítx̱ wugoot | they didnʼt follow it

• future (+): a ítx̱ yaa kg̱wagóot | they will follow it

• future (–): tlél a ítx̱ yaa kg̱wagoot | they wonʼt follow it

{ga preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go | (KE, JC) • shaa yadaax̱ kei nagút → they are ascending (climbing up) the mountain (SN)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {repetitive ga preverb} kei eegútjiḵ! | donʼt (ever) go {____}!

• progressive: {ga preverb} kei nagút | they are going {____}

• perfective (+): {ga preverb} woogoot | they went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} wugoot | they didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {ga preverb} kei kg̱wagóot | they will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei kg̱wagoot | they wonʼt go {____}

(N-x̱) + yaa + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walking along | for (singular) S to be walking, going (by foot or as general term) (along N) (see √aat ¹ for singular) | without the (N-x̱) this verb translates as “walk!” with a focus on the action and not the direction • this is an example of a progressive epiaspectual paradigm (leer, 91), which basically means that all forms are based on the progressive aspect. the progressive epiaspect is characterized by: 1)having the yaa preverb in all forms, 2)having no perfective form, and 3)denotes semantically a continuous transition from one location or state to another | (KE)

• imperative: yaa gagú! | walk!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yaa eegútjiḵ | donʼt walk!

• progressive: yaa nagút | they are walking

• future (+): yaa kg̱wagóot | they will be walking

• future (–): tlél yaa kg̱wagoot | they wonʼt be walking

{g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (g̱a motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • shaa kaadáx̱ yei nagút → they are descending the mountain (SN)

• imperative: {g̱a preverb} yaa g̱aygú! | go {___}!

• prohibitive: líl {g̱a preverb} yei yigútjiḵ! | donʼt go {____}!

• progressive: {g̱a preverb} yei nagút | they are going {____}

• progressive (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei unagút | they are not going {____}

• perfective (+): {g̱a preverb} woo.aat | they went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} wugoot | they didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {g̱a preverb} yei gug̱agóot | they will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei gug̱agoot | they wonʼt go {____}

{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | « ḵux̱ wudigút » “they came back” also has a metaphorical meaning to “come back to life” | (KE, JC)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} yidagú! | you all go {____}

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yidagoodíḵ! | donʼt go {____}

• progressive: {∅ preverb) yaa nadagút | they are going {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wudigút | they went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wudagoot | they didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} gux̱dagóot | they will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gux̱dagoot | they wonʼt go {____}

(aax̱) + S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (na – subject intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type and stem variation] get up | for (singular) S to get up suddenly (and leave) | áwé tle xóots yáx̱ awdi.éet, yá Shaatkʼ, tle du éekʼ jiwdigút, tle kaadé wudzigeet daa.it l dagoot ítdáx̱ → she turned herself into a bear, this Girl, and then attacked her brother, then he fell and didnʼt come back (GD) • (JL)

• perfective (+): wudigoot | they stood up suddenly

• perfective (–): tlél wudagoot | they didnʼt stand up suddenly

O-S-s-√goot ¹ (na act verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation type] carry; pack | for S to carry, pack O on one shoulder or on back | du óonayi yaa anasgút → theyʼre carrying their rifle on their shoulder (SN)

• imperfective (+): asgútxʼw | they are packing them in loads on their back/shoulder

• perfective (+): awsigoot | they packed it on their shoulder/back

• perfective (–): tlél auwsgoot | they didnʼt pack it on their shoulder/back

neil⁓ + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in (singular) O | dóosh neil sagú! → let the cat in! (SN) • aadóoch sá neil wusgoodí yáa kax̱waaḵaayi aa, x̱át tsú neilx̱ x̱at sagoot → whoever receives and welcomes anyone i send, receives me also (SN) • neilx̱ ágé yisagoot? → did you welcome them / take them into the home? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: neil sagú! | let them/it in!

• prohibitive: líl neilx̱ isagoodíḵ! | donʼt let them/it in!

• perfective (+): neil awsigút | they let them/it in

• perfective (–): tlél neil awusgoot | they didnʼt let them/it in

• future (+): neildé agux̱sagóot | they will let them/it in

• future (–): tlél neildé agux̱sagoot | they wonʼt let them/it in

gáan-de⁓ + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in (singular) O | neilx̱ ágé yisagoot? → did you welcome them / take them into the home? (SN)

• imperative: gáande nasgú! | let them/it out!

• prohibitive: líl gáande yoo isagútguḵ! | donʼt let them/it out!

• perfective (+): gáande awsigoot | they let them/it out

• perfective (–): tlél gáande awusgoot | they didnʼt let them/it out

• future (+): gáande agux̱sagóot | they will let them/it out

• future (–): tlél gáande agux̱sagoot | they wonʼt let them/it out

a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) appoint; choose | for S to appoint (singular) O, choose O for a certain position | ax̱ éeshch a tóo daak x̱at wusigút → my father appointed me (to fill the position) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a tóo daak sagú! | appoint them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a tóo daak isagútjiḵ! | donʼt appoint them!

• perfective (+): a tóo daak awsigút | they appointed them

• perfective (–): tlél a tóo daak awusgoot | they didnʼt appoint them

• future (+): a tóo daak agux̱sagóot | they will appoint them

• future (–): tlél a tóo daak agux̱sagoot | they wonʼt appoint them

ji-S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) attack; assault | for (singular) S to attack, assault, fall upon | to indicate who is being attacked, use –éet (to –). for example: haa éet jiwdigút. ʼthey attacked usʼ. it is also acceptable to use this verb without specifying who was attacked | haa eetéenáx̱ áyá yan jeewdigút → they (one attacking force) attacked in our absence • keitl du éet jeewdigút → the dog attacked them (SN)

• imperative: du éet jeedagú! | attack them!

• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ jeeydagoodíḵ! | donʼt attack them!

• progressive: du éede yaa jindagút | they are attacking them

• perfective (+): du éet jiwdigút | they attacked them

• perfective (–): tlél du éet jiwdagoot | they didnʼt attack them

• future (+): du eedé jigux̱dagóot | they will attack them

• future (–): tlél du eedé jigux̱dagoot | they wonʼt attack them

x̱áa + ji-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) attack; assault | for (plural) S to attack, assault, fall upon as a war party | to indicate who is being attacked, use –éet (to –). for example: haa éet jiwdigút. ʼthey attacked usʼ. it is also acceptable to use this verb without specifying who was attacked • note that the second example given here is a na-motion verb, and this verb functions as a motion verb that can change its conjugation type based on the type of motion | x̱áa aadé daak jiwtusigút → we attacked/invaded (as a war party) • x̱áa has át jiwsigoot → they went on a war party (to attack the enemy) (SN)

• imperative: du éet x̱áa jeeysagú! | attack them as a war party!

• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ x̱áa jeeysagoodíḵ! | donʼt attack them as a war party!

• progressive: du éede x̱áa yaa s jinasgút | they all are attacking them as a war party

• perfective (+): du éet x̱áa has jiwsigút | they all attacked them as a war party

• perfective (–): tlél du éet x̱áa has jiwusgoot | they all didnʼt attack them as a war party

• future (+): du eedé x̱áa has jigux̱sagóot | they all will attack them as a war party

• future (–): tlél du eedé x̱áa has jigux̱sagoot | they all wonʼt attack them as a war party

{na motion} + O-shu-S-∅-√goot ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for S to lead (singular) O (especially by walking ahead) | neildé ishukḵwagóot → Iʼll lead you home (SN) • héen x̱ʼayaax̱dé x̱at shoowagoot → they led me to the riverʼs edge (SN)

• imperative: {na motion} shunagú! | lead them!

• prohibitive: líl {na motion} shigoodíḵ! | donʼt lead them!

• progressive: {na motion} yaa ashunagút | they are leading them

• perfective (+): {na motion} ashoowagoot | they led them

• perfective (–): tlél {na motion} ashuwugoot | they didnʼt lead them

• future (+): {na motion} ashukg̱wagóot | they will lead them

• future (–): tlél {na motion} ashukg̱wagoot | they wonʼt lead them all

yaa + O-shu-S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for S to lead (singular) O (especially by walking ahead) | (KE, JC, JL)

• imperative: yaa shugagú! | lead them!

• prohibitive: líl shigoodíḵ! | donʼt lead them!

• progressive: yaa ashunagút | they are leading them

• perfective (+): ashoowagoot | they led them

• perfective (–): tlél ashuwugoot | they didnʼt lead them

• future (+): yaa ashukg̱wagóot | they will lead them

• future (–): tlél yaa ashukg̱wagoot | they wonʼt lead them all

N + jee-t⁓ + O-shu-S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for S to betray, lead (singular) O into enemy hands (especially by walking ahead) | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural | du yaanaayí jeet ashoowagút → they betrayed them (SN)

• imperative: du jeet shugú! | lead them into their enemyʼs hands

• prohibitive: líl du jeet shuyigootdíḵ! | donʼt lead them to their hands!

• progressive: du jeedé yaa ashunagút | they are leading them into their hands

• perfective (+): du jeet ashoowagút | they led them to their hands

• perfective (–): tlél du jeet ashuwugoot | they didnʼt lead them to their hands

• future (+): du jeedé ashukg̱wagóot | they will lead them to their hands

• future (–): tlél du jeedé ashukg̱wagoot | they wonʼt lead them to their hands

N + jikaadáx̱ + ÿa-S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) get out of way | for (singular) S to get out of Nʼs way | (KE, JC)

• imperative: du jikaadáx̱ woogú! | get out of their way!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du jikaadáx̱ yaa yeegútjiḵ! | donʼt (ever) get out of their way!

• progressive: du jikaadáx̱ yaa yanagút | they are getting out of their way

• perfective (+): du jikaadáx̱ has yaawagút | they got out of their way

• perfective (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ yawugoot | they didnʼt get out of their way

• future (+): du jikaadáx̱ yakg̱wagóot | they will get out of their way

• future (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ yakg̱wagoot | they wonʼt get out of their way

a tóonáx̱ + ÿa-S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) go through | for S to go though a great deal (temptation, trial, suffering, graduation of school, etc.) | aatlein yéi tunook a tóonáx̱ yaawagút → they endured great suffering (that is, they went through it) (SN) • (JL)

• prohibitive: líl a tóonáx̱ yeegoodíḵ! | donʼt go through it (endure it)!

• imperfective (+): a tóonáx̱ woogú! | go through it (endure it)!

• progressive: a tóonáx̱ yaa yanagút | they are going through it (enduring it)

• perfective (+): a tóonáx̱ yaawagút | they went through it (endured it)

• perfective (–): tlél a tóonáx̱ yawugoot | they didnʼt go through it (endure it)

• future (+): a tóonáx̱ yakg̱wagóot | they will go through it (endure it)

• future (–): tlél a tóonáx̱ yakg̱wagoot | they wonʼt go through it (endure it)

a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) turn back; go back | for (singular) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term) | neildé ayawdigút → they turned back and returned home (SN) • (KE, JC)

• imperative: ayeedagú! | turn back!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ayeedagútx̱iḵ! | donʼt (ever) turn back!

• progressive: yaa awundagút | they are turning back

• perfective (+): ayawdigút | they turned back

• perfective (–): tlél ayawdagoot | they didnʼt turn back

• future (+): ayakg̱wadagóot | they will turn back

• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wadagoot | they wonʼt turn back

kéi + a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) escape | for (singular) S to escape, flee, run away (on foot) | (SN)

• imperative: kéi ayeedagú! | escape!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kéi ayeedagútx̱iḵ! | donʼt (ever) escape!

• progressive: kéi awundagút | they are escaping

• perfective (+): kéi ayawdigút | they escaped

• perfective (–): tlél kéi ayawdagoot | they didnʼt escape

• future (+): kéi ayakg̱wadagóot | they will escape

• future (–): tlél kéi ayakg̱wadagoot | they wonʼt escape

tlél + ka-S-sh- (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check for positive form of verb] disabled | for S to be be disabled, unable to walk | (SN)

• perfective (+): tlél kawushgoot | they became disabled, unable to walk

• future (–): tlél kakg̱washagoot | they will become disabled, unable to walk

• repetitive (+): tlél yoo kooshgútkw | they are unable to walk

√gootl (verb root) • variants: √gooch • hill; mound

O-ka-d+sh-√gootl ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) • variants: O-ka-d+sh-√gooch ˟ • [check conjugation type and stem variation] high; hill | for O to have a high hill | yú xʼáatʼ kashigootl → that island has a high hill on it (SN)

• imperfective (+): kashigootl | it has a high hill on it

• imperfective (–): tlél kawushgootl | it doesnʼt have a high hill on it

√gooxʼ (verb root) dip

O-S-∅-√góoxʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) dip; ladle ¹ | for S to dip up , ladle O (esp. liquid) with dipper or can | kʼidein x̱waagúxʼ yá xʼeesháa kaadé → I dipped it up carefully into this bucket (SN) • héen a kaax̱ aawagúxʼ → they dipped up water from it (spring) (SN)

√goox̱ (verb root) slave | have slave

√gwaal (verb root) beat ¹; knock; hit; ring ¹; stab

O-S-∅-√gwaal (ga act verb – transitive – closed) beat ¹; ring ¹; stab | for S to beat O (esp. drum); for S to ring O (bell); for S to stab O | gaaw agwáal → theyʼre beating the drum (or, less usual, theyʼre ringing the bell) (SN) • wuduwagwál → they were stabbed (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: gagwaal! | beat it!

• prohibitive: líl eegwaalíḵ! | donʼt beat it!

• imperfective (+): agwáal | they beats it; they are beating it

• imperfective (–): tlél oogwaal | they donʼt beat it; they arenʼt beating it

• perfective (+): aawagwaal | they beat it

• perfective (–): tlél awugwaal | they didnʼt beat it

• future (+): kei akg̱wagwáal | they will beat it

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wagwaal | they wonʼt beat it

sh + d+∅-√gwaal (∅ act verb – impersonal – closed) ring ¹ | for a telephone or bell to ring | gaaw sh dagwáal → the bell is ringing (lit. beating itself) (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): sh dagwáal | itʼs ringing

• perfective (+): sh wudigwál | it rang

• perfective (–): tlél sh wudagwaal | it didnʼt ring

• future (+): sh gux̱dagwáal | it will ring

• future (–): tlél sh gux̱dagwaal | it wonʼt ring

O-ka-S-∅-√gwaal (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) ⑴ knock | for S to knock on O | x̱ʼawool kadugwálsʼ → someone is knocking at the door (SN) • nadáakw akaawagwál → they knocked on / rapped on the table (SN) || ⑵ hit; punch | for S to hit O in (with fist); for S to punch O | basketball akaawagwál → they hit the basketball with their fist (SN)

• imperative: kagwál! | punch it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keegwálx̱iḵ! | donʼt punch it

• perfective (+): akaawagwál | they punched it

• perfective (–): tlél akawugwaal | they didnʼt punch it

• future (+): akakg̱wagwáal | they will punch it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wagwaal | they wonʼt punch it

O-ÿa-S-∅-√gwaal (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hit; punch | for S to hit O in the face (with fist); for S to punch O | x̱at yaawagwál → they beat me up, hitting me in the face (SN) • x̱at yagwált → they kept hitting me in the face with their fist (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yagwál! | hit them in the face!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yeegwálx̱iḵ! | donʼt hit them in the face!

• perfective (+): ayaawagwál | they hit them in the face

• perfective (–): tlél ayawugwaal | they didnʼt hit them in the face

• future (+): ayakg̱wagwáal | they will hit them in the face

• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wagwaal | they wonʼt hit them in the face

√gwaalʼ (verb root) curl

sha-ka-S-d+l-√gwáalʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) [check verb type] curl | for S to curl their own hair | there is likely a transitive version of this verb: O-sha-ka-S-l-√gwáalʼ | shakax̱wdligwálʼ → i curled my hair (with iron) (SN)

• imperative: shakeelgwálʼ! | curl your hair!

• perfective (+): shakawdligwálʼ | they curled their hair

• perfective (–): tlél shakawulgwáalʼ | they didnʼt curl their hair

• future (+): shakakg̱walgwáalʼ | they will curl their hair

• future (–): tlél shakakg̱walgwáalʼ | they wonʼt curl their hair

√gwaasʼ (verb root) fog

O-ka-d+∅-√gwáasʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) fog | for O to fog up, steam up, become opaque (of glass, etc.) | ax̱ waḵdaanayi kawdigwásʼ → my glasses are fogged up/steamed over (SN)

• progressive: yaa kandagwásʼ | it is getting fogged up

• perfective (+): kawdigwásʼ | it fogged up

• perfective (–): tlél kawdagwáasʼ | it didnʼt fog up

• future (+): kagux̱dagwáasʼ | it will fog up

• future (–): tlél kagux̱dagwáasʼ | it wonʼt fog up

O-ka-S-l-√gwáasʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) fog | for S to fog up O, make O opaque | eex̱ch kawligwásʼ → the oil filmed it over/made it smeary (SN)

• progressive: yaa akanlgwásʼ | they are fogging it up

• perfective (+): akawligwásʼ | they fogged it up

• perfective (–): tlél akawulgwáasʼ | they didnʼt fog it up

• future (+): akagux̱lagwáasʼ | they will fog it up

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lagwáasʼ | they wonʼt fog it up

ḵu-d+∅-√gwáasʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) foggy | for the weather to be foggy | yáa yakyee ḵuwdigwásʼ → it is foggy today (SN)

• progressive: yaa ḵundagwásʼ | it is getting foggy

• perfective (+): ḵuwdigwásʼ | it is foggy; it got foggy

• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwdagwáasʼ | it isnʼt foggy; it didnʼt get foggy

• future (+): ḵugux̱dagwáasʼ | it will be foggy

• future (–): tlél ḵugux̱dagwáasʼ | it wonʼt be foggy

√gwaash (verb root) hop | hop on one leg

{na preverb} + ÿa-S-d+l-√gwáash (na motion verb – subject intransitive – high) hop | for S to hop | át yax̱wdligwáash → i hopped around (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} yanalgwáash! | hop {___}

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa yanalgwásh | they are hopping {___}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} yawdligwáash | they hopped {___}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yawulgwáash | they didnʼt hop {___}

• future (+): {na preverb} yakg̱walgwáash | they will hop {___}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} yakg̱walgwáash | they wonʼt hop {___}

√gwaatʼ (verb root) upside down

√gwaatl (verb root) roll; curl up; fold; bend | curl up in a ball (of person or animal)

{∅ preverb} + O-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) roll | for O to roll; for O to move by rolling | shaa yadaaxʼ daak x̱at uwagwátl → i rolled down the mountain (SN)

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa nagwátl | it is rolling {∅ preverb} ; they are rolling {∅ preverb}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} uwagwátl | it rolled {∅ preverb} ; they rolled {∅ preverb}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wugwáatl | it didnʼt roll {∅ preverb} ; they didnʼt roll {∅ preverb}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} kg̱wagwáatl | it is going to roll {∅ preverb}; they are going to roll {∅ preverb}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} kg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt roll {∅ preverb}; they wonʼt roll {∅ preverb}

{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) roll | for S to roll O; for S to move O by rolling | káast yaa nax̱lagwátl → i am rolling a barrel • héent sh wudligwátl → they rolled themself into the water (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} lagwátl! | roll it {∅ preverb}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa analgwátl | they are rolling it {∅ preverb}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awligwátl | they rolled it {∅ preverb}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awulgwáatl | they didnʼt roll it {∅ preverb}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱lagwáatl | they are going to roll it {∅ preverb}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱lagwáatl | they wonʼt roll it {∅ preverb}

{na preverb} + O-∅-√gwáatl (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) roll | for O to roll; for O to move by rolling | aas éeḵt nax̱laháshin, át nagwátlch → when a tree is drifting to the beach, it rails back and forth (SN)

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa nagwátl | it is rolling {na preverb}; they are rolling {na preverb}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} woogwáatl | it rolled; they rolled {na preverb}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wugwáatl | it didnʼt roll {na preverb}; they didnʼt roll {na preverb}

• future (+): {na preverb} kg̱wagwáatl | it is going to roll {na preverb}; they are going to roll {na preverb}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} kg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt roll {na preverb}; they wonʼt roll {na preverb}

áa + yax̱ + O-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – impersonal – high) capsize; overturn | for a boat to capsize, overturn | du yaagú du een áa yax̱ uwagwátl → their boat capsized with them (SN)

• progressive: áa yax̱ yaa nagwátl | itʼs starting to capsize

• perfective (+): áa yax̱ uwagwátl | it capsized

• perfective (–): tlél áa yax̱ wugwáatl | it didnʼt capsize

• future (+): áa yax̱ gug̱wagwáatl | itʼs going to capsize

• future (–): tlél áa yax̱ gug̱wagwáatl | itʼs not going to capsize

N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – impersonal – high) roll | for a spherical object to roll to N | classification: round or spherical object

• progressive: aadé yaa kanagwátl | itʼs rolling to it

• perfective (+): át kaawagwátl | it rolled to it

• perfective (–): tlél át kawugwáatl | it didnʼt roll to it

• future (+): aadé kakg̱wagwáatl | it will roll to it

• future (–): tlél aadé kakg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt roll to it

ka-S-d+∅-√gwáatl (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check verb type] bend ¹; fold | for S to fold, bend over; for S to (a person) to be hunched up, knees up against body | (SN)

• imperative: keedagwátl! | bend your knees up to your chest!

• perfective (+): kawdigwátl | they bent their knees to their chest

• perfective (–): tlél kawdagwáatl | they didnʼt bend their knees to their chest

• future (+): kagux̱dagwáatl | they will bend their knees to their chest

• future (–): tlél kagux̱dagwáatl | they wonʼt bend their knees to their chest

O-ka-S-l-√gwáatl (na motion verb – transitive – high) roll | for S to roll O (log, barrel, etc.) | the thematic prefix « ka- » appears to be optional in this verb, and does not affect meaning | káast yaa nax̱lagwátl → i am rolling a barrel (SN) • héent sh wudligwátl → they rolled them into the water (SN) • aas kaxáshdi yaa akanalgwátl → theyʻre rolling a block of wood (SN)

• imperative: kanalgwáatl! | roll it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keelagwátlgiḵ! | donʼt roll it!

• progressive: yaa akanalgwátl | they are rolling it

• perfective (+): akawligwáatl | they rolled it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulgwáatl | they didnʼt roll it

• future (+): akagux̱lagwáatl | they will roll it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lagwáatl | they wonʼt roll it

O-ka-S-l-√gwaatl (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) bend ¹; fold | for S to bend O (leg or arm); for S to fold up O (paper, etc.) in a loose roll | « –tʼeeyshú » “their elbow” can be replaced with another foldable body part • a flexible object like « xʼúxʼ » “paper” can replace « –tʼeeyshú » to convey the meaning “fold up” | tléináx̱ aanáx̱ ḵu.aa chʼa aklagwátlx̱ → they can bend one leg (SN) • tléil du x̱eek akawulgwaatl → they didnʼt bend their arm (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: (i tʼeeyshú) kalagwátl! | bend (your elbow)!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl (i tʼeeyshú) keelagwátlx̱iḵ! | donʼt bend (your elbow)!

• imperfective (+): (du tʼeeyshú) aklagwáatl | they are bending (their elbow)

• progressive: (du tʼeeyshú) yaa akanalgwátl | they are starting to bend (their elbow)

• perfective (+): (du tʼeeyshú) akawligwátl | they bent (their elbow)

• perfective (–): tlél (du tʼeeyshú) akawulgwaatl | they didnʼt bend (their elbow)

• future (+): (du tʼeeyshú) akagux̱lagwáatl | they will bend (their elbow)

• future (–): tlél (du tʼeeyshú) akagux̱lagwaatl | they wonʼt bend (their elbow)

N-t + ka-ka-∅-√gwáatl (na motion verb – impersonal – high) rock ²; roll | for a canoe, boat to rock, roll around at N | this verb theme has two « ka- » prefixes, but the future verb form provided by the speaker consulter has only one « ka- » prefix (át kakg̱wagwáatl), possibly because two « ka- » prefixes are especially awkward to pronounce in the future form | teet jiwustaaní, yaakw át kakanagwátlch → when the waves are beating hard, the boat really rolls (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): át kakaawagwáatl | itʼs rolling around; it rolled around

• perfective (–): tlél át kakawugwáatl | itʼs not rolling around; it didnʼt roll around

• future (+): át kakg̱wagwáatl | it will roll around

• future (–): tlél át kakg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt roll around

N-t + O-ka-ka-S-l-√gwáatl (na motion verb – transitive – high) rock ²; roll | for S to rock, roll O (boat) at N | this verb theme has two « ka- » prefixes, but the future verb form provided by the speaker consulter has only one « ka- » prefix (át akagux̱lagwáatl), possibly because two « ka- » prefixes are especially awkward to pronounce in the future form | tléil ushkʼé yaakw át kakawdulgwáadli → itʼs bad to roll or rock the boat (SN) • yaakw át akakawligwáatl → theyʻre making the boat roll (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: át kakanalgwáatl! | rock the boat!

• prohibitive: líl át kakaylagwáadliḵ! | donʼt rock the boat!

• perfective (+): át akakawligwáatl | they are rocking the boat; they rocked the boat

• perfective (–): tlél át akakawulgwáatl | they arenʼt rocking the boat; they didnʼt rock the boat

• future (+): át akagux̱lagwáatl | they will rock the boat

• future (–): tlél át akagux̱lagwáatl | they wonʼt rock the boat

O-ḵʼa-d+∅-√gwáatl (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) astonish; flabbergast | for O to be astonished, flabbergasted, left open-mouthed | x̱at ḵʼawdigwátl wé i shkalneegí → iʼm flabbergasted by your story (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa ḵʼandagwátl | they are getting to be astonished

• perfective (+): ḵʼawdigwátl | they are astonished

• perfective (–): tlél ḵʼawdagwáatl | they are not astonished

• future (+): ḵʼagux̱dagwáatl | they are going to be astonished

• future (–): tlél ḵʼagux̱dagwáatl | they arenʼt going to be astonished

√g̱aa (verb root) shy

√g̱aaḵ ¹ bay ²; yelp

√g̱aaḵ ² gamble | gamble with gambling sticks that are tossed

√g̱aas (verb root) forbidden; taboo

l-√g̱aas ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) forbidden; taboo; inappropriate | for something to be forbidden, taboo, not allowed by custom | « lig̱aas » in Lingít is an action that will likely bring a harsh consequence, possibly at a later time to future generations | (GD, KE) • íx̱tʼ ádi át awusheeyí lig̱aas → itʼs forbidden to touch a spiritual healerʼs (íx̱tʼ) things (SN)

• imperfective (+): lig̱aas | itʼs forbidden

• imperfective (–): tlél ulg̱aas | itʼs not forbidden

O-S-l-√g̱aas ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) abstain; refrain from | for S to abstain, refrain from, keep from doing O (usually for ceremonial or religious reasons, esp. of lent) | at x̱alig̱aas → i abstain (from things such as eating meat) (SN) • wududlig̱aas → they all are keeping from various foods and activities (in observance of lent) (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl at ilag̱aasíḵ! | donʼt abstain

• imperfective (+): at lig̱aas | they are abstaining

• imperfective (–): tlél at ulg̱aas | they arenʼt abstaining

• progressive: kei at nalg̱aas | they are starting to abstain

• perfective (+): at wulig̱aas | they abstained

• perfective (–): tlél at wulg̱aas | they didnʼt abstain

• future (+): kei at gux̱lag̱aas | they will abstain

• future (–): tlél kei at gux̱lag̱aas | they wonʼt abstain

√g̱aasʼ ¹ (verb root) scratch | scratch with long scratches

O-S-l-√g̱áasʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) scratch | for S to scratch O to relieve itching; for S to scratch O with long scratches | yei nanéx̱ich áwé kalaxweidlí: tléil ilag̱ásʼx̱iḵ! → itʼs itching because itʼs healing: donʼt scratch it! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: lag̱ásʼ! | scratch it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ilag̱ásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt scratch it!

• imperfective (+): alg̱ásʼx̱ | they are scratching it

• progressive: yaa analg̱ásʼ | they are starting to scratch it

• perfective (+): awlig̱ásʼ | they scratched it

• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱áasʼ | they didnʼt scratch it

• future (+): agux̱lag̱áasʼ | they will scratch it

• future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱áasʼ | they wonʼt scratch it

sh + S-d+l-√g̱áasʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) scratch | for S to scratch oneself to relieve itching | keitl sh wudlig̱ásʼ → the dog is scratching himself (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: sh eelg̱ásʼ! | scratch yourself!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl sh eelg̱ásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt scratch yourself!

• imperfective (+): sh ilg̱ásʼx̱ | they are scratching them/itself

• progressive: yaa sh nalg̱ásʼ | them/itself is starting to scratch them/itself

• perfective (+): sh wudlig̱ásʼ | they scratched them/itself

• perfective (–): tlél sh wulg̱áasʼ | they didnʼt scratch them/itself

• future (+): sh gug̱walg̱áasʼ | they will scratch them/itself

• future (–): tlél sh gug̱walg̱áasʼ | they wonʼt scratch them/itself

√g̱aasʼ ² (verb root) striped

ka-d+l-√g̱áasʼ ˟ ² (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) striped | for something to be striped | this verb only occurs in the imperfective | (KE)

• imperfective (+): kadlig̱áasʼ | itʼs striped

• imperfective (–): tlél koolg̱áasʼ | itʼs not striped

√g̱aat ¹ (verb root) split; fall apart; fall | fall scattered | classification: small objects

O-d+∅-√g̱áat ¹ (na act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type and stem variation] split; crack | for O to split/crack in two, fell apart (a log, rock, etc.) | wóoshdáx̱ awlig̱áat → they cracked it (rock) into two pieces (SN)

• perfective (+): wóoshdáx̱ awlig̱áat | they cracked it apart

• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱áat | they didnʼt crack it apart

• future (+): agux̱lag̱áat | they will crack it apart

• future (–): tlél wóoshdáx̱ agux̱lag̱áat | they wonʼt crack it apart

wóoshdáx̱ + O-d+∅-√g̱áat ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] fall apart; split; crack | for O to fall apart, crack into two pieces; for O to split into two pieces | sʼíxʼ wóoshdáx̱ wudig̱áat → the plate fell apart (in two pieces) (SN) • té wdutʼéix̱ʼi, wóoshdáx̱ yei dag̱átch → when a rock is pounded, it cracks in two (and falls apart) (SN)

• perfective (+): wóoshdáx̱ wudig̱áat | it fell apart in two pieces

• perfective (–): tlél wóoshdáx̱ wudag̱áat | it didnʼt fall apart in two pieces

• future (+): wóoshdáx̱ yei gux̱dag̱áat | it will fall apart in two pieces

• future (–): tlél wóoshdáx̱ yei gux̱dag̱áat | it wonʼt fall apart in two pieces

O-d+s-√g̱áat ¹ (g̱a act verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type and conjugation type] fall out; molt | for O (hair or feathers) to fall out, molt | classification: hair or feathers | gáaxw tʼaawú a daadáx̱ isg̱átch → ducks molt their (pinion) feathers (SN) • ax̱ shx̱aawú ax̱ sháadáx̱ isg̱átch → my hair is falling out (SN)

• imperfective (+): isg̱átch | it is falling out

• perfective (+): wudzig̱áat | it fell out

• perfective (–): tlél wusg̱áat | it didnʼt fall out

• future (+): yei kg̱wasg̱áat | it will fall out

• future (–): tlél wusg̱áat | it wonʼt fall out

wóoshdáx̱ + O-S-l-√g̱áat ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] split; crack | for S to crack O into two pieces; for S to split O into two pieces | (SN)

• imperative: wóoshdáx̱ g̱alg̱áat! | crack it into two pieces

• perfective (+): wóoshdáx̱ awlig̱áat | they cracked it into two pieces

• perfective (–): tlél wóoshdáx̱ awulg̱áat | they didnʼt crack it into two pieces

• future (+): wóoshdáx̱ yei agux̱lag̱áat | they will crack it into two pieces

• future (–): tlél wóoshdáx̱ yei agux̱lag̱áat | they wonʼt crack it into two pieces

O-ka-d+∅-√g̱áat ¹ (g̱a motion verb – transitive – high) fall | for S to fall (esp. of powdery substance or grain-like objects, falling a little at a time) | classification: powdery substance or grain-like objects | tléiḵw de kawdig̱áat → the berries have already fallen (not many left now) (SN)

• perfective (+): kawdig̱áat | it fell

• perfective (–): tlél kawdag̱áat | it didnʼt fall

• future (+): yei kagux̱dag̱áat | it will fall

• future (–): tlél yei kagux̱dag̱áat | it wonʼt fall

O-ka-d+∅-√g̱átch ¹ ˟ (na act verb – object intransitive – invariable) sprinkle; scatter | for O to fall scattered (esp. of powdery substance or grain-like objects, falling a little at a time) | éilʼ aklagátch → they sprinkle salt (SN) • dei kaadé lʼéiw akawligátch → they sprinkled sand on the road (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanalg̱átch! | sprinkle it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keelag̱átjiḵ! | donʼt sprinkle it!

• imperfective (+): aklag̱átch | they are sprinkling it

• progressive: yaa akanalg̱átch | they are sprinkling it along

• perfective (+): akawlig̱átch | they sprinkled it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulg̱átch | they didnʼt sprinkle it

• future (+): akagux̱lag̱átch | they are going to sprinkle it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lg̱átch | they arenʼt going to sprinkle it

O-ka-S-l-√g̱áat ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) sift | for S to sift O | sakwnéin akagux̱lagáat → sheʼs going to sift the flour (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kalag̱át! | sift it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keelag̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt sift it!

• imperfective (+): aklag̱át | they are sifting it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoolg̱át | they arenʼt sifting it

• progressive: yaa akanalg̱át | they are sifting it along

• perfective (+): akawlig̱át | they sifted it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulg̱áat | they didnʼt sift it

• future (+): akagux̱lag̱áat | they will sift it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lag̱áat | they wonʼt sift it

O-ka-S-l-√g̱átch ¹ ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) sprinkle; scatter | for S to sprinkle, scatter O carefully | éilʼ aklagátch → they sprinkle salt (SN) • dei kaadé lʼéiw akawligátch → they sprinkled sand on the road (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanalg̱átch! | sprinkle it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keelag̱átjiḵ! | donʼt sprinkle it!

• imperfective (+): aklag̱átch | they are sprinkling it

• progressive: yaa akanalg̱átch | they are sprinkling it along

• perfective (+): akawlig̱átch | they sprinkled it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulg̱átch | they didnʼt sprinkle it

• future (+): akagux̱lag̱átch | they are going to sprinkle it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lg̱átch | they arenʼt going to sprinkle it

O-sa-d+∅-√g̱áat ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type and conjugation type] fall apart; come apart | for O (buildings) to fall down | classification: buildings | Keinasnoowxʼ has du hítxʼi yéeyi áa sadag̱átch → them allʼs former houses have fallen down in Killisnoo (SN) • héen x̱ukadzeidí sawdig̱átch → the dock fell down (fell to pieces) (SN)

• imperfective (+): sadag̱átch | the buildings are falling down

• perfective (+): sawdig̱át | the buildings fell down

• perfective (–): tlél sawudag̱áat | the buildings didnʼt fall down

• future (+): sagux̱dag̱áat | the buildings will fall down

• future (–): tlél sagux̱dag̱áat | the buildings wonʼt fall down

wóoshdáx̱ + O-x̱ʼa-d+∅-√g̱áat ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type and conjugation type] fall apart; come apart | for O to fall apart, come apart (of fitted tube-like objects) | classification: tube-like objects | sdoox x̱ʼatsáagi wóoshdáx̱ kei x̱ʼawdig̱át → the stovepipes came apart (SN)

• imperfective (+): wóoshdáx̱ x̱ʼadag̱átch | pipes are coming apart

• perfective (+): wóoshdáx̱ x̱ʼawdig̱át | pipes came apart

• perfective (–): tlél wóoshdáx̱ x̱ʼawudag̱áat | pipes didnʼt come apart

• future (+): wóoshdáx̱ x̱ʼagux̱dag̱áat | pipes will come apart

• future (–): tlél wóoshdáx̱ x̱ʼagux̱dag̱áat | pipes wonʼt come apart

√g̱aat ² (verb root) trap ¹

O-S-d+s-√g̱áat ² (∅ event verb – transitive – high) trap ¹; catch | for S to trap, catch O in trap (deadfall or other, but not fishtrap) | kʼóox awdzig̱át → they trapped a marten (SN) • xóots tsú dusg̱ádin → people used to trap brown bear too (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: eesg̱át! | trap it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eesg̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt trap it!

• imperfective (+): asg̱átt | they are trapping it

• perfective (+): awdzig̱át | they trapped it

• perfective (–): tlél awusg̱áat | they didnʼt trap it

• future (+): akg̱wasg̱áat | they will trap it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wasg̱áat | they wonʼt trap it

√g̱aat ³ (verb root) disoriented

N + daa + yaa + ḵu-∅-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) dizzy | for N to be dizzy | ax̱ daa yaa ḵusag̱átx̱ → iʼm dizzy regularly (SN) • gílʼ shakéedáx̱ yínde awulg̱een, ḵaa daa yaa ḵusag̱áadi → looking down from a cliff top makes a person dizzy (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: du daa yaa ḵunag̱át | they are starting to get dizzy

• perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵoowag̱át | they are dizzy

• perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵuwug̱áat | they arenʼt dizzy

• future (+): du daa yaa ḵukg̱wag̱áat | they will get dizzy

• future (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵukg̱wag̱áat | they wonʼt get dizzy

N + daa + yaa + ḵu-S-s-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) confuse | for S to confuse N | ḵugwáasʼ ax̱ daa yaa ḵuwsig̱át; chʼa g̱óot yéidee x̱waagoot → the fog confused me; i went the wrong way (SN) • teet kayéik ḵaa daa yaa ḵusag̱átch → the noise of the waves confuses people (SN)

• imperative: du daa yaa ḵusag̱át! | confuse them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du daa yaa ḵeesag̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt confuse them!

• progressive: du daa yaa ḵunasg̱át | it is starting to make them confused

• perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵuwsig̱át | it made them confused

• perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵuwusg̱áat | it didnʼt make them confused

• future (+): du daa yaa ḵug̱ux̱sag̱áat | it will make them confused

• future (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵug̱ux̱sag̱áat | it wonʼt make them confused

yaa + ḵu-S-l-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) forget | for S to forget O

• imperative: yaa ḵulag̱át! | forget it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yaa ḵeelag̱átjiḵ! | donʼt forget it!

• progressive: yaa aḵunalg̱át | they are starting to forget it

• perfective (+): yaa aḵoowlig̱át | they forgot it

• perfective (–): tlél yaa aḵuwulg̱áat | they didnʼt forget it

• future (+): yaa aḵugux̱lag̱áat | they will forget it

• future (–): tlél yaa aḵugux̱lag̱áat | they wonʼt forget it

N + daa + yaa + ḵu-S-l-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) dizzy | for S to make N dizzy

• imperative: du daa yaa ḵulag̱át! | make them dizzy!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du daa yaa ḵeelag̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt make them dizzy!

• progressive: du daa yaa ḵunalg̱át | it is starting to make them dizzy

• perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵuwlig̱át | it made them dizzy

• perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵuwulg̱áat | it didnʼt make them dizzy

• future (+): du daa yaa ḵug̱ux̱lag̱áat | it will make them dizzy

• future (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵug̱ux̱lag̱áat | it wonʼt make them dizzy

N-t + yaa + ḵu-S-d+l-√g̱áat ³ ˟ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – invariable) wander | for S to wander around at N; for S to wander around at N trying to find the way | this verb has an invariable stem, except the example documented by SN which may have been mistakenly written and is changed here | chʼa koogéiyi át yaa ḵunalg̱áatch → theyʻre always wandering around in a daze (JL) • sʼeenáa gé wéidu? kag̱ít tóot yaa ḵux̱wdlig̱aat → is there a light there? iʼm wandering in the dark (SN • (KE)

• imperative: (chʼa) át yaa ḵuneelg̱áat! | (just) wander around!

• prohibitive: líl át yaa ḵuyeelg̱áadiḵ! | donʼt wander around!

• perfective (+): át yaa ḵuwdlig̱áat | they are wandering around; they wandered around

• perfective (–): tlél át yaa ḵuwulg̱áat | they arenʼt wandering around; they didnʼt wander around

• future (+): át yaa ḵukg̱walg̱áat | they will wander around

• future (–): tlél át yaa ḵukg̱walg̱áat | they wonʼt wander around

√g̱aax̱ (verb root) cry; wail

S-∅-√g̱aax̱ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – closed) cry; weep; mourn; lament | for (singluar) S to cry, weep; for (singular) S to mourn, lament | classification: singular subject • classification: singular

• imperative: gag̱aax̱! | cry!

• prohibitive: líl eeg̱aax̱íḵ! | donʼt cry!

• imperfective (+): g̱áax̱ | they cries; they are crying

• imperfective (–): tlél ug̱aax̱ | they donʼt cry; they are not crying

• progressive: kei nag̱áx̱ | they are beginning to cry

• perfective (+): woog̱aax̱ | they cried

• perfective (–): tlél wug̱aax̱ | they didnʼt cry

• future (+): kei kg̱wag̱áax̱ | they will cry

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wag̱aax̱ | they wonʼt cry

O-S-d+s-√g̱áax̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) cry for; ask for; beg | for S to cry for, ask for O (with no possibility of returning favor); for S to beg for O (with no possibility of returning favor) | dáanaa áx̱ awdzig̱aax̱ → they asked for money (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: g̱eesg̱áax̱! | ask for it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei eesg̱áax̱jiḵ! | donʼt ask for it!

• imperfective (+): asg̱áax̱ | they are asking for it

• imperfective (–): tlél oosg̱áax̱ | they arenʼt asking for it

• perfective (+): awdzig̱áax̱ | they asked for it

• perfective (–): tlél awusg̱áax̱ | they didnʼt ask for it

• future (+): yei akg̱wasg̱áax̱ | they will ask for it

• future (–): tlél yei akg̱wasg̱áax̱ | they wonʼt ask for it

{∅ motion} + S-d+s-√g̱aax̱ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) cry | for S to go along crying; for S to keep crying | the example and forms shown here reflect the ∅-motion, but that can change with the directional preverb | at kʼátskʼu neil wudzig̱áx̱ → the child came in crying (SN)

• imperative: {∅ motion) g̱áx̱! | {∅ motion} crying!

• progressive: {∅ motion) yaa nasg̱áx̱ | they are going {∅ motion) crying

• perfective (+): {∅ motion) wudzig̱áx̱ | they went {∅ motion) crying

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ motion) wusg̱aax̱ | they didnʼt go {∅ motion) crying

• future (+): {∅ motion) gug̱asg̱áax̱ | they will go {∅ motion) crying

• future (–): tlél {∅ motion) gug̱asg̱aax̱ | they wonʼt go {∅ motion) crying

ka-S-d+∅-√g̱aax̱ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – closed) cry out; scream | for S to cry loudly (of child, or person in great pain); for S to cry out or scream (in fear or pain) | kootsʼeen ax̱satéen kadag̱áax̱ → they cried out when they saw the mouse (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl keedag̱aax̱íḵ! | donʼt cry out!

• imperfective (+): kadag̱áax̱ | they are crying out; they cries out

• imperfective (–): tlél koodag̱aax̱ | they arenʼt crying out; they donʼt cry out

• progressive: kei kandag̱áx̱ | they are beginning to cry out

• perfective (+): kawdig̱aax̱ | they cried out

• perfective (+): kei kagux̱dag̱áax̱ | they will cry out

• perfective (–): tlél kawdag̱aax̱ | they didnʼt cry out

• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱dag̱aax̱ | they wonʼt cry out

O-ka-S-s-√g̱aax̱ (na event verb – transitive – closed) cry | for S to make O cry, cause O to cry | kakḵwasag̱áax̱ → iʼm going to make them cry (SN) • x̱at kawsig̱aax̱ → they made me cry (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanasg̱aax̱! | make them cry!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keesag̱áx̱giḵ! | donʼt make them cry!

• perfective (+): akawsig̱aax̱ | they made them cry

• perfective (–): tlél akawusg̱aax̱ | they didnʼt make them cry

• future (+): akagux̱sag̱áax̱ | they will make them cry

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sag̱aax̱ | they wonʼt make them cry

√g̱aax̱ʼ (verb root) thin; skinny

O-sh-√g̱áax̱ʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) thin; lean ²; skinny | for O to be thin, lean, skinny | g̱uwakaan kei nashg̱áx̱ʼ dé → the deer are getting pretty lean (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yei nashg̱áax̱ʼ | they are getting thin

• perfective (+): wushig̱áax̱ʼ | they are thin

• perfective (–): tlél wushg̱áax̱ʼ | they arenʼt thin

• future (+): yei gux̱shag̱áax̱ʼ | they will be thin

• future (–): tlél yei gux̱shag̱áax̱ʼ | they wonʼt be thin

√g̱ei (verb root) • variants: √g̱ee • shining; fancy

O-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) [check transitivity] bright; shine | for O to be very bright, shine brightly | lig̱ei → itʼs bright (of particularly brilliant star) (SN)

• imperfective (+): lig̱éi | itʼs bright

• imperfective (–): tlél ulg̱é | it isnʼt bright

• perfective (+): wulig̱éi | it got bright

• perfective (–): tlél wulg̱éi | it didnʼt get bright

• future (+): kei gux̱lag̱éi | it will be bright

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lag̱éi | it wonʼt be bright

O-ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) fancy; prominent; conspicuous; attracting attention | for O to be fancy, prominent (esp. in appearance), conspicuous, attracting attention | kalig̱éi yá nadáakw → this is a fancy table (SN) • kalig̱éiyi ḵáax̱ sitee → theyʻre a prominent person / they attract attention by the way they dress, ʼhigh-browʼ (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): kalig̱éi | they are fancy

• imperfective (–): tlél koolg̱é | they arenʼt fancy

• perfective (+): kawlig̱éi | they got fancy

• perfective (–): tlél kawulg̱éi | they didnʼt get fancy

• future (+): kei kagux̱lag̱éi | they will be fancy

• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱lag̱éi | they wonʼt be fancy

N + toowú + ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – impersonal – high) proud; pleased | for N to be proud of, highly pleased with N | in Lingít it is better to be proud of someone or something (add « N kaax̱ » to the preverb), otherwise it is seen as vein or boastful | ax̱ toowú klig̱éi i kaax̱ → iʼm proud of you (SN) • woosh kaax̱ has du toowú klig̱éi → they all are proud of each other (SN) • du toowú kaligéi → theyʻre proud of themself / vain (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: i toowú kaklag̱éi! | be proud!

• imperfective (+): du toowú klig̱éi | they are proud

• imperfective (–): tlél du toowú | koolg̱é they arenʼt proud

• perfective (+): du toowú kawlig̱éi | they became proud

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú kawulg̱éi | they werenʼt proud

• future (+): du toowú kei kagux̱lag̱éi | they will be proud

• future (–): tlél du toowú kei kagux̱lag̱éi | they wonʼt be proud

sh + tu-ka-S-d+l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) proud; conceited; particular; picky; snooty | for s to be proud (esp. of oneself), conceited; for s to be particular, picky, snooty | this verb only occurs in the imperfective • can mean “to be conceited,” but can also be used to indicate that one is proud of something or someone by inserting « N kaax̱ » (proud of n) in the preverb—  . usually the N represents something or someone that the individual has a personal stake in (grandchild, friend, relative)

• imperfective (+): sh tukdlig̱éi | they are proud (conceited)

• imperfective (–): tlél sh tukoolg̱é | they arenʼt proud (conceited)

O-sha-ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) pretty; cute; beautiful | for O to be pretty, cute, beautiful | this verb typically refers to females, and « O-ya-ka-s-√.aan » (pleasant-faced) is more commonly used for males • can be used to talk about cute, and often baby animals, but not used for inanimate objects | (KE)

• imperfective (+): shaklig̱éi | she is pretty

• imperfective (–): tlél shakoolg̱é | she isnʼt pretty

• progressive: kei shakanalg̱éin | she is becoming pretty

• future (+): kei shakagux̱lag̱éi | she will be pretty

• future (–): tlél kei shakagux̱lag̱éi | she wonʼt be pretty

O-x̱ʼa-ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] ⑴ boast; brag | for O to boast, brag | x̱ʼaklig̱éi → they boast/talks big of their status and wealth (but with no truth in it) (SN) || ⑵ | for O to be particular, fastidious about what they eat

• imperfective (+): x̱ʼaklig̱éi | they are boasting

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼakoolg̱é | they arenʼt boasting

• perfective (+): x̱ʼakawlig̱éi | they boasted

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼakawulg̱éi | they didnʼt boast

• future (+): kei x̱ʼakagux̱lag̱éi | they will boast

• future (–): tlél kei x̱ʼakagux̱lag̱éi | they wonʼt boast

√g̱eiḵ ¹ (verb root) swing

N-t + O-S-l-√g̱eiḵ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) swing | for S to swing O back and forth at N | du óonayi yaa analg̱éḵ → they are swinging their rifle (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: át nalg̱eeḵ! | swing them/it back and forth!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl át yoo ilag̱íḵgiḵ! | donʼt swing them/it back and forth!

• progressive: yaa analg̱íḵ | they are swinging them/it back and forth

• perfective (+): át awlig̱eeḵ | they swung them/it back and forth; they are swinging them/it back and forth

• perfective (–): tlél át awulg̱eeḵ | they didnʼt swing them/it back and forth; they are not swinging them/it back and forth

• future (+): át agux̱lag̱éeḵ | they will swing them/it back and forth

• future (–): tlél át agux̱lag̱eeḵ | they wonʼt swing them/it back and forth

N-t + O-l-√g̱eiḵ ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) swing; sway | for O to swing, sway back and forth at N | (KE)

• imperative: át inalg̱eeḵ! | swing back and forth!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl át yoo ilag̱íḵgiḵ! | donʼt swing back and forth!

• progressive: yaa nalg̱íḵ | they are swinging back and forth

• perfective (+): át wulig̱eeḵ | they swung back and forth; they are swinging back and forth

• perfective (–): tlél át wulg̱eeḵ | they didnʼt swing back and forth; they arenʼt swinging back and forth

• future (+): át gux̱lag̱éeḵ | they will swing back and forth

• future (–): tlél át gux̱lag̱eeḵ | they wonʼt swing back and forth

√g̱eiḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √g̱eeḵ • stingy

O-sh-√g̱eeḵ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) stingy; unwilling to give | for O to be stingy, unwilling to give or share much

• imperative: ikshag̱eeḵ! | be stingy!

• prohibitive: líl eeshg̱eeg̱íḵ! | donʼt be stingy!

• imperfective (+): shig̱eeḵ | they are stingy

• imperfective (–): tlél ushg̱eeḵ | they arenʼt stingy

• perfective (+): wushig̱eeḵ | they became stingy

• perfective (–): tlél wushg̱eeḵ | they didnʼt become stingy

• future (+): kei gux̱shag̱eeḵ | they will be stingy

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱shag̱eeḵ | they wonʼt be stingy

√g̱ein (verb root) • variants: √g̱een • cast eyes; look ¹

N-t⁓ + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) look ¹ | for S to look at N | áa neilt awdlig̱ín → they looked in (SN)

• imperative: át eelg̱én! | look at it!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ eelg̱einíḵ! | donʼt look at

• progressive: aadé yaa analg̱én | they are going to look at it

• perfective (+): át awdlig̱én | they looked at it

• perfective (–): tlél át awulg̱ein | they didnʼt look at it

• future (+): aadé akg̱walg̱éin | they will look at it

• future (–): tlél aadé akg̱walg̱ein | they wonʼt look at it

N-t + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) look ¹ | for S to look around, about N | woosh wooyaat has awdlig̱éen → they all looked around at each other (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: át aneelg̱ein! | look around!

• prohibitive: líl át ayilg̱einíḵ! | donʼt look around!

• perfective (+): át awdlig̱ein | they looked around; they are looking around

• perfective (–): tlél át awulg̱ein | they didnʼt look around; they are not looking around

• future (+): át akg̱walg̱éin | they will look around

• future (–): tlél át akg̱walg̱ein | they wonʼt look around

√g̱eiwú (verb root) fish with net

a-S-d+s-√g̱eiwú ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fish ²; seine | for S to fish with net, seine | cháasʼ awdzig̱eiwú → they seined humpy salmon (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: aneesg̱eiwú! | seine!

• prohibitive: líl eesg̱eiwúḵ! | donʼt seine!

• imperfective (+): asg̱eiwú | they seines; they are seining

• imperfective (–): tlél oosg̱eiwú | they donʼt seine; they are not seining

• perfective (+): awdzig̱eiwú | they seined

• perfective (–): tlél awusg̱eiwú | they didnʼt seine

• future (+): akg̱wasg̱eiwú | they will seine

• future (–): tlél akg̱wasg̱eiw | they wonʼt seine

√g̱eiy (verb root) • variants: √g̱eey • dress up

sh + ka-S-d+sh-√g̱eiy ˟ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – invariable) dress up | for S to dress up, smarten up, make an effort to look different | daat yís sá kwshé gé sh kawjig̱éiy? → why might they be all dressed up? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: sh keeshg̱éiy! | get dressed up!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl sh keeshg̱éiyx̱iḵ! | donʼt get all dressed up!

• progressive: yaa sh kanashg̱éiyn | they are getting all dressed up

• perfective (+): sh kawjig̱éiy | they got all dressed up

• perfective (–): tlél sh kawushg̱éiy | they didnʼt get all dressed up

• future (+): sh kakg̱washg̱éiy | they will get all dressed up

• future (–): tlél sh kakg̱washg̱éiy | they wonʼt get all dressed up

√g̱eiyáḵw ˟ (verb root) remove | remove from shell

√g̱íx̱ʼ (verb root) creak; rub; squeak | squeak by rubbing

O-l-√g̱íx̱ʼ ˟ (na motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type] rub | for O to be rubbing against something (making a grating or squeaking noise) | yaakw yán yoo lig̱íx̱ʼk → the boat is rubbing on the shore (SN)

• perfective (+): wulig̱íx̱ʼ | it rubbed against something

• perfective (–): tlél wulg̱íx̱ʼ | it didnʼt rub against something

• future (+): gux̱lag̱íx̱ʼ | it will rub against something

• future (–): tlél gux̱lag̱íx̱ʼ | it wonʼt rub against something

O-S-l-√g̱íx̱ʼ ˟ (na motion verb – transitive – invariable) [check verb type] rub | for S to rub O (two surfaces) together | woosht yoo lag̱éex̱ʼ! → rub them against each other!

• imperative: nalg̱íx̱ʼ! | rub it (against it)!

• perfective (+): awlig̱íx̱ʼ | they rubbed it (against it)

• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱íx̱ʼ | they didnʼt rub them together

• future (+): agux̱lag̱íx̱ʼ | they will rub it (against it)

• future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱íx̱ʼ | they wonʼt rub it (against it)

• repetitive (+): yoo alg̱íx̱ʼk | they are rubbing it (against it)

O-√g̱íx̱ʼjaa ˟ (na motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type] creak; squeak | for O to be creaky or squeaky | lig̱íx̱ʼjaa yá nadáakw → this table is creaky (SN)

O-sh-√g̱íx̱ʼ ˟ (na motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type] creak; squeak | for O to creak, squeak by producing friction | ax̱ hídi, kʼeeljáa a kát g̱axíxin, shag̱íx̱ʼch nooch → whenever a storm hits my house, it always creaks (SN) • aas sheeyxʼí woosh nashg̱íx̱ʼch → branches of the trees area creaking as they rub against each other (SN)

√g̱ee (verb root) shining; fancy

√g̱eech ¹ (verb root) pierce; prick

N-t⁓ + ÿa-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) pierce; prick; bite ¹ | for a sharp object to pierce, enter, prick N; for an animal to bite N | ḵáasʼ ax̱ tlʼèikt yawdig̱ích → a splinter went into my finger (SN) • tuháayi anax̱ yawdig̱ích → a nail pierced it (SN) • (KE) • táax’álʼ du tlʼeikt yawdig̱ích → they pricked them (accidentally) (SN)

• perfective (+): át yawdig̱ích | it pierced it

• perfective (–): tlél át yawdag̱eech | it didnʼt pierce it

• future (+): aadé yagux̱dag̱éech | it will pierce it

• future (–): tlél aadé yagux̱dag̱eech | it wonʼt pierce it

N-dé + ÿa-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – closed) pierce; prick; bite ¹ | for a sharp object to pierce, enter, prick N; for an animal to bite N | (KE)

• perfective (+): aadé yawdig̱eech | it pierced it

• perfective (–): tlél aadé yawdag̱eech | it didnʼt pierce it

• future (+): aadé yagux̱dag̱éech | it will pierce it

• future (–): tlél aadé yagux̱dag̱eech | it wonʼt pierce it

N-t⁓ + ÿa-d+l-√g̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) pierce; prick | for (plural) sharp objects to pierce, enter, prick N | classification: plural object | (KE)

• perfective (+): át yawdlig̱ích | they all peirced it

• perfective (–): tlél át yawulg̱eech | they all didnʼt pierce it

• future (+): aadé yakg̱walg̱éech | they all will pierce it

• future (–): tlél aadé yakg̱walg̱eech | they all wonʼt pierce it

√g̱eech ² ⑴ throw ⒜ | classification: stick-like object || ⒝ | classification: plural objects one at a time || ⑵ fell tree; knock over || ⑶ open ¹; close ¹ | classification: book

O-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw O (one at a time) | classification: one at a time | x̱ʼaan ganaltáade yee gax̱dug̱éech → you all will be thrown into the fire (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: g̱ich! | throw it/them!

• imperfective (+): ag̱eech | they are throwing it/them

• perfective (+): aawag̱ích | they threw it/them

• perfective (–): tlél awug̱eech | they didnʼt throw it/them

• future (+): akg̱wag̱éech | they will throw it/them

• future (–): tlél akg̱wag̱eech | they wonʼt throw it/them

S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw (one thing at a time) | classification: one at a time | (JL)

• imperative: dag̱ich! | throw!

• imperfective (+): dag̱eech | they are throwing

• perfective (+): wudig̱ích | they threw

• perfective (–): tlél wudag̱eech | they didnʼt throw

• future (+): gux̱dag̱éech | they will throw

• future (–): tlél gux̱dag̱eech | they wonʼt throw

O-ka-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) throw; donate | for S to throw O (round object, one at a time, or contents of a container); for S to donate O (money, usually of present action) | classification: one at a time | dáanaa akag̱éech → they are donating money right now (SN) • séew akag̱éech → raindrops are falling (individually (JL)

• imperative: kag̱ich! | throw it/them!

• imperfective (+): akag̱eech | they are throwing it/them

• perfective (+): akaawag̱ích | they threw it/them

• perfective (–): tlél akawug̱eech | they didnʼt throw it/them

• future (+): akakg̱wag̱éech | they will throw it/them

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wag̱eech | they wonʼt throw it/them

O-S-l-√g̱eech ² (na act verb – transitive – closed) fell tree | for S to fell O (a single tree) | classification: singular object | aas a yayeidi káxʼ has agux̱lag̱éech → they all are going to fell the tree onto skids (SN) • wé aas aax̱ nalg̱eech! → fell that tree off of it! (SaJ) • (JL) • tlíl sʼé yei ilag̱íchjiḵ! wé truck a x̱’anaa kaawahaa. → donʼt fell the tree yet! there is a truck in the way of it. (SaJ)

• imperative: nalg̱eech! | fell it!

• imperfective (+): alg̱eech | they are felling it

• imperfective (–): tlél oolg̱eech | they are not felling it

• perfective (+): awlig̱eech | they felled it

• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱eech | they didnʼt fell it

• future (+): agux̱lag̱éech | they will fell it

• future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱eech | they wonʼt fell it

O-S-l-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) fell tree; clear | for S to fell O (multiple trees or bushes, rocks); for S to clear O (bushes or trees) from an area | classification: plural objects | aas tlénxʼ has alg̱ícht → they all fell big trees (SN) • yaakwdeiyí wududlig̱ích → the beach was cleared (of rocks) for a canoe landing • wásʼ yaa ndulg̱ích → bushes are being cleared (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: lag̱ích! | fell them!

• imperfective (+): alg̱ícht | they are felling them

• perfective (+): awlig̱ích | they felled them

• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱eech | they didnʼt fell them

• future (+): agux̱lag̱éech | they will fell them

• future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱eech | they wonʼt fell them

káx̱ + O-sha-S-l-√g̱eech ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] knock over | for S to knock over O (plural objects) | classification: plural objects, singular: O-sha-S-s-√g̱eexʼ | nadáakw káx̱ ashawlig̱ích → they knocked over the tables (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: káx̱ shalag̱ích | knock them over!

• perfective (+): káx̱ ashawlig̱ích | they knocked them over

• perfective (–): tlél káx̱ ashawulg̱eech | they didnʼt knock them over

• future (+): káx̱ ashagux̱lag̱éech | they will knock them over

• future (–): tlél káx̱ ashagux̱lag̱eech | they wonʼt knock them over

kát + sha-ka-S-d+l-√g̱eech ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type] dive | for S (plural) to dive from the surface of the water | classification: plural (singular: sha-S-d+∅-√x̱eech ¹) | gáaxw kát shakawdlig̱ích → the ducks dove (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: kát shakaylg̱ích! | yʼall dive!

• perfective (+): shakawdlig̱ích | they all dove

• perfective (–): tlél shakawulg̱eech | they all didnʼt dive

• future (+): kát shakakg̱walg̱éech | they all will dive

• future (–): tlél shakakg̱walg̱eech | they all wonʼt dive

O-shu-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (na act verb – transitive – closed) throw; turn over | for S to throw (while holding onto one end); for S to turn over O (pages); for S to leaf through a book or magazine | g̱eiwú héende shudug̱éech → seine nets are thrown in the water (SN) • xʼúxʼ yaa shunx̱ag̱ích → iʼm leafing through a book/magazine (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: shunag̱eech! | throw it while holding an end; turn the page!

• imperfective (+): ashug̱eech | they are throwing it while holding an end; they are turning pages

• perfective (+): ashoowag̱eech | they threw it while holding an end; they turned a page

• perfective (–): tlél ashug̱eech | they didnʼt throw it while holding an end; they didnʼt turn a page

• future (+): ashukg̱wag̱éech | they will throw it while holding an end; they will turn a page

• future (–): tlél ashukg̱wag̱eech | they wonʼt throw it while holding an end; they wonʼt turn a page

x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-shu-S-l-√g̱eech ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] close ¹ | for S to close, shut O (pages of book or the book itself) | classification: book | xʼúxʼ tlein x̱ʼéit shux̱wlig̱ích → i closed (pages of) the big book (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼéit shulag̱ích! | close the book!

• perfective (+): x̱ʼéit ashuwlig̱ích | they closed the book

• perfective (–): tlél ashuwulg̱eech | they didnʼt close the book

• future (+): ashugux̱lag̱éech | they will close the book

• future (–): tlél ashugux̱lag̱eech | they wonʼt close the book

√g̱eekʼ (verb root) jerk; nod

a-S-∅-√g̱éekʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) jerk; move ¹; dance ¹ | for S to jerk (head), move (head or feet) fast when dancing to rhythm of drum | gaaw káaxʼ áwé adug̱íkʼx̱ → people move (their head or feet) to the rhythm of the drum (when dancing) (SN) • wáa yateeyi yéixʼ tlél oog̱íkʼx̱ → sometimes they miss the time (jerked their head out of time with the drum) (SN)

• imperative: ag̱íkʼ! | move (hands or feet) while dancing!

• imperfective (+): ag̱éekʼ | they are moving (hands or feet) while dancing

• imperfective (–): tlél oog̱éekʼ | they arenʼt moving (hands or feet) while dancing

• perfective (+): aawag̱íkʼ | they moved (hands or feet) while dancing

• perfective (–): tlél awug̱éekʼ | they didnʼt move (hands or feet) while dancing

• future (+): akg̱wag̱éekʼ | they will move (hands or feet) while dancing

• future (–): tlél akg̱wag̱éekʼ | they wonʼt move (hands or feet) while dancing

√g̱eel (verb root) dull

lu-d+∅-√g̱éel (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) blunt; dull | for a tip to be blunt, dull | ax̱ kooxéedayi luwdig̱íl → my pencil is blunt (SN) • (JL)

• progressive: yaa lundag̱íl | its tip is getting dull

• perfective (+): luwdig̱íl | its tip is dull

• perfective (–): tlél luwdag̱éel | its tip isnʼt dull

• future (+): lugux̱dag̱éel | its tip will get dull

• future (–): tlél lugux̱dag̱éel | its tip wonʼt get dull

O-lu-S-l-√g̱éel (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] blunt; dull | for S to blunt, dull the tip of O (esp. a cutting tool) | (JL)

• imperative: lulag̱íl! | blunt the tip of it!

• perfective (+): aluwlig̱íl | they blunted the tip of it

• perfective (–): tlél aluwulg̱éel | they didnʼt blunt the tip of it

• future (+): alugux̱lag̱éel | they are going to blunt the tip of it

• future (–): tlél alugux̱lag̱éel | they arenʼt going to blunt the tip of it

ÿa-d+∅-√g̱éel (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) blunt; dull | for an edge to be blunt, dull | lítaa yawdig̱íl → the knife is dull/blunt (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa yandag̱íl | itʼs getting dull

• perfective (+): yawdig̱íl | itʼs dull

• perfective (–): tlél yawdag̱éel | it isnʼt dull

• future (+): yagux̱dag̱éel | it will get dull

• future (–): tlél yagux̱dag̱éel | it wonʼt get dull

O-ÿa-S-l-√g̱éel (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] blunt; dull | for S to blunt, dull the edge of O (esp. a cutting tool) | ilí! yakg̱ilag̱éel → donʼt! youʼre going to blunt it (SN)

• imperative: yalag̱íl! | blunt it!

• perfective (+): ayawlig̱íl | they blunted it

• perfective (–): tlél ayawulg̱éel | they didnʼt blunt it

• future (+): ayagux̱lag̱éel | they are going to blunt it

• future (–): tlél ayagux̱lag̱éel | they arenʼt going to blunt it

√g̱eelʼ (verb root) sharpen; grind; rub; polish

O-S-∅-√g̱éelʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) sharpen | for S to file or sharpen O (with a grindstone) | (SN)

• imperative: g̱ílʼ! | file it with a grindstone!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eeg̱ílʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt file it with a grindstone!

• imperfective (+): ag̱éelʼ | they are filing it with a grindstone

• perfective (+): aawag̱ílʼ | they filed it with a grindstone

• perfective (–): tlél awug̱éelʼ | they didnʼt file it with a grindstone

• future (+): akg̱wag̱éelʼ | they will file it with a grindstone

• future (–): tlél akg̱wag̱éelʼ | they wonʼt file it with a grindstone

O-ka-S-sh-√g̱éelʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) polish | for S to polish O | nadáakw kagax̱tushagéelʼ → weʼre going to polish the table (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kashag̱ílʼ! | polish it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keeshag̱ílʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt polish it!

• imperfective (+): akshag̱ílʼx̱ | they are polishing it

• imperfective (–): tlél akooshg̱ílʼx̱ | they arenʼt polishing it

• perfective (+): akawshig̱ílʼ | they polished it

• perfective (–): tlél akawushg̱éelʼ | they didnʼt polish it

• future (+): akagux̱shag̱éelʼ | they will polish it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱shag̱éelʼ | they wonʼt polish it

O-ÿa-S-∅-√g̱éelʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) sharpen | for S to sharpen O (with a grindstone) | ḵaashaxáshaa yax̱waag̱ílʼ → i sharpened the scissors on a grindstone (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yag̱ílʼ! | sharpen it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yeeg̱ílʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt sharpen it!

• imperfective (+): ayag̱éelʼ | they are sharpening it

• perfective (+): ayaawag̱ílʼ | they sharpened it

• perfective (–): tlél ayawug̱éelʼ | they didnʼt sharpen it

• future (+): ayakg̱wag̱éelʼ | they will sharpen it

• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wag̱éelʼ | they wonʼt sharpen it

√g̱ees (verb root) cook | cook on stick

O-S-l-√g̱ees (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) cook | for S to cook O on a stick over open fire (either cook fast on outside and finish cooking later, or fat cooked as a snack and eaten as it cooks) | g̱uwakaan yik.ádi dulg̱ées nooch → people always cook inner parts of the deer on a stick fast (SN)

• imperfective (+): lag̱ís! | cook it on a stick!

• perfective (+): awlig̱ís | they cooked it on a stick

• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱ees | they didnʼt cook it on a stick

• future (+): agux̱lag̱ées | they will cook it on a stick

• future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱ees | they wonʼt cook it on a stick

√g̱eet ¹ (verb root) squall; storm

a-∅-√g̱éet ¹ ˟ (na event verb – impersonal – invariable) precipitate; rain; hail; snow ² | for rain, hail, snow to fall (often hard, in dark rainstorm) | aatlein séew haa kaadé akg̱wag̱éet → itʼs really going to rain on us (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): aawag̱éet | itʼs raining; it rained

• perfective (–): tlél awug̱éet | itʼs not raining

• future (+): akg̱wag̱éet | it will rain

• future (–): tlél akg̱wag̱éet | it wonʼt rain

√g̱eet ² (verb root) dark

ka-d+sh-√g̱éet ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) dark | for a place to be dark | yánde yaa kanashg̱ít → itʼs getting dark (on the verge of being dark, with no moon, etc.) (SN)

• progressive: yaa kanashg̱ít | itʼs getting dark

• perfective (+): kawjig̱ít | itʼs dark

• perfective (–): tlél kawushg̱éet | it isnʼt dark

• future (+): kakg̱washg̱éet | it will get dark

• future (–): tlél kakg̱washg̱éet | it wonʼt get dark

ḵu-ka-d+sh-√g̱éet ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) dark | for it to be dark outside | at gutú tóox̱ ḵukooshg̱ítch → itʼs always dark in the woods (SN) • (SN)

• progressive: yaa ḵukanashg̱ít | itʼs getting dark

• perfective (+): ḵukawjig̱ít | itʼs dark

• perfective (–): tlél ḵukawushg̱éet | it isnʼt dark

• future (+): ḵukakg̱washg̱éet | it will get dark

• future (–): tlél ḵukakg̱washg̱éet | it wonʼt get dark

√g̱eexʼ (verb root) ⑴ throw | classification: singular inanimate object || ⑵ donate

ḵut + O-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (ga motion verb – transitive – high) lose | for S to lose O | classification: singular inanimate object | this verb can be used figuratively to refer to losing oneʼs mind or health | du yaagú ḵut aawag̱éexʼ → they lost their boat (as in a wreck) (SN) • ax̱ shát ax̱ yéi jineiyí kaax̱ ḵut x̱waag̱éexʼ → on account of my working so hard I lost my wife (she died because i didnʼt have time to care for her) (SN) • (KE) • at gutúxʼ ax̱ lítayí ḵut x̱waag̱éexʼ → i lost my knife in the woods (SN)

• imperative: ḵut gag̱éexʼ! | lose it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ḵut kei eeg̱íxʼjiḵ! | donʼt lose it!

• progressive: ḵut kei anag̱íxʼ | they are losing it

• perfective (+): ḵut aawag̱éexʼ | they lost it

• perfective (–): tlél ḵut awug̱éexʼ | they didnʼt lose it

• future (+): ḵut kei akg̱wag̱éexʼ | they will lose it

• future (–): tlél ḵut kei akg̱wag̱éexʼ | they wonʼt lose it

O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) donate; load; shoot; throw | for S to donate O (esp. money); for S to load O (gun), put bullet in; for S to shoot O (basketball); for S to throw O (ball) | classification: spherical or round object | to include the recipient of the donation in the sentence, use « du jeet » “to them”  in the preverb as in « du jeet akaawag̱éexʼ » “they donated it to them” • if the recipient is an organization, you would use « a kagéi yís » “to it”, replacing the « a » with the name of the organization, as in « wé salvation army kagéi yís akaawag̱éexʼ » “they donated it to the salvation army” • to give the meaning “load (a gun)”, use « a tóo », as in « a tóo akaawag̱éexʼ » “they loaded it” | dáanaa yaa kandug̱íxʼ yá Hall yayís → people are donating money for the Hall (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanag̱éexʼ! | donate it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keeg̱íxʼgiḵ! | donʼt donate it!

• perfective (+): akaawag̱éexʼ | they donated it

• perfective (–): tlél akawug̱éexʼ | they didnʼt donate it

• future (+): akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | they will donate it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | they wonʼt donate it

kei + O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) throw | for S to throw O (esp. ball) up in the air | classification: spherical or round object | koochʼéitʼaa kei akaawagíxʼ → they threw the bal! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kei kag̱éexʼ! | throw it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei keeg̱íxʼjiḵ! | donʼt throw it!

• perfective (+): kei akaawag̱íxʼ | they threw it

• perfective (–): tlél kei akawug̱éexʼ | they didnʼt throw it

• future (+): kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | they will throw it

• future (–): tlél kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | they wonʼt throw it

ka-S-d+∅-√g̱éexʼ (na event verb – subject intransitive – high) donate; contribute | for S to donate, contribute | (KE)

• imperative: kanidag̱éexʼ! | contribute!

• prohibitive: líl kaydag̱éexʼiḵ! | donʼt contribute!

• progressive: yaa kandag̱íxʼ | they are contributing

• perfective (+): kawdig̱éexʼ | they contributed

• perfective (–): tlél kawdag̱éexʼ | they didnʼt contribute

• future (+): kagux̱dag̱éexʼ | they will contribute

• future (–): tlél kagux̱dag̱éexʼ | they wonʼt contribute

N-t⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√g̱éexʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) donate; contribute; add to | for S to donate, contribute, add to N | (KE)

• imperative: át keedag̱íxʼ! | contribute to it!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ keedag̱éexʼiḵ! | donʼt contribute to it!

• perfective (+): át kawdig̱íxʼ | they contributed to it

• perfective (–): tlél át kawdag̱éexʼ | they didnʼt contribute to it

• future (+): aadé kagux̱dag̱éexʼ | they will contribute to it

• future (–): tlél aadé kagux̱dag̱éexʼ | they wonʼt contribute to it

ḵut + O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (ga motion verb – transitive – high) lose | for S to lose O (round, spherical object) | classification: spherical or round object | (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ḵut kei keeg̱íxʼjiḵ! | donʼt lose it!

• perfective (+): ḵut akaawag̱éexʼ | they lost it

• perfective (–): tlél ḵut akawug̱éexʼ | they didnʼt lose it

• future (+): ḵut kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | they will lose it

• future (–): tlél ḵut kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | they wonʼt lose it

O-sa-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (g̱a event verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and verb type] collapse | for S to cause O to collapse (esp. large structure) in one action | g̱áataa seiwag̱éexʼ → i sprang the trap/caused it to collapse (SN) • kʼeeljáach seiwag̱éexʼ du hídi → their house was collapsed by the storm (SN)

• imperfective (+): sag̱ag̱éexʼ! | collapse it!

• perfective (+): aseiwag̱éexʼ | they collapsed it

• perfective (–): tlél asawu |

N + káx̱ + O-sha-S-s-√g̱éexʼ (na – transitive – high) [check conjugation type] | for S to knock over O (pole, furniture, etc.) | classification: singular (plural: káx̱ + O-sha-S-∅-√g̱eech ²) | káayag̱ijeit káx̱ ashawsig̱éexʼ → they knocked over a chair (SN)

• perfective (+): káx̱ ashawsig̱éexʼ | they knocked it over

• perfective (–): tlél káx̱ ashawusg̱éexʼ | they didnʼt knock it over

• future (+): káx̱ ashagux̱sag̱éexʼ | they will knock it over

• future (–): tlél káx̱ ashagux̱sag̱éexʼ | they wonʼt knock it over

√g̱oo (verb root) wipe; mop

O-S-l-√g̱oo (g̱a act verb – transitive – open) wipe; mop | for S to wipe, mop, clean O by wiping | sʼísaa teen aax̱ x̱walig̱oo → i wiped it off with a cloth (SN) • tʼáa ká yei analg̱wéin → theyʻre wiping the floor (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: g̱alg̱ú! | wipe it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei ilag̱wéijuḵ! | donʼt wipe it!

• imperfective (+): alg̱éikw | they wipes it; they are wiping it

• imperfective (–): tlél oolg̱éikw | they donʼt wipe it; they arenʼt wiping it

• perfective (+): awlig̱oo | they wiped it

• perfective (–): tlél awulg̱oo | they didnʼt wipe it

• future (+): yei agux̱lag̱óo | they will wipe it

• future (–): tlél yei agux̱lag̱oo | they wonʼt wipe it

√g̱ook (verb root) clutch; squeeze

O-ka-S-∅-√g̱ook (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) clutch; hold | for S to clutch, hold tightly onto O

• imperative: kag̱úk! | clutch it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keeg̱úkx̱uḵ! | donʼt clutch it!

• perfective (+): akaawag̱úk | they are clutching it

• perfective (–): tlél akawug̱ook | they arenʼt clutching it

• future (+): akakg̱wag̱óok | they will clutch it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wag̱ook | they wonʼt clutch it

O-ka-S-l-√g̱ook (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) ⑴ squeeze | for S to squeze O (hand or trigger) || ⑵ clutch; hold | for S to crumple O by squeezing in hand | xʼúxʼ kax̱wlig̱úk → i crumpled the paper (in my hand) (SN)

• imperative: kalag̱úk! | squeeze it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keelag̱úkx̱uḵ! | donʼt squeeze it!

• perfective (+): akawlig̱úk | they squeezed it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulg̱ook | they didnʼt squeeze it

• future (+): akagux̱lag̱óok | they will squeeze it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lag̱ook | they wonʼt squeeze it

√g̱ootl (verb root) mash; squeeze

O-ka-S-∅-√g̱ootl (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) mash; squeeze | for S to mash O by squeezing in the hand; for S to squeeze O tightly | tléiḵw akaawag̱útl → they mashed the berries (with his hand)
(SN) • dei kawdig̱útl → theyʼre already mashed (SN) • xóots ash kaawag̱últl → a brown bear squeezed them (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kag̱útl! | mash it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keeg̱útlx̱iḵ! | donʼt mash it!

• imperfective (+): akag̱útlx̱ | they are mashing it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoog̱útlx̱ | they arenʼt mashing it

• perfective (+): akaawag̱útl | they mashed it

• perfective (–): tlél akawug̱ootl | they didnʼt mash it

• future (+): akakg̱wag̱óotl | they will mash it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wag̱ootl | they wonʼt mash it

√g̱oots (verb root) squeeze; clasp | squeeze in hand; clasp in hand

{na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√g̱oots (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry | for S to carry O gripped together in hand or pressed under arm | classification: pressed together in hand or under arm | átxʼi sáani yaa akanalg̱úts → theyʼre carrying lots of little oddments pressed together in their hands (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} kanalg̱oots! | carry it pressed under your arm!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo keelag̱útsgiḵ! | donʼt carry it pressed under your arm!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa akanalg̱úts | they are carrying it pressed under their arm

• perfective (+): {na preverb} akawlig̱oots | they carried it pressed under their arm

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawulg̱oots | they didnʼt carry it pressed under their arm

• future (+): {na preverb} akagux̱lag̱óots | they are going to carry it pressed under their arm

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akagux̱lag̱oots | they arenʼt going to carry it pressed under their arm

O-ka-S-l-√g̱oots (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] clasp | for S to clasp O (in hand or under arm) | xʼúxʼ ax̱ éeneex̱ kax̱wlig̱úts → i clasped a book under my arm (to carry it) (SN)

• imperative: kalag̱úts! | clasp it!

• perfective (+): akawlig̱úts | they clasped it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulg̱oots | they didnʼt clasp it

• future (+): akagux̱lag̱óots | theu will clasp it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lag̱oots | they wonʼt clasp it

√g̱waatʼ ¹ (verb root) crawl | crawl on hands and knees

{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√g̱wáatʼ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) crawl | for S (esp. child) to crawl on hands and knees | g̱unayéi wdig̱wátʼ → they were starting to crawl (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} idag̱wáatʼ! | crawl {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} idag̱wátʼjiḵ! | donʼt crawl {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} nadag̱wátʼ | they are crawling {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} | wudig̱wátʼ they crawled {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wudag̱wáatʼ | they didnʼt crawl {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} gux̱dag̱wáatʼ | they will crawl {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gux̱dag̱wáatʼ | they wonʼt crawl {____}

{na preverb} + S-d+∅-√g̱wáatʼ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – high) crawl | for S (esp. child) to crawl on hands and knees | yaa ndag̱wátʼ → theyʻre crawling along on hands and knees (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nidag̱wáatʼ! | crawl {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yidag̱wáatʼiḵ! | donʼt crawl {____}!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} wudig̱wáatʼ | they are crawling {____}; they crawled {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wudag̱wáatʼ | they didnʼt crawl {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} gux̱dag̱wáatʼ | they will crawl {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱dag̱wáatʼ | they wonʼt crawl {____}

√g̱waatʼ ² (verb root) close ¹ | close up completely

sh + tóo + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-S-d+∅-√g̱wáatʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type, transitivity, and stem variation] close ¹ | for S to close up O completely | haa hídi sh tóo x̱ʼéit wutudig̱wátʼ → we closed up our house completely (no air could get in even) (SN)

• imperative: sh tóo x̱ʼéit idag̱wátʼ! | close it up completely!

• perfective (+): sh tóo x̱ʼéit awdig̱wátʼ | they closed it up completely

• perfective (–): tlél sh tóo x̱ʼéit awdag̱wáatʼ | they didnʼt close it up completely

• future (+): sh tóo x̱ʼéide agux̱dag̱wáatʼ | they will close it up completely

√haa ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | move many small parts

O-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (na act verb – transitive – open) plant ² | for S to plant O | chʼáakw anahoo kadoohéix̱in → long ago they all used to plant rutabaga (SN) • kʼúntsʼ kagax̱tooháa → weʼre going to plant potatoes (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanahá! | plant it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keehéix̱iḵ! | donʼt plant it!

• imperfective (+): akahéix̱ | they plants it; they are planting it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoohéix̱ | they donʼt plant it; they are not planting it

• perfective (+): akaawahaa | they planted it

• perfective (–): tlél akawuhaa | they didnʼt plant it

• future (+): akakg̱waháa | they will plant it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt plant it

a-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) garden ¹; dig | for S to garden, dig | gáalʼ akaháa → theyʻre digging up clams • (KE)

• imperative: akanahá! | garden!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl akeehéix̱iḵ! | donʼt garden!

• imperfective (+): akahéix̱ | they gardens

• imperfective (–): tlél akoohéix̱ | they donʼt garden

• progressive: yaa akanahéix̱ | they are gardening along

• perfective (+): akaawahaa | they gardened

• perfective (–): tlél akawuhaa | they didnʼt garden

• future (+): akakg̱waháa | they will garden

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt garden

kei + O-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) dig up | for S to dig O up | yeist ḵuwuhaayí, kʼúntsʼ kei kduhéich → when it comes fall time, they all dig up the potatoes (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kei kahá! | dig it up!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei keeháayjiḵ! | donʼt dig it up!

• progressive: kei akanahéin | they are digging it up

• perfective (+): kei akaawaháa | they dug it up

• perfective (–): tlél kei akawuhá | they didnʼt dig it up

• future (+): kei akakg̱waháa | they will dig it up

• future (–): tlél kei akakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt dig it up

kei + O-ka-S-s-√haa ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) dig up | for S to dig up (esp. deep), excavate O | aatlein yaakw kei kagax̱dus.háa → the large boat (ancient remains) are going to be dug up (SN)

• imperative: kei kasahá! | excavate it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei keesaháayjiḵ! | donʼt excavate it!

• progressive: kei akanas.héin | they are excavating it

• perfective (+): kei akawsiháa | they excavated it

• perfective (–): tlél kei akawus.há | they didnʼt excavate it

• future (+): kei akagux̱saháa | they will excavate it

• future (–): tlél kei akagux̱sahaa | they wonʼt excavate it

N-náx̱ + O-ka-S-s-√haa ¹ (na act verb – transitive – open) bury | for S to bury O at N | Aangóonnáx̱ ágé kawdudzihaa? → were they buried in Angoon? (SN) • keitl sʼaaḵ yanax̱ aksaháa → the dog is burying the bones (SN)

• imperative: anax̱ kanashá! | bury it there!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl anax̱ keesahéix̱iḵ! | donʼt bury it there!

• imperfective (+): anax̱ aksaháa | they are burying it there

• perfective (+): anax̱ akawsihaa | they buried it there

• perfective (–): tlél anax̱ akawus.haa | they didnʼt bury it there

• future (+): anax̱ akagux̱saháa | they will bury it there

• future (–): tlél anax̱ akagux̱sahaa | they wonʼt bury it there

a-ka-∅-√haa ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – open) float | for plural things to float, move around on the surface of the water | classification: plural | nóoxʼ yaa akanahéin → shells are floating ( during very calm weather) (SN)

• progressive: yaa akanahéin | they are floating

• perfective (+): akaawahaa | they floated

• perfective (–): tlél akawuhaa | they didnʼt float

• future (+): akakg̱waháa | they will float

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt float

O-ÿa-S-s-√haa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) gather up; pick up; take up | for S to gather up, pick up, take up O | aax̱ has ayawsiháa ldakát yá ḵaa x̱ʼéitx̱ ḵoowdi.oowú aa → they all gathered up all the pieces left over (SN) • kooxéedaa aax̱ yaksahá → gather up all the pencils! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yasaháa! | gather it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yeesahéix̱iḵ! | donʼt gather it!

• imperfective (+): ayasahéix̱ | they are gathering it

• imperfective (–): tlél ayoos.heix̱ | they arenʼt gathering it

• perfective (+): ayawsiháa | they gathered it

• perfective (–): tlél ayawus.há | they didnʼt gather it

• future (+): ayagux̱saháa | they will gather it

• future (–): tlél ayagux̱sahaa | they wonʼt gather it

√haa ² (verb root) many; numerous

N-t⁓ + O-ÿa-d+∅-√haa ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – open) move ²; come around; crowd ¹ | for O to move in, come around, crowd at N (of large numbers, esp. people, birds) | táakw eetíxʼ shoox̱ʼ kaax̱ yadahaa → in spring the robins move in / come around (SN)

• prohibitive: tlél áx̱ yeedahaaḵ! | donʼt you all crowd there!

• progressive: aadé yaa s yandahéin | they all are crowding the place; they all are getting crowded there

• perfective (+): át has yawdiháa | they all crowded the place; they all are crowded there

• perfective (–): tlél át has yawdahá | they all didnʼt crowd the place; they all arenʼt crowded there

• future (+): aadé has yagux̱daháa | they all will crowd the place; they all will be crowded there

• future (–): tlél aadé has yagux̱dahaa | they all wonʼt crowd the place; they all wonʼt be crowded there

O-sha-ÿa-d+∅-√haa ʰ ² (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) many; plenty; lots | for O to be many, plenty, lots | tléiḵw shayadihéin → there are lots of berries (SN) • haa shayagux̱daháa → there are going to be many of us (that is, my grandchildren are becoming numerous) (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): shayadihéin | there are a lot

• imperfective (–): tlél shawoodahéin | there arenʼt a lot

• progressive: yaa s shayandahéin | there are getting to be a lot

• perfective (+): shayawdihaa | there got to be a lot

• perfective (–): tlél shayawdahaa | there werenʼt a lot

• future (+): shayagux̱daháa | there will be a lot

• future (–): tlél shayagux̱dahaa | there wonʼt be a lot

O-sha-ÿa-l-√haa ʰ ² (na state verb – transitive – fading) many; add to | for S to have many, plenty, lots of O; for O to add to the amount of O | xʼáaxʼ shayanalhá! → add more apples (to those already in the dish)! • ax̱ aatch shayawkihaa → my paternal aunt added more • at la.át ashayalihéin → they have many pieces of baggage • tlél naa.át ashawoolhéin → they donʼt have many clothes

• imperative: shayanalhá! | add to it!

• imperfective (+): ashayalihéin | they have lots of it; they are adding to it

• imperfective (–): tlél ashawoolhéin | they donʼt have many of it; they are not adding to it

• progressive: yaa ashayanalhéin | there are getting to be a lot; they are starting to add to it

• perfective (+): ashayawlihaa | they came to have a lot of it; they added to it

• perfective (–): tlél ashayawulhaa | there didnʼt have a lot of it; they didnʼt add to it

• future (+): ashayagux̱laháa | they will have a lot of it; they will add to it

• future (–): tlél ashayagux̱lahaa | there wonʼt have a lot of it; they wonʼt contribute to it

√haa ³ (verb root) move ¹; invisible | move imperceptably; move invisibly

gákx̱ + O-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – open) • variants: gági̱ + O-S-s-√haa ³ • | for O to be exposed, move into the open | du yei jineiyí gákx̱ uwaháa → their work (what they have been doing in secret) has now been exposed (SN)

• perfective (+): gákx̱ uwaháa | they were exposed

• perfective (–): tlél gákx̱ wuhaa | they werenʼt exposed

• future (+): gákx̱ gug̱aháa | they will be exposed

• future (–): tlél gákx̱ gug̱ahaa | they wonʼt be exposed

{na motion} + O-∅-√haa ³ (na motion verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type and verb type] invisible; move ¹ | for O to move invisibly | (NS)

• perfective (+): {na motion} woohaa | it moved invisibly

• perfective (–): tlél {na motion} awuhaa | it didnʼt move invisibly

• future (+): {na motion} akg̱waháa | it will move invisibly

• future (–): {na motion} akg̱wahaa | it wonʼt move invisibly

N-dáx̱ + O-∅-√haa ³ (na motion verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type and verb type] disappear | O to disappear (esp. turn into vapor, cease to exist) | a daa neegwálʼi aax̱ woohaa → the paint on it (a totem pole) has disappeared (NS)

• perfective (+): aax̱ woohaa | it disappeared

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ awuhaa | it didnʼt disappear

• future (+): aax̱ akg̱waháa | it will disappear

• future (–): aax̱ akg̱wahaa | it wonʼt disappear

N-xʼ + O-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – open) fit | for O to fit, move in to exact position | tlél yéi x̱wajéeyin áa kg̱wahaayí → i didnʼt think it (pieces of jigsaw) would fit just there (SN) • chʼa aadé yeeyaḵaayi yé yáx̱ áa uwaháa → it just fits what you said / it has turned out just as you said (SN)

• perfective (+): áa uwaháa | it fit there

• perfective (–): tlél áa wuhaa | it didnʼt fit there

• future (+): áa kg̱waháa | it will fit there

• future (–): tlél áa kg̱wahaa | it wonʼt fit there

N + ée-t⁓ + yaan + ∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) hungry | for N to be hungry | replace « yaan » with the examples listed below to change from “hungry” to the listed definition (du éet shakux uwaháa | they are thirsty) | tléil x̱áax̱ yaan oohaa → i donʼt get hungry (SN) • (KE)

• shakux | thirsty

• luk | wants coffee

• yataa- | sleepy

• at | wants sex

• luxʼ | wants to pee

• lʼílʼ | wants to poop

• hasʼ | has to vomit

• perfective (+): du éet yaan uwaháa | they are hungry

• perfective (–): tlél du éet yaan wuhá | they arenʼt hungry

• future (+): du éede yaan gug̱waháa | they will be hungry

• future (–): tlél du éede yaan gug̱wahaa | they wonʼt be hungry

tlél + ga-u-∅-√háa ³ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) obvious; visible | for something to be obvious, clearly visible | this verb is unique in that it requires the conjugation prefix (ga-) in all modes and only occurs in the negative • the negative imperfective tlél gooháa “itʼs obvious” is the most common form, although the negative future has also been documented | tlél i eedé gooháa i ḵusteeyí → it can be seen what kind of life you live (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (–): tlél gooháa | itʼs obvious

• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱waháa | it will be obvious

N + ée-t⁓ + yaan + O-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) hungry | for S to make N hungry | tléil daa sá du éex̱ yaan oos.haa → nothing makes them hungry (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): du éet yaan awsiháa | they made them hungry

• perfective (–): tlél du éet yaan awus.há | they didnʼt make them hungry

• future (+): du éede yaan agux̱saháa | they will make them hungry

• future (–): tlél du éede yaan agux̱sahaa | they wonʼt make them hungry

N-dáx̱ + O-S-s-√haa ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) erase | for S to erase O off of N; for S to rub O off of N; for S to make off with O from N (withouth them knowing) | (BC, JL) • de aadáx̱ x̱wasihaa → iʼve already erased it / rubbed it off

• imperative: aax̱ nas.há! | erase it!

• prohibitive: líl aax̱ ees.héix̱iḵ! | donʼt erase it!

• imperfective (+): aax̱ as.héitʼ | they are erasing it

• perfective (+): aax̱ awsihaa | they erased it

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ awus.haa | they didnʼt erase it

• future (+): aax̱ agux̱saháa | they will erase it

• future (–): aax̱ agux̱sahaa | they wonʼt erase it

N-xʼ + O-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) fit | for S to fit, move O in to exact position | wé at kaxʼásʼti áa sahá! → fit that piece of lumber into the other one! (SN) • áa awsiháa du at ku.aag̱ú → they fitted their plans there (that is, actually did what they had been talking about) (SN)

• perfective (+): áa uwaháa | it fit there

• perfective (–): tlél áa wuhaa | it didnʼt fit there

• future (+): áa kg̱waháa | it will fit there

• future (–): tlél áa kg̱wahaa | it wonʼt fit there

N + toowú + yáaxʼ + O-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation in hort/pot] comfort | for S to comfort N | (SN)

• imperative: du toowú yáaxʼ sahá! | comfrot them!

• perfective (+): du toowú yáaxʼ awsiháa | they comforted them

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú yáaxʼ awus.há | they didnʼt comfrot them

• future (+): du toowú agux̱saháa | they will comfort them

• future (–): tlél du toowú agux̱sahaa | they wonʼt comfort them

N-xʼ + O-S-l-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type and stem variation in hort/pot] come upon; discover | for S to come upon (esp. suddenly) O; for S to discover O (not necessarily intentionally) | xóots a ḵoowúxʼ wutuliháa → we came upon a bear in its den (SN)

• perfective (+): áxʼ awliháa | they came upon them there

• perfective (–): tlél áxʼ awulhaa | they didnʼt come upon them there

• future (+): áxʼ agux̱laháa | they will come upon them there

• future (–): tlél áxʼ agux̱lahaa | they wonʼt come upon them there

{∅ preverb} + O-ji-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type] arrive; deliver | for O (usually of non-human item and esp. by mail) to arrive, be delivered | xʼúxʼ ágé i jeet jeewaháa? → did any letters/papers come for you? (SN) • yées sʼeenáa ax̱ jeedé jikwg̱aháa → a new lamp will be coming for me (SN)

• perfective (+): haat jeewaháa | it was delivered here

• perfective (–): tlél haat jiwuhaa | it wasnʼt delivered here

• future (+): haadé jikg̱waháa | it will be delivered here

• future (–): tlél haadé jikg̱wahaa | it wonʼt be delivered here

N + káa + O-ji-S-l-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation in hort/pot] come upon; catch; discover | for S to come upon, find O doing N; for S to catch O in the act of N; for S to discover O doing N | a káa jix̱wliháa aadáx̱ awusháadi → i came upon them in the very act of taking it (SN) • a káa daak jiwtuliháa at gas.eeyí → we found them cooking (SN)

• perfective (+): a káa ajiwliháa | they came upon them doing it

• perfective (–): tlél a káa ajiwulhaa | they didnʼt come upon them doing it

• future (+): a kaadé a jigux̱laháa | they will come upon them doing it

• future (–): tlél a kaadé ajigux̱lahaa | they wonʼt come upon them doing it

N-xʼ + O-ji-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) [check verb type, transitivity] blame; suspect | for S to force, compel O to do N by hand | áa jikawdudziháa → they were forced to do it by hand (SN)

• imperative: áa jikasahá! | force them to do it by hand!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl áa ijiksahéijiḵ! | donʼt blame them to do it by hand!

• perfective (+): áa ajikawsiháa | they forced them to do it by hand

• perfective (–): tlél áa ajikawus.haa | they didnʼt force them to do it by hand

• future (+): áa ajikagux̱saháa | they will force them to do it by hand

• future (–): tlél áa ajikagux̱sahaa | they wonʼt force them to do it by hand

N + jee-náx̱ + O-ka-∅-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) allow; right ³ | for N to be allowed, have authority to, have the right to O (usually an action) | du lanáalx̱i du jeenáx̱ kaawaháa → they had charge of their treasure (SN) • has du jeenáx̱ kaawaháa at kʼátskʼu → they took charge of the child

• imperative: i jeenáx̱ kahá! | take authority over it!

• perfective (+): du jeenáx̱ kaawaháa | they took authority of them

• perfective (–): tlél du jeenáx̱ kawuhaa | they didnʼt take authority of them

• future (+): du jeenáx̱ kakg̱waháa | they will take authority of them

• future (–): tlél du jeenáx̱ kakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt take authority of them

N + jee-t⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type] give; get | for S to give O to N; for S to get O for N

• imperfective (+): du jeet kahá! | give it to them!

• progressive: du jeedé yaa akanahéin | they are giving it to them

• perfective (+): du jeet akaawaháa | they gave it to them

• perfective (–): tlél du jeet akawuhá | they didnʼt give it to them

• future (+): du jeedé akakg̱waháa | they will give it to them

• future (–): tlél du jeedé akakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt give it to them

N + káa + ka-∅-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – impersonal – open) [check verb type, transitivity] blame; suspect | for N to be be blamed, suspected | adawóotl du káa kaawaháa → they were blamed for the trouble (SN)

• perfective (+): du káa kaawaháa | they were blamed

• perfective (–): tlél du káa kawuhaa | they werenʼt blamed

• future (+): du káa kakg̱waháa | they will be blamed

• future (–): tlél du káa kakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt be blamed

(N-x̱) + O-ka-d+∅-√haa ³ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – open) | for O (person or object) to disappear (esp. turn into vapor, cease to exist) (from N) | yaa daaxʼoon aa, ax̱ kawdihaa → the fourth one had disappeared (as a phantom) (SN) • camphor yei kdahéich → camphor disappears (SN)

• perfective (+): kawdihaa | it disappeared

• perfective (–): tlél kawdahaa | it didnʼt disappear

• future (+): yei kagux̱daháa | it will disappear

• future (–): tlél yei kagux̱dahaa | it wonʼt disappear

N-xʼ + O-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) [check verb type, transitivity] blame; suspect | for S to force, compel O to do N | ax̱ éesh áa x̱at kawsiháa → my father forced me to do it (SN)

• imperative: áa kasahá! | force them to do it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl áa iksahéijiḵ! | donʼt blame them to do it!

• perfective (+): áa akawsiháa | they forced them to do it

• perfective (–): tlél áa akawus.haa | they didnʼt force them to do it

• future (+): áa akagux̱saháa | they will force them to do it

• future (–): tlél áa akagux̱sahaa | they wonʼt force them to do it

N + géi⁓ + O-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ state verb – transitive – open) accuse; blame | for S to accuse, blame N for O (a wrongdoing) | anax̱ ḵwáakt has ax̱ʼakg̱wawáasʼi át át áyá, du géide has akax̱sahaat
géi-dei + ka-si-haa)
has 3!ʼakwgaawáasʼee át ayá, doo géi-dei has → they all said this to trap them, so that they all could accuse them (SN) • tlél ágé chʼa áa sá yáat, i géide at kawsiháyi áa? → is there no one left who condemns you (that is, who lays the blame on you)? (NS)

• imperative: du géide kasahá! | blame them!

• perfective (+): du géide akawsiháa | they blamed it on them

• perfective (–): tlél du géide akawus.haa | they didnʼt blame it on them

• future (+): du géide akagux̱saháa | they will blame it on them

• future (–): tlél du géide akagux̱sahaa | they wonʼt blame it on them

N + káa + ka-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) [check verb type, transitivity] blame; suspect | for S to blame, suspect N | i káa kax̱wsiháa → i blame you (SN) • ḵwáaḵt yee wuneiyí, ax̱ káa kagax̱dus.háa → if an accident happens to you, i am going to be blamed (SN)

• imperative: du káa kasahá! | blame them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du káa iksahéijiḵ! | donʼt blame them!

• perfective (+): du káa kawsiháa | they blamed them

• perfective (–): tlél du káa kawus.haa | they didnʼt blame them

• future (+): du káa kagux̱saháa | they will blame them

• future (–): tlél du káa kagux̱sahaa | they wonʼt blame them

N + kagéi-xʼ + O-ka-S-∅-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type] give; get | for S to give O to N (esp. as a favor) | tlél gé daa sá i kagéi kawdus.há? → werenʼt you given anything? (SN) • ḵʼanashgidéi kagéi kax̱tusaháayin → we could have given it to the poor (SN)

• imperfective (+): du jeet kahá! | give it to them!

• progressive: du kagéi yaa akanas.héin | they are giving it to them

• perfective (+): du kagéi akawsiháa | they gave it to them

• perfective (–): tlél du kagéi akawus.há | they didnʼt give it to them

• future (+): du kagéi akagux̱saháa | they will give it to them

• future (–): tlél du kagéi akagux̱sahaa | they wonʼt give it to them

N + toowú + yáaxʼ + O-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation in hort/pot] comfort | for S to comfort N | chʼa du toowú yáaxʼ kagax̱tusaháa → weʼre going to comfort them / cheer them up (SN)

• imperative: du toowú yáaxʼ kasahá! | comfrot them!

• perfective (+): du toowú yáaxʼ akawsiháa | they comforted them

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú yáaxʼ akawus.há | they didnʼt comfrot them

• future (+): du toowú akagux̱saháa | they will comfort them

• future (–): tlél du toowú kaagux̱sahaa | they wonʼt comfort them

N-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) time for; arrive | for the time to come for N | táakwde yaa ḵunahéin → winter is coming (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: aadé yaa ḵunahéin | itʼs getting to be time for it

• perfective (+): át ḵuwaháa | itʼs time for it

• perfective (–): tlél át ḵuwuhá | itʼs not time for it

• future (+): aadé ḵukg̱waháa | there will come a time for it

• future (–): tlél aadé ḵukg̱wahaa | it wonʼt be time for it

N-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ (ga motion verb – impersonal – open) time for; arrive | for the time to come for N | aadé yaa ḵugahéich yá aag̱áa adusg̱eiwú yé → the time always comes around, and then people go seining (SN)

• progressive: aadé kei ḵunahéin | itʼs getting to be time for it

• perfective (+): át ḵuwahaa | itʼs time for it

• perfective (–): tlél át ḵuwuhá | itʼs not time for it

• future (+): aadé kei ḵukg̱waháa | there will come a time for it

• future (–): tlél aadé kei ḵukg̱wahaa | it wonʼt be time for it

N + ée-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) turn ²; have a turn | for N to have a turn | du éet áwé ḵuwaháa → itʼs his turn (SN) • ax̱ eedé tsá ḵukg̱waháa → my turn will come some time (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: du eedé yaa ḵunahéin | their turn is coming up

• perfective (+): du éet ḵuwaháa | itʼs their turn

• perfective (–): tlél du éet ḵuwuhá | they didnʼt get a turn

• future (+): du eedé ḵukg̱waháa | they will get a turn

• future (–): tlél du eedé ḵukg̱wahaa | they wonʼt get a turn

N + daatx̱ + ḵu-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) polish; rub | for S to polish N; for S to rub N until shiny | ax̱ téeli daadáx̱ ḵukakḵwasaháa → iʼm going to polish my shoes (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a daatx̱ ḵukanas.há! | polish it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a daatx̱ ḵukeesahéix̱iḵ! | donʼt polish it!

• imperfective (+): a daatx̱ ḵuksahéix̱ | they are polishing it

• imperfective (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵukoos.héix̱ | they arenʼt polishing it

• perfective (+): a daatx̱ ḵukawsihaa | they polished it

• perfective (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵukawus.haa | they didnʼt polish it

• future (+): a daatx̱ ḵukagux̱saháa | they will polish it

• future (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵukagux̱sahaa | they wonʼt polish it

N + káa + daak + sa-∅-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) remember | for O to remember N | tlél i káa daak x̱at sawuhá → i didnʼt remember you (SN) • a káa daak has seiwaháa, yá aadé yaawaḵaayi yé → they all remebered the way they said it (SN) •

• imperative: a káa daak isahá! | remember it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a káa daak isahéijiḵ! | donʼt remember it!

• perfective (+): a káa daak seiwaháa | they remembered it

• perfective (–): tlél a káa daak sawuhaa | they didnʼt remember it

• future (+): a káa daak sakg̱wháa | they will remember it

• future (–): tlél a káa daak sakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt remember it

O-ka-S-l-√haa ³ (na event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type and conjugation type] | for O (person or object) to disappear (esp. turn into vapor, cease to exist) (from N) | ikakḵwalaháa → iʼll take you some place else/cause you to disappear as if by magic (said jokingly) (SN)

• perfective (+): akawlihaa | they made it disappear

• perfective (–): tlél akawulhaa | they didnʼt make it disappear

• future (+): akagux̱laháa | they will make it disappear

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lahaa | they wonʼt make it disappear

N + káa + daak + sa-S-l-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) remind | for S to remind O about N | a káxʼ ágé daak has sayliháa? → did you remind them all? (SN) • atx̱á haat yéi ḵasaneet, a káa daak x̱at sawliháa → they reminded me to fetch the food (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a káa daak salahá! | remind them about it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a káa daak seelahéijiḵ! | donʼt remind them about it!

• perfective (+): a káa daak asawliháa | they reminded them about it

• perfective (–): tlél a káa daak asawulhá | they didnʼt remind them about it

• future (+): a káa daak asagux̱laháa | they will remind them about it

• future (–): tlél a káa daak asagux̱lahaa | they wonʼt remind them about it

sh + tóo + a-sha-S-d+l-√háa ˟ ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) injure | for S to injure oneself | (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl sh tóo asheelhéix̱iḵ! | donʼt injure yourself!

• perfective (+): sh tóo ashawdliháa | they injured themself

• perfective (–): tlél sh tóo ashawulháa | they didnʼt injure themself

• future (+): sh tóo ashakg̱walháa | they will injure themself

• future (–): tlél sh tóo ashakg̱walháa | they wonʼt injure themself

N-xʼ + a-sha-S-d+l-√háa ˟ ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and stem variation] injure; hurt ¹ | for S to hurt again, cause pain to some part of body which is already wounded or painful and which one is trying to protect | du jín ée shawdiháa → they hurt their hand again (SN)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl áa sheedahéix̱iḵ! | donʼt injure it again!

• perfective (+): áa shawdiháa | they injured it again

• perfective (–): tlél áa shawdaháa | they didnʼt injure it again

• future (+): áa shagux̱daháa | they will injure it again

• future (–): tlél áa shagux̱daháa | they wonʼt injure it again

√haa ⁴ (verb root) want; willing

(yéi) + O-sa-S-∅-√haa ⁴ (na state verb – transitive – open) want; decided; agree | for S to want O (a certain way); for S to be decided about O; for S to agree to O | this verb requires either an adverb of manner (such as yéi “that way” or wáa sá “how”) or a postpositional phrase (often -dé as in i jeedé)—two examples are « wáa sá asaawahaa? » “how does she want it?” & « i jeedé sax̱waahaa » “i want you to have it.” | sax̱wdihaa → i was ready (to be killed as a clan representative, to atone for death of an equal on the opposite side) (SN) • yá xʼúxʼ i jeedé sax̱waahaa → i want to give you this book (i intend that you shall have it) (SN) • aadóoch sá sax̱aheiyí, kei jeeylatsóow! → whoever wishes for this (that is, approves of what is being put forward), raise your hand! (SN) • ḵúx̱de sax̱aahéi ax̱ shát → i want my wife back (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): (yéi) asayahéi | they wants it (that way)

• perfective (+): (yéi) asaawahaa | they wanted it (that way)

• perfective (–): tlél (yéi) asawuhaa | they didnʼt want it (that way)

• future (+): (yéi) asakg̱wahaa | they will want it (that way)

• future (–): tlél (yéi) asakg̱wahaa | they wonʼt want it (that way)

√haa ⁵ (verb root) fight

ḵu-S-l-√haa ⁵ (ga – subject intransitive – open) fight; wrestle | for S to fight hand to hand (with N); for S to wrestle, box (with N) | with the intent to do bodily harm | (JL)

• perfective (+): ḵuwlihaa | they put up a fight

√haach (verb root) tingle; paralyzed

√haachʼ (verb root) shameful

O-ka-l-√háachʼ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) shameful | for O to be a shameful thing | (GD, KE) • kaliháachʼi átx̱ sitee → itʼs a deeply shameful thing (SN)

• imperfective (+): kaliháachʼ | they are shameful

• imperfective (–): tlél koolháachʼ | they are not shameful

• perfective (+): kawliháachʼ | they were shameful

• perfective (–): tlél kawulháachʼ | they werenʼt shameful

• future (+): kei kagux̱laháachʼ | they will be shameful

• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱laháachʼ | they wonʼt be shameful

sh + ka-S-d+l-√háachʼ (na state verb – subject intransitive – high) shame; embarrass | for S to shame, embarrass themself | (KE)

• prohibitive: líl sh kayilháachʼiḵ! | donʼt shame yourself!

• imperfective (+): sh kadliháachʼ | they are shaming themself

• imperfective (–): tlél sh koolháachʼ | they are not shaming themself

• perfective (+): sh kawdliháachʼ | they shamed themself

• perfective (–): tlél sh kawulháachʼ | they didnʼt shame themself

• future (+): sh kakg̱walháachʼ | they will shame themself

• future (–): tlél sh kakg̱walháachʼ | they wonʼt shame themself

√haakw ¹ (verb root) suspicious

√haakw ² (verb root) rally; encourage | rally round

√haan ¹ (verb root) stand; rise | classification: singular | singular form: √naaḵ ¹

S-∅-√hán ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – invariable) stand | for (singular) S to be standing | classification: singular | ḵaa x̱oot hán → theyʻre standing among the people (SN)

• prohibitive: líl eehániḵ! | donʼt be standing!

• imperfective (+): hán | they are standing

yan⁓ + S-∅-√haan ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stand | for (singular) S to keep standing; for (singular) S to stand firm | classification: singular | x̱ʼaháat x̱ánt yánde kḵwaháan → iʼm going to stand near the door (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yan hán! | keep standing!

• prohibitive: líl yax̱ eehaaníḵ! | donʼt keep standing!

• perfective (+): yan uwahán | they kept standing

• perfective (–): tlél yan wuhaan | they didnʼt keep standing

• future (+): yánde kg̱waháan | they will stay standing

• future (–): tlél yánde kg̱wahaan | they wonʼt stay standing

S-d+∅-√haan ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – closed) stand; rise | for (singular) S to stand up, rise | classification: singular | chʼa hú kei dahánch → they stands up by themself (said of baby or convalescent) (SN) • haa daséixʼan wudihaan gáande → they exchanged places with us (standing up and going out as we came in) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: gidaan! / gidahaan! | stand up!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei idahánjiḵ! | donʼt stand up!

• progressive: kei ndahán | they are standing up

• perfective (+): wudihaan | they stood up

• perfective (–): tlél wudahaan | they didnʼt stand up

• future (+): kei gux̱daháan | they will stand up

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱dahaan | they wonʼt stand up

(N + náḵ / N-dáx̱) + ḵux̱ + S-d+∅-√haan ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stop | for S to turn back (from N); for S to step back (from N); for S to stop (N, a regular habit) | classification: singular | a náḵ ḵux̱ wudihán du l.ushkʼéiyi → they were converted/they stopped and turned away from their badness (SN) • du yéi jineiyídáx̱ ḵux̱ dahánch → theyʼve been working sporadically; theyʼve been missing work / theyʼve been missing on the job

• imperative: ḵux̱ idahán! | stop!

• perfective (+): ḵux̱ wudihán | they stopped

• perfective (+): ḵúx̱de gux̱daháan | they are going to stop

• perfective (–): tlél ḵux̱ wudahaan | they didnʼt stop

• future (–): tlél ḵúx̱de gux̱dahaan | they wonʼt stop

O-S-s-√háan ¹ (na state verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type] hold up; stand | for S to hold up O, cause O to stand (esp. children) | du séekʼ asiháan → theyʼre holding their little daughter (helping her to stand) (SN)

• imperative: nasháan! | stand them up!

• imperfective (+): asiháan | they are standing them up

• perfective (+): awsiháan | they stood them up

• perfective (–): tlél awus.haan | they didnʼt stand them up

• future (+): agux̱saháan | they will stand them up

• future (–): tlél agux̱saháan | they wonʼt stand them up

(N + náḵ) + a-ÿa-S-d+∅-√haan ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) flee; run away; turn back | for (singular) S to flee, run, turn back (from N) | classification: singular | ax̱ náḵ ayawdihaan → they fled from me (SN) • xóots tóo tuyík x̱waanúk; a náḵ ayax̱wdihaan → i became conscious of a bear; i turned back from it (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a náḵ ayeendahaan! | flee from it!

• progressive: a náḵ yaa ayandahán | they are fleeing from it

• perfective (+): a náḵ ayawdihaan | they fled from it

• perfective (–): tlél a náḵ ayawdahaan | they didnʼt flee from it

• future (+): a náḵ ayagux̱daháan | they will flee from it

• future (–): tlél a náḵ ayagux̱dahaan | they wonʼt flee from it

√haan ² (verb root) cut ¹; fringe | cut strips; cut fringe

O-ka-S-∅-√haan ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation type] | for S to cut O (esp. seal fat) into strips/fringes

• imperative: kahán! | cut it into strips

• imperfective (+): akahánt | they are cutting it into strips; they cut it into strips

• perfective (+): akaawahán | they cut it into strips

• perfective (–): tlél akawuhaan | they didnʼt cut it into strips

• future (+): akakg̱waháan | they will cut it into strips

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wahaan | they wonʼt cut it into strips

O-ka-S-s-√haan ² (g̱a act verb – transitive – closed) | for S to cut O into a fringe; for S to make O into strips or fringes | akawsihaan lʼée wán → they made a fringe in the edge of the blanket (SN) • wé sʼísaa yei akagux̱saháan wé a wán → theyʼre going to fringe that cloth round the edge (SN)

• imperative: kag̱as.haan! | make it into fringes!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei kisahánjiḵ! | donʼt make it into fringe!

• imperfective (+): aksahánt | they are making it into fringe

• perfective (+): akawsihaan | they made it into fringe

• perfective (–): tlél akawus.haan | they didnʼt make it into fringe

• future (+): yei akagux̱saháan | they will make it into fringe

• future (–): tlél yei akagux̱sahaan | they wonʼt make it into fringe

√haasʼ (verb root) nauseated; vomit

O-∅-√háasʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) vomit | for O to vomit | (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ihásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt vomit!

• perfective (+): uwahásʼ | they are vomiting; they vomited

• perfective (–): tlél wuháasʼ | they are not vomiting; they didnʼt vomit

• future (+): gug̱aháasʼ | they will vomit

• future (–): tlél gug̱aháasʼ | they wonʼt vomit

√haash (verb root) drift ¹; float ¹

{∅ preverb} + O-l-√haash (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift | kux̱dé yaa nalhásh → theyʻre drifting back (SN) • yakʼéiyi aa lʼéiwnáx̱ yan wulihásh → it drifted to a good sandy beach (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa nalhásh | they are drifting {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wulihásh | they drifted {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wulhaash | they didnʼt drift {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} gux̱laháash | they will drift {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gux̱lahaash | they wonʼt drift {____}

daak + O-l-√haash (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift out to sea

• imperfective (+): daak nalhásh | they are starting to drift out

• perfective (+): daak wulihásh | they drifted out; they are drifting out

• perfective (–): tlél daak wulhaash | they didnʼt drift out

• future (+): daak gux̱laháash | they will drift out

• future (–): tlél daak gux̱lahaash | they wonʼt drift out

{na preverb} + O-l-√haash (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift | (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} inalhaash! | float {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} iwulhaashíḵ! | donʼt float {____}!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} wulihaash | they are floating {____}; it floated {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wulhaash | they arenʼt floating {____}; they didnʼt float {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} gux̱laháash | they will float {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱lahaash | they wonʼt float {____}

{ga preverb} + O-l-√haash (ga motion verb – object intransitive – closed) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift | g̱ayéisʼ tlél kei ulháshch → iron doesnʼt float (SN)

• imperative: {ga preverb} igalhaash! | float {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {ga preverb} kei iwulháshjiḵ! | donʼt float {____}!

• perfective (+): {ga preverb} wulihaash | they are floating {____}; it floated {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} wulhaash | they arenʼt floating {____}; they didnʼt float {____}

• future (+): {ga preverb} kei gux̱laháash | they will float {____}

• future (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei gux̱lahaash | they wonʼt float {____}

√haat ¹ (verb root) carry; lug | classification: heavy object | usually with arms straight and sharing load with another

{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√haat ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (heavy object, usually with arms straight and sharing the load with another) | classification: heavy object, usually with arms straight and sharing the load with another | subject is usually plural, so all examples here are with a plural subject | ḵʼwátl tlein haat yisahát! → yʼall bring the large pot! (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} yisahát! | yʼall take it {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa (ha)s anas.hát | they all are taking it {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} has awsihát | they all took it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has awushaat | they all didnʼt take it {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} has agux̱saháat | they all will take it {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has agux̱sahaat | they all wonʼt take it {____}

{na preverb} + O-S-s-√haat ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (heavy object, usually with arms straight and sharing the load with another) | classification: heavy object, usually with arms straight and sharing the load with another | subject is usually plural, so all examples here are with a plural subject | ḵaa naawú yaa s anas.hát → they all are carrying a dead body (finding it heavy) (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} naysahaat! | yʼall take it {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa (ha)s anas.hát | they all are taking it {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} has awsihaat | they all took it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} has awushaat | they all didnʼt take it {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} has agux̱saháat | they all will take it {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} has agux̱sahaat | they all wonʼt take it {____}

√haat ² (verb root) cover ¹; enclose; herd

O-ka-S-s-√haat ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) cover; enclose | for S to cover O completely, out of sight; for S to enclose O | séew daak gux̱satáan shákdé; wé x̱aanásʼ kasahát xwaasdáa teen → itʼs going to rain; cover the fish drying racks with canvas! (SN) • lʼéiwch kawtusihát → we covered it all over with sand (SN)

• imperative: kasahát! | cover it!

• imperfective (+): aksaháat | they are covering it

• perfective (+): akawsihát | they covered it

• perfective (–): tlél akawus.haat | they didnʼt cover it

• future (+): akagux̱saháat | they will cover it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sahaat | they wonʼt cover it

O-ka-S-s-√haat ² (na act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type , verb type, and stem variation] herd; drive | for S to drive, herd O (a group of animals) | wasóos daakahídi yeedé akawsiháat → they drove them into the cow barn (SN)

• imperative: kanas.háat! | herd them!

• perfective (+): akawsiháat | they herded them

• perfective (–): tlél akawus.háat | they didnʼt herd them

• future (+): akagux̱saháat | they will herd them

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sahaat | they wonʼt herd them

O + daa-S-s-√haat ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) enclose; surround; skirt ² | for S to enclose, surround O completely; for S to skirt O (a house) | g̱eiwú teen adaawsihát → they completely surrounded it with a seine net (SN) • chʼa yeedát niyís daawtusihát; x̱ʼaháat áa yéi gax̱too.oo → weʼve enclosed it for now; but weʼre going to put a gate in there (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: daasahát! | enclose it!

• imperfective (+): adaasaháat | they are enclosing it

• perfective (+): adaawsihát | they enclosed it

• perfective (–): tlél adaawus.haat | they didnʼt enclose it

• future (+): adaagux̱saháat | they will enclose it

• future (–): tlél adaagux̱sahaat | they wonʼt enclose it

√haatlʼ (verb root) soil ²; mess

O-daa-d+∅-√háatlʼ (∅ – object intransitive – high) soil ²; mess | for O to be covered with excrement, rust, dirt

• perfective (+): daawdihátlʼ | they are covered with excrement, rust, dirt; it is covered with excrement, rust, dirt

√hélʼk (verb root) clumsy

tlél + O-ka-u-∅-√hélʼk ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) weak; helpless | for O to be weak, helpless | this verb only appears in negative forms • note that adding the thematic prefix: x̱ʼa- to this theme renders the meaning “weak in speech” • the following examples are from JL: « tlél yoo x̱ʼakeeḵéigiḵ, tlél x̱ʼakoohélʼk » “donʼt ask him to speak, theyʻre weak in speech” • « ḵúnáx̱ áwé hú tlél x̱ʼakoohélʼk » “she canʼt control her mouth (weak mouth, uses foul language)” | tlél ikoohélʼk → you are a weakling (JL) • (KE)

• imperfective (–): tlél koohélʼk | they are weak

• progressive (–): tlél kei koonahélʼk | they are getting weak

• perfective (–): tlél kawuhélʼk | they became weak

• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱wahélʼk | they will be weak

√heik ¹ (verb root) moan

√heik ² (verb root) • variants: √heek ² • hyperactive | move in hyperactive manner; jump hyperactively

√hein (verb root) own; claim

O-S-∅-√héin ˟ (na state verb – transitive – invariable) own; claim | for S to own, claim o (esp. clan property) | déix̱ aan áyá tuwahéin → we claim two towns (SN) • akg̱wahéin tlʼátk → the land they all were going to claim (that is, the Promised Land) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: nahéin! | claim it!

• prohibitive: líl eehéiniḵ! | donʼt claim it!

• imperfective (+): ayahéin | they claims it

• imperfective (–): tlél oohéin | they donʼt claim it

• perfective (+): aawahéin | they claimed it

• perfective (–): tlél awuhéin | they didnʼt claim it

• future (+): akg̱wahéin | they will claim it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wahéin | they wonʼt claim it

at + yee-t⁓ + O-S-d+∅- √héin ˟ (na state verb – transitive – invariable) hog; selfish | for S to hog O, claiming for oneself and to keep selfishly | (SN)

• imperative: at yeet naydahéin! | hog it!

• prohibitive: líl woosh teen yidahéiniḵ! | donʼt hog it!

• imperfective (+): at yeet adahéin | they are hogging it

• imperfective (–): tlél at yeet oodahéin | they arenʼt hogging it

• perfective (+): at yeet awdahéin | they hogged it

• perfective (–): tlél at yeet awdahéin | they didnʼt hog it

• future (+): at yeedé akg̱wadahéin | they will hog it

• future (–): tlél at yeedé akg̱wadahéin | they wonʼt hog it

woosh + teen + O-S-d+∅- √héin ˟ (na state verb – transitive – invariable) share; have in common | for S (plural) to share O; for S (plural) to have O in common | classification: plural subject | ldakát has du ádi woosh teen has oodihéin → they all share everything (that is, claim everything together) (SN)

• imperative: woosh teen naydahéin! | you all share it!

• prohibitive: líl woosh teen yidahéiniḵ! | you all donʼt share it!

• imperfective (+): woosh teen has adahéin | they all share it

• imperfective (–): tlél woosh teen has oodahéin | they all donʼt share it

• perfective (+): woosh teen has awdahéin | they all shared it

• perfective (–): tlél woosh teen has awdahéin | they all didnʼt share it

• future (+): woosh teen has akg̱wadahéin | they all will share it

• future (–): tlél woosh teen has akg̱wadahéin | they all wonʼt share it

√heish (verb root) disgraceful

√héix̱waa (verb root) magic; charm; perform rites

O-S-∅-√héix̱waa ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) magic; charm; perform rites | for S to make magic, perform rites on O to bring desirable results in nature or give youngsters power and confidence | could involve ceremonies to ensure plentiful fish runs, and could also be things like tying pinecones to a babyʼs hands to make sure they all are good with them allʼs hands later, or to restore good weather • could be performed by people with knowledge of the ceremony and not only an íx̱tʼ | x̱áat héeni duhéix̱waayín; ách áwé x̱áat shayandaheijín → they all used to make magic at the salmon streams (perform rites such as returning salmon eggs and milt to the stream); thatʼs why the salmon used to be plentiful (SN) • gax̱duhéix̱waa → they all are going to make magic (pass someone through the fire for offending ʼthe worldʼ, and so restore good weather) (SN)

• imperative: nahéix̱waa! | perform rites on them!

• imperfective (+): ahéix̱waa | they performs rites on them; they are performing rites on them

• imperfective (–): tlél oohéix̱waa | they donʼt perform rites on them; they arenʼt performing rites on them

• perfective (+): aawahéix̱waa | they performed rites on them

• perfective (–): tlél awuhéix̱waa | they didnʼt perform rites on them

• future (+): akg̱wahéix̱waa | they will perform rites on them

• future (–): tlél akg̱wahéix̱waa | they wonʼt perform rites on them

√hee ¹ (verb root) pay | pay a medicine person

√hee ² (verb root) nasty

√heech (verb root) • variants: √heich • watch ¹; accuse; jealous | watch covertly

O-(u)-S-∅-√heech (na act verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation type] jealous; accuse | for S to be jealous of attention given by O (their mate) to others; for S to accuse O (their mate) of infidelity (observed or suspected) | du x̱úx̱ ooheech → they are accusing their husband of infidelity (after seeing him with another woman) (SN) • woosh has oodaheech → they are accusing each other of improper conduct (because jealous of attentions to others) (SN)

• imperfective (+): ooheich | they are accusing them of infidelity

• perfective (+): aawaheech | they accused them of infidelity

• perfective (–): tlél awuheech | they didnʼt accuse them of infidelity

• future (+): akg̱wahéech | they will accuse them of infidelity

• future (–): tlél akg̱waheech | they wonʼt accuse them of infidelity

√heek (verb root) full; fill | classification: solids or abstracts

O-sha-∅-√heek (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) filled; full | for O to be filled, be full (general and abstract) | classification: solids or abstracts | wé ḵóok shakg̱wahéek → that box will be filled up (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa shanahík | they are getting full

• perfective (+): shaawahík | they are full

• perfective (–): tlél shawuheek | they arenʼt full

• future (+): shakg̱wahéek | they will get full

• future (–): tlél shakg̱waheek | they wonʼt get full

yan + O-sha-∅-√heek (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) finished; complete; fulfill | for O to be be finished, completed, fulfilled | yan shaawahík → it is finished (e.g., school course) (lit. it is filled up) (SN)

• progressive: yánde yaa shanahík | it is getting completed

• perfective (+): yan shaawahík | it is completed

• perfective (–): tlél yan shawuheek | it isnʼt completed

• future (+): yánde shakg̱wahéek | it will get completed

• future (–): tlél yánde shakg̱waheek | it wonʼt get completed

O-sha-S-l-√heek (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) fill | for S to fill O (with solids or abstracts) | classification: solids or abstracts | haa yaagú shawtulihík → we fillled our boat (SN) • yan ashawlihík wé yakyee → they filled the day (with what they were doing) (SN) • keitlch shawlihík yá aan → this town is full of dogs (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: shalahík! | fill it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl sheelahíkx̱iḵ! | donʼt fill it!

• progressive: yaa ashanalhík | they are filling it

• perfective (+): ashawlihík | they filled it

• perfective (–): tlél ashawulheek | they didnʼt fill it

• future (+): ashagux̱lahéek | they will fill it

• future (–): tlél ashagux̱laheek | they wonʼt fill it

yan⁓ + O-sha-S-l-√heek (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) finish; complete | for S to finish, complete O | (KE)

• imperative: yan shalahík! | finish it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yan sheelahíkx̱iḵ! | donʼt finish it!

• perfective (+): yan ashawlihík | they finished it

• perfective (–): tlél yan ashawulheek | they didnʼt finish it

• future (+): yánde ashagux̱lahéek | they will finish it

• future (–): tlél yánde ashagux̱laheek | they wonʼt finish it

√heen ¹ (verb root) believe; trust

N + éekʼ + a-S-∅-√heen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) believe; trust; believe in | for S to believe, trust, believe in N | déi áwé! l átkʼ oohéen! → stop doubting (thatʼs enough of it)! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du éekʼ agaheen! | believe them!

• prohibitive: líl du éekʼ eeheeníḵ! | donʼt believe them!

• imperfective (+): du éekʼ ayaheen | they believes them

• imperfective (–): tlél du éekʼ ooheen | they donʼt believe them

• perfective (+): du éekʼ aawaheen | they believed them

• perfective (–): tlél du éekʼ awuheen | they didnʼt believe them

• future (+): du éekʼ kei akg̱waheen | they will believe him

• future (–): tlél du éekʼ kei akg̱waheen | they wonʼt believe him

sh + tóokʼ + a-S-d+∅-√heen ¹ ˟ (na state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) trust self; confidence in self | for S to trust oneself, have confidence in oneself | tlél tlax̱ sh tóokʼ oox̱daheen → i donʼt ever trust myself (SN) • tlax̱ a yáanáx̱ sh tóokʼ adiheen → they have more confidence in them than in anybody (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: sh tóokʼ anidaheen! | have confidence in yourself!

• imperfective (+): sh tóokʼ adiheen | they have confidence in themself

• imperfective (–): tlél sh tóokʼ oodaheen | they donʼt have confidence in themself

• perfective (+): sh tóokʼ awdiheen | they had confidence in themself

• perfective (–): tlél sh tóokʼ awdaheen | they didnʼt have confidence in themself

• future (+): sh tóokʼ agux̱daheen | they will have confidence in themself

• future (–): tlél sh tóokʼ agux̱daheen | they wonʼt have confidence in themself

N -kʼ + a-S-∅-√heen ¹ (∅ state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and conjugations] believe; trust; believe in | for S to believe, trust, believe in N | ákʼ aawahín → they believed (SN) • tléil ákʼ ayeeheen ax̱ yoo x̱ʼatángi → you do not believe my words (SN)

• imperative: ákʼ ahín! | believe it!

• prohibitive: líl ákʼ eeheeníḵ! | donʼt believe it!

• imperfective (+): ákʼ oowaheen | they believe it

• imperfective (–): tlél ákʼ ooheen | they donʼt believe it

• perfective (+): ákʼ aawahín | they believed it

• perfective (–): tlél ákʼ awuheen | they didnʼt believe it

• future (+): ákʼ akg̱wahéen | they will believe it

• future (–): tlél ákʼ akg̱waheen | they wonʼt believe it

N + x̱ʼéi-kʼ + a-S-∅-√heen ˟ ¹ (na state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) believe; true | for S to believe the message of N; fo S to believe the words of N to be true | i x̱ʼéi ax̱aaheen → i believe you (what you say) (SN) • ax̱ x̱ʼéikʼ ayaheen → they believe me (what I say) (SN)

• imperative: du x̱ʼéik anaheen! | believe their words!

• prohibitive: líl du x̱ʼéikʼ eeheeníḵ! | donʼt believe their words!

• imperfective (+): du x̱ʼéikʼ ayaheen | they believe their words

• imperfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéikʼ ooheen | they donʼt believe their words

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéikʼ aawaheen | they believed their words

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéikʼ awuheen | they didnʼt believe their words

• future (+): du x̱ʼéik akg̱waheen | they will believe their words

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéikʼ akg̱waheen | they wonʼt believe their words

√heen ² (verb root) swim | school of fish to swim underwater | classification: plural

√heen ³ (verb root) water down; mix | mix with water

√heesʼ (verb root) borrow; loan

O-S-∅-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive – high) borrow | for S to borrow O | hoon daakahídidáx̱ yaa ndahísʼ → theyʼre getting credit (borrowing along) from the store (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: gahéesʼ! | borrow it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei eehísʼjiḵ! | donʼt borrow it!

• imperfective (+): ahéesʼ | they are borrowing it

• imperfective (–): tlél oohéesʼ | they arenʼt borrowing it

• perfective (+): aawahéesʼ | they borrowed it

• perfective (–): tlél awuhéesʼ | they didnʼt borrow it

• future (+): kei akg̱wahéesʼ | they will borrow it

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wahéesʼ | they wonʼt borrow it

N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√héesʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) lend | for S to lend O to N | ax̱ éet hísʼ! → lend it to me! (SN) • sʼeenáa ḵóot aawahísʼ → they lent the lamp to somebody (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du éet hísʼ! | lend it to them!

• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ eehéesʼiḵ! | donʼt lend it to them!

• perfective (+): du éet aawahísʼ | they lent it to them

• perfective (–): tlél du éet awuhéesʼ | they didnʼt lend it to them

• future (+): du éede akg̱wahéesʼ | they will lend it to them

• future (–): tlél du éede akg̱wahéesʼ | they wonʼt lend it to them

O-S-l-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive – high) borrow; charter | for S to borrow O  (often large object, such as stove, table); for S to charter O (a plane, boat or car) | classification: large object | haa nadáagu wududlihéesʼ → our table has been borrowed (SN) • ax̱ óonayi awlihéesʼ → they borrowed my gun (SN)

• imperative: galahéesʼ! | borrow it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei ilahísʼjiḵ! | donʼt borrow it!

• imperfective (+): alhéesʼ | they are borrowing it

• imperfective (–): tlél oolhéesʼ | they arenʼt borrowing it

• perfective (+): awlihéesʼ | they borrowed it

• perfective (–): tlél awulhéesʼ | they didnʼt borrow it

• future (+): kei agux̱lahéesʼ | they will borrow it

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱lahéesʼ | they wonʼt borrow it

O-ka-S-∅-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive – high) borrow | for S to borrow O (esp. round, spherical object) | classification: round or sperical object | nagú: kagahéesʼ! → go and borrow it (a globe)! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kagahéesʼ! | borrow it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei keehísʼjiḵ! | donʼt borrow it!

• imperfective (+): akahéesʼ | they are borrowing it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoohéesʼ | they arenʼt borrowing it

• perfective (+): akaawahéesʼ | they borrowed it

• perfective (–): tlél akawuhéesʼ | they didnʼt borrow it

• future (+): kei akakg̱wahéesʼ | they will borrow it

• future (–): tlél kei akakg̱wahéesʼ | they wonʼt borrow it

O-ka-S-l-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive – high) borrow | for S to borrow O (stick-like object) | classification: stick-like object | kooxéedaa akawlihéesʼ → they borrowed a pencil (SN)

• imperative: kaklahéesʼ! | borrow it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei keelahísʼjiḵ! | donʼt borrow it!

• imperfective (+): aklahéesʼ | they are borrowing it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoolhéesʼ | they arenʼt borrowing it

• perfective (+): akaawahéesʼ | they borrowed it

• perfective (–): tlél akawuhéesʼ | they didnʼt borrow it

• future (+): kei akagux̱lahéesʼ | they will borrow it

• future (–): tlél kei akagux̱lahéesʼ | they wonʼt borrow it

√heets (verb root) singe | singe hair, fur, or feathers

O-S-l-√heets (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) ⑴ singe | for S to singe hair, fur, or feathers off O | gáaxw agux̱lahéets → they are going to singe the ducks • g̱uwakaan shaayí x̱walihíts → i singed the deerʼs head (SN) || ⑵ cook | for S to cook O whole (in its skin, over campfire for a whole day) | tsaa wududlihíts → a seal was cooked whole (in its skin, over campfire for a whole day) (SN)

• imperative: lahíts! | singe it!

• imperfective (+): alhéets | they are singing it

• perfective (+): awlihíts | they singed it

• perfective (–): tlél awulheets | they didnʼt singe it

• future (+): agux̱lahéets | they will singe it

• future (–): tlél agux̱laheets | they wonʼt singe it

√heexw (verb root) bewitch; witchcraft | practice witchcraft

O-S-∅-√heexw (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) bewitch; witchcraft | for O to bewitch S; for O to perform witchcraft on O | often using personal belongings to do so and to bring about illness or devastation | wuduwahíxw → they are bewitched (as an act of jealousy on anotherʼs part) (SN) • x̱at uwahíxw → i dream that someone is doing bad things to me (and become sick through this) (SN)

• imperfective (+): aheexw | they are bewitching them/it

• perfective (+): aawahíxw | they bewitched them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awuheexw | they didnʼt bewitch them/it

• future (+): akg̱wahéexw | they will bewitch them/it

• future (–): tlél akg̱waheexw | they wonʼt bewitch them/it

√hoo ¹ (verb root) wade; swim | swim on surface of water | classification: singular | plural: √kwaan

{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√hoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) wade; swim | for (singular) S to wade; for (singular) S to swim on surface of water | diyáanáx̱ aadé daak uwahóo → they swam across to the other side (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} hú! | wade {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} eehooḵ! | donʼt wade {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa nahéin | they are wading {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} uwahóo | they waded {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wuhú | they didnʼt wade {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} kg̱wahóo | they will wade {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} kg̱wahoo | they wonʼt wade {____}

N-t + ji-S-d+∅-√hoo ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – open) wade; swim | for S to wade around at N (esp. aimlessly or in circles) | gáaxw át jeewdihoo → a duck is swimming around in circles (SN) • át has jeewdihoo → they all (boys) are swimming there (and playing with boats) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: át jindahú! | wade around!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl át yoo jeedahéigiḵ! | donʼt wade around!

• perfective (+): át jiwdihoo | they are wading around; they waded around

• perfective (–): tlél át jiwdahoo | they arenʼt wading around; they didnʼt wade around

• future (+): át jigux̱dahóo | they will wade around

• future (–): tlél át jigux̱dahoo | they wonʼt wade around

√hoo ² (verb root) suspect

√hoo ³ (verb root) exclaim | to say « hú! »

√hook (verb root) shout

kei + O-S-∅-√hook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) shout | for S to lift O (an emptied container of berries or fruit) and shout at ḵu.éexʼ | classification: ḵu.éexʼ | kei duhúkch → people emptied (the dish) and lifted it up (in triumph) (SN) • kei aawahúk dú xwáaxʼu teen → they emptied it (usually a bowl) and lifted it empty while shouting with their tribal relatives (SN)

chush + tóodáx̱ + kei + S-∅-√hook (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check CP] shout; grief | for S to remove grief with ritual shouts at ḵu.éexʼ | classification: ḵu.éexʼ | this process often involves four men, two from each moiety, who pound a staff on the floor while making the release of grief chant | choosh tóodáx̱ kei dahúkch → dispelling the grief with a shout (at ḵu.éexʼ, after the cry songs and done with four men holding a staff) (HJ)

√hoon (verb root) sell

O-S-∅-√hoon (na act verb – transitive – closed) sell; betray | for S to sell O | the object for “selling” is third person (it), but changing the object often results in a shift in meaning: for S to betray O | ldakát át has ahóon → they all sell everything/all kinds of things (SN) • tléináx̱ yateeyi aa yee x̱oodáx̱ x̱at gug̱ahóon → one from among you all is going to betray me (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: nahoon! | sell it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo eehóonguḵ! | donʼt sell it!

• imperfective (+): ahóon | they sells it; they are selling it

• imperfective (–): tlél oohoon | they donʼt sell it; they arenʼt selling it

• perfective (+): aawahoon | they sold it

• perfective (–): tlél awuhoon | they didnʼt sell it

• future (+): akg̱wahóon | they will sell it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wahoon | they wonʼt sell it

O-S-l-√hoon (na event verb – transitive – closed) selling; peddle; hawk ² | for S to go selling, peddle, hawk O | SN include a ∅ conjugation motion form of the verb: « haa éet wududlihún » “they all came to us selling things” | xʼúxʼ yaa nalhún → theyʻre going round selling books (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: nalhoon! | go peddle it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yóo ilahóongiḵ! | donʼt go peddle it!

• progressive: yaa analhún | they are peddling it

• perfective (+): awlihoon | they went peddling it

• perfective (–): tlél awulhoon | they didnʼt go peddling it

• future (+): agux̱lahóon | they will go peddle it

• future (–): tlél agux̱lahoon | they wonʼt go peddle it

S-d+l-√hoon (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) spending; shopping | for S to go spending, go shopping

• imperative: neelhoon! | go shopping!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo eelhóonguḵ! | donʼt go shopping!

• progressive: yaa nalhún | they are shopping

• perfective (+): wudlihoon | they went shopping

• perfective (–): tlél wulhoon | they didnʼt go shopping

• future (+): gug̱alhóon | they will go shopping

• future (–): tlél gug̱alhoon | they wonʼt go shopping

sh + S-d+l-√hoon (∅ event verb – reflexive – closed) hire; job hunt | for S to hire themself out, look for a job, for employment | haat sh kawdlihún → they came here looking for a job (SN) • yéi jiné yís yaa sh kanx̱alhún → iʼm going around trying to hire myself out and get a job (SN)

• imperative: sh eelhún! | hire yourself out!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl she ilahúnx̱iḵ! | donʼt hire yourself out!

• progressive: yaa sh nalhún | they are hiring themself out

• perfective (+): sh wudlihún | they hired themself out

• perfective (–): tlél sh wulhoon | they didnʼt hire themself out

• future (+): sh gug̱alhóon | they will hire themself out

• future (–): tlél sh gug̱alhoon | they wonʼt hire themself out

√hoot (verb root) ⑴ carry | carry in apron || ⑵ plank | to put planks on

O-S-∅-√hoot (na motion verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation and verb type] carry | for S to carry O in apron | xʼáaxʼ yaa anahút → theyʼre carrying apples in their apron (SN)

• progressive: yaa anahút | theyʼre carrying them in their apron

• perfective (+): aawahoot | they carried them in their apron

• perfective (–): tlél awuhoot | they didnʼt carry them in their apron

• future (+): akg̱wahóot | they will carry them in their apron

• future (–): tlél akg̱wahoot | they wonʼt carry them in their apron

√hootlʼ (verb root) wrinkled

O-duk-ka-d+∅-√hóotlʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type and stem variation] graze; scrape | for O to graze off, scrape off (skin in injury) | aax̱ dukkawdihútlʼ → the skin grazed off (in a fall)

• perfective (+): dukkawdihútlʼ | the skin scraped off

• perfective (–): tlél dukkawduhóotlʼ | they skin didnʼt scrape off

• future (+): dukkagux̱dahóotlʼ | the skin will scrape off

• future (–): tlél dukkagux̱dahóotlʼ | the skin wonʼt scrape off

√ín (verb root) observe; guard ¹

√ítʼch (verb root) sparkle; reflect light

ka-d+l-√ítʼch ˟ (∅ state verb – impersonal – invariable) sparkle; reflect light | for something to sparkle, reflect light | yá kawóot kadli.ítʼch → these beads are bright / sparkling (SN) • dleit tsú kadli.ítʼch → snow sparkles too, and reflects light (SN)

• imperfective (+): kadli.ítʼch | itʼs sparkling; it sparkles

• imperfective (–): tlél kool.ítʼch | it isnʼt sparkling; it doesnʼt sparkle

• progressive: yaa kanal.ítʼch | itʼs beginning to sparkle

• perfective (+): kawdli.ítʼch | itʼs sparkling; it sparkled

• perfective (–): tlél kawul.ítʼch | it didnʼt sparkle

• future (+): kei kakg̱wal.ítʼch | it will sparkle

• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱wal.ítʼch | it wonʼt sparkle

√íx̱tʼ (verb root) medicine person

√ee ¹ (verb root) cook

(yan⁓) + ∅-√.ee ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) cooked | for food to be cooked, done cooking | dei yaa na.éen → itʼs getting cooked (SN) • chʼa yeisú tléixʼ yan oowa.ée → only one is cooked yet (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yánde yaa na.éen | itʼs cooking

• perfective (+): yan uwa.ée | itʼs cooked

• perfective (–): tlél yan wu.í | it isnʼt cooked

• future (+): yánde kg̱wa.ée | it will be cooked

• future (–): tlél yánde kg̱wa.ee | it wonʼt be cooked

O-S-s-√.ee ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) cook | for S to cook O | kóox du x̱ʼéis sa.í! → cook rice for them (to eat)! (SN) • wáa sá gees.ée nooch? → how do you cook it? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: sa.í! | cook it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl isa.éex̱iḵ! | donʼt cook it!

• imperfective (+): as.ée | they cooks it; they are cooking it

• imperfective (–): tlél oos.ee | they donʼt cook it; they arenʼt cooking it

• perfective (+): awsi.ée | they cooked it

• perfective (–): tlél awus.í | they didnʼt cook it

• future (+): agux̱sa.ée | they will cook it

• future (–): tlél agux̱sa.ee | they wonʼt cook it

at  + S-s-√.ee ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) cook | for S to cook | (KE)

• imperative: at sa.í! | cook!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl at isa.éex̱iḵ! | donʼt cook!

• imperfective (+): at sa.ée | she cooks; they are cooking

• imperfective (–): tlél at us.ee | they donʼt cook; sheʼs not cooking

• perfective (+): at wusi.ée | they cooked

• perfective (–): tlél at wus.í | they didnʼt cook

• future (+): at gux̱sa.ée | they will cook

• future (–): tlél at gux̱sa.ee | they wonʼt cook

√ee ² (verb root) slide ¹; flow

√een ¹ (verb root) carry | classification: container with contents

O-S-∅-√.een ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) | for S to pick O (esp. berries) into a container | aatlein kanatʼá wutuwa.ín → we picked lots of blueberries (SN) • tléiḵw akg̱wa.éen → theyʻre going to pick berries (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: .ín! | pick them all!

• prohibitive: líl ee.eeníḵ! | donʼt pick them all!

• imperfective (+): a.éen | they are picking them all; they picks them all

• imperfective (–): tlél oo.een | they arenʼt picking them all; they donʼt pick them all

• perfective (+): aawa.ín | they picked them all

• perfective (–): tlél awu.een | they didnʼt pick them all

• future (+): akg̱wa.éen | they will pick them all

• future (–): tlél akg̱wa.een | they wonʼt pick them all

{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√.een ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (a container with contents) | classification: a container with contents | héen haat sa.ín! → bring water! (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} sa.ín! | carry it {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} isa.eeníḵ! | donʼt carry it!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa anas.ín | they are carrying

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awsi.ín | they carried it

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awus.een | they didnʼt carry it

• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱sa.éen | they will carry it

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱sa.een | they wonʼt carry it

{na preverb} + O-S-s-√.een ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (a container with contents) | classification: a container with contents | gáalʼ yaa anas.ín → theyʼre carrying clams (in a bucket) (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nasa.een! | carry it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl N-x̱ isa.eeníḵ! | donʼt carry it!

• progressive: N-de yaa anas.ín | they are carrying it

• perfective (+): {na preverb} awsi.een | they carried it

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awus.een | they didnʼt carry it

• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱sa.éen | they will carry it

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱sa.een | they wonʼt carry it

√een ² | classification: plural kill ¹; slaughter

O-S-∅-√.een ² (na – transitive – closed) [check stem variation] (act verb) kill ¹; slaughter | for S to kill, slaughter O (plural) | classification: plural (singular: jaaḵ | g̱uwakaan aawa.een → they killed deer (pl.) (SN) • daach woo.een yá káaxʼ → an ermine killed the chickens (SN) • (RD)

• imperative: na.een! | slaughter them!

• perfective (+): aawa.een | they slaughtered them

• perfective (–): tlél awu.een | they didnʼt slaughter them

• future (+): akg̱wa.éen | they will slaughter them

• future (–): tlél akg̱wa.een | they wonʼt slaughter them

√een ³ (verb root) sneak

√ees (verb root) whistle | whistle quietly

√eesh (verb root) thread ²; string ² | thread together; string together

O-ka-S-l-√.eesh (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) string ² | for S to thread O (esp. beads), string together | yeedát tléil kawóot akool.eesh → sheʼs not stringing beads now (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kala.ísh! | string them all together!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keel.íshx̱iḵ! | donʼt string them all together!

• imperfective (+): akla.eesh | they are stringing them all together

• imperfective (–): tlél akool.eesh | they arenʼt stringing them all together

• perfective (+): akawli.ísh | they strung them all together

• perfective (–): tlél akawul.eesh | they didnʼt string them all together

• future (+): akagux̱la.éesh | they will string them all together

• future (–): tlél akagux̱la.eesh | they wonʼt string them all together

√eesháan (verb root) pitiful; poor

O-l-√eesháan ˟ (∅ pitiful; poor | for O to be pitiable, poor, in an unfortunate state

√eet (verb root) change; transform | change proportion

a-S-d+∅-√éet (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check stem variation] change; transform | for S to change its proportion; for S to change itself into something else | wé tle xóots yáx̱ awdi.éet, yá Sháatkʼ, tle du éekʼ jiwdigút → she turned herself into a bear, this Girl, and then attacked her brother (GD) • (JL, JC)

• perfective (+): awdi.éet | it changed its proportion

√eetʼ ¹ (verb root) soak

O-ka-d+∅-√.éetʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) soak; waterlogged | for O to be soaked, waterlogged | ax̱ yaagú yaa kanda.ítʼ → my boat is waterlogged (so heavy with water in the boards that it is going to sink) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: (góok) ikada.ítʼ! | (go ahead) get soaked!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ikooda.ítʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt get soaked!

• progressive: yaa kanda.ítʼ | itʼs getting soaked

• perfective (+): kawdi.ítʼ | it is soaked

• perfective (–): tlél kawda.éetʼ | itʼs not soaked

• future (+): kagux̱da.éetʼ | it will get soaked

• future (–): tlél kagux̱da.éetʼ | it wonʼt get soaked

√eexʼ (verb root) call out; yell; shout; invite

O-S-∅-√.éexʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) call out; shout; holler | for S to call out to, shout to, holler at O | gáande x̱at du.éexʼ → people are shouting at me from outside (SN) • ax̱ tláa x̱waa.éexʼ → i called out to my mother (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: na.éexʼ! | call out to them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ee.éexʼiḵ! | donʼt call out to them!

• imperfective (+): a.éexʼ | they calls out to them; they are calling out to them

• imperfective (–): tlél oo.éexʼ | they donʼt call out to them; they arenʼt calling out to them

• perfective (+): aawa.éexʼ | they called out to them

• perfective (–): tlél awu.éexʼ | they didnʼt call out to them

• future (+): akg̱wa.éexʼ | they will call out to them

• future (–): tlél akg̱wa.éexʼ | they wonʼt call out to them

O-S-∅-√.éexʼ (g̱a event verb – transitive – high) invite; ask | for S to invite O, ask O to a party | tlél x̱at wudu.éexʼ → iʼm not invited (SN) • yei ḵukḵwa.éexʼ → iʼm going to invite people (SN) • ix̱waa.éexʼ x̱aan at geex̱aat → iʼm inviting you so you can eat with me (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: g̱a.éexʼ! | invite them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei ee.éexʼjiḵ! | donʼt invite them!

• perfective (+): aawa.éexʼ | they invited them

• perfective (–): tlél awu.éexʼ | they didnʼt invite them

• future (+): yei akg̱wa.éexʼ | they will invite them

• future (–): tlél yei akg̱wa.éexʼ | they wonʼt invite them

kei + S-∅-√.éexʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check verb type] growl; yell | for S to growl; for S to yell out | kei uwa.íxʼ wé xóots → the brown bear gave a great growl (SN) • du waaḵ tsu ash ée kei uwa.íxʼ: « yaakw yaa naḵúx̱! » → his eye called out to him again, “a boat is going along!” (SaJ)

• imperative: kei .íxʼ! | yell out!

• perfective (+): kei uwa.íxʼ | they yelled

• perfective (–): tlél kei wu.éexʼ | they didnʼt yell

• future (+): kei kg̱wa.éexʼ | they will yell

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wa.éexʼ | they wonʼt yell out

O-ka-S-l-√.éexʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) call out; shout; holler | for S to call out repeatedly to, keep on shouting at O | ax̱ tláa kax̱wli.éexʼ → i hollered at my mother repeatedly (SN) • du yéet ḵut gashíxch: tlákw akanal.éexʼch → their son is always running off, and theyʻre always calling him (SN)

• imperative: kanal.éexʼ! | repeatedly call out to them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keela.éexʼiḵ! | donʼt repeatedly call out to them!

• imperfective (+): akla.éexʼ | they keep calling out to them; they repeatedly call out to them

• imperfective (–): tlél akool.éexʼ | they arenʼt repeatedly calling out to them; they donʼt repeatedly call out to them

• perfective (+): akawli.éexʼ | they repeatedly called out to them

• perfective (–): tlél akawul.éexʼ | they didnʼt call out to them

• future (+): akagux̱la.éexʼ | they will repeatedly call out to them

• future (–): tlél akagux̱la.éexʼ | they wonʼt repeatedly call out to them

tʼaa-S-∅-√.éexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) call out; announce | for S to call announce by calling out | ax̱ yoo x̱ʼatángi yeey.áx̱ch: yaa tʼaana.íxʼ → you all can hear my words/language: I am calling out an announcement (SN)

• imperative: tʼaana.éexʼ! | call out an announcement!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl tʼaa.ee.éexʼiḵ! | donʼt call out an announcement!

• progressive: yaa tʼaana.íxʼ | they are calling out an announcement

• perfective (+): tʼaawa.éexʼ | they called out an announcement

• perfective (–): tlél tʼaawu.éexʼ | they didnʼt call out an announcement

• future (+): tʼaakg̱wa.éexʼ | they will call out an announcement

• future (–): tlél tʼaakg̱wa.éexʼ | they wonʼt call out an announcement

√eex̱ (verb root) • variants: √eix̱ • oily; greasy | oily; greasy

√jaa (verb root) instruct; advise; counsel

O-shu-ka-∅-√jaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading, cv́v hort/pot) instruct; show ¹; advise; counsel | for S to instruct, show O (by word); for S to advise, give advice to, counsel O | áa yee shukdujeisʼ → you all are being given instructions (SN) • gunalchéesh áa x̱at shukayeejaayí → thank you for showing me (SN) • dáanaa yéi adaané áa x̱at shukakg̱eejáa → you will advise me about making money / about money matters (SN) • yéi áwé áa ee shukx̱wajeisʼ → thatʼs how I advised you (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: shukajáa! | instruct them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl shukeejeix̱íḵ! | donʼt instruct them!

• imperfective (+): ashukoojeisʼ | they are instructing them

• imperfective (–): tlél ashukoojeisʼ | they arenʼt instructing them

• perfective (+): ashukaawajáa | they instructed them

• perfective (–): tlél ashukawujá | they didnʼt instruct them

• future (+): ashukakg̱wajáa | they will instruct them

• future (–): tlél ashukakg̱wajaa | they wonʼt instruct them

√jaaḵ (verb root) | classification: singular kill ¹

O-S-∅-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) kill ¹ | for S to kill O | classification: singular (plural: √een ²) | (GD, KE) • tsaag̱álʼ teen xóots aawajáḵ → they killed a bear with a spear (SN) • káaxʼ haa atx̱aayí sákw gax̱toojáaḵ → weʼll kill a chicken for our meal (SN)

• imperative: jáḵ! | kill them/it!

• imperfective (+): yaa anajáḵ | they are killing them/it

• perfective (+): aawajáḵ | they killed them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awujaaḵ | they didnʼt kill it

• future (+): akg̱wajáaḵ | they will kill them/it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wajaaḵ | they wonʼt kill them/it

táach + O-S-∅-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) fall asleep | for (singular) O to fall asleep (“for sleep to kill (singular) O) | classification: singular object | this verb metaphorically refers to a singuar object falling asleep | (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl táach eejáḵx̱íḵ! | donʼt fall asleep!

• progressive: táach yaa najáḵ | they are starting to fall asleep

• perfective (+): táach uwajáḵ | they fell asleep

• perfective (–): tlél táach wujaaḵ | they didnʼt fall asleep

• future (+): táach gug̱ajáaḵ | they will fall asleep

• future (–): tlél táach gug̱ajaaḵ | they wonʼt fall asleep

táach + yax̱ + O-ÿa-S-l-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) fall asleep | for (plural) O to fall asleep (“for sleep to kill (plural) O”) | classification: plural object | this verb metaphorically refers to plural objects falling asleep • the verb stem is typically used with singular subjects, but in this case sleep is the singular 3rd person subject | (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl táach yax̱ yee wuljáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt you all fall asleep!

• progressive: táach yax̱ yaa has yanaljáḵ | they all are starting to fall asleep

• perfective (+): táach yax̱ has yawlijáḵ | they all fell asleep

• perfective (–): tlél táach yax̱ has yawuljaaḵ | they all didnʼt fall asleep

• future (+): táach yax̱ has yagux̱lajáaḵ | they all will fall asleep

• future (–): tlél táach yax̱ has yagux̱lajaaḵ | they all wonʼt fall asleep

N-ch + O-S-l-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) kill ¹ | for S to kill O with N | classification: singular | (GD, KE) • tsaag̱álʼch awlijáḵ → they killed it with a spear (SN)

• imperative: ách lajáḵ! | kill them/it with it!

• imperfective (+): ách yaa analjáḵ | they are killing them/it with it

• perfective (+): ách awlijáḵ | they killed them/it with it

• perfective (–): tlél ách awuljaaḵ | they didnʼt kill it with it

• future (+): ách agux̱lajáaḵ | they will kill them/it with it

• future (–): tlél ách agux̱lajaaḵ | they wonʼt kill them/it with it

√jaaḵw ¹ (verb root) beat up; assault

O-S-∅-√jáaḵw ¹ (na act verb – transitive – high) beat up; assault; attack | for S to beat up, assault, violently attack O | x̱at wujáaḵw → they beat me up (SN) • has gax̱toojáaḵw → weʼre going to beat them all up (said by children) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: najáaḵw! | beat them up!

• prohibitive: líl eejáag̱uḵ! | donʼt beat them up!

• imperfective (+): ajáaḵw | they are beating them up

• imperfective (–): tlél oojáaḵw | they are not beating them up

• progressive: yaa anajáḵw | they are beating them up

• perfective (+): aawajáaḵw | they beat them up

• perfective (–): tlél awujáaḵw | they didnʼt beat them up

• future (+): akg̱wajáaḵw | they will beat them up

• future (–): tlél akg̱wajáaḵw | they wonʼt beat them up

√jaaḵw ² (verb root) fit; suited for; perfect

yan⁓ + O-∅-√jaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] fit; proper | for O to be fitting, proper | du ḵusteeyí yan uwajág̱u átx̱ sitee → their way of life is fitting / proper (SN)

• perfective (+): yan uwajáḵw | it fit; it is fitting

• perfective (–): tlél yan wujaaḵw | it didnʼt fit; it isnʼt fitting

• future (+): yánde akg̱wajáaḵw | it will be fitting

• future (–): tlél yánde akg̱wajaaḵw | it wonʼt be fitting

wóosh-t⁓ + O-S-l-√jaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] fit | for S to fit O together | wóosht x̱walijáḵw → i have fitted it (jigsaw puzzle) together (SN)

• imperative: wóosht lajáḵw! | fit it together!

• perfective (+): wóosht awlijáḵw | they fit it together

• perfective (–): tlél wóosht awuljaaḵw | they didnʼt fit it together

• future (+): wóoshde agux̱lajáaḵw | they will fit it together

• future (–): tlél wóoshde agux̱lajaaḵw | they wonʼt fit it together

yan⁓ + O-S-l-√jaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] fit | for S to fit O in place (permanently) | (JL)

• imperative: yan lajáḵw! | fit it in place!

• perfective (+): yan awlijáḵw | they fit it in place

• perfective (–): tlél yan awuljaaḵw | they didnʼt fit it in place

• future (+): yánde agux̱lajáaḵw | they will fit it in place

• future (–): tlél yánde agux̱lajaaḵw | they wonʼt fit it in place

N + yá-t⁓ + O-S-l-√jaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] fit; apply; trust; depend on | for S to settle on it (a fitting name) for N; for S to apply O to N (often a personal experience) to their situation; for S to depends on, trust N | i yát x̱walijáḵw → i applied it to you (that is, something i have experienced I apply to you to illustrate my point) • du yát wududlijáḵw → a fitting name has been settled on for them (that is, the name they have been given fits them, because they are like the former bearer of the name)

• imperative: du yát lajáḵw! | apply it to them!

• perfective (+): du yát awlijáḵw | they applied it to them

• perfective (–): tlél du yát awuljaaḵw | they didnʼt apply it to them

• future (+): du yaadé agux̱lajáaḵw | they will apply it to them

• future (–): tlél du yaadé agux̱lajaaḵw | they wonʼt apply it to them

N + x̱ʼéide + O-S-l-√jaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) fit; proper | for S to make the speech of O fitting, proper | du x̱ʼéide wududlijaaḵw we yoo x̱ʼatánk → their speech is fitting / fits in with their actual lineage (JL)

• imperative: du x̱ʼéide naljaaḵw! | make their words fitting!

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéide awlijaaḵw | they made their speech fitting

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide awuljaaḵw | they didnʼt make their speech fitting

• future (+): du x̱ʼéide agux̱lajáaḵw | they will make their speech fitting

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide agux̱lajaaḵw | they wonʼt make their speech fitting

yan⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√jaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – reflexive – closed) [check check verb type and stem variation in hort/pot] comfortable | for S to make themself comfortable, settle in a comfortable position | yan sh x̱wadlijáḵw → iʼm making myself thoroughly comfortable (SN)

• imperative: yan sh eeljáḵw! | make yourself comfortable!

• perfective (+): yan sh wudlijáḵw | they made themself comfortable

• perfective (–): tlél yan sh wuljaaḵw | they didnʼt make themself comfortable

• future (+): yánde sh gug̱aljáaḵw | they will make themself comfortable

• future (–): tlél yánde sh gug̱aljaaḵw | they wonʼt make themself comfortable

O-sha-S-∅-√jaaḵw ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] fill | for S to fill O to an appropriate level | yá xeeg̱a.áat du ḵágu tsu ashaawajáḵw → after dusk, their basket was full again (GD)

• imperative: shajáḵw! | fill it!

• perfective (+): ashaawajáḵw | they filled it

• perfective (–): tlél ashawujaaḵw | they didnʼt fill it

• future (+): ashakg̱wajáaḵw | they will fill it

• future (–): tlél ashakg̱wajaaḵw | they wonʼt fill it

O-x̱ʼa-ka-∅-√jaaḵw ² (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] fit; suitable | for O to fit the speech to the occasion, say or sing that which is suitable | i sáni hás x̱ʼakajáaḵw → your paternal uncles are good speakers/say what is fitting (SN)

• imperfective (+): x̱ʼakajáaḵw | they are giving a fitting speech

sh + x̱ʼa-S-d+l-√jaaḵw ² (na – reflexive – closed) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] excuses | for S to excuse oneself, make excuses, try to justify self | chʼa ldakát yéide áwé át sh x̱ʼayeeydlijaaḵw → you all are making all kinds of excuses (as to why you all lost the race)

• perfective (+): át sh x̱ʼawdlijaaḵw | they made excuses

• perfective (–): tlél át sh x̱ʼawuljaaḵw | they didnʼt make excuses

√jeich ¹ (verb root) surprise; astonish; amaze

O-ÿa-S-l-√jeich ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) suprise; astonish; amaze | for S to suprise, astonish, amaze O | aadé ash koolyat yé, x̱at yawlijeich → the way he played really surprised me (that is, i was amazed at how good they were) (SN) • chʼa chʼáagu at wududzikóowu át áwé: tléil x̱at yawuljeich → it is something that has been known for a long time: it doesnʼt surprise me (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yag̱aljeich! | surprise them!

• prohibitive: líl yei yeelajeijíḵ! | donʼt surprise them!

• perfective (+): ash yawlijeich | they surprised them

• perfective (–): tlél ash yawuljeich | they didnʼt surprise them

• future (+): ash yagux̱lajéich | they will surprise them

• future (–): tlél ash yagux̱lajeich | they wonʼt surprise them

O-ÿa-∅-√jeich ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) surprise; astonish; amaze | for O to be surprised, astonished, amazed | haa yaawajeich → we were surprised and amazed / reduced to utter silence (after coming through a great storm)

• prohibitive: líl yei iwoojéchjiḵ! | donʼt be surprised!

• perfective (+): yaawajeich | they were surprised

• perfective (–): tlél yawujeich | they werenʼt surprised

• future (+): yei yakg̱wajéich | they will be surprised

• future (–): tlél yei yakg̱wajeich | they wonʼt be surprised

√jeich ² (verb root) weigh down

√jeil ¹ (verb root) move ¹; reach ¹ | move hands over; reach for

{∅ motion} + S-∅-√jeil ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) crawl | for S to crawl, or proceed slowly, using hands to help them along (esp. of old person) | chʼa yéi áyá haat x̱waajél → iʼve just crawled here (said by old person) (SN)

• imperative: {∅ motion} jél! | crawl slowly!

• progressive: {∅ motion} yaa najél | they are crawling slowly

• perfective (+): {∅ motion} woojél | they crawled slowly

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ motion} wujeil | they didnʼt crawl slowly

• future (+): {∅ motion} gug̱ajéil | they will crawl slowly

• future (–): tlél {∅ motion} gug̱ajeil | they wonʼt crawl slow

N-náx̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√jeil ¹ (∅ motion) (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) reach ¹ | for S to reach a hand through, around N | note that combining this verb with « a yáanáx̱ », as in « a yáanáx̱ yaawajél » literally means “they reached past it”, but is an expression used to indicate that the person missed something when speaking, forgot to say something, or omitted something | (KE)

• imperative: anax̱ woojél! | reach your hand through it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl anax̱ yeejélx̱iḵ! | donʼt reach your hand through it!

• perfective (+): anax̱ yaawajél | they reached their hand through it

• perfective (–): tlél anax̱ yawujeil | they didnʼt reach their hand through it

• future (+): anax̱ yakg̱wajéil | they will reach their hand through it

• future (–): tlél anax̱ yakg̱wajeil | they wonʼt reach their hand through it

N + daa-t⁓ + sh + tu-ka-S-d+∅-√jeil ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] cherish; care for | for S to cherish, set theire affection upon, care  greatly for O | du shát daat sh tukawdijél → they care for their wife (cherishing her and putting her first in everything) (SN) • a daat sh tukax̱wdijél → i care for it (a material thing) (SN)

• imperative: du daat sh tukeedajél! | cherish them!

• perfective (+): du daat sh tukawdijél | they cherish them

• perfective (–): tlél du daat sh tukawdajeil | they donʼt cherish them

• future (+): du daadé sh tukagux̱dajéil | they will cherish them

• future (–): tlél du daadé sh tukagux̱dajeil | they wonʼt cherish them

√jeil ² (verb root) carry; take | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing

{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; collect | for S to carry, take O (esp. to one place, making several trips, or all of one particular type of thing); for S to collect O | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing | ldakát át neil katoojélch → we collect all sorts in our house (SN) • du oox̱ kei kawduwajél → they had their teeth pulled (SN) • woosh daséixʼ yakx̱waajél → i exchanged the positions (of many objects) (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} kajél! | carry it all {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yoo keejélx̱iḵ! | donʼt carry it all {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa akanajél | they are carrying it all {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akaawajél | they carried it all {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawujeil | they didnʼt carry it all {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akakg̱wajéil | they will carry it all {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akakg̱wajeil | they wonʼt carry it all {____}

{na preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (esp. to one place, making several trips, or all of one particular type of thing) | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing | néix̱ʼ yaa akanajél → theyʼre carrying marble (SN) • woosh kaanáx̱ ágé keeyajeil? → have you collected it (mail)? • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} kanajeil! | carry it all {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo keejélx̱iḵ! | donʼt carry it all {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa akanajél | they are carrying it all {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} akaawajeil | they carried it all {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawujeil | they didnʼt carry it all {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} akakg̱wajéil | they will carry it all {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akakg̱wajeil | they wonʼt carry it all {____}

héen-t⁓ + O-ÿa-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) baptize | for S to baptize O (plural) | classification: plural | héent has yakawduwajél → they all were baptized (SN)

• imperative: héent has yakajél! | baptize them all!

• prohibitive: líl héent has yakajéiliḵ! | donʼt baptize them all!

• perfective (+): héent has ayakaawajél | they baptized them all

• perfective (–): tlél héent has ayakawujeil | they didnʼt baptize them all

• future (+): héende has ayakakg̱wajéil | they will baptize them all

• future (–): tlél héende has ayakakg̱wajéil | they wonʼt baptize them all

{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√jeil ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (esp. to one place, usually stick-like objects); for S to gether O (esp. people to one place) | classification: stick-like objects in loads; all of one type of stick-like object | lingít neil kaduljeilt → the people are being gathered inside (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} kaljél! | carry it all {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} keelajélx̱iḵ! | donʼt carry it all {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa akanaljél | they are carrying it all {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akawlijél | they carried it all {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawuljeil | they didnʼt carry it all {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akagux̱lajéil | they will carry it all {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akagux̱lajeil | they wonʼt carry it all {____}

{na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√jeil ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (esp. to one place, usually stick-like objects) | classification: stick-like objects in loads; all of one type of stick-like object | dzeit yaa akanaljél → theyʼre carrying ladders (one at a time) (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} kanaljeil! | carry it all {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo keelajélx̱iḵ! | donʼt carry it all {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa akanaljél | they are carrying it all {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} akawlijeil | they carried it all {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawuljeil | they didnʼt carry it all {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} akagux̱lajéil | they will carry it all {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akagux̱lajeil | they wonʼt carry it all {____}

√jeitl (verb root) spread apart

√jín ˟ (verb root) hands | have hands

√jee ¹ (verb root) think; wonder

(yéi) + O-u-S-∅-√jee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – transitive – fading) think | for S to think so of O | add N-x̱ in the preverb for “thinks O is an N” (nakwsʼaatíx̱ oowajée • they think they are a witch) | yéi x̱waajée → i think so / i imagine it is so (SN) • yéi x̱waajée, hú áwé aawatáw → i suspect they are the one who stole it (SN)

• imperative: yéi nají! | think so!

• prohibitive: líl yéi eejéeḵ! | donʼt think so!

• imperfective (+): yéi oowajée | they thinks so

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi oojí | they donʼt think so

• perfective (+): yéi aawajee | they have come to think so; they thought so

• perfective (–): tlél yéi awujee | they didnʼt think so

• future (+): yéi akg̱wajée | they will think so

• future (–): tlél yéi akg̱wajee | they wonʼt think so

O-ka-S-∅-√jeek ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) wonder; curious; anxious | for S to wonder, be curious, anxious about O | yoo s akoowajeek → they all are curious / wondering about things (SN) • yoo ktuwajeek xʼoon dáanaa sá yagax̱toodlaag̱i → we wonder how much money we will make (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yoo akaajeek | they wonders about it

• imperfective (–): tlél yoo akoojeek | they donʼt wonder about it

• perfective (+): yoo akaawajeek | they wondered about it

• perfective (–): tlél yoo akawujeek | they didnʼt wonder about it

• future (+): yoo akakg̱wajeek | they will wonder about it

• future (–): tlél yoo akakg̱wajeek | they wonʼt wonder about it

√jee ² (verb root) awful; terrible; eerie; unattractive

O-ka-u-l-√jée ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) awful; terrible; eerie; unattractive | for O to be awful, terrible, eerie (in appearance), unattractive | in classical Lingít, this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which is slowly falling out of modern day speech | xóots tlein kulijée → a big brown bear is an awful sight (SN)

• imperfective (+): kalijée / kulijée | it looks terrible

• imperfective (–): tlél kooljée | it doesnʼt look terrible

• perfective (+): kawlijée | it looked terrible

• perfective (–): tlél kawuljée | it didnʼt look terrible

• future (+): kei kagux̱lajée | it will look terrible

• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱lajée | it wonʼt look terrible

O-x̱ʼa-ka-u-l-√jée ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) awful; terrible; eerie looking; unattractive | for O to be awful sounding (esp weeping) | in classical Lingít, this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which is slowly falling out of modern day speech | ḵaa x̱ʼakooljée nooch → the sound of people (weeping) always sounds awful (SN)

• imperfective (+): x̱ʼakalijée / x̱ʼakulijée | it soounds terrible

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼakooljée | it doesnʼt sound terrible

• perfective (+): x̱ʼakawlijée | it sounded terrible

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼakawuljée | it didnʼt sound terrible

• future (+): kei x̱ʼakagux̱lajée | it will sound terrible

• future (–): tlél kei x̱ʼakagux̱lajée | it wonʼt sound terrible

O-ÿa-l-√jee ² (ga – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type and stem variation] distasteful | for O to be be distasteful (esp. when too rich and fatty) | tsaa taayí yalijée → seal blubber is distasteful/too rich (for many people) (SN)

• imperfective (+): yalijée | it is distasteful

• perfective (–): tlél yawuljee | it didnʼt become distasteful

• future (+): yawlijee | it had become distasteful

• future (+): kei yagux̱lajée | it will become distasteful

• future (–): tlél kei yagux̱lajee | it wonʼt become distasteful

√jee ³ (verb root) punish

O-ÿa-S-∅-√jee ˟ ³ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) punish | for S to punish O | yá ḵáa yagax̱dujee → this person is going to be punished (SN) • ax̱ geinyaax̱ yawduwajee → they were punished in my place (SN) • yéi áwé at daanéi sh tóo yang̱ajeeyít → they do this to punish themselves (BC)

• imperative: yanajee! | punish them!

• imperfective (+): aÿajee / awoojee | they are punishing them

• perfective (+): ayaawajee | they punished them

• perfective (–): tlél ayawujee | they didnʼt punish them

• future (+): ayakg̱wajee | they are going to punish them

• future (–): tlél yakg̱wajee | they are not going to punish them

√jeekʼ (verb root) carry | carry on shoulders

O-S-l-√jéekʼ (na motion verb – transitive – high) [check verb type and conjugation type] carry; piggyback | for S to carry across O (person, deer, etc.) on shoulders or back with head up | du yádi yaa analjíkʼ → theyʼre carrying their child on their back (SN)

• progressive: yaa analjíkʼ | their carrying them on their back

• perfective (+): awlijéekʼ | they carried them on their back

• perfective (–): tlél awuljéekʼ | they didnʼt carry them on their back

√jeexw (verb root) • variants: √joox • spin; roll; run ³

√joon (verb root) dream

O-S-∅-√joon (na act verb – transitive – closed) dream | fo S to dream of O | yéi ax̱ajóon, x̱waajáaḵw → i dreamed that i beat them up (SN) • tléil ux̱ajoon → i donʼt dream (SN)

• imperfective (+): ajóon | they are dreaming of it/them; they dream of it/them

• imperfective (–): tlél oojoon | they arenʼt dreaming of them; they donʼt dream of it/them

• perfective (+): aawajoon | they dreamed of it/them

• perfective (–): tlél awujoon | they didnʼt dream of it/them

• future (+): akg̱wajóon | they will dream of it/them

• future (–): tléil akg̱wajoon | they wonʼt dream of it/them

√joow (verb root) messy

√joox (verb root) • variants: √jeexw • spin; roll; run ³

ka-∅-√joox (ga event verb – impersonal – closed) roll; spin; start; run ³ | for a wheel to roll, spin; for an engine to start, run | kadu.aaḵw kang̱ajooxút → theyʼre trying to get the engine running (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa kanajúx | itʼs running

• perfective (+): kaawajoox | it started

• perfective (–): tlél kawujoox | it didnʼt run

• future (+): kei kakg̱wajóox | it will run

• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱wajoox | it wonʼt run

g̱unéi + ka-∅-√joox (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) start | for an engine to start

• perfective (+): g̱unéi kaawajúx | it started

• perfective (–): tlél g̱unéi kawujoox | it didnʼt start

• future (+): g̱unéi kakg̱wajóox | it will start

• future (–): tlél g̱unéi kakg̱wajoox | it wonʼt start

{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√joox (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) wheel ¹ | for S to wheel O | (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} kalajúx! | wheel it to it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} keelajooxúḵ! | donʼt wheel it to it!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa akanaljúx | they are wheeling it to it

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akawlijúx | they wheeled it to it

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawuljoox | they didnʼt wheel it to it

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akagux̱lajóox | they will wheel it to it

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akagux̱lajoox | they wonʼt wheel it to it

{na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√joox (na motion verb – transitive – closed) wheel ¹ | for S to wheel O | kajúxaa yaa kanax̱lajúx → iʼm wheeling a wheelbarrow (SN) • wéide kakḵwalajóox → i’m going to wheel it over there (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} kanaljoox! | wheel it {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo keelajúxguḵ! | donʼt wheel it {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa akanaljúx | they are wheeling it {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} akawlijoox | they wheeled it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawuljoox | they didnʼt {____} it there

• future (+): {na preverb} akagux̱lajóox | they will wheel it {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akagux̱lajoox | they wonʼt wheel it {____}

√joox̱ʼ (verb root) sling ²; cast ¹ | cast (fishing line); sling, fling

O-S-∅-√jóox̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) sling ²; fling | for S to hit O with a slinged object | (JL)

• imperative: júx̱ʼ! | hit them with a sling!

• imperfective (+): ajúx̱ʼt | they are hitting them with a sling

• perfective (+): aawajúx̱ʼ | they hit them with a sling

• perfective (–): tlél awujóox̱ʼ | they didnʼt hit them with a sling

• future (+): akg̱wajóox̱ʼ | they will hit them with a sling

• future (–): tlél akg̱wajóox̱ʼ | they wonʼt hit them with a sling

{∅ motion} + O-S-l-√jóox̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) fling | for S to fling O, throw O aside carelessly or roughly | yóot awlijúx̱ʼ → they flung it (a book) aside roughly (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} lajúx̱ʼ! | fling it!

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awlijúx̱ʼ | they flung it

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awuljóox̱ʼ | they didnʼt fling it

• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱lajóox̱ʼ | they will fling it

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱lajóox̱ʼ | they wonʼt fling it

{∅ motion} + O-sha-S-l-√jóox̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) fling | for S to fling O (by the head) | yóot shax̱wlijúx̱ʼ → i flung them over there by their head (in wrestling) (SN) • du náxu héent ashawlijúx̱ʼ → they flung their halibut hook in the water (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} shalajúx̱ʼ! | fling it by the head!

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} ashawlijúx̱ʼ | they flung it by the head

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} ashawuljóox̱ʼ | they didnʼt fling it by the head

• future (+): {∅ preverb} ashagux̱lajóox̱ʼ | they will fling it by the head

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} ashagux̱lajóox̱ʼ | they wonʼt fling it by the head

√kaa ¹ (verb root) lazy; slow

a-u-S-d+s-√kaa ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) lazy; slow | for S to be lazy, slow | ḵúnáx̱ oox̱dzikaa → iʼm really lazy (SN) • gán ée oodzikaa → theyʻre lazy to get firewood (they wonʼt make any effort) (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl eeskaayíḵ! | donʼt be lazy!

• imperfective (+): oodzikaa | they are lazy

• imperfective (–): tlél ooskaa | they arenʼt lazy

a-u-S-d+s-√kaa ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) lazy | for S to be be lazy to talk | ax̱ʼeedzikaa yoo x̱ʼatánk → you are lazy to talk (SN)

• prohibitive: líl ax̱ʼeeskaayíḵ! | donʼt be lazy to talk!

• imperfective (+): ax̱ʼawdzikaa | they are lazy to talk

• imperfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼuskaa | they arenʼt lazy to talk

√kaa ² (verb root) make signals; make faces; sign language

O-ka-S-d+∅-√kaa ² (na act verb – transitive – invariable) copy ¹ | for S to copy O | (KE)

• imperative: keendakaa! | copy them/it!

• prohibitive: líl yoo keedakaayíḵ! | donʼt copy them/it!

• imperfective (+): akdakaa | they are copying them/it

• imperfective (–): tlél akwdakaa | they arenʼt copying them/it

• perfective (+): akawdikaa | they copied them/it

• perfective (–): tlél akawdakaa | they didnʼt copy them/it

• future (+): akagux̱dakaa | they will copy them/it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱dakaa | they wonʼt copy them/it

O-ÿa-S-d+∅-√kaa ² (na act verb – transitive – invariable) make faces | for S to make faces at O | haa yakwdakaa → theyʻre making faces at us (SN) • wé shaatkʼátskʼu yakax̱wdikaa → i made faces at that girl (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yeendakaa! | make a face at them/it!

• prohibitive: líl yoo yeedakaayíḵ! | donʼt make a face at them/it!

• imperfective (+): aydakaa | they are making a face at them/it

• imperfective (–): tlél aydakaa | they arenʼt making a face at them/it

• perfective (+): ayawdikaa | they made a face at them/it

• perfective (–): tlél ayawdakaa | they didnʼt make a face at them/it

• future (+): ayagux̱dakaa | they will make a face at them/it

• future (–): tlél ayagux̱dakaa | they wonʼt make a face at them/it

O-x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√kaa ² (na act verb – transitive – invariable) copy ¹ | for S to copy the speech of O

• imperative: x̱ʼeendakaa! | copy their speech!

• prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼeedakaayíḵ! | donʼt copy their speech!

• imperfective (+): ax̱ʼadakaa | they are copying their speech

• imperfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼadakaa | they arenʼt copying their speech

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼawdikaa | they copied their speech

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawdakaa | they didnʼt copy their speech

• future (+): ax̱ʼagux̱dakaa | they will copy their speech

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼagux̱dakaa | they wonʼt copy their speech

√kaak (verb root) thick

s-√kaak ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) thick | for something to be thick (cloth, board, food, etc.) | at doogú tléil ooskaak → the skin isnʼt thick (SN) • kei naskaak yá góosʼ → the clouds are getting thick (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): sikaak | itʼs thick

• imperfective (–): tlél uskaak | itʼs not thick

• progressive: kei naskaak | itʼs becoming thick

• perfective (+): wusikaak | it became thick

• perfective (–): tlél wuskaak | it didnʼt become thick

• future (+): kei gux̱sakaak | it will be thick

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱sakaak | it wonʼt be thick

(yéi) + ka-u-s-√kaak ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) thick | for a board, cloth, etc. to be (so) thick | tʼáa koosakák → a thick board • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yéi kwsikaak | itʼs that thick

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi kooskaak | itʼs not that thick

• progressive: yéi yaa kunaskák | itʼs getting that thick

• perfective (+): yéi kawsikaak | it got that thick; it thickened

• perfective (–): tlél yéi kawuskaak | it didnʼt get that thick; it didnʼt thicken

• future (+): yéi kagux̱sakáak | it will get that thick

• future (–): tlél yéi kagux̱sakaak | it wonʼt get that thick

√kaan (verb root) dance ¹ | dance in response

√kaasʼ (verb root) scummy; algae | covered in algae

√kaax̱ (verb root) juicy; rich ³

√kaay (verb root) measure

√káaxʼ (verb root) spotted

O-ka-d+sh-√káxʼx̱ (∅ – object intransitive – high) • variants: O-ka-d+s-√gáxʼx̱ • spotted | for O to be spotted, have polka-dots | g̱uwakaan yádi kajikáxʼx̱ → a young deer is spotted all over (SN) • sʼísaa kadzigáxʼx̱ → the cloth has polka-dots all over it

√kéxwk ˟ (verb root) fluffy; light ²

√kei ¹ (verb root) ⑴ track; trail ² || ⑵ unravel; undo; untangle

O-ka-S-s-√kei ¹ (g̱a act verb – transitive – open) track; trail ²; follow ¹; untangle; rip back; undo | for S to track, trail, follow tracks of O; for S to untangle o; for S to rip back, undo O (sewing, knitting) | a x̱ʼus.eetí akawsikei → they trailed its footprints (SN) • yei kakḵwasakéi yá tíxʼ → iʼm going to untangle this rope
(SN) • kawjigín; ách áwé aax̱ kax̱wsikei → it was puckered; thatʼs why I ripped it back • yá kakéin kʼoodásʼ yei kakḵwasakéi → iʼm going to undo this knitted sweater (take it apart) • (KE)

• imperative: kag̱aské! / kax̱saké! | untangle it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei keesakéijiḵ! | donʼt untangle it!

• imperfective (+): aksakei | they are untangling it; they untangles it

• imperfective (–): tlél akooskei | they arenʼt untangling it; they donʼt untangle it

• progressive: yei akanaskéin | they are (in the process of) untangling it

• perfective (+): akawsikei | they untangled it

• perfective (–): tlél akawuskei | they didnʼt untangle it

• future (+): yéi akagux̱sakéi | they will untangle it

• future (–): tlél yéi akagux̱sakei | they wonʼt untangle it

O-ka-d+∅-√kei ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type and verb type] fail | for O to fail completely | the negative perfective of this verv (tlél ikawdaké) is a compliment in Lingít that is both genuine and humorous, meaning both “you did a good job” and “you didnʼt come apart and fail completely” | x̱at kawdikei → i failed completely (SN) • tlél ikawdaké → you didnʼt fail / you did pretty well on that (lit. you couldnʼt be ripped back or undone) (SN)

• perfective (+): kawdikei | they failed completely

• perfective (–): tlél kawdaké | they did a good job (they didnʼt fail completely)

• future (+): yei kagux̱dakéi | they will fail completely

• future (–): tlél kagux̱dakei | they wonʼt fail completely

√kei ² (verb root) stuck; choke | stuck in throat

N + séi-t⁓ + ∅-√kei ² (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) choke | for N to choke on something | du séix̱ at kei nuch → they choke on something regularly (JL) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl i séix̱ ukeiyíḵ! | donʼt choke!

• progressive: du séide yaa nakéin | they are choking

• perfective (+): du séit uwakéi | they choked

• perfective (–): tlél du séit wuké | they didnʼt choke

• future (+): du séide kg̱wakéi | they will choke

• future (–): tlél du séide kg̱wakei | they wonʼt choke

√keikʼw (verb root) blunder

√keil ¹ (verb root) soak

O-ka-S-l-√keil ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) soak | for S to soak O | naa.át aklakélsʼ → sheʼs soaking clothes (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kalakél! | soak it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keelakélx̱iḵ! | donʼt soak it!

• progressive: yaa akanalkél | they are soaking it

• perfective (+): akawlikél | they soaked it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulkeil | they didnʼt soak it

• future (+): akagux̱lakéil | they will soak it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lakeil | they wonʼt soak it

√keil ² (verb root) calloused

O-∅-√keil ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] calloused | for O to become calloused | ax̱ jintáak uwakél → the palm of my hand is calloused (SN) • ax̱ x̱ʼuswán uwakél → thereʼs a corn on the side of my foot (SN)

• perfective (+): uwakél | it became calloused

• perfective (–): tlél wukeil | it didnʼt become calloused

• future (+): gug̱akéil | it will become calloused

• future (–): tlél gug̱akeil | it wonʼt become calloused

√keilʼ ¹ (verb root) tear down; take apart; untie

O-S-∅-√kéilʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) take apart; tear down | for s to take O apart, tear O down | washéen gax̱tookéilʼ → weʼre going to take the machine apart (SN) • yá hoon daakahídi yéeyi yaa anakélʼ → theyʻre taking the old store apart/tearing it down (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kélʼ! | take it apart!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eekélʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt take it apart!

• progressive: yaa anakélʼ | they are taking it apart

• perfective (+): aawakélʼ | they took it apart

• perfective (–): tlél awukéilʼ | they didnʼt take it apart

• future (+): akg̱wakéilʼ | they will take it apart

• future (–): tlél akg̱wakéilʼ | they wonʼt take it apart

O-ka-S-∅-√kéilʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) untie | for S to untie O | yaakw tíx’i kax̱akélʼx̱ → i tried to untie the boat line (SN) • yá tíxʼ yádi kakélʼ → untie this string! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kakélʼ! | untie it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keekélʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt untie it!

• progressive: yaa akanakélʼ | they are untying it

• perfective (+): akaawakélʼ | they untied it

• perfective (–): tlél akawukéilʼ | they didnʼt untie it

• future (+): akakg̱wakéilʼ | they will untie it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wakéilʼ | they wonʼt untie it

√keilʼ ² (verb root) run away; chase | classification: plural | plural form: √naaḵ ³

{∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√kéilʼ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) chase | for S to chase (plural) O | this verb is often used to describe the practice used by net fishermen of running the boat along the net to chase fish into it | gáant awlikélʼ → they chased them all out (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} lakélʼ! | chase it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} ilakélʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt chase it!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa analkélʼ | they are chasing it

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awlikélʼ | they chased it

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awulkéilʼ | they didnʼt chase it

• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱lakéilʼ | they will chase it

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱lakéilʼ | they wonʼt chase it

{na preverb} + O-S-l-√kéilʼ ² (na motion verb – transitive – high) chase | for S to chase (plural) O | this verb is often used to describe the practice used by net fishermen of running the boat along the net to chase fish into it | wanadóo yaa analélʼ → theyʼre chasing sheep (SN) • a náḵ awlikéilʼ, a yís sh wudliyél wé tsʼítsguxʼ sáani → they chased them away, they made themself scary to the small birds (SuJ)

• imperative: {na preverb} nalkéilʼ! | chase it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo ilakélʼgiḵ! | donʼt chase it!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa analkélʼ | they are chasing it

• perfective (+): {na preverb} awlikéilʼ | they chased it

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awulkéilʼ | they didnʼt chase it

• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱lakéilʼ | they will chase it

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱lakéilʼ | they wonʼt chase it

{∅ motion} + O-d+∅-√kéilʼ (∅ – object intransitive – high) flee; turn back; run away | for O (plural) to flee, run from, turn back from | aantḵeení at gutóot wudikélʼ → the villagers fled into the woods (SN) • kʼeeljáa jináḵ yánde g̱unayé s wudikélʼ → they all turned back and started for shore to get out of the storm (SN) • ldakát yá wanadóo woosh g̱uwanáa udakéilʼch → all the sheep always flee/scatter in different directions (SN)

• perfective (+): {∅ motion} has wudikélʼ | they all ran away

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ motion} has wudakéilʼ | they all didnʼt run away

• future (+): {∅ motion} has gux̱dakéilʼ | they all will run away

• future (–): tlél {∅ motion} has gux̱dakéilʼ | they all wonʼt run away

√keilʼ ³ (verb root) ash

O-S-sh-√kéilʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) brun | for S to burn O to ashes, make into ashes (for snuff) | teey woodí áwé yei dushkélʼch → people burn yellow cedar bark to ashes (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: g̱ashkéilʼ! | burn it to ashes!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei ishakélʼjiḵ! | donʼt burn it to ashes

• imperfective (+): ashkélʼtʼ | they are burning it ashes

• perfective (+): awshikéilʼ | they burned it to ashes

• perfective (–): tlél awushkéilʼ | they didnʼt burn it to ashes

• future (+): yei agux̱shakéilʼ | they will burn it to ashes

• future (–): tlél yei agux̱shakéilʼ | they wonʼt burn it to ashes

√keit (verb root) skate ² | ice skating

{na preverb} + S-d+s-√keit (na – subject intransitive – closed) skate ² | for S to ice skate

• progressive: yaa naskét | they are skating

√keits ¹ (verb root) alert

O-ka-S-∅-√keits ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] alert; prepared | for S to be alert, prepared for O | (SN)

• perfective (+): akaawakéts | they are ready for it

O-ji-ka-S-∅-√keits ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] alert; prepared | for S to be alert, prepared for the actions of O | (SN)

• perfective (+): akaawakéts | they are ready for it

N-x̱ + a-ka-u-S-∅-√keits ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) | for S to be apprehensive, anxious about N; for S to be fearful of N | tlákw du éex̱ akx̱wakétsch → iʼm apprehensive all the time concerning them (fearful he will cause trouble, etc.) (SN)

• imperative: du éex̱ kookéts! | be apprehensive of them!

• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ akeekeitsíḵ! | donʼt be apprehensive of them!

• imperfective (+): du éex̱ akookeits | they are apprehensive of them

• perfective (+): du éex̱ akaawakéts | they were apprehensive of them

• perfective (–): tlél du éex̱ akawukeits | they werenʼt apprehensive of them

• future (+): du éex̱ akakg̱wakéits | they will be apprehensive of them

• future (–): tlél du éex̱ akakg̱wakeits | they wonʼt be apprehensive of them

N + x̱-éi-x̱ + a-ka-u-S-∅-√keits ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) apprehensive; anxious; fearful | for S to be apprehensive, anxious about the words of N; for S to be fearful of the words of N | du x̱ʼéix̱ akx̱waakéts → iʼm fearful that theyʼll say something that will offend someone (SN)

• imperative: du x̱ʼéix̱ kookéts! | be apprehensive of their words!

• prohibitive: líl du x̱ʼéix̱ akeekeitsíḵ! | donʼt be apprehensive of their words!

• imperfective (+): du x̱ʼéix̱ akookeits | they are apprehensive of their words

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéix̱ akaawakéts | they were apprehensive of their words

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ akawukeits | they werenʼt apprehensive of their words

• future (+): du x̱ʼéix̱ akakg̱wakéits | they will be apprehensive of their words

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ akakg̱wakeits | they wonʼt be apprehensive of their words

√keits ² (verb root) fluff

√keitsʼ (verb root) wobbly; weak

O-ka-d+∅-√kéitsʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) wobbly; weak | for O to be wobbly, weak

• progressive: yaa kandakétsʼ | they are getting wobbly

• perfective (+): kawdikétsʼ | they are wobbly

• perfective (–): tlél kawdakéitsʼ | they arenʼt wobbly

• future (+): kagux̱dakéitsʼ | they will be wobbly

• future (–): tlél kagux̱dakéitsʼ | they wonʼt be wobbly

√keixʼw (verb root) crane ²

√keech ¹ (verb root) gasp

√keech ² (verb root) putrid

√keech ³ (verb root) housewarming

√keek (verb root) shake; shudder

√keen (verb root) bother; interrupt

O-S-sh-√keen (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) bother; annoy | for S to bother, annoy O | x̱at wushikín → they annoy me / they keep interrupting (because they think their work is more important) (SN) • líl x̱at yishakéeniḵ! → you all donʼt bother me! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: shakín! | bother them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ishakínx̱íḵ! | donʼt bother them!

• perfective (+): awshikín | they are bothering them; they bothered them

• perfective (–): tlél awushkeen | they didnʼt bother them

• future (+): agux̱shakéen | they will bother them

• future (–): tlél agux̱shakeen | they wonʼt bother them

√kees (verb root) inform

√keesʼ (verb root) pass ¹; expire; extinguish

ka-∅-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: ya-ka-∅-√kéesʼ • end ¹; pass ¹ | for a month to end, pass | Tʼaawáḵ Dísi áyá yaa kanakísʼ → February has passed (SN) • yá dís tlél yakakg̱wakéesʼ yá a daa yéí jix̱aneiyi hít yan x̱wasanéi shkwát → the month wonʼt be over before i finish working on this house (SN) • kaawakísʼi aa dís → last month • (KE) • yá dís yaa yakanakísʼ → this month is coming to an end (SN)

• progressive: (yá dís) yaa kanakísʼ | (this month) is passing

• perfective (+): (yá dís) kaawakísʼ | (this month) passed

• perfective (–): (yá dís) tlél kawukéesʼ | (this month) didnʼt pass

• future (+): (yá dís) kakg̱wakéesʼ | (this month) will pass

• future (–): (yá dís) tlél kakg̱wakéesʼ | (this month) wonʼt pass

N + satú + O-S-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: N + leitóox̱ + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ • hoarse voice; scratchy voice; tickle | for S to make N have hoarse, scratchy voice; for S to make N have a tickle in the throat | « N + satú + ka-∅-√kéesʼ » is “having a hoarse or scratchy voice” and « N + leitóox̱ + ka-∅-√kéesʼ » is “having a tickle in the throat” | ḵusa.áatʼ néekw ax̱ satú akawlikísʼ → i lost my voice through having a cold (SN) • ḵaa leitóox̱ aklakísʼx̱ → someone has a tickle in them allʼs throat (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: du satú yaa akanalkísʼ | itʼs starting to make them hoarse

• perfective (+): du satú akawlikísʼ | it made them hoarse

• perfective (–): tlél du satú akawulkéesʼ | it didnʼt make them hoarse

• future (+): du satú akagux̱lakéesʼ | it is going to make them hoarse

• future (–): tlél du satú akagux̱lakéesʼ | it isnʼt going to make them hoarse

N + satú + ka-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: N + leitóox̱ + ka-∅-√kéesʼ • hoarse voice; scratchy voice; tickle | for Nʼs voice to be hoarse, scratchy; for N to have a tickle in the throat | « N + satú + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ » is “having a hoarse or scratchy voice” and « N + leitóox̱ + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ » is “having a tickle in the throat” | ḵusa.áatʼ néekw ax̱ satú akawlikísʼ → i lost my voice through having a cold (SN) • ḵaa leitóox̱ aklakísʼx̱ → someone has a tickle in them allʼs throat (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: du satú yaa kanakísʼ | they are starting to get hoarse

• perfective (+): du satú kaawakísʼ | they got hoarse

• perfective (–): tlél du satú kawukéesʼ | they didnʼt get hoarse

• future (+): du satú kakg̱wakéesʼ | they are going to get hoarse

• future (–): tlél du satú kakg̱wakéesʼ | they arenʼt going to get hoarse

O-ÿa-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) put out; extinguish; turn off | for S to put out, extinguish O (fire); for S to turn off O (light) | (KE)

• imperative: yaklakísʼ! | put it out!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yakeelakísʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt put it out!

• progressive: yaa akanalkísʼ | they are starting to put it out

• perfective (+): ayakawlikísʼ | they put it out

• perfective (–): tlél ayakawulkéesʼ | they didnʼt put it out

• future (+): ayakagux̱lakéesʼ | they will put it out

• future (–): tlél ayakagux̱lakéesʼ | they wonʼt put it out

ÿa-ka-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) go out | for a fire, light to go out | (KE)

• progressive: yaa yakanalkísʼ | itʼs starting to go out

• perfective (+): yakawlikísʼ | it went out

• perfective (–): tlél yakawulkéesʼ | it didnʼt go out

• future (+): yakagux̱lakéesʼ | it will go out

• future (–): tlél yakagux̱lakéesʼ | it wonʼt go out

√keet (verb root) snore

a-S-∅-√keet ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) snore | for S to snore | ldakát yax̱ ḵuyawlijáḵ: ldakát adukéet → they all are all fast asleep and snoring (SN) • ax̱akéet ágé? → did i snore? (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): akéet | they are snoring

• imperfective (–): tlél ookeet | they are not snoring

• perfective (+): aawakít | they snored

• perfective (–): tlél awukeet | they didnʼt snore

• future (+): akg̱wakéet | they are going to snore

• future (–): tlél akg̱wakeet | they arenʼt going to snore

√keetʼ (verb root) pry

O-S-∅-√kéetʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) pry | for S to pry O off | (JL)

• imperfective (+): akéetʼ | they are prying it off

• perfective (+): aawakítʼ | they pried it off

• perfective (–): tlél awukéetʼ | they didnʼt pry it off

• future (+): akg̱wakéetʼ | they are going to pry it off

• future (–): tlél akg̱wakéetʼ | they arenʼt going to pry it off

yan + O-∅-√kéetʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] jammed | for O to be jammed in (often diagonally) | yá x̱ʼaháatná tlél neilx̱ uhaa; yan uwakítʼ → it (a table) wonʼt go through the door; itʼs jammed (SN) • yan uwakítʼi yé yáx̱ yatee haa ḵusteeyí → our life is like something stuck diagonally in a box (that is, the troubles weʼve had canʼt be straightened out) (SN)

• perfective (+): yan uwakítʼ | it got jammed in

• perfective (–): tlél yan wukéetʼ | it didnʼt get jammed in

• future (+): yánde kg̱wakéetʼ | itʼs going to get jammed in

• future (–): tlél yánde kg̱wakéetʼ | it wonʼt get jammed in

O-S-s-√keetʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) pry | for S to pry O off the ground | duskéetʼ → people pry up (run shovel down in ground and lift it up) (SN)

• imperfective (+): askéetʼ | they are prying it off

• perfective (+): awsikítʼ | they pried it off

• perfective (–): tlél awuskéetʼ | they didnʼt pry it off

• future (+): agux̱sakéetʼ | they are going to pry it off

• future (–): tlél agux̱sakéetʼ | they arenʼt going to pry it off

√keets (verb root) singe | singe fur

√keetsʼ (verb root) rock ²

O-S-l-√kéetsʼ (na – transitive – high) rock ² | for S to rock O | g̱eig̱achʼ yoo alikítsʼk → theyʼre rocking the hammock/swing • yoo sh dlikítsʼk → theyʼre rocking themself (in a rocking-chair) • nalkéetsʼ!

• imperative: nalkéetsʼ! | rock it/them!

• perfective (+): awlikéetsʼ | they rocked it/thm

• perfective (–): tlél awulkéetsʼ | they didnʼt rock it/them

• future (+): agux̱lakéetsʼ | they are going to rock it/them

• future (–): tlél agux̱lakéetsʼ | they wonʼt rock it/them

kei + O-shu-∅-√kéetsʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] ⑴ tip ² | for one end of O (object on fulcrum) to tip up || ⑵ change | for the life of O to change direction | ḵaa ḵusteeyí chʼa g̱óot yéide kei shoowakítsʼ → a personʼs life has changed completely to the opposite direction (lit. has tipped up) (SN)

• perfective (+): kei shoowakítsʼ | it has tipped up

• perfective (–): tlél kei wukéetsʼ | it didnʼt tip up

• future (+): kei shukg̱wakéetsʼ | it will tip up

• future (–): tlél kei shukg̱wakéetsʼ | it wonʼt tip up

√koo ¹ (verb root) know; learn facts

O-S-s-√koo ʰ  ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – fading, cv́v hort/pot) know; acquainted; learn | for S to know, be acquainted with, make known O (esp. people, facts); for S to learn O (esp. facts) | add «N + ée⁓» to the preverb and the meaning is “for S to make O known to N” | has du ée ix̱wsikóo … anax̱ tóo has ag̱anookt has isax̱áni → i make you known to them all … so that they all might be conscious of your love for them all (SN) • x̱at yisikóo ágé? → do you know me? (SN) • ldakát áyá wutusikóo yá shkalneek → all of us know this story (SN) • yaa at nax̱sakwéin → i am learning things (that is, beginning to know things) (SN) • du x̱ʼéidáx̱ at x̱wasikóo → i learned from them (lit. from their mouth) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: sakóo! | know it!

• progressive: yaa anaskwéin | they are beginning to know them; they are beginning to learn it

• perfective (+): awsikóo | they knows it

• perfective (–): tlél awuskú | they donʼt know

• future (+): agux̱sakóo | they will know

• future (–): tlél agux̱sakoo | they wonʼt know

√koo ² (verb root) hold; spit ¹ | hold water in mouth; spit water that was held in mouth

√koochʼ ¹ (verb root) curl

O-ka-l-√koochʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] curly | for O to be curly (in general) | (SN)

• perfective (+): kawdlikúchʼ | itʼ curly

• perfective (–): tlél kawulkóochʼ | it isnʼt curly

• future (+): kakg̱walkóochʼ | it will be curly

• future (–): tlél kakg̱walkóochʼ | it wonʼt be curly

O-sha-ka-S-l-√koochʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] curly | for S to curl the hair of O | shakawdudlikúchʼ → they got a ʼpermanentʼ (SN)

• imperative: shakeelkúchʼ! | curl their hair!

• imperfective (+): ashaklakóochʼ | they are curling their hair

• perfective (+): ashakawlikúchʼ | they curled their hair

• perfective (–): tlél ashakawulkóochʼ | they didnʼt curl their hair

• future (+): ashakagux̱lakóochʼ | they will curl their hair

• future (–): tlél ashakagux̱lakóochʼ | they wonʼt curl their hair

O-sha-ka-d+l-√koochʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] curly | for O (a person) to have curly hair | classification: person | (SN)

• perfective (+): x̱akawdlikúchʼ | they have curly hair

• perfective (–): tlél x̱akawulkóochʼ | they donʼt have curly hair

• future (+): x̱akakg̱walkóochʼ | they will have curly hair

• future (–): tlél x̱akakg̱walkóochʼ | they wonʼt have curly hair

O-x̱a-ka-d+l-√koochʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] curly | for O (an animal) to have curly hair | classification: animal | (SN)

• perfective (+): shakawdlikúchʼ | they have curly hair

• perfective (–): tlél shakawulkóochʼ | they donʼt have curly hair

• future (+): shakakg̱walkóochʼ | they will have curly hair

• future (–): tlél shakakg̱walkóochʼ | they wonʼt have curly hair

√koochʼ ² (verb root) fart | short, high pitched fart

a-S-∅-√koochʼ ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) fart | for S to fart a short, high-pitched fart

• imperfective (+): akóochʼ | they are farting (a high-pitched fart)

• perfective (+): aawakúchʼ | they farted (a high-pitched fart)

• perfective (–): tlél awukóochʼ | they didnʼt fart (a high-pitched fart)

• future (+): akg̱wakóochʼ | they will fart (a high-pitched fart)

• future (–): tlél akg̱wakóochʼ | they wonʼt fart (a high-pitched fart)

√koodzí ˟ (verb root) amazing; wonderful

O-l-√koodzí ˟ (ga – object intransitive – invariable) amazing; wonderful | for O to be amazing, wonderful | ax̱ aat, ilikoodzí → my paternal aunt, you are amazing • likoodzí aadé ḵʼáatlʼ yáx̱ yateeyi yé → it is amazing how thin they are (SN)

• imperfective (+): likoodzí | it is amazing; they are amazing

• imperfective (–): tlél ulkoodzí | it is not amazing; they are not amazing

• perfective (+): wulikoodzí | it was amazing; they were amazing

• perfective (–): tlél wulkoodzí | it wasnʼt amazing; they werenʼt amazing

• future (+): kei gux̱lakoodzí | it will be amazing; they will be amazing

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lakoodzí | it wonʼt be amazing; they wonʼt be amazing

√kooḵ ¹ (verb root) move ¹; bubble | move in boiling mass

O-du-∅-√kooḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) bubble; leak | for O to bubble out, leak real fast with bubbles | goon anax̱ wuduwakúḵ → the spring is bubbling out/coming out real strongly (SN) • dukúḵx̱ → it leaks real fast/it keeps bubbling out (SN)

• perfective (+): wuduwakúḵ | it bubbled; itʼs bubbling

O-d+s-√kooḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] bubble; ferment | for O to bubble up (of cooking, water); for O to ferment (of liquid)

• progressive: yaa naskúḵ | it is beginning to bubble

• perfective (+): wudzikúḵ | it bubbled; it is bubbling

• perfective (+): gug̱askóoḵ | it will bubble

• future (–): tlél gug̱askooḵ | it wonʼt bubble

N + leitóox̱-xʼ + O-S-l-√kooḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type, transitivity, and stem variation] gargle | for S to gargle O | note that N and S will be conjugated as the same person, as shown is examples | haa leitóox̱ tulakúḵx̱ → we gargle (SN) • i leitóox̱xʼ lakúḵ wé náakw → gargle with this medicine! (SN)

• imperative: i leitóox̱xʼ lakúḵ! | gargle it!

• perfective (+): du leitóox̱xʼ awlikúḵ | they gargled it

• perfective (–): tlél du leitóox̱xʼ awulkooḵ | they didnʼt gargle it

• future (+): du leitóox̱xʼ agux̱lakóoḵ | they will gargle it

• future (–): tlél du leitóox̱xʼ agux̱lakooḵ | they wonʼt gargle it

√kooḵ ² (verb root) cough

a-S-d+s-√kooḵ  ² (∅ state verb – subject intransitive – closed) cough | for S to cough | ax̱wdzikúḵkw → iʼm coughing (SN) • chʼa tlákw askúḵkw nooch → they cough all the time (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: eeskúḵ! | cough!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eeskúḵx̱uḵ! | donʼt cough!

• imperfective (+): adzikúḵkw | they are coughing

• perfective (+): awdzikúḵ | they coughed

• perfective (–): tlél awuskooḵ | they didnʼt cough

• future (+): akg̱waskóoḵ | they will cough

• future (–): tlél akg̱waskooḵ | they wonʼt cough

√koos (verb root) dream; alert | for a dog to dream; for a dog to become alert

√kootl (verb root) fluff up; puff out

√kootlʼ (verb root) fart | noiseless fart

a-S-∅-√kootlʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) fart | for S to fart a noiseless fart

• imperfective (+): akóotlʼ | they are farting (a noiseless fart)

• perfective (+): aawakútlʼ | they farted (a noiseless fart)

• perfective (–): tlél awukóotlʼ | they didnʼt fart (a noiseless fart)

• future (+): akg̱wakóotlʼ | they will fart (a noiseless fart)

• future (–): tlél akg̱wakóotlʼ | they wonʼt fart (a noiseless fart)

√koox (verb root) drain out; bail out; thirsty

ka-l-√koox (na event verb – impersonal – closed) drain out; go dry | for a kettle, container etc. to drain out, go dry | eex̱ kawlikúx → the oil drained out (SN) • yú ḵʼwátl a kát kawlikúx → that pot has gone dry (all liquid has gone from it) (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa kanalkúx | itʼs draining out

• perfective (+): kawlikoox | it drained out

• perfective (–): tlél kawulkoox | it didnʼt drain out

• future (+): kagux̱lakóox | it will drain out

• future (–): tlél kagux̱lakoox | it wonʼt drain out

O-sha-∅-√koox (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) thirsty; dry | for O to be thirsty; for O to be dry | x̱at shaawakúx → iʼm real thirsty (SN) • tléil tsu shakg̱wakoox → they will never thirst again (SN)

• perfective (+): shaawakúx | they are thirsty

• perfective (–): tlél shawukoox | they arenʼt thirsty

• perfective (–): tlél shakg̱wakoox | they wonʼt get thirsty

• future (+): shakg̱wakóox | they will get thirsty

O-ka-S-s-√koox (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) bail out | for S to bail out O (water, by hand or pump) | kei kawtusikúx wé yaakw → we bailed the water out of the boat • yaake sheen teen kasakúx! → bail it out with the bailer! (SN)

• imperative: kasakúx! | bail it out!

• perfective (+): akawsikúx | they bailed it out

• perfective (–): tlél akawuskoox | they didnʼt bail it out

• future (+): akagux̱sakóox | they are going to bail it out

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sakoox | they wonʼt bail it out

√kwaach (verb root) carry; take; give | classification: in cupped hand(s)

{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√kwaach (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (in cupped hands) | classification: grain-like objects | lʼéiw yaa anakwách → they are carrying sand in their cupped hands (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nakwaach! | take it {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa anakwách | they are taking it {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} aawakwaach | they took it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awukwaach | they didnʼt take it {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} akg̱wakwáach | they will take it {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akg̱wakwáach | they wonʼt take it {____}

{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√kwaach (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (in cupped hands) | classification: grain-like objects | kóox haat kwách! → bring some rice in your hands! (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} kwách! | take it {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa anakwách | they are taking it {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} aawakwách | they took it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awukwaach | they didnʼt take it {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akg̱wakwáach | they will take it {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akg̱wakwáach | they wonʼt take it {____}

aax̱ + O-S-∅-√kwaach (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) lift; pick up | for S to pick up O (in cupped hands) | classification: cupped in hand(s)

• imperative: aax̱ gakwaach! | pick it up!

• perfective (+): aax̱ aawakwaach | they picked it up

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ awukwaach | they didnʼt pick it up

• future (+): aax̱ kei akg̱wakwáach | they will pick i up)

• future (–): tlél aax̱ kei akg̱wakwaach | they wonʼt pick it up

{na preverb} + O-S-l-√kwaach (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O grasped in hand (esp. bunch of long objects) | classification: plural long objects in hand | ḵʼeikaxwéin yaa analkwách → theyʼre carrying flowers grasped in their hand (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nalkwaach! | take it!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa analkwách | they are taking it

• perfective (+): {na preverb} awlikwaach | they took it

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awulkwaach | they didnʼt take it

• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱lakwáach | they will take it

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱lakwáach | they wonʼt take it

√kwaan (verb root) wade; swim | swim on surface of water | classification: plural | singular: √hoo ¹

√kwaat (verb root) soot; smudge; lampblack

a-ka-S-l-√kwáat ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check verb type, conjugation type, and stem variation] blacken | for S to blacken something with smoke, make it black by holding in heavy smoke | ax̱áa akawtulikwáat → we blackened the paddles in the smoke (SN) • sʼeenáa x̱ʼatsáag̱i áx̱ akawlikwáat → the lamp chimney got black with smoke (SN)

√kweiy (verb root) mark ¹ | mark; leave as marker

√kʼátsʼ ˟ (verb root) • variants: √kʼáchʼ • sharp; pointy

ÿa-l-√kʼátsʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) sharp | for an edge to be sharp | sʼáxtʼ dàa likʼátsʼ → devilʼs club has sharp spikes all over it (SN) • yáa kooxéedaa tléil oolkʼátsʼ → this pencil is not sharp (SN) • ax̱ kooxéedayi tleil oolkʼátsʼ → my pencil is not sharp (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yalikʼátsʼ | itʼs sharp

• imperfective (–): tlél woolkʼátsʼ | it isnʼt sharp

• progressive: yaa yanalkʼátsʼ | itʼs getting sharp

• perfective (+): yawlikʼátsʼ | it got sharp

• perfective (–): tlél yawulkʼátsʼ | it didnʼt get sharp

• future (+): kei yagux̱lakʼátsʼ | it will get sharp

• future (–): tlél kei yagux̱lakʼátsʼ | it wonʼt get sharp

√kʼaa (verb root) small | too small

√kʼaakʼw (verb root) prowl

√kʼaan (verb root) hate; shoo away

O-S-sh-√kʼaan (ga state verb – transitive – closed) hate | for S to hate O | this is the only known stative ga-conjugation verb with a variable stem; all other stative ga-conjugation verbs have invariable stems | x̱at wushikʼaan → they came to hate me (SN) • has yee shikʼáan → they all hate you all (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl ishakʼaaníḵ! | donʼt hate them/it!

• imperfective (+): ashikʼáan | they hates them/it

• imperfective (–): tlél ooshkʼaan | they donʼt hate them/it

• progressive: kei anashkʼán | they are beginning to hate them/it

• perfective (+): awshikʼaan | they hated them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awushkʼaan | they didnʼt hate them/it

• future (+): kei agux̱shakʼáan | they will hate them/it

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱shakʼaan | they wonʼt hate them/it

sh + déin + O-ka-S-d+sh-√kʼaan (∅ – transitive – closed) dislike | for S to dislike O | sh déin x̱at kawdujikʼán → i am disliked/nobody wants me (SN) • sh déin x̱at kagax̱yishkʼáan → you all are going to dislike me (SN)

√kʼaasʼ (verb root) tooth | tooth missing

√kʼaatlʼ (verb root) silent; quiet | become silent

sh + S-d+l-√kʼáatlʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) silent; quiet; stop talking; stop crying | for S to become silent, keep quiet; for S to stop talking or crying | the command form of this verb is more like the English “shut up!” • if you want to politely quiet someone, use the interjection « jáa! » | tléil sh oolkʼátlʼ! → they never stop talking (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: sh eelkʼátlʼ! | be quiet!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl sh eelkʼátlʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt be quiet!

• progressive: yaa sh nalkʼátlʼ | they are beginning to get quiet

• perfective (+): sh wudlikʼátlʼ | they became quiet

• perfective (–): tlél sh wulkʼáatlʼ | they didnʼt become quiet

• future (+): sh gug̱walkʼáatlʼ | they will be quiet

• future (–): tlél sh gug̱wlkʼáatlʼ | they wonʼt be quiet

√kʼei (verb root) good; fine

O-∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) good; fine; pretty | for O to be good, fine, pretty | i at shéeyi wookʼéi → your song was good (SN) • i toowúch ágé yakʼéi? → does that seem good to you? (SN) • tlákw daḵéisʼ sh tóo iltóowu, daḵéisʼ kei kg̱wakʼéi → if they practice sewing, the sewing will improve (SN) • du daa.itnagóowu kei nakʼéin → their behavior is improving (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: igakʼéi! | be good!

• prohibitive: líl eekʼeiyíḵ! | donʼt be good!

• imperfective (+): yakʼéi | they are good

• imperfective (–): tlél ukʼé | they are not good

• progressive: kei nakʼéin | they are getting better

• perfective (+): wookʼéi | they were good; they got better

• perfective (–): tlél wukʼéi | they werenʼt good; they didnʼt get better

• future (+): kei kg̱wakʼéi | they will be good; they will get better

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wakʼéi | they wonʼt be good; they wonʼt get better

N + toowú + ∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – impersonal – high) glad; happy; fine | for N to be glad, happy, feel fine | « N₂-de + N₁ + toowú ∅-√kʼéi » for N₁ to appreciate, be pleased with, grateful for N₂ | ax̱ toowú kei kg̱wakʼéi gax̱atʼeiní → iʼll be glad when i find it • du toowú ágé yakʼéi iwsateení? → were they glad to see you? • tlax̱ ḵúnáx̱ ax̱ toowú yakʼei i eedé, aadé ax̱ jiyís yan yéi jeeyanéiyi yé → i really appreciate you, the way you worked for me (SN)

• imperfective (+): du toowú yakʼéi | they are happy

• imperfective (–): tlél du toowú ukʼé | they arenʼt happy

• perfective (+): du toowú wookʼéi | they were happy

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú wukʼéi | they werenʼt happy

• future (+): du toowú kei kg̱wakʼéi | they will be happy

• future (–): tlél du toowú kei kg̱wakʼéi | they wonʼt be happy

N + x̱ʼé⁓ + ∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – impersonal – high) like ¹; taste | for N to like the taste of something

• imperfective (+): du x̱ʼé yakʼéi | they likes the taste of it

• imperfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼé ukʼé | they donʼt like the taste of it

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼé wookʼéi | they liked the taste of it

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼé wukʼéi | they didnʼt like the taste of it

• future (+): du x̱ʼé kei kg̱wakʼéi | they will like the taste of it

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼé kei kg̱wakʼéi | they wonʼt like the taste of it

ḵu-∅-√kʼei (ga state verb – impersonal – high) good | for the weather to be good | most speakers would likely prefer a different verb for bad weather in the imperfective: « tlél ḵushkʼé » (the weather is bad, terrible) | seig̱ánin kei ḵukg̱wakʼéi shákdé → maybe it will be fine weather tomorrow (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): ḵuwakʼéi / ḵuyakʼéi | the weather is good

• imperfective (–): tlél ḵookʼé | the weather isnʼt good

• progressive: yei ḵunakʼéin | the weather is becoming good

• perfective (+): ḵoowakʼei | the weather became good

• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwukʼei | the weather wasnʼt good

• future (+): kei ḵukg̱wakʼéi | the weather will become good

• future (–): tlél kei ḵukg̱wakʼei | the weather wonʼt be(come) good

O-S-l-√kʼéi (ga event verb – transitive – high) improve; make peace; make up | for S to improve O; for S to make peace, make up with O (after quarrel) | (KE)

• imperative: galakʼé! | improve it!

• progressive: kei analkʼéin | they are improving it

• perfective (+): awlikʼéi | they improved it

• perfective (–): tlél awulkʼé | they didnʼt improve it

• future (+): kei agux̱lakʼéi | they will improve it

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱lakʼei | they wonʼt improve it

tlél + O-sh-√kʼéi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) bad; evil; terrible | for O to be bad, evil, no good | some fluent speakers consider this a taboo word to use in reference to another person, while others find it acceptable • for speakers who find it acceptable, here is an example: « tlél ushikʼéiyi ḵáa áwé » “that man is no good” | haa hídi yéeyi dei linaaw: tléil dei ushkʼé → the house we used to own leaks: itʼs no good now • has du yéi jineiyí tléil ushkʼé → them allʼs work is bad • gáanx̱ daak yawdudzitáayi g̱uwakaan tleil kei unashkʼéin: yaa ndatláx̱ → the deer meat that was left hanging outside is going bad: it is getting mold on it (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl eeshkʼéiḵ! | be bad!

• imperfective (–): tlél ushkʼé | they are bad

• progressive (–): tlél kei unashkʼéin | they are turning evil; it is beginning to spoil, go bad

• perfective (–): tlél wushkʼéi | they were bad

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱shakʼéi | they will be bad

tlél + ḵu-sh-√kʼéi (ga state verb – impersonal – high) bad | for the weater to be bad | yeis ḵukg̱ahéinin, tlél ḵooshkʼéi nooch → itʼs always bad weather when fall comes (SN)

• imperfective (–): tlél ḵooshkʼé | they are bad

• progressive (–): tlél kei ḵunashkʼéin | the weather is getting bad

• perfective (–): tlél ḵoowshkʼéi | the weather was bad

• future (–): tlél kei ḵugux̱shakʼéi | the weather will be bad

√kʼein (verb root) jump

{∅ preverb} + S-d+sh-√kʼéin (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) jump | for (singular) S to jump | tlél tʼáa káx̱ eeshkʼéiniḵ! → donʼt jump on the floor! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} eeshkʼén! | jump {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} eeshkʼénx̱iḵ! | donʼt jump {____}!

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wujikʼén | they are jumping {____}; they jumped {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wushkʼéin | they arenʼt jumping {____}; they didnʼt jump {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} gug̱ashkʼéin | they will jump {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gug̱ashkʼéin | they wonʼt jump {____}

{na preverb} + S-d+sh-√kʼéin (na motion verb – subject intransitive – high) jump | for (singular) S to jump | classification: singular subject | yaa nx̱ashkʼén → iʼm jumping (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} neeshkʼéin! | jump {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo eeshkʼéingiḵ! | donʼt jump {____}!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} wujikʼéin | they are jumping {____}; they jumped {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wushkʼéin | they arenʼt jumping {____}; they didnʼt jump {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} gug̱ashkʼéin | they will jump {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gug̱ashkʼéin | they wonʼt jump {____}

{∅ preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√kʼéin (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) jump | for (plural) O to jump | kei jee kdukʼéin! → jump (all of you)! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} yee kdukʼén! | you all jump {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yee kdukʼénjiḵ! | donʼt you all jump {____}!

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} has kawduwakʼén | they all jumped {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has kawdukʼéin | they all didnʼt jump {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} has kagax̱dukʼéin | they all will jump {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has kagax̱dukʼéin | they all wonʼt jump {____}

{na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√kʼéin (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) jump | for (plural) O to jump | a kaanáx̱ haa kagax̱dukʼénxʼ → weʼll jump all over (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} yee kdukʼéin! | you all jump {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yee kdukʼéingiḵ! | donʼt you all jump {____}!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} has kawduwakʼéin | they all jumped {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} has kawdukʼéin | they all didnʼt jump {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} has kagax̱dukʼéin | they all will jump {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} has kagax̱dukʼéin | they all wonʼt jump {____}

yindasháan + héent + S-d+sh-√kʼéin (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) dive | for (singular) S to dive headfirst into water | (SN)

• imperative: yindasháan héent eeshkʼén! | dive headfirst in the water!

• prohibitive: líl yindasháan héent eeshkʼénx̱iḵ! | donʼt dive headfirst in the water!

• perfective (+): yindasháan héent wujikʼén | they dived headfirst in the water

• perfective (–): tlél yindasháan héent wushkʼéin | they didnʼt dive headfirst in the water

• future (+): yindasháan héent gug̱ashkʼéin | they will dive headfirst in the water

• future (–): tlél yindasháan héent gug̱ashkʼéin | they wonʼt dive headfirst in the water

√kʼeit ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | move stored goods | classification: stored goods

√kʼeit ² (verb root) walk; tiptoe | walk softly

√kʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √kʼeex̱ʼ • gaff; hook ¹

O-S-∅-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) • variants: O-S-∅-√kʼéex̱ʼ • hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O; for S to gaff O | héen yíkde nagú, at kʼéx̱ʼt → go to the river, gaffing! (SN) • x̱áat dukʼéx̱ʼt → people are hooking salmon (SN) • dukʼéx̱ʼch wé góosʼ → people always hook clouds (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kʼíx̱ʼ! | gaff it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eekʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt gaff it!

• imperfective (+): akʼéx̱ʼt | they are gaffing it

• progressive: yaa anakʼíx̱ʼ | they are going along hooking it

• perfective (+): aawakʼíx̱ʼ | they gaffed it

• perfective (–): tlél awukʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt gaff it

• future (+): akg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ | they will gaff it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt gaff it

N-ch + O-S-s-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) • variants: N-ch + O-S-s-√kʼéex̱ʼ • hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O with N; for S to gaff O with N | du x̱ʼoosch awsikʼéx̱ʼ → they hooked it with their foot (SN)

• imperative: ách sakʼíx̱ʼ! | gaff it with it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ách isakʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt gaff it with it!

• imperfective (+): ách askʼéx̱ʼt | they are gaffing it with it

• progressive: yaa ách anaskʼíx̱ʼ | they are going along hooking it with it

• perfective (+): ách awsikʼíx̱ʼ | they gaffed it with it

• perfective (–): tlél ách awuskʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt gaff it with it

• future (+): ách agux̱sakʼéex̱ʼ | they will gaff it with it

• future (–): tlél ách agux̱sakʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt gaff it with it

N-dáx̱ + O-S-l-√kʼéix̱ʼ (ga motion verb – transitive – high) • variants: N-dáx̱ + O-S-l-√kʼéex̱ʼ • hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O, retrieving off of N; for S to gaff O, retrieving off of N | aax̱ kei dulkʼéx̱ʼch → people regularly hook it off of there (SN)

• imperative: aax̱ galkʼéix̱ʼ! | gaff it off of it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl aax̱ kei ilakʼéx̱ʼjiḵ! | donʼt gaff it off of it!

• progressive: kei aax̱ analkʼéx̱ʼ | they are going along hooking it off of it

• perfective (+): aax̱ awlikʼéix̱ʼ | they gaffed it off of it

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ awulkʼéix̱ʼ | they didnʼt gaff it off of it

• future (+): aax̱ kei agux̱lakʼéix̱ʼ | they will gaff it off of it

• future (–): tlél aax̱ kei agux̱lakʼéix̱ʼ | they wonʼt gaff it off of it

ḵux̱⁓ + O-S-l-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) • variants: ḵux̱⁓ + O-S-l-√kʼéex̱ʼ • hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O back in; for S to gaff O back in

• imperative: ḵux̱ lakʼéx̱ʼ! | gaff it back in!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ḵux̱ ilakʼéx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt gaff it back in!

• progressive: yaa ḵux̱ analkʼéx̱ʼ | they are going along hooking it back in

• perfective (+): ḵux̱ awlikʼéx̱ʼ | they gaffed it back in

• perfective (–): tlél ḵux̱ awulkʼéix̱ʼ | they didnʼt gaff it back in

• future (+): ḵux̱ agux̱lakʼéix̱ʼ | they will gaff it back in

• future (–): tlél ḵux̱ agux̱lakʼéix̱ʼ | they wonʼt gaff it back in

N-náx̱ + O-sh-√kʼéix̱ʼ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – high) • variants: N-náx̱ + O-sh-√kʼéex̱ʼ • delay; stuck; hung up; hooked | for O to get delayed, stuck, hung up, hooked at N | (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yanax̱ kei yee shkʼíx̱ʼjiḵ! | donʼt you all get hung up!

• admonitive: yanax̱ tsá kei ishakʼéex̱ʼiḵ! | be sure not to get hung up!

• perfective (+): yanax̱ wushikʼéex̱ʼ | they got hung up

• perfective (–): tlél yanax̱ wushkʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt get hung up

• future (+): yanax̱ kei gux̱shakʼéex̱ʼ | they will get hung up

• future (–): tlél yanax̱ kei gux̱shakʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt get hung up

O-ka-S-s-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) crochet | for S to crochet O, make O by hooking | aan kaduskʼéx̱ʼt → crochet hook (SN) • kakéin kaduskʼéx̱ʼt → people are crocheting/hooking yarn (SN)

• imperative: kasakʼéx̱ʼ! | crochet it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keesakʼéx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt crochet it!

• imperfective (+): aksakʼéx̱ʼt | they are crocheting it

• perfective (+): akawsikʼéx̱ʼ | they crocheted it

• perfective (–): tlél akawuskʼéix̱ʼ | they didnʼt hook it in the head

• future (+): akagux̱sakʼéix̱ʼ | they will crochet it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱saakʼéix̱ʼ | they wonʼt crochet it

O-sha-S-∅-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O in the head; for S to gaff O in the head | (KE)

• imperative: shakʼíx̱ʼ! | hook it in the head!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl sheekʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt hook it in the head!

• progressive: yaa ashanakʼíx̱ʼ | they are going along hooking it in the head

• perfective (+): ashaawakʼíx̱ʼ | they hooked it in the head

• perfective (–): tlél ashawukʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt hook it in the head

• future (+): ashakg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ | they will hook it in the head

• future (–): tlél ashakg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt hook it in the head

√kʼeetʼ (verb root) move ¹; go | move parts in a mass

O-S-∅-√kʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] eat ¹ | for S to eat up, finish O (as one whole thing) | a kaax̱ kʼítʼ! → finish it up off of it! (SN) • du x̱ʼéix̱ x̱waatéeyy atx̱á aawakʼítʼ → they finished the food I gave them (SN)

• imperative: kʼítʼ! | eat it up whole!

• perfective (+): aawakʼítʼ | they ate it up whole

• perfective (–): tlél awukʼéetʼ | they didnʼt eat it up whole

• future (+): akg̱wakʼéetʼ | they will eat it up whole

• future (–): tlél akg̱wakʼéetʼ | they wonʼt eat it up whole

O-S-s-√kʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] eat ¹ | for S to eat up, finish O (as one whole thing) | wududlitsígi yaaw x̱wasikʼítʼ → i ate up the whole broiled herring (SN)

• imperative: sakʼítʼ! | eat it up whole!

• perfective (+): awsikʼítʼ | they ate it up whole

• perfective (–): tlél awuskʼéetʼ | they didnʼt eat it up whole

• future (+): agux̱sakʼéetʼ | they will eat it up whole

• future (–): tlél agux̱sakʼéetʼ | they wonʼt eat it up whole

{∅ preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) leave; go; die | for O (group of people) to all leave or go; for O (group of people) to die off | yeiḵ ḵukandakʼítʼ → the people are all coming down to the beach (leaving only a few behind) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} yee kadakʼítʼ! | you all go {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yee koodakʼéetʼiḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa (ha)s kandakʼítʼ | the group is going {____} (in stages)

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} has kawdikʼítʼ | the group went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has kawdakʼéetʼ | the group didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s kagux̱dakʼéetʼ | the group will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s kagux̱dakʼéetʼ | the group wonʼt go {____}

{na preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ (na – object intransitive – high) leave; go; die | for O (group of people) to all leave or go; for O (group of people) to die off | ldakát at yátxʼi kawdikʼéetʼ → all the children have left (SN) • haa náḵ has kawdikʼéetʼ → they all all died off (leaving just a few of us in the village) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} yee kandakʼéetʼ! | you all go {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo yee kadakʼítʼgiḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa (ha)s kandakʼítʼ | the group is going {____} (in stages)

• perfective (+): {na preverb} has kawdikʼéetʼ | the group went {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} has kawdakʼéetʼ | the group didnʼt go {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s kagux̱dakʼéetʼ | the group will go {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s kagux̱dakʼéetʼ | the group wonʼt go {____}

ḵu-S-∅-√kʼéetʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pick ¹ | for S to pick berries (esp. pick in quantity to take home) | ḵukʼéetʼ woogoot → theyʻve gone berry-picking (SN) • tatgé ḵux̱waakʼítʼ → i picked berries yesterday (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ḵukʼítʼ! | pick berries!

• prohibitive: líl ḵeekʼéetʼiḵ! | donʼt pick berries!

• imperfective (+): ḵukʼéetʼ | they are picking berries

• imperfective (–): tlél ḵookʼéetʼ | they arenʼt picking berries

• perfective (+): ḵoowakʼítʼ | they picked berries

• perfective (–): tlél ḵoowukʼéetʼ | they didnʼt pick berries

• future (+): ḵukg̱wakʼéetʼ | they will pick berries

• future (–): tlél ḵukg̱wakʼéetʼ | they wonʼt pick berries

√kʼeetlʼ (verb root) silly; childish | act silly, childish

√kʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √kʼeix̱ʼ • gaff; hook ¹

√kʼoot (verb root) bounce

O-ka-d+s-√kʼoot (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type and verb type] bounce | for O to bounce (esp a ball) | classification: ball | (SN, JL)

• progressive: yaa kanaskʼút | it is bouncing

• perfective (+): kawdzikʼoot | it bounced

• perfective (–): tlél kawuskʼoot | it didnʼt bounce

• future (+): kakg̱waskʼóot | it will bounce

• future (–): kakg̱waskʼoot | it wonʼt bounce

√kʼoots (verb root) break | classification: rope-like objects

O-S-∅-√kʼoots (na act verb – impersonal – closed) break; snap | for S to break, snap O (a rope-like object) | classification: rope-like object | wé teel áa yoo ayakʼútsk → they break open the scar there (SN)

• imperative: nakʼoots! | break it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo yeekʼútsguk! | donʼt break it!

• imperfective (+): akʼoots | they are breaking it

• perfective (+): aawakʼoots | they broke it

• perfective (–): tlél awukʼoots | they didnʼt break it

• future (+): akg̱wakʼóots | they will break it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wakʼoots | they wonʻt break it

∅-√kʼoots (na event verb – impersonal – closed) break; snap | for a rope-like thing to break, snap | classification: rope-like object | tíxʼ wookʼoots → the rope broke (SN)

• perfective (+): wookʼoots | it broke

• perfective (–): tlél wukʼoots | it didnʼt break

• future (+): gug̱akʼóots | it will break

• future (–): tlél gug̱akʼoots | it wonʻt break

O-S-l-√kʼoots (na event verb – transitive – closed) break | for S to break O (esp. small rope-like objects) | classification: small rope-like objects | kakéin x̱walikʼoots → i broke the yarn (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: nalkʼoots! | break it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yóo ilakʼútsgiḵ! | donʼt break it!

• perfective (+): awlikʼoots | they broke it

• perfective (–): tlél awulkʼoots | they didnʼt break it

• future (+): agux̱lakʼóots | they will break it

• future (–): tlél agux̱lakʼoots | they wonʼt break it

l-√kʼoots (na event verb – transitive – closed) break | for something o break (esp. small rope-like objects) | classification: small rope-like objects | tás gux̱lakʼóots → the thread is going to break (beginning to ravel) (SN)

• perfective (+): wulikʼoots | it broke

• perfective (–): tlél wulkʼoots | it didnʼt break

• future (+): gux̱lakʼóots | it will break

• future (–): tlél gux̱lakʼoots | it wonʼt break

√kʼootsʼ (verb root) pluck | pluck off

√kʼoox (verb root) knock; tap | knock lightly

√kʼoox̱ʼ (verb root) pitchy; sticky

O-ka-d+sh-√kʼúx̱ʼ ˟ (ga event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and stem variation] gummy; sticky | for O to be be gummy, sticky (with resin, wet paint, etc.) | tʼáa kawshikʼúx̱ʼ → the boards are gummy (SN) • sakwnéin kei kanashkʼúx̱ʼ → the bread dough is getting sticky (with too much water) (SN)

• progressive: kei kanashkʼúx̱ʼ | it is becoming sticky

• perfective (+): kawshikʼúx̱ʼ | it was sticky; itʼs sticky

• perfective (–): tlél kawushkʼúx̱ʼ | it wasnʼt sticky; it isnʼt gummy

• future (+): kei kakg̱washkʼúx̱ʼ | it will be sticky

• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱washkʼúx̱ʼ | it wonʼt be sticky

√kʼwaach (verb root) break | break apart

N-dáx̱ + O-S-∅-√kʼwaach (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check stem variation and verb type] | for S to break O off N (break one solid object from another) | x̱ʼaháat aax̱ yóot x̱aakʼwách → i broke the door off from there (SN) • aadáx̱ has aawakʼwách wé at yátxʼeech → the children broke it (fence) right off (SN)

• imperative: aax̱ kʼwách! | break it off of it!

• perfective (+): aax̱ aawakʼwách | they broke it off ot it

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ awukʼwaach | they didnʼt break it off of it

• future (+): aax̱ akg̱wakʼwáach | theyʼre going to break it off of it

• future (–): tlél aax̱ akg̱wakʼwaach | they wonʼt break it off of it

O-S-l-√kʼwaach (na event verb – transitive – closed) [check classification] | for S to break O (stick-like objects?) off | keishísh awlikʼwaach → they broke (a prong) off the alnus tree (SN)

• imperative: nalkʼwaach! | break it off!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo ilikʼwáchgiḵ! | donʼt break it off!

• perfective (+): awlikʼwaach | they broke it off

• perfective (–): tlél awukʼwaach | they didnʼt break it off

• future (+): agux̱lakʼwáach | theyʼre going to break it off

• future (–): tlél agux̱lakʼwaach | theyʼre not going to break it off

√kʼwaatʼ ¹ (verb root) fold

O-ka-S-l-√kʼwáatʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type and stem variation] fold | for S to fold up O (paper, etc.) with creases, neatly | áa kawdudlikʼwátʼ → it was lying there folded (SN)

• imperative: kalakwʼátʼ! | fold it

• perfective (+): akawlikʼwátʼ | they folded it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulkʼwáatʼ | they didnʼt fold it

• future (+): akagux̱lakwʼáatʼ | they will fold it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lakʼwáatʼ | they wonʼt fold it

O-ka-d+l-√kʼwáatʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type and stem variation] fold | for O to be folded up (paper, etc.) with creases, neatly | (SN)

• perfective (+): kawdlikʼwátʼ | it was folded

• perfective (–): tlél kawulkʼwáatʼ | it wasnʼt folded

• future (+): kakg̱walkwʼáatʼ | it will be folded

• future (–): tlél akakg̱walkʼwáatʼ | it wonʼt be folded

√kʼwáatʼ ² (verb root) lay egg; nest ²

a-d+l-√kʼwáatʼ ² (na event verb – impersonal – high, CV́C hort/pot) lay egg; nest ² | for birds to lay eggs, nest | transitive version: O-S-d+l-√kʼwáatʼ | tʼaawáḵ g̱eey yík alkʼwátʼ → the canada goose lays eggs up the bay (SN) • yá yeedát has awdlikʼwátʼ déi → they all have already laid eggs now (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): awdlikʼwátʼ | it laid an egg

• perfective (–): tlél awulkʼwáatʼ | it didnʼt lay an egg

• future (+): akg̱walkʼwáatʼ | it will lay an egg

√ḵaa ¹ (verb root) say; tell; instruct

(yéi/yóo) + O-daa-ÿa-S-∅-√ḵá ¹ ˟ (* act verb – transitive – invariable) tell | for S to tell O (a certain thing) | this verb only occurs in the imperfective • preverb will be yóo if the verb comes immediate after the quotation, and yéi if the verb is separated from the quotation | wáa sá idaayaḵá? → what are they telling you? (SN) • sdoox naḵa.oot x̱at daayaḵá → they tell me (advises me) to buy a stove (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yéi adaayaḵá | they tells them that

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi adaawuḵá | they donʼt tell them that

(áa) + O-ji-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) instruct; order ¹ | for S to instruct O (to do); for S to give O orders (to do) | note that in classical Lingít, this verb had a thematic prefix « u- » which is slowly falling out of modern day speech | yóo xʼáatʼ kaadé áa ḵaa jikaawaḵaa yáa naaxʼú → they instructed people to take the dead bodies out to the island (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: áa jeekunaḵá! / áa jeekanaḵá! | give them orders!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl áa yoo jikeeḵéigiḵ! | donʼt give them orders!

• perfective (+): áa ajikaawaḵaa | they gave them orders

• perfective (–): tlél áa ajikawuḵaa | they didnʼt give them orders

• future (+): áa ajikakg̱waḵáa | they will give them orders

• future (–): tlél áa ajikakg̱waḵaa | they wonʼt give them orders

O-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) send | for S to send O (esp. on a mission or errand, or to deliver a message) | note that in classical Lingít, this verb had a thematic prefix « u- » which is slowly falling out of modern day speech | yaa akoonaḵéin haa jeeyís → theyʻre sending someone for us (SN) • haa sʼaatích chʼa du yéet akaawaḵaa → our master sent his own son (on a mission) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanaḵá! / kunaḵá! | send them on an errand!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keeḵéig̱iḵ! | donʼt send them on an errand!

• perfective (+): akaawaḵaa | they sent them on an errand

• perfective (–): tlél akawuḵaa | they didnʼt send them on an errand

• future (+): akakg̱waḵáa | they will send them on an errand

• future (–): tlél akakg̱waḵaa | they wonʼt send them on an errand

(yéi/yóo) + ÿa-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) say; confess; acknowledge; declare | for S to say (a certain thing); for S to confess, acknowledge, declare (a certain thing) | note that the imperfective form and prohibitive forms require the thematic prefix « x̱ʼa- » which refers to the mouth • preverb will be yóo if the verb comes immediate after the quotation, and yéi if the verb is separated from the quotation | dei yaa ḵux̱wlig̱át, wáa sá yax̱waaḵaa → iʼve forgotten already what i said (SN) • haa jeeyís yéi yanaḵá, « gunalchéesh »! → say “thank you” for us! (SN) • aadóo sá yéi yaawaḵaaa Jesus dikéenáx̱ yoo kawdudzitéeyi aax̱ sateeyí, gáande has akakg̱wanáa → whoever confesses Jesus is the Messiah will be thrown out (SN) • yéi ḵuyaawaḵaa → they suggested this to people (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yéi yanaḵá! | say it!

• prohibitive: líl yéi x̱ʼayeeḵáaḵ! | donʼt say it!

• imperfective (+): yéi x̱ʼayaḵá | they says that; they are saying that

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi x̱ʼawuḵá | they donʼt say that; they arenʼt saying that

• perfective (+): yéi yaawaḵaa | they said that

• perfective (–): tlél yéi yawuḵaa | they didnʼt say that

• future (+): yéi yakg̱waḵáa | they will say that

• future (–): tlél yéi yakg̱waḵaa | they wonʼt say that

(yéi/yóo) + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) tell; say; ask | for S to tell, say (that) to O; for S to ask O to do (that) | N + ee⁓ + O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹  |  “for S to promise O to N” • preverb will be yóo if the verb comes immediate after the quotation, and yéi if the verb is separated from the quotation | (KE)

• imperative: yóo yanasḵá! | say it to them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yóo yeesaḵéigiḵ! | donʼt say it to them!

• perfective (+): yóo ayawsiḵaa | they said it to them

• perfective (–): tlél yéi ayawusḵaa | they didnʼt say it to them

• future (+): yóo ayagux̱saḵáa | they will say it to them

• future (–): tlél yóo ayagux̱saḵaa | they wonʼt say it to them

a + yáaxʼ + yéi/yóo + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) respond; say | for S to tell, say (that) in response to O | preverb will be yóo if the verb comes immediate after the quotation, and yéi if the verb is separated from the quotation | a yáaxʼ yéi ayawsiḵaa, «aadóo x̱ánt sá g̱atuwa.aat?» → they answered them, «to whom should we go?» (SN)

• imperative: a yáaxʼ yóo yanasḵá! | say it in response to them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a yáaxʼ yóo yeesaḵéigiḵ! | donʼt say it in response to them!

• perfective (+): a yáaxʼ yóo ayawsiḵaa | they said it in response to them

• perfective (–): tlél a yáaxʼ yéi ayawusḵaa | they didnʼt say it in response to them

• future (+): a yáaxʼ yóo ayagux̱saḵáa | they will say it in response to them

• future (–): tlél yóo a yáaxʼ ayagux̱saḵaa | they wonʼt say it in response to them

(N + éede) + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na act verb – transitive – open) charge ¹; set price; confess; acknowledge; delcare | for S to charge (N) for O; for S to set the price of O; for S to confess, acknowledge, or delcare O | du eedé kei yagax̱dusḵáa → theyʼll charge them • wáa sá i tláach yasaḵá wé at x̱ʼéeshi? → how much does your mother charge for that dried fish? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yanasḵá! | charge for it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo yeesaḵéigiḵ! | donʼt charge for it!

• imperfective (+): ayasaḵá | they charges for it

• imperfective (–): tlél awoosḵá | they donʼt charge for it

• perfective (+): ayawsiḵaa | they charged for it

• perfective (–): tlél ayawusḵá | they didnʼt charge for it

• future (+): ayagux̱saḵáa | they will charge for it

• future (–): tlél ayagux̱saḵaa | they wonʼt charge for it

tláakw + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) criticize | for S to criticize, run down, speak ill of O | tláakw x̱at yawsiḵaa → they really ran me down (they said hard things about me) (SN) • a yatʼéik tláakw ayawsiḵaa → they ran them down and criticized them to others behind their back (SN)

• imperative: tláakw yanasḵá! | criticize them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl tláakw yoo yeesaḵéigiḵ! | donʼt criticize them!

• perfective (+): tláakw ayawsiḵáa | they criticized them

• perfective (–): tlél tláakw ayawusḵá | they didnʼt criticize them

• future (+): tláakw ayakg̱wasḵáa | they will criticize them

• future (–): tlél tláakw ayakg̱wasḵaa | they wonʼt criticize them

sh + tugéit + O-ÿa-S-d+s-√ḵaa ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) insult; offend | for S to insult, offend O by what one says | sh tugéit ágé iyawtudziḵáa? → have we offended you by what we said? (SN) • sh tugéit x̱at yawdziḵáa → they insulted me (they said cutting things that hit me pretty hard) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: sh tugéit yeesḵá! | insult them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl sh tugéit yeesḵéix̱iḵ! | donʼt insult them!

• perfective (+): sh tugéit ayawdziḵáa | they insulted them

• perfective (–): tlél sh tugéit ayawusḵá | they didnʼt insult them

• future (+): sh tugéit ayakg̱wasḵáa | they will insult them

• future (–): tlél sh tugéit ayakg̱wasḵaa | they wonʼt insult them

tʼaa-ÿa-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) announce | for S to announce (a certain thing) | note that the imperfective form and prohibitive forms require the thematic prefix « x̱ʼa- » which refers to the mouth • preverb will be yóo if the verb comes immediate after the quotation, and yéi if the verb is separated from the quotation | t’aayawduwaḵaa: «wé x̱áat héen yíkt uwahín» → it was announced: “the salmon are swimming in the creek” (SN)

• imperative: tʼaayanaḵá! | announce it!

• prohibitive: líl tʼaayeeḵáaḵ! | donʼt say it!

• imperfective (+): tʼaax̱ʼayaḵá | they are announcing it; they announce that

• imperfective (–): tlél tʼaax̱ʼawuḵá | they arenʼt announcing it; they donʼt announce it

• perfective (+): tʼaayaawaḵaa | they said that

• perfective (–): tlél tʼaayawuḵaa | they didnʼt say that

• future (+): tʼaayakg̱waḵáa | they will say that

• future (–): tlél tʼaayakg̱waḵaa | they wonʼt say that

(áa) + O-x̱ʼa-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) instruct; order ¹ | for S to instruct O (to say or sing); for S to give O orders (to say or sing) | note that in classical Lingít, this verb had a thematic prefix « u- » which is slowly falling out of modern day speech | (SN)

• imperative: áa x̱ʼakunaḵá! | order them to say it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl áa yoo x̱ʼakeeḵéigiḵ! | donʼt order them to say it!

• perfective (+): áa ax̱ʼakaawaḵaa | they ordered them to say it

• perfective (–): tlél áa ax̱ʼakawuḵaa | they didnʼt order them to say it

• future (+): áa ax̱ʼakakg̱waḵáa | they will order them to say it

• future (–): tlél áa ax̱ʼakakg̱waḵaa | they wonʼt order them to say it

√ḵaa ² (verb root) sew; embroider; bead ¹; tattoo

O-S-∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – transitive – open) sew | for S to sew O | yáa lʼaak iyaḵáa ágé? → did you sew this dress? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ḵá! | sew it!

• prohibitive: líl eeḵéisʼiḵ! | donʼt sew it!

• imperfective (+): aḵéisʼ | they sews it; they are sewing it

• imperfective (–): tlél ooḵéisʼ | they donʼt sew it; they arenʼt sewing it

• perfective (+): aawaḵáa | they sewed it

• perfective (–): tlél awuḵá | they didnʼt sew it

• future (+): akg̱waḵáa | they will sew it

• future (–): tlél akg̱waḵaa | they wonʼt sew it

S-d+∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) sew | for S to sew | (KE)

• imperative: idaḵá! | sew!

• prohibitive: líl idaḵéisʼiḵ! | donʼt sew!

• imperfective (+): daḵéisʼ | they sews; they are sewing

• imperfective (–): tlél udaḵéisʼ | they donʼt sew; they arenʼt sewing

• perfective (+): wudiḵáa | they sewed

• perfective (–): tlél wudaḵá | they didnʼt sew

• future (+): gux̱daḵáa | they will sew

• future (–): tlél gux̱daḵaa | they wonʼt sew

O-ka-S-∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – transitive – open) sew beads; embroider | for S to sew beads on, embroider O | use « N + káa » (on N) to indicate what the design was embroidered onto and « N + » alone to indicate what the design is, or « N₁ + N₂ + káa » for N₁ (design) embroiderd onto N₂ • for example « du luljíni káa akaawaḵáa » (they embroidered on their vest); « yéil akaawaḵáa » (they embroidered a raven); yéil du luljíni káa akaawaḵáa. (they embroidered a raven on their vest) | yá ḵutaan kakḵwadaḵáa → this summer iʼm going to sew beads (SN) • téel iḵkeidí akaawaḵáa → they sewed beads on moccasin tops (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a káa kaḵá! | embroider it on it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a káa keeḵéix̱iḵ! | donʼt embroider it on it!

• imperfective (+): a káa akaḵéisʼ | they are embroidering it on it

• imperfective (–): tlél a káa akooḵéisʼ | they are not embroidering it on it

• perfective (+): a káa akaawaḵáa | they embroidered it on it

• perfective (–): tlél a káa akawuḵá | they didnʼt embroider it on it

• future (+): a káa akakg̱waḵáa | they will embroider it on it

• future (–): tlél a káa akakg̱waḵaa | they wonʼt embroider it on it

N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√ḵaa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) sew | for S to sew O onto N | (KE)

• imperative: a kát kalaḵá! | sew it on it!

• prohibitive: líl a káx̱ keelaḵaaḵ! | donʼt sew it on it!

• progressive: a kaadé yaa akanalḵéin | they are sewing it on it

• perfective (+): a kát akawliḵáa | they sewed it on it

• perfective (–): tlél a kát akawulḵá | they didnʼt sew it on it

• future (+): a kaadé akagux̱laḵáa | they will sew it on it

• future (–): tlél a kaadé akagux̱laḵaa | they wonʼt sew it on it

O-ka-S-s-√ḵaa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) tattoo | for S to tattoo O | ax̱ sée jín kax̱wsiḵáa → i tattooed my daughterʼs hand (SN) • yáa ax̱ jín kasaḵá! → tatoo my arm / hand! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kasaḵá! | tattoo it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keesaḵéix̱iḵ! | donʼt tattoo it!

• progressive: yaa kanasḵéin | they are tattooing it

• perfective (+): akawsiḵáa | they tattoed it

• perfective (–): tlél akawusḵá | they didnʼt tattoo it

• future (+): akagux̱saḵáa | they will tattoo it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱saḵaa | they wonʼt tattoo it

√ḵaa ³ (verb root) gamble; cards; dice | gamble with cards, dice, in general, or with gambling sticks that are concealed

O-S-d+l-√ḵáa ˟ ³ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) gamble | for S to gamble O (by means of gambling sticks, dice, etc.) | as seen in one of the examples, the a-thematic prefix can be replaced with an object, although the a-thematic version is much more common | ḵoo wdigéiḵ yá yeedát at dulḵáayi → itʼs forbidden to gamble now (SN)

• imperative: analḵáa! | gamble it!

• prohibitive: líl eelḵáaḵ! | donʼt gamble it!

• imperfective (+): alḵáa | they are gambling it; they gamble it

• imperfective (–): tlél oolḵáa | they arenʼt gambling it; they donʼt gamble it

• perfective (+): awdliḵáa | they gambled it

• perfective (–): tlél awulḵáa | they didnʼt gamble it

• future (+): akg̱walḵáa | they will gamble it

• future (–): tlél akg̱walḵáa | they wonʼt gamble it

a-S-d+l-√ḵáa ˟ ³ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) gamble; cards | for S to gamble (by means of gambling sticks, dice, etc.); for S to play cards; for S to play bingo | as seen in one of the examples, the a-thematic prefix can be replaced with an object, although the a-thematic version is much more common | nahéin alḵáa → theyʻre stick gambling (SN, JC) • (KE)

• imperative: analḵáa! | gamble!

• prohibitive: líl eelḵáaḵ! | donʼt gamble!

• imperfective (+): alḵáa | they are gambling; they gamble

• imperfective (–): tlél oolḵáa | they arenʼt gambling; they donʼt gamble

• perfective (+): awdliḵáa | they gambled

• perfective (–): tlél awulḵáa | they didnʼt gamble

• future (+): akg̱walḵáa | they will gamble

• future (–): tlél akg̱walḵáa | they wonʼt gamble

√ḵaach ¹ (verb root) swell up; rise

kei + O-ka-S-l-√ḵaach (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) raise | for S to raise O (bread) | sakwnéin kei kanax̱laḵách → iʼm raising bread (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kei klaḵaach! | raise the bread!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei keelaḵáchx̱iḵ! | donʼt raise the bread!

• progressive: kei akanalḵách | they are raising the bread

• perfective (+): kei akawliḵách | they raised the bread

• perfective (–): tlél kei akawulḵaach | they didnʼt raise the bread

• future (+): kei akagux̱laḵáach | they will raise the bread

• future (–): tlél kei akagux̱laḵaach | they wonʼt raise the bread

ka-d+∅-√ḵaach (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) rise; swell up | for bread to rise, swell up | tlél kʼidéin kei kawdaḵaach → it (bread) didnʼt rise well (SN) • kei kagux̱daḵáach → itʼs going to rise (bread in pan) (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: kei kandaḵách | the bread is rising

• perfective (+): kei kawdiḵách | the bread rose

• perfective (–): tlél kei kawdaḵaach | the bread didnʼt rise

• future (+): kei kagux̱daḵáach | the bread is going to rise

• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱daḵaach | the bread isnʼt going to rise

√ḵaach ² (verb root) limp ¹; lame

O-l-√ḵáchk ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) limp ¹; lame | for O to limp, be lame, walk unevenly | yáa yeedát tlél ulḵʼáchk → they donʼt limp now (SN) • doctor-ch yéi sh kalneek, chʼu tleix̱ kei gux̱laḵáchk → the doctor says he will always limp (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: laḵáchk! | limp!

• prohibitive: líl ilḵáchgiḵ! | donʼt limp!

• imperfective (+): liḵáchk | they limps

• imperfective (–): tlél ulḵáchk | they donʼt limp

• perfective (+): wuliḵáchk | they developed a limp (as a result of injury, illness)

• perfective (–): tlél wulḵáchk | they didnʼt limp; they didnʼt develop a limp (as a result of injury, illness)

• future (+): kei gux̱laḵáchk | they will limp

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱laḵáchk | they wonʼt limp

{na preverb} + S-l-√ḵaach ² (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) limp ¹ | for S to limp | neildé wuliḵaach → they limped home (KE) • tlél át wulḵaach → they arenʼt limping around (KE)

√ḵaaḵ (verb root) squat; sit; land ²

S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) squat; sit; land ² | for S to squat down, sit quickly; for S to land (of waterfowl, plane); for S to squat, sit low | classification: singular subject | ḵúx̱de yan wujiḵáḵ → they squatted back (out of the way, so as not to be seen) (SN) • lʼéiw kát wujiḵáḵ → they squatted down on the sand (SN) • gáaxw át wujiḵáḵ → the duck landed (SN) • kaawayík yaagú áa yei ishḵáḵch → the plane lands there (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ishḵáḵ! | land!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ishḵáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt land!

• progressive: yaa nashḵáḵ | they are in the process of landing

• perfective (+): wujiḵáḵ | they landed

• perfective (–): tlél wushḵaaḵ | they didnʼt land

• future (+): kg̱washḵáaḵ | they will land

• future (–): tlél kg̱washḵaaḵ | they wonʼt land

{na preverb} + S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; crawl; squat | for S (an octopus) to walk/crawl; for S to squat-walk; for S to move while seated or squatting | goodé sá yaa neeshḵáḵ? → which way are you moving (sitting down, along the bench)? (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nashḵaaḵ! | squat walk!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo eeshḵáḵgiḵ! | donʼt squat-walk!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa nashḵáḵ | they are squat-walking

• perfective (+): {na preverb} wujiḵaaḵ | they squat walked

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wushḵaaḵ | they didnʼt squat-walk

• future (+): {na preverb} kg̱washḵáaḵ | they will squat-walk

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} kg̱washḵaaḵ | they wonʼt squat walk

S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – closed) squat; sit; land ² | for S to squat, sit low; for S to squat down, sit quickly; for S to land (of waterfowl, plane) | classification: singular subject | du káa x̱wajiḵaaḵ → i sat on them quickly (SN) • kaawayík yaagú áa yei ishḵáḵch → a plane lands there regularly (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: g̱eeshḵaaḵ! | squat!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei ishḵáḵjiḵ! | donʼt squat!

• progressive: yei nashḵáḵ | they are in the process of squatting (slowly)

• perfective (+): wujiḵaaḵ | they squatted

• perfective (–): tlél wushḵaaḵ | they didnʼt squat

• future (+): yei kg̱washḵáaḵ | they will squat

• future (–): tlél yei kg̱washḵaaḵ | they wonʼt squat

√ḵaan (verb root) quarrel

N + een + S-d+∅-√ḵaan (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) quarrel | for S to quarrel with, exchange harsh words with N (usually of adults) | du een wudiḵán → they all exchanged harsh words (SN) • i een kuḵadaḵáan → iʼm going to quarrel with you (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du een idaḵán! | quarrel with them!

• prohibitive: líl du een idaḵaaníḵ! | donʼt quarrel with them!

• imperfective (+): du een daḵáan | they are quarreling with them

• imperfective (–): tlél du een udaḵaan | they are not quarreling with them

• perfective (+): du een wudiḵán | they quarreled with them

• perfective (–): tlél du een wudaḵaan | they didnʼt quarrel with them

• future (+): du een gux̱daḵáan | they will quarrel with them

• future (–): tlél du een gux̱daḵaan | they wonʼt quarrel with them

√ḵaasʼ (verb root) fracture; crack

∅-√ḵáasʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) [check verb type and transitivity, difference between ∅-√ḵáasʼ & O-d-+∅-√ḵáasʼ] | for something to fracture (with pieces still together, esp. of bone) | du shá uwaḵásʼ → their skull fractured (SN)

• perfective (+): uwaḵásʼ | it fractured

• perfective (–): tlél wuḵáasʼ | it didnʼt fracture

• future (+): gug̱aḵáasʼ | it will fracture

• future (–): tlél gug̱aḵáasʼ | it wonʼt fracture

∅-√ḵáasʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type and transitivity, difference between ∅-√ḵáasʼ & O-d-+∅-√ḵáasʼ] | for O to be fractured (with pieces still together, esp. of bone) | ax̱ sʼaag̱í wudiḵasʼ → my broken is fractured (SN)

• perfective (+): wudiḵásʼ | it is fractured

• perfective (–): tlél wudaḵáasʼ | it isnʼt fracture

• future (+): gux̱daḵáasʼ | it will be fractured

• future (–): tlél gux̱daḵáasʼ | it wonʼt be fractured

O-S-l-√ḵáasʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) | for S to purposely crack, fracture O | gúxʼaa x̱waliḵásʼ → i cracked the cup deliberately (SN)

• perfective (+): awliḵásʼ | they fractured it

• perfective (–): tlél awulḵáasʼ | they didnʼt fracture it

• future (+): agux̱laḵáasʼ | the will fracture it

• future (–): tlél agux̱laḵáasʼ | they wonʼt fracture it

O-ka-S-l-√ḵáasʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type, and why thematic is there] | for S to purposely crack, fracture the surface of O | tʼéexʼ kanalḵáasʼ → crack the ice! (SN)

• perfective (+): akawliḵásʼ | they fractured it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulḵáasʼ | they didnʼt fracture it

• future (+): akagux̱laḵáasʼ | the will fracture it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱laḵáasʼ | they wonʼt fracture it

√ḵaax̱ (verb root) exclaim; cough

O-S-l-√ḵaax̱ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] exclaim | for S to exclaim «ha! ha!» at O in ceremonial singing and dancing (esp. when emotionally worked up) | at x̱waliḵáx̱ → i exclaimed «ha! ha!» (SN) • awliḵáx̱ → they were clapping their hands and exclaiming «ha! ha!» (at their halibut hooks as they were going down) (SN)

• imperative: laḵáx̱! | exlaim «ha! ha!» at it!

• perfective (+): awiliḵáx̱ | they exlaimed «ha! ha!» at it

• perfective (–): tlél awulḵaax̱ | they didnʼt exclaim «ha! ha!» at it

• future (+): agux̱laḵáax̱ | they will exlaim «ha! ha!» at it

• future (–): tlél agux̱laḵaax̱ | they wonʼt exlaim «ha! ha!» at it

N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-S-l-√ḵaax̱ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] hand over | for S to hand over O (a song or story) for N to finish or to substitute | i x̱ʼéit x̱waliḵáx̱ → i handed over to you the song or story for you to complete (or substitute another for it) (SN) • ax̱ x̱ʼéit awliḵáx̱; ách áwé yan kax̱wliník → they handed over to me, so I finished telling it (SN)

• imperative: du x̱ʼéit laḵáx̱! | hand over to them to finish or substitute!

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéit awiliḵáx̱ | they handed over to them to finish or substitute

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéit awulḵaax̱ | they didnʼt hand over to them to finish or substitute

• future (+): du x̱ʼéide agux̱laḵáax̱ | they will hand over to them to finish or substitute

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide agux̱laḵaax̱ | they wonʼt hand over to them to finish or substitute

√ḵei ¹ (verb root) pay

O-ji-S-∅-√ḵéi ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) pay | for S to pay O (esp. a person, for work done); for S to pay for O | ldakát ágé yee jiwtuwaḵéi? → did we pay all of you (for what you did)? (SN) • wáa sá ldakát ee ijiwduwaḵéi? → how much did they all pay you for all the salmon? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: jinaḵéi! | pay them!

• prohibitive: líl jeeḵéiḵ! | donʼt pay them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo jeeḵéigiḵ! | donʼt pay them!

• imperfective (+): ajiḵéi | they pays them; they are paying them

• imperfective (–): tlél ajeeḵéi | they donʼt pay them; they are not paying them

• perfective (+): ajeewaḵéi | they paid them

• perfective (–): tlél ajiwuḵéi | they didnʼt pay them

• future (+): ajikg̱waḵéi | they will pay them

• future (–): tlél ajikg̱waḵéi | they wonʼt pay them

√ḵei ² (verb root) shy

O-ka-u-S-l-√ḵéi ² (ga state verb – transitive – high) shy | for S to be shy of O | du dlaakʼ akwliḵéi → he was shy of his sister (SN) • Mary x̱at kooliḵéi → Mary is bashful of me (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl keelaḵéiḵ! | donʼt be shy of them!

• imperfective (+): akuliḵéi | they are shy of them

• imperfective (–): tlél akoolḵé | they arenʼt shy of them

• progressive: kei akunalḵéin | they are getting to be shy of them

• perfective (+): akwliḵéi | they became shy of them

• perfective (–): tlél akawulḵéi | they werenʼt shy of them

• future (+): kei akagux̱laḵéi | they will be shy of them

• future (–): tlél kei akagux̱lakéi | they wonʼt be shy of them

at  + ka-u-S-l-√ḵéi ² (ga state verb – impersonal – high) shy; bashful | for S to be shy, bashful | (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei at keelaḵéijiḵ! | donʼt be shy!

• imperfective (+): at kuliḵéi | they are shy

• imperfective (–): tlél at koolḵé | they arenʼt shy

• progressive: kei at kunalḵéin | they are getting to be shy

• perfective (+): at kawliḵéi | they were shy

• perfective (–): tlél at kawulḵéi | they werenʼt shy

• future (+): kei at kagux̱laḵéi | they will be shy

• future (–): tlél kei at kagux̱lakéi | they wonʼt be shy

√ḵeitsʼ (verb root) tickle

O-ka-S-l-√ḵéitsʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) tickle; touch | for S to tickle O; for S to touch O lightly | ikakḵwalaḵéitsʼ → iʼm going to tickle you (SN) • sakwnéin tʼóosʼi ax̱ leitóox̱ akawliḵétsʼ → the toast tickled my throat (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kalaḵétsʼ! | tickle them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keelaḵétsʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt tickle them!

• imperfective (+): aklaḵétsʼx̱ | they are tickling them

• perfective (+): akawliḵétsʼ | they tickled them

• perfective (–): tlél akawulḵéitsʼ | they didnʼt tickle them

• future (+): akagux̱laḵéitsʼ | they will tickle them

• future (–): tlél akagux̱laḵéitsʼ | they wonʼt tickle them

√ḵee ¹ (verb root) sit; situated | classification: plural | singular form: √.nook ¹

S-∅-√ḵee ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – open) sit; situated | for (plural) S to be seated | a noun phrase with (-t) postposition can be used to indicate where one is sitting, but is not required | (KE)

• prohibitive: líl yiḵeeníḵ! | donʼt you all be sitting!

• imperfective (+): has ḵéen | they all sit; they all are sitting

• imperfective (–): tlél has uḵeen | they all donʼt sit; they all arenʼt sitting

(yei) + S-∅-√ḵee ¹ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – open) sit | for (plural) S to sit, sit down (esp. act of sitting) | gáant tooḵéenin → we were sitting outside (SN) • yóoxʼ gax̱tooḵee → letʼs sit down over there! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: g̱ayḵí! | you all sit down!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei yiḵéejiḵ! | donʼt you all sit down!

• progressive: yei (ha)s naḵéen | they all are sitting down

• progressive (–): tlél yei has unaḵéen | they all are not sitting down

• perfective (+): has wooḵee | they all sat down

• perfective (–): tlél has wuḵee | they all didnʼt sit down

• future (+): yei (ha)s gug̱aḵée | they all will sit down

• future (–): tlél yei (ha)s gug̱aḵee | they all wonʼt sit down

√ḵee ² (verb root) rise; rouse; get up | classification: plural subject | singular form: √nook ⁴

sha-S-d+∅-√ḵee ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) get up; rise | for (plural) S to get up, rise | xʼoon gaawxʼ sá shayeedaḵéex̱? → what time do you all get up? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: shaydaḵí! | you all get up!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl shaydaḵéex̱iḵ! | donʼt you all get up!

• progressive: yaa (ha)s shandaḵéen | they all are starting to get up

• perfective (+): has shawdiḵée | they all got up

• perfective (–): tlél has shawdaḵí | they all didnʼt get up

• future (+): has shagux̱daḵée | they all will get up

• future (–): tlél has shagux̱daḵee | they all wonʼt get up

√ḵeen ¹ (verb root) fly ¹ | classification: singular subject | plural form: √yeech

{na preverb} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) fly ¹ | for (singular) S (bird, or persons in a plane) to fly | classification: singular subject or people in plane | gáaxw haa niyaadé yaa ndaḵín → a duck is flying towards us (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} nidaḵeen! | fly {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yidaḵeeníḵ! | donʼt fly {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa ndaḵín | they are flying {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} wudiḵeen / wdiḵeen | they flew {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wudaḵeen / wdaḵeen | they didnʼt fly {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} gux̱daḵéen | they will fly {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱daḵeen | they wonʼt fly {____}

{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) fly ¹ | for S (of a bird or persons in a plane) to fly | classification: singular subject or people in plane | (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} idaḵín! | fly {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} idaḵeeníḵ! | donʼt fly {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa ndaḵín | they are flying {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wudiḵín | they flew {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wudaḵeen | they didnʼt fly {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} gux̱daḵéen | they will fly {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gux̱daḵeen | they wonʼt fly {____}

{ga preverb} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) fly ¹ | for (singular) S (bird, or persons in a plane) to fly | classification: singular subject or people in plane | seig̱ánin Aangóonde kei gax̱tudaḵéen → weʼre going to fly to Angoon tomorrow (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {ga preverb} gidaḵeen! | fly {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {ga preverb} yidaḵeeníḵ! | donʼt fly {____}!

• progressive: {ga preverb} yaa ndaḵín | they are flying {____}

• perfective (+): {ga preverb} wudiḵeen | they flew {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} wudaḵeen | they didnʼt fly {____}

• future (+): {ga preverb} kei gux̱daḵéen | they will fly {____}

• future (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei gux̱daḵeen | they wonʼt fly {____}

N + toowú + kínde + d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (na – impersonal – closed) overjoyed; happy; excited | for N to be overjoyed, excited

yax̱ + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) hover | for S to hover (of bird, helicopter), lift from ground and hang fluttering in the air | (SN)

• perfective (+): yax̱ wudiḵín | it is hovering

O-d+s-√ḵeen ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fly ¹ | for a cloud of insects to fly | táaaxʼaa a daat wudziḵín → mosquitoes were flying round it (SN)

• progressive: yaa nasḵín | they are flying in a cloud

• perfective (+): wudziḵín | they were flying in a cloud

• perfective (–): tlél wusḵeen | they werenʼt flying in a cloud

• future (+): gug̱asḵéen | they will fly in a cloud

• future (–): tlél gug̱asḵeen | they wonʼt fly in a cloud

√ḵeen ² (verb root) moon | new moon

ÿa-d+s-√ḵeen ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) moon | for the moon to be new

• progressive: dís yei yanasḵéen | itʼs getting to be a new moon

• perfective (+): dís yawdziḵeen | itʼs a new moon

• perfective (–): tlél dís yawusḵeen | itʼs not a new moon

• future (+): dis yei yakg̱wasḵéen | itʼs going to be a new moon

• future (–): tlél dís yei yakg̱wasḵeen | itʼs not going to be a new moon

√ḵeesʼ (verb root) flood

O-∅-√ḵéesʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] flood | for O to flood, be flooded, inundated (esp. of limited area) | (SN)

• imperfective (+): yaa naḵísʼ | it is flooding

• perfective (+): uwaḵísʼ | it flooded

• perfective (–): tlél wuḵéesʼ | it didnʼt flood

• future (+): gug̱aḵéesʼ | it will flood

• future (–): tlél gug̱aḵéesʼ | it wonʼt flood

O-l-√ḵéesʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] flood | for O to flood, be flooded, inundated | haa hídi tayee wlikísʼ → our basement became flooded (SN)

• imperfective (+): yaa nalḵísʼ | it is flooding

• perfective (+): wuliḵísʼ | it flooded

• perfective (–): tlél wulḵéesʼ | it didnʼt flood

• future (+): gux̱laḵéesʼ | it will flood

• future (–): tlél gux̱laḵéesʼ | it wonʼt flood

√ḵeet ¹ (verb root) suspect; annoyed with

O-S-∅-√ḵeet ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) suspect; distrust; suspicious; lack confidence | for S to suspect, distrust, be suspicious of, lack confidence in O | du yoo x̱ʼatángi x̱waaḵít → i suspect what they say / iʼm not confident that theyʻre telling the truth (SN) • wáanáx̱ sáwé x̱at eeḵeet? → why are you suspicious of me / why do you suspect me? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ḵít! | be suspicous of them!

• prohibitive: líl yiḵeedíḵ! | donʼt be suspicous of them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eeḵítx̱iḵ! | donʼt be suspicous of them!

• imperfective (+): ayaḵéet | they suspect them

• progressive: yaa anaḵít | they are beginning to suspect them

• perfective (+): aawaḵít | they are suspicious of them

• perfective (–): tlél awuḵeet | they are not suspicious of them

• future (+): akg̱waḵéet | they will be suspicious of them

• future (–): tlél akg̱waḵeet | they wonʼt be suspicious of them

tóo + O-S-sh-√ḵeet ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) annoyed with; tired of; fed up with | for S to be annoyed with, tired of, fed up with O | to say annoyed with or tired of anotherʼs talking, add the thematic prefix « x̱ʼa- » to the theme: tóo + O-x̱ʼa-S-sh-√ḵeet ˟ ¹ | tlél tóo haa ooshḵeet → theyʼre not annoyed with us / not tired of us (that is, of our visiting them) • tlax̱ tóo x̱ʼax̱shiḵeet → iʼm real tired of his talking • de tóoxʼ áwé kei nax̱shaḵít → theyʼre beginning to annoy me/Iʼm getting tired of them (that is, of their constant borrowing) (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): tóo ashiḵeet | sheʼs tired of them

• imperfective (–): tlél tóo ooshḵeet | they arenʼt tired of them

• progressive: tóo kei anashḵeet | they are getting tired of them

• perfective (+): tóo awshiḵeet | they got tired of them

• perfective (–): tlél tóo awushḵeet | they didnʼt get tired of them

• future (+): tóo kei agux̱shaḵeet | they will get tired of them

• future (–): tlél tóo kei agux̱shaḵeet | they wonʼt get tired of them

√ḵeet ² (verb root) dam

O-S-∅-√ḵeet ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and conjugation type] dam | for S to dam up O | wé yaa anaḵit yéide áwé, as.héitʼ → they stuff up the cracks in the dammed-up place (SN)

• imperative: ḵít! | dam it!

• perfective (+): aawaḵít | they dammed it

• perfective (–): tlél awuḵeet | they didnʼt dam it

• future (+): akg̱waḵéet | they will dam it

• future (–): tlél akg̱waḵeet | they wonʼt dam it

O-S-s-√ḵeet ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) dam; barricade | for S to dam up O (completely); for S to barricade O (completely and permanently) | x̱ʼawóol wududziḵít → the door was closed up permanently (SN) • sʼigeidí héen asḵítx̱ → beavers dam up rivers • dana héen sákw gax̱dusḵéet → it will be dammed to get drinking water

• imperative: saḵít! | dam it!

• perfective (+): awsiḵít | they dammed it

• perfective (–): tlél awusḵeet | they didnʼt dam it

• future (+): agux̱saḵéet | they will dam it

• future (–): tlél agux̱saḵeet | they wonʼt dam it

√ḵeetʼ (verb root) suppurate; infected; fester; pus

d+l-√ḵéetʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high, CV́C hort/pot) infected; fester; suppurate; pus | for a wound to be infected, have pus | (KE)

• progressive: yaa nalḵítʼ | itʼs getting infected

• perfective (+): wudliḵítʼ | itʼs infected

• perfective (–): tlél wulḵéetʼ | it isnʼt infected

• future (+): gug̱alḵéetʼ | it will get infected

• future (–): tlél gug̱alḵéetʼ | it wonʼt get infected

√ḵéenas (verb root) exchange

N + káxʼ + O-S-∅-√ḵéenas ˟ (na event verb – transitive – invariable) [check verb type] | for S to ask O (usually in close in-law relationship) to exchange N | the amount of money given in exchange for the article asked for will be in relation to the feelings of the people involved, not in relation to the economic value of the article | i lʼaagí káxʼ ix̱waaḵéenas → i asked you to give me your dress (in exchange i may give you an amount way beyond its worth because I know you need the money for some pending public activity) (SN) • yaakw káxʼ aawaḵéenas → they asked for the boat (from their in-law; in exchange they might give way below the price of it, because they are very close in friendship) (SN) • Lingítx̱ óosh gé satéeyin, a káa nḵwaḵéenasin → if only they were Lingít, I would ask them for it (implying, that because they are not in the culture they would not understand the system of exchange) (SN)

• imperative: a káxʼ naḵéenas! | ask them to exchange it (for appropriate cultural value based on clan relations)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a káxʼ yoo eeḵéenasgíḵ! | donʼt ask them to exchange it (for appropriate cultural value based on clan relations)

• perfective (+): a káxʼ aawaḵéenas | they asked them to exchange it (for appropriate cultural value based on clan relations)

• perfective (–): tlél a káxʼ awuḵéenas | they didnʼt ask them to exchange it (for appropriate cultural value based on clan relations)

• future (+): a káxʼ akg̱waḵéenas | they will ask them to exchange it (for appropriate cultural value based on clan relations)

• future (–): tlél a káxʼ akg̱waḵéenas | they wonʼt ask them to exchange it (for appropriate cultural value based on clan relations)

√ḵoo (verb root) flood; vomit

O-l-√ḵoo ʰ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – fading) [check verb type] flood | for O to be flooded, completely covered with water | aan wuliḵoo → the town flooded (SN) • (SaJ)

• progressive: yei nalḵwéin | it is flooding

• perfective (+): wuliḵoo | it flooded

• perfective (–): tlél wulḵoo | it didnʼt flood

• future (+): yei gux̱laḵóo | it will flood

• future (–): tlél gux̱laḵoo | it wonʼt flood

S-d+l-√ḵoo ʰ (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) vomit; throw up | for S to vomit, throw up | kei wdliḵóo → they vomited/threw up everything (SN) • keitl kei alḵwéich / keitl kei alḵóoch → dogs vomit (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: neelḵú! / nalḵú! | vomit!

• prohibitive: líl eelḵóoḵ! | donʼt vomit!

• imperfective (+): ilḵú | they vomits; they are vomiting

• imperfective (–): tlél ulḵú | they donʼt vomit; they are not vomiting

• perfective (+): wudliḵoo | they vomited

• perfective (–): tlél wulḵoo | they didnʼt vomit

• future (+): gug̱alḵóo | they will vomit

• future (–): tlél gug̱alḵoo | they wonʼt vomit

√ḵoosh ¹ (verb root) fall | fall in a heap

N-dé + O-d+∅-√ḵóosh ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – high) fall | for O to fall (of many things or a mass, falling all at once in a pile or heap) | classification: plural | kawóot ax̱ jeedáx̱ wudiḵóosh → all the beads fell from my hands (SN)

• perfective (+): aadé wudiḵóosh | it all fell there

• perfective (–): tlél aadé wudaḵóosh | it all didnʼt fall there

• future (+): aadé yéi gux̱daḵóosh | it all will fall there

• future (–): tlél aadé yei gux̱daḵóosh | it wonʼt all fall there

daak + O-d+∅-√ḵóosh ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) fall | for O to fall down (of many things or a mass, falling all at once in a pile or heap) | classification: plural | gúxʼaa daak wudiḵúsh → a whole lot of cans fell over/tumbled down (SN)

• perfective (+): daak wudiḵúsh | it all fell there

• perfective (–): tlél daak wudaḵóosh | it all didnʼt fall there

• future (+): daak gux̱daḵóosh | it all will fall there

• future (–): tlél daak gux̱daḵóosh | it wonʼt all fall there

√ḵoosh ² (verb root) sore | develop a sore

√ḵootlʼ (verb root) muddy

ka-sh-√ḵóotlʼ (∅ state verb – impersonal – high, CV́C hort/pot) muddy | for a road, etc. to be muddy | chʼa g̱óot aa téel yéi na.oo; wé dei yík kawshiḵútlʼ → put on some other shoes, for that road is muddy! (SN)

• imperfective (+): kashiḵútlʼk | itʼs muddy

• imperfective (–): tlél kooshḵútlʼk | itʼs not muddy

• progressive: yaa kanashḵútlʼ | itʼs starting to get muddy

• perfective (+): kawshiḵútlʼ | it got muddy

• perfective (–): tlél kawushḵóotlʼ | it didnʼt get muddy

• future (+): kagux̱shaḵóotlʼ | it will get muddy

• future (–): tlél kagux̱shaḵóotlʼ | it wonʼt get muddy

√ḵoox̱ ¹ (verb root) go; travel | travel by boat; travel by car

{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) boat ²; go; travel | for S to travel, go (by boat, car) | ḵux̱ has wudiḵúx̱ yá áa kaanáx̱ → they all went back across the lake by boat (SN) • haat wutuwaḵúx̱ → we came by boat (or car) (SN) • ḵux̱ has wudiḵúx̱ yá áa kaanáx̱ → they all went back across the lake by boat (SN) • haat wutuwaḵúx̱ → we came by boat (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: [∅ preverb] ḵúx̱! | drive {____}!

• prohibitive: líl [∅ preverb] yiḵoox̱úḵ! | donʼt drive {____}!

• progressive: [∅ preverb] yaa neeḵúx̱ | youʼre driving {____}

• progressive (–): tlél [∅ preverb] yaa unaḵúx̱ | they are not driving {____}

• perfective (+): [∅ preverb] uwaḵúx̱ | they drove {____}

• perfective (–): tlél [∅ preverb] wuḵoox̱ | they didnʼt drive {____}

• future (+): [∅ preverb] kg̱waḵóox̱ | they will drive {____}

• future (–): tlél [∅ preverb] kg̱waḵoox̱ | they wonʼt drive {____}

daak + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) boat ²; go; travel | for S to go out to sea (in a boat); for S to move into the open (in a boat, car) | note that there is no « yaa » preverb in the progressive imperfective form with this particular group of adverbs | (KE)

• imperative: daak ḵúx̱! | go out to sea!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl daak eeḵúx̱jiḵ! | donʼt go out to sea!

• progressive: daak naḵúx̱ | they are going out to sea

• perfective (+): daak uwaḵúx̱ | they went out to sea

• perfective (–): tlél daak wuḵoox̱ | they didnʼt go out to sea

• future (+): daak gug̱aḵóox̱ | they will go out to sea

• future (–): tlél daak gug̱aḵoox̱ | they wonʼt go out to sea

g̱unéi + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) boat ²; go; travel | for S to begin traveling, going by boat or car | (KE)

• imperative: g̱unéi ḵoox̱! | get going!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl g̱unéi eeḵúx̱x̱uḵ! | donʼt get going!

• progressive: g̱unéi yaa naḵúx̱ | they are starting to go

• perfective (+): g̱unéi uwaḵúx̱ | they started driving

• perfective (–): tlél g̱unéi wuḵoox̱ | they didnʼt start driving

• future (+): g̱unéi kg̱waḵóox̱ | they will start driving

• future (–): tlél g̱unéi kg̱waḵoox̱ | they wonʼt start driving

{na preverb} + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) boat ²; go; travel | for S to travel, go (in a boat, car) | Juneau-de yaa nx̱aḵúx̱ → iʼm traveling to Juneau by boat (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} naḵoox̱! | drive {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo eeḵúx̱guḵ! | donʼt drive {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa naḵúx̱ | they are driving {____}

• progressive (–): tlél {na preverb} yaa unaḵúx̱ | they are not driving {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} wooḵoox̱ | they drove {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wuḵoox̱ | they didnʼt drive {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} kg̱waḵóox̱ | they will drive {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} kg̱waḵoox̱ | they wonʼt drive {____}

ḵut + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lost | for S to get lost (going by motorized vehicle) | (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ḵut kei eeḵúx̱jiḵ! | donʼt get lost!

• progressive: ḵut kei naḵúx̱ | they are getting lost

• perfective (+): ḵut wooḵoox̱ | they got lost

• perfective (–): tlél ḵut wuḵoox̱ | they didnʼt get lost

• future (+): ḵut kei kg̱waḵóox̱ | they will get lost

• future (–): tlél ḵut kei kg̱waḵoox̱ | they wonʼt get lost

yaa + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) go; travel | for S to be going, traveling along (by boat, car) | this is an example of a progressive epiaspectual paradigm (leer, 91), which basically means that all forms are based on the progressive aspect • the progressive epiaspect is characterized by: 1)having the yaa preverb in all forms, 2)having no perfective form, and 3) denotes semantically a continuous transition from one location or state to another | (KE)

• imperative: yaa gaḵoox̱! | keep on going (by boat, car)!

• progressive: yaa naḵúx̱ | they are going along (by boat, car)

• future (+): yaa kg̱waḵóox̱ | they will keep on going (by boat, car)

{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) drive; boat ² | for S to drive O (boat, car) | captain-ch yaa nasḵúx̱ → the captain is taking the boat out (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: [∅ preverb] saḵúx̱! | drive it {____}!

• prohibitive: líl [∅ preverb] isaḵoox̱úḵ! | donʼt drive it {____}!

• progressive: [∅ preverb] yaa anasḵúx̱ | they are driving it {____}

• perfective (+): [∅ preverb] awsiḵúx̱ | they drove it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél [∅ preverb] awusḵoox̱ | they didnʼt drive it {____}

• future (+): [∅ preverb] agux̱saḵóox̱ | they will drive it {____}

• future (–): tlél [∅ preverb] agux̱saḵoox̱ | they wonʼt drive it {____}

{na preverb} + O-S-s-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) drive; boat ² | for S to drive O (boat, car) | captain-ch yaa naskúx̱ → the captain is taking the boat out (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} nasḵoox̱! | drive it {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo isaḵúx̱guḵ! | donʼt drive it {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa anasḵúx̱ | they are driving it {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} awsiḵoox̱ | they drove it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awusḵoox̱ | they didnʼt drive it {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱saḵóox̱ | they will drive it {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱saḵoox̱ | they wonʼt drive it {____}

N + daax̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) circle around; drive around | for S to circle, drive around N in a motor vehicle | (KE)

• imperative: a daax̱ wuḵúx̱! | drive around it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a daax̱ yaa eeḵúx̱jiḵ! | donʼt drive around it!

• progressive: a daax̱ yaa naḵúx̱ | they are driving around it

• perfective (+): a daax̱ yaawaḵúx̱ | they drove around it

• perfective (–): tlél a daax̱ yawuḵoox̱ | they didnʼt drive around it

• future (+): a daax̱ yakg̱waḵóox̱ | they will drive around it

• future (–): tlél a daax̱ yakg̱waḵoox̱ | they wonʼt drive around it

a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) turn back; return | for S to turn back, return by boat | haa aaníxʼ ayawdiḵúx̱ → they returned to our town (by boat) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ayidaḵúx̱! | turn back!

• prohibitive: líl ayeedaḵoox̱úḵ! | donʼt turn back!

• perfective (+): ayawdiḵúx̱ | they turned back

• perfective (–): tlél ayawdaḵoox̱ | they didnʼt turn back

• future (+): ayagux̱daḵóox̱ | they will turn back

• future (–): tlél ayagux̱daḵoox̱ | they wonʼt turn back

{∅ preverb} + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) transport; boat ² | for S to transport O by boat; for S to bring, take or fetch O by boat | néekw sʼaatx’i áyá haat yawdudziḵúx̱ → lots of sick people were brought here by boat (SN) • ldakát haadé yakḵwasaḵóox̱ → i’ll bring everything here by boat (SN)

• imperative: [∅ preverb] yasaḵúx̱! | transport it {____}!

• prohibitive: líl [∅ preverb] yeesaḵoox̱úḵ! | donʼt transport it {____}!

• progressive: [∅ preverb] yaa ayanasḵúx̱ | they are transporting it {____}

• perfective (+): [∅ preverb] ayawsiḵúx̱ | they transported it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél [∅ preverb] ayawusḵoox̱ | they didnʼt transport it {____}

• future (+): [∅ preverb] ayagux̱saḵóox̱ | they will transport it {____}

• future (–): tlél [∅ preverb] ayagux̱saḵoox̱ | they wonʼt transport it {____}

kéi + a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) escape | for S to escape by boat | (SN)

• imperative: kéi ayeedaḵúx̱! | escape!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kéi ayeedaḵúx̱x̱iḵ! | donʼt (ever) escape!

• progressive: kéi awundaḵúx̱ | they are escaping

• perfective (+): kéi ayawdiḵúx̱ | they escaped

• perfective (–): tlél kéi ayawdaḵoox̱ | they didnʼt escape

• future (+): kéi ayakg̱wadaḵóox̱ | they will escape

• future (–): tlél kéi ayakg̱wadaḵoox̱ | they wonʼt escape

√ḵʼei (verb root) precious

N + yáa + O-l-√ḵʼéi ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) treasure; value; admire; respect | for N to treasure, value O; for N to admire, think highly of, respect O | ax̱ yáa iliḵʼéi i yoo x̱ʼatángi aadé yateeyi yé → i admire the way you spoke (SN) • chʼa ax̱ yá liḵʼéi yá gaaw → i treasure this drum very highly (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: i yáa galaḵʼéi! | admire them!

• prohibitive: líl i yáa kei ulḵʼéiyich! | donʼt admire them!

• imperfective (+): du yáa liḵʼéi | they admires them

• imperfective (–): tlél du yáa ulḵʼé | they donʼt admire them

• progressive: du yáa kei nalḵʼéin | they are beginning to admire them

• perfective (+): du yáa wuliḵʼéi | they admired them

• perfective (–): tlél du yáa wulḵʼéi | they didnʼt admire them

• future (+): du yáa kei gux̱laḵʼéi | they are going to admire them

• future (–): tlél du yáa kei gux̱laḵʼéi | they arenʼt going to admire them

√ḵʼeikʼw ¹ (verb root) cut ¹ | cut (flesh) with knife

O-S-∅-√ḵʼéikʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) cut ¹; wound ¹ | for S to cut the flesh of O (usually accidentally); for S to wound O with a sharp instrument | du jín aawaḵʼékʼw → they cut their hand (SN) • (KE)

• admonitive: eeḵʼéikʼw tsá! | be sure not to cut them/it!

• perfective (+): aawaḵʼékʼw | they cut them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awuḵʼéikʼw | they didnʼt cut them/it

• future (+): akg̱waḵʼéikʼw | they will cut them/it

• future (–): tlél akg̱waḵʼéikʼw | they wonʼt cut them/it

sh + S-d+∅-√ḵʼéikʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – reflexive – high) cut ¹; wound ¹ | for S to cut themself, usually accidentally; for S to wound themself with a sharp instrument | shunax̱wáayi teen sh x̱wadiḵʼékʼw → i cut myself with the axe (SN) • (KE)

• admonitive: sh idaḵʼéikʼw tsá! | be sure not to cut yourself!

• perfective (+): sh wudiḵʼékʼw | they cut themself

• perfective (–): tlél sh wudaḵʼéikʼw | they didnʼt cut themself

• future (+): sh gux̱daḵʼéikʼw | they will cut themself

• future (–): tlél sh gux̱daḵʼéikʼw | they wonʼt cut themself

√ḵʼeikʼw ² (verb root) walk | walk with long steps

√ḵʼeitʼ (verb root) wobble; tip over

sha-S-∅-√ḵʼéitʼ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – high) stagger; wobble; keel over | át shaawaḵʼéitʼ → their head was wobbling around (of newborn baby) (SN)

• progressive: yaa shanaḵʼétʼ | they are wobbling along

• perfective (+): shaawaḵʼéitʼ | they wobbled

• perfective (–): tlél shawuḵʼéitʼ | they didnʼt wobble

• future (+): shakg̱waḵʼéitʼ | they will wobble

• future (–): tlél shakg̱waḵʼéitʼ | they wonʼt wobble

√ḵʼeitlʼ (verb root) cut ¹ | cut fish open for gutting

O-S-l-√ḵʼéitlʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type, stem variation] cut ¹; gut | for S to cut O (a fish) open | classification: fish | cháatl x̱waliḵʼétʼ → i cut open the halibut (SN)

• imperative: laḵʼétlʼ! | cut the fish open for gutting!

• perfective (+): awliḵʼétlʼ | they cut the fish open for gutting

• perfective (–): tlél awulḵʼéitlʼ | they didnʼt cut the fish open for gutting

• future (+): agux̱laḵʼéitlʼ | they will cut the fish open for gutting

• future (–): tlél agux̱laḵʼéitlʼ | they wonʼt cut the fish open for gutting

√ḵʼeekʼ (verb root) jammed; crammed

O-d+∅-√ḵʼéekʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) crowded; jammed | for O to be crowded, jammed together | aanḵeení áa wdiḵʼíkʼ → the crowd is jammed together (is thick) there (SN) • haa udaḵʼíkʼch → we are crowded (with too many things in our house) (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa ndaḵʼíkʼ | she/he is getting crowded

• perfective (+): wudiḵʼíkʼ | they are crowded

• perfective (–): tlél wudaḵʼéekʼ | they arenʼt crowded

• future (+): gux̱daḵʼéekʼ | they are going to be crowded

• future (–): tlél gux̱daḵʼéekʼ | they arenʼt going to be crowded

O-S-s-√ḵʼéekʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] crowded; jammed | for O to be crowded, jammed together | haa átxʼi sáani haa usḵʼíkʼch → our little things (that is, all our many knickknacks) are crowding us (SN) • du washéenich wusiḵʼíkʼ → they are crowded (cramped for space) by their machines (SN)

• progressive: yaa anasḵʼíkʼ | they are crowding it

• perfective (+): awsiḵʼíkʼ | they crowded it

• perfective (–): tlél awusḵʼéekʼ | they didnʼt crowd it

• future (+): agux̱saḵʼéekʼ | they are going to crowd it

• future (–): tlél agux̱saḵʼéekʼ | they arenʼt going to crowd it

√ḵʼeesh (verb root) bat ²; hit

O-S-∅-√ḵʼeesh (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] bat ²; hit | for S to bat, hit O (esp with baseball bat or hockey stick) | koochʼéitʼaa aawaḵʼísh → they batted the ball (which was thrown to them) (SN)

• imperative: ḵʼísh! | bat it!

• prohibitive: líl yiḵʼeeshíḵ! (?) | donʼt bat it!

• perfective (+): aawaḵʼísh | they batted it

• perfective (–): tlél awuḵʼeesh | they didnʼt bat it

• future (+): akg̱waḵʼéesh | they will bat it

• future (–): tlél akg̱waḵʼeesh | they wonʼt bat it

O-ka-S-∅-√ḵʼeesh (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] bat ²; hit | for S to bat, hit O around (esp with baseball bat or hockey stick)

kei + O-ka-S-l-√ḵʼeesh (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] bat ²; hit | for S to bat, hit O up into the air (esp with baseball bat or hockey stick) | kei kax̱wliḵʼísh → i batted it (hit the ball up)

√laa ¹ (verb root) ⑴ melt || ⑵ go out

(N-x̱) + ∅-√laa ¹ (g̱a motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹; ebb; go out; recede; subside | for the tide to ebb, go out (from under N); for water to recede, subside, go down (of floodwater) | note that N-x̱ in the theme is not required by the verb, but should be used to give the meaning “for the tide to go out from under N” (« woolaa » – “the tide went out” • « áx̱ woolaa » “the tide went out from under it”) | aadáx̱ ḵux̱ daléich → the water receded from there (after a flood) (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yei naléin | the tide is going out

• perfective (+): woolaa | the tide went out

• perfective (–): tlél wulaa | the tide didnʼt go out

• future (+): yei kg̱waláa | the tide will go out

• future (–): tlél yei kg̱walaa | the tide wonʼt go out

yan⁓ + ∅-√laa ¹ (∅ motion) (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹; go out | for the tide to go out, be low | (KE)

• progressive: yánde yaa naléin | the tide is going out

• perfective (+): yan uwaláa | the tide is low

• perfective (–): tlél yan wulá | the tide isnʼt low

• future (+): yánde kg̱waláa | the tide will go out

• future (–): tlél yánde kg̱walaa | the tide wonʼt go out

l-√laa ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – open) melt; dissolve; thaw | for something to melt, dissolve, thaw | (KE)

• progressive: yaa nalléin | itʼs melting

• perfective (+): wuliláa | it melted

• perfective (–): tlél wullá | it didnʼt melt

• future (+): gux̱laláa | it will melt

• future (–): tlél gux̱lalaa | it wonʼt melt

ka-l-√laa ¹ (g̱a – impersonal – high) melt; dissolve | for snow to melt away; for salt to dissolve | dleit yei yaa kanalléin → the snow is melting away (SN) • éilʼ héen kaadé yei klaléich → salt dissolves in water (SN)

• progressive: yei kanalléin | it is melting away; it is dissolving

• perfective (+): kawliláa | it melted away; it dissolved

• perfective (–): tlél kawulláa | it didnʼt melt away; it didnʼt dissolve

• future (+): yei kagux̱laláa | it will melt away; it will dissolve

• future (–): tlél kagux̱lalaa | it wonʼt melt away; it wonʼt dissolve

√laa ² (verb root) yell

√laaxw (verb root) starve

O-∅-√laaxw (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) starve | for O to be starving, starved | dei x̱at uwaláxw → i have already starved (SN) • haa kg̱waláaxw → weʼre going to starve (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa naláxw | they are starving

• perfective (+): uwaláxw | they starved

• perfective (–): tlél wulaaxw | they didnʼt starve

• future (+): gug̱waláaxw | they will starve

• future (–): tlél gug̱walaaxw | they wonʼt starve

√laax̱ (verb root) dry; die | for a plant to die and dry up

O-d+∅-√laax̱ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) dry; die | for a plant or tree to be dead but still standing; for an old boat to be dried out and weathered | tléix’ aan wudiláx̱ → the whole town was deserted (FI) • (SN, JL)

• perfective (+): wudiláx̱ | it (tree or plant) is dead, but still standing

• perfective (–): tlél wudalaax̱ | it (tree or plant) didnʼt die

• future (+): gux̱daláax̱ | it (tree or plant) is going to die

• future (–): tlél gux̱dalaax̱ | it (tree or plant) isnʼt going to die

O-S-l-√laax̱ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) kill ¹ | for S to kill O (a plant or tree) | gandaadagóokch áyá wuliláx̱ yáa aas → a woodpecker killed this tree (SN)

• imperative: laláx̱! | kill it (a plant)!

• prohibitive: líl eelaláax̱iḵ | donʼt kill it (a tree or plant)

• perfective (+): awliláx̱ | they killed it (a tree or plant)

• perfective (–): tlél awullaax̱ | they didnʼt kill it (a tree or plant)

• future (+): agux̱laláax̱ | they are going to kill it (a tree or plant)

• future (–): tlél agux̱lalaax̱ | they are not going to kill it (a tree or plant)

√lei (verb root) far; distant

O-∅-√lei (na state verb – object intransitive – open) far; distant | for something to be far, distant | the negative imperfective mode of this verb can be used for “almost” with a perfective verb, and “not long until” for a future verb, both of which need to be in dependent form, such as: tlél unalé yax̱wadlaag̱í (i almost obtained it) and tlél unalé aax̱ gax̱too.áadi (it wonʼt be long until we leave) • note the unusual presence of the conjugation prefix in the imperfective mode | naaléi ágé has du aaní? → is their village far away? (SN) • tlél i éetx̱ gug̱alei → they wonʼt be far from you • tlél unalé → itʼs not far; for a short while (that is, not distant in time); almost (SN)

• imperfective (+): naaléi | it is far

• imperfective (–): tlél unalé | it is not far

• future (+): gug̱aléi | it will be far

• future (–): tlél gug̱alei | it wonʼt be far

yax̱ + O-∅-√lei (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – open) high | for something to be high, far to the top to the bottom | note the unusual presence of the conjugation prefix in the imperfective mode | yax̱ g̱aaléi wé xʼáas → itʼs a high waterfall (SN)

• imperfective (+): yax̱ g̱aaléi | it is high

• imperfective (–): tlél yax̱ ug̱alé | it is not high

• future (+): yax̱ yei gug̱aléi | it will be high

• future (–): tlél yax̱ yei gug̱alei | it wonʼt be high

(yéi) + O-ka-u-∅-√lei (na state verb – object intransitive – open) far; distant | for something to be (so) far, distant (in time or space) | the perfective form « yéi kaawalei » (it was that far) is commonly used in situations where one just fell short of making it to a destination • in other words, “i almost made it, it was just that far away” | wáa kunaaléiyi yéit sá iyagút? → how far did you go? (SN)

• imperfective (+): yéi kunaaléi | itʼs that far

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koonalé | it isnʼt that far

• progressive: yéi yaa kunaléin | itʼs becoming farther

• perfective (+): yéi kaawalei | it was that far

• perfective (–): tlél yéi kawulei | it wasnʼt that far

• future (+): yéi kakg̱waléi | it will be that far

• future (–): tlél yéi kakg̱walei | it wonʼt be that far

(yéi) + yax̱ + O-ka-u-∅-√lei (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – open) high | for something to be (so) high, far to the top to the bottom | du noowú 100 ḵaa x̱ʼoos yéi yax̱ kug̱aalei → their fort has walls 100 feet high (SN)

• imperfective (+): yéi yax̱ kug̱aaléi | itʼs that high

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi yax̱ koog̱alé | it isnʼt that high

• progressive: yéi yax̱ yaa kug̱aléin | itʼs becoming higher

• perfective (+): yéi yax̱ kaawalei | it was that far

• perfective (–): tlél yéi yax̱ kawulei | it wasnʼt that far

• future (+): yéi yax̱ yei kakg̱waléi | it will be that high

• future (–): tlél yéi yax̱ yei kakg̱walei | it wonʼt be that high

√leil (verb root) flab; limp ²; baggy

O-ka-S-l-√leil (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) deflate; sag | for S to deflate O, cause O to sag | (SN)

• imperative: kalalél! | deflate it!

• perfective (+): akawlilél | they deflated it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulleil | they didnʼt deflate it

• future (+): akagux̱laléil | they will deflate it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱laleil | they wonʼt deflate it

√leix̱ʼw (verb root) red | become red or paint face red

√leek (verb root) dazzle

O-ka-S-l-√leek (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] dazzle | for S to dazzle O with light (shone in eyes) | sʼeenáa du yát x̱ʼax̱aashát; du waaḵ akawlilík → i thrust a light in their face and it dazzled them (SN)

• imperative: kalalík! | dazzle them (with light)!

• perfective (+): akawlilík | they dazzed them (with light)

• perfective (–): tlél akawulleek | they didnʼt dazzle them (with light)

• future (+): akagux̱laléek | they will dazzle them (with light)

• future (–): tlél akagux̱laleek | they wonʼt dazzle them (with light)

O-ka-l-√leek (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] dazzle | for O to be dazzling, be so strong (of light) that one cannot look at it | kawlilígi sʼeenáa → a dazzling light (SN)

• perfective (+): kawlilík | it was dazzling; it is dazzling

• perfective (–): tlél akawulleek | it wasnʼt dazzling

• future (+): kagux̱laléek | it will be dazzling

• future (–): tlél kagux̱laleek | it wonʼt be dazzling

√leekʼw (verb root) slurp | slurp out of a shell

√leelkʼw (verb root) grandparent | become a grandparent

√leelʼ (verb root) bunch | bunch up

áx̱ + O-shu-ÿa-ka-S-l-√léelʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] draw ²; close ¹ | for S to draw O across, closed (curtains) | (SN)

• imperative: áx̱ shuyaklalílʼ! | draw the curtains across!

• perfective (+): áx̱ ashuyakawlilílʼ | they drew the curtains across

• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ ashuyakawulléelʼ | they didnʼt draw the curtains across

• future (+): áx̱ ashuyakagux̱laléelʼ | they will draw the curtains across

• future (–): tlél áx̱ ashuyakagux̱laléelʼ | they wonʼt draw the curtains across

aax̱ + O-shu-ÿa-ka-S-l-√léelʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] draw ²; open ¹ | for S to draw O back, open (curtains) | wé sʼísaa aax̱ shuyakaylalílʼ! → you all draw back the curtains! (SN)

• imperative: aax̱ shuyaklalílʼ! | draw the curtains back!

• perfective (+): aax̱ ashuyakawlilílʼ | they drew the curtains back

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ ashuyakawulléelʼ | they didnʼt draw the curtains back

• future (+): aax̱ ashuyakagux̱laléelʼ | they will draw the curtains back

• future (–): tlél aax̱ ashuyakagux̱laléelʼ | they wonʼt draw the curtains back

√leet ¹ (verb root) throw | classification: plural objects, so as to scatter

N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√leet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw O (usually with force so that object scatters) to N | héen gáant x̱waalít → i threw the water out, in a forceful motion (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: át lít! | throw it to it!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ eeleedíḵ! | donʼt throw it to it!

• perfective (+): át aawalít | they threw it to it

• perfective (–): tlél át awuleet | they didnʼt throw it to it

• future (+): aadé akg̱waléet | they will throw it to it

• future (–): tlél aadé akg̱waleet | they wonʼt throw it to it

kei + O-S-∅-√leet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) throw; throw away | for S to throw O up in the air; for S to throw O away (literally and figuratively) | (KE)

• imperative: kei leet! | throw it away!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei eelítjíḵ! | donʼt throw it away!

• perfective (+): kei aawalít | they threw it away

• perfective (–): tlél kei awuleet | they didnʼt throw it away

• future (+): kei akg̱waléet | they will throw it away

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱waleet | they wonʼt throw it away

kei + S-d+∅-√leet ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) give up; quit | for S to give up, quit | ax̱ sháade háni tlél a yáx̱ yoo x̱ʼeitánk, ách áwé kei x̱wdilít → my boss didnʼt talk right, so i quit (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kei idaleet! | give up!

• prohibitive: líl kei idalítjiḵ! | donʼt give up!

• perfective (+): kei wdilít | they gave up

• perfective (–): tlél kei wdaleet | they didnʼt give up

• future (+): kei gux̱daléet | they will give up

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱daleet | they wonʼt give up

√leet ² (verb root) slide ¹; glide | slide (esp. an animal); glide on surface | classification: non-human

√loo (verb root) nose | to have a nose

√look sip; drink ¹ | drink in sips | classification: hot liquid

O-S-∅-√look (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) sip; drink ¹ | for S to drink O in sips, sip O (esp. hot liquids) | sʼikshaldéen gax̱toolóok → we are going to drink (sip) Hudson Bay tea (SN) • chʼa tlákw at lóok → theyʻre always drinking (tea or coffee) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: lúk! | sip it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eelúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt sip it!

• imperfective (+): alóok | they are sipping it

• imperfective (–): tlél oolook | they arenʼt sipping it

• perfective (+): aawalúk | they sipped it

• perfective (–): tlél awulook | they didnʼt sip it

• future (+): akg̱walóok | they will sip it

• future (–): tlél akg̱walook | they wonʼt sip it

N + x̱ʼéi + O-S-l-√look (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) give; sip; drink ¹ | for S to give O to N to sip | use of the 4th person non-human «at» as an object will usually be interpreted as “to give alcohol” | du x̱ʼéi aa wdudlilúk → they were given some to sip (at communion) (SN)

• imperative: du x̱ʼéi lalúk! | give it to them to sip!

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéi awillúk | they gave it to them to sip

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéi awullook | they didnʼt give it to them to sip

• future (+): du x̱ʼéi agux̱lalóok | they will give it to them to sip

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéi agux̱lalook | they wonʼt give it to them to sip

√loon (verb root) close ¹ | close eyes

√loox̱ (verb root) drip | drip real fast (in a steady stream)

ka-du-∅-√lóox̱ ˟ (∅ event verb – impersonal – invariable) [check stem variation and conjugation type] drip ¹ | for something to drip real fast (in a steady stream) | haa kʼeeyí kawduwalóox̱ → itʼs dripping off our eaves real fast (in a steady stream) (SN)

• perfective (+): kawduwaxʼáas | itʼs dripping real fast (in a steady stream)

• perfective (–): tlél kawduxʼáas | itʼs not dripping real fast (in a steady stream)

• future (+): kagax̱duxʼáas | it will drip real fast (in a steady stream)

• future (–): tlél kagax̱duxʼáas | it wonʼt drip real fast (in a steady stream)

√lóoxʼ (verb root) • variants: √leexʼw • ⑴ pee; urinate || ⑵ drip ¹ | drip fast

a-S-∅-√lóoxʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) pee; urinate | for S to urinate | (GD, EM, KE)

• imperative: alʼúxʼ (dé)! | urinate (now)!

• prohibitive: líl eelʼúxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt urinate!

• progressive: yaa analʼúxʼ | they are going along urinating

• perfective (+): aawalʼúxʼ | they urinated

• perfective (–): tlél awulʼóoxʼ | they didnʼt urinate

• future (+): akg̱walʼóoxʼ | they will urinate

• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼóoxʼ | they wonʼt urinate

sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lóoxʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) pee; urinate | for S to pee oneself | (GD, EM, KE)

• imperative: (góok) sh daa eedalúxʼ! | (go ahead) pee yourself!

• prohibitive: líl sh daa eedalúxʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt pee yourself!

• progressive: sh daa yaa andalúxʼ | they are peeing themself

• perfective (+): sh daa awdilúxʼ | they peed themself

• perfective (–): tlél sh daa awdalóoxʼ | they didnʼt pee themself

• future (+): sh daa agux̱dalóoxʼ | they are going to pee themself

• future (–): tlél sh daa agux̱dalóoxʼ | they are not going to pee themself

a-ka-S-l-√lóoxʼ (na act verb – subject intransitive – high) pee; urinate | for S to urinate | (KE)

• imperative: akanallóoxʼ! | urinate!

• repetitive prohibitive: (li sʼé) líl yoo akeelalúxʼguḵ! | donʼt urinate (yet)!

• imperfective (+): akalalóoxʼ | they are urinating

• imperfective (–): tlél akoollóoxʼ | they arenʼt urinating

• progressive: yaa akanallúxʼ | they are going along urinating

• perfective (+): akawlilóoxʼ | they urinated

• perfective (–): tlél akawullóoxʼ | they didnʼt urinate

• future (+): akagux̱lalóoxʼ | they are going to urinate

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lalóoxʼ | they are not going to urinate

N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√lóoxʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) pee; urinate | for S to urinate at N | tlél óoxjaa dayéen kei akeelalúxʼjiḵ! → donʼt pee against the wind! (KE)

• imperative: át aklalúxʼ! | urinate there!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ akeelalóoxʼuḵ! | donʼt urinate there!

• progressive: aadé yaa akanallúxʼ | they are urinating there

• perfective (+): át akawlilúxʼ | they urinated there

• perfective (–): tlél át akawullóoxʼ | they didnʼt urinate there

• future (+): aadé akagux̱lalóoxʼ | they are going to urinate there

• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱lalóoxʼ | they are not going to urinate there

√lʼaa (verb root) suck; nurse

O-S-∅-√lʼaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) suck; nurse | for S to suck on O, nurse on O | du éet yaan g̱ahéin lʼaa tux̱án oolʼáaych → whenever he gets hungry he sucks milk (JL) • (KE)

• imperative: lʼá! | suck on it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eelʼeix̱íḵ! | donʼt suck on it!

• imperfective (+): alʼáa | they are sucking on it

• imperfective (–): tlél oolʼáa | they arenʼt sucking on it

• perfective (+): aawalʼáa | they sucked on it

• perfective (–): tlél awulʼá | they didnʼt suck on it

• future (+): akg̱walʼáa | they will suck on it

• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼaa | they wonʼt suck on it

O-S-l-√lʼaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) suck | for S to suck on O | ḵaa sheiyí ḵaa tóodáx̱ allʼeix̱ → it (vampire bat) sucks blood from people (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: lalʼá! | suck on it!

• prohibitive: líl ilalʼáaḵ! | donʼt suck on it!

• imperfective (+): allʼáa | they are sucking on it

• imperfective (–): tlél oollʼáa | they are not sucking on it

• perfective (+): awlilʼáa | they sucked on it

• perfective (–): tlél awullʼá | they didnʼt suck on it

• future (+): agux̱lalʼáa | they will suck on it

• future (–): tlél agux̱lalʼaa | they wonʼt suck on it

N + x̱ʼéi + a-S-l-√lʼaa ʰ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – fading) nurse | for S to nurse N | (KE)

• imperative: du x̱ʼéi allʼá! | nurse them!

• prohibitive: líl du x̱ʼéi eellʼáaḵ! | donʼt nurse them!

• imperfective (+): du x̱ʼéi allʼáa | she is nursing them

• imperfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéi oollʼáa | she is not nursing them

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéi awlilʼáa | she nursed them

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéi awullʼá | she didnʼt nurse them

• future (+): du x̱ʼéi agux̱lalʼáa | she will nurse them

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéi agux̱lalʼaa | she wonʼt nurse them

√lʼaaḵ (verb root) put down; herring | put down hemlock branches for herring eggs

√lʼaaḵw (verb root) stuck | stuck in mud

√lʼaatʼ (verb root) carry; tongs | carry with tongs

√lʼei (verb root) ⑴ sediment || ⑵ promiscuous

√lʼeiw (verb root) sand ¹

√lʼeix̱ (verb root) dance ¹

a-S-∅-√lʼeix̱ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) dance ¹ | for S to dance | seig̱ánin agax̱toolʼeix̱ → we are going to dance tomorrow • anax̱toolʼeix̱ has du x̱ʼa.eetxʼ → letʼs dance for them while theyʼre eating (CJ) • (KE)

• imperative: analʼeix̱! | dance!

• prohibitive: líl eelʼeix̱íḵ! | donʼt dance!

• imperfective (+): alʼeix̱ | they are dancing; they dances

• imperfective (–): tlél oolʼeix̱ | they arenʼt dancing; they donʼt dance

• progressive: yaa analʼéx̱ | they are dancing along

• perfective (+): aawalʼeix̱ | they danced

• perfective (–): tlél awulʼeix̱ | they didnʼt dance

• future (+): akg̱walʼeix̱ | they will dance

• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼeix̱ | they wonʼt dance

√lʼeexw (verb root) close eyes • variants: √lʼoox •

√lʼeexʼ (verb root) break | classification: stick-like objects

O-S-∅-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) break | for S to break O (esp. of solid stick-like objects, wood, metals, etc.) | classification: stick-like objects | ḵáasʼ x̱waalʼéexʼ → i broke a stick (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: nalʼéexʼ! | break it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo eelʼíxʼgiḵ! | donʼt break it!

• perfective (+): aawalʼéexʼ | they broke it

• perfective (–): tlél awulʼéexʼ | they didnʼt break it

• future (+): akg̱walʼéexʼ | they will break it

• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼéexʼ | they wonʼt break it

∅-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – impersonal – high) break | for a general, solid object to break | classification: stick-like objects | washéen woolʼéexʼ → the engine broke (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): woolʼéexʼ | it broke

• perfective (–): tlél wulʼéexʼ | it didnʼt break

• future (+): gug̱walʼéexʼ | it will break

• future (–): tlél gug̱walʼéexʼ | it wonʼt break

O-S-l-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) break | for S to break O (often by bending) (usually long objects) | classification: stick-like objects | wásʼ x̱walilʼéexʼ → i broke the bush (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: nallʼéexʼ! | break it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo ilalʼíxʼgiḵ! | donʼt break it!

• perfective (+): awlilʼéexʼ | they broke it

• perfective (–): tlél awullʼéexʼ | they didnʼt break it

• future (+): agux̱lalʼéexʼ | they will break it

• future (–): tlél agux̱lalʼéexʼ | they wonʼt break it

l-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – impersonal – high) break | for a long object to break | classification: stick-like objects | xítʼaa wulilʼéexʼ → the broom broke (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): wulilʼéexʼ | it broke

• perfective (–): tlél wullʼéexʼ | it didnʼt break

• future (+): gux̱lalʼéexʼ | it will break

• future (–): tlél gux̱lalʼéexʼ | it wonʼt break

O-ka-S-∅-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) break | for S to break O (esp. small stick-like object by bending) | classification: stick-like objects | ax̱ táaxʼalʼi kax̱waalʼéexʼ → i broke my needle (SN)

• imperative: kanalʼéexʼ! | break it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keelʼíxʼgiḵ! | donʼt break it!

• perfective (+): akaawalʼéexʼ | they broke it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulʼéexʼ | they didnʼt break it

• future (+): akakg̱walʼéexʼ | they will break it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱walʼéexʼ | they wonʼt break it

O-ka-S-l-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) break | for S to break O (esp. stick-like object into short pieces) | classification: stick-like objects | kooxéedaa akawlilʼéexʼ → they broke the pencil into short pieces (SN)

• imperative: kanallʼéexʼ! | break it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keelalʼíxʼgiḵ! | donʼt break it!

• perfective (+): akawlilʼéexʼ | they broke it

• perfective (–): tlél akawullʼéexʼ | they didnʼt break it

• future (+): akagux̱lalʼéexʼ | they will break it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lalʼéexʼ | they wonʼt break it

O-sha-ÿa-S-l-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) break | for S to break O (halibut hooks) | classification: halibut hooks | du jeex̱ at shayawlilʼéexʼ → they broke up all their halibut hooks (SN)

• imperative: shayanallʼéexʼ! | break it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo shayeelalʼíxʼgiḵ! | donʼt break it!

• perfective (+): ashayawlilʼéexʼ | they broke it

• perfective (–): tlél ashayawullʼéexʼ | they didnʼt break it

• future (+): ashayagux̱lalʼéexʼ | they will break it

• future (–): tlél ashayagux̱lalʼéexʼ | they wonʼt break it

√lʼéelʼ (verb root) defecate; poop ¹

a-S-∅-√lʼéelʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) defecate; poop ¹ | for S to defecate | (GD, EM, KE)

• imperative: alʼílʼ (dé)! | defecate (now)!

• prohibitive: líl eelʼílʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt defecate!

• progressive: yaa analʼílʼ | they are going along defecating

• perfective (+): aawalʼílʼ | they defecated

• perfective (–): tlél awulʼéelʼ | they didnʼt defecate

• future (+): akg̱walʼéelʼ | they will defecate

• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼéelʼ | they wonʼt defecate

sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lʼéelʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) poop ¹; defecate | for S to poop oneself | (GD, EM, KE)

• imperative: (góok) sh daa eedalílʼ! | (go ahead) poop yourself!

• prohibitive: líl sh daa eedalílʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt poop yourself!

• progressive: sh daa yaa andalílʼ | they are pooping themself

• perfective (+): sh daa awdilílʼ | they pooped themself

• perfective (–): tlél sh daa awdaléelʼ | they didnʼt poop themself

• future (+): sh daa agux̱daléelʼ | they are going to poop themself

• future (–): tlél sh daa agux̱daléelʼ | poop themself

√lʼook (verb root) blink

a-S-∅-√lʼook (∅ – subject intransitive – closed) [check stem variation] blink | for S to blink | x̱waalʼúk → i blinked (SN)

• imperative: alʼúk! | blink!

• imperfective (+): alʼúkx̱ | they are blinking

• perfective (+): aawalʼúk | they blinked

• perfective (–): tlél awulʼook | they didnʼt blink

• future (+): akg̱walʼóok | they will blink

• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼook | they wonʼt blink

√lʼoon (verb root) hunt

O-S-∅-√lʼóon ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) hunt | for S to hunt O (wild game) | xóots gax̱toolʼóon → weʼre going to hunt brown bear (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: nalʼóon! | hunt it!

• prohibitive: líl eelʼóoniḵ! | donʼt hunt it!

• imperfective (+): alʼóon | they are hunting it; they hunts it

• imperfective (–): tlél oolʼóon | they arenʼt hunting it; they donʼt hunt it

• perfective (+): aawalʼóon | they hunted it

• perfective (–): tlél awulʼóon | they didnʼt hunt it

• future (+): akg̱walʼóon | they will hunt it

• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼóon | they wonʼt hunt it

a-S-∅-√lʼóon ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) hunt | for S to hunt

• imperative: analʼóon! | hunt!

• prohibitive: líl eelʼóoniḵ | donʼt hunt!

• imperfective (+): alʼóon | they are hunting; they hunts

• imperfective (–): tlél oolʼóon | they arenʼt hunting; they donʼt hunt

• perfective (+): aawalʼóon | they hunted

• perfective (–): tléil awulʼóon | they didnʼt hunt

• future (+): akg̱walʼóon | they will hunt

• future (–): tlél akg̱walʼóon | they wonʼt hunt

√lʼoox (verb root) close ¹ | close eyes • variants: √lʼéexw (K) •

ka-S-d+∅-√lʼoox (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) close ¹ | for S to close eyes | kakḵwadalʼóox → iʼm going to close my eyes (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: keedalʼúx ! | close your eyes!

• prohibitive: líl keedalʼúxx̱iḵ! | donʼt close your eyes!

• perfective (+): kawdilʼúx | they closed their eyes

• perfective (–): tlél kawdalʼoox | they didnʼt close their eyes

• future (+): kagux̱dalʼóox | they will close their eyes

• future (–): tlél kagux̱dalʼoox | they wonʼt close their eyes

(N waaḵ) + ka-d+∅-√lʼoox (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) close ¹ | for Nʼs eyes to be closed | « –waaḵ » is not required by the verb; for example, it is possible to say simply « kawdilʼúx » (their eyes are closed) • to specify whose eyes are closed, use the appropriate possessive pronoun plus « –waaḵ », as in « ax̱ waaḵ kawdilʼúx » (my eyes are closed) | (KE)

• progressive: (du waaḵ) yaa kandalʼíxw | their eyes are starting to close

• perfective (+): (du waaḵ) kawdilʼíxw | their eyes are closed

• perfective (–): (du waaḵ) tlél kawdalʼeexw | their eyes arenʼt closed

• future (+): (du waaḵ) kagux̱dalʼéexw | their eyes will be closed

• future (–): (du waaḵ) tlél kagux̱dalʼeexw | their eyes wonʼt be closed

√lʼooxʼ (verb root) drink | drink up

O-ka-S-l-√lʼóoxʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] drink | for S to drink up O | de kax̱wlilʼúxʼ yá gúxʼaa → iʼve already drunk up this cupful (SN)

• imperfective (+): kalalʼúxʼ | drink it up!

• perfective (+): akawlilʼúxʼ | they drank it up

• perfective (–): tlél akawullʼóoxʼ | they didnʼt drink it up

• future (+): akagux̱lalʼóoxʼ | they will drink it up

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lalʼóoxʼ | they wonʼt drink it up

√lʼoox̱ʼ (verb root) spray milt; spawn

O-d+∅-√lʼoox̱ʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) discolored | for O (water) to be discolor, making it a milky color | héen wudilʼúx̱ʼ → the water is discolored (fresh water with whitish clay in it after heavy rain) (SN)

• perfective (+): wudilʼúx̱ʼ | it is discolored (milky)

• perfective (–): tlél wudalʼóox̱ʼ | it didnʼt get discolored (milky)

• future (+): gux̱dalʼóox̱ʼ | it will get discolored (milky)

• future (–): tlél gux̱dalʼóox̱ʼ | it wonʼt get discolored (milky)

(a)-d+∅-√lʼóox̱ʼ (na event verb – impersonal – high) spawn | for something to spawn (esp. herring) | note that speakers recognize this verb both with and without the thematic prefix « a- » and both forms are acceptable | daaw kát awdilʼúx̱ʼ → they all spawned on the broad kelp (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa andalʼúx̱ʼ / yaa ndalʼúx̱ʼ | they all are beginning to spawn

• perfective (+): awdilʼóox̱ʼ / wudilʼóox̱ʼ | they all are spawning; they all spawned

• perfective (–): tlél awdalʼóox̱ʼ / tlél wudalʼóox̱ʼ | they all arenʼt spawning; they all didnʼt spawn

• future (+): agux̱dalʼóox̱ʼ / gux̱dalʼóox̱ʼ | they all are going to spawn

• future (–): tlél agux̱adalʼóox̱ʼ / tlél gux̱dalʼóox̱ʼ | they all arenʼt going to spawn

√nák (verb root) numb

√nátlʼ (verb root) • variants: √nátsʼ • waterlogged

√naa ¹ (verb root) drink

O-S-d+∅-√naa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) drink ¹ | for S to drink O | héen awdináa → they drank water (SN) • tléiḵw kahéeni adaneix̱ → they regularly drink fruit juice (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: idaná! | drink it!

• prohibitive: líl idanáaḵ! | donʼt drink it!

• imperfective (+): adaná | they are drinking it; they drinks it

• imperfective (–): tlél oodaná | they arenʼt drinking it; they donʼt drink it

• perfective (+): awdináa | they drank it

• perfective (–): tlél oodaná / tlél awdaná | they didnʼt drink it; they donʼt drink it

• future (+): agux̱danáa | they will drink it

• future (–): tlél agux̱danaa | they wonʼt drink it

at  + S-d+∅-√naa ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) drink ¹ | for S to drink | (KE)

• imperative: at idaná! | drink!

• prohibitive: líl at idanáaḵ! | donʼt drink!

• imperfective (+): at daná | they are drinking; they drinks

• imperfective (–): tlél at udaná | they arenʼt drinking; they donʼt drink

• perfective (+): at wudináa | they drank

• perfective (–): tléil at wudaná | they didnʼt drink

• future (+): at gux̱danáa | they will drink

• future (–): tlél at gux̱danaa | they wonʼt drink

N + x̱ʼéi + O-S-l-√naa ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) give; drink ¹ | for S to give O to N to drink | use of the 4th person non-human «at» as an object will usually be interpreted as “to give alcohol” | du x̱ʼéi at gax̱dulnáa → theyʼll be given a drink (an alcoholic drink) (SN)

• imperative: du x̱ʼéi laná! | give it to them to drink!

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéi awilnáa | they gave it to them to drink

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéi awulnaa | they didnʼt give it to them to drink

• future (+): du x̱ʼéi agux̱lanáa | they will give it to them to drink

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéi agux̱lanaa | they wonʼt give it to them to drink

√naa ² (verb root) damp; moisturize | become damp

O-S-s-√naa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation] damp | for S to make damp, dampen O | naa.át awsináa → they dampened the clothes (SN)

• imperative: saná! | dampen it!

• progressive: yaa anasnéin | they are dampening it

• perfective (+): awsináa | they dampened it

• perfective (–): tlél awusnaa | they didnʼt dampen it

• future (+): agux̱sanáa | they will dampen it

• future (–): tlél agux̱sanaa | they wonʼt dampen it

O-s-√naa ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation] damp | for O to become damp | at x̱ʼéeshi yaa nasnéin → the dryfish is getting damp (SN)

• progressive: yaa nasnéin | it is getting damp

• perfective (+): wusináa | it got damp; it is damp

• perfective (–): tlél wusnaa | it didnʼt get damp

• future (+): gux̱sanáa | it will get damp

• future (–): tlél gux̱sanaa | it wonʼt get damp

O-ka-∅-√naa ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation] damp | for O (fish) to be damp while drying | (SN)

• progressive: yaa kananéin | the fish is getting damp

• perfective (+): kaawanáa | the fish got damp; the fish is damp

• perfective (–): tlél kawunaa | the fish didnʼt become damp

• future (+): kakg̱wanáa | the fish will become damp

• future (–): tlél kakg̱wanaa | the fish wonʼt become damp

ḵu-∅-√naa ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – open) [check verb type and stem variation] damp; humid | for the weather to be damp (warm and mild) | (SN)

• progressive: yaa ḵunasnéin | the weather is getting damp

• perfective (+): ḵuwsináa | the weather got damp; the weather is damp

• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwusnaa | the weather didnʼt become damp

• future (+): ḵugux̱sanáa | the weather will become damp

• future (–): tlél ḵugux̱sanaa | the weather wonʼt become damp

√naa ³ (verb root) inherit; die; bury

O-S-∅-√naa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) inherit | for S to inherit O | du eetídáx̱ adunéixʼ → they all inherited from his things (SN) • i eedáx̱ kuḵanáa → iʼll inherit from you (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): aawanáa | they inherited it

• perfective (–): tlél awuná | they didnʼt inherit it

• future (+): akg̱wanáa | they will inherit it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wanaa | they wonʼt inherit it

O-∅-√naa ³ (na event verb – object intransitive – open) die | for O to die | most verb stems ending in « -aa » and « -oo » undergo apophony (the vowel becomes -ei) in the perfective habitual (na-, ga-, and g̱a- themes only), progressive imperfective, repetitive imperfective, and conditional modes; this theme is an exception and the vowel in the verb stem remains « -aa » throughout (for example « yaa nanáan » “they are dying”, as opposed to the incorrect form *« yaa nanéin » | de x̱at gug̱anáa → iʼm going to die (SN) • de woonaawu áwé x̱waatʼei → they were dead when i found them (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: inaná! | die!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo eenáaguḵ! | donʼt die!

• progressive: yaa nanáan | they are dying

• perfective (+): woonaa | they died

• perfective (–): tlél wunaa | they didnʼt die

• future (+): gug̱anáa | they are going to die

• future (–): tlél gug̱anaa | they wonʼt die

O-S-s-√naa ³ (na event verb – transitive – open) bury | for S to bury O with appropriate ceremonial; for S to give O burial and disperse property | kʼidéin awsinaa du káak → they gave their uncle a good burial (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: (kʼidéin) nasná! | give them a (proper) burial!

• perfective (+): awsinaa | they gave them a burial

• perfective (–): tlél awusnaa | they didnʼt give them a burial

• future (+): agux̱sanáa | they will give them a burial

• future (–): tlél agux̱sanaa | they wonʼt give them a burial

N + ee⁓ + O-S-l-√naa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) inherit | for S cause N to inerhit O | du ée gax̱dulnáa → an inheritance will be given to them (SN)

• imperative: du ée laná! | give them an inerhitance!

• perfective (+): du ée awlináa | they gave them an inheritance

• perfective (–): tlél du ée awulná | they didnʼt give them an inerhitance

• future (+): du ée agux̱lanáa | they will give them an inerhitance

• future (–): tlél du ée agux̱lanaa | they wonʼt give them an inerhitance

sh + ḵʼa-S-d+l-√naa ³ (na event verb – reflexive – open) die; pretend | for S to pretend to die | (SN)

• imperative: sh ḵʼeelná! | pretend to be dead!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo sh ḵʼeelnáaguḵ! | donʼt pretend to be dead!

• perfective (+): sh ḵʼawdlinaa | they pretended to be dead

• perfective (–): tlél sh ḵʼawulnaa | they didnʼt pretend to be dead

• future (+): sh ḵʼakg̱walnáa | they are going to pretend to be dead

• future (–): tlél sh ḵʼakg̱walnaa | they wonʼt pretend to be dead

√naa ⁴ (verb root) order ¹; send; command; give

O-ka-u-S-∅-√náa ˟ ⁴ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) [check stem variation] ⑴ order; send; command | for S to order (esp. to go), send, command O | neildé kawduwanáa at yátxʼi → the children have been ordered home (SN) • choosh x̱oodáx̱ has akawdináa → they all ordered them all to go out from among them all (SN) || ⑵ give | for S to give O (esp. in accordance with clan relationship) | yee x̱ʼayeedé kawduwanáa → food was given to you all (of the opposite clan) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: aadé kunanáa! | send them there!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl aadé yoo keenáagiḵ! | donʼt send them there!

• imperfective (+): aadé akoonáa | they are (trying to) send them there

• imperfective (–): tlél aadé akoonáa | they arenʼt sending them there

• perfective (+): aadé akaawanáa | they sent them there

• perfective (–): tlél aadé akawunáa | they didnʼt send them there

• future (+): aadé akakg̱wanáa | they will send them there

• future (–): tlél aadé akakg̱wanáa | they wonʼt send them there

√naa ⁵ (verb root) carry | classification: bundles of textiles

{∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√naa ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (bundles of textiles) | classification: bundles of textiles | g̱alnáatʼani haat laná! → bring the bundles! (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} laná! | carry them!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yilaneiḵ! | donʼt carry them

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awlináa | they carried them

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awulnaa | they didnʼt carry them

• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱lanáa | they will carry them

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱lanaa | they wonʼt carry them

{na preverb} + O-S-l-√naa ⁵ (na motion verb – transitive – open) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (bundles of textiles) | classification: bundles of textiles | yaa analnáan → theyʼre carrying bundles (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nalná! | carry them!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo yilaneigíḵ! | donʼt carry them!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} awlinaa | they carried them

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awulnaa | they didnʼt carry them

• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱lanáa | they will carry them

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱lanaa | they wonʼt carry them

√naak (verb root) shape; habit

N + káa + O-ka-∅-√naak (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) habit | for N to become a habit for O, be habitual to O | a káa x̱at kaawanák → it had become habitual for me to do it (e.g., change gears a certain way) (SN)

• imperative: a káa kanák! | make it a habit!

• prohibitive: líl a káa ikanaagúḵ! | donʼt make it a habit!

• perfective (+): a káa kaawanák | they made it a habit

• perfective (–): tlél a káa kawunaak | they didnʼt make it a habit

• future (+): a kaa kakg̱wanáak | they will make it a habit

• future (–): tlél a káa kakg̱wanaak | they wonʼt make it a habit

(N¹-xʼ) + (N² + ée) + ka-∅-√naak (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) [check transitivity] habit | for N¹ to become a habit for N² | kʼidein ḵeesteeyí, i ée kakwg̱anáak → when you live well, it will become a habit with you (SN)

• perfective (+): du ée kaawanák | it became a habit to them

• perfective (–): tlél du ée kawunaak | it didnʼt become a habit to them

• future (+): du ée kakg̱wanáak | it will become a habit to them

• future (–): tlél du ée kakg̱wanaak | it wonʼt become a habit to them

√naakw (verb root) medicate

O-S-d+∅-√náakw ˟ (na act verb – transitive [check stem variation (invariable)] medicate; dose | for S to treat O with medicine; for S to medicate O; for S to dose O | yáa náakw teen tlákw nanáakw → medicate them all the time with this medicine! (SN) • Lingít yáx̱ áwé sh x̱wadináakw → I dosed myself the Lingít way (SN)

• imperative: nanáakw! | medicate them!

• perfective (+): aawanáakw | they medicated them

• perfective (–): tlél awunáakw | they didnʼt medicate them

• future (+): akg̱wanáakw | they are going to medicate them

• future (–): tlél akg̱wanáakw | they arenʼt going to medicate them

√naaḵ ¹ (verb root) stand; rise | classification: plural subject | singular form: √haan ¹

S-∅-√náḵ  ¹ ˟ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – invariable) stand | for (plural) S to be standing | classification: plural subject | this verb only occurs in the imperfective • note that a noun phrase with (-t) postposition is used to indicate where one is standing, but this noun phrase is not required by the verb (for example, one could say « has náḵ » “they all standing”, or « át has náḵ » “they all are standing there” | gán kát toonáḵ → weʼre standing on the firewood (SN) • ldakát át áwé ax̱ géide náḵ → everything is (standing) against me (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl yinág̱iḵ! | donʼt you all be standing!

• imperfective (+): has náḵ | they all are standing

• imperfective (–): tlél has unáḵ | they all arenʼt standing

yan⁓ + S-∅-√naaḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stand; stay standing | for (plural) S to stand, stay standing | classification: plural subject | (KE)

• imperative: yan yináḵ! | you all keep standing!

• prohibitive: líl yax̱ yinaag̱íḵ! | donʼt you all keep standing!

• perfective (+): yan has uwanáḵ | they all kept standing

• perfective (–): tlél yan has wunaaḵ | they all didnʼt keep standing

• future (+): yánde has gug̱anáaḵ | they all will stay standing

• future (–): tlél yánde has gug̱anaaḵ | they all wonʼt stay standing

S-d+∅-√naaḵ ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – closed) stand up; rise | for (plural) S to stand up, rise | classification: plural subject | gax̱tudanaaḵ! → letʼs stand up! (SN) • ldakát has wudinaaḵ → they all all stood up! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: gaydanaaḵ! | you all stand up!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei ydanáḵjiḵ | donʼt you all stand up!

• progressive: kei (ha)s nadanáḵ | they all are standing up

• perfective (+): has wudinaaḵ | they all stood up

• perfective (–): tlél has wudanaaḵ | they all didnʼt stand up

• future (+): kei (ha)s gux̱danáaḵ | they all will stand up

• future (–): tlél kei (ha)s gux̱danaaḵ | they all wonʼt stand up

(N + náḵ) + a-ÿa-S-d+∅-√naaḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) flee; run ¹; turn back | for S to flee, run, turn back (from N) | classification: plural | yawdináḵ has du I.ushkʼéiyi → they all were converted / they all turned from their badness (SN)

• imperative: a náḵ ayaydanáḵ! | flee from it!

• progressive: a náḵ yaa has ayandahnáḵ | they all are fleeing from it

• perfective (+): a náḵ has ayawdináḵ | they all fled from it

• perfective (–): tlél a náḵ has ayawdanaaḵ | they all didnʼt flee from it

• future (+): a náḵ has ayagux̱danáaḵ | they all will flee from it

• future (–): tlél a náḵ has ayagux̱danaaḵ | they all wonʼt flee from it

√naaḵ ² (verb root) let go; release; hand ²; give up

O-S-∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) let go | for S to let go of O without expecting any return (at party) | lʼée ḵaa kaadé aawajáḵ → they let the blanket go (announcing that he did not want any reimbursement for it in the pay-off) (lit. he killed it) (SN)

• imperative: náḵ! | let it go (without expecting anything in return)!

• prohibitive: líl eenáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt let it go (without expecting anything in return)!

• perfective (+): aawanáḵ | they let it go (without expecting anything in return)

• perfective (–): tlél awunaaḵ | they didnʼt let it go (without expecting anything in return)

• future (+): akg̱wanáaḵ | they will let it go (without expecting anything in return)

• future (–): tlél akg̱wanaaḵ | they wonʼt let it go (without expecting anything in return)

O-ji-S-∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) let go; release; relinquish; leave; desert; hand ²; deliver | for S to let go, release, relinquish O; for S to leave, desert O; for S to hand over, deliver up O | tsu ajikwg̱anáaḵ → theyʻre going to let it go again (SN) • tsaa dleeyí ḵaa x̱ʼéide ajeewanáḵ → they are giving away seal meat (SN) • du x̱úx̱ch jeewanáḵ → their husband left them (SN) • (GD, KE)

• imperative: jináḵ! | let it go!

• prohibitive: líl jeenáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt let it go!

• perfective (+): ajeewanáḵ | they let it go

• perfective (–): tlél ajuwanaaḵ | they didnʼt let it go

• future (+): ajikg̱wanáaḵ | they will let it go

• future (–): tlél ajikg̱wanaaḵ | they wonʼt let it go

N + jee + O-ji-S-∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) betray; deliver | for S to betray, deliver up O to N (often an enemy) | has du jee x̱at jigax̱dunáaḵ → people will betray me to them/people will deliver me into their hands (SN)

• imperative: du jee jináḵ! | turn them over to them

• prohibitive: líl du jee jeenáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt turn them over to them

• perfective (+): du jee ajeewanáḵ | they turned them over to them

• perfective (–): tlél du jee ajuwanaaḵ | they didnʼt turn them over to them

• future (+): du jee ajikg̱wanáaḵ | they will turn them over to them

• future (–): tlél du jee ajikg̱wanaaḵ | they wonʼt turn them over to them

ji-S-d+∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) quit; stop | for S to quit, stop work | (GD, KE) • jix̱toodanaaḵ gu.aa déi ágé? → I wonder whether weʼd better quit? (SN)

• imperative: jeedanáḵ (dé)! | quit (work) (already)!

• prohibitive: líl jeedanáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt quit (work)!

• perfective (+): jiwdináḵ | they quit (work)

• perfective (–): tlél jeewdanaaḵ | they didnʼt quit (work)

• future (+): jigux̱danáaḵ | they will quit (work)

• future (–): tlél jigux̱danaaḵ | they wonʼt quit (work)

O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) quit; give up | for S to quit, give up O (esp. drinking) | note that quitting drinking is understood as the meaning of this verb, unless otherwise specified; one can add « naaw » (alcohol) or « at daná », as in « naaw ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ » (they gave up alcohol), or « ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ wé at daná » (they gave up drinking), or « ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ wé sʼeiḵ » (they quit smoking) | (GD, KE) • x̱ʼanáḵ déi wé at daná! → quit drinking now! (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼanáḵ! | quit (drinking)!

• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeenáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt quit (drinking)!

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ | they quit (drinking)

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawunaaḵ | they didnʼt quit (drinking)

• future (+): ax̱ʼakg̱wanáaḵ | they will quit (drinking)

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wanaaḵ | they wonʼt quit (drinking)

√naaḵ ³ (verb root) chase | classification: singular | plural form: √keilʼ ²

{∅ preverb} + O-ÿa-S-s-√naaḵ ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] chase | for S to chase (singular) O | gáant ayawsináḵ → they chased them out (from the house) (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} yassnáḵ! | chase them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yeesanáag̱iḵ! | donʼt chase them!

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} ayawsináḵ | they chased them

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} ayawusnaaḵ | they didnʼt chase them

• future (+): {∅ preverb} ayagux̱sanáaḵ | they will chase them

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} ayagux̱sanaaḵ | they wonʼt chase them

{na preverb} + O-ÿa-S-s-√naaḵ ³ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] chase | for S to chase (singular) O | x̱at yanasnaaḵ! → chase me! (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} yasnasnaaḵ! | chase them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo yeesanág̱iḵ! | donʼt chase them!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} ayawsinaaḵ | they chased them

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} ayawusnaaḵ | they didnʼt chase them

• future (+): {na preverb} ayagux̱sanáaḵ | they will chase them

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} ayagux̱sanaaḵ | they wonʼt chase them

√naaḵw ¹ bait; fish ² | to bait hooks (esp. with octopus); to fish with octopus as bait

ÿa-S-d+∅-√náaḵw  ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) bait | for S to bait hooks, put bait on fish hooks | du náxu yan ayaawanáḵw → they finished baiting their halibut hooks (SN) • yaaw teen yax̱danáḵwsʼ → iʼm baiting with herring (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yeedanáḵw! | bait hooks!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl (sʼé) yeedanáḵwx̱uḵ! | donʼt bait hooks (yet)!

• imperfective (+): yadanáḵwsʼ | they are baiting hooks

• imperfective (–): tlél yoodanáḵwsʼ | they arenʼt baiting hooks

• perfective (+): yawdináḵw | they baited hooks

• perfective (–): tlél yawdanáaḵw | they didnʼt bait hooks

• future (+): yagux̱danáaḵw | they will bait hooks

• future (–): tlél yagux̱danáaḵw | they wonʼt bait hooks

S-d+∅-√naaḵw ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) fish ² | for S to fish with halibut hook | gooxʼ sá idanáḵwsʼin? → where were you halibut fishing? (SN) • danáḵwsʼ kuḵagóot → iʼm going fishing with a halibut hook (SN)

• imperative: idanáḵw! | fish with halibut hooks!

• imperfective (+): danáḵwsʼ | they are fishing with halibut hooks

• perfective (+): wudináḵw | they fished with halibut hooks

• perfective (–): tlél wudanaaḵw | they didnʼt fish with halibut hooks

• future (+): gux̱danáaḵw | they will fish with halibut hooks

• future (–): tlél gux̱danaaḵw | they wonʼt fish with halibut hooks

√naaḵw ² (verb root) rotten; punky | rotten, punky wood

√naal (verb root) ⑴ steam ¹ || ⑵ blow nose

S-d+∅-√naal (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) blow nose | for S to blow oneʼs nose | x̱wadinál → i blew my nose noisily (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: idanál! | blow your nose!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl idanálx̱iḵ! | donʼt blow your nose!

• imperfective (+): danálsʼ | they are blowing their nose

• progressive: yaa ndanál | they are blowing their nose

• perfective (+): wudinál they | blew their nose

• perfective (–): tlél wudanaal | they didnʼt blow their nose

• future (+): gux̱danáal | they will blow their nose

• future (–): tlél gux̱danaal | they wonʼt blow their nose

√naalx̱ (verb root) wealthy; rich ¹

O-l-√náalx̱ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) rich ¹; wealthy; profitable | for O to be rich, wealthy, profitable | du káani lináalx̱ → his brother-in-law is rich (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): lináalx̱ | they are rich; itʼs profitable

• imperfective (–): tlél ulnáalx̱ | they are not rich; itʼs not profitable

• progressive: kei nalnáalx̱ | they are getting rich; itʼs becoming profitable

• progressive (–): tlél kei unalnáalx̱ | they are not getting rich; itʼs not becoming profitable

• perfective (+): wulináalx̱ | they got rich; it became profitable

• perfective (–): tlél wulnáalx̱ | they didnʼt get rich; it didnʼt become profitable

• future (+): kei gux̱lanáalx̱ | they will be rich; it will be profitable

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lanáalx̱ | they wonʼt be rich; it wonʼt be profitable

√naash (verb root) shake; stagger | shake back and forth

√naatlʼ (verb root) ⑴ wrinkled | to become wrinkled through soaking || ⑵ clumsy

O-ji-d+∅-√nátlʼ ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type, conjugation type, and stem variation] clumsy | for O to be clumsy (of hands) | jeewdinátlʼi ḵáa yáx̱ x̱at yatee → iʼm like a real clumsy person (when trying to thread a needle) (SN)

• perfective (+): jeewdinátlʼ | they became clumsy

√naaw (verb root) leak

O-l-√naaw (ga state verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type and stem variation] leak | for O (of house, boat, pot, etc.) to leak | linaaw ax̱ téeli → my shoes are leaking (SN) • tlagu hídi ká lanaaw nooch → old roofs are always leaking (SN)

• imperfective (+): linaaw | it is leaking

√naay (verb root) tell; command; ask | ask to go; command to go

a-ka-u-S-∅-√náay ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) [check verb type, transitivity, a-theme, and stem variation] command | for S to be in command | (SN)

• imperfective (+): akaawanáay | they command; they are in command

(N een) + O-ka-u-S-l-√náay ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) [check stem variation] ask | for S to ask O repeatedly (esp for permission to go) (with N) | x̱aan áwé at kawlináay → they keep asking to go with me (SN)

• imperative: at kanalnáay | repeatedly ask permission to go!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo at keelináaygiḵ! | donʼt repeatedly ask for permission to go!

• perfective (+): at kawlináay | they kept asking to go

• perfective (–): tlél at akawulnáay | they didnʼt keep asking to go

• future (+): at kagux̱lanáay | they will keep asking to go

• future (–): tlél at kagux̱lanáay | they wonʼt keep asking to go

shí + shu-ka-u-S-∅-√náay ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) [check stem variation] lead ²; sing | for S to lead singing (by reading out words ahead of the singers) | (SN)

• imperative: shí shukananáay | lead the song (by providing the words)!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo shí shukeenáaygiḵ! | donʼt lead the song (by providing the words)

• imperfective (+): shí shukoonáay | they are leading the song (by providing the words)

• perfective (+): shí shukaawanáay | they led the song (by providing the words)

• perfective (–): tlél shi shukawunáay | they didnʼt lead the song (by providing the words)

• future (+): shí shukakg̱wanáay | they will lead the song (by providing the words)

• future (–): tlél shí shukakg̱wanáay | they wonʼt lead the song (by providing the words)

√nei ¹ (verb root) • variants: √nee ¹ • carry | classification: plural & varying objects

N-dáx̱ + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – open) • variants: N-dáx̱ + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • carry; pick up; lift; take | for S to pick up, lift up, take (plural) O (objects) up off of N | classification: plural & varying objects

• imperative: aax̱ yéi ksané! | pick them all up off of it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl aax̱ kei eesaneijíḵ! | donʼt pick them all up off of it!

• perfective (+): aax̱ yéi awsinei | they picked them all up off of it

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ yéi awusnei | they didnʼt pick them all up off of it

• future (+): aax̱ yéi agux̱sanéi | they will pick them all up off of it

• future (–): tlél aax̱ yéi agux̱sanei | they wonʼt pick them all up off of it

{∅ preverb} + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) • variants: {∅ preverb} + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • carry; give; take; hand ² | for S to give, take, hand (plural) O to N | classification: plural & varying objects | táḵl haat yéi sané! → bring hammers! (SN) • tléil xʼúxʼ ḵaa jeedé yéi gax̱dusnee → the mail is not not going to be given out to people (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du jeet yéi sané! | give them all to them!

• prohibitive: líl du jeex̱ yéi isaneiḵ! | donʼt give them all to them!

• perfective (+): du jeet yéi awsinéi | they gave them all to them

• perfective (–): tlél du jeet yeí awusné | they didnʼt give them all to them

• future (+): du jeedé yéi agux̱sanéi | they will give them all to them

• future (–): tlél du jeedé yéi agux̱sanei | they wonʼt give them all to them

{na preverb} + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) • variants: {na preverb} + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • carry; give; take; hand ² | for S to give, take, hand (plural) O to N | classification: plural & varying objects | du jishagóonxʼi yaa yéi anasnéen → theyʼre carrying their tools (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} yéi nasné! | carry them!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yéi isaneigíḵ! | donʼt carry them!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} yéi awsinei | they carried them

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yeí awusné | they didnʼt carry them

• future (+): {na preverb} yéi agux̱sanéi | they will carry them

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} yéi agux̱sanei | they wonʼt carry them

yan⁓ + yéi + O-ka-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) • variants: yan⁓ + yéi + O-ka-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • put down; leave | for S to put down, leave O (plural round objects) | classification: plural round objects

• imperative: yan yéi ksané! | put them all down!

• prohibitive: líl yax̱ yéi keesaneiḵ! | donʼt put them all down!

• perfective (+): yan yéi akawsinéi | they put them all down

• perfective (–): tlél yan yéi akawusné | they didnʼt put them all down

• future (+): yánde yéi akagux̱sanéi | they will put them all down

• future (–): tlél yánde yéi akagux̱sanei | they wonʼt put them all down

√nei ² (verb root) • variants: √nee ² • do; work on; happen

(yéi) + O-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – object intransitive – fading) happen; occur | for (that) to happen, occur to O | likoodzée, aadé wooneeyi yé → itʼs amazing what happened (for example, they feil and broke their leg) (SN) • dleewkát latín! aag̱áa tlél tsu yéi ikg̱wanee → take good care, so that it doesnʼt happen to you again! (SN) • l ushkʼidéin woonee → it spoiled (that is, it happened badly to it) (SN) • neekwdéin x̱at woonee → iʼve been sick (that is, it happened in a sick manner to me) (SN) • tléil wáa sá ikg̱wanei → nothing will happen to you (youʼre going to be okay) (SJ)

• progressive: yéi yaa nanein | thatʼs happening to them/it

• perfective (+): yéi woonei | that happened to them/it

• perfective (–): tlél yéi wunei | that didnʼt happen to them/it

• future (+): yéi kg̱wanei | that will happen to them/it

• future (–): tlél yéi kg̱wanei | that wonʼt happen to them/it

(yéi) + at  + ∅-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – impersonal – fading) • variants: (yéi) + at + ∅-√nee ² ʰ • happen | for something to happen | this verb tends to only appear in the perfective and future modes | (KE)

• perfective (+): yéi at woonei | thatʼs what happened

• perfective (–): tlél yéi at wunei | that didnʼt happen

• future (+): yéi at gug̱anei | that will happen

• future (–): tlél yéi at gug̱anei | that wonʼt happen

ḵáakw-t + O-∅-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – fading) • variants: ḵáakw-t⁓ + O-∅-√nee ² ʰ • accident ¹; happen | for O to have an accident, get hurt; for something bad to happen to O

• admonitive: ḵáakwt tsá iné! | see that you donʼt have an accident!

• perfective (+): ḵáakwt uwanéi | they had an accident

• perfective (–): tlél ḵáakwt wuné | they didnʼt have an accident

• future (+): ḵáakwde kg̱wanéi | they will have an accident

• future (–): tlél ḵáakwde kg̱wanei | they wonʼt have an accident

N + yáa + ḵut + O-∅-√nei ² (ga – object intransitive – fading) amaze; astonish; surprise | for O to amaze N | du latseení ax̱ yáa ḵut woonee; tuhaayí tlein akaawalʼéexʼ → their strength amazed me; they broke a large nail (by snapping it across) • ldakát has du yáa ḵut kei gug̱anée → they all will be amazed (SN)

• perfective (+): du yáa ḵut woonei | they are amazed; they were amazed

• perfective (–): tlél du yáa ḵut wunei | they werenʼt amazed

• future (+): du yáa ḵut kei kg̱wanéi | they will be amazed

• future (–): tlél du yáa ḵut kei kg̱wanei | they wonʼt be amazed

yan⁓ + O-∅-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – fading) • variants: yan⁓ + O-∅-√nee ² ʰ • permanent; finished; ready ¹; prepared | for O to be permanent, happen for good; for O to be finished, complete, ready; for O to be prepared, ready | de ax̱ naa.ádi gé yan uwanée? → are my clothes finished yet (when being altered)? (SN) • ldakát át yan uwanée → all the preparations are completed/everything is ready (SN) • ldakát át gé yan uwanée? → is everything ready now (for a banquet)? (SN) • Dikée Aanḵáawu yoo x̱ʼatángi ldakát át yáanáx̱ yan uwanéeyi átx̱ sitee → Godʼs Word is more permanent than anything else (SN) • John ḵa Mary yan has uwanée → John and Mary are made permanent (that is, they all gat married) (SN) • yee yéi jineiyí yayeedé yan yee ní! → be prepared (have things ready) for your work! (SN) • yan gé eewanéi? → are you ready? • (KE, MD)

• imperative: yan iné dé! | get ready!

• progressive: yánde yaa nanéin | they are getting ready

• perfective (+): yan uwanéi | they are ready

• perfective (–): tlél yan wuné | they arenʼt ready

• future (+): yánde kg̱wanéi | they will be ready

• future (–): tlél yánde kg̱wanei | they wonʼt be ready

(yéi) + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) do; fix; cause | for S to do (that) to O; for S to fix, cause (that) to happen to O | use « yéi adaanéi » for the imperfective “doing it” | yéi at gux̱sanée → theyʼll do something (SN) • tléil x̱áach yéi x̱wsanee → i didnʼt do it / iʼm not the one who did it (SN) • neekwdéin wududzinee → they were hurt (lit. it was done to them in a hurting way) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yéi nasné! | fix it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yéi isaneigíḵ! | donʼt fix it!

• perfective (+): yéi awsinei | they fixed it

• perfective (–): tlél yéi awusnei | they didnʼt fix it

• future (+): yéi agux̱sanéi | they will fix it

• future (–): tlél yéi agux̱sanei | they wonʼt fix it

ḵáakw-t + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) • variants: ḵáakw-t⁓ + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • accident ¹; mistake | for S to make mistakenly, wrongly do O

• imperative: ḵáakwt sané! | do it wrong!

• prohibitive: líl ḵaakwt yisanéiḵ | donʼt do it wrong!

• perfective (+): ḵáakwt awsinéi | they did it wrong

• perfective (–): tlél ḵáakwt awusné | they didnʼt have an accident

• future (+): ḵáakwde agux̱sanéi | they will do it wrong

• future (–): tlél ḵáakwde agux̱sanei | they wonʼt do it wrong

héench + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) drown | for O to drown, be drowned | ax̱ éesh deikéexʼ héench yéi wsinee → my father drowned way out to sea (SN) • ldakát hás héench yéi s wusinee → all of them drowned (SN)

• perfective (+): héench wusinei | they drowned

• perfective (–): tlél héench wusnei | they didnʼt drown

• future (+): héench gux̱sanéi | they will drown

• future (–): tlél héench gux̱sanei | they wonʼt drown

N + waḵshiyeexʼ + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: N + waḵshiyeexʼ + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • demonstrate; perform; show ¹ | for S to demonstrate, perform publicly, show N how to do O by action | aadé duḵeisʼ yé ḵaa waḵshiyeexʼ yéi awsinee → they demonstrated how to sew (SN) • yakwteiyí ḵaa waḵshiyeexʼ yéi awsinee → they performed magic before the people (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi nasné! | demonstrate it to them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi isaneigíḵ! | donʼt demonstrate it to them!

• perfective (+): du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi awsinei | they demonstrated it to them

• perfective (–): tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi awusnei | they didnʼt demonstrate it to them

• future (+): du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi agux̱sanéi | they will demonstrate it to them

• future (–): tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi agux̱sanei | they wonʼt demonstrate it to them

wooch + yáx̱ + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: wooch + yáx̱ + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • straighten; smooth | for S to straighten out O, smooth O over (literal or abstract) | (KE)

• imperative: wooch yáx̱ nasné! | straighten it out!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl wooch yáx̱ yoo isaneigíḵ (sʼé)! | donʼt straighten it out (yet)!

• progressive: wooch yáx̱ yaa anasnéin | they are straightening it out

• perfective (+): wooch yáx̱ awsinei | they straightened it out

• perfective (–): tlél wooch yáx̱ awusnei | they didnʼt straighten it out

• future (+): wooch yáx̱ agux̱sanéi | they will straighten it out

• future (–): tlél wooch yáx̱ agux̱sanei | they wonʼt straighten it out

wooch + x̱oo-t⁓ + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: wooch + x̱oo-t ⁓ + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • mix; stir | for S to mix O together | classification: variety of things | (SN)

• imperative: wooch x̱oot sané! | straighten it out!

• progressive: wooch x̱oodé yaa anasnéin | they are mixing them together

• perfective (+): wooch yáx̱ awsinei | they mixed them together

• perfective (–): tlél wooch yáx̱ awusnei | they didnʼt mix them together

• future (+): wooch yáx̱ agux̱sanéi | they will mix them together

• future (–): tlél wooch yáx̱ agux̱sanei | they wonʼt mix them together

yan⁓ + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) finish; complete | for S to finish, complete O | tléil tsu yax̱ at wusní → they never finish anything / they never complete it (SN) • dei ax̱ naa.ádi gé yan yisinée? → have you finished (altering) my clothes yet? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yan sané! | finish it!

• prohibitive: líl yan yisanéiḵ! | donʼt finish it!

• progressive: yánde yaa anasnein | they are finishing it

• perfective (+): yan awsinéi | they finished it

• perfective (–): tlél yan awusné | they didnʼt finish it

• future (+): yánde agux̱sanéi | they will finish it

• future (–): tlél yánde agux̱sanei | they wonʼt finish it

chush + yáa + O-S-d+s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: chush + yáa + O-S-d+s-√nee ² ʰ • revenge | for S to get revenge, get even with O | (KE)

• imperative: chush yáa neesné! | get even with them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl chush yáa yoo eesneigíḵ! | donʼt get even with them!

• perfective (+): chush yáa awdzinei | they got even with them

• perfective (–): tlél chush yáa awusnei | they didnʼt get even with them

• future (+): chush yáa akg̱wasnéi | they will get even with them

• future (–): tlél chush yáa akg̱wasnei | they wonʼt get even with them

N + waḵshiyeexʼ + yéi + sh + S-d+s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: N + waḵshiyeexʼ + yéi + sh S-s-√nee ² ʰ • appear | for S to appear, show oneself to N | tsu has du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi sh wudzinee → they appeared to them all again (SN)

• imperative: du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi sh neesné! | appear to them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi eesneigíḵ! | donʼt appear to them!

• perfective (+): du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi sh wudzinei | they appeared to them

• perfective (–): tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi sh wusnei | they didnʼt appear to them

• future (+): du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi sh gug̱asnéi | they will appear to them

• future (–): tlél du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi s gug̱asnei | they wonʼt appear to them

sh + tugéit + O-S-d+s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) • variants: sh + tugéit + O-S-s+d-√nee ² ʰ • insult; offend | for S to insult, offend O by what they do | sh tugéit ágé iwtudzinée? → did we insult you by our actions? (SN) • sh tugéit x̱at wudzinée → they insulted me (they acted contrary to the standard iʼve set and i was offended by what they did) (SN)

• admonitive: sh tugéit eesné! | offend them!

• perfective (+): sh tugéit awdzinéi | they offended them

• perfective (–): tlél sh tugéit awusné | they didnʼt offend them

• future (+): sh tugéit akg̱wasnéi | they will offend them

• future (–): tlél sh tugéit akg̱wasnei | they wonʼt h offend them

yan⁓ + sh + S-d+s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – fading) • variants: yan⁓ + sh + S-d+s-√nee ² ʰ • dress up | for S to dress up | (KE)

• imperative: yan sh eesné! | dress up!

• prohibitive: líl yax̱ sh eesneiḵ! | donʼt get dressed up!

• progressive: yánde yaa sh nasnein | they are getting dressed up

• perfective (+): yan sh wudzinéi | they got dressed up; they are dressed up

• perfective (–): tlél yan sh wusné | they didnʼt get dressed up; they arenʼt dressed up

• future (+): yánde sh gug̱asnéi | they will get dressed up

• future (–): tlél yánde sh gug̱asnei | they wonʼt get dressed up

(yéi) + O-daa-S-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na act verb – transitive – fading) do; perform; work on | for S to do, perform O (a particular action); for S to work on O | use « yéi awsinei » for perfective “worked on it” | tléil dei g̱aatáa yéi adaa.ooné: tlax̱ a yáanáx̱ oodzikaa → they no longer do trapping: theyʻre too lazy (SN) • chʼa daa sá du éeshch yéi daaneiyí, hóoch túsu yéi adaané → whatever their father does, they do too (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yéi daanané! | work on it!

• prohibitive: líl yéi daa.eeneiḵ! | donʼt work on it!

• imperfective (+): yéi adaanéi | they are working on it; they works on it

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi adaa.uné | they arenʼt working on it; they donʼt work on it

• future (+): yéi adaakg̱wanéi | they will work on it

• future (–): tlél yéi adaakg̱wanei | they wonʼt work on it

yéi + ji-S-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) work ¹; do | for S to work; for S to do | lisʼaag̱í ḵaa chʼa tlákw yéi jinéi nooch → an ambitious man works all the time (SN) • has du x̱ʼayáx̱ yan yéi jix̱waanéi → i did it because they all told me to / i worked according to them allʼs instructions (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yéi jinané! | work!

• prohibitive: líl yéi jinéiḵ! | donʼt work!

• imperfective (+): yéi jiné | they are working; they works

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi jeené | they arenʼt working; they donʼt work

• perfective (+): yéi jeewanei | they worked

• perfective (–): tlél yéi jiwunei | they didnʼt work

• future (+): yéi jikg̱wanéi | they will work

• future (–): tlél yéi jikg̱wanei | they wonʼt work

N + náa-de⁓ + yéi + ji-S-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) [check stem variation] dress ¹; clothe; give | for S to dress, clothe N; for S to give clothes to N | du náax̱ yéi jeewanei → they dressed them / gave them clothes (SN) • at kʼátskʼu náade yéi jinané → dress the child! (SN)

• imperative: du náade yéi jinané! | clothe them!

• prohibitive: líl du náade yéi jinéiḵ! | donʼt clothe them!

• imperfective (+): du náade yéi jiné | they are clothing them; they clothe them

• imperfective (–): tlél du náade yéi jeené | they arenʼt clothing them; they donʼt clothe them

• perfective (+): du náade yéi jeewanei | they clothed them

• perfective (–): tlél du náade yéi jiwunei | they didnʼt clothe them

• future (+): du náade yéi jikg̱wanéi | they will clothe them

• future (–): tlél du náade yéi jikg̱wanei | they wonʼt clothe them

O-ÿa-u-S-∅-√nei ² (g̱a act verb – transitive – open) discipline; restrain; restrict; warn; prevent | for S to discipline, restrain, restrict, warn or prevent O from doing something | tlél aadóo sá x̱at yawunei; ách áyá ḵwáaḵt x̱wasgeetch → no one ever restrained me; thatʼs why i get into trouble every now and then (SN) • ax̱ yéet woox̱anéi nooch; tlél ḵu.aa ax̱ x̱ʼéix̱ oos.aax̱ → i warn my son, but he never listens to me (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: wug̱ané! / yag̱ané! | discipline them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei yeeneijíḵ! | donʼt discipline them!

• perfective (+): awuné | they disciplines them

• perfective (+): ayaawanei | they disciplined them

• perfective (–): tlél awuné | they donʼt discipline them

• perfective (–): tlél ayawunei | they didnʼt discipline them

• future (+): yei ayakg̱wanéi | they will discipline them

• future (–): tlél yei ayakg̱wanei | they wonʼt discipline them

O-shu-S-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na – transitive – fading) [check conjugation type and stem variation] guide; instruct; lead | for S to guide, instruct, and lead O along at the same time | aadé ishukḵwanéi → iʼll guide you there (leading and pointing out landmarks, so that youʼll know the way another time) (SN) • gunalchéesh, x̱at shuyeeyneiyí → thank you all for guiding me (SN)

• imperative: shunanei! | guide them!

• perfective (+): ashuwanei | they guided them

• perfective (–): tlél ashuwunei | they didnʼt guide them

• future (+): ashukg̱wanéi | they will guide them

• future (–): tlél ashukg̱wanei | they wonʼt guide them

√nei ³ (verb root) weave; knit; crochet; make | classification: yarns, fabrics

O-ka-S-s-√nei ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) weave; knit; crochet; make; mend | for S to make O (cloth of any kind) (by weaving, knitting, or crocheting); for S to make or mend O (net) | lʼée xʼwán akawsinéi → they knitted socks (SN) • naaxein kadoosné → people weave Chilkat blankets (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanasné! | knit it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keesanéix̱iḵ! | donʼt knit it!

• imperfective (+): aksané | they are knitting it

• perfective (+): akawsinei | they knitted it

• perfective (+): akagux̱sanéi | they will knit it

• perfective (–): tlél akawusnei | they didnʼt knit it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sanei | they wonʼt knit it

ka-S-d+s-√nei ³ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) weave; knit; crochet; make | for S to knit, weave, or crochet | (KE)

• imperative: keesné! | knit it!

• prohibitive: líl keesnéiḵ! | donʼt knit!

• imperfective (+): kasné | they are knitting; they knits

• imperfective (–): tlél koosné | they arenʼt knitting; they donʼt knit

• progressive: yaa kanasné | they are starting to knit

• perfective (+): akawsinei | they knitted it

• perfective (+): akagux̱sanéi | they will knit it

• perfective (+): kawdzinéi | they knitted

• perfective (–): tlél akawusnei | they didnʼt knit it

• perfective (–): tlél kawusné | they didnʼt knit

• perfective (–): tlél kakg̱wasnei | they wonʼt knit

• future (+): kakg̱wasnéi | they will knit

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sanei | they wonʼt knit it

√nei ⁴ (verb root) respect

N + yáa + a-ÿa-u-S-∅-√néi ⁴ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – high) respect; regard | for S to respect, regard highly, think highly of N | while the probhibitive form of this verb is technically possible, its use is inappropriate because of the central role of respect in Lingít culture | (KE)

• imperative: du yáa ayagoonéi! | respect them!

• prohibitive: líl du yáa ayeenéiḵ! | donʼt respect them!

• imperfective (+): du yáa ayaawanéi / du yáa awuwanéi | they respects them

• imperfective (–): tlél du yáa awooné | they donʼt respect them

• progressive: du yáa kei ayananéin | they are beginning to respect them

• future (+): du yáa kei ayakg̱wanéi | they will respect them

• future (–): tlél du yáa kei ayakg̱wané | they wonʼt respect them

√neiḵ (verb root) slush

√neilʼ (verb root) carry | carry bulky object(s) by holding close to the body

O-S-l-√néilʼ (na motion verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] carry | for S to carry O (a heavy object clasped against oneself, because otherwise would be too bulky or heavy to handle) | (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nalnéilʼ! | carry it clasped against yourself!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo ilanélʼgiḵ! | donʼt carry it clasped against yourself!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa analnélʼ | theyʼre carrying it clasped against themself

• perfective (+): {na preverb} awlinéilʼ | they carried it pressed against themself

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awulnéilʼ | they didnʼt carry it clasped against themself

• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱lanéilʼ | they will carry it clasped against themself

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱lanéilʼ | they wonʼt carry it pressed against themself

√neit (verb root) tremble

O-ka-d+∅-√neit (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) tremble; quake; shiver | for O to tremble, quake, shiver (from palsy, fear, or cold) | xʼéig̱aa ḵáa tléil koodanétx̱ → a brave man doesnʼt tremble (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa kandanét | they are starting to tremble

• perfective (+): kawdinét | they were trembling

• perfective (–): tlél kawdaneit | they are not trembling; they didnʼt tremble

• future (+): kagux̱danéit | they will tremble

• future (–): tlél kagux̱daneit | they wonʼt tremble

√neitl (verb root) • variants: √neetl (T) • fat ²; weight ¹ | gain weight

O-d+l-√neitl (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) fat ²; weight ¹ | for O to get fat; for O to gain weight | wudlineidlí ḵáa → a fat man (SN) • yei x̱at nalnétl → iʼm gaining weight (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ilnétl (dé)! | gain weight (now)!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ilnétlx̱iḵ! | donʼt gain weight!

• progressive: yaa nalnétl | they are getting fat

• perfective (+): wudlinétl | they are fat

• perfective (–): tlél wulneitl | they are not fat

• future (+): gug̱walnéitl | they will get fat

• future (–): tlél gug̱walneitl | they wonʼt get fat

√neix̱ (verb root) save; heal; cure ¹

O-∅-√neix̱ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) save; heal; cure ¹; recover; satisfied | for O to be saved; for O to be healed, cured, recover; for O to be satisfied | i jín tléil yei oonéx̱ch → your hand hasnʼt healed yet (SN) • aadóo sá ax̱ eenáx̱ goodí, hú áwé yei kg̱waneix̱ → whoever comes in by me will be saved (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yei nanéx̱ | they are beginning to recover

• perfective (+): wooneix̱ | they recovered

• perfective (–): tlél wuneix̱ | they didnʼt recover

• future (+): yei kg̱wanéix̱ | they will recover

• future (–): tlél yei kg̱waneix̱ | they wonʼt recover

O-S-s-√neix̱ ˟ (g̱a event verb – transitive – invariable) save; heal; cure ¹ | for S to save O; for S to heal, cure O | ax̱ néegu tóodáx̱ x̱at woosineix̱ → they healed me from my sickness (SN) • yanéegu ḵáa awsineix̱ → they healed the sick man (SN) • x̱at g̱asineix̱! → save me! (SN) • haat uwagút … ag̱ax̱saneix̱t ḵut wudzigeedí aa → they came … to save the lost ones (SN) • yáatʼaa ḵu.aa yaan l ḵug̱ushtéeni yís, yei gax̱tusaneix̱ → this one, though, we are going to save it to stave off hunger (GD)s • (KE)

• imperative: g̱asneix̱! | save them/it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei isanéx̱jiḵ! | donʼt save them/it!

• perfective (+): awsineix̱ | they saved them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awusneix̱ | they didnʼt save them/it

• future (+): yei agux̱saneix̱ | they will save them/it

• future (–): tlél yei agux̱saneix̱ | they wonʼt save them/it

√neiy (verb root) baby; twiddle

√nee ¹ (verb root) • variants: √nei ¹ • carry | classification: plural & varying objects

√nee ² (verb root) • variants: √nei ² • do; work on; happen

√neek (verb root) tell; narrate; inform

( N + een) + S-d+l-√neek (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] gossip | for S to gossip, tattle, tell tales (with N) | tlél ulníkt → they donʼt gossip (SN) • woosh daadé s ilneek → they all were gossiping / telling tales about each other (SN)

• imperative: nalneek! | gossip!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo eelníkdíḵ! | donʼt gossip!

• imperfective (+): ilníkt | they are gossiping

• imperfective (–): tlél ulníkt | they arenʼt gossiping

• perfective (+): wuldineek | they were gossiping

• perfective (–): tlél wulneek | they werenʼt gossiping

• future (+): gug̱alnéek | they will gossip

• future (–): tlél gug̱alneek | they wonʼt gossip

woosh + x̱ʼayát + S-d+l-√neek (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type, check suffix on preverb in future mode] disagree; argue; dispute; contradict | for S to disagree, argue, dispute; for S to contradict themselves | woosh x̱ʼayát wududliník → people disagreed with each other (SN) • l wududzikóowu át daat woosh x̱ʼayát dulneek → people disagree and argue about hearsay (that is, about things they donʼt really know about) (SN)

• imperfective (+): wooch x̱ʼayát ilneek | they are contradicting themself

• perfective (+): woosh x̱ʼayát wudliník | they contradicted themself

• perfective (–): tlél wooch x̱ʼayát wulneek | they didnʼt contradict themself

• future (+): woosh x̱ʼayát kg̱walnéek | they will contradict themsef

• future (–): tlél woosh x̱ʼayát kg̱walneek | they wonʼt contradict themself

O-ka-S-∅-√neek (na act verb – transitive – closed) tell; report; inform; testify | for S to tell about, report about, give facts about O; for S to witness to, tell about, testify about O | to indicate who the listener is use « N een », for example « mary een akaawaneek » (they told mary about it) | ldakát haa ḵusteeyí yánde kakḵwanéek → i will tell the whole of our way of life (SN) • adawóotl daat yoo kooteek áyá, kax̱waaneek → i told all about the past trouble / i gave all the information about it (SN) • wé kagán akang̱aneekt haat uwagút → they came to witness to that light / to tell about it (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kananeek! | tell about it!

• prohibitive: líl keeneegíḵ! | donʼt tell about it!

• imperfective (+): akanéek | they are telling about it; they tells about it

• imperfective (–): tlél akooneek | they arenʼt telling about it; they donʼt tell about it

• perfective (+): akaawaneek | they told about it

• perfective (–): tlél akawuneek | they didnʼt tell about it

• future (+): akakg̱wanéek | they will tell about it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱waneek | they wonʼt tell about it

kei + O-ka-S-∅-√neek (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) tell on; tattle; inform on; betray | for S to tell on, inform on, betray O | kei akaawaník → they told on it (something which had been done in secret (usually something wrong) and he informed everyone about it) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kei kaneek! | tell on them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei keeníkjiḵ! | donʼt tell on them!

• progressive: kei akananík | they are telling on them

• perfective (+): kei akaawaník | they told on them

• perfective (–): tlél kei akawuneek | they didnʼt tell on them

• future (+): kei akakg̱wanéek | they will tell on them

• future (–): tlél kei akakg̱waneek | they wonʼt tell on them

(N + een) + ḵunáax̱ + daak + O-ka-S-∅-√neek (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) explain | for S to explain O (to N) | note that while one elder consulted for this project recognizes « ḵunáax̱ » as acceptable, he uses in its place « wanáax̱ » as in « wanáax̱ daak akaawaník » (he explained it); both options are correct | i een ḵunáax̱ daak kakḵwanéek → iʼll explain it to you (SN) • wáa sá tlél x̱aan ḵunáax̱ daak keeníkch? → why havenʼt you explained it to me yet? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du een ḵunáax̱ daak kaneek! | explain it to them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du een ḵunáax̱ daak keeníkjiḵ! | donʼt explain it to them.

• imperfective (+): du een ḵunáax̱ daak akanéek | they are explaining it to them

• progressive: du een ḵunáax̱ daak akananík | they are starting to explain it to them

• perfective (+): du een ḵunáax̱ daak akaawaník | they explained it to them

• perfective (–): tlél du een ḵunáax̱ daak akawuneek | they didnʼt explain it to them

• future (+): du een ḵunáax̱ daak akakg̱wanéek | they will explain it to them

• future (–): tlél du een ḵunáax̱ daak akakg̱waneek | they wonʼt explain it to them

(N + een) + ḵunáax̱ + daak + sh + ka-S-d+∅-√neek (∅ act verb – reflexive – closed) introduce | for S to introduce oneself, make self known (personʼs name, family, etc.) (to N) | note that while one elder consulted for this project recognizes « ḵunáax̱ » as acceptable, he uses in its place « wanáax̱ » as in « wanáax̱ daak akaawaník » (he explained it); both options are correct | x̱aan kunáax̱ daak sh kawdiník → they introduced themself to me (that is, explained themself to me) (SN)

• imperative: du een ḵunáax̱ daak sh keedaník! | introduce yourself to them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du een ḵunáax̱ daak sh keedaníkjiḵ! | donʼt introduce yourself to them.

• imperfective (+): du een ḵunáax̱ daak sh kadanéek | they are introducing themself to them

• progressive: du een ḵunáax̱ daak sh kandaník | they are starting to introduce themself to them

• perfective (+): du een ḵunáax̱ daak sh kawdiník | they introduced themself to them

• perfective (–): tlél du een ḵunáax̱ daak sh kawdaneek | they didnʼt introduce themself to them

• future (+): du een ḵunáax̱ daak sh kagux̱danéek | they will introduce themself to them

• future (–): tlél du een ḵunáax̱ daak sh kagux̱daneek | they wonʼt introduce themself to them

O-x̱ʼa-ka-∅-√neek (na act verb – transitive – closed) translate | for S to translate O | to indicate who the listener is use « N een », for example « mary een ax̱ʼakaawaneek » (they told translated it to mary) | yéi s x̱ʼakduneek → that is how they were quoted (either in the original language or interpreted into a second language) (SN) • ix̱ʼakakḵwanéek → iʼll interpret for you (act as your interpreter) (SN) • (JM, FW)

• imperative: x̱ʼakananeek! | translate it!

• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼakeeneegíḵ! | donʼt translate it!

• imperfective (+): ax̱ʼakanéek | they are translating it; they translates it

• imperfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼakooneek | they arenʼt translating it; they donʼt translate it

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼakaawaneek | they translated it

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼakawuneek | they didnʼt translate it

• future (+): ax̱ʼakakg̱wanéek | they will translate it

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakakg̱waneek | they wonʼt translate it

O-ka-S-l-√neek ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) tell; talk into | for S to tell the story of O; for S to talk into O | yéi áyá kdulneek, yóo x̱waa.áx̱ → thatʼs the way i heard it told (SN) • akawliník → they led them all astray (telling them all to do something they all shouldnʼt, and leading them all to do it by the way he spoke) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanalneek! | tell the story of it!

• prohibitive: líl keelaneegíḵ! | donʼt tell the story of it!

• imperfective (+): aklaneek | they are telling the story of it; they tells the story of it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoolneek | they arenʼt telling the story of it; they donʼt tell the story of it

• perfective (+): akawlineek | they told the story of it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulneek | they didnʼt tell the story of it

• future (+): akagux̱laneek | they will tell the story of it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱laneek | they wonʼt tell the story of it

sh + ka-S-d+l-√neek ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) tell; preach; narrate | for S to preach, narrate, tell a story | to include in the sentence what the story is about, use « N daat » (about n); to include who the story is being told to use « N een » (to n) | haa een sh kaneelneek! → tell us a story! (SN) • sʼigeidí daat sh kawdlineek → they told a story about a beaver (SN) • Dikée Aanḵáawu yoo x̱ʼatángi kaax̱ ḵoon sh kawdlineek → they preached from Scripture (SN) • ax̱ éesh ḵoon sh kakg̱walneek seig̱ánin → my father is going to preach tomorrow (SN) • mary áwé john een sh kawdlineek wé naaxein daat → mary told john a story about the chilkat robe (KE)

• imperative: sh kaneelneek! | tell a story!

• prohibitive: líl sh keelneegíḵ! | donʼt tell a story!

• imperfective (+): sh kalneek | they are telling a story

• imperfective (–): tlél sh koolneek | they arenʼt telling a story

• progressive: chʼa yeisú aadé yaa sh kanalník | they are still getting to the point

• perfective (+): sh kawdlineek | they told a story

• perfective (–): tlél sh kawulneek | they didnʼt tell a story

• future (+): sh kakg̱walneek | they will tell a story

• future (–): tlél sh kakg̱walneek | they wonʼt tell a story

N + káx̱ + O-ka-S-l-√neek (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) defraud; talk out of | for S to defraud O, talk O out of N | a káx̱ ikakḵwlanéek → iʼll try to talk you out of something valuable (SN) • dleit ḵáa has du tlʼátgi káx̱ has akawliník → the white people defrauded them of their land (SN)

• imperative: a káx̱ kalaník! | defraud them of it!

• perfective (+): a káx̱ akawliník | they defrauded them of it

• perfective (–): tlél a káx̱ akawulneek | they didnʼt defraud them of it

• future (+): a káx̱ akagux̱lanéek | they will defraud them of it

√neekw ¹ (verb root) sick; hurt ¹

O-∅-√néekw ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) sick; hurt ¹; pain | for O to be sick; for O to hurt, be in pain | ḵúnáx̱ x̱at yanéekw → iʼm real sick (SN) • kei kg̱wnéekw → it will hurt (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: iganéekw! | be sick!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eenéeguḵ! | donʼt get sick!

• imperfective (+): yanéekw | they are sick

• imperfective (–): tlél unéekw | they are not sick

• progressive: kei nanéekw | they are getting sick

• progressive (–): tlél kei unanéekw | they are not getting sick

• perfective (+): woonéekw | they got sick

• perfective (–): tlél wunéekw | they didnʼt get sick

• future (+): kei kg̱wanéekw | they will get sick

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wanéekw | they wonʼt get sick

O-S-s-√néekw ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) sicken | for S to make O sick | tléil daa sá x̱at usnéekw → nothing makes me sick (SN) • kei igux̱sanéekw → it will make you sick (SN)

• imperfective (+): ash sinéekw | itʼs making them sick; it makes them sick

• imperfective (–): tlél ash usnéekw | itʼs not making them sick; it doesnʼt make them sick

• progressive: kei ash nasnéekw | itʼs starting to make them sick

• perfective (+): ash wusinéekw | it made them sick

• perfective (–): tlél ash wusnéekw | it didnʼt make them sick

• future (+): kei ash gux̱sanéekw | it will make them sick

• future (–): tlél kei ash gux̱sanéekw | it wonʼt make them sick

√neekw ² (verb root) • variants: √nook ² • feel; touch

√neekw ³ (verb root) • variants: √nook ³ • behave; do

√neekw ⁴ (verb root) bother; tease

áx̱ / N + éex̱ + a-S-∅-√néekw ⁴ ˟ (na event verb – subject intransitive – invariable) bother | for S to bother N (esp. by touching) | note that putting « du toowú » in the preverb gives the meaning “sadden, make sad” as in « du toowú asinéekw » (they are making them sad) | líl x̱áax̱ ayeenéeguḵ! → donʼt bother me! (to children demanding attention) (SN) • áx̱ áwé aawanéekw → theyʼre bothering them (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du éex̱ ananéekw! | bother them!

• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ yoo eenéeguḵ! | donʼt bother them!

• progressive: du éex̱ yaa ananéekw | they are beginning to bother them

• perfective (+): du éex̱ aawanéekw | they are bothering them; they bothered them

• perfective (–): tlél du éex̱ awunéekw | they are not bothering them; s/he didnʼt bother them

• future (+): du éex̱ kei akg̱wanéekw | they are going to bother them

• future (–): tlél du éex̱ kei akg̱wanéekw | they arenʼt going to bother them

N + ée⁓ + O-ji-S-∅-√néekw ⁴ ˟ (na event verb – subject intransitive – invariable) bother | for O to bother N (esp. by their actions) | du ée x̱at jeeyanéekw → everything i do annoys them (SN)

• imperative: du éex̱ jinanéekw! | bother them!

• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ yoo jeenéeguḵ! | donʼt bother them!

• progressive: du éex̱ yaa jinanéekw | they are beginning to bother them

• perfective (+): du éex̱ jeewanéekw | they are bothering them; they bothered them

• perfective (–): tlél du éex̱ jiwunéekw | they are not bothering them; s/he didnʼt bother them

• future (+): du éex̱ jikg̱wanéekw | they are going to bother them

• future (–): tlél du éex̱ jikg̱wanéekw | they arenʼt going to bother them

√neekʼ (verb root) tidy; picky

√neesʼ (verb root) sea urchin | to eat sea urchins raw

a-S-∅-√néesʼ ˟ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) eat ¹ | for S to eat O (raw sea urchins, usually on the beach) | classification: sea urchins | ax̱waanéesʼ → i ate raw sea urchins (SN) • gwátk sá woolaayi léin áwé a kát eeyaṉísʼ? → when was the tide low that you ate raw urchins? (SuJ)

• imperative: anísʼ! | eat raw sea urchins!

• imperfective (+): anéesʼ | they are eating raw sea urchins

• perfective (+): aawanísʼ | they ate raw sea urchins

• perfective (–): tlél awunéesʼ | they didnʼt eat raw sea urchins

• future (+): akg̱wanéesʼ | they will eat raw sea urchins

• future (–): tlél akg̱wanéesʼ | they wonʼt eat raw sea urchins

√neexʼ (verb root) smell ¹; sniff

O-S-s-√néexʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) smell ¹ | for S to smell O | there seems to be both a « +d » and « –d » version of this verb, but it is unclear whether there is a difference in meaning

• imperative: saníxʼ! | smell it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl isaníxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt smell it!

• imperfective (+): asinéexʼ | they smells it

• imperfective (–): tlél oosnéexʼ | they donʼt smell it

• perfective (+): awsiníxʼ | they smelled it

• perfective (–): tlél awusnéexʼ | they didnʼt smell it

• future (+): agux̱sanéexʼ | they will smell it

• future (–): tlél agux̱sanéexʼ | they wonʼt smell it

O-S-d+s-√néexʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) smell ¹ | for S to smell for O | i sakwnéin sa.eeyí naaleiyi yéidáx̱ x̱wadziníxʼ → i smelled your bread cooking a long way off (SN) • at x̱ʼéeshi cháni yáx̱ dzinéexʼ → it smells like dried fish (SN)

• imperative: isníxʼ! | smell for it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eesníxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt smell for it!

• imperfective (+): adzinéexʼ | they are smelling for it

• imperfective (–): tlél oosnéexʼ | they arenʼt smelling for it

• perfective (+): awdziníxʼ | they smelled for it

• perfective (–): tlél awusnéexʼ | they didnʼt smell for it

• future (+): akg̱wasnéexʼ | they will smell for it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wasnéexʼ | they wonʼt smell for it

√néegwálʼ paint ²

O-S-∅-√néegwálʼ ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) paint ² | for S to paint O | ax̱ yaagú x̱anéegwálʼ → iʼm painting my boat (SN) • tʼáa ká áwé gug̱anéegwálʼ → theyʻre going to paint the floor (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: nanéegwálʼ! | paint it!

• prohibitive: líl eenéegwálʼiḵ! | donʼt paint it!

• progressive: anéegwálʼ | they are painting it; they paints it

• progressive (–): tlél oonéegwálʼ | they arenʼt painting it; they donʼt paint it

• perfective (+): aawanéegwálʼ | they painted it

• perfective (–): tlél awunéegwálʼ | they didnʼt paint it

• future (+): akg̱wanéegwálʼ | they will paint it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wanéegwálʼ | they wonʼt paint it

√núkch ˟ (verb root) helpless

√núkts ˟ (verb root) sweet

O-l-√núkts ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) sweet | for O to be sweet | x̱alakʼáchʼ dleeyí ḵúnáx̱ lunúkts → porcupine meat tastes real sweet (SN) • yáa tléiḵw tléil ulnúkts → these berries are not sweet (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): linúkts | they are sweet

• imperfective (–): tlél ulnúkts | itʼs not sweet

• progressive: kei nalnúkts | it is getting sweet

• progressive (–): tlél kei unalnúkts | itʼs not getting sweet

• perfective (+): wulinúkts | it got sweet

• perfective (–): tlél wulnúkts | it didnʼt get sweet

• future (+): kei gux̱lanúkts | it will be sweet

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lanúkts | it wonʼt be sweet

√nook ¹ (verb root) sit | classification: singular | plural form √ḵee ¹

S-∅-√nook ¹ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – closed) sit | for (singular) S to sit, sit down (esp. act of sitting) | hít yát uwanúk → they are sitting/leaning against the wall (SN) • ax̱ daa.ittú wdixwétl; yei kḵwanóok → iʼm real tired, so iʼm going to sit down (SN) • goonáx̱ sá yei kg̱wanóok G̱unaanáalx̱ee? → where will the foreign dignitary sit? (said in jest at ḵu.éexʼ, based on a Raven story)

• imperative: g̱anú! | sit down!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei eenúkjiḵ! | donʼt sit down!

• progressive: yei nanúk | they are sitting down

• progressive (–): tlél yei unanúk | they are not sitting down

• perfective (+): woonook | they sat down

• perfective (–): tlél wunook | they didnʼt sit down

• future (+): yei kg̱wanóok | they will sit down

• future (–): tlél yei kg̱wanook | they wonʼt sit down

d+∅-√nook ¹ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – closed) situated | for a building to be situated there | classification: building

• perfective (+): áa wdinook | the building was situated there (suddenly as if overnight)

• perfective (–): tlél áa wdanook | it wasnʼt situated there

• future (+): áa yei gux̱danóok | it will be situated there

• future (–): tlél áa yei gux̱danook | it wonʼt be situated there

O-S-s-√nook ¹ (g̱a event verb – transitive – closed) seat | for S to seat O

• imperative: g̱asnú! | seat them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei isanúkjiḵ! | donʼt seat them!

• perfective (+): awsinook | they seated them

• perfective (–): tlél awusnook | they didnʼt seat them

• future (+): yei agux̱sanóok | they will seat them

• future (–): tlél yei agux̱sanook | they wonʼt seat them

√nook ² (verb root) • variants: √neekw ² • feel; touch

tóo + O-S-∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – transitive – closed) feel | for S to feel O (physically or emotionally) | ax̱ lidéx̱xʼ áwé tóo x̱waanúk si.áatʼi át → i felt something cold on my neck (SN) • tóo gax̱yinóok yee x̱sax̱áni → you will feel that i love you (SN)

• imperative: jée eenú! | feel it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl tóo eenúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt feel it!

• imperfective (+): tóo anúkx | they feel it

• imperfective (–): tlél tóo oonook | they donʼt feel it

• perfective (+): tóo aawanúk | they felt it

• perfective (–): tlél tóo awunook | they didnʼt feel it

• future (+): tóo akg̱wanóok | they will feel it

• future (–): tlél tóo akg̱wanook | they wonʼt feel it

ḵukahín⁓ + S-∅-√nook ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) • variants: √neekw • grumpy; petulant; irritated | for S to be grumpy, cranky, irritated | to indicate anger at another person, use « du yís “at her/him » • for example, « du yís ḵukahínt x̱waanúk » (“iʼm angry at them”) or « ax̱ yís xʼáant uwanúk » (“they are angry at me”) | (JL)

• imperative: ḵukahínt núk! | get grumpy!

• prohibitive: líl ḵukahínx̱ eenoogúḵ! | donʼt be grumpy!

• progressive: ḵukahínde yaa nanúk | they are getting grumpy

• perfective (+): ḵukahínt uwanúk | they are grumpy

• perfective (–): tlél ḵukahínt wunook | they are not grumpy

• future (+): ḵukahínde kg̱wanóok | they are going to get grumpy

• future (–): tlél ḵukahínde kg̱wanook | they are not going to get grumpy

xʼáan-t⁓ + S-∅-√nook ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) • variants: √neekw • angry; mad; mean | for S to be angry, mad, mean | to indicate anger at another person, use: N yís | du yís xʼáant x̱waanúk → I feel mad at them (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: xʼáant núk! | get angry!

• prohibitive: líl xʼáanx̱ eenoogúḵ! | donʼt be angry!

• progressive: xʼáande yaa nanúk | they are getting angry

• perfective (+): xʼáant uwanúk | they are angry

• perfective (–): tlél xʼáant wunook | they are not angry

• future (+): xʼáande kg̱wanóok | they are going to get angry

• future (–): tlél xʼáande kg̱wanook | they are not going to get angry

du-∅-√nook ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) blow; feel | for the wind to blow, be felt (esp. a breeze, light wind) | xóon wuduwanúk → the north wind is blowing (SN) • ldakát yéináx̱ áwé haax̱ dunook óoxjaa → the wind blows from any direction

• progressive: yaa ndunúk | itʼs starting to blow

• perfective (+): wuduwanúk | it blew; itʼs blowing

• perfective (–): tlél wudunook | it didnʼt blow; it isnʼt blowing

• future (+): gax̱dunóok | it will blow

• future (–): tlél gax̱dunook | it wonʼt blow

(yéi) + du-∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – subject intransitive – closed) taste | for something to taste (a certain way) | note that « kʼidéin » (“good, well, carefully”) given in the paradigm here, can be replaced with a number of adverbial phrases to change the meaning • here are a few examples: « wáa sá duwanook? » *”how does it taste?”), « at géide duwanook » (“it tastes strange”), and « tlél a yáx̱ dunook » (“it doesnʼt taste right”) | yakʼéi aadé duwanoogu yé → it tastes good (lit. it is good how it tastes) (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): (kʼidéin) duwanook | it tastes (good)

• imperfective (–): tlél (kʼidéin) dunook | it doesnʼt taste (good)

• progressive: (kʼidéin) yaa ndunúk | itʼs starting to taste (good)

• perfective (+): (kʼidéin) wuduwanúk | it tasted (good)

• perfective (–): tlél (kʼidéin) wududook | it didnʼt taste good

• future (+): (kʼidéin) gax̱dunóok | it will taste (good)

• future (–): tlél (kʼidéin) gax̱dunook | it wonʼt taste (good)

jée + O-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – transitive – closed) touch; feel | for S to touch, feel O (esp. with hands) | this verb is commonly used in reference to labor pains, for example: « jée gé idinook? » (“are you feeling it [contractions]?”) | x̱áach jee ḵadanoogú! → let me feel it! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: jée idanú! | feel it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl jée idanúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt feel it!

• imperfective (+): jée adinook | they are feeling it

• imperfective (–): tlél jée oodanook | they donʼt feel it

• perfective (+): jée awdinúk | they felt it

• perfective (–): tlél jée awdanook | they didnʼt feel it

• future (+): jée agux̱danóok | they will feel it

• future (–): tlél jée agux̱danook | they wonʼt feel it

tóo + at  + S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type and thematic] pleased; good | for S to be pleased, feel good | tóo at danéekw yá aadé yakʼéiyi yé → they felt pleased at the way it was good (GD)

• imperfective (+): tóo at danéekw | they feel good

x̱ʼéi + O-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – transitive – closed) taste; sample | for S to taste, sample O | tsaa dleeyí ágé x̱ʼéi eedinúk? → have you tasted seal meat? (SN) • ḵukʼéetʼ nagú! tléiḵw x̱ʼéi x̱tudanook! → go berry-picking! let us have a taste of berries! (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼéi idanú! | taste it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl x̱ʼéi idanúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt taste it!

• imperfective (+): x̱ʼéi adinook | they tastes it

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼéi oodanook | they donʼt taste it

• perfective (+): x̱ʼéi awdinúk | they tasted it

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼéi awdanook | they didnʼt taste it

• future (+): x̱ʼéi agux̱danóok | they will taste it

• future (–): tlél x̱ʼéi agux̱danook | they wonʼt taste it

(yéi) + sh + tu-S-d+∅-√nook ² (na state verb – subject intransitive – closed) feel | for S to feel (that way) (esp. physical sensation) | wáa sá yéi yaa sh nax̱danúk? → what kind of a feeling am i getting (what am i starting to feel)? (SN) • tlél kʼidéin sh udanúkx̱ → they donʻt feel well (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yéi sh tudinook | they feels that way

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi sh toodanook | they donʼt feel that way

• progressive: yéi yaa sh tundanúk | they are beginning to feel that way

• perfective (+): yéi sh tuwdinook | they felt that way

• perfective (–): tlél yéi sh tuwdanook | they didnʼt feel that way

• future (+): yéi sh tugux̱danóok | they will feel that way

• future (–): tlél yéi sh tugux̱danook | they wonʼt feel that way

N-dáx̱ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) hungry; crave | for S to be hungry for, crave N | tlax̱ áwé aax̱ x̱ʼawdinúk → theyʻre really hungry for it / anxious to eat it (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: aax̱ yaa x̱ʼandanúk | they are getting hungry for it

• perfective (+): aax̱ x̱ʼawdinúk | they are hungry for it

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ x̱ʼawdanook | they arenʼt hungry for it

• future (+): aax̱ x̱ʼagux̱danóok | they will be hungry for it

• future (–): tlél aax̱ x̱ʼagux̱danook | they wonʼt be hungry for it

N + x̱ʼéidáx̱ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) hungry; crave | for S to be hungry for, crave what N is eating | i x̱éidáx̱ x̱ʼax̱wdinúk → iʼm hungry for what you are eating (SN)

• progressive: du x̱éidáx̱ yaa x̱ʼandanúk | they are getting hungry for what they are eating

• perfective (+): du x̱éidáx̱ x̱ʼawdinúk | they are hungry for what they are eating

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱éidáx̱ x̱ʼawdanook | they arenʼt hungry for what they are eating

• future (+): du x̱éidáx̱ x̱ʼagux̱danóok | they will be hungry for what they are eating

• future (–): tlél du x̱éidáx̱ x̱ʼagux̱danook | they wonʼt be hungry for what they are eating

yan⁓ + O-ka-s-√nook ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) prove; verify; investigate; test | for S to prove, verify, find out and be sure of O; for S to investigate, make trial of, test out O | yóo ḵáa yan kax̱wsinúk yaa ḵudzigéi → i have proved / i know for sure that that man is smart (SN) • yan kaḵasanoogóot, x̱aan akaawaneek → they have told me, so that i will understand the situation (in order that i might be sure of it) (SN) • yan kawtusinúk i tóot at yadaxúni → we know for sure that you have a demon (SN) • dleit ḵáa ḵusteeyí yan kax̱wsinúk → iʼve been investigating the white peopleʼs way of life (working to find out how they live) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yan kasanúk! | prove it!

• perfective (+): yan akawsinúk | they proved it

• perfective (–): tlél yan akawusnook | they didnʼt prove it

• future (+): yánde akagux̱sanóok | they are going to prove it

• future (–): tlél yánde akagux̱sanook | they arenʼt going to prove it

N-dáx̱ + ji-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type] desire; anxious | for S to desire, be anxious to acquire N | aadáx̱ jix̱wdinúk → iʼm anxious to acquire it (SN) • xóotsdáx̱ jeewdinúk → they really desired a bear/he was anxious to go after it and get it (SN)

• imperative: aax̱ jidanúk! | be anxious to get it!

• perfective (+): aax̱ jiwdinúk | they were anxious to get it

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ jiwdanook | they werenʼt anxious to get it

• future (+): aax̱ jigax̱danóok | they will be anxious to get it

• future (–): tlél aax̱ jigax̱dunook | they wonʼt be anxious to get it

O-ka-u-S-l-√nook ² (na state verb – transitive – open) [check stem variation] doubt; unworthy | for S to doubt ability, lack confidence in O; for S to consider O unworthy | x̱at koolinook → they doubt whether i could do it / they donʼt have faith that i could carry it out (SN) • sh kax̱wdlinook → iʼm not confident i could do it / i consider myself unworthy (SN)

• imperative: kunalnook | doubt them!

• imperfective (+): akwlinook | they doubt them

• perfective (+): akawlinook | they doubted them

• perfective (–): tlél akawulnook | they didnʼt doubt them

• future (+): akagux̱lanóok | they will doubt them

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lanook | they wonʼt doubt them

√nook ³ (verb root) • variants: √neekw ³ • behave; do

N-t + S-∅-√nook ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) act like | for S to act like N | to indicate anger at another person, use « du yís “at her/him » • for example, « du yís xʼáant x̱waanúk » (“iʼm angry at them”) or « ax̱ yís xʼáant uwanúk » (“they are angry at me”) | boss-t uwanúk → they acted like a boss (SN) • ánkʼwt uwanúk i káalkʼw → your nephew is acting like a baby (SN)

• imperative: xʼáant núk! | get angry!

• prohibitive: líl xʼáanx̱ eenoogúḵ! | donʼt be angry!

• progressive: xʼáande yaa nanúk | they are getting angry

• perfective (+): xʼáant uwanúk | they are angry

• perfective (–): tlél xʼáant wunook | they are not angry

• future (+): xʼáande kg̱wanóok | they are going to get angry

• future (–): tlél xʼáande kg̱wanook | they are not going to get angry

tlél + tóog̱aa + O-ka-u-S-sh-√nook ³ (na state verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation type and stem variation] dislike; disapprove | for S to dislike, disapprove of O | tlél tóog̱aa kux̱shanook, ax̱ x̱ʼé oodzikáa → i dislike it that they are lazy and talk back (when i tell them to do anything) (SN) • tlél tóog̱aa akooshnook → they donʼt like it very well/they disapprove (SN)

(yéi) + ḵu-S-∅-√nook ³ (na state verb – subject intransitive – closed) behave; do; act | for S to behave, do, act (in a certain way) | wáa sá ḵeeyanéekw? → what are you doing? (SN) • tléil wáa sá ḵux̱wanook; chʼa kax̱ashxéet áyá → i wasnʼt doing anything; iʼm just writing (SN) • chʼa tlákw yéi at ḵuwanéekw → they are doing that (behaving like that) all the time (SN) • tléil yéi at ḵoonook → they donʼt behave like that / they donʼt do such things (SN) • chʼáakw yéi ḵuwanóogu aa ḵáa, dujáḵx̱in → long ago people who behaved like that (who used to do those things) used to get killed (SN)

• imperative: yéi ḵunanook! | do it!

• prohibitive: líl yéi ḵeenoogúḵ! | donʼt do that!

• imperfective (+): yéi ḵuwanóok | they are doing it; they do it

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi ḵoonook | they are not doing that; they donʼt do that

• perfective (+): yéi ḵoowanook | they did that

• perfective (–): tlél yéi ḵuwunook | they didnʼt do that

• future (+): yéi ḵukg̱wanóok | they will do it

• future (–): tlél yéi ḵukg̱wanook | they wonʼt do that

√nook ⁴ (verb root) rise; rouse; get up | classification: singular subject | plural form: √ḵee ²

sha-S-d+∅-√nook ⁴ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) get up; rise | for (singular) S to get up, rise

• imperative: sheedanú! | get up!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl sheedanúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt get up!

• imperfective (+): yaa shandanúk | they are starting to get up

• perfective (+): shawdinúk | they got up

• perfective (–): tlél shawdanook | they didnʼt get up

• future (+): shagux̱danóok | they will get up

• future (–): tlél shagux̱danook | they wonʼt get up

O-sha-ka-d+∅-√nook ⁴ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) swell up; increase; rise | for O to swell up, rise, increase in volume by swelling; for O to (fig.) multiply, increase in quantity | gidéin shakandanúkch → it always increases very much (lit. swells up) (SN)

• imperfective (+): yaa shakandanúk | it is starting to swell up

• perfective (+): shakawdinook | it swelled up

• perfective (–): tlél shakawdanook | it didnʼt swell up

• future (+): shakagux̱danóok | it will swell up

• future (–): tlél shakagux̱danook | it wonʼt swell up

√nook ⁵ (verb root) carry; take | classification: live creature

{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (live creature) | classification: live creature | tʼukanéiyi haat sanú! → bring the baby! (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} sanú! | carry them/it ____!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yisanoogúḵ! | donʼt carry them/it ____!

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awsinúk | they carried them/it ____

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awusnook | they didnʼt carry them/it ____

• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱sanóok | they will carry them/it ____

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱sanook | they wonʼt carry them/it ____

{na preverb} + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (live creature) | classification: live creature | káaxʼ yaa anasnúk → theyʼre carrying a chicken (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nasnú! | carry them/it ____!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yisanoogúḵ! | donʼt carry them/it ____!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} awsinook | they carried them/it ____; they are carrying them/it ____

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awusnook | they didnʼt carry them/it ____; they arenʼt carrying them/it ____

• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱sanóok | they will carry them/it ____

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱sanook | they wonʼt carry them/it ____

kei + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) lift | for S to lift up O (live creature)

• imperative: kei sanú! | lift them/it up!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei isanúkjiḵ! | donʼt lift them/it up!

• perfective (+): kei awsinúk | they lifted them/it up

• perfective (–): tlél kei awusnook | they didnʼt lift them/it up

• future (+): kei agux̱sanóok | they will lift them/it up

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱sanook | they wonʼt lift them/it up

yan⁓ + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) put down; leave | for S to put down, leave O (live creature)

• imperative: yan sanú! | put them/it down!

• prohibitive: líl yax̱ isanoogúḵ! | donʼt put them/it down!

• perfective (+): yan awsinúk | they put them/it down

• perfective (–): tlél yan awusnook | they didnʼt put them/it down

• future (+): yánde agux̱sanóok | they will put them/it down

• future (–): tlél yánde agux̱sanook | they wonʼt put them/it down

√nool sing; pretend | pretend to sing

O-S-∅-√nool sing; pretend | for S to pretend to sing; for S to only sing vocables in a song | (KG)

• imperative: nanool! | pretend to sing

• perfective (+): aawanool | they pretended to sing

• perfective (–): tlél awunool | they didnʼt pretend to sing

• future (+): gug̱anóol | they will pretend to sing

• future (–): tlél gug̱anool | they wonʼt pretend to sing

√noots ¹ (verb root) grin; smile

at  + ka-S-∅-√noots  ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) grin; smile | for S to smile at something (often knowingly or sarcastically) | at kaawanúts ax̱ yáx̱ → they smiled at me about something (SN) • at kanútst → they are smiling sarcastically about something (and suppressing laughter) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): at kanútsx̱ | they are smiling

• imperfective (–): tlél at koonútsx̱ | they arenʼt smiling

• perfective (+): at kaawanúts | they smiled

• perfective (–): tlél at kawunoots | they didnʼt smile

• future (+): at kakg̱wanóots | they will smile

• future (–): tlél at kakg̱wanoots | they wonʼt smile

√noots ² (verb root) spoil

ka-d+l-√noots ² (∅ event) (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) spoil | for animal matter to spoil | there are two versions of this verb, with d+l or d+∅ classifier, and both are shown here | dleey kawdlinúts → the meat spoiled (has a tincture of bad taste) (SN)

• progressive: yaa kanalnúts / yaa kandanúts | itʼs beginning to spoil

• perfective (+): kawdlinúts / kawdinúts | it spoiled

• perfective (–): tlél kawulnoots / tlél kawdanoots | it didnʼt spoil

• future (+): kakg̱walnóots / kagux̱danóots | it will spoil

• future (–): tlél kakg̱walnoots / tlél kagux̱danoots | it wonʼt spoil

√nóotʼ (verb root) swallow ¹

O-ka-S-∅-√nóotʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) swallow ¹ | for S to swallow O (pill, etc.) | náakw akaawanóotʼ → they swallowed medicine (SN)

• imperative: kananóotʼ! | swallow it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keenútʼguḵ! | donʼt swallow it!

• perfective (+): akaawanóotʼ | they swallowed it

• perfective (–): tlél akawunóotʼ | they didnʼt swallow it

• future (+): akakg̱wanóotʼ | they will swallow it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wanóotʼ | they wonʼt swallow it

√sátk ˟ (verb root) fast ¹; quick

O-∅-√sátk ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) fast ¹ | for O to be fast (at doing things) | yéi x̱waajée kei kg̱wasátk → i think heʼll be fast (SN) • at tʼúkt teen yasátk → they are fast with a bow and arrow (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: igasátk! | be fast!

• prohibitive: líl eesátguḵ | donʼt be fast!

• imperfective (+): yasátk | they are fast

• imperfective (–): tlél usátk | they are not fast

• progressive: kei nasátk | they are getting faster

• perfective (+): woosátk | they were fast

• perfective (–): tlél wusátk | they werenʼt fast

• future (+): kei kg̱wasátk | they will be fast

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wasátk | they wonʼt be fast

√saa ¹ (verb root) narrow

yéi + O-ka-u-l-√saa ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) narrow; skinny | for O (esp. container) to be narrow; for O (person) to be skinny | yá dei tlax̱ áyá kakwlisáa → that road is too narrow (SN) • yaakw yéi kakwlisáa → the canoe is narrow (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yéi kwlisáa | itʼs narrow

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koolsaa | itʼs not narrow

√saa ² (verb root) ⑴ breathe; live || ⑵ name ¹; call out

O-S-∅-√saa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) name ¹; nominate | for S to name O; for S to nominate O | (KE)

• imperative: yéi sá! | name them/it that!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yéi eesáaguḵ! | donʼt name them/it that!

• perfective (+): yéi aawasáa | they named them/it that

• perfective (–): tlél yéi awusá | they didnʼt name them/it that

• future (+): yéi akg̱wasáa | they will name them/it that

• future (–): tlél yéi akg̱wasaa | they wonʼt name them/it that

O-S-∅-√sáay ˟ ² (na motion verb – transitive – invariable) [check verb type, conjugation type, and stem variation] name; call | for S to call O (a list of names, roll call); for S name (plural) O one by one | ḵoo at latóowu ḵaa saayí aawasáay → the teacher called the roll (SN) • tlax̱ yagéiyi át kei gax̱dutée; ách áwé ḵaa saayí gax̱dusáay → thereʼs going to be a big matter (at the meeting}, so someone the roll will be called (SN) • yaa nx̱asáy → Iʼm naming them (all the objects I can think of) (SN)

• progressive: yaa anasáy | they are calling the names

• perfective (+): aawasáay | they called the names

• future (+): akg̱wasáay | they will call the names

yéi/yóo + O-S-∅-√sáakw (na state verb – transitive – high) call out; name ¹ | for S to call O by a certain name | the difference between « yéi aawasáa » (they named them/it that) and « yéi aawasáakw » (they called them/it that) is repetition; the former denotes a one-time event in which someone or something was given a name, while the latter depicts repeatedly calling someone or something by a name • preverb will be yóo if the verb comes immediate after the name (Keish yóo duwasáakw), and yéi if the verb is separated from the name (hú áwé yéi duwasáakw Keish) | (KE)

• imperative: yéi nasáakw! | call them/it that!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yéi eesáaguḵ! | donʼt call them/it that!

• imperfective (+): yéi ayasáakw | they calls them/it that

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi oosáakw | they donʼt call them/it that

• perfective (+): yéi aawasáakw | they called them/it that

• perfective (–): tlél yéi awusáakw | they didnʼt call them/it that

• future (+): yéi akg̱wasáakw | they will call them/it that

• future (–): tlél yéi akg̱wasáakw | they wonʼt call them/it that

sh + S-d+∅-√saa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) name ¹; introduce | for S to introduce themself; for S to say their own name | du een sh eedasá! → tel! them your name! (SN) • (BC)

• imperative: sh eedasá! | introduce yourself!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yéi sh eedasáaguḵ! | donʼt introduce yourself!

• perfective (+): yéi sh wudisáa | they introduced their self

• perfective (–): tlél yéi sh wudasá | they didnʼt introduce their self

• future (+): yéi sh gux̱dasáa | they will introduce their self

• future (–): tlél yéi sh gux̱dasaa | they wonʼt introduce their self

S-d+∅-√saa ² (na state verb – subject intransitive – open) breathe; live | for S to breathe; for S to be alive | daag̱éináx̱ nadaséikw! → breathe calmly! (RD) • chʼa yeisú diséikw they are still breathing • neildé

• imperative: nadasaa! | breathe!

• imperfective (+): diséikw | they are breathing

• perfective (+): wudisaa | they breathed

• perfective (–): tlél wudasaa | they didnʼt breathe

• future (+): gux̱dasáa | theyʼre going to breathe

• future (–): tlél gux̱dasaa | theyʼre not going to breathe

O-l-√saayí ˟ ¹ (ga – object intransitive – invariable) [check stem variation] famous; notable | for O to be famous, well-known, notable | ax̱ káak lisaayí → my uncle is famous / he is known all over (SN) • ax̱ Éesh, i saayí gax̱lasaayí → my Father (God), may your name be glorified (SN)

• imperfective (+): lisaayí | they are famous

• imperfective (–): tlél ulsaayí | they arenʼt famous

• perfective (+): wulisaayí | they became famous

• perfective (–): tlél wulsaayí | they werenʼt famous

• future (+): kei gux̱lasaayí | they will be famous

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lasaayí | they wonʼt be famous

O-S-l-√saayí ˟ ¹ (ga – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] famous; notable; glorify | for S to consider O famous, renowned; for S to glorify O | i saayí tulisaayí → we glorify your name (we honor it and make it well-known and holy) (SN)

• imperfective (+): alisaayí | they consider them famous

• imperfective (–): tlél oolsaayí | they donʼt consider them famous

• perfective (+): awlisaayí | they came to consider them famous

• perfective (–): tlél awulsaayí | they didnʼt consider them famous

• future (+): kei agux̱lasaayí | they will consider them famous

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱lasaayí | they wonʼt consider them famous

S-d+l-√saa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) rest ¹ | for S to rest | g̱atoolsaa! → letʼs rest! (SN) • tlél oolséix̱ nooch → they never rests (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: eelsá! | rest!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl (sʼé) eelséix̱iḵ! | donʼt rest (yet)!

• progressive: (tlákw) yaa nalséin | they are (always) resting

• perfective (+): wudlisáa | they rested; they are resting

• perfective (–): tlél wulsá | they didnʼt rest; they arenʼt resting

• future (+): gug̱alsáa | they will rest

• future (–): tlél gug̱alsaa | they wonʼt rest

O-ji-S-l-√saa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) rest ¹ | for S to give rest to O (especially from work with hands) | haa gú! x̱at jilasá! → come here and give me a rest (from steering the boat)! (SN) • (SN)

• imperative: jilasá! | give them a rest!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl (sʼé) jeelaséix̱iḵ! | donʼt give them a rest (yet)!

• progressive: (tlákw) yaa jinalséin | they are (always) giving them a rest

• perfective (+): ajiwlisáa | they gave them a rest; they are giving them a rest

• perfective (–): tlél wulsá | they didnʼt rest; they arenʼt resting

• perfective (–): tlél gug̱alsaa | they wonʼt rest

• future (+): gug̱alsáa | they will rest

yéik + O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√sáakw (na state verb – transitive – high) call on | for S to call on O (spirits) | yéik ágé ax̱ʼayasáakw? → are they calling on the spirits? (SN) • yéik ax̱ʼeiyasaakw → they call on the spirits (SN)

• imperative: yéik x̱ʼanasáakw! | call on spirits!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yéi eesáaguḵ! | donʼt call them/it that!

• imperfective (+): yéik ax̱ʼayasáakw | they are calling on spirits

• imperfective (–): tlél yéik ax̱eiwsáakw | they arenʼt calling on spirits

• perfective (+): yéik ax̱ʼeiwasáakw | they called on spirits

• perfective (–): tlél yéi ax̱ʼawusáakw | they didnʼt call on spirits

• future (+): yéi ax̱ʼakg̱wasáakw | they will call on spirits

• future (–): tlél yéi ax̱ʼakg̱wasáakw | they wonʼt call on spirits

√saaḵ (verb root) exhausted; stiff

O-∅-√saaḵ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] exhausted; faint ¹ | for O to be exhausted, faint for lack of food | (SN)

• progressive: yaa nasáḵ | they are getting exhausted

• perfective (+): uwasáḵ | they are exhausted

• perfective (–): tlél wusaaḵ | they arenʼt exhausted

• future (+): gug̱aasáaḵ | they will become exhausted

• future (–): tlél gug̱asaaḵ | they wonʼt become exhausted

O-l-√saaḵ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] exhausted; stiff | for O to be exhausted, stiff, numb (often from sitting) | (SN)

• progressive: yaa nalsáḵ | they are getting stiff, exhausted

• perfective (+): wulisáḵ | they are stiff, exhausted

• perfective (–): tlél wulsaaḵ | they arenʼt stiff, exhausted

• future (+): gux̱lasáaḵ | they will become stiff, exhausted

• future (–): tlél gux̱lasaaḵ | they wonʼt become stiff, exhausted

O-ka-∅-√saaḵ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] exhausted | for O to be exhausted, worn out, at the limit of endurance | héen awdanaayích áwé, kaawasáḵ → theyʼre wiped out, because they drank water (and thus reduced their body temperature) (SN)

• progressive: yaa kanasáḵ | they are getting worn out

• perfective (+): kaawasáḵ | they are worn out

• perfective (–): tlél kawusaaḵ | they arenʼt worn out

• future (+): kakg̱wasáaḵ | they will become worn out

• future (–): tlél kakg̱wasaaḵ | they wonʼt become worn out

O-ka-S-l-√saaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] exhausted | for S to exhaust O, cause O to be wiped out, all in | yaa ndayaáan x̱at kawlisáḵ → packing (deer) gets me really exhausted (SN)

• imperative: kalasáḵ! | wear them out!

• progressive: yaa akanlasáḵ | they are wearing them out

• perfective (+): akawlisáḵ | they wore them out

• perfective (–): tlél akawulsaaḵ | they didnʼt wear them out

• future (+): akagux̱lasáaḵ | they will wear them out

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lasaaḵ | they wonʼt wear them out

√saan (verb root) cure ¹

O-S-∅-√saan (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation] cure ¹; heal | for S (a medicine person) to cure O, remove sickness from O (often by going round patient, gathering up the air and then blowing it away) | ix̱tʼch uwasán → the sickness was removed by the medicine person (SN) • yanéegu ḵáa áwé dusáan → sick people are cured (in this manner) (SN)

• imperative: sán! | cure them!

• imperfective (+): asáan | they are curing them

• perfective (+): uwasán | they cured them

• perfective (–): tlél awusáan | they didnʼt cure them

• future (+): akg̱wasáan | they are going to cure them

• future (–): tlél akg̱wasáan | they wonʼt cure them

√saat (verb root) tight; taut

√saay (verb root) flush ¹; sweat; radiate

O-ka-du-∅-√sáay (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) hot; sweat; flush ¹ | for O (person or animal) to be hot, sweaty, flush | x̱at kawduwasáy aaltein → iʼm real hot (from the stove) (SN) • haa kawdusáayin → we were sweating (SN)

• perfective (+): kawduwasáy | they are hot, sweaty

• perfective (–): tlél kawdusáay | they arenʼt hot, sweaty

• future (+): kagax̱dusáay | they will be hot, sweaty

• future (–): tlél kagax̱dusáay | they wonʼt be hot, sweaty

O-ka-du-∅-√sáay (ga event verb – object intransitive – high) embarrass; flush ¹ | for O (person) to be flushed from embarrassment | x̱at kawduwasáay → iʼm flushed (from embarrassment)

• perfective (+): kawduwasáay | they were flushed from embarassment

• perfective (–): tlél kawdusáay | they werenʼt flushed from embarassment

• future (+): kei kagax̱dusáay | they will be flushed from embarassment

• future (–): tlél kei kagax̱dusáay | they wonʼt be flushed from embarassment

O-ka-S-l-√sáay (∅ event verb – transitive – high) heat | for S to heat O (esp. a room) until steamy hot | yá neil yee akawlisáy → it throws heat in the room (SN)

• perfective (+): akawlisáy | it heated it up

• perfective (–): tlél akaulsáay | it didnʼt heat it up

• future (+): akagux̱lasáay | it will heat it up

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lasáay | it wonʼt heat it up

O-ka-l-√sáyjaa ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] hot | for O to give off much heat, be real hot (of source of radiation) | g̱agaan x̱aawaag̱í tóonáx̱ ax̱ kát kawdigán; ách áwé kalisáyjaa → the sun is shining through the window on me, and that is why itʼs real hot (SN)

• imperfective (+): kalisáyjaa | itʼs really hot

• imperfective (–): tlél kawulsáyjaa | itʼs not really hot

• perfective (+): kawlisáyjaa | it got real hot

• perfective (–): tlél akaulsáyjaa | it didnʼt get real hot

• future (+): akagux̱lasáyjaa | it will get real hot

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lasáyjaa | it wonʼt get real hot

√sei (verb root) close ²; near

(yéi) + ka-u-∅-√sei (na state verb – impersonal – open) close ²; near | for something to be (so) close, near (in time or space) | the perfective form « yéi kaawalei » (it was that far) is commonly used in situations where one just fell short of making it to a destination • in other words, “i almost made it, it was just that far away” | g̱éet has du kát uwaxíx Kʼwátʼ Xʼáatʼ yaa has akoonaséeni → a storm came upon them when they were near Cape Lynch (BC)

• imperfective (+): yéi kunaaséi | itʼs that close

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi koonasé | it isnʼt that close

• progressive: yéi yaa kunaséin | itʼs becoming closer

• perfective (+): yéi kaawasei | it was that close

• perfective (–): tlél yéi kawusei | it wasnʼt that close

• future (+): yéi kakg̱waséi | it will be that close

• future (–): tlél yéi kakg̱wasei | it wonʼt be that far

√seig̱ákw (verb root) breathe | regain breath | from √saa-g̱ákw (breathe-restore)

ka-S-d+∅-√seig̱ákw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type] breathe | for S to regain breath, get oneʼs wind back | kakḵwadaseig̱ákw sʼé → first iʼll get my wind back (esp. needing rest when packing deer) (SN) • (JL)

• imperfective (+): kudaseig̱ákw | they are regaining their breath

• perfective (+): kawdiseig̱ákw | they regained their breath

• future (+): kagux̱daseig̱ákw | they will regain their breath

√seiḵʼw (verb root) dye; color ¹; stain

O-ka-d+∅-√séiḵʼw (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) stain; dye; color ¹ | for O to be stained, dyed, colored | kawdiséḵʼw wé sʼísaa → that cloth is stained (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa kandasʼéḵʼw | itʼs getting dyed

• perfective (+): kawdiséḵʼw | itʼs dyed

• perfective (–): tlél kawdaséiḵʼw | it isnʼt dyed

• future (+): kagux̱daséiḵʼw | it will be dyed

• future (–): tlél kagux̱daséiḵʼw | it wonʼt be dyed

O-ka-S-l-√séiḵʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) stain; dye; color ¹ | for S to stain, dye, color the surface of O | lʼoowú kax̱wliséḵʼw → i stained the wood (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kalaséḵʼw! | dye it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keelaséḵʼwx̱uḵ! | donʼt dye it!

• imperfective (+): aklaséḵʼwx̱ | they are dying it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoolséḵʼwx̱ | they arenʼt dying it

• perfective (+): akawliséḵʼw | they dyed it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulséiḵʼw | they didnʼt dye it

• future (+): akagux̱laséiḵʼw | they will dye it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱laséiḵʼw | they wonʼt dye it

ÿa-ka-S-d+l-√séiḵʼw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) dye; color ¹; put on | for S to put on makeup | for putting on lipstick use the prefix « x̱ʼa- » (x̱ʼakawdliséḵʼw), for dyeing oneʼs own hair, use the prefix « sha- »(shakawdliséḵʼw),  for putting on eye makeup, drop the thematic prefix and add « waaḵ » (waaḵ kawdliséḵʼw), and  for blush use « wásh » (wásh kawdliséḵʼw) | x̱ʼeikawdliséḵʼw → they used lipstick (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yakeelséḵʼw! | put on makeup!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yakeelséḵʼwx̱uḵ! | donʼt put on makeup!

• imperfective (+): yakalséḵʼw | they are putting on makeup

• perfective (+): yakawdliséḵʼw | they put on makeup

• perfective (–): tlél yakawulséiḵʼw | they didnʼt put on makeup

• future (+): yakakg̱walséiḵʼw | they will put on makeup

• future (–): tlél yakakg̱walséiḵʼw | they wonʼt put on makeup

√seil (verb root) tweet; twitter; trill

√seix̱ (verb root) rain | misty rain

√seek ¹ (verb root) delay; hold back

O-ÿa-∅-√seek ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) delay; hold back; weather in | for O to be delayed, prevented, held back from plans (often due to inclement weather) | daaxʼoon yakyee x̱ʼáanáx̱ x̱at yaawasík → i was delayed for four days (SN)

• admonitive: iwooséek tsá! | see that you donʼt get delayed!

• perfective (+): yaawasík | they are delayed

• perfective (–): tlél yawuseek | they arenʼt delayed

• future (+): yakg̱waséek | they will be delayed

• future (–): tlél yakg̱waseek | they wonʼt be delayed

O-ÿa-S-l-√seek ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) delay; hold back; hinder | for S to delay, hinder, prevent O (from travel or other plans) | du éeshch áwá áa yawlisík → their father prevented them (from attending) (SN) • kʼeeljáa ḵuyalasíkx̱ → storms delay people (SN)

• imperative: yalasík! | delay them!

• perfective (+): ayawlisík | they delayed them

• perfective (–): tlél ayawulseek | they didnʼt delay them

• future (+): ayagux̱laséek | they will delay them

• future (–): tlél ayagux̱laseek | they wonʼt delay them

√seek ² (verb root) belt | to wear a belt

S-d+l-√seek ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type] belt | for S to wear a belt | kuḵalséek → iʼll put on a belt (SN) • dáanaa káx̱ wudlisík → they had dollars in their belt (SN)

• imperative: eelsík! | put a belt on!

• perfective (+): wudlisík | they put a belt on

• perfective (–): tlél wulseek | they didnʼt put a belt on

• future (+): gug̱alséek | they will put a belt on

• future (–): tlél gug̱alseek | they wonʼt put a belt on

ka-S-d+l-√seek ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type] belt | for S to wear a belt | kax̱wdlisik → i put on a belt (SN)

• imperfective (+): keelsík! | put a belt on!

• perfective (+): kawdlisík | they put a belt on

• perfective (–): tlél kawulseek | they didnʼt put a belt on

• future (+): kakg̱walséek | they will put a belt on

• future (–): tlél kakg̱walseek | they wonʼt put a belt on

√seek ³ (verb root) bashful; shy

O-ka-u-S-l-√seek ³ (ga state verb – transitive – closed) [check stem variation] bashful; shy; uncomfortable | for S to be bashful, shy of O; for S to be uncomfortable around O | at yátxʼi ḵukwliseek → children are bashful/timid with people • chʼáakw ḵu.aa yées shaawát ḵáa akwliseek → long ago a young woman was (trained to be) shy of men (SN)

• imperfective (+): akwliseek | they are bashful of them

√seen (verb root) hide ¹; conceal

O-S-l-√seen (∅ – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) hide ¹; conceal | for S to hide, conceal, put O out of sight | ax̱ g̱altóoxʼ áwé x̱walisín → i hid it in my pocket (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: lasín! | hide it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ilasínx̱iḵ! | donʼt hide it!

• perfective (+): awlisín | they hid it; they are hiding it

• perfective (–): tlél awulseen | they didnʼt hide it; they are not hiding it

• future (+): agux̱laséen | they will hide it

• future (–): tlél agux̱laseen | they wonʼt hide it

a-S-d+l-√seen (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) hide ¹ | for S to hide oneself, remain out of sight | nadáakw tayeexʼ awdlisín → they hid under the table (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: eelsín! | hide!

• prohibitive: líl ayilseeníḵ! | donʼt hide!

• perfective (+): awdlisín | they hid; they are hiding

• perfective (–): tlél awulseen | they didnʼt hide

• future (+): akg̱walséen | they will hide

• future (–): tlél agux̱laseen | they wonʼt hide

√sees (verb root) tired

√seet (verb root) braid

O-ka-S-l-√seet (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) braid | for S to braid O (hair) | has du shax̱aawú kadulsítx̱in → people used to braid them allʼs hair

• imperfective (+): kalasít! | braid it!

• imperfective (+): akalaséet | they are braiding it

• perfective (+): akawlisít | they braided it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulseet | they didnʼt braid it

• future (+): akagux̱laséet | they will braid it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱laseet | they wonʼt braid it

sha-ka-S-d+l-√seet (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) braid | for S to braid their own hair | tlákw shakasítx̱ → they braid their own hair regularly (SN) • shakakḵwalséet → iʼm going to braid my hair

• imperfective (+): shkeelsít! | braid your hair!

• imperfective (+): shakalaséet | they are braiding their hair

• perfective (+): shakawdlisít | they braided their hair

• perfective (–): tlél shakawulseet | they didnʼt braid their hair

• future (+): shakakg̱walséet | they will braid their hair

• future (–): tlél shakakg̱walseet | they wonʼt braid their hair

√seetsʼ (verb root) wet | dripping wet

√soo (verb root) supernatural; aid; blessing | supernatural aid

• future (–): tlél du eeg̱áa kg̱wasoo | they wonʼt be blessed

N + eeg̱áa + ∅-√soo (na event verb – impersonal – open) [check verb type] supernatural; aid; blessing | for N to receive supernatural aid; for N to be blessed by spiritual aid | g̱uwakaan haa eeg̱áa woosoo → we were able to get a deer just when we needed it (that is, the spirits sent it to us and favored us with it just the right time) • aatlein lax̱éitl ax̱ eeg̱áa woosoo: yéi jiné x̱waatʼei → i was really blessed with luck: i found work (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: du eeg̱áa nasoo! | blessings be upon them!

• perfective (+): du eeg̱áa woosoo | they were blessed

• perfective (–): tlél du eeg̱áa wusoo | they were not blessed

• future (+): du eeg̱áa kg̱wasóo | they will be blessed

√soon (verb root) bubble | small bubbles

du-∅-√sún ˟ (∅ event verb – impersonal – invariable) [check transitivity, verb type, and stem variation] bubble | for something to bubble (with tiny bubbles, esp from mud under water) | classification: small bubbles | héen táak wuduwasún → tiny bubbles are coming up from the bottom (that is, from the mud) (SN)

• perfective (+): wuduwasún | it bubbled (esp. from mud under water); it is bubbling (esp. from mud under water)

O-d+l-√sún ˟ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check transitivity, verb type, and stem variation] bubble | for O (a creature) to let off tiny bubbles | héen táanáx̱ wudlisún → itʼs bubbling up from the bottom of the water (SN)

• perfective (+): wudlisún | it (a creature) bubbled; it (a creature) is bubbling

O-x̱ʼa-d+l-√sún ˟ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check transitivity, verb type, and stem variation] bubble | for O (esp. salmon) to let off small bubbles | x̱áat yaa nahíni, x̱ʼeilsúnch → as the salmon swim along, they make tiny bubbles (SN)

• perfective (+): x̱ʼawdlisún | it (the salmon) bubbled; it (the salmon) is bubbling

√soos ¹ (verb root) fall; drop ¹ | fall together; drop together | classification: plural

O-ka-∅-√sóos ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation] fall; drop ¹ | for O to fall, drop (of a number of objects all together) | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular) | du g̱altoowú wusʼéilʼi, dáanaa aadáx̱ yei kakg̱wasóos → when ther pocket is holey, the money will fall from it (SN) • tʼéexʼ kaanáx̱ yei s kaawasóos → they all fell down on the ice together (SN)

• perfective (+): kaawasóos | they all fell

• perfective (–): tlél kawusóos | they all didnʼt fall

• future (+): yei kakg̱wasóos | they all will fall

• future (–): tlél yei kakg̱wasóos | they all wonʼt fall

a + tóo + daak + O-ka-∅-√sóos ¹ (ga event verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] elect | for (plural) O (people) to be elected (lit. to fall into office) | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular) | chʼa dáx̱náx̱ a tóo daak kaawasóos → just two were elected (that is, they fell into office) (SN)

• perfective (+): a tóo daak has kaawasóos | they all were elected

• perfective (–): tlél a tóo daak has kawusóos | they werenʼt elected

• future (+): a tóo daak kei (ha)s kakg̱wasóos | they all will get elected

• future (–): tlél a tóo daak kei (ha)s kakg̱wasóos | they all wonʼt get elected

ḵut + O-ka-∅-√sóos ¹ (ga event verb – object intransitive – high) lost | for (plural) O (objects, people) to be lost | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular) | (KE)

• imperative: ḵut yee kagasóos! | you all get lost!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ḵut kei yee kasóosjiḵ! | donʼt you all get lost!

• admonitive: ḵut tsá yee kagasóos! | be sure that you donʼt all get lost!

• perfective (+): ḵut has kaawasóos | they all are lost; they all got lost

• perfective (–): tlél ḵut has kawusóos | they all arenʼt lost; they all didnʼt get lost

• future (+): ḵut kei (ha)s kakg̱wasóos | they all will get lost

• future (–): tlél ḵut kei (ha)s kakg̱wasóos | they all wonʼt get lost

O-ka-S-l-√sóos ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation] fall; drop ¹ | for S to let O fall, drop (of a number of objects all together) | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular) | ax̱ jeedáx̱ kax̱wlisóos → i let them all fall from my hand (SN)

• perfective (+): akawlisóos | they let them all fall

• perfective (–): tlél kawulsóos | they didnʼt let them all fall

• future (+): yei akagux̱lasóos | they will let them all fall

• future (–): tlél yei akagux̱lasóos | they wonʼt let them all fall

O-ka-l-√sóos ¹ (g̱a – object intransitive – high) [check verb type and stem variation] fall out | for O to fall out (esp. of hair) | classification: hair | ax̱ shax̱aawu aax̱ yei kanalsóos → my hair is falling out (SN)

• progressive: yei kanalsóos | their hair is falling out

• perfective (+): kawlisóos | their hair fell out

• perfective (–): tlél kawulsóos | their haid didnʼt fall out

• future (+): yei kagux̱lasóos | their hair is going to fall out

• future (–): tlél yei kagux̱lasóos | their hair wonʼt fall out

ḵut + O-ka-S-l-√sóos ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – high) lose | for S to lose (plural) O | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular) | ax̱ dáanaa daakagwéili tóodáx̱ ḵut kax̱wlisóos → i lost them all from my purse (SN) • (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ḵut kei keelasóosjiḵ! | donʼt lose them all!

• admonitive: ḵut tsá kag̱ilasóos! | be sure not to lose them all!

• perfective (+): ḵut akaawlisóos | they lost them all

• perfective (–): tlél ḵut akawulsóos | they didnʼt lose them all

• future (+): ḵut kei akagux̱lasóos | they will lose them all

• future (–): tlél ḵut kei akagux̱lasóos | they wonʼt lose them all

a + tóo + daak + O-ka-S-l-√sóos ¹ (ga event verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] elect | for S to elect  O (plural people) | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular) | (SN)

• imperative: a tóo daak has kagalsóos! | elect them all!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a tóo daak kei keelasóosjiḵ! | donʼt elect them all!

• perfective (+): a tóo daak has akawlisóos | they elected them all

• perfective (–): tlél a tóo daak has akawulsóos | they didnʼt elect them all

• future (+): a tóo daak kei (ha)s akagux̱lasóos | they will elect them all

• future (–): tlél a tóo daak kei (ha)s akagux̱lasóos | they wonʼt elect them all

√soos ² put to sleep | by whistling through teeth

√sʼaa (verb root) claim; save | claim as payment; save from destruction

O-S-∅-√sʼaa (∅ act verb – transitive – open) [check stem variation] claim | for S to claim O (property that was about to be destroyed) | i óonayi x̱waasʼáa → i claimed your rifle (which was going to be destroyed) (SN) • yáatʼaa kuḵasʼáa: a eetíx̱ dáanaa daak kuḵatée → iʼm going to claim this and put money in its place (that is, will give its value when the owner dies) (SN)

• imperfective (+): asʼéix̱ | they are claiming it

• perfective (+): aawasʼáa | they claimed it

• perfective (–): tlél awusʼaa | they didnʼt claim it

• perfective (–): tlél akg̱wasʼaa | they aren

• future (+): akg̱wasʼáa | they are going to claim it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wasʼaa | they arenʼt going to claim it

√sʼaaḵ (verb root) boney

O-l-√sʼaaḵ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) ambitious; industrious | for O to be ambitious, industrious, hard working | conjugation type and stem variation need to be checked | ḵúnáx̱ áwé lisʼaaḵ → they are really ambitious (SN)

O-l-√sʼaag̱í (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] boney | for (singular) O to be boney | classification: singular | cháatl tlél ulsʼaag̱í → halibut isnʼt boney (SN)

O-d+l-√sʼaaḵxʼ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] boney | for (plural) O to be boney | classification: plural | yá yaaw tlax̱ ḵúnáx̱ dlisʼaaḵxʼ → these herring are really boney (SN)

√sʼaasʼ (verb root) dance ¹ | dance lightly, sliding the feet

S-d+l-√sʼáasʼ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – high) [check verb type] dance ¹; walz | for S to dance lightly, sliding the feet; for S to waltz | kuḵalsʼáasʼ → iʼm going to dance lightly (SN)

• imperative: yaa geelsʼáasʼ! | dance (sliding your feet)!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yaa eelsʼáasʼjiḵ! | donʼt sance (sliding your feet)

• perfective (+): wudlisʼáasʼ | they danced (sliding their feet)

• perfective (–): tlél wulsʼáasʼ | they didnʼt dance (sliding their feet)

• future (+): yaa kg̱walsʼáasʼ | they will dance (sliding their feet)

• future (–): tlél yaa kg̱walsʼáasʼ | they wonʼt dance (sliding their feet)

ḵu-S-∅-√sʼáasʼ (na – subject intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] dance ¹ | for S to dance by swaying the body (not moving the feet) (in dedication dance) | usually done fast | ḵukḵwasʼáasʼ → iʼm going to dance (by swaying my body only) (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: ḵunasʼáasʼ! | dance (by swaying your body only)!

• imperfective (+): ḵusʼáasʼ | they are dancing (by swaying their body only)!

• perfective (+): ḵoowasʼáasʼ | they danced (by swaying their body only)

• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwusʼáasʼ | they didnʼt dance (by swaying their body only)

• future (+): ḵukg̱wasʼáasʼ | they will dance (by swaying their body only)

• future (–): tlél ḵukg̱wasʼáasʼ | they wonʼt dance (by swaying their body only)

√sʼaatʼ (verb root) left ¹ | left-handed

O-∅-√sʼáatʼ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) left ¹ | for O to be left-handed | Story-Naish have the imperfective listed as short and high, and Leer has it as long and high; both are listed here in the example and imperfective | yasʼátʼ → theyʼre left-handed • tleix̱ átx̱ alyeix̱í, kei kwg̱asʼáatʼ → when they use it all the time, theyʼll become left-handed (SN)

• imperfective (+): yasʼáatʼ | they are left-handed

• imperfective (–): tlél usʼáatʼ | they are not left-handed

• perfective (+): woosʼáatʼ | they became left-handed

• perfective (–): tlél wusʼáatʼ | they didnʼt become left-handed

• future (+): kei kg̱wasʼáatʼ | they will become left-handed

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱wasʼáatʼ |

√sʼaaxw (verb root) stack; hat | put hat on

√sʼeiḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √sʼeeḵ ¹ • suck out | usually through straw or opening

O-S-∅-√sʼeeḵ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) suck out; drink ¹ | for S to drink O by sucking; for S to drink O through a straw | héen asʼíḵsʼ → they regularly drink water through a straw (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: sʼíḵ! | drink it through a straw!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eesʼíḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt drink it through a straw!

• imperfective (+): asʼíḵsʼ | they are drinking it through a straw

• perfective (+): aawasʼíḵ | they drank it through a straw

• perfective (–): tlél awusʼeeḵ | they didnʼt drink it through a straw

• future (+): akg̱wasʼéeḵ | they will drink it through a straw

• future (–): tlél akg̱wasʼeeḵ | they wonʼt drink it through a straw

O-S-l-√sʼeeḵ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) suck out; draw out | for S to draw out O (esp.pus) by suction | úsʼaach kei wlisʼíḵ → soap (in a compress) draws it out (a boil) (SN)

• imperative: lasʼíḵ! | draw it out!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ilasʼíḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt draw it out!

• imperfective (+): alsʼíḵsʼ | they are drawing it out

• perfective (+): awlisʼíḵ | they drew it out

• perfective (–): tlél awulsʼeeḵ | they didnʼt draw it out

• future (+): agux̱lasʼéeḵ | they will draw it out

• future (–): tlél agux̱lasʼeeḵ | they wonʼt draw it out

√sʼeiḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √sʼeeḵ ² • smoke ¹; smoky

sh + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√sʼeiḵ ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) smoke ¹ | for s to smoke (cigarettes, etc.) | the reflexive « sh » pronoun appears to be optional in this verb | ax̱ yaadé x̱ʼadasʼeiḵ → they are smoking in my face • (KE)

• imperative: sh x̱ʼanidasʼeiḵ! | smoke!

• prohibitive: líl sh x̱ʼeedasʼeig̱íḵ! | donʼt smoke!

• imperfective (+): sh x̱ʼadasʼeiḵ | they are smoking

• imperfective (–): tlél sh x̱ʼeidasʼeiḵ | they are not smoking

• perfective (+): sh x̱ʼawdisʼeiḵ | they smoked

• perfective (–): tlél sh x̱ʼawdasʼeiḵ | they didnʼt smoke

• future (+): sh x̱ʼagux̱dasʼeiḵ | they will smoke

• future (–): tlél sh x̱ʼagux̱dasʼeiḵ | they wonʼt smoke

áx̱ + a-ka-S-l-√sʼeiḵ ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) tan; smoke ¹; cure ² | for S to tan, smoke, cure something by placing in smoke

• imperative: áx̱ akanalsʼeiḵ! | tan it!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ akaylasʼeig̱íḵ! | donʼt tan it!

• perfective (+): áx̱ akawlisʼeiḵ | they tanned it

• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ akawulsʼeiḵ | they didnʼt tan it

• future (+): áx̱ akagux̱lasʼéiḵ | they will tan it

• future (–): tlél áx̱ akagux̱lasʼeiḵ | they wonʼt tan it

√sʼeilʼ (verb root) tear; rip; peel

O-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) tear; rip | for S to tear O | tíl x̱ʼéitx̱ yaa eesʼélʼjiḵ! → donʼt tear it open (a present)! (SN) • sʼísaa wooshdáx̱ x̱waasʼéilʼ → i tore apart a piece of cloth (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: nasʼéilʼ! | tear it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo eesʼélʼgiḵ! | donʼt tear it!

• progressive: yaa anasʼélʼ | they are tearing it

• perfective (+): aawasʼéilʼ | they tore it

• perfective (–): tlél awusʼéilʼ | they didnʼt tear it

• future (+): akg̱wasʼéilʼ | they will tear it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wasʼéilʼ | they wonʼt tear it

O-ka-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) tear; rip; peel | for S to tear, tear up, rip off O; for S to peel off O (bark from a tree) | xʼúxʼ kax̱asʼélʼt → iʼm making a big pile of torn paper (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kag̱asʼéilʼ! | tear it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kayeesʼéilʼiḵ! | donʼt tear it!

• imperfective (+): akasʼélʼt | they are tearing it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoosʼélʼt | they arenʼt tearing it

• progressive: yei akanasʼélʼ | they are tearing it

• perfective (+): akaawasʼéilʼ | they tore it

• perfective (–): tlél akawusʼéilʼ | they didnʼt tear it

• future (+): yéi akakg̱wasʼéilʼ | they will tear it

• future (–): tlél yéi akakg̱wasʼéilʼ | they wonʼt tear it

O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) tear; open | for S to tear O away (of a fish from a hook); for S to stretch or hold O (opening) open | the noun gwéil (bag) is used in these examples; ax̱ʼeiwasʼélʼ by itself sounds like stretching someoneʼs/somethingʼs mouth open with the fingers • a fish tearing away from a hook has the preverb daak and the thematic prefix ya- • the phrase « daak x̱ʼayawlisʼélʼʼ » is also a metaphorical phrase that means “they got carried away from what they were supposed to say” and is used when someone drifts very far from their point or from the appropriate speech content during ceremony, or ends up rambling on | daak ax̱ʼayawlisʼélʼ → it (a fish) tore from the fishhook (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: gwéil x̱ʼasʼélʼ! | hold the bag open!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeesʼélʼx̱iḵ wé gwéil! | donʼt hold the bag open!

• imperfective (+): gwéil ax̱ʼasʼélʼx̱ | they are holding the bag open

• imperfective (–): tlél gwéil ax̱ʼeisʼélʼx̱ | they arenʼt holding the bag open

• perfective (+): gwéil ax̱ʼeiwasʼélʼ | they held the bag open

• perfective (–): tlél gwéil ax̱ʼawusʼéilʼ | they didnʼt hold the bag open

• future (+): gwéil ax̱ʼakgwasʼéilʼ | they will hold the bag open

• future (–): tlél gwéil ax̱ʼakg̱wasʼéilʼ | they wonʼt hold the bag open

ka-d+∅-√sʼéilʼ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – high) tear | for something to be torn up | (KE) • g̱eiwú kawdisʼéilʼ → the seine net is all torn up (SN)

• imperfective (+): kadisʼélʼt | it tears easily

• progressive: yei kandasʼélʼ | itʼs starting to tear

• perfective (+): kawdisʼéilʼ | itʼs torn

• perfective (–): tlél kawdasʼéilʼ | itʼs not torn

• future (+): yéi kagux̱dasʼéilʼ | it will be torn

• future (–): tlél yéi kagux̱dasʼéilʼ | it wonʼt be torn

O-S-l-√sʼéilʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) tear; pull | for S to tear up, pull up O (roots) | adding the preverb « yax̱ » (to completion) and the « ya- » thematic prefix will result in “tear to pieces,” such as « yax̱ ayawlisʼélʼ » (they tore it to pieces) | x̱aat kuḵalasʼéilʼ → iʼm going to pull up roots (for baskets) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: x̱aat lasʼélʼ! | pull up spruce roots!

• prohibitive: líl x̱aat ilasʼéilʼiḵ! | donʼt pull up spruce roots!

• imperfective (+): x̱aat alsʼéilʼ | they are pulling up spruce roots; they pulls up spruce roots

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱aat oolsʼéilʼ | they donʼt pull up spruce roots; they arenʼt pulling up spruce roots

• progressive: x̱aat yaa analsʼélʼ | they are pulling up spruce roots

• perfective (+): x̱aat awlisʼélʼ | they pulled up spruce roots

• perfective (–): tlél x̱aat awulsʼéilʼ | they didnʼt pull up spruce roots

• future (+): x̱aat agux̱lasʼéilʼ | they will pull up spruce roots

• future (–): tlél x̱aat agux̱lasʼéilʼ | they wonʼt pull up spruce roots

O-ka-ka-l-√sʼéilʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] burst; tear | for O to burst open, be torn open by weight of contents | gwéil kakawlisʼélʼ → the sack (of flour) has burst open (SN) • du yee kakawlisʼélʼ → their appendix burst (SN)

• perfective (+): kakawlisʼélʼ | it burst open

• perfective (–): tlél kakawulsʼéilʼ | it didnʼt burst open

• future (+): kakagux̱lasʼéilʼ | it will burst open

• future (–): tlél kakagux̱lasʼéilʼ | it wonʼt burst open

√sʼeeḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √sʼeiḵ ¹ • suck out | usually through straw or opening

√sʼeeḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √sʼeiḵ ² • smoke ¹; smoky

√sʼeen (verb root) grimace

√sʼees ¹ (verb root) blown | blown by wind; blown around

N-t + O-l-√sʼees ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) blown; sail ¹ | for O to be blown around at N (by wind); for O to sail in a boat around at N | káast át wulisʼées → the barrel is being blown around by the wind (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): át wulisʼees | it blew around; itʼs blowing around

• perfective (–): tlél át wulsʼees | it didnʼt blow around; itʼs not blowing around

• future (+): át gux̱lasʼées | it will blow around

• future (–): tlél át gux̱lasʼees | it wonʼt blow around

N-t + ka-d+l-√sʼees ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – closed) blown | for an object to be blown around in the wind at N | (KE)

• perfective (+): át kawdlisʼees | itʼs blowing around in the wind there; it blew around in the wind there

• perfective (–): tlél át kawulsʼees | itʼs not blowing around in the wind there; it didnʼt blow around in the wind there

• future (+): át kakg̱walsʼées | it will blow around in the wind there

• future (–): tlél át kakg̱walsʼees | it wonʼt blow around in the wind there

{∅ preverb} + O-ka-d+l-√sʼées ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation] blown | for O to be blown (by wind) | haa jináḵ yóo a keekaadé oolsʼéesch → itʼs always being blown away from us onto the other side (SN) • kayaaní kalsiʼísx̱ → the leaves blow away (SN)

ḵut + O-ka-l-√sʼées (ga motion verb – object intransitive – high) blown; lost | for O to be lost by blowing away | góosʼ ḵut kawdlisʼées → the clouds have blown away (SN)

√sʼees ² tired of; offensive

√sʼeesʼ (verb root) ⑴ squirt || ⑵ advise | advise pointedly || ⑶ whistle | whistle quietly

N + gúk + yíkde + x̱ʼa-d+∅-√sʼéesʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) instruct; advise | for S to is give advice or instruction privately to N | ḵaa tláa ḵaa gúk yíkde x̱ʼadasʼéesʼ → a mother gives instruction in private (lit. squirts into a personʼs ear) (SN)

• imperative: du gúk yíkde x̱ʼadasʼísʼ! | advise them privately!

• imperfective (+): du gúk yíkde x̱ʼadasʼéesʼ | they are advising them privately

• perfective (+): du gúk yíkde x̱awdisʼísʼ | they advised them privately

• perfective (–): tlél du gúk yíkde x̱ʼawdasʼéesʼ | they didnʼt advise them privately

• future (+): du guk yíkde x̱ʼagux̱dasʼéesʼ | they will advise them privately

• future (–): tlél du gúk yíkde x̱ʼagux̱dasʼéesʼ | they wonʼt advise them privately

√sʼeet (verb root) bind; wrap

O-ka-S-∅-√sʼeet (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) bind; wrap; bandage | for S to bind up, wrap around, bandage O | du jín kax̱waasʼít → i bound up their hand; i bandaged their hand (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kasʼít! | bandage it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keesʼítx̱iḵ! | donʼt bandage it!

• imperfective (+): akasʼéet | they are bandaging it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoosʼeet | they arenʼt bandaging it

• perfective (+): akaawasʼít | they bandaged it

• perfective (–): tlél akawusʼeet | they didnʼt bandage it

• future (+): akakg̱wasʼéet | they will bandage it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wasʼeet | they wonʼt bandage it

√sʼeex (verb root) aged; ferment; spoil; rot ¹ | aged food

l-√sʼeex (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) spoil; rot ¹ | for animal matter to age, spoil to stage where still firm, but smelly | dleey yaa nalsʼíx → the meat is starting to spoil (SN) • x̱áat shaayí dulsʼíxx̱ → people fermet salmon heads (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa nalsʼíx | itʼs aging (fermenting)

• perfective (+): wulisʼíx | it aged

• perfective (–): tlél wulsʼeex | it didnʼt age

• future (+): gux̱lasʼéex | it will age

• future (–): tlél gux̱lasʼeex | it wonʼt age

√sʼeexw • variants: √sʼoox • sour

√sʼeexʼw (verb root) stick to; adhere; seal together

N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√sʼéexʼw (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) stick to; adhere | for S to stick O (esp. paper) to N | ḵaa jínx̱ kei klasíxʼwch → it (wet flour) sticks to peopleʼs hands (SN) • neildé katulasʼéexʼw → we are sticking it (paper) indoors (that is, we are papering the walls) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: át kalasʼíxʼw! | stick it to it!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ keelaséexʼuḵ! | donʼt stick it to it!

• perfective (+): át akawlisʼíxʼw | they stuck it to it

• perfective (–): tlél át akawulsʼéexʼw | they didnʼt stick it to it

• future (+): aadé akagux̱lasʼéexʼw | they will stick it to it

• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱lasʼéexʼw | they wonʼt stick it to it

√sʼéex̱ʼ • variants: √sʼéix̱ʼ • diarrhea

O-∅-√sʼéex̱ʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) diarrhea | for O to get, have diarrhea

• progressive: yei nasʼéex̱ʼ | they are getting diarrhea

• perfective (+): woosʼéex̱ʼ | they got diarrhea

• perfective (–): tlél wusʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt get diarrhea

• future (+): yei kg̱wasʼéex̱ʼ | they will get diarrhea

• future (–): tlél yei kg̱wasʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt get diarrhea

O-S-l-√sʼéex̱ʼ (g̱a event verb – transitive – high) diarrhea | for S to cause O to have diarrhea

• progressive: yei analsʼéex̱ʼ | itʼs giving them diarrhea

• perfective (+): awlisʼéex̱ʼ | it gave them diarrhea

• perfective (–): tlél awulsʼéex̱ʼ | it didnʼt give them diarrhea

• future (+): yei agux̱lasʼéex̱ʼ | it will give them diarrhea

• future (–): tlél yei agux̱lasʼéex̱ʼ | it wonʼt give them diarrhea

√sʼoo (verb root) withe; twist; limber | twist to limber

√sʼook (verb root) • variants: √sʼeekw • fry; toast ¹ | fry until crisp

O-S-l-√sʼook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: O-S-l-√sʼeekw • crisp; fry | for S to make O crisp; for S to crispen O | wé g̱ánch aa lasʼúk! → put some of that tobacco in oven to crispen up! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: lasʼúk! | crisp it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ilasʼúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt crisp it!

• imperfective (+): alsʼúk | they are crisping it

• perfective (+): awlisʼúk | they crisped it

• perfective (–): tlél awulsʼook | they didnʼt crisp it

• future (+): agux̱lasʼóok | they will crisp it

• future (–): tlél agux̱lasʼook | they wonʼt crisp it

O-ka-S-l-√sʼook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: O-ka-S-l-√sʼeekw • toast ¹; fry | for S to toast O (bread); for S to fry O (usually till crisp) | x̱áat akawlisʼúk → they fried the fish (SN) • eex̱ teen kadulsʼúkx̱ → it is regularly fried it with oil (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kalasʼúk! | fry it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keelasʼúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt fry it!

• imperfective (+): aklasʼúk | they are frying it

• perfective (+): akawlisʼúk | they fried it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulsʼook | they didnʼt fry it

• future (+): akagux̱lasʼóok | they will fry it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lasʼook | they wonʼt fry it

√sʼoon (verb root) kiss ¹ | to make a kissing noise

√sʼoosʼ (verb root) string ²; thread ² | string fish on stick to dry

√sʼootʼ (verb root) spit ¹

√sʼoow (verb root) chop

O-S-∅-√sʼóow (na act verb – transitive – high) chop | for S to chop O (esp. chopping down trees, chopping off branches) | can also be used metaphorically to mean to terminate something | tlag̱anís aawasʼóow → they chopped down a sapling (SN) • wooshdáx̱ gax̱toosʼóow → weʼre going to chop it in two (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: nasʼóow! | chop it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo eesʼóowguḵ! | donʼt chop it!

• imperfective (+): asʼúw | they are chopping it; they chop it

• imperfective (–): tlél oosʼóow | they arenʼt chopping it; they donʼt chop it

• perfective (+): aawasʼóow | they chopped it

• perfective (–): tlél awusʼóow | they didnʼt chop it

• future (+): akg̱wasʼóow | they will chop it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wasʼóow | they wonʼt chop it

O-S-l-√sʼóow (na act verb – transitive – high) chop | for S to chop O (esp. small trees, branches) | classification: small trees, branches | can also be used metaphorically to mean to terminate something | at tʼáni alsʼóow → theyʼre chopping off branches (SN) • asyátxʼi agux̱lasʼóow → theyʼre going to chop down some small trees (SN)

• imperative: nalsʼóow! | chop them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo eelsʼóowguḵ! | donʼt chop them!

• imperfective (+): alsʼúw | they are chopping it; they chop it

• imperfective (–): tlél oolsʼóow | they arenʼt chopping them; they donʼt chop them

• perfective (+): awlisʼóow | they chopped them

• perfective (–): tlél awulsʼóow | they didnʼt chop them

• future (+): agux̱lasʼóow | they will chop them

• future (–): tlél agux̱lasʼóow | they wonʼt chop them

O-ka-S-∅-√sʼóow (na act verb – transitive – high) chop | for S to chop O (esp. in food preparation) | classification: food preparation | cháatl shaayí akaawasʼóow, útlx̱i sákw → they chopped up halibut heads for boiled fish (SN)

• imperative: kanasʼóow! | chop it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keesʼóowguḵ! | donʼt chop it!

• imperfective (+): akasʼúw | they are chopping it; they chop it

• imperfective (–): tlél akusʼóow | they arenʼt chopping it; they donʼt chop it

• perfective (+): akaawasʼóow | they chopped it

• perfective (–): tlél akawusʼóow | they didnʼt chop it

• future (+): akakg̱wasʼóow | they will chop it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wasʼóow | they wonʼt chop it

O-ka-S-l-√sʼóow (na act verb – transitive – high) chop | for S to chop O (esp. in food preparation) | classification: food preparation | dleey kadulsʼóow, shunax̱wáayi yádi teen → people chop up meat with a hatchet (esp. ribs for storing in seal oil) (SN)

• imperative: kanalsʼóow! | chop it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keelsʼóowguḵ! | donʼt chop it!

• imperfective (+): aklasʼúw | they are chopping it; they chop it

• imperfective (–): tlél akulsʼóow | they arenʼt chopping it; they donʼt chop it

• perfective (+): akawlisʼóow | they chopped it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulsʼóow | they didnʼt chop it

• future (+): akagux̱lasʼóow | they will chop it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lasʼóow | they wonʼt chop it

N + daa-x̱ + O-sha-ÿa-S-l-√sʼóow (∅ act verb – transitive – high) chop | for S to chop O (esp. the branches) off around N (a tree) | a daax̱ has shayalasʼóowx̱ → they (beaver) chop off the tree limbs (SN)

• imperative: a daax̱ shayalasʼúw | chop the limbs off around it!

• perfective (+): ashayawlisʼúw | they chopped the limbs off around it

• perfective (–): tlél ashayawulsʼóow | they didnʼt chop the limbs off around it

• future (+): ashayagux̱lasʼóow | they will chop the limbs off around it

• future (–): tlél ashayagux̱lasʼóow | they wonʼt chop the limbs off around it

√sʼoox (verb root) • variants: √sʼeexw • sour

O-ka-l-√sʼoox (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) sour | for O to be sour, taste acidic, lose freshness of taste | tléiḵw kahéeni kawlisʼúx → the fruit juice is sour (SN)

• progressive: yaa kanalsʼúx | it is getting sour

• perfective (+): kawlisʼúx | it is sour

• perfective (–): tlél kawulsʼoox | it didnʼt sour

• future (+): kagux̱lasʼóox | it will sour

• future (–): tlél kagux̱lasʼoox | it wonʼt sour

√sʼoox̱ʼ (verb root) mucus | dried mucus

√sʼóoshkw ˟ (verb root) pinch | pinch large amount of flesh

√sháchk ˟ (verb root) swamp

√shaa ¹ (verb root) bark ²

a-S-∅-√shaa ¹ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – open) bark ² | for S (dog) to start barking | (KE)

• imperative: agashá! | start barking!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei eeshéijiḵ! | donʼt start barking!

• imperfective (+): asháa | itʼs barking

• imperfective (–): tlél ooshaa | it isnʼt barking

• perfective (+): aawashaa | it started barking

• perfective (–): tlél awushaa | it didnʼt start barking

• future (+): kei akg̱washáa | it will start barking

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱washaa | it wonʼt start barking

a-S-∅-√shaa ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) bark ² | for S (dog) to bark | du keidlí kei aawasháa → their dog barked at them (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ashá! | bark!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eeshéix̱iḵ! | donʼt bark!

• imperfective (+): asháa | itʼs barking

• imperfective (–): tlél ooshaa | it isnʼt barking

• perfective (+): aawasháa | it barked

• perfective (–): tlél awushá | it didnʼt bark

• future (+): akg̱washáa | it will bark

• future (–): tlél akg̱washaa | it wonʼt bark

O-ÿa-S-l-√shaa ¹ (na act verb – transitive – open) bark ² | for S (dog) to bark at O | (KE)

• imperative: yanalshá! | bark at them/it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo ilashéigiḵ! | donʼt bark at them/it!

• imperfective (+): ayalasháa | it is barking at them/it

• progressive: yaa ayanalshéin | it is running along barking at them/it

• perfective (+): ayawlishaa | it barked at them/it

• perfective (–): tlél ayawulshaa | it didnʼt bark at them/it

• future (+): ayagux̱lasháa | it will bark at them/it

• future (–): tlél ayagux̱lashaa | it wonʼt bark at them/it

O-ÿa-S-l-√shaa ¹ (g̱a act verb – transitive – open) bark ² | for S (dog) to begin barking at O | keitl yei iyagux̱lasháa → the dog will start barking at you (SN) • yeisú naleiyí yei ayalashéich → it starts barking while a person is still a long way off (SN)

• imperative: yag̱alshá! | start barking at them/it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei yeelashéijiḵ! | donʼt start barking at them/it!

• imperfective (+): ayalasháa | it is barking at them/it

• progressive: yei ayanalshéin | it is starting to bark at them/it

• perfective (+): ayawlishaa | it barked at them/it

• perfective (–): tlél ayawulshaa | it didnʼt bark at them/it

• future (+): yei ayagux̱lasháa | it will start barking at them/it

• future (–): tlél yei ayagux̱lashaa | it wonʼt start barking at them/it

√shaa ² (verb root) marry

O-S-∅-√shaa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) marry | for S to marry O | aadóoch sá uwasháa? → who married them (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: sháa! | marry them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eeshéix̱iḵ! | donʼt marry them!

• perfective (–): tlél awushá | they didnʼt marry them

• future (+): aawasháa | they married them

• future (+): akg̱washáa | they will marry them

• future (–): tlél akg̱washaa | they wonʼt marry them

wooch + S-d+∅-√shaa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) marry | for (plural) S to marry each other | either « wooch » or « woosh » can be used | g̱unéitkanaayí woosh dashéix̱ → they all marry them allʼs clan opposites (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: wooch yidasháa! | marry each other!

• prohibitive: líl wooch yeeydasháaḵ! | donʼt marry each other!

• perfective (+): wooch has wudisháa | they all married each other

• perfective (–): tlél wooch has wudashá | they all didnʼt marry each other

• future (+): wooch has gux̱dasháa | they all will marry each other

• future (–): tlél wooch has gux̱dashaa | they all wonʼt marry each other

O-du-∅-√shaa ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open, cv́v hort/pot) marry | for O to get married

• imperative: idusháa (dé)! | get married (now)!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl idushéix̱iḵ! | donʼt get married!

• perfective (+): wuduwasháa | they got married

• perfective (–): tlél wushushá | they didnʼt get married

• future (+): gax̱dusháa | they will get married

• future (–): tlél gax̱dushaa | they wonʼt get married

√shaak decorate | decorate with grass

O-ÿa-S-∅-√sháak ˟ (∅ act verb – transitive – invariable) [check verb type and stem variation] decorate; embroider | for S to decorate O (a basket) with grass | commonly known as false embroidery | ḵákw yadusháak → people decorate baskets (by interweaving grass on the surface) (SN)

• imperfective (+): aÿasháak | they are decorated the basket

• perfective (+): ayaawasháak | they decorated the basket

• perfective (–): tlél ayawusháak | they didnʼt decorate the basket

• future (+): ashakg̱washáak | they will decorate the basket

• future (–): tlél ashakg̱washáak | they wonʼt decorate the basket

√shaaḵ ¹ (verb root) exhausted; winded

O-ka-∅-√shaaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) exhausted; winded | for O to be winded, short of breath, panting | haa kasháḵx̱ → we get short-winded (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa kanasháḵ | they are getting short of breath

• perfective (+): kaawasháḵ | they are short of breath

• perfective (–): tlél kawushaaḵ | they arenʼt short of breath

• future (+): kakg̱washáaḵ | they will be short of breath

• future (–): tlél kakg̱washaaḵ | they wonʼt be short of breath

O-ka-∅-√shaaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) exhausted; winded | for S to exhaust, tire out O (game by pursuit, esp. fur seal on open sea) | x̱ʼóon kadulsháḵx̱ → people regularly paddle after fur seal until it is exhausted (then they could get close enough to kill it) (SN)

• imperative: kalasháḵ | chase it until itʼs out of breath!

• progressive: yaa kanalsháḵ | they are getting it short of breath

• perfective (+): akawlisháḵ | they are got it short of breath

• perfective (–): tlél akawulshaaḵ | they didnʼt get it short of breath

• future (+): akagux̱lasháaḵ | they will get it short of breath

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lashaaḵ | they wonʼt get it short of breath

√shaaḵ ² (verb root) deny

(N + een) + O-S-∅-√shaaḵ ˟ ² (na – transitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] | for S to deny, disclaim connection with O (a person or thing) (to N) | du een x̱waasháaḵ → i denied it/I told them “no” (esp. when asked if one still has any dried fish, money, etc. to give or lend) (SN) • x̱ʼeiduwóosʼi, oodashaaḵ nooch → when they are asked, they denied it all the time (SN)

• imperfective (+): asháaḵ | they are denying it

• perfective (+): aawasháaḵ | they denied it

• perfective (–): tlél awusháaḵ | they didnʼt deny it

• future (+): akg̱washáaḵ | they will deny it

• future (–): tlél ashakg̱wanáaḵ | they wonʼt deny it

√shaan (verb root) old; age

O-d+∅-√shaan (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) old; age | for O to show signs of old age (esp. grey hair), for O to become old, age | yaa x̱at nadashán → iʼm growing old (SN) • tléil ee wdashaan → you donʼt show any signs of old age (SN) • eesháan yaa ndashán → itʼs hard getting old • (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl idashánx̱iḵ! | donʼt get old!

• progressive: yaa ndashán | they are getting old

• perfective (+): wudishán | they are old

• perfective (–): tlél wudashaan | they arenʼt old

• future (+): gux̱dasháan | they will be old

• future (–): tlél gux̱dashaan | they wonʼt get old

√shaash ˟ (verb root) worn out

∅-√sháash ˟ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – invariable) worn out | for something to wear out by continuous friction | washéen x̱áa yoo yasháashk → machines wear out (SN) • a x̱ʼustáak yaa nasháash → the sole is wearing out (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yei nasháash | itʼs wearing out

• perfective (+): woosháash | it wore out

• perfective (–): tlél wusháash | it didnʼt wear out

• future (+): yei kg̱washáash | it will wear out

• future (–): tlél yei kg̱washáash | it wonʼt wear out

√shaat (verb root) grab; hold; catch

O-S-∅-√sháat (ga event verb – transitive – high) catch; grab; hold; arrest; trap ¹ | for S to catch O; for S to grab, take hold of, snatch O; for S to arrest O; for S to trap O | tléil kei gax̱dusháat: ḵaa yáanáx̱ yagóot → they wonʼt get caught: they goes faster than anybody (SN) • aatlein x̱áat wutuwasháat → weʼve caught lots of salmon (said as looking into the net) (SN) • wé keitl yádi gasháat! → grab that puppy! (SN) • xʼeesháa x̱waasháat → i grabbed the bucket (SN) • wáachwaanxʼ du eeg̱áa kawduwaḵaa, gax̱dusháadit → guards were sent to arrest them (SN) • has akaawa.aaḵw has awusháadi → they all tried to arrest them (SN) • sháal teen x̱áat wutuwasháat → we caught salmon in a fishtrap (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: gasháat! | catch it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei ishátjiḵ! | donʼt catch it!

• perfective (+): aawasháat | they caught it

• perfective (–): tlél awusháat | they didnʼt catch it

• future (+): kei akg̱washáat | they will catch it

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱washáat | they wonʼt catch it

O-S-l-√sháat (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) hold; capture | for S to hold, retain O in oneʼs grasp; for S to capture, hold O captive | xʼeesháa x̱alashát → iʼm holding a bucket (SN) • chʼa yáakw alshát; wududzineix̱ → they were holding on to the boat, and they were saved • x̱at wududlisháat → i was captured (SN) • g̱ayéisʼ hítxʼ dulshát → they are held in jail (when not necessarily guilty) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: g̱alsháat! | hold it!

• prohibitive: líl ilashádiḵ! | donʼt hold it!

• imperfective (+): alshát | they are holding it

• imperfective (–): tlél oolshát | they arenʼt holding it

• perfective (+): awlisháat | they held it

• perfective (–): tlél awulsháat | they didnʼt hold it

• future (+): yei agux̱lasháat | they will hold it

• future (–): tlél yei agux̱lasháat | they wonʼt hold it

O-ka-S-∅-√sháat (ga event verb – transitive – high) catch; grab; hold | for S to catch O (a round object); for S to grab, take hold of, snatch O (a round object); for S to arrest O (a round object); for S to trap O (a round object) | classification: round object | koochʼéitʼaa kax̱waasháat → i caught the ball (SN) • kʼwátʼ akaawasháat → they grabbed the egg (SN)

• imperative: kagasháat! | catch it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei keeshátjiḵ! | donʼt catch it!

• perfective (+): akaawasháat | they caught it

• perfective (–): tlél akawusháat | they didnʼt catch it

• future (+): kei akakg̱washáat | they will catch it

• future (–): tlél kei akakg̱washáat | they wonʼt catch it

ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+∅-√sháat (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) change mind | for S to change oneʼs mind | use « N-dáx̱ » or « N daatx̱ » to say changed oneʼs mind about N | (KE)

• imperative: ḵux̱ teedashát! | change your mind!

• prohibitive: líl ḵux̱ tuydasháadiḵ! | donʼt change your mind!

• perfective (+): ḵux̱ tuwdishát | they changed their mind

• perfective (–): tlél ḵux̱ tuwdasháat | they didnʼt change their mind

• future (+): ḵúx̱de tugux̱dasháat | they will change their mind

• future (–): tlél ḵúx̱de tugux̱dasháat | they wonʼt change their mind

N-de⁓ + a-ÿa-∅-√sháat (∅ motion verb – impersonal – high) wind; gust | for the wind, weather to move in gusts to N

• progressive: aadé yaa ayanashát | the wind is hitting it (in gusts)

• perfective (+): át ayaawashát | the wind hit it

• perfective (–): tlél át ayawusháat | the wind didnʼt hit it

• future (+): aadé ayakg̱washáat | the wind is going to hit it

• future (–): tlél aadé ayakg̱washáat | the wind isnʼt going to hit it

O-ka-S-l-√sháat (ga event verb – transitive – high) catch; grab; hold | for S to catch O (a stick-like object); for S to grab, take hold of, snatch O (a stick-like object); for S to arrest O (a stick-like object); for S to trap O (a stick-like object) | classification: stick-like object | kooxéedaa akawlisháat → they grabbed a pencil (and hurried off with it) (SN)

• imperative: kagalsháat! | catch it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei keelashátjiḵ! | donʼt catch it!

• perfective (+): akawlisháat | they caught it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulsháat | they didnʼt catch it

• future (+): kei akagux̱lasháat | they will catch it

• future (–): tlél kei akagux̱lasháat | they wonʼt catch it

√sheidí (verb root) horn ¹ | to have horns

O-l-√sheidí ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] horn ¹ | for O to be horned, have horns | lisheidí wasóos → a cow has horns (SN) • shéech aa jánwu ágé lisheidí? → does a female mountain sheep have horns? (SN)

• imperfective (+): lisheidí | it has horns

• imperfective (–): tlél ulsheidí | it doesnʼt have horns

• perfective (+): wulisheidí | it came to have horns

• perfective (–): tlél wulsheidí | it didnʼt come to have horns

• future (+): kei gux̱lasheidí | it will have horns

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱lasheidí | it wonʼt have horns

√sheix̱ʼ (verb root) praise; glorify; commend • variants: √shéex̱ʼ •

O-ka-S-∅-√shéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) praise; glorify; commend | for S to praise, glorify O; for S to approve, commend O; for S to comment on O | at kaawashéix̱ʼ → they are praising it; s/he says it is great, wonderful (SN) • tléil yéi jix̱wané daakw ḵáa sá x̱at kang̱ashéix̱ʼit → iʼm not working so that people will praise me (SN) • aatḵeeních kashéix̱ʼ has du tuwáa sigóo, Dikée Aanḵáawuch kashéíx̱ʼ yáanáx̱ → they all wanted the approval of the villagers, more than the approval of God • atx̱á áwé kax̱ashéix̱ʼ → i commended the food; i am praising the food (SN) • déi áwé wé sh kadashéix̱ʼ → thatʼs enough of that boasting (SN) • (KE) • chʼa hú sh kadashéix̱ʼ → itʼs just them bragging (saying how good they are) (SN)x

• imperative: kashíx̱ʼ! | praise them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keeshíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt praise them!

• imperfective (+): akashéex̱ʼ | they are praising them

• imperfective (–): tlél akoosheex̱ʼ | they arenʼt praising them

• perfective (+): akaawashíx̱ʼ | they praised them

• perfective (–): tlél akawushéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt praise them

• future (+): akakg̱washéex̱ʼ | they will praise them

• future (–): tlél akakg̱washéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt praise them

√shísʼḵ (verb root) raw

√shee ¹ (verb root) search for; hope

át + a-S-d+∅-√shee ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) hope; desire | for S to hope, desire and expect something | yéi át ax̱wdishée, cháatl kei g̱eesayeeḵ → i hope you catch a halibut (SN) • yéi át awtudishée → we hope so (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: át idashí! | hope for it!

• perfective (+): át awdishée | they hopes for it

• perfective (–): tlél át awdashí | they donʼt hope for it

• future (+): át agux̱dashée | they will hope for it

• future (–): tlél át agux̱dashee | they wonʼt hope for it

N-g̱áa + ḵu-S-∅-√shee ʰ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) search for; look for | for S to search for, look for N | aag̱áa ḵeeyasheeyích áwé, yeetʼei → because you searched for it, you found it (SN) • ax̱ tláag̱aa yaa ḵunx̱ashéen → iʼm going along looking for my mother (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: aag̱áa ḵunashí! | look for it!

• prohibitive: líl aag̱áa ḵeesheeḵ! | donʼt look for it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl aag̱áa yoo ḵeesheegíḵ! | donʼt look for it!

• imperfective (+): aag̱áa ḵushée | they are looking for it; they looks for it

• imperfective (–): tlél aag̱áa ḵooshee | they arenʼt looking for it; they donʼt look for it

• progressive: aag̱áa yaa ḵunashéen | they are going along looking for it

• perfective (+): aag̱áa ḵoowashee | they looked for it

• perfective (–): tlél aag̱áa ḵuwushee | they didnʼt look for it

• future (+): aag̱áa ḵukg̱washée | they will look for it

• future (–): tlél aag̱áa ḵukg̱washee | they wonʼt look for it

N-káx̱ + ḵu-S-∅-√shee ʰ ¹ (na event verb – subject intransitive – fading) find; come upon | for S to find, come upon N (often after actively searching) | du káak x̱ánxʼ du káx̱ ḵux̱waashee → i found them at their maternal uncleʼs place; i found them visiting with their maternal uncle (SN) • tléil tsu a káx̱ ḵuwushee → they never did find it (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): a káx̱ ḵoowashee | they found it

• perfective (–): tlél a káx̱ ḵuwushee | they didnʼt find it

√shee ² (verb root) touch

N-t⁓ + S-∅-√shee ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) touch; take | for S to touch, take, pick up | tléil áx̱ eesheeḵ; kei ikg̱wayéeḵ → donʼt touch it (dog); it will bite you (SN) • ax̱ jint has uwashée yáade → they all touched my hand, and led me here (CG) • (KE)

• imperative: át shí! / át eeshí | touch it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl áx̱ eesheeḵ! | donʼt touch it!

• perfective (+): át uwashée | they touched it

• perfective (–): tlél át wooshí | they didnʼt touch it

• future (+): aadé kg̱washée | they will touch it

• future (–): tlél aadé kg̱washee | they wonʼt touch it

N + séináx̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√shee ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) embrace; hug | for S to put arm(s) around N | (KE)

• imperative: du séináx̱ wooshí! | put your arm(s) around them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du séináx̱ yaa eesheejíḵ! | donʼt put your arm(s) around them!

• perfective (+): du séináx̱ yaawashée | they put their arm(s) around them

• perfective (–): tlél du séináx̱ yawushí | they didnʼt put their arm(s) around them

• future (+): du séináx̱ yakg̱washée | they will put their arm(s) around them

• future (–): tlél du séináx̱ yakg̱washee | they wonʼt put their arm(s) around them

√shee ³ (verb root) help

O-u-S-∅-√shee ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) [check for irrealis, verb type, and conjugation type] help | for S to ask O for help | haa sʼaatí haa ushee → our master is asking for our help (SN) • ax̱ jiyís gag̱eeteeyít áyá, ix̱washee → iʼm asking you to help me to carry this (SN)

• imperfective (+): awushee | they are asking them for help

N + ée-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√shee ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) help; assist | for S (person, medicine, etc.) to help, give help to, assist N | daḵéisʼ teen x̱áat idashí! → help me with the sewing (SN) • tlél i eedé kḵwadashee: tlél x̱washagóok → iʼm not going to help you: i donʼt know how (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: ax̱ éet idashí! | help me!

• prohibitive: líl ax̱ éex̱ idasheeyíḵ! | donʼt help me!

• progressive: ax̱ eedé yaa ndashéen | they are helping me

• perfective (+): ax̱ éet wudishée | they helped me; they are helping me

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ éet wudashí | they didnʼt help me; they are not helping me

• future (+): ax̱ éede gux̱dashée | they will help me

• future (–): tlél ax̱ éede gux̱dashee | they wonʼt help me

√shee ⁴ (verb root) sing; compose

O-S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (ga act verb – transitive – fading) sing | for S to sing O | yadáli atshí áyá kei gax̱tooshée → weʼre going to sing an important song (National Anthem, historical song, etc.) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: gashí! | sing it!

• prohibitive: líl eeshéeḵ! | donʼt sing it!

• imperfective (+): ashí | they are singing it; they sing it

• imperfective (–): tlél ooshí | they arenʼt singing it; they donʼt sing it

• perfective (+): aawashee | they sang it

• perfective (–): tlél awushee | they didnʼt sing it

• future (+): kei akg̱washée | they will sing it

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱washee | they wonʼt sing it

at  + S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – fading) sing | for S to sing | (KE)

• imperative: at gashí! | sing!

• prohibitive: líl at eeshéeḵ! | donʼt sing!

• imperfective (+): at shí | they are singing; they sing

• imperfective (–): tlél at ushí | they arenʼt singing; they donʼt sing

• perfective (+): at wooshee | they sang

• perfective (–): tlél at wushee | they didnʼt sing

• future (+): kei at gug̱ashée | they will sing

• future (–): tlél kei at gug̱ashee | they wonʼt sing

kei + + O-ka-S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) (event verb) sing | for S to start singing O (esp. a ceremonial song) | (JL)

• imperative: kei kashí | start singing it!

• prohibitive: líl kei keesheeg̱úḵ! | donʼt start singing it!

• perfective (+): kei akaawashée | they started singing it

• perfective (–): tlél kei akawushee | they didnʼt start singing it

• future (+): kei akakg̱washée | they will start singing it

• future (–): tlél kei akakg̱washee | they wonʼt start singing it

kei + + at  + ka-S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) (event verb) sing | for S to start singing (esp. ceremonial songs); for S to break into song (especially ceremonial songs) | ax̱ x̱ʼéi shukawduḵaayích, kei at kax̱waashée → because they called on me, i began to sing a ceremonial song (SN)

• imperative: kei at kashí! | start singing!

• prohibitive: líl kei at keesheeg̱úḵ! | donʼt start singing!

• perfective (+): kei at kaawashée | they started singing

• perfective (–): tlél kei at kawushee | they didnʼt start singing

• future (+): kei at kakg̱washée | they will start singing

• future (–): tlél kei at kakg̱washee | they wonʼt start singing

at  + ka-S-l-√shee ⁴ (na event verb – subject intransitive – open) compose; song | for S to compose a song | some fluent elders say that in addition to the meaning “compose,” this verb can be used to mean “sing” | ax̱ aat hás, yee daadáx̱ at kax̱wlishee → my paternal aunts, i have composed a song about you (SN) • Alaska wuduheení daadáx̱ at kawlishee → they composed a song concerning the sale of Alaska (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: at kanalshí! | compose a song!

• progressive: yaa at kanalshéen | they are composing a song

• perfective (+): at kawlishee | they composed a song

• perfective (–): tlél at kawulshee | they didnʼt compose a song

• future (+): at kagux̱lashée | they will compose a song

• future (–): tlél at kagux̱lashee | they wonʼt compose a song

at  + shu-ka-S-l-√shee ⁴ (na event verb – subject intransitive – open) compose; song | for S to compose a song (esp. about opposite clan) | some fluent elders say that in addition to the meaning “compose,” this verb can be used to mean “sing” | has du daadáx̱ at shukawlishee → they composed a song about them all, relatives of the opposite clan (SN)

• imperative: at shukanalshí! | compose a song!

• progressive: yaa at shukanalshéen | they are composing a song

• perfective (+): at shukawlishee | they composed a song

• perfective (–): tlél at shukawulshee | they didnʼt compose a song

• future (+): at shukagux̱lashée | they will compose a song

• future (–): tlél at shukagux̱lashee | they wonʼt compose a song

√sheech (verb root) feminine

√sheekʼw • variants: √shookʼ • cramp; shocked by electricity

√sheesʼ (verb root) strip; squeeze | squeeze empty

O-S-l-√shéesʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) squeeze; clean ² | for S to clean O out by squeezing (esp. guts, done as soon as animal has been killed) | tsaa naasí lashísʼ! → clean out these seal intestines (by squeezing matter out of them)! (SN) • yéin dulshéesʼ → people clean out sea cucumber (by squeezing all the guts out after the head has been cut off) (SN)

• imperative: lashísʼ | clean it out by sqeezing!

• imperfective (+): alshéesʼ | they are cleaning them out by squeezing

• perfective (+): awlishísʼ | they cleaned them out by sqeezing

• perfective (–): tlél awulshéesʼ | they didnʼt clean them out by squeezing

• future (+): agux̱lashéesʼ | they will clean them out by squeezing

• future (–): tlél agux̱lashéesʼ | they wonʼt clean them out by squeezing

√sheesh ¹ (verb root) sip; slurp

√sheesh ² (verb root) outdo | outdo in eating

√sheesht (verb root) squeeze | sqeeze empty

√sheetʼ (verb root) crowd ¹; packed; jammed

√sheex̱ʼ • variants: √sheix̱ʼ • praise; glorify; commend • variants: √shéex̱ʼ •

√sheey ¹ (verb root) right ¹ | right handed

√sheey ² (verb root) knotty

O-l-√sheey ˟ ² (ga – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] knotty; branch | for singular O to be knotty (of lumber), have many branches (of tree) | classification: singular | aas lisheey → the tree has lots of branches (SN)

• imperfective (+): lisheey | it is knotty

• imperfective (–): tlél ulsheey | it isnʼt knotty

O-d+l-√sheey ˟ ² (ga – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] knotty; branch | for plural O to be knotty (of lumber), have many branches (of tree) | classification: plural | tʼáa dlisheey → the boards have lots of knots in them (SN)

• imperfective (+): dlisheey | they are knotty

• imperfective (–): tlél ulsheey | they arenʼt knotty

√shoo ¹ (verb root) extend

N-t + √shoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) extend | for a narrow item (esp. a road or trail) to extend to N | dei at gutóot uwashóo → the road extends to the forest (SN) • táay xéedi a shóot uwashóo → thereʼs a furrow the whole length of the garden (SN) • (JL)

• perfective (+): át uwashóo | it extends to there

N-de + ∅-√shoo ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – open) extend | for a narrow item (esp. a road or trail) to extend towards N | (JL)

• perfective (+): aadê wooshoo | it leads towards there

anax̱ + ∅-√shoo ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) stick up; stand | for a singular object to stick up, stand there | classification: singular (plural √.aa ³) | yaakw ka.aasí yanax̱ naashóo → thereʼs a mast sticking up there (SN) • x̱áay anax̱ naashóo → thereʼs one yellow cedar standing up over there (SN) • (JL)

• imperfective (+): anáx̱ naashóo | it is sticking up there

• imperfective (–): tlél anax̱ nashú | it isnʼt sticking up there

• perfective (+): anax̱ wooshoo | it stuck up through there

• perfective (–): tlél anax̱ wushú | it didnʼt stick up through there

N-x̱ + ∅-√shoo ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – open) hang | for a singular object to hang down from N | classification: singular (plural √xwaasʼ) | g̱ílʼ yáx̱ g̱aashóo → it (something heavy, such as large icicle) is hanging down the cliff (SN) • (JL)

• imperfective (+): áx̱ g̱aashóo | it is hanging down from there

• perfective (+): áx̱ wooshoo | it was hanging down from there

N-x̱ + kei + l-√shoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) extend | for a complex object (esp. road) to extend up to N | classification: complex object | (KE)

• perfective (+): áx̱ kei wlishóo | it extends up there

• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ kei wulshú | it doesnʼt extend up there

• future (+): áx̱ kei gux̱lashóo | itʼs going to extend up there

• future (–): tlél áx̱ kei gux̱lashoo | itʼs not going to extend up there

N-x̱ + l-√shoo ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – open) hang | for a slender item, esp. rope to hang down from N | classification: slender item, esp. rope | dzeit hít káx̱ g̱alishóo → the ladder is hanging down the roof (SN)

• imperfective (+): áx̱ g̱alishóo | it is hanging down from there

• perfective (+): áx̱ wulishoo | it was hanging down from there

N-x̱ + ka-∅-√shoo ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – open) hang | for a small item, esp. a padlock to hang down from N | classification: small object, esp. a padlock | katéx̱ʼaa x̱ʼéix̱ kaawashoo → it (a padlock) was hanging in the keyhole (SN)

• imperfective (+): áx̱ kag̱aashóo | it is hanging down from there

• perfective (+): áx̱ kaawashoo | it was hanging down from there

N-x̱ + ÿa-u-∅-√shoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) extend | for a slender item (esp. road) to extend around, along N | classification: slender item

• perfective (+): áx̱ yaawashóo | it extends around it

• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ yawushú | it doesnʼt extend around it

• future (+): áx̱ yakg̱washóo | it is going to extend around it

• future (–): tlél áx̱ yakg̱washoo | it isnʼt going to extend around it

√shoo ² (verb root) suffer

O-ka-∅-√shoo ʰ ² (na event verb – object intransitive – fading) intoxicate; drunk ² | for O to be intoxicated | (GD, KE)

• imperative: (góok) ikanashú! | (go ahead) get drunk!

• prohibitive: líl yoo ikoosheigíḵ! | donʼt get drunk!

• progressive: yaa kanashéin | they are getting drunk

• perfective (+): kaawashoo | they are drunk

• perfective (–): tlél kawushoo | they arenʼt drunk

• future (+): kakg̱washóo | they will get drunk

• future (–): tlél kakg̱washoo | they wonʼt get drunk

eeshandéin + yoo + O-ka-∅-√shoo ʰ ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – fading) suffer | for O to suffer | eeshandéin du een yoo x̱at kaawashoo → i suffered with them (staying up all night to care fora very sick person) (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: eeshandéin yaa kanashéin | they are starting to suffer

• perfective (+): eeshandéin yoo kaawashóo | they suffered

• perfective (–): tlél eeshandéin yoo kawushú | they didnʼt suffer

• future (+): eeshandéin yoo kakg̱washóo | they will suffer

• future (–): tlél eeshandéin yoo kakg̱washoo | they wonʼt suffer

O-ka-S-l-√shoo ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) intoxicate | for S to intoxicate O | náawch kawlishoo → liquor intoxicated them (SN) • i daa yoo tutánk x̱at kawlishoo → just thinking about you acts like an intoxicant to me (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanalshú! | intoxicate them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keelasheigíḵ! | donʼt intoxicate them!

• progressive: yaa ash kanalshéin | they are beginning to intoxicate them

• perfective (+): ash kawlishoo | they intoxicated them

• perfective (–): tlél ash kawulshoo | they didnʼt intoxicate them

• future (+): ash kagux̱lashóo | they will intoxicate them

• future (–): tlél ash kagux̱lashoo | they wonʼt intoxicate them

eeshandéin + yoo + O-ka-S-l-√shoo ʰ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) torment; persecute; suffer | for S to torment, persecute or ill-treat O; for S to cause O to suffer | dóosh eeshandéin yoo s akwlishéik → they all are tormenting the cat (SN) • yéi jiné teen eeshandéin yoo yee kawtulishóo → we tormented you / made you desperate with so much work (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: eeshandéin yoo kalashú! | torment them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eeshandéin yoo keelasheigíḵ! | donʼt torment them!

• progressive: eeshandéin yaa ash kanalshéin | they are beginning to torment them

• perfective (+): eeshandéin yoo ash kawlishóo | they tormented them

• perfective (–): tlél eeshandéin yoo ash kawulshú | they didnʼt torment them

• future (+): eeshandéin yoo ash kagux̱lashóo | they will torment them

• future (–): tlél eeshandéin yoo ash kagux̱lashoo | they wonʼt torment them

sh + ka-d+l-√shoo ʰ ² (na event verb – subject intransitive crazy | for S to go crazy | (GD, KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo sh keelshéigiḵ! | donʼt go crazy!

• progressive: yaa sh kanalshéin | they are going crazy

• perfective (+): sh kawdlishoo | they went crazy

• perfective (–): tlél sh kawulshoo | they didnʼt go crazy

• future (+): sh kakg̱walshóo | they will go crazy

• future (–): tlél sh kakg̱walshoo | they wonʼt go crazy

√shooch (verb root) soak; bathe

O-S-∅-√shooch (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) bathe | for S to bathe O | tʼukanéiyi x̱waashúch → i bathed the baby (SN)

• imperative: shúch! | bathe them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eeshúchx̱iḵ! | donʼt bathe them!

• imperfective (+): ashóoch | they are bathing them; they bathe them

• imperfective (–): tlél ooshooch | they arenʼt bathing them; they donʼt bathe them

• perfective (+): aawashúch | they bathed them

• perfective (–): tlél awushooch | they didnʼt bathe them

• future (+): akg̱washóoch | they will bathe them

• future (–): tlél akg̱washooch | they wonʼt bathe them

S-d+∅-√shooch (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) bathe; soak | for S to soak in cold waters for strength; for S to bathe, take a bath | (KE) • latseen káa dushóoch → people bathe (in the sea) for strength

• imperative: idashúch! | bathe!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl idashúchx̱iḵ! | donʼt bathe!

• imperfective (+): dashóoch | they are bathing; they bathes

• imperfective (–): tlél udashooch | they donʼt bathe

• perfective (+): wudishúch | they bathed

• perfective (–): tlél wudashooch | they didnʼt bathe

• future (+): gux̱dashóoch | they will bathe

• future (–): tlél gux̱dashooch | they wonʼt bathe

O-S-l-√shooch (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) bathe | for S to bathe O (esp. oneʼs feet) | ax̱ x̱ʼoos kuḵalashóoch → iʼm going to bathe my feet (SN)

• imperative: lashúch! | bathe your feet!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl ilashúchx̱iḵ! | donʼt bathe your feet!

• imperfective (+): alshóoch | they are bathing their feet; they bathe their feet

• imperfective (–): tlél oolshooch | they arenʼt bathing their feet; they donʼt bathe their feet

• perfective (+): awlishúch | they bathed their feet

• perfective (–): tlél awulshooch | they didnʼt bathe their feet

• future (+): agux̱lashóoch | they will bathe their feet

• future (–): tlél agux̱lashooch | they wonʼt bathe their feet

√shookʼ • variants: √sheekʼw • cramp; shock

O-ka-d+l-√shóokʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) cramp; shock; electrocute | for O to have cramps; for O to get shocked (by electricity) | kalshukʼx̱ i x̱ʼoos ágé? → do you have a cramp in your foot? (SN) • dleewkát sh eeltín; ikoox̱dlishookʼ! → watch yourself (take care); you might get shocked! (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): kawdlishúkʼ | they got shocked

• perfective (–): tlél kawulshóokʼ | they didnʼt get shocked

• future (+): kakg̱walshóokʼ | they will get shocked

• future (–): tlél kakg̱walshóokʼ | they wonʼt get shocked

√shooḵ (verb root) laugh; smile

O-S-∅-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) laugh | for S to laugh at O | (KE)

• prohibitive: líl eeshoog̱úḵ! | donʼt laugh at them/it!

• imperfective (+): ashooḵ | they are laughing at them/it

• imperfective (–): tlél ooshooḵ | they are not laughing at them/it

• perfective (+): aawashúḵ | they laughed at them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awushooḵ | they didnʼt laugh at them/it

• future (+): akg̱washóoḵ | they will laugh at them/it

• future (–): tlél akg̱washooḵ | they wonʼt laugh at them/it

at  + S-∅-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) laugh | for S to laugh | ḵúnáx̱ at shooḵ → they really laughed (after an excellent joke) (SN) • tléil de at x̱washúḵx̱ → i donʼt laugh at all now (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: at shúḵ! | laugh!

• prohibitive: líl at eeshoog̱úḵ! | donʼt laugh!

• imperfective (+): at shooḵ | they are laughing; they laughs

• imperfective (–): tlél at ushooḵ | they are not laughing; they donʼt laugh

• perfective (+): at uwashúḵ | they laughed

• perfective (–): tlél at wushooḵ | they didnʼt laugh

• future (+): at gug̱ashóoḵ | they will laugh

• future (–): tlél at gug̱ashooḵ | they wonʼt laugh

at  + S-∅-√shooḵ (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) laugh; smile | for S to laugh; for S to smile (often with laughter) | (KE)

• imperative: at nashooḵ! | laugh!

• prohibitive: líl at eeshoog̱úḵ! | donʼt laugh!

• imperfective (+): at shooḵ | they laughs

• imperfective (–): tlél at ushooḵ | they donʼt laugh

• perfective (+): at wooshooḵ | they laughed

• perfective (–): tlél at wushooḵ | they didnʼt laugh

• future (+): at gug̱washooḵ | they will laugh

• future (–): tlél at gug̱washooḵ | they wonʼt laugh

O-ka-S-√shooḵ (∅ – transitive – closed) laugh; deride; make fun of; mock | for S to laugh at, deride, mock, make fun of O | du húnx̱w hásch yaa kanashúḵ → his older brothers are mocking him (SN) • haa kaawashúḵ → they laughed at us

O-ÿa-S-∅-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) smile | for S to smile at O | (KE)

• prohibitive: líl eeshoog̱úḵ! | donʼt laugh at them/it!

• imperfective (+): ashooḵ | they are laughing at them/it

• imperfective (–): tlél ooshooḵ | they are not laughing at them/it

• perfective (+): aawashúḵ | they laughed at them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awushooḵ | they didnʼt laugh at them/it

• future (+): akg̱washóoḵ | they will laugh at them/it

• future (–): tlél akg̱washooḵ | they wonʼt laugh at them/it

N + ée⁓ + O-S-l-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) laugh; cheer up; joke | for S to make N laugh with O (speech, words, or actions); for S to cheer up, joke with N with O (speech, words, or actions) | du yoo x̱ʼatángi tlél tsu ax̱ ée oolshoog̱u → their speeches/words donʼt make me laugh (SN) • has du éexʼ áwé at dulshúḵx̱ nooch → people regularly cheer them all up / make them all laugh (SN)

• imperative: du ée lashúḵ! | make them laugh with it!

• prohibitive: líl du ée ilashoog̱úḵ! | donʼt make them laugh with it!

• imperfective (+): du ée alshooḵ | they are making them laugh with it

• imperfective (–): tlél du ée oolshooḵ | they are not making them laugh with it

• perfective (+): du ée awlishúḵ | they made them laugh with it

• perfective (–): tlél du ée awulshooḵ | they didnʼt make them laugh with it

• future (+): du eedé agux̱lashóoḵ | they will make them laugh with it

• future (–): tlél du eedé agux̱lashooḵ | they wonʼt make them laugh with it

{∅ preverb} + ÿa-S-d+l-√shooḵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) laugh | for S to go along laughing, keep laughing | at kʼátskʼu neil yawdlishúḵ → the child went home laughing (SN)

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yeelshoog̱úḵ! | donʼt go along laughing

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa yanalshúḵ` | they are going along laughing

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} yawdlishúḵ | they went along laughing

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} yawulshooḵ | they didnʼt go along laughing

• future (+): {∅ preverb} yakg̱waslhóoḵ | they will go along laughing

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} yakg̱walshooḵ | they wonʼt go along laughing

√shoosʼ (verb root) string ² | string on a stick

√tált ˟ (verb root) discourage

O-S-∅-√tált ˟ (∅ – transitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and verb type] discourage; dissuade; deter | for S to discourage, dissuade, deter O | x̱at tált → theyʼre discouraging me from doing it (theyʼre telling me I wonʼt be able to, etc.) (SN) • tlél ix̱atált → iʼm not discouraging you (that is, i think you should go ahead) (SN)

√tánu (verb root) gripe

√taa ¹ (verb root) | classification: singular | plural form: √x̱éixʼw sleep ¹; rest ¹; put to sleep; put to bed

S-∅-√taa ʰ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) sleep ¹ | for (singular) S to sleep (alone) | nisdaat du gúk néeguch wosix̱éḵ; tléil kʼidéin wootaa → their earache kept them awake last night, so they didnʼt sleep well (SN) • xóots táakw kaanáx̱ nateich → bears sleep (alone) through the winter (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: natá (dé)! | go to sleep (now_!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eeteex̱íḵ! | donʼt go to sleep!

• imperfective (+): tá | they are sleeping

• imperfective (–): tlél utá | they arenʼt sleeping

• perfective (+): wootaa | they slept

• perfective (–): tlél wutaa | they didnʼt sleep

• future (+): gug̱atáa | they will sleep

• future (–): tlél gug̱ataa | they wonʼt sleep

O-S-s-√taa ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – fading) bed ³; put to bed | for S to put (singular) O to bed | i yéet nastá! → put your son to bed (to sleep)! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: nastá! | put them to bed!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl isateix̱íḵ! | donʼt put him to bed!

• perfective (+): aswitaa | they put them to bed

• perfective (–): tlél awustaa | they didnʼt put them to bed

• future (+): agux̱satáa | they will put them to bed

• future (–): tlél agux̱sataa | they wonʼt put them to bed

√taa ² (verb root) ⑴ lie down || ⑵ carry | classification: dead creature or sleeping baby

{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√taa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (dead or sleeping creature) | classification: dead or sleeping creature | x̱áat haat satá! → bring salmon! (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} satá! | carry them/it ____!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yisateiḵ! | donʼt carry them/it ____!

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awsitáa | they carried them/it ____

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awustaa | they didnʼt carry them/it ____

• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱satáa | they will carry them/it ____

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱sataa | they wonʼt carry them/it ____

{na preverb} + O-S-s-√taa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (dead or sleeping creature) | classification: dead or sleeping creature | cháatl yaa anastéin → theyʼre carrying halibut (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nastá! | carry them/it ____!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo yisateigíḵ! | donʼt carry them/it ____!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} awsitaa | they carried them/it ____

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awustaa | they didnʼt carry them/it ____

• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱satáa | they will carry them/it ____

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱sataa | they wonʼt carry them/it ____

(N-t) + sh + S-d+s-√táan ˟ ² (* positional verb – subject intransitive – high) lie down | for (singular) S to be lying down (at N) | yee.át kát sh istáan → they are lying on the bed (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): sh istáan | they are lying down

• imperfective (–): tlél sh ustá | they arenʼt lying down

yan⁓ + sh + S-d+s-√taa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) lie down | for (singular) S to lie down | yánde sh kuḵastáa → iʼm going to lie down (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: yan sh eestá! | lie down!

• prohibitive: líl yax̱ sh eestaayíḵ! | donʼt lie down!

• perfective (+): yan sh wudzitáa | they lay down

• perfective (–): tlél yan sh wustá | they didnʼt lie down

• future (+): yánde sh gug̱wastáa | they will lie down

• future (–): tlél yánde sh gug̱wastaa | they wonʼt lie down

√taa ³ (verb root) fat ²; prime | fat (of animal); prime (of animal) | classification: animal

√taa ⁴ (verb root) steam ¹; boil ¹ | especially meat or berries

O-S-s-√taa ʰ ⁴ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) steam ¹; boil ¹ | for S to boil, steam O (food, esp. meat) | dleey satá! → boil the meat! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: satá! | boil it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl isatéix̱iḵ! | donʼt boil it!

• imperfective (+): asteix̱ | they are boiling it

• imperfective (–): tlél oosteix̱ | they arenʼt boiling it

• perfective (+): awsitáa | they boiled it

• perfective (–): tlél awustá | they didnʼt boil it

• future (+): agux̱satáa | they will boil it

• future (–): tlél agux̱sataa | they wonʼt boil it

O-ka-S-s-√taa ʰ ⁴ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) steam ¹; boil ¹ | for S to boil, steam O (esp. berries) | yéilʼ kadustáaych → people always boil elderberries (SN)

• imperative: kasatá! | boil it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl iksatéix̱iḵ! | donʼt boil it!

• imperfective (+): aksateix̱ | they are boiling it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoosteix̱ | they arenʼt boiling it

• perfective (+): awsitáa | they boiled it

• perfective (–): tlél awustá | they didnʼt boil it

• future (+): akagux̱satáa | they will boil it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sataa | they wonʼt boil it

√taakw (verb root) winter

√taaḵ ¹ (verb root) spear ¹; poke; prod | (KE)

O-S-∅-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) spear ¹; poke; prod; jab | for S to spear, prod, poke, jab O | x̱áat áadaa teen dutáḵt → salmon are speared with a spear (called áadaa) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: táḵ! | poke them/it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eetáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt poke them/it!

• perfective (+): aawatáḵ | they poked them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awutaaḵ | they didnʼt poke them/it

• future (+): akg̱watáaḵ | they will poke them/it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wataaḵ | they wonʼt poke them/it

O-ka-S-l-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) poke; prod | for S to poke, prod O (a round object, often to pop it) | classification: round object | (SN)

• imperative: kalatáḵ! | poke them/it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keelatáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt poke them/it!

• perfective (+): akawlitáḵ | they poked them/it

• perfective (–): tlél akawultaaḵ | they didnʼt poke them/it

• future (+): akagux̱latáaḵ | they will poke them/it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lataaḵ | they wonʼt poke them/it

O-ÿa-S-∅-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) poke | for S to poke O in the face | x̱at yawsitáḵ → they poked me in the face (SN)

• imperative: yasatáḵ! | poke them/it in the face!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yeestáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt poke them/it in the face!

• perfective (+): ayawsitáḵ | they poked them/it in the face

• perfective (–): tlél ayawustaaḵ | they didnʼt poke them/it in the face

• future (+): ayagux̱satáaḵ | they will poke them/it in the face

• future (–): tlél ayagux̱sataaḵ | they wonʼt poke them/it in the face

daak + O-ÿa-S-l-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pole ²; push | for S to pole, push O (canoe, boat) out away from the shore with a pole | (KE)

• imperative: daak yalataaḵ! | push the boat out (with a pole)!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl daak yeelatáḵjiḵ! | donʼt push the boat out (with a pole)!

• imperfective (+): daak ayaltáḵt | they are pushing the boat out (with a pole)

• progressive: daak ayanaltáḵ | they are pushing the boat out (with a pole)

• perfective (+): daak ayawlitáḵ | they are pushing the boat out (with a pole); s/he pushed the boat out (with a pole)

• perfective (–): tlél daak ayawultaaḵ | they didnʼt push the boat out (with a pole)

• future (+): daak ayagux̱latáaḵ | they will push the boat out (with a pole)

• future (–): tlél daak ayagux̱lataaḵ | they wonʼt push the boat out (with a pole)

√taaḵ ² (verb root) care; serve

N + daa + O-ÿa-s-√taaḵ ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – fading) care for; look after; serve; minister ¹; note | for O to care for, take care of N; for O to look after N; for O to serve N; for O to minister to N; for O to take note of N | ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼ daat x̱at yawsitáḵ → i cared for my grandchild (SN) • ax̱ tláach a daat yawsitáḵ → my mother is taking care of them (SN) • ax̱ dàat yawsitáḵ → they served me/attended to my needs (SN) • du yoo x̱ʼatángi daat haa yawustaaḵín → we noted all that they said / took note of all their sayings (SN) • tlél at daat yawustaaḵ → they donʼt take note / doesnʼt pay attention to things (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl du daat iyawustaag̱íḵ! | donʼt take care of them!

• imperfective (+): du daat iyasatáḵ! | take care of them!

• perfective (+): du daat yawsitáḵ | they are taking care of them; they took care of them

• perfective (–): tlél du daat yawustaaḵ | they arenʼt taking care of them; they didnʼt take care of them

• future (+): du daadé yagux̱satáaḵ | they will take care of them

• future (–): tlél du daadé yagux̱sataaḵ | they wonʼt take care of them

√taan ¹ (verb root) carry; take | to S to carry, take O (empty container or hollow object) | classification: empty container or hollow object

{∅ motion) + O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O | classification: hollow object, empty container | xʼeesháa haat tán! → bring a bucket here! (SN) • (KE) • a daséixʼ ayaawatán chʼa haa aayí → they exchanged it for ours

• imperative: {∅ motion) tán! | carry it!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ motion) eetaaníḵ! | donʼt carry it!

• imperfective (+): {∅ motion) yaa anatán | they are carrying it

• perfective (+): {∅ motion) aawatán | they carried it

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ motion) awutaan | they didnʼt carry it

• future (+): {∅ motion) akg̱watáan | they will carry it

• future (–): tlél {∅ motion) akg̱wataan | they wonʼt carry it

{na motion) + O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (empty container or hollow object) | classification: empty container or hollow object | ḵʼwátl yaa anatán → theyʼre carrying a pot (SN)

• imperative: {na motion) nataan! | carry it!

• prohibitive: líl {na motion) yoo eetaangíḵ! | donʼt carry it!

• imperfective (+): {na motion) yaa anatán | they are carrying it

• perfective (+): {na motion) aawataan | they carried it

• perfective (–): tlél {na motion) awutaan | they didnʼt carry it

• future (+): {na motion) akg̱watáan | they will carry it

• future (–): tlél {na motion) akg̱wataan | they wonʼt carry it

O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (empty container or hollow object) | classification: empty container or hollow object | (KE)

• imperative: gataan! | carry it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei eetánjiḵ! | donʼt carry it!

• progressive: yaa anatán | they are carrying it

• perfective (+): aawataan | they carried it

• perfective (–): tlél awutaan | they didnʼt carry it

• future (+): kei akg̱watáan | they will carry it

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wataan | they wonʼt carry it

N + jee-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) give; hand ² | for S to give, hand O (empty container or hollow object) to N | classification: empty container or hollow object | ax̱ jeet tán wé ḵákw! → hand me that basket! • (KE)

• imperative: du jeet tán! | give it to them!

• prohibitive: líl du jeex̱ eetaaníḵ! | donʼt give it to them

• imperfective (+): du jeedé yaa anatán | they are giving to them

• perfective (+): du jeet aawatán | they gave it to them

• perfective (–): tlél du jeet awutaan | they didnʼt give it to them

• future (+): du jeedé akg̱watáan | they will give it to them

• future (–): tlél du jeedé akg̱wataan | they wonʼt give it to them

{na motion) + O-S-s-√taan ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (empty container or hollow object) | classification: empty container or hollow object | óonaa yaa anastán → → theyʼre carrying a gun (SN)

• imperative: {na motion) nataan! | carry it!

• prohibitive: líl {na motion) yoo eetaangíḵ! | donʼt carry it!

• imperfective (+): {na motion) yaa anatán | they are carrying it

• perfective (+): {na motion) aawataan | they carried it

• perfective (–): tlél {na motion) awutaan | they didnʼt carry it

• future (+): {na motion) akg̱watáan | they will carry it

• future (–): tlél {na motion) akg̱wataan | they wonʼt carry it

N-de + O-ÿa-∅-√taan ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) head towards | for O (a boat) to head towards N | Aangóonde haa yatán → we are headed for Angoon (in a boat) (SN) • kʼeeljáa yáxʼ yánde x̱at yakg̱watáan → iʼm going to head into the storm (SN)

• imperfective (+): aadé yatán | they are heading towards it

• perfective (+): aadé yaawatán | they headed towards it

• perfective (–): tlél aadé yawutaan | they didnʼt head towards it

• future (+): aadé yakg̱watáan | they will head towards it

• future (–): tlél aadé yakg̱wataan | they wonʼt head towards it

N-t + ∅-√tán ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for an empty container or hollow object to lie (at N) | classification: empty container or hollow object | shál sdóox kát tán → a spoon is (lying) on the stovetop (SN)

• imperfective (+): at tán | itʼs lying there

N-t + s-√tán ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a long, complex object to lie (at N) | classification: long, complex object | dzeit hít tʼéit satán → thereʼs a ladder lying behind the house (SN)

• imperfective (+): at satán | itʼs lying there

N-t + ka-∅-√tán ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a long, simple object to lie (at N) | classification: long, simple object | ax̱áa hít tayeet katán → a paddle is (lying) under the house (SN)

• imperfective (+): at katán | itʼs lying there

N-t + ka-s-√tán ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a quite small, stick-like object to lie (at N) | classification: quite small, stick-like object | chooneit yáat kasatán → thereʼs an arrow lying here (SN)

• imperfective (+): at katán | itʼs lying there

√taan ² (verb root) cover ¹; open ¹ | open a cover

at  + S-∅-√taan ² (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – closed) cover ¹ | for S to cover (esp. pot, etc.), put on lid | a káx̱ g̱ataan a yana.áatʼani! → cover it/put the cover on! • yanáax̱ g̱ataan wé kóox! → put the cover on the rice! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a yanáax̱ at g̱ataan! | cover it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a yanáax̱ yei at eetánjiḵ! | donʼt cover it!

• perfective (+): a yanáax̱ at wootaan | they covered it

• perfective (–): tlél a yanáax̱ at wutaan | they didnʼt cover it

• future (+): a yanáax̱ yei at gug̱atáan | they will cover it

• future (–): tlél a yanáax̱ yei at gug̱ataan | they wonʼt cover it

O-ka-S-s-√taan ² (na event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] drive | for S to drive, hustle O (group of animals) fast | wanadóo yaa akanatán → they’re driving the sheep pretty fast (SN)

• imperative: kanastaan! | drive them!

• progressive: yaa anakatán | theyʼre driving them

• perfective (+): akawsitaan | theyʼre driving them

• perfective (–): tlél akawustaan | theyʼre not driving them

• future (+): akagux̱satáan | they will drive them

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sataan | they wonʼt drive them

héide + O-shu-S-∅-√taan ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) open ¹ | for S to open O (a hinged door or lid) | classification: hinged door or lid | x̱ʼaháat héide ashoowataan → they opened the door (SN)

• imperative: héide shunataan! | open it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl héide sheetángíḵ! | donʼt open it!

• perfective (+): héide ashoowataan | they opened it

• perfective (–): hél héide ashuwutaan | they didnʼt open it

• future (+): héide ashukg̱watáan | they will open it

• future (–): tlél héide ashukg̱wataan | they wonʼt open it

x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-shu-S-∅-√taan ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) close ¹ | for S to close O (a hinged door or lid) | classification: hinged door or lid | x̱ʼaháat x̱ʼéit ashoowatán → they closed the door (SN) • tléil x̱ʼaháat x̱ʼéix̱ shootaan → they never close the door (SN) • alʼóon x̱ʼéit shudutaanch → hunting season is closed (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼéit shután | close it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl x̱ʼéix̱ sheetánjíḵ! | donʼt close it!

• perfective (+): x̱ʼéit ashoowatán | they closed it

• perfective (–): hél x̱ʼéit ashuwutaan | they didnʼt close it

• future (+): x̱ʼéide ashukg̱watáan | they will close it

• future (–): tlél x̱ʼéide ashukg̱wataan | they wonʼt close it

yan⁓ + O-shu-∅-√taan ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) end ¹ | for O (esp. a story) to end | yéi áyá yan shuwatán yá shkalneek → this is how this story ends (GD)

• perfective (+): yan shuwatán | it ended

• perfective (–): tlél yan shuwutaan | it didnʼt end

• future (+): yánde shukg̱watáan | it will end

• future (–): tlél yánde shukg̱wataan | it wonʼt end

aax̱ + O-shu-ÿa-S-∅-√taan ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) open ¹ | for S to open O by removing a door or lid | « aax̱ shuwatán wé x̱ʼaháat! » yóo yaawaḵaa Yéil → « open the door! » said Raven. (GD)

• imperative: aax̱ shoowatán! | open it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl aax̱ shayeetánjíḵ! | donʼt open it!

• perfective (+): aax̱ ashuyaawatán | they opened it

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ ashuyawutaan | they didnʼt open it

• future (+): aax̱ ashuyakg̱watáan | they will open it

• future (–): tlél aax̱ ashuyakg̱wataan | they wonʼt open it

√taan ³ (verb root) carry; take | classification: stick-like object

{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (usually long, complex object) | óonaa yaa anastán → theyʼre carrying a gun (SN) • sáḵs haat satán! → bring a bow! (SN) • at doogú daséixʼ áwé yadustánch óonaa → people always trade skins for rifles (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} satán! | carry it  {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} isataaníḵ! | donʼt carry it {____}!

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awsitán | they carried it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awustaan | they didnʼt carry it {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱satáan | they will carry it {____}

• future (–): {∅ preverb} agux̱sataan | they wonʼt carry it {____}

kei + O-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) bring; unearth; lift; pick up | for S to bring out, unearth O (usually long, complex object)(esp. from a box or other container or place which o is kept); for S to pick up, lift up O | (KE)

• imperative: kei sataan! | bring it out!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei isatánjiḵ! | donʼt bring it out!

• perfective (+): kei awsitán | they brought it out

• perfective (–): tlél kei awustaan | they didnʼt bring it out

• future (+): kei agux̱satáan | they will bring it out

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱sataan | they wonʼt bring it out

yan⁓ + O-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) put down; leave | for S to put down, lay down, leave, place O (usually long, complex object) | (KE)

• imperative: yan satán! | put it down!

• prohibitive: líl yax̱ isataaníḵ! | donʼt put it down!

• perfective (+): yan awsitán | they put it down

• perfective (–): tlél yan awustaan | they didnʼt put it down

• future (+): yánde agux̱satáan | they will put it down

• future (–): tlél yánde agux̱sataan | they wonʼt put it down

O-ji-S-∅-√taan ³ (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) take; lead ² | for S to take O by the hand; for S to lead O by the hand | x̱at jikg̱watáan → they will take me by the hand and lead me there (SN)

• imperative: jigataan! | take them by the hand!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei jeetánjiḵ | donʼt take them by the hand

• perfective (+): ajeewataan | they took them by the hand

• perfective (–): tlél ajiwutaan | they didnʼt take her by the hand

• future (+): kei ajikg̱watáan | they will take her by the hand

• future (–): tlél kei ajikg̱wataan | they wonʼt take them by the hand

a + tóot + O-ji-S-∅-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) take; adopt | for S to take O into a clan; for S to adopt O into a clan

• imperative: a tóot jitán! | adopt them!

• prohibitive: líl a tóot jeetaaniḵ! | donʼt adopt them

• perfective (+): a tóot ajeewatán | they adopted them

• perfective (–): tlél a tóot ajiwutaan | they didnʼt adopt them

• future (+): a tóot ajikg̱watáan | they will adopt them

• future (–): tlél a tóot ajikg̱wataan | they wonʼt adopt them

kei + ji-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) raise ¹ | for S to raise a hand | (KE)

• imperative: kei jisataan! | raise your hand!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei jeesatánjiḵ! | donʼt raise your hand!

• perfective (+): kei jiwsitán | they raised their hand

• perfective (–): tlél kei jiwustaan | they didnʼt raise their hand

• future (+): kei jigux̱satáan | they will raise their hand

• future (–): tlél kei jigux̱sataan | they wonʼt raise their hand

yan⁓ + ji-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lower | for S to lower a hand | (KE)

• prohibitive: líl yax̱ jeesataaníḵ! | donʼt put your hand down!

• perfective (+): yan jiwsitán | they put their hand down

• perfective (–): tlél yan jiwustaan | they didnʼt put their hand down

• future (+): yánde jigux̱satáan | they will put her hand down

• future (–): tlél yánde jigux̱sataan | they wonʼt put their hand down

{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (usually long, complex object) | classification: long, complex object | xídlaa haat katán → bring a herring rake! (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} katán! | carry it  {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} keetaaníḵ! | donʼt carry it {____}!

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akaawtán | they carried it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawutaan | they didnʼt carry it {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akakg̱watáan | they will carry it {____}

• future (–): {∅ preverb} akakg̱wataan | they wonʼt carry it {____}

{na preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√taan ³ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (usually long, complex object) | classification: long, complex object | ḵáasʼ yaa akanatán → theyʼre carrying a stick (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} kanataan! | carry it  {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo keetaangíḵ! | donʼt carry it {____}!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} akaawtaan | they carried it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawutaan | they didnʼt carry it {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} akakg̱watáan | they will carry it {____}

• future (–): {na preverb} akakg̱wataan | they wonʼt carry it {____}

{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, stick-like object) | classification: small stick-like object | chooneit yaa akanastán → theyʼre carrying an arrow (SN) • yées kooxéedaa ax̱ jeet kasatán! → hand me a new pencil! (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} kasatán! | carry it  {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} keesataaníḵ! | donʼt carry it {____}!

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akawsitán | they carried it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawustaan | they didnʼt carry it {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akagux̱satáan | they will carry it {____}

• future (–): {∅ preverb} akagux̱sataan | they wonʼt carry it {____}

{na preverb} + O-ka-S-s-√taan ³ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, stick-like object) | classification: small stick-like object | óonaa yaa anastán → theyʼre carrying a gun (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} kanastán! | carry it  {____}!

• prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo keesataangíḵ! | donʼt carry it {____}!

• perfective (+): {na preverb} akawsitaan | they carried it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawustaan | they didnʼt carry it {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} akagux̱satáan | they will carry it {____}

• future (–): {na preverb} akagux̱sataan | they wonʼt carry it {____}

N-t + shu-ka-∅-√tán ³ (∅ positional verb – impersonal – invariable) extend; end ¹ | for something to extend to, end at N | (KE)

• imperfective (+): át shukatán | it extends to it; it ends there

• imperfective (–): tlél át shukootán | it doesnʼt extend to it; it doesnʼt end there

N-x̱ + + O-gu-ÿa-S-∅-√taanán ˟ ³ (na event verb – transitive – invariable) restore; set | for S to set O (dislocated body part, esp. joint) back in to place; for S to restore O (dislocated body part, esp. joint) back in to place | du x̱ʼoos woolʼéexʼ; a yáx̱ guyagax̱dutaanán → their leg broke; the bone is going to be put back into place • ax̱ jín a yíx̱ guyanataanán! → put my arm back in joint! (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: a yíx̱ guyanataanán! | set it back into place!

• perfective (+): a yíx̱ aguyaawataanán | they set it back into place

• perfective (–): tlél aguyawutaanán | they didnʼt set it back into place

• future (+): a yíx̱ aguyakg̱wataanán | they will set it back into place

• future (–): tlél a yíx̱ aguyakg̱wataanán | they wonʼt set it back into place

√taan ⁴ (verb root) wash over; rough | rough (of water)

ji-s-√taan ⁴ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) rough; waves | for the ocean to be rough | aatlein yan yoo jisitánk → the waves are really beating hard on share (SN) • deikéenáx̱ á tlákw teet áa jinastánch → the waves always come in and beat hard on the seaward side (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa jinastán | itʼs getting rough

• perfective (+): jiwsitaan | it was rough; itʼs rough

• perfective (–): tlél jiwustaan | it wasnʼt rough; it isnʼt rough

• future (+): kei jigux̱satáan | it will get rough

• future (–): tlél kei jigux̱sataan | it wonʼt get rough

yan + ji-s-√taan ⁴ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) hit; reach ¹; waves | for waves to hit, reach the beach | (KE)

• progressive: yánde yaa jinastán | waves are reaching the beach

• perfective (+): yan jiwsitán | waves reached the beach

• perfective (–): tlél yan jiwustaan | waves didnʼt reach the beach

• future (+): yánde jigux̱satáan | waves will reach the beach

• future (–): tlél yánde jigux̱sataan | waves wonʼt reach the beach

N + kanax̱ + ji-ÿa-s-√taan ⁴ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) waves; wash over | for waves to wash over N

• progressive: a kanax̱ yaa jiyanastán | waves are washing over it

• perfective (+): a kanax̱ jiyawsitán | waves washed over it

• perfective (–): tlél a kanax̱ jiyawustaan | waves didnʼt wash over it

• future (+): a kanax̱ jiyagux̱satáan | waves will wash over it

• future (–): tlél a kanax̱ jiyagux̱sataan | waves wonʼt wash over it

√taan ⁵ (verb root) communicate; think; talk | classification: singular | plural form √aat ⁵

N + jee⁓ + gush-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) text | for (singular) S to text N (on a phone or computer) | (PM2)

• imperative: du jeedé gushnadataan! | text them!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du jeedé yoo gushidatángiḵ! | donʼt text them!

• progressive: du jeedé yaa gushnadatán | they are texting them

• perfective (+): du jeedé gushwuditaan | they texted them

• perfective (–): tlél du jeedé gushwudataan | they didnʼt text them

• future (+): du jeedé gushgux̱datáan | they will text them

• future (–): tlél du jeedé gushgux̱dataan | they wonʼt text them

N + daa + yoo + tu-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) think; consider; make up mind | for (singular) S to think over, consider, make up oneʼs mind about N | has du ḵusteeyí daa yoo tuwatánk → they all are thinking over them allʼs way of life (SN) • a daa yoo tuḵataan! → let me think it over/consider it! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a daa yoo tutánk! | think about it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a daa yoo teetángiḵ! | donʼt think about it!

• perfective (+): a daa yoo toowatán | they thought about it

• perfective (–): tlél a daa yoo tuwutaan | they didnʼt think about it

• future (+): a daa yoo tukg̱watáan | they will think about it

• future (–): tlél a daa yoo tukg̱wataan | they wonʼt think about it

• repetitive (+): a daa yoo tuwatánk | they are thinking about it; they thinks about it

• repetitive (–): | sheʼs not thinking about it; they donʼt think about it tlél a daa yoo tutánk

N + káa + yan + tu-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) trust; rely; faith | for (singular) S to put trust in, rely on, have faith in N | classification: singular | i káa yan tux̱waatán → i have faith in you / iʼm relying on you (SN) • chʼa a káa yan tután yáa yoo x̱ʼatánk! → rely on their word (scripture)! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du káa yan tután! | rely on them!

• prohibitive: líl du káa yax̱ teetaaníḵ! | donʼt rely on them!

• progressive: du káa yánde yaa tunatán | they are beginning to rely on them

• perfective (+): du káa yan toowatán | they relied on them; they are relying on them

• perfective (–): tlél du káa yan tuwutaan | they didnʼt rely on them; they arenʼt relying on them

• future (+): du káa yánde tukg̱watáan | they will rely on them

• future (–): tlél du káa yánde tukg̱wataan | they wonʼt rely on them

(yéi) + tu-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) decide; make up mind | for (singular) S to decide, make up oneʼs mind (that way) | yan g̱aḵoox̱t tuwditaan → they decided to go back (by boat or car) (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): (yéi) tuwditaan | they thought (that way)

• perfective (–): tlél (yéi) tuwdataan | they didnʼt think (that way)

• future (+): (yéi) tugux̱datáan | they will think (that way)

• future (–): tlél (yéi) tugux̱dataan | they wonʼt think (that way)

géide + kei + tu-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type] decide; against; wrong | for S to decide against it; for S to decide it is wrong | (GD)

• imperative: géide kei teedatán! | decide against it!

• perfective (+): géide kei tuwditán | they decided against it

• perfective (–): tlél géide kei tuwdataan | they didnʼt decide against it

• future (+): géide kei tugux̱datáan | they will decide against it

• future (–): tlél géide kei tugux̱dataan | they wonʼt decide against it

(N + daatx̱) + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) change mind; reconsider | for (singular) S to change mind (about N); for (singular) S to think over and reconsider (N) | ḵux̱ tuwditán → they were converted (changed their thinking) (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a daatx̱ ḵux̱ teedatán! | change your mind about it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl a daatx̱ ḵux̱ teedatánjiḵ! | donʼt change your mind about it!

• perfective (+): a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuwditán | they changed their mind about it

• perfective (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuwdataan | they didnʼt change their mind about it

• future (+): a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de tugux̱datáan | they will change their mind about it

• future (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de tugux̱dataan | they wonʼt change their mind about it

N + daax̱ + tu-ÿa-S-d+∅-√taanán ⁵ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) change mind; reconsider | for (singular) S to reconsider N, think over and change oneʼs mind about N | note that in modes which require a verbal suffix, the final syllable -án on the two-syllable stem -taanán drops off and is replaced by the verbal suffix | ax̱ káani hídi woo.oo daax̱ tuyax̱wditaanán → i was thinking of buying my brother-in-lawʼs house, but iʼve reconsidered it (and now iʼm not going to buy it) (SN) • a daax̱ ágé tuyawditaanán? → did they reconsider it? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: a daax̱ tuyandataanán! | reconsider it!

• prohibitive: líl a daax̱ yoo tuydataanḵ! | donʼt reconsider it!

• perfective (+): a daax̱ tuyawditaanán | they reconsidered it

• perfective (–): tlél a daax̱ tuyawdataanán | they didnʼt reconsider it

• future (+): a daax̱ tuyagux̱dataanán | they will reconsider it

• future (–): tlél a daax̱ tuyagux̱dataanán | they wonʼt reconsider it

• repetitive (+): a daax̱ yoo tuyditaank | they are reconsidering it

yoo + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk | for (singular) S to speak, talk | the plural verb stem is used when indicating that one person is speaking with another, even though the subject is singular, as in « du een yoo x̱ʼawli.át » (they spoke with them) or « du een yoo x̱ʼax̱li.átk » (i am speaking with them) | (KE)

• imperative: yoo x̱ʼatán! | speak!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼeetángiḵ! | donʼt speak!

• perfective (+): yoo x̱ʼeiwatán | they spoke

• perfective (–): tlél yoo x̱ʼawutaan | they didnʼt speak

• future (+): yoo x̱ʼakg̱watáan | they will speak

• future (–): tlél yoo x̱ʼakg̱wataan | they wonʼt speak

• repetitive (+): yoo x̱ʼayatánk | they are speaking; they speaks

• repetitive (–): | they are not speaking; they donʼt speak tlél yoo x̱ʼeitánk

N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk | for (singular) S to speak, talk to N | classification: singular | ax̱ éet x̱ʼatán! → talk to me! (SN) • tléil has du éex̱ x̱ʼatutaan → we donʼt speak to them all (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du éet x̱ʼatán! | speak to them!

• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ x̱ʼeetaaníḵ! | donʼt speak to them!

• perfective (+): du éet x̱ʼeiwatán | they spoke to them

• perfective (–): tlél du éet x̱ʼawutaan | they didnʼt speak to them

• future (+): du eedé x̱ʼakg̱watáan | they will speak to them

• future (–): tlél du eedé x̱ʼakg̱wataan | they wonʼt speak to them

a + yáaxʼ + N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) respond | for (singular) S to respond to N | classification: singular | a yáaxʼ ax̱ éet x̱ʼatán → answer me! (SN)

• imperative: a yáaxʼ du éet x̱ʼatán! | respond to them!

• prohibitive: líl a yáaxʼ du éex̱ x̱ʼeetaaníḵ! | donʼt respond to them!

• perfective (+): a yáaxʼ du éet x̱ʼeiwatán | they responded to them

• perfective (–): tlél a yáaxʼ du éet x̱ʼawutaan | they didnʼt respond to them

• future (+): a yáaxʼ du eedé x̱ʼakg̱watáan | they will respond to them

• future (–): tlél a yáaxʼ du eedé x̱ʼakg̱wataan | they wonʼt respond to them

N + toowú + yaadé + yoo + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) discourage; stop | for (singular) S to discourage N (from doing something), try to stop N (from doing something) | classification: singular | (SN)

• imperative: du toowú yaadé yoo x̱ʼatán! | discourage them from doing it!

• prohibitive: líl du toowú yaadé yoo x̱ʼeetaaníḵ! | donʼt discrouage them from doing it!

• perfective (+): du toowú yaadé yoo x̱ʼeiwatán | they discouraged them from doing it

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú yaadé yoo x̱ʼawutaan | they didnʼt discrouage them from doing it

• future (+): du toowú yaadé yoo x̱ʼakg̱watáan | they will discrouage them from doing it

• future (–): tlél du toowú yaadé yoo x̱ʼakg̱wataan | they wonʼt discrouage them from doing it

x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk; speech | for (singular) S to speak, talk, make a speech | yóode yaa x̱ʼandatán → theyʻre beginning to talk (after a stroke) (SN) • Dikée Aanḵáawu daaxʼ l ayáx̱ yoo x̱ʼawditaan → they blasphemed against God (that is, said what was not right about God) (SN) • (KE) • yá a géide Dikée Aanḵáawu daaxʼ yóox̱ x̱ʼawditaan → they blasphemed against God (that is, spoke about God against the facts) (SN)

• imperative: x̱ʼanidataan! | speak!

• progressive: yaa x̱ʼandatán | they are speaking

• perfective (+): x̱ʼawditaan | they spoke

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawdataan | they didnʼt speak

• future (+): x̱ʼagux̱datáan | they will speak

• future (–): tlél x̱ʼagux̱dataan | they wonʼt speak

• repetitive (–): | donʼt speak! líl yoo x̱ʼeedatángiḵ!

N + jeedé + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) call; phone | for (singular) S to call N on telephone | (KE)

• imperative: du jeedé x̱ʼanidataan! | call them on the phone!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du jeedé yoo x̱ʼeedatángiḵ! | donʼt call them on the phone!

• progressive: du jeedé yaa x̱ʼandatán | they are calling them on the phone

• perfective (+): du jeedé x̱ʼawditaan | they called them on the phone

• perfective (–): tlél du jeedé x̱ʼawdataan | they didnʼt call them on the phone

• future (+): du jeedé x̱ʼagux̱datáan | they will call them on the phone

• future (–): tlél du jeedé x̱ʼagux̱dataan | they wonʼt call them on the phone

N + jee-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) call; phone | for S to call N on telephone | (KE)

• imperative: du jeet x̱ʼeedatán! | call them on the phone!

• prohibitive: líl du jeex̱ x̱ʼeedataaníḵ! | donʼt call them on the phone!

• perfective (+): du jeet x̱ʼawditán | they called them on the phone

• perfective (–): tlél du jeet x̱ʼawdataan | they didnʼt call them on the phone

• future (+): du jeedé x̱ʼagux̱datáan | they will call them on the phone

• future (–): tlél du jeedé x̱ʼagux̱dataan | they wonʼt call them on the phone

yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stop; talk | for (singular) S to stop talking | (KE)

• imperative: yan x̱ʼeidatán! | stop talking!

• prohibitive: líl yan x̱ʼeeydataaníḵ! | donʼt stop talking!

• perfective (+): yan x̱ʼawditán | they stopped talking

• perfective (–): tlél yan x̱ʼawdataan | they didnʼt stop talking

• future (+): yánde x̱ʼagux̱datáan | they will stop talking

• future (–): tlél yánde x̱ʼagux̱dataan | they wonʼt stop talking

(N-dáx̱) + ḵux̱ + O-tu-S-s-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) change; repent | for S to make O decide not to do it (from N); for S to make O repent (of it)

• imperative: aax̱ ḵux̱ tusatán! | make them repent from it!

• perfective (+): aax̱ ḵux̱ atuwsitán | they made them repent from it

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ ḵux̱ atuwustaan | they didnʼt make them repent from it

• future (+): aax̱ ḵúx̱de atugux̱satáan | they will make them repent from it

• future (–): tlél aax̱ ḵúx̱de atugux̱sataan | they wonʼt make them repent from it

(N-dáx̱) + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+s-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) repent | for S to change minds (from N); for S to cause repent (of it) | (SN)

• perfective (+): aax̱ ḵux̱ tuwdzitán | they changed minds about it

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ ḵux̱ tuwustaan | they didnʼt change minds about it

• future (+): aax̱ ḵúx̱de tukg̱wastáan | they will change minds about it

• future (–): tlél aax̱ ḵúx̱de tukg̱wastaan | they wonʼt change minds about it

√taan ⁶ (verb root) precipitate; fall | classification: precipitation

{precipitation} + daak + s-√taan ⁶ (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) precipitate; fall; rain; snow ²; hail | for {precipitation} to fall | some speakers have said that séew and dleit are the two options for this verb, but others have allowed other precipitation nouns | dleit daak gux̱satáan shákdé → maybe itʼs going to snow (SN) • kadásʼ daak wustaanín → hail was falling (SN) • séew daak satánch → itʼs always raining (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: {precipitate] daak nastán | itʼs starting to {precipitate]

• perfective (+): {precipitate] daak wusitán | itʼs {precipitating]

• perfective (–): tlél {precipitate] daak wustaan | it didnʼt {precipitate]; itʼs not {precipitating]

• future (+): {precipitate] daak gux̱satáan | it will {precipitate]

• future (–): tlél {precipitate] daak gux̱sataan | it wonʼt {precipitate]

a-∅-√taan ⁶ (ga – impersonal – open) [check conjugation type and verb type] clear up; lift | for the weather to clear (esp. rain or mist); for the clouds to lift | haa kaax̱ kei anatán → itʼs clearing from us (that is, rain is leaving us) (SN) • chʼa kax̱ítjaa i kat atán; ách áwé i kaax̱ kei akwg̱atáan → the mist has seemed to be lying solidly (SN)

• progressive: kei anatán | it is clearing up

• perfective (+): aawataan | it cleared up

• perfective (–): tlél awutaan | it didnʼt clear up

• future (+): kei akg̱watáan | it will clear up

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱wataan | it wonʼt clear up

√taan ⁷ (verb root) bend ¹; bent

O-ka-S-∅-√taan ⁷ (na event verb – transitive – closed) bend ¹ | for S to bend O (usually long, simple object) | tuháayi yóo akaawataan → they bent the nail (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanataan! | bend it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keetángiḵ! | donʼt bend it!

• progressive: yaa akanatán | they are bending it

• perfective (+): akaawataan | they bent it

• perfective (–): tlél akawutaan | they didnʼt bend it

• future (+): akakg̱watáan | they will bend it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wataan | they wonʼt bend it

yóo + ka-∅-√tán ˟ ⁷ (∅ positional verb – impersonal – invariable) bent | for something to be bent

• imperfective (+): yóo katán | it is bent

• imperfective (–): tlél yóo kootán | it isnʼt bent

yínde + sh + ka-S-d+∅-√taan ⁷ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) bend over; lean down | for (singular) S to bend over, lean down | (KE)

• imperative: yínde sh keendataan! | bend over!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yínde yoo sh keedatángiḵ! | donʼt bend over!

• progressive: yínde yaa sh kandatán | they are bending over slowly

• perfective (+): yínde sh kawditaan | they bent over

• perfective (–): tlél yínde sh kawdataan | they didnʼt bend over

• future (+): yínde sh kagux̱datáan | they will bend over

• future (–): tlél yínde sh kagux̱dataan | they wonʼt bend over

O-ka-S-s-√taan ⁷ (na event verb – transitive – closed) bend ¹ | for S to bend O (their own knee) | tlél du keey yoo akoostánk → they canʼt bend their knee (SN)

• imperative: kanastaan! | bend it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keestángiḵ! | donʼt bend it!

• progressive: yaa akanastán | they are bending it

• perfective (+): akawsitaan | they bent it

• perfective (–): tlél akawsutaan | they didnʼt bend it

• future (+): akagux̱satáan | they will bend it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱sataan | they wonʼt bend it

√taan ⁸ (verb root) habit; like doing | in habit of

O-ka-u-S-sh-√tán ⁸ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) habit; like doing | for S to be in habit of doing O; for S to do O frequently because s enjoys doing it | this verb can be used to refer to hobbies, or to describe habits with a negative connotation | alʼóon katushitán → we like to go hunting (and we go frequently) (SN) • ḵukʼéetʼ akwshitán → sheʼs in the habit ofgoing berry-picking (SN) • ḵaa yatʼéi yoo x̱ʼatánk akwshitán → they likes to talk behind peopleʼs backs (KE) • akwshitán ḵaa yáx̱ kei x̱ʼadatánch → they likes to argue (KE) • tlél akooshtán daḵéisʼ → they donʼt like to sew (and therefore doesnʼt do it often) (KE)

• imperfective (+): akwshitán | they are in the habit of doing it

• imperfective (–): tlél akooshtán | they donʼt like to do it (and doesnʼt do it often)

√taan ⁹ (verb root) jump | classification: fish

kei + S-∅-√táan ⁹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) jump | for S (a singular fish) to jump | classification: singular | deix̱dahéen kei uwatán → it jumped twice (SN)

• progressive: kei natán | it is jumping

• perfective (+): kei uwatán | it jumped

• perfective (–): tlél kei wutáan | it didnʼt jump

• future (+): kei kg̱watáan | it will jump

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱watáan | it wonʼt jump

S-∅-√táan ⁹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – high) jump | for S (a singular fish) to jump | classification: singular | chʼa kindachóon áwé kei tánch cháasʼ → a humpback jumps straight up (SN)

• progressive: kei natán | it is jumping

• perfective (+): wootáan | it jumped

• perfective (–): tlél wutáan | it didnʼt jump

• future (+): kei kg̱watáan | it will jump

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱watáan | it wonʼt jump

O-ka-du-∅-√táan ⁹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – high) jump | for S (plural fish) to jump | classification: singular

• progressive: kei kandután | they all are jumping

• perfective (+): kawduwatáan | they all jumped

• perfective (–): tlél kawdutáan | they all didnʼt jump

• future (+): kei kagax̱dutáan | they all will jump

• future (–): tlél kei kagax̱dutáan | they all wonʼt jump

√taan ¹⁰ (verb root) hunt | hunt octopus | atánxʼ nax̱too.aat! → letʼs go octopus hunting! (GD)

√taats (verb root) pick ¹; shake | pick berries by shaking or hitting branches

√taaw (verb root) steal; sneak

O-S-∅-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) steal | for S to steal O | awutáawu akaawa.aaḵw; áa jix̱wliháa → they tried to steal; i caught them in the act (SN) • ee wduwatáw agé? → did you get robbed? (SN) • (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eetáwx̱uḵ! | donʼt steal it!

• imperfective (+): atáaw | they steals it

• imperfective (–): tlél ootáaw | they donʼt steal it

• perfective (+): aawatáw | they stole it

• perfective (–): tlél awutáaw | they didnʼt steal it

• future (+): akg̱watáaw | they will steal it

• future (–): tlél akg̱watáaw | they wonʼt steal it

O-S-s-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) steal | for S to steal O (large or complex object) | classification: large or complex object | yadákʼwch at wududziḵoox̱ú át awsitáw → a young man stole a car (SN)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl isatáwx̱uḵ! | donʼt steal it!

• imperfective (+): astáaw | they steals it

• imperfective (–): tlél oostáaw | they donʼt steal it

• perfective (+): awsitáw | they stole it

• perfective (–): tlél awustáaw | they didnʼt steal it

• future (+): agux̱satáaw | they will steal it

• future (–): tlél agux̱satáaw | they wonʼt steal it

O-ka-S-∅-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) steal | for S to steal O (round, spherical object) | classification: round, spherical object | xʼáaxʼ kax̱waatáw → i stole an apple (SN)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keetáwx̱uḵ! | donʼt steal it!

• imperfective (+): akatáaw | they steals it

• imperfective (–): tlél akootáaw | they donʼt steal it

• perfective (+): akaawatáw | they stole it

• perfective (–): tlél akawutáaw | they didnʼt steal it

• future (+): akakg̱watáaw | they will steal it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱watáaw | they wonʼt steal it

O-ka-S-s-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) steal | for S to steal O (stick-like object or plural round objects) | classification: stick-like object or plural round objects | kooxéedaa akawsitáw → they stole a pencil (SN)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keesatáwx̱uḵ! | donʼt steal it!

• imperfective (+): aksatáaw | they steals it

• imperfective (–): tlél akoostáaw | they donʼt steal it

• perfective (+): akawsitáw | they stole it

• perfective (–): tlél akawultáaw | they didnʼt steal it

• future (+): akagux̱satáaw | they will steal it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱satáaw | they wonʼt steal it

√taaxʼ (verb root) bite ¹; chew

O-S-∅-√táaxʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) bite ¹ | for S to chew on O (usually food or snuff) | classification: insect | add the preverb « N-dáx̱ » for “to bite O off of N” | at x̱atáaxʼ → iʼm chewing something (SN) • duwaakú kuḵataáaxʼ → iʼm going to chew snuff (SN)

• imperative: g̱atáaxʼ! | chew it!

• imperfective (+): atáaxʼ | their chewing it

• perfective (+): aawatáaxʼ | they chewed it

• perfective (–): tlél awutáaxʼ | they didnʼt chew it

• future (+): yei akg̱watáaxʼ | they will chew it

• future (–): tlél yei akg̱watáaxʼ | they wonʼt chew it

O-S-s-√táaxʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) bite ¹ | for S (an insect) to bite O | classification: insect | add the preverb « N-dáx̱ » for “to bite O off of N” | táaxʼaa x̱at woositáaxʼ → a mosquito bit me (SN) • tas aax̱ awsitáaxʼ → they bit off the thread (SN)

• imperfective (+): astáxʼt | itʼs biting them

• perfective (+): awsitáaxʼ | it bit them

• perfective (–): tlél awustáaxʼ | it didnʼt bite them

• future (+): yei agux̱satáaxʼ | it will bite them

• future (–): tlél yei agux̱satáaxʼ | it wonʼt bite them

sh + S-d+l-√taaxʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) bite ¹ | for S to bite self (because of fleas) | classification: insect | keitl sh iltáxʼsʼ (or sh iltáxʼt) → the dog is biting for fleas (SN)

• imperfective (+): sh iltáxʼt / sh iltáxʼsʼ | itʼs biting for fleas

• perfective (+): sh wudlitáaxʼ | it bit for fleas

• perfective (–): tlél sh wultáaxʼ | it didnʼt bite for fleas

• future (+): yei sh gug̱altáaxʼ | it will bite for fleas

• future (–): tlél yei sh gug̱altáaxʼ | it wonʼt bite for fleas

O-ka-S-∅-√táaxʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] bite ¹; grip | for S to bite on, grip onto O with teeth; for S (pliers) to grip onto O | nukshiyáanch ax̱ jín yaa akanatáxʼ → the mink is biting hard on my hand (SN) • at katáxʼaa, kasʼéet akaawatáxʼ → the pliers gripped the screw (SN) • Ḵusa.áatʼ Aaní Ḵwáan at doogú téel sákw has akatáxʼt → People of Cold Weather (Inuit / Iñupiaq / Yupʼik) grip the skin in their teeth when making moccasins (SN) • adawóotl x̱at kaawatáxʼ → trouble has me in its grip (when one disaster follows another) (lit. trouble has bitten on me) (SN)

• imperative: katáxʼ | bite down on it!

• imperfective (+): akatáxʼt | they are biting down on it

• progressive: yaa akanatáxʼ | it is biting down on it

• perfective (+): akaawatáxʼ | it bit down on it

• perfective (–): tlél akawutáaxʼ | it didnʼt bite down on it

• future (+): akg̱watáaxʼ | it will bit down on it

• future (–): tlél akg̱watáaxʼ | it wonʼt bite down on it

√taax̱ (verb root) dew

√taax̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) sink ¹; drown

∅-√táax̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) sink ¹; drown | for something to sink; for someone to drown | g̱uwakaan tléil yoo ootáx̱ʼwk → deer donʼt sink (because of buoyant hair) (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yei natáx̱ʼw | itʼs sinking

• perfective (+): wootáax̱ʼw | it sank

• perfective (–): tlél wootáax̱ʼw | it didnʼt sink

• future (+): gug̱atáax̱ʼw | it will sink

• future (–): tlél gug̱atáax̱ʼw | it wonʼt sink

O-S-s-√táax̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) sink ¹; drown | for S to sink O; for S to cause O to sink; for S to drown O | has du yaanaayí has awusteení, has sh wudzitáax̱ʼw → when they all (those in submarine) saw them allʼs enemy, they all sank themselves (that is, the submarine went down) (SN)

• perfective (+): awsitáax̱ʼw | they sank it

• perfective (–): tlél awustáax̱ʼw | they didnʼt sink it

• future (+): agux̱satáax̱ʼw | they will sink it

• future (–): tlél agux̱satáax̱ʼw | they wonʼt sink it

√taax̱ʼw ² (verb root) signal with smoke

√tei (verb root) rocky

√teiḵʼ (verb root) twist | classification: rope-like object

√teis (verb root) mimic

√teisʼ (verb root) flab; limp ² | flabby

√teitlʼ (verb root) fat ² | classification: animal

√teix̱ (verb root) smelly; odor

√teix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √teex̱ʼ • ⑴ wring; twist; screw ¹ || ⑵ crooked; twisted; windy ²

O-ka-S-s-√téix̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) bend | for S to bend O (by twisting), making it crooked, out of shape | ax̱ óonayi kax̱wsitéx̱ʼ → i bent my gun (SN)

• imperative: kasatéx̱ʼ! | bend it!

• prohibitive: líl keesatéix̱ʼiḵ! | donʼt bend it!

• progressive: yaa akanastéx̱ʼ | they are bending it

• perfective (+): akawsitéx̱ʼ | they bent it

• perfective (–): tlél akawustéix̱ʼ | they didnʼt bend it

• future (+): akagux̱satéix̱ʼ | they will bend it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱satéix̱ʼ | they wonʼt bend it

O-ka-d+s-√téix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) crooked; wicked | for O to be crooked, wicked | lʼoowú kawdzitéx̱ʼ → the wood is crooked (SN) • du waaḵ kawdzitéx̱ʼ → they are cross-eyed; they have a crooked eye (SN) • du toowú kawdzitéx̱ʼ → they are crooked (working for their own ends only) (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): kawdzitéx̱ʼ | itʼs crooked

• perfective (–): tlél kawustéix̱ʼ | it isnʼt crooked

• future (+): kakg̱wastéix̱ʼ | it will be crooked

• future (–): tlél kakg̱wastéix̱ʼ | it wonʼt be crooked

O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) wind ² | for S to wind O | du wáaji akawlitéix̱ʼ → they wound their watch (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kanaltéex̱ʼ! | wind it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keelatíx̱ʼgiḵ! | donʼt wind it!

• progressive: yaa akanaltíx̱ʼ | they are winding it

• perfective (+): akawlitéex̱ʼ | they wound it

• perfective (–): tlél akawultéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt wind it

• future (+): akagux̱latéex̱ʼ | they will wind it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱latéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt wind it

N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) screw ¹ | for S to screw O into N | (KE)

• imperative: át kalatíx̱ʼ! | screw it on it!

• prohibitive: líl áx̱ keelatéex̱ʼiḵ! | donʼt screw it on it!

• progressive: aadé yaa akanaltíx̱ʼ | they are screwing it on it

• perfective (+): át akawlitíx̱ʼ | they screwed it on it

• perfective (–): tlél át akawultéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt screw it on it

• future (+): aadé akagux̱latéex̱ʼ | they will screw it on it

• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱latéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt screw it on it

N-dáx̱ + O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) screw ¹ | for S to unscrew O from N | the na-motion can also be used to talk about screwing something inwards, but necessarily to completion (partway in) • N-dáx̱ daak O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ • for S to remove screw(s) from N | kasʼéet aadé akawlitéix̱ʼ → they screwed (partway) in (SN) • wé kasʼéet aax̱ daak kakḵwalatéix̱ʼ → i am going to take that screw out

• imperative: aax̱ kalatéix̱ʼ! | unscrew it from it!

• prohibitive: líl aax̱ keelatéix̱ʼiḵ! | donʼt unscrew it from it!

• progressive: aax̱ yaa akanaltéx̱ʼ | they are unscrewing it from it

• perfective (+): aax̱ akawlitéix̱ʼ | they unscrewed it from it

• perfective (–): tlél aax̱ akawultéix̱ʼ | they didnʼt unscrew it from it

• future (+): aax̱ akagux̱latéix̱ʼ | they will unscrew it from it

• future (–): tlél aax̱ akagux̱latéix̱ʼ | they wonʼt unscrew it from it

x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√téex̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) lock | for S to lock O | x̱ʼéit kaylitéx̱ʼ ágé? → did you lock the door? (SN) • x̱ʼaháat x̱ʼéide kakḵwalatéix̱ʼ → iʼm going to lock the door (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: x̱ʼéit kalatíx̱ʼ! | lock it!

• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼéix̱ keelatéex̱ʼiḵ! | donʼt lock it!

• progressive: x̱ʼéide yaa akanaltíx̱ʼ | they are locking it

• perfective (+): x̱ʼéit akawlitíx̱ʼ | they locked it

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼéit akawultéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt lock it

• future (+): x̱ʼéide akagux̱latéex̱ʼ | they will lock it

• future (–): tlél x̱ʼéide akagux̱latéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt lock it

√tíx ˟ (verb root) flea | to have fleas

O-d+s-√tíx ˟ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and conjugation type] flea | for O to have fleas | du keidlí wudzitíx → their dog has fleas (SN) • tleil ustíxx̱ → it doesnʼt get fleas (SN) • dzitíxkw → gets fleas easily (JL)

• perfective (+): wudzitíx | it got fleas

• perfective (–): tlél wustíx | it didnʼt get fleas

• future (+): gug̱astíx | it will get fleas

• future (–): tlél gug̱astíx | it wonʼt get fleas

√tee ¹ (verb root) be

(yéi) + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) be | for O to be (that way) | wáa sá has yatee? → how are they all? (SN) • ldakát yéide yatee wé kakéin → the yarn is all colors (SN) • chʼa wáa sá yatee → it is whichever way (KE) • tlél wáa sá utí → they/it is fine, ok (KE)

• imperative: yéi inatí! | be that way!

• prohibitive: líl yéi eetéeḵ! | donʼt be that way!

• imperfective (+): yéi yatee | they are that way

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi utí | they arenʼt that way

• progressive: yéi yaa nanein | they are becoming that way

• perfective (+): yéi wootee | they were/became that way

• perfective (–): tlél yéi wutee | they werenʼt that way

• future (+): yéi kg̱watée | they will be that way

• future (–): tlél yéi kg̱watee | they wonʼt be that way

g̱áa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) pleasant; proper; fitting | for O be pleasant, proper, fitting

kʼidéin + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) good; well ¹; improve | for O to be good, well, improved

• future (+): kʼidéin gug̱atée | it will improve

• future (–): tlél kʼidéin gug̱atee | it will be ruined

latseen + ḵaa + jee + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) authority; right ³ | for O be allowed, have authority to, have the right to | tlél latseen haa jee yéi utí, naná ḵaa jeedé yanax̱tusaḵaat → we are not allowed to sentence anyone to death (SN)

N-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) be; stay; remain; dwell; live at | for O to be or stay at N; for O to dwell, live at N; for O to remain at N | yáaxʼ ágé yéi yee kg̱watée? → are you going to stay here? (SN) • Sheetʼkáxʼ yéi yatee → they live in Sitka (KE) • sgóonxʼ yéi x̱at gug̱watée seig̱án → i will be in school tomorrow (KE) • du dís néegu du jeexʼ yéi wootee → she got her period (KE)

N + ee⁓ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) affect | for O to affect N | (KE) • haa een at goog̱atée →
itʼs going to affect us/we will be involved (for example, in some cultural activity) (SN) • yóo aan ka.á haa een wootee → the earthquake affected us (SN)

N + eetée-náx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) need; lacking; require | for O to need N; for O to lack N; for O to require N | yées téel eetéenax̱ x̱at yatee → i need new shoes (SN) • (KE)

N + ka-yáanáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) overpowered | for N to be overpowered by O | yá ḵutí ax̱ kayáanáx̱ yatee → the weather is stronger than me; the weather is overpowering me (TY)

tliyéi + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) wait ¹; still ²; quiet; stop | for O to be still, quiet; for O to stop (car, clock, e.g.); for O to wait | (KE) • chʼa tliyéixʼ yéi ng̱atee → let them wait there; let them be still (SN) • tléil du eeg̱áa tliyéi yéi haa utí → weʼre not waiting for them (SN)

N + tóo-g̱aa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) acceptable; satisfactory; like ¹ | for N to be acceptable to O; for N to be satisfactory to O; for N to be well-liked by O | (KE) • du yoo x̱ʼatángi ḵaa tóog̱aa yatee → their speech is acceptable/satisfactory (SN) • ax̱ sáni ḵaa tóog̱aa yatee → my uncle is popular/my uncle is acceptable to people (SN)

N + tóon + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) care; concerned about; affected by | for N to care about O; for N to be concerned about O; for N to be affected by O | this verb has several interpretations, such as « kʼidéin du daa tuwatee, » which can mean any of the following: they thinks good of them; they are really thinking about them; s/he really cares about them | tlél has du tóon utí → they all don ʼt care (about public opinion) (SN) • (KE)

N + toowú + tliyéi + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) calm; meditate | for N to be calm; for N to meditate

N + tóo-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) remember; bear in mind | for N to remember O; for N to bear O in mind | (KE) • du ḵusax̱áni tlákw du tóoxʼ yéi yatèe → they remembered their love all the time (and this affected how they behaved) (SN)

N + waḵshiyee-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) appear before | for O to appear before N; for O to be apparent to N | (KE) • has du waḵshiyee yéi wootee → they appeared to them all (SN)

N + x̱án-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) near; stay by; remain by; live by | for O to be near N; for O to stay by N; for O to remain by N; for O to live by N | (KE) • i x̱ánxʼ yéi x̱at nag̱atee! → let me stay with you, at your place! (SN)

N + x̱ʼéi-g̱aa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) obey; obedient | for O to obey N; for O to be obedient to N | (KE) • ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼ ax̱ x̱ʼéig̱aa yatee → my grandchild obeys me (SN) • du x̱ʼéig̱aa inatí! → obey them! (SN)

N + yáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) like ²; similar | for O to be like N | this is a powerful verb in Lingít oratory, used to create simile | (KE) • kooléix̱waa has yáx̱ yatee → they all are like walruses (SN) • ldakát has du tundatáanee woosh yáx̱ wooditee → all them allʼs thoughts were like each otherʼs (that is, there was unanimous agreement) (SN)

xʼóolʼ + yáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) chaos; frenzied; hectic | for O to be chaotic, frenzied, hectic | this is a powerful verb in Lingít oratory, used to create simile | (KE) • chʼa yeisú xʼóolʼ yáx̱ teeyí wé du x̱úx̱ wé gáan ldakát at ḵoowashée → while their husband was still confused outside they were searching all over (JF) • héináx̱.á ḵwá at wuduwaxoon; xʼóolʼ yáx̱ at yatee de → on that side of the village people were packing; it was already like a whirlpool (AM)

sh + tóo-g̱aa + O-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) grateful; thankful; satisfied | for O to be grateful, thankful; for O to be satisfied | use « yís » to indicate thankfulness for something, such as: « ax̱ tʼaakxʼí yís sh tug̱áa x̱at ditee » (i am grateful/thankful for/to my family) | i eedáx̱ sh tóog̱aa x̱at ditee → i am grateful to you (SN)

• imperative: sh tóog̱aa indatí! | be grateful!

• imperfective (+): sh tóog̱aa ditee | they are grateful

• perfective (+): sh tóog̱aa wditee | they were grateful

• perfective (–): tlél sh tóog̱aa wdatee | they werenʼt grateful

• future (+): sh tóog̱aa gux̱datée | they will be grateful

• future (–): tlél sh tóog̱aa gux̱datee | they wonʼt be grateful

sh + tóon + O-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) insulted; offended | for O to be insulted, offended, take offense | aadé yawdudziḵaayi yéich áwé, sh tóon wuditee → they were offended, because of the way people spoke (what was said) (SN) • tuli.aan: tlél daatdáx̱ sá sh tóon yoo udateek → they are kind: they never take offense (SN)

• imperative: sh tóog̱aa indatí! | be grateful!

• imperfective (+): sh tóog̱aa ditee | they are grateful

• perfective (+): sh tóog̱aa wditee | they were grateful

• perfective (–): tlél sh tóog̱aa wdatee | they werenʼt grateful

• future (+): sh tóog̱aa gux̱datée | they will be grateful

• future (–): tlél sh tóog̱aa gux̱datee | they wonʼt be grateful

N-x̱ + O-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) be; become | for O to be N (a member of a group); for O to become N | ḵúnáx̱ yaadachóonx̱ isitee → you are really upright/honest (SN) • ax̱ éesh asg̱eiwúx̱ sitee → my father is a seine fisher (SN) • ḵoon shkalneegíx̱ wusitee → they became a preacher (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: (noun)-x̱ inastí! | be a (noun)!

• prohibitive: líl (noun)-x̱ yoo eesteegíḵ! | donʼt become a (noun)!

• imperfective (+): (noun)-x̱ sitee | they are a (noun)

• imperfective (–): tlél (noun)-x̱ ustí | they arenʼt a (noun)

• perfective (+): (noun)-x̱ wusitee | they became a (noun)

• perfective (–): tlél (noun)-x̱ wustee | they didnʼt become a (noun)

• future (+): (noun)-x̱ gux̱satée | they will be a (noun)

• future (–): tlél (noun)-x̱ gux̱satee | they wonʼt be a (noun)

N + een-x̱ + O-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) be with | for O to be with N | gunalchéesh haa eenx̱ isateeyí → thank you for being with us (BF)

g̱ax̱-S-s-√tee ¹ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive – open) cry; weep; mourn; howl | for (plural) S to cry, weep, mourn; for (plural) S to howl (esp. of wolves) | classification: plural | kei gax̱gax̱yisatée → you all will cry (SN) • g̱ooch g̱ax̱satí → wolves are howling (SN) • du ítde has g̱ax̱wusitee → they all cried after them (KE)

• imperative: g̱ax̱geesatí! | you all cry!

• prohibitive: líl g̱ax̱yisatéeḵ! | donʼt you all cry!

• imperfective (+): has g̱ax̱satí | they all cry; they all are crying

• imperfective (–): tlél has ug̱ax̱satí | they all donʼt cry; theyʼre not crying

• progressive: kei (ha)s g̱ax̱nastéen | they all are beginning to cry

• perfective (+): has g̱ax̱wusitee | they all cried

• perfective (–): tlél has g̱ax̱wustí | they all didnʼt cry

• future (+): kei (ha)s g̱ax̱gax̱satée | they all will cry

• future (–): tlél kei (ha)s g̱ax̱gax̱satee | they all wonʼt cry

tlél + g̱áa + O-u-sh-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) fail; unsuitable | for O fail (esp. to conform to expectations and standards of the culture); for O to fail partially; for O to be incorrect, unsuitable | tlél g̱áa x̱at wushtee → i failed ( for instance to return a greeting suitably) (SN) • tlél ḵu.aa g̱áa wushtee → but they failed (to get message across, though they spoke well enough) (SN)

• imperfective (–): tlél g̱aa ushtí | it is unsuitable

• perfective (–): tlél g̱aa wushtee | it was unsuitable

• future (–): tlél g̱áa kg̱washatee | it will be unsuitable

tlél + sh + tóo-g̱aa + O-d+sh-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) disinterested; unconcerned | for O to be disinterested, unconcerned | use « yís » to indicate thankfulness for something, such as: « ax̱ tʼaakxʼí yís sh tug̱áa x̱at ditee » (i am grateful/thankful for/to my family)

• imperfective (–): tlél sh tóog̱aa x̱at ushtí | i couldnʼt care less

O-ka-S-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – fading) introduce; originate | for S to introduce, usher in, institute, originate O | keet akawsiteeyi ḵaa → the person who introduced the killerwhale (SN)

• imperative: kanastí! | introduce it!

• prohibitive: líl yoo keesateegíḵ! | donʼt introduce it it!

• perfective (+): akawsitee | they introduce it it

• perfective (–): tlél akawustee | they didnʼt introduce it it

• future (+): akagux̱satée | they will introduce it it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱satee | they wonʼt introduce it it

(yéi) + ḵu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) be; weather | for the weather to be (that way) | to specify how the weather is, replace yéi with a weather term + « yáx̱ »: « séew yáx̱ ḵuwatee » (it looks like rain) | (KE) • wáa sá ḵoowatee gáanxʼ? → howʼs the weather outside? (SN) • tsu chʼu yéi shákdéi ḵukg̱watée séigán → maybe it will be the same weather tomorrow (SN) • tlél áyáx̱ ḵootí → the weather looks bad (KE)

• imperfective (+): yéi ḵuwatee | the weather is that way

• imperfective (–): tlél yéi ḵootí | the weather isnʼt that way

• perfective (+): yéi ḵoowatee | the weather was that way

• perfective (–): lél yéi ḵuwutee | the weather wasnʼt that way

• future (+): yéi ḵukg̱watée | the weather will be that way

N + tóo-x̱ + ḵu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) frightened; scared | for N to be be frightened, thoroughly scared | ḵúnáx̱ haa tóox̱ ḵuwatee → we were thoroughly scared and frightened (in a big storm) (SN)

• imperative: i tóox̱ ḵunatí! | be frightened!

• prohibitive: líl i tóox̱ ḵutéeḵ! | donʼt be frightened!

• imperfective (+): du tóox̱ ḵuwatee | they are frightened

• imperfective (–): tlél du tóox̱ ḵootí | they arenʼt frightened

• perfective (+): du tóox̱ ḵoowatee | they were/became frightened

• perfective (–): tlél du tóox̱ ḵuwutee | they werenʼt frightened

• future (+): du tóox̱ ḵukg̱watée | they will be frightened

• future (–): tlél du tóox̱ ḵukg̱watee | they wonʼt be frightened

O-ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – fading) born; exist; live | for O to be in existence; for O to be born; for O to live | there are two similar verrsions of this verb, one to exist that uses an object pronoun, and one to actively live that uses a subject pronoun | (KE) • i tláa ágé chʼa yeisú ḵudzitee? → is your mother still living? (SN) • tlél daa sá ḵoostí → there isnʼt anything (SN) • áxʼ áwé ḵoowdzitee → they were born there (SN)

• imperfective (+): ḵudzitee | it exists; they are alive

• imperfective (–): tlél ḵoostí | it doesnʼt exist; they arenʼt alive

• perfective (+): ḵoowdzitee | it existed; they were born

• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwustee | it didnʼt exist; they werenʼt born

• future (+): yéi ḵukg̱wastée | it will exist; they will be born

• future (–): tlél yéi ḵukg̱wastee | they wonʼt be born

ḵu-S-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – fading) born; exist; live; subsist | for S to exist; for S to be born; for S to live; for S to subsist | there are two similar verrsions of this verb, one to exist that uses an object pronoun, and one to actively live that uses a subject pronoun | (CG, NS) • yadáli saayí áwé i jeewú; a yáx̱ ḵig̱eestí! → you have an important (noble) name (lit. a heavy name); live up to it! (SN) • kóox haa x̱ʼéitx̱ shoowaxeex; kʼúntsʼ ká yei ḵugax̱toostée → our rice is all used up; weʼll live on potatoes (SN)

• imperfective (+): ḵudzitee | it exists; they are alive

• imperfective (–): tlél ḵoostí | it doesnʼt exist; they arenʼt alive

• perfective (+): ḵoowdzitee | it existed; they were born

• perfective (–): tlél ḵuwustee | it didnʼt exist; they werenʼt born

• future (+): yéi ḵukg̱wastée | it will exist; they will be born

• future (–): tlél yéi ḵukg̱wastee | they wonʼt be born

N + daat + át + ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – fading) busy; occupied | for N to be busy with things; for N to be occupied with things

• imperfective (+): du daat át ḵudzitee | they are busy

• imperfective (–): tlél du daat át ḵoostí | they arenʼt busy

• perfective (+): du daat át ḵoowdzitee | they were busy

• perfective (–): tlél du daat át ḵuwustee | they werenʼt busy

• future (+): du daat át yei ḵukg̱wastée | they will be busy

• future (–): tlél du daat át yéi ḵukg̱wastee | they wonʼt be busy

O-shu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) expect | for O to be expected | x̱áa shuwatee → an attacking force was expected (SN)

• imperfective (+): shuwatee | it is expected

• imperfective (–): tlél shuwutí | it isnʼt expected

• perfective (+): shoowatee | it was expected

• perfective (–): tlél shuwutee | it wasnʼt expected

• future (+): shukg̱watée | it will be expected

• future (–): tlél shukg̱watee | it wonʼt be expected

O-shu-S-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – transitive – fading) expect; anticipate | for S to anticipate, foresee O; for S to expect, consider O likely to happen or arrive | (KE) • Aangóon aantḵeení has ashusitee → Angoon is expecting visitors (SN) • has du éet awdlig̱ín, has du jeedáx̱ at shusati een → they looked at them all, expecting to get something from them all (SN) • shux̱sitee áyá kaxéelʼ ax̱ káa yéi wuneiyí → iʼm anticipating difficulty; iʼm expecting some bad trouble is going to hit me • g̱wátgeen sá sheesitee wé kʼisáani? → when do you expect the young men? (JL) • du dáanayi ashusitee haat jiwuhaayí → they expect their money to be sent (JL) • x̱ʼashux̱sitee a daat x̱aan yoo x̱ʼawul.aadí → iʼm expecting them to talk to me about that (JL)

• imperative: shunastí! | expect them/it!

• prohibitive: líl sheesatéeyiḵ! | donʼt expect them/it!

• imperfective (+): ashusitee | they are expecting them/it

• imperfective (–): tlél ashoostí | they arenʼt expecting them/it

• perfective (+): ashuwsitee | they expected them/it

• perfective (–): tlél ashuwustee | they didnʼt expect them/it

• future (+): ashugux̱satée | they will expect them/it

• future (–): tlél ashugux̱satee | they wonʼt expect them/it

O-shu-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – fading) postpone | for S to postpone O | (GD, KE)

• imperative: shukanatí! | postpone it!

• prohibitive: líl yoo shukeeteegíḵ! | donʼt postpone it!

• perfective (+): ashukaawatee | they postponed it

• perfective (–): tlél ashukawutee | they didnʼt postpone it

• future (+): ashukakg̱watée | they will postpone it

• future (–): tlél ashukakg̱watee | they wonʼt postpone it

kei + O-shu-ka-S-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) introduce; originate | for S to introduce, usher in, institute, originate O | dleit ḵaa ḵusteeyí kei ashukawsitée → they introduced the white peopleʼs way of life (SN)

• imperative: kei shukasatí! | introduce it!

• prohibitive: líl kei shukeesateex̱íḵ! | donʼt introduce it it!

• perfective (+): kei ashukawsitée | they introduce it it

• perfective (–): tlél kei ashukawustee | they didnʼt introduce it it

• future (+): kei ashukagux̱satée | they will introduce it it

• future (–): tlél kei ashukagux̱satee | they wonʼt introduce it it

(yéi) + O-tu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) feel; want | for O to want to do, feel like doing (that); for O to feel a certain way | (KE) • yax̱ has ayax̱lajaaḵt has toowatee → they all wanted to kill them all (SN) • gáande tuwatee → they feel like going outside (SN)

• imperative: a daa itunatí! | care about it!

• imperfective (+): a daa tuwatee | they cares about it

• imperfective (–): tlél a daa tootí | they donʼt care about it

• future (+): a daa tukg̱watée | they will care about it

• future (–): tlél a daa tukg̱watee | they wonʼt care about it

N + daa + O-tu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) care; think about; concerned about | for O to care about N; for N to be concerned about O; for N to be affected by O | this verb has several interpretations, such as « kʼidéin du daa tuwatee, » which can mean any of the following: they thinks good of them; they are really thinking about them; s/he really cares about them | chʼas eeshandéin du daa itunatí! → just have compassion for them! (KE)

• imperative: a daa itunatí! | care about it!

• imperfective (+): a daa tuwatee | they cares about it

• imperfective (–): tlél a daa tootí | they donʼt care about it

• future (+): a daa tukg̱watée | they will care about it

• future (–): tlél a daa tukg̱watee | they wonʼt care about it

a-ÿa-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – fading) stormy; rough; windy ¹ | for the weather to be very windy; for the weather to be stormy, rough | (KE) • yéi x̱waajée seig̱án yei ayagux̱datée → i think itʼs going to be stormy tomorrow (SN)

• progressive: yei ayandatéen | itʼs getting stormy

• perfective (+): ayawditee | it was stormy; itʼs stormy

• perfective (–): tlél ayawdatee | it wasnʼt stormy; itʼs not stormy

• future (+): yei ayagux̱datée | it will be stormy

• future (–): tlél yei ayagux̱datee | it wonʼt be stormy

√tee ² (verb root) carry; take; give; lie ² | classification: general, compact object; abstract

{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (general, compact object; abstract) | classification: general, compact object; abstract | lítaa haat tí! → bring a knife! (SN) • latseen du jeet wuduwatée → they were given strength (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} tí! | take it {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} eetéeḵ! | donʼt take it {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa anatéen | they are taking it {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} aawatée | they took it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awutee | they didnʼt take it {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akg̱watée | they will take it {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akg̱watee | they wonʼt take it {____}

{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (na motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (general, compact object; abstract) | classification: general, compact object; abstract | xʼúxʼ yaa anatéen → theyʼre carrying a book (SN) • (KE) • yá xʼúxʼ i aat jeedé natí → give your paternal aunt this letter! (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} natí! | take it {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo eeteegíḵ! | donʼt take it {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa anatéen | they are taking it {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} aawatee | they took it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awutee | they didnʼt take it {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} akg̱watée | they will take it {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akg̱watee | they wonʼt take it {____}

N + x̱ʼéi + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (na motion verb – transitive – fading) give; feed | for S to give O (food, esp. for immediate eating) to N to eat; for S to feed O | classification: general, compact object; abstract | g̱áatl du x̱ʼéi natí → give them pilot bread (to eat)! (SN) • wé keitl x̱ʼéix̱ tsú has at wootee → they all also fed the dogs (EN) • (KE) • a x̱ʼéix̱ at natí wé keidlí! → feed the dog!

• imperative: du x̱ʼéi natí! | give it to them to eat!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du x̱ʼéi yoo eeteegíḵ! | donʼt give it to them to eat

• progressive: du x̱ʼéi yaa anatéen | they are giving it to them to eat

• perfective (+): du x̱ʼéi aawatee | they gave it to them to eat

• perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéi awutee | they didnʼt give it to them to eat

• future (+): du x̱ʼéi akg̱watée | they will give it to them to eat

• future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéi akg̱watee | they wonʼt give it to them to eat

kei + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) bring; unearth; pift; pick up | for S to bring out, unearth O (general, often compact object) (esp. from a box or other container or place which O is kept); for S to pick up, lift up O | classification: general, compact object; abstract

• imperative: kei tí! | unearth it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl kei eetéeḵ! | donʼt unearth it!

• progressive: kei yaa anatéen | they are unearthing it

• perfective (+): kei aawatée | they unearthed it

• perfective (–): tlél kei awutee | they didnʼt unearth it

• future (+): kei akg̱watée | they will unearth it

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱watee | they wonʼt unearth it

{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (complex object with internal parts) | classification: complex object with internal parts

• imperative: {∅ preverb} satí! | take it {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} eesateeḵ! | donʼt take it {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa anastéen | they are taking it {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awsitée | they took it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awustee | they didnʼt take it {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱satée | they will take it {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱satee | they wonʼt take it {____}

{na preverb} + O-S-s-√tee ʰ ² (na motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (complex object with internal parts) | classification: complex object with internal parts | at shí ḵóok yaa anastéen → theyʼre carrying a radio (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} nastí! | take it {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo eesateegíḵ! | donʼt take it {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa anastéen | they are taking it {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} awsitee | they took it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awustee | they didnʼt take it {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} agux̱satée | they will take it {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱satee | they wonʼt take it {____}

{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (round object) | koochʼéitʼaa haat katí! → bring a ball! (SN) • ax̱ léelkʼw jeedé kakḵwatée wé dáanaa → iʼm going to give the money to my grandparent (SN)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} katí! | take it {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} keetéeḵ! | donʼt take it {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa akanatéen | they are taking it {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akaawatée | they took it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawutee | they didnʼt take it {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akakg̱watée | they will take it {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akakg̱watee | they wonʼt take it {____}

daak + O-sha-S-s-√tee ² (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) anchor | for S to anchor O temporarily | daak áwé ashanastéen du yaagú → they keep moving their boat and anchoring it further out • yaakw yeex̱ yei naléini, dákde daak shanastí! → when the tide is falling near the boat, move it further out! (SN)

• imperative: daak shanastí! | anchor it!

• progressive: daak ashanastéen | they are anchoring it

• perfective (+): daak ashawsitee | they anchored it

• perfective (–): tlél daak ashawustee | they didnʼt anchor it

• future (+): daak akshagux̱satée | they will anchor it

• future (–): tlél daak akshagux̱satee | they wonʼt anchor it

héen-t⁓ + O-ÿa-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) baptize | for S to baptize O (singular) | classification: singular | héent yawduwatée → they were baptized (SN)

• imperative: héent yatí! | baptize them!

• prohibitive: líl héent yayeetéeḵ! | donʼt baptize them!

• perfective (+): héent ayaawatée | they baptized them

• perfective (–): tlél héent ayawutí | they didnʼt baptize them

• future (+): héende ayakg̱watée | they will baptize them

• future (–): tlél héende ayakg̱watee | they wonʼt baptize them

N + jee-t⁓ + O-shu-S-∅-√tee ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) [check verb type] blame | for S to blame N for O (a specific event) | du jeet at shuwduwatée; hóoch ḵu.aa ax̱ akawliyáakw → they were blamed for it (accused of doing it); but they denied it (SN)

• imperative: du jeet satí! | blame them for it!

• perfective (+): du jeet ashoowatée | they blamed them for it

• perfective (–): tlél du jeet ashuwutee | they didnʼt blame them for it

• future (+): du jeedé ashukg̱watée | they will blame them for it

• future (–): tlél du jeedé ashukg̱watee | they wonʼt blame them for it

{na preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (na motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (round object) | koochʼéitʼaa yaa akanatéen → theyʼre carrying a ball (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} kanatí! | take it {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yoo keetéegíḵ! | donʼt take it {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa akanatéen | they are taking it {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akaawatee | they took it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawutee | they didnʼt take it {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akakg̱watée | they will take it {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akakg̱watee | they wonʼt take it {____}

{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-s-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (small, stick-like object or string-like object) | classification: small, stick-like object or string-like object

• imperative: {∅ preverb} kasatí! | take it {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} keesatéeḵ! | donʼt take it {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa akanastéen | they are taking it {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akawsitée | they took it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawustee | they didnʼt take it {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} akagux̱satée | they will take it {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akagux̱satee | they wonʼt take it {____}

{na preverb} + O-ka-S-s-√tee ʰ ² (na motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (small, stick-like object or string-like object) | classification: small, stick-like object or string-like object | kawóot ka.éesh yaa akanastéen → theyʼre carrying a string of beads (SN)

• imperative: {na preverb} kanastí! | take it {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo keesatéegíḵ! | donʼt take it {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa akanastéen | they are taking it {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} akawsitee | they took it {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawustee | they didnʼt take it {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} akagux̱satée | they will take it {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} akagux̱satee | they wonʼt take it {____}

kée + yatx̱ + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) exalt; lift; raise ¹ | for S to exalt, lift up, raise O | Dikée Aanḵáawuch kée yatx̱ uwatée → God exalted them (SN) • at yáxʼ awuné tóonáx̱ kée yatx̱ akwg̱atée → they will lift them up through respect (SN)

• imperative: kée yatx̱ tí! | exalt them!

• prohibitive: líl kéi yatx̱ eetéeḵ! | donʼt exalt them!

• perfective (+): kée yátx̱ aawatée | they exalted them

• perfective (–): tlél kée yatx̱ awutee | they didnʼt exalt them

• future (+): kée yatx̱ akg̱watée | they will exalt them

• future (–): tlél kée yatx̱ akg̱watee | they wonʼt exalt them

N-t + ∅-√téen ˟ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a general, often of compact object to lie (at N) | classification: general, often of compact object | té át téen → thereʼs a rock lying there (SN)

• imperfective (+): at téen | itʼs lying there

N-t + s-√téen ˟ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a solid, often complex object to lie (at N) | classification: solid, often complex object | tsaa eejí wéit satéen → there are seal reefs over there (SN)

• imperfective (+): at satéen | itʼs lying there

N-t + ka-∅-√téen ˟ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a round object to lie (at N) | classification: round object | kʼwátʼ kút kát katáen → an egg is (lying) in the nest (SN)

• imperfective (+): at katéen | itʼs lying there

N-t + ka-s-√téen ˟ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a small stick-like object, or string-like object to lie (at N) | classification: small stick-like object, or string-like object | kooxéedaa nadáakw kát kasatéen → pencils are (lying) on the table (SN)

• imperfective (+): at katéen | itʼs lying there

√tee ³ (verb root) hang

(N-x̱) + O-sha-ÿa-S-∅-√tee ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) [check verb type] hang | for S to hang up O (esp. to dry) (at N) | g̱uwakaan dleeyí at x̱ʼaan hídi yeex̱ ashayaawatée → they hung up the deer meat in the smokehouse (SN) • haa óosʼi gáanx̱ shayawtuwatée → we hung our laundry outside (SN) • wé has du at doogú aadé has ashayati yé → the place they hang their hides (EN)

• imperative: áx̱ shayatí! | hang it there!

• perfective (+): áx̱ ashayaawatée | they hung it there

• perfective (–): tlél áx̱ ashayawutee | they didnʼt hang it there

• future (+): áx̱ ashayakg̱watée | they will hang it there

• future (–): tlél áx̱ ashayakg̱watee | they wonʼt hang it there

(N-de) + O-sha-ÿa-S-s-√tee ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) [check to see if motion verb] hang | for S to hang up O (a stringlike object) (at N) | aadé shayawsitee → they hung (string) up there (SN)

• imperative: aadé shayanastee! | hang it there!

• perfective (+): aadé ashayawsitee | they hung it there

• perfective (–): tlél aadé ashayawustee | they didnʼt hang it there

• future (+): aadé ashayagux̱satée | they will hang it there

• future (–): tlél aadé ashayagux̱satee | they wonʼt hang it there

√tee ⁴ (verb root) wear; put on

√tee ⁵ (verb root) imitate; mimic; quote

O-u-S-∅-√tee ⁵ (na act verb – transitive – open) [check irrealis presence and stem variation] imitate; mimic | for S to imitate, mimic the actions of O | x̱at natee! → imitate me! (SN) • xóots gug̱atée → theyʼre going to imitate a bear (SN) • ax̱ yáa udutee → people are imitating me to my face (to stop me doing it) (SN)

• imperative: natee! | imitate them!

• prohibitive: líl eeteeḵ! | donʼt imitate them!

• imperfective (+): ootee | they are imitating them

• perfective (+): aawatee | they imitated them

• perfective (–): tlél awutee | they didnʼt imitate them

• future (+): akg̱watée | they will imitate them

• future (–): tlél akg̱watee | they wonʼt imitate them

O-x̱ʼa-u-S-∅-√tee ⁵ (na act verb – transitive – open) [check irrealis presence and stem variation] imitate; mimic; quote | for S to imitate, mimic the speech of O; for S to quote O | x̱at x̱ʼanatee! → imitate my speech! (SN) • xóots gug̱atée → theyʼre going to imitate a bear (SN) • ax̱ yáa udutee → people are imitating me to my face (to stop me doing it) (SN)

• imperative: natee! | imitate them!

• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeeteeḵ! | donʼt imitate their speech!

• imperfective (+): x̱ʼeitee | they are imitating their speech

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwatee | they imitated their speech

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawutee | they didnʼt imitate their speech

• future (+): ax̱ʼakg̱watée | they will imitate their speech

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakg̱watee | they wonʼt imitate their speech

√teel ¹ (verb root) scar

√teel ² (verb root) shoe

√teen ¹ (verb root) travel; go

{na preverb} + ḵu-S-∅-√teen ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) travel; go | for S to travel, go on a trip | Juneau-dé ḵukḵwatéen → iʼm going to go to Juneau (SN) • daat g̱áa sáwé ixkéede ḵoowateen? → what did they travel down south for? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} ḵunateen! | travel {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo ḵeetéengiḵ! | donʼt travel {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa ḵunatín | they are traveling {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} ḵoowateen | they traveled {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} ḵuwuteen | they didnʼt travel {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} ḵukg̱watéen | they will travel {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} ḵukg̱wateen | they wonʼt travel {____}

{∅ preverb} + ḵu-S-∅-√teen ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) travel; go | for S to travel, go on a trip | tlél ágé haat ḵuteench? → havenʼt they arrived yet? (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {∅ preverb} ḵutín! | travel {____}!

• prohibitive: íl {∅ preverb} ḵeeteeníḵ! | donʼt travel {____}!

• progressive: {∅ preverb} yaa ḵunatín | they are traveling {____}

• perfective (+): {∅ preverb} ḵuwatín | they traveled {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} ḵuwuteen | they didnʼt travel {____}

• future (+): {∅ preverb} ḵukg̱watéen | they will travel {____}

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} ḵukg̱wateen | they wonʼt travel {____}

√teen ² (verb root) see; perceive

O-S-∅-√teen ² (ga state verb – transitive – closed) see; perceive | for S to see, perceive O (often abstract) | ḵeewu.aayí, ldakát át dutéen nooch → when it is daylight, everything can be seen (SN) • chʼa ax̱ shantóox’ x̱aatéen aadé yéi kḵwsasanéiyi yé → i can see in my mindʼs eye how iʼm going to make it (that is, what the finished product will look like) (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): ayatéen | they can see it

• imperfective (–): tlél ooteen | they canʼt see it

• progressive (–): tlél kei ḵunashtéen | they are losing their eyesight

• perfective (+): aawateen | they saw it

• perfective (–): tlél awuteen | they didnʼt see it

O-ÿa-S-∅-√teen ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) recognize | for S to recognize O | tléil ágé x̱at yayeeyteen? → donʼt you all recognize me? (SN) • haa yawduwatín → we were recognized (SN)

• perfective (+): ayawaatín | they recognized them

• perfective (–): tlél ayawuteen | they didnʼt recognize them

• future (+): ayakg̱watéen | they will recognize them

• future (–): tlél ayakg̱wateen | they wonʼt recognize them

O-S-s-√teen ² (g̱a event verb – transitive – closed) see; behold | for S to see, behold O (usually specific) | tléil xóots awusteen → they never saw a bear (SN) • dleit yáx̱ yateeyí át héen x̱ookaadé wududziteen → a white thing on the water was seen (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: g̱asteen! | see them/it!

• perfective (+): awsiteen | they saw them/it; they sees them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awusteen | they didnʼt see them/it; they donʼt see them/it

• future (+): yei agux̱satéen | they will see them/it

• future (–): tlél yei agux̱sateen | they wonʼt see them/it

O-S-l-√teen ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) look ¹; gaze; watch ¹; care for; look after | for S to look at, gaze at, watch O; for S to watch, take care of, mind, look after O | (KE)

• imperative: latín! | watch it!

• prohibitive: líl ilatíniḵ! | donʼt watch them/it!

• imperfective (+): altín | they are watching them/it; they watch them/it

• imperfective (–): tlél ooltín | they are not watching them/it; they donʼt watch them/it

• perfective (+): awlitín | they watched them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awulteen | they didnʼt watch them/it

• future (+): agux̱latéen | they will watch them/it

• future (–): tlél agux̱lateen | they wonʼt watch them/it

O-ka-S-l-√teen ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) observe ¹; watch ¹; browse | for S to observe, watch O; for S to look at, browse O (esp. a catalog or book with pictures) | haat x̱waagút, ḵaa ḵusteeyí kanḵaltínt → i came here, in order to observe people’s way of life • du ḵusteeyí yánde kakḵwalatín → i’m going to observe their-(s) way of life; iʼm going tow atch carefully how they act, etc. (so that i can copy them) (SN)

• imperative: kalatín! | observe it!

• prohibitive: líl keelatíniḵ! | donʼt observe them/it!

• imperfective (+): aklatín | they are observing it; they observe them/it

• imperfective (–): tlél akooltín | they are not observing them/it; they donʼt observe them/it

• perfective (+): akawlitín | they observed them/it

• perfective (–): tlél akawulteen | they didnʼt observe them/it

• future (+): akagux̱latéen | they will observe them/it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱lateen | they wonʼt observe them/it

ḵu-S-∅-√teen ² (ga state verb – subject intransitive – closed) sight; see | for S to have sight (see people); for S to be able to see | this verb is often used with the adverb « kʼidéin, » as in « tlél kʼidéin ḵoox̱ateen » (i donʼt see well) • the translation can either be “to have sight (in general)” or “to be able to see people,” except in the repetitive imperfective which translates as “to recognize people” | tlél ḵoox̱shatéenin; yáa yeedát ḵu.aa ḵux̱aatéen → i was blind, and now i see (i have my sight) (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): ḵuwatéen / ḵuyatéen | they have sight

• imperfective (–): tlél ḵooteen | they donʼt see well

• progressive: kei ḵunatéen | they are beginning to be able to see

• future (+): kei ḵukg̱watéen | they will get their vision back

• future (–): tlél kei ḵukg̱watéen | they will lose their vision

tlél + ḵu-S-sh-√téen ˟ ² (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) blind | for S to be blind | jinkaat táakw tlél koox̱shatéen → iʼve been blind for ten years (SN) • (KE) • tlél ḵoox̱shatéenin; yáa yeedát ḵu.aa ḵux̱aatéen → i was blind, and now i see (i have my sight) (SN)

• imperfective (+): tlél ḵooshtéen | they are blind

√teen ³ (verb root) go away mad

√tees ¹ (verb root) shuffle; step | take small rapid steps

√tees ² (verb root) make fun of

√teesʼ (verb root) stare; look for; inspect

N-g̱aa + ḵu-S-∅-√téesʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) watch ¹; search for; look for | for S to watch for N; for S to search for N (by looking around) | ax̱ éeshg̱aa ḵux̱atéesʼ → iʼm looking out for my father (expecting him to come) (SN) • chʼáakʼg̱aa ḵutéesʼ → theyʻre looking for an eagle (standing and gazing around intently) (SN) • (JL)

• imperfective (+): du eeg̱áa ḵutéesʼ | they are watching for them

• imperfective (–): tlél du eeg̱áa ḵootéesʼ | they arenʼt watching for them

• perfective (+): du eeg̱áa ḵuwatéesʼ | they were watching for them

• perfective (–): tléil du eeg̱áa ḵuwutéesʼ | they werenʼt watching for them

• future (+): du eeg̱áa ḵukg̱watéesʼ | they will watch for them

• future (–): tléil du eeg̱áa ḵukg̱watéesʼ | they wonʼt watch for them

N + daadé + ḵu-S-∅-√téesʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) inspect; assess | for S to inspect the performance or circumstance of N; for S to assess N | haa daadé kukwg̱atéesʼ → theyʻre going to inspect us (watch us to see we don ʼt make mistakes) (SN) • haat uwagút, ḵaa daadé ḵung̱atéesʼit → they came here to look over the situation (for example, for a wellness check e.g. social worker) (SN) • (JL)

• imperfective (+): a daadé ḵutéesʼ | they are inspecting it

• imperfective (–): tlél a daadé ḵootéesʼ | they arenʼt inspecting it

• perfective (+): a daadé ḵuwatéesʼ | they inspected it

• perfective (–): tléil a daadé ḵuwutéesʼ | they werenʼt inspecting it

• future (+): a daadé ḵukg̱watéesʼ | they will inspect it

• future (–): tléil a daadé ḵukg̱watéesʼ | they wonʼt inspect it

(N + tuwáa) + ka-u-l-√téesʼshán ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) watch ¹; sight; fascinating | for something to be fascinating to watch, to be a wonderful sight (to N) | Jilḵáat Ḵwáan haadé s akg̱walʼeix̱: yéi x̱waajée kei kagux̱latéesʼshán → the Chilkat people are coming here to dance: i think it will be a fascinating, a wonderful sight (SN) • ax̱ tuwáa koolitéesʼshán → i love to watch it / i am fascinated by it (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): kulitéesʼshán | itʼs a sight to behold

• imperfective (–): tlél kooltéesʼshán | itʼs not much to see

• perfective (+): kawlitéesʼshán | it was a sight to behold

• perfective (–): tlél kawultéesʼshán | it wasnʼt much to see

• future (+): kei kagux̱latéesʼshán | it will be a sight to behold

• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱latéesʼshán | it wonʼt be much to see

√teesh (verb root) lonesome; bored

O-l-√teesh (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) lonesome | for O to be lonesome | yee ítde yei haa gux̱latéesh → weʼre going to be lonesome for you all (SN) • (KE)

• prohibitive: líl iwulteeshíḵ! | donʼt be lonely!

• progressive: yei naltísh | they are getting lonely

• perfective (+): wuliteesh | they are lonely

• perfective (–): tlél wulteesh | they are not lonely

• future (+): yei gux̱latéesh | they will be lonely

• future (–): tlél yei gux̱lateesh | they wonʼt be lonely

√teet ¹ (verb root) wave ¹

√teet ² (verb root) caulk

O-S-s-√teet ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) caulk | for S to caulk O | ax̱ yaagú at sʼéilʼi teen x̱wasitít → i calked my boat with rags (stuffed rags in the cracks) (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: satít! | caulk it!

• imperfective (+): astéet | they are caulking it

• perfective (+): awsitít | they caulked it

• perfective (–): tlél awusteet | they didnʼt caulk it

• future (+): agux̱satéet | they will caulk it

• future (–): tlél agux̱sateet | they wonʼt caulk it

√teetʼ (verb root) tense; tendon; vein

√teew (verb root) • variants: √toow • read; count; study; teach

√teexʼ (verb root) rope; twist | make rope; twist into rope

√teex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √teix̱ʼ • ⑴ wring; twist; screw ¹ || ⑵ crooked; twisted; windy ²

√teey ¹ (verb root) soak | classification: fish or seafood

√teey ² (verb root) patch

√teey ³ (verb root) carve; chisel

O-ka-S-∅-√teey ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) carve; chisel | for S to carve O (large objects using a chisel of adze); for S to chisel O (large objects using a chisel of adze) | kootéeyaa kawduwatíy → totem poles were carved (SN) • x̱útʼaa teen kadutéey → people carve with adzes (SN)

• imperative: katíy! | carve it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keetíyx̱uḵ! | donʼt carve it

• imperfective (+): akatéey | they are carving it

• imperfective (–): tlél akooteey | they arenʼt carving it

• perfective (+): akaawatíy | they carved it

• perfective (–): tlél akawuteey | they didnʼt carve it

• future (+): akakg̱watéey | they are going to carve it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱wateey | they arenʼt going to carve it

√teey ⁴ (verb root) jealous | jealous (of romantic partner)

O-ÿa-S-s-√teey ⁴ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type, conjugation type, and stem variation] jealous | for S to be jealous of O (romantic partner) and be suspiciously watchful | Story-Naish document a long-high stem and Leer a short-high stem | woosh has yawdzitéey → they each keep watch on each other in suspicion and jealousy (SN) • du shát ayawsitéey → they are jealous and keeps constant watch on their partner (SN)

• perfective (+): ayawsitíy | they became jealous and suspiciously watch them

• perfective (–): tlél ayawusteey | they didʼt become jealous and suspiciously watch them

• future (+): ayagux̱satéey | they will become jealous and suspiciously watch them

• future (–): tlél ayagux̱sateey | they wonʼt become jealous and suspiciously watch them

√too (verb root) clever

O-s-√too (ga state verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type] clever; ingenious | for O to be clever, ingenious

• imperfective (+): sitóo | they are clever, ingenious

• imperfective (–): tlél ustú | they are not clever

O-x̱ʼa-s-√too (ga state verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type] witty; glib | for O to be witty, glib | lawyers x̱ʼasitóo → lawyers are glib / they always have something to say (SN)

• imperfective (+): x̱ʼasitóo | they are glib

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼeistú | they are not glib

√tooch (verb root) fresh; raw | classification: food

O-S-l-√tooch (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check stem variation in hort/pot] cook; sear; broil | for S to cook, sear O (esp fresh-killed fish quickly or partially) | x̱áat latúch! → broil the fish (salmon) fast (still tastes somewhat raw)! (SN) • x̱áat dultúchx̱ → people kill fish fresh from water and cook it fast (regularly) (SN) • (JL)

• imperative: latúch! | sear it

• imperfective (+): altúchx̱ | they are searing it

• perfective (+): awlitúch | they seared it

• perfective (–): tlél aultooch | they didnʼt sear it

• future (+): agux̱latóoch | they will sear it

• future (–): tlél agux̱latooch | they wonʼt sear it

S-d+l-√tooch (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation in hort/pot] fresh | for O (fish) to be fresh-killed, still twitching | also, for the head broken off as soon as fish taken from water and then cooked fast at once | (SN)

• perfective (+): wudlitúch | it was fresh-killed

• perfective (–): tlél wultooch | it wasnʼt fresh-killed

• future (+): gug̱altóoch | it will be fresh-killed

• future (–): tlél gug̱altooch | it wonʼt be fresh-killed

√toochʼ (verb root) rub; dab; roll | roll (into yarn)

O-S-∅-√tóochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) rub | for S to rub O (on hand) | (JL)

• perfective (+): aawatúchʼ | they rubbed it (on hand)

O-S-l-√tóochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] pull out | for S to pull out O (wool for spinning) | (JL)

• imperative: latúchʼ! | pull wool out for spinning!

• perfective (+): awlitúchʼ | they pulled wool out for spinning

• perfective (–): tlél awultóochʼ | they didnʼt pull wool out for spinning

• future (+): agux̱latóochʼ | they will pull wool out for spinning

• future (–): tlél agux̱latóochʼ | they wonʼt pull wool out for spinning

(N-t⁓) + O-S-l-√tóochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] dab | for S to dab paint (onto N) with a quick movement of the finger | át x̱walitúchʼ (SN)

• imperative: át latúchʼ! | dab paint on it!

• perfective (+): át awlitúchʼ | they dabbed paint on it

O-ka-S-l-√tóochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) roll | for S to roll O up (for making yarn for woolen weaving) | (JL) • kadultóochʼ → people roll cedar bark and goat hair together (SN)

• imperative: kalatúchʼ! | roll it up (for yarn)!

• perfective (+): akawlitúchʼ | they rolled it up (for yarn)

• perfective (–): tlél akawultóochʼ | they didnʼt roll it up (for yarn)

• future (+): akagux̱latóochʼ | they will roll it up (for yarn)

• future (–): tlél akagux̱latóochʼ | they wonʼt roll it up (for yarn)

√took ¹ (verb root) explode

(kei) + d+sh-√tóok ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) explode | for something to explode, blow up | sdoox tóonáx̱ yóot wujitúk → the stove exploded (that is, the explosion came through the door or lid) (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): kei wjitúk | it exploded

• perfective (–): tlél kei wushtóok | it didnʼt explode

• future (+): kei kg̱washtóok | it will explode

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱washtóok | it wonʼt explode

O-d+sh-√took ¹ (na act verb – object intransitive – high) explode; pop | for O to explode, pop

• imperfective (+): ishtukxʼ | they (plural) are popping

• perfective (+): wujitóok | it popped

• perfective (–): tlél wushtóok | it didnʼt pop

• future (+): gug̱ashtóok | it will pop

• future (–): tlél gug̱ashtóok | it wonʼt pop

O-ka-S-sh-√tóok ¹ (na act verb – transitive – high) [check to see if there are both na and ∅ conjugation forms of this verb] explode; burst | for S to explode, burst, blow up O | té dynamite teen akshatúkt → they are blowing up the rocks with dynamite (SN) • ḵusa.aatʼch kashatúkx̱ → the cold bursts them (raven eggs) (SN)

• imperative: kanashtóok! | blow it up!

• imperfective (+): akshatúkt | they are exploding it

• perfective (+): akawshitóok | they exploded it

• perfective (–): tlél akawushtóok | they didnʼt explode it

• future (+): akagux̱shatóok | they will explode it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱shatóok | they wonʼt explode it

√took ² (verb root) rancid; potent; rotten | too strong (overly fermented)

O-l-√took ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive – closed) potent; rancid | for O to be potent (esp. of old coffee), or rancid, too strong to taste good | (SN)

• perfective (+): wulitúk | it is potent

tlél + O-u-l-√took ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive – closed) clean ¹; pure; holy | for O to be clean; for O to be pure, holy | du tundatáani tléil ultóok → their thoughts are pure (SN)

• imperfective (–): tlél ultook |

√tool ¹ (verb root) drill; spin

O-S-∅-√tool ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) drill; bore | for S to drill, bore hole in O | ldakát át dutóol, lʼoowú, g̱ayéisʼ → people drill everything, wood, iron (SN) • x̱ʼaan káx̱ atóol → they are making fire with a firedrill (JL) • (KE)

• imperative: túl! | drill it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eetúlx̱uḵ! | donʼt drill it!

• imperfective (+): atóol | they are drilling it

• progressive: yaa anatúl | they are drilling it

• perfective (+): aawatúl | they drilled it

• perfective (–): tlél awutool | they didnʼt drill it

• future (+): akg̱watóol | they will drill it

• future (–): tlél akg̱watool | they wonʼt drill it

∅-√tool ¹ (∅ act verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) spin | for something (top, etc.) to spin | toolchʼán yaa natúl → the top is spinning (SN)

• imperfective (+): tóol | itʼs spinning

• progressive: yaa natúl | itʼs spinning

• perfective (+): wootúl | it spun

• perfective (–): tlél wutool | it didnʼt spin

• future (+): gug̱atóol | it will spin

• future (–): tlél gug̱atool | it wonʼt spin

O-S-l-√tool ¹ (na event verb – transitive – closed) spin | for S to make O spin | sʼíxʼ awlitool → they started the plate spinning (SN) • (SN, JL)

• imperative: naltool! | make it spin!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo eelatúlguḵ! | donʼt make it spin!

• progressive: yaa analtúl | they are making it spin

• perfective (+): awlitool | they made it spin

• perfective (–): tlél awultool | they didnʼt make it spin

• future (+): agux̱latóol | they will make it spin

• future (–): tlél agux̱latool | they wonʼt make it spin

O-ka-S-l-√tool ¹ (na event verb – transitive – closed) spin | for S to make O spin | classification: rope-like object | teey woodí aklatóol naaxein sákw → they are spinning cedar bark into thread for a Chilkat blanket (SN) • (KE, JL)

• imperative: kanaltool! | make it spin!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yoo keelatúlguḵ! | donʼt make it spin!

• progressive: yaa akanaltúl | they are making it spin

• perfective (+): akawlitool | they made it spin

• perfective (–): tlél akawultool | they didnʼt make it spin

• future (+): akagux̱latóol | they will make it spin

• future (–): tlél akagux̱latool | they wonʼt make it spin

O-ka-S-l-√tool ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) roll | for S to roll up O (anything flat and flexible) | xʼúxʼ akawlitúl → they rolled up the paper (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kalatúl! | roll it up!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keelatúlx̱iḵ! | donʼt roll it up!

• imperfective (+): aklatóol | they are rolling it up

• progressive: yaa akanaltúl | they are rolling it up

• perfective (+): akawlitúl | they rolled it up

• perfective (–): tlél akawultool | they didnʼt roll it up

• future (+): akagux̱latóol | they will roll it up

• future (–): tlél akagux̱latool | they wonʼt roll it up

√tool ² (verb root) murmur

√toow (verb root) • variants: √teew • read; count; study; teach

O-S-∅-√tóow (na act verb – transitive – high) read | for S to read O | ax̱ xʼúxʼu yan x̱waatóow → iʼve finished reading my book (SN) • kéenáx̱ natóow! → read it out loud! (ND) • (KE)

• imperative: natóow! | read it!

• prohibitive: líl eetóowuḵ! | donʼt read it!

• imperfective (+): atóow | they are reading it; they reads it

• imperfective (–): tlél ootóow | they arenʼt reading it; they donʼt read it

• perfective (+): aawatóow | they read it

• perfective (–): tlél awutóow | they didnʼt read it

• future (+): akg̱watóow | they will read it

• future (–): tlél akg̱watóow | they wonʼt read it

S-d+∅-√tóow (na act verb – subject intransitive – high) read; count | for S to read, count | keenáx̱ needatóow! → read aloud! (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: nidatóow! | read!

• prohibitive: líl idatóowuḵ! | donʼt read!

• imperfective (+): datóow | they are reading; they reads

• imperfective (–): tlél udatóow | they arenʼt reading; they donʼt read

• perfective (+): wuditóow | they read

• perfective (–): tlél wudatóow | they didnʼt read

• future (+): gux̱datóow | they will read

• future (–): tlél gux̱datóow | they wonʼt read

N-t⁓ + S-d+s-√tóow (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) count | for S to count to N | xʼoonx̱ sáyá eestóow? → how many can you count to? (SN) • tleiḵáat eestóow! → count to twenty! (SN)

• imperative: keijínt eestóow! | count to five!

• prohibitive: líl keijínt eestóowuḵ! | donʼtt count to five!

• imperfective (+): keijínde istóow | they are counting to five; they counts to five

• imperfective (–): tlél keijínde wustóow | they arenʼt counting to five; they donʼt count to five

• perfective (+): keijínt wudzitóow | they counted to five

• perfective (–): tlél keijínt wustóow | they didnʼt count to five

• future (+): keijínde kg̱wastóow | they will count to five

• future (–): tlél keijínde kg̱wastóow | they wonʼt count to five

N-xʼ + O-S-l-√tóow (∅ act verb – transitive – high) teach | for S to teach O to N | the use of a suffix on the empty base (du ée / du éexʼ) seems to be optional and based on speaker preference | at shí haa ée awlitóow → they taught us to sing (SN) • woosh ée s awdlitóow → they all taught each other (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du ée latóow! | teach it to them!

• prohibitive: líl du éexʼ ilatóowuḵ! | donʼt teach it to them!

• imperfective (+): du éexʼ altóow | they are teaching it to them

• imperfective (–): tlél du éexʼ ooltoow | they are not teaching it to them

• perfective (+): du éexʼ awlitóow | they taught it to them

• perfective (–): tlél du éexʼ awultóow | they didnʼt teach it to them

• future (+): du éexʼ agux̱latóow | they will teach it to them

• future (–): tlél du éexʼ agux̱latoow | they wonʼt teach it to them

N-xʼ + at  + S-l-√tóow (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) teach | for S to teach N | the use of a suffix on the empty base (du ée / du éexʼ) seems to be optional and based on speaker preference | ḵóo at gax̱tulatóow → weʼre going to teach people (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: du éexʼ at latóow! | teach them!

• prohibitive: líl du éexʼ at ilatóowuḵ! | donʼt teach them!

• imperfective (+): du éexʼ at latóow | they are teaching them

• imperfective (–): tlél du éexʼ at ultoow | they are not teaching them

• perfective (+): du éexʼ at wulitóow | they taught them

• perfective (–): tlél du éexʼ at wultóow | they didnʼt teach them

• future (+): du éexʼ at gux̱latóow | they will teach them

• future (–): tlél du éexʼ at gux̱latoow | they wonʼt teach them

sh + tóo + O-S-d+l-√tóow (∅ act verb – transitive – high) study; practice; rehearse | for S to study, learn O; for S to practice, rehearse O | Lingít yoo x̱ʼatángi sh tóo tooltóow → weʼre studying the Lingít language (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: sh tóo iltóow! | study it!

• prohibitive: líl sh tóo eeltóowuḵ! | donʼt study it!

• imperfective (+): sh tóo altóow | they are studying it; they studies it

• imperfective (–): tlél sh tóo ooltóow | they donʼt study it

• perfective (+): sh tóo awdlitóow | they studied it

• perfective (–): tlél sh tóo awultóow | they didnʼt study it

• future (+): sh tóo akg̱waltóow | they will study it

• future (–): tlél sh tóo akg̱waltóow | they wonʼt study it

sh + tóo + at  + S-d+l-√tóow (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) study | for S to study, teach oneself | sh tóoxʼ ágé at iltóow? → do they study? (SN)

• imperative: sh tóo at iltóow! | study!

• prohibitive: líl sh tóo at eeltóowuḵ! | donʼt study!

• imperfective (+): sh tóo at iltóow | they are studying; they studies

• imperfective (–): tlél sh tóo at ultóow | they are not studying; they donʼt study

• perfective (+): sh tóo at wudlitóow | they studied

• perfective (–): tlél sh tóo at wultóow | they didnʼt study

• future (+): sh tóo at gug̱altóow | they will study

• future (–): tlél sh tóo at gug̱altóow | they wonʼt study

√toox ¹ (verb root) • variants: √teexw ¹ • stamp

√toox ² (verb root) • variants: √teexw ² • hop | especially flea or bedbug

yaa + S-d+∅-√toox ² (ga – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] dance ¹ | for S to dance with rapid little steps | (SN)

• imperative: yaa geedatoox! | dance (with rapid little foot movements)!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yaa idatúxjiḵ! | donʼt dance (with rapid little foot movements)!

• perfective (+): wuditoox | they danced (with rapid little foot movements)!

• perfective (–): tlél wudatoox | they didnʼt dance (with rapid little foot movements)!

• future (+): yaa gux̱datóox | they will dance (with rapid little foot movements)!

• future (–): tlél yaa gux̱datoox | they wonʼt dance (with rapid little foot movements)!

√toox̱ (verb root) spit ¹; spew out

N-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+s-√toox̱ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) spit ¹ | for S to spit, spit out at N | (KE)

• imperative: yóot x̱ʼeestúx̱! | spit!

• prohibitive: líl yóox̱ x̱ʼeestooox̱úḵ! | donʼt spit!

• perfective (+): yóot x̱ʼawdzitúx̱ | they spat

• perfective (–): tlél yóot x̱ʼawustoox̱ | they didnʼt spit

• future (+): yóode x̱ʼakg̱wastóox̱ | they will spit

• future (–): tlél yóode x̱ʼakg̱wastoox̱ | they wonʼt spit

yóo⁓ + O-S-l-√toox̱ (∅ act verb – transitive spit ¹ | for S to spit out O (esp medicine) | líl yóox̱ eeltoox̱úḵ, chʼa g̱alsháat sʼé! → donʼt spit it (medicine) out; hold it in your mouth a while! (SN)

√toox̱ʼ ¹ (verb root) growl | stomach growl

ka-s-√tóox̱ʼ ˟ ¹ (∅ act verb – impersonal – invariable) growl; gurgle | for the stomach to growl, gurgle | this verb only occurs in the imperfective | (KE)

• imperfective (+): du x̱ʼóolʼ kastóox̱ʼ | their stomach is growling

• imperfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼóolʼ koostóox̱ʼ | their stomach isnʼt growling

√toox̱ʼ ² (verb root) spit ¹ | classification: octopus

√tʼaa ¹ (verb root) warm; hot

∅-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) warm; hot | for something to be warm; for something to be hot | (KE) • ḵúnáx̱ x̱at uwatʼáa → iʼm really warm (SN) • héen tléil ootʼáaych → the water isnʼt warm yet (SN)

• progressive: yaa natʼéin | itʼs getting hot

• perfective (+): uwatʼáa | itʼs hot

• perfective (–): tlél wutʼá | itʼs not hot

• future (+): gug̱atʼáa | it will get hot

• future (–): tlél gug̱atʼaa | it wonʼt get hot

O-S-s-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) warm | for S to warm O (water, etc.) | (KE) • héen kuḵasatʼáa → iʼm going to warm (heat) the water (SN)

• imperative: satʼá! | warm it up!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl isatʼeix̱íḵ! | donʼt (ever) warm it up!

• imperfective (+): astʼeix̱ | they are warming it up

• imperfective (–): tlél x̱wasatʼeix̱ | they arenʼt warming it up

• perfective (+): awsitʼáa | they warmed it up

• perfective (–): tlél awustʼá | they didnʼt warm it up

• future (+): agux̱satʼáa | they will warm it up

• future (–): tlél agux̱satʼaa | they wonʼt warm it up

N + toowú + O-S-l-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – fading, cv́v hort/pot) comfort | for S to comfort N | literally, warmed the inner feelings of

• imperative: du toowú latʼáa! | comfort them!

• imperfective (+): du toowú altʼeix̱ | they are comforting them; they comforts them (regularly)

• imperfective (–): tlél du toowú ooltʼeix̱ | they donʼt comfort them

• perfective (+): du toowú awlitʼáa | they comforted them

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú awultʼá | they didnʼt comfort them

• future (+): du toowú agux̱latʼáa | they will comfort them

• future (–): tlél du toowú agux̱latʼaa | they wonʼt comfort them

ḵu-∅-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ state verb – impersonal – fading) warm | for the weather to be warm, hot | this may be the only ∅- conjugation state verb | (KE)

• imperfective (+): ḵuwatʼáa, ḵuyatʼáa | the weather is hot

• imperfective (–): tlél ḵuwatʼaa | the weather isnʼt hot

• perfective (+): ḵoowatʼáa | the weather got hot

• perfective (–): tlél ḵoowutʼá | the weather didnʼt get hot

• future (+): ḵukg̱watʼáa | the weather will be hot

• future (–): tlél ḵukg̱watʼaa | the weather wonʼt be hot

ÿa-∅-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) hot; heated | for something to be hot; for something to be heated | yaawatʼáayi héen → hot water (often designating coffee or tea) (SN) • x̱ʼàan yáx̱ yaawatʼáa → itʼs red hot (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa yanatʼéin | itʼs getting hot

• perfective (+): yaawatʼáa | itʼs hot; it got hot

• perfective (–): tlél yawutʼá | it isnʼt hot; it didnʼt get hot

• future (+): yakg̱watʼáa | it will get hot

• future (–): tlél yakg̱watʼaa | it wonʼt get hot

O-ÿa-S-s-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) heat | for S to heat O | ayawsitʼáa wé sdóox → they heated the stove (real hot) (SN)

• imperative: yasatʼá! | heat it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yisatʼeix̱íḵ! | donʼt heat it!

• progressive: yaa ayanastʼéin | they are heating it

• perfective (+): ayawsitʼáa | they heated it

• perfective (–): tlél ayawustʼá | they didnʼt heat it

• future (+): ayagux̱satʼáa | they will heat it

• future (–): tlél ayagux̱satʼaa | they wonʼt heat it

√tʼaa ² (verb root) ripe

O-ka-∅-√tʼaa ² (na – object intransitive – open) ripe | for O to be ripe (of berries, fruit) | it is common for speakers to insert « yan » before the verb, as in « yan kaawatʼaa » (it is ripe) and « tlél yan kawutʼá » (it isnʼt ripe) | (SN, JL)

• progressive: yaa kanatʼéin | it is getting ripe

• perfective (+): kaawatʼaa | it is ripe; it was ripe

• perfective (–): tlél kawutʼá | it is not ripe; it wasnʼt ripe

• future (+): kakg̱watʼáa | it will be ripe

• future (–): tlél kakg̱watʼaa | it will not ripen

O-ka-S-s-√tʼaa ² (na – transitive – open) ripe | for S to ripen O (of berries, fruit) | it is common for speakers to insert « yan » before the verb, as in « yan kaawatʼaa » (it is ripe) and « tlél yan kawutʼá » (it isnʼt ripe) | shaax̱ héen yík kanastʼéich → grey currants ripen up the river • tléiḵw g̱agaanch kawsitʼaa → the sun ripened the berries (SN)

• progressive: yaa akanastʼéin | they are ripening it

• perfective (+): akawsitʼaa | they ripened it

• perfective (–): tlél akawustʼá | they didnʼt ripen it

• future (+): akagux̱satʼáa | they will ripen it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱satʼaa | they wonʼt ripen it

√tʼaa ³ (verb root) warp ¹; bend ¹ | bend or warp by steam

√tʼaa ⁴ (verb root) board; skirting

√tʼaach (verb root) slap | slap with open hand

O-S-∅-√tʼaach (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) slap; tag | for S to slap O; for S to tag O (as in game of tag) | add the thematic « ya- » for slapping in the face, and « x̱ʼa- » for slapping in the mouth | yéi yawuḵaayí, wáachwaanch yaawatʼách → when they said that, the guard slapped them in the face (SN) • líl yeetʼáchx̱iḵ i dlaakʼ! → donʼt slap your sister in the face! • du léelkʼw áwé x̱ʼawduwatʼách → his grandparent was slapped in the mouth (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: tʼách! | slap them/it!

• prohibitive: líl eetʼáchx̱iḵ! | donʼt slap them/it!

• imperfective (+): atʼácht | they are slapping them/it

• imperfective (–): tlél ootʼácht | they arenʼt slapping them/it

• perfective (+): aawatʼách | they slapped them/it

• perfective (–): tlél awutʼaach | they didnʼt slap them/it

• future (+): akg̱watʼáach | they will slap them/it

• future (–): tlél akg̱watʼaach | they wonʼt slap them/it

(N +) jintáak + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) clap | for S to clap oneʼs hands | (SN)

• imperative: jintáak idatʼách! | clap your hands!

• perfective (+): jintáak wuditʼách | they clapped their hands

• perfective (–): tlél jintáak wudatʼaach | they didnʼt clap their hands

• future (+): jintáak gux̱datʼáach | theyʼre going to clap their hands

• future (–): tlél jintáak gux̱datʼaach | they wonʼt clap their hands

jintaak + S-d+∅-√tʼácht ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) clap | for S to clap hands | (KE)

• imperative: jintaak nidatʼácht! | clap your hands!

• prohibitive: líl jintaak idatʼáchdiḵ! | donʼt clap your hands!

• imperfective (+): jintaak datʼácht | they are clappig their hands; they claps their hands

• imperfective (–): tlél jintaak udatʼácht | they arenʼt clapping their hands; they donʼt clap their hands

• perfective (+): jintaak wuditʼácht | they clapped their hands

• perfective (–): tlél jintaak wudatʼácht | they didnʼt clap their hands

• future (+): jintaak gux̱datʼácht | they will clap their hands

• future (–): tlél jintaak gux̱datʼácht | they wonʼt clap their hands

{na preverb} + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) swim | for S to swim (of human, using strokes which slap the water) | classification: singular subject • classification: human | héen kaanáx̱ yaa ndatʼách → theyʻre swimming across the river (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: {na preverb} nidatʼaach! | swim {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo idatʼáchgiḵ! | donʼt swim {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa ndatʼách | they are swimming {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} wditʼaach | they swam {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wdatʼaach | they didnʼt swim {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} gux̱datʼáach | they will swim {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱datʼaach | they wonʼt swim {____}

{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) swim | for S to swim (of human, using strokes which slap the water) | classification: human | deikéet wutuditʼách → we swam way out (SN)

{na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√tʼaach (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) swim | for (plural) O (humans) to swim (using strokes which slap the water) | classification: plural subjects • classification: human | (GD, KE) • kʼisáani deikéet kandutʼáchch → young men swim way out (regularly)

• imperative: {na preverb} yee kandutʼaach! | you all swim {____}!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo yee kadutʼáchgiḵ! | donʼt you all swim {____}!

• progressive: {na preverb} yaa (ha)s kandutʼách | they all are swimming {____}

• perfective (+): {na preverb} (ha)s kawduwatʼaach | they all swam {____}

• perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s kawdutʼaach | they all didnʼt swim {____}

• future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s kagux̱datʼáach | they all will swim {____}

• future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s kagux̱datʼaach | they all wonʼt swim {____}

daak + O-ka-S-l-√tʼaach (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check classifier and transitivity1z] applaud; clap | for S to applaud until O comes back on stage; for S to clap | daak has kawdudlitʼách → people applauded (by clapping) so they all had to come back (for an encore) (SN)

• perfective (+): kawlitʼách | they applauded

√tʼaak (verb root) dent; press

O-ka-d+∅-√tʼaak (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) batter; dent | for O to be dented, bent in; for O to be battered, really dented | xʼeesháa kawditʼák → the bucket is bent in (SN) • aatlein kawditʼák → itʼs very battered, dented (SN)

• perfective (+): kawditʼák | it is battered

• perfective (–): tlél kawdatʼaak | itʼs not battered

• future (+): kagux̱datʼáak | it will be battered

• future (–): tlél kagux̱datʼaak | it wonʼt be battered

O-ka-S-l-√tʼaak (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) batter; dent | for S to dent, bend in O | ax̱ sʼáaxu akawlitʼák → they dented my hat (SN) • ilí! wé xʼeesháa kakg̱ilatʼáak → donʼt! youʼll dent the bucket (SN)

• imperative: latʼák! | dent it!

• perfective (+): akawlitʼák | they dented it

• perfective (–): tlél akawultʼaak | they didnʼt dent it

• future (+): akagux̱latʼáak | they will dent it

• future (–): tlél akagux̱latʼaak | they wonʼt dent it

√tʼaakw (verb root) slap; hit | slap tail; hit solidly

a-d+sh-√tʼaakw (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) dive; slap | for something to dive into the water; for something to slap tail down hard as going down in water (esp. of killerwhale and beaver); for someone to hit out at someone and floor them; for someone to scatter down feathers from dance hat in final part of dance (by rapid movements of the head) | sʼideidí awditʼákw → the beaver slapped his tai/ hard on the water (as he entered it) (SN) • ḵúnáx̱ áyá aan awjitʼákw → they really hit out at them (fast) and floored them with it (SN) • (KE)

• perfective (+): héende awjitʼákw | it dove into the water

• perfective (–): tlél héende awushtʼaakw | it didnʼt dive into the water

• future (+): héende akg̱washtʼáakw | it will dive into the water

• future (–): tlél héende akg̱washtʼaakw | it wonʼt dive into the water

√tʼaaḵ (verb root) rock ²

(N + yáxʼ) + O-S-d+s-√tʼaaḵ (∅ – transitive – closed) [check that O is the item bet, check verb type] (act verb) bet | for S to bet O (to N) | ax̱ yáxʼ awdzitʼaaḵ → they had bet me something (SN) • gidéin a yáxʼ yaa akwg̱wstʼaaḵ → theyʼre going to make some big bets (SN)

• imperative: du yáxʼ eestʼáḵ | bet it to them!

• perfective (+): du yáxʼ awdzitʼáḵ | they bet it to them

• perfective (–): tlél du yáxʼ awustʼaaḵ | they didnʼt bet it to them

• future (+): du yáxʼ akg̱wastʼáaḵ | they will bet it to them

• future (–): tlél du yáxʼ akg̱wastʼaaḵ | they wonʼt bet it to them

N-t + O-S-d+s-√tʼaaḵ (∅ – transitive – closed) [check verb type] (act verb) extra; give | for S to give a little extra O to N | i éet x̱wadzitʼáḵ → I am giving you a little extra (for free) (SN) • tlél ágé aadé aa kg̱eestʼaaḵ? → arenʼt you going to give a little extra (free)? (SN)

• imperative: át eestʼáḵ | give a little extra!

• perfective (+): át awdzitʼáḵ | they gave a little extra

• perfective (–): tlél át awustʼaaḵ | they didnʼt give a little extra

• future (+): át akg̱wastʼáaḵ | they will give a little extra

• future (–): tlél át akg̱wastʼaaḵ | they wonʼt give a little extra

√tʼaalʼ (verb root) mash; roll; flatten | roll flat; mash flat

O-ka-S-∅-√tʼáalʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) flat | for S to roll O flat | dáanaa, eeḵ tsú kadutʼálʼx̱ → people roll silver flat, and also copper (SN)

• imperative: katʼálʼ! | roll it flat!

• imperfective (+): akatʼáalʼ | they are rolling it flat

• perfective (+): akaawatʼálʼ | they rolled it flat

• perfective (–): tlél akawutʼáalʼ | they didnʼt roll it flat

• future (+): akakg̱watʼáalʼ | they will roll it flat

• future (–): tlél akakg̱watʼáalʼ | they wonʼt roll it flat

O-ka-d+∅-√tʼáalʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) flat | for O to be rolled flat | gayeisʼ gúxʼaa kawditʼálʼ → the tin can was flattened (SN)

• perfective (+): kaditʼálʼ | it was rolled flat

• perfective (–): tlél kawdatʼáalʼ | it wasnʼt rolled flat

• future (+): kagux̱datʼáalʼ | it will be rolled flat

• future (–): tlél kagux̱datʼáalʼ | it wonʼt be rolled flat

√tʼaan (verb root) expect; impatient

O-sa-S-s-√tʼaan (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) expect; look forward to | for S to expect O; for S to look forward to seeing | ḵineetínni, isagax̱tusatʼáan → when you take a trip, we shall expect you back again (SN) • ax̱ yéet sax̱wsitʼán → iʼm expecting my son (SN)

• imperative: sasatʼán! | look foward to seeing them!

• perfective (+): awsitʼán | they looked forward to seeing them

• perfective (–): tlél awustʼaan | they didnʼt look forward to seeing them

• future (+): asagux̱satʼáan | they will look forward to seeing them

• future (–): tlél asagux̱satʼaan | they wonʼt look forward to seeing them

√tʼaasʼ (verb root) look ¹ | look sharply, with anger

N + yaax̱ + kei + a-ka-S-d+l-√tʼáasʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) snap; askance; glance; look ¹ | for S to snap eyes at, look askance at, or glance at N (indicating anger, dislike, or suspicion) | ax̱ yaax̱ kei akooltʼáasʼch → they always snap their eyes at me (SN) • woosh yaax̱ kei s akawdlitʼásʼ → they all were looking askance at each other (real mad) (SN) • (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du yaax̱ kei akeeltʼásʼjiḵ! | donʼt snap your eyes at them!

• perfective (+): du yaax̱ kei akawdlitʼásʼ | they snapped their eyes at them

• perfective (–): tlél du yaax̱ kei akawultʼáasʼ | they didnʼt snap their eyes at them

• future (+): du yaax̱ kei akakg̱waltʼáasʼ | they will snap their eyes at them

• future (–): tlél du yaax̱ kei akakg̱waltʼáasʼ | they wonʼt snap their eyes at them

√tʼaatʼ (verb root) press; pat

√tʼaatl (verb root) splash; flap

√tʼaaxʼ (verb root) ⑴ flick | flick with thumb and forefingers || ⑵ cut ¹ | cut into pieces

O-ka-S-∅-√tʼáaxʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type] cut ¹ | for S to cut O into small pieces (by pushing the knife towards self with thumb holding cut object) | usually root vegetables and similar crisp objects | sʼín kax̱atʼáxʼt → iʼm cutting carrot in small pieces (SN) • yéil téx̱i tlél kadutʼáxʼt → people donʼt cut onion (thus, that is against oneʼs thumb with cutting edge of knife facing one)

• imperative: kanatʼáaxʼ | cut it into small pieces

• perfective (+): akawaatʼáaxʼ | they cut it into small pieces

• perfective (–): tlél akawutʼáaxʼ | they didnʼt cut it into small pieces

• future (+): akakg̱watʼáaxʼ | they will cut it into small pieces

• future (–): tlél akakg̱watʼáaxʼ | they wonʼt cut it into small pieces

O-S-∅-√tʼáaxʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) flip | for S to flip O (marble, etc.) by hitting with the thumb | kootʼáaxʼaa x̱waatʼáxʼ → i flipped the marble / i hit the marble (SN) • at x̱atʼáxʼt → i am flipping things (by hitting them with the back of my thumb) (SN)

• imperative: tʼáxʼ | flip it!

• imperfective (+): atʼáxʼt | they are flipping it

• perfective (+): aawatʼáxʼ | they flipped it

• perfective (–): tlél awutʼáaxʼ | they flipped it

• future (+): akg̱watʼáaxʼ | they will flip it

• future (–): tlél akg̱watʼáaxʼ | they wonʼt flip it

√tʼaax̱ (verb root) open ¹; agape | open mouth

x̱ʼa-S-∅-√tʼaax̱ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) open ¹; agape | for S to open oneʼs mouth wide, keep oneʼs mouth open | tlákw x̱ʼeitʼáx̱ch → they leaves their mouth open all the time (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: x̱ʼatʼáx̱! | open your mouth!

• prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeetʼáx̱x̱iḵ! | donʼt open your mouth!

• perfective (+): x̱ʼeiwatʼáx̱ | they opened their mouth

• perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawutʼaax̱ | they didnʼt open their mouth

• future (+): x̱ʼakg̱watʼáax̱ | they will open their mouth

• future (–): tlél x̱ʼakg̱watʼaax̱ | they wonʼt open their mouth

O-x̱ʼa-S-l-√tʼaax̱ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) open ¹; hold | for S to open Oʼs mouth, hold Oʼs mouth open | (KE)

• imperative: x̱ʼalatʼáx̱! | open its mouth!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeelatʼáx̱x̱iḵ! | donʼt open its mouth!

• perfective (+): ax̱ʼawlitʼáx̱ | they opened its mouth

• perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawultʼaax̱ | they didnʼt open its mouth

• future (+): ax̱ʼagux̱latʼáax̱ | they will open its mouth

• future (–): tlél ax̱ʼagux̱latʼaax̱ | they wonʼt open its mouth

√tʼaax̱ʼ ¹ (verb root) pop; crackle

O-ka-ka-d+sh-√tʼaax̱ʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] burst; pop | for O to burst open with a popping sound | tsaa yoowú kakawjitʼáax̱ʼ → the seal stomach burst open making a popping sound (SN)

• perfective (+): kakawjitʼáx̱ʼ | it burst open with a popping sound

• perfective (–): kakawushtʼáax̱ʼ | it didnʼt burst open with a popping sound

• future (+): kakakg̱washtʼáax̱ʼ | it will it burst open with a popping sound

• future (–): tlél kakakg̱washtʼáax̱ʼ | it wonʼt burst open with a popping sound

O-ka-d+sh-√tʼaax̱ʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] crackle; pop | for O to crackle (of fire), make popping sounds | x̱ʼaan kashtʼáx̱ʼt → the fire is crackling (SN)

• imperfective (+): kashtʼáx̱ʼt | it is crackling

• perfective (+): kawjitʼáx̱ʼ | it crackled

• perfective (–): kawushtʼáax̱ʼ | it didnʼt crackle

• future (+): kakg̱washtʼáax̱ʼ | it will crackle

• future (–): tlél kakg̱washtʼáax̱ʼ | it wonʼt crackle

√tʼaax̱ʼ ² (verb root) heat; glow; radiate | radiate heat

N-t⁓ + s-√tʼáax̱ʼ ² (∅ motion verb – impersonal – high) hot; radiate; heat | for a fire, etc. to be hot, radiate, throw out heat at N | g̱agaan ḵúnáx̱ áx̱ satʼáax̱ʼ → the sun is really heating (SN) • wé x̱ʼaan naaléiyi yéit wusitʼáx̱ʼ → the open fire is throwing lots of heat (throwing it a long way) (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: aadé yaa nastʼáx̱ʼ | itʼs starting to throw heat out there

• perfective (+): át wusitʼáx̱ʼ | itʼs throwing heat out there

• perfective (–): tlél át wustʼáax̱ʼ | itʼs not throwing heat out there

• future (+): aadé gux̱satʼáax̱ʼ | it will throw heat out there

• future (–): tlél aadé gux̱satʼáax̱ʼ | it wonʼt throw heat out there

√tʼei ¹ (verb root) • variants: √tʼee • find

O-S-∅-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – invariable) find | for S to find O (to chance upon) | táḵl, nadáakw tayeedáx̱ aawatʼei → they found the hammer under the table (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: gatʼei! | find it!

• perfective (+): aawatʼei | they found it

• perfective (–): tlél awutʼei | they didnʼt find it

• future (+): kei akg̱watʼei | they will find it

• future (–): tlél kei akg̱watʼei | they wonʼt find it

O-S-s-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – invariable) find | for S to find O (usually complex or large object or rope-like object) | classification: complex or large object or rope-like object | tíxʼ x̱wasitʼei → i found a rope (SN)

• imperative: gasatʼei! | find it!

• perfective (+): awsitʼei | they found it

• perfective (–): tlél awustʼei | they didnʼt find it

• future (+): kei agux̱satʼei | they will find it

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱satʼei | they wonʼt find it

O-ka-S-∅-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – invariable) find | for S to find O (usually round, spherical object) | classification: round or spherical object | tʼaawáḵ kʼwátʼi akaawatʼei → they found the Canada goose eggs (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: kagatʼei! | find it!

• perfective (+): akaawatʼei | they found it

• perfective (–): tlél akawutʼei | they didnʼt find it

• future (+): kei akakg̱watʼei | they will find it

• future (–): kei akakg̱watʼei | they wonʼt find it

O-ka-S-s-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – invariable) find | for S to find O (usually stick-like object or plural round objects) | classification: stick-like object or plural round objects | tʼáa kaadáx̱ kooxéedaa kawtusitʼei → we found a pencil on the floor (SN)

• imperative: kagasatʼei! | find it!

• perfective (+): akawsitʼei | they found it

• perfective (–): tlél akawustʼei | they didnʼt find it

• future (+): kei akagux̱satʼei | they will find it

• future (–): kei akagux̱satʼei | they wonʼt find it

√tʼei ² (verb root) behind

√tʼeix̱ (verb root) fish ² | fish with hook

O-S-d+s-√tʼeix̱ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fish ² | for S to fish O with hooks, catch O on a hook

• imperative: neestʼeix̱! | fish it!

• prohibitive: líl eestʼeix̱íḵ! | donʼt fish it!

• imperfective (+): astʼeix̱ | they are fishing it; they fish it

• imperfective (–): tlél oostʼeix̱ | they are not fishing it; they donʼt fish it

• progressive: yaa anastʼéx̱ | they are going along fishing it

• perfective (+): awdzitʼeix̱ | they fished it

• perfective (–): tlél awustʼeix̱ | they didnʼt fish it

• future (+): akg̱wastʼeix̱ | they will fish it

• future (–): tlél akg̱wastʼeix̱ | they wonʼt fish it

a-S-d+s-√tʼeix̱ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fish ²; troll | for S to fish with hooks, catch on a hook | (KE)

• imperative: aneestʼeix̱! | fish!

• prohibitive: líl eestʼeix̱íḵ! | donʼt fish!

• imperfective (+): astʼeix̱ | they are fishing; they fish

• imperfective (–): tlél oostʼeix̱ | they are not fishing; they donʼt fish

• progressive: yaa anastʼéx̱ | they are going along fishing

• perfective (+): awdzitʼeix̱ | they fished

• perfective (–): tlél awustʼeix̱ | they didnʼt fish

• future (+): akg̱wastʼeix̱ | they will fish

• future (–): tlél akg̱wastʼeix̱ | they wonʼt fish

kei + O-S-s-√tʼeix̱ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation, see if there is a transitive version] fish ²; catch | for S to fish with a hook; for S to catch on a hook

• imperative: kei astʼéx̱! | catch a fish!

• perfective (+): kei awsitʼéx̱ | they caught a fish

• perfective (–): tlél kei awustʼeix̱ | they didnʼt catch a fish

• future (+): kei agux̱satʼéix̱ | they will catch a fish

• future (–): tlél kei agux̱satʼeix̱ | they wonʼt catch a fish

√tʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √tʼeex̱ʼ • pound ¹; smash; hammer ²

O-ka-S-∅-√tʼéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) smash; pound ¹; hammer ²; break | for S to smash O up by pounding; for S to mash O by pounding with something heavy; for S to pound, hammer on O; for S to break O | ax̱ táḵli teen kax̱waatʼéx̱ʼ → i smashed it with my hammer (SN) • kʼúntsʼ katʼéx̱ʼ! → mash the potatoes! (SN) • kawduwatʼéx̱ʼ wé té → that rock was pounded (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: katʼíx̱ʼ! | pound it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl keetʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt pound it!

• imperfective (+): akatʼéex̱ʼ | they are pounding it

• imperfective (–): tlél akootʼéex̱ʼ | they arenʼt pounding it

• perfective (+): akaawatʼíx̱ʼ | they pounded it

• perfective (–): tlél akawutʼéex̱ʼ | they didnʼt pound it

• future (+): akakg̱watʼéex̱ʼ | they will pound it

• future (–): tlél akakg̱watʼéex̱ʼ | they wonʼt pound it

√tʼee (verb root) • variants: √tʼei ¹ • find

√tʼeek ¹ (verb root) steer; rudder

√tʼeek ² (verb root) stiff

√tʼeesh (verb root) stretch | stretch skin

√tʼeet (verb root) beachcomb; scavenge

√tʼeexʼ ¹ (verb root) freeze; hard; difficult

∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) hard; difficult | for something to be hard (abstract), difficult | classification: abstract | ax̱ ḵusteeyí ax̱ jeexʼ yatʼéexʼ → my life is hard for me (SN) • at doogú ḵéisʼ yatʼéexʼ → sewing skins is hard (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): yatʼéexʼ | itʼs difficult

• imperfective (–): tlél utʼéexʼ | itʼs not difficult

• progressive: kei natʼéexʼ | itʼs becoming difficult

• perfective (+): wootʼéexʼ | it became difficult

• perfective (–): tlél wutʼéexʼ | it didnʼt get difficult

• future (+): kei kg̱watʼéexʼ | it will be difficult

• future (–): tlél kei kg̱watʼéexʼ | it wonʼt be difficult

N + toowú + ∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) obstinate; stubborn | for N to be obstinate, sticking to oneʼs opinion or purpose, not yielding to reason | tlax̱ ḵúnáx̱ du toowú yatʼéexʼ → they are really obstinate / has a hard mind (is determined to go their own way) (SN)

• imperfective (+): du toowú yatʼéexʼ | they are obstinate

• imperfective (–): tlél du toowú utʼéexʼ | they are not obstinate

• progressive: du toowú kei natʼéexʼ | they are becoming obstinate

• perfective (+): du toowú wootʼéexʼ | they became obstinate

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú wutʼéexʼ | they didnʼt become obstinate

• future (+): du toowú kei kg̱watʼéexʼ | they will be obstinate

• future (–): tlél du toowú kei kg̱watʼéexʼ | they wonʼt be obstinate

d+l-√tʼéexʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) hard; solidify; freeze | for something to harden, solidify; for something to freeze | dáanaa kawduḵwáatlʼi tsu iltʼíxʼx̱ → silver that has been melted solidifies again (SN) • cement de wdlitʼíxʼ → the cement has alredy hardened (SN) • yaa x̱at naltʼíxʼ → i am beginning to freeze (SN) • eesháan has sh wudlitʼíxʼ → itʼs a shame (real sad) that they all froze (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yaa naltʼíxʼ | itʼs freezing

• perfective (+): wudlitʼíxʼ | it froze; itʼs frozen

• perfective (–): tlél wultʼéexʼ | it didnʼt freeze; itʼs not frozen

• future (+): gug̱waltʼéexʼ | it will freeze

• future (–): tlél gug̱waltʼéexʼ | it wonʼt freeze

s-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) [check conjugation type, stem variation, and classification] hard | for something to be hard (esp. of meat?) | classification: meat? | wé dleey sitʼéexʼ → that meat is tough (hard to chew on) (SN)

• imperfective (+): sitʼéexʼ | itʼs hard

• imperfective (–): tlél ustʼéexʼ | itʼs not hard

• progressive: kei nastʼéexʼ | itʼs hardening

• perfective (+): wusitʼéexʼ | it got hard

• perfective (–): tlél wustʼéexʼ | it didnʼt get hard

• future (+): kei gux̱satʼéexʼ | it will get hard

• future (–): tlél kei gux̱satʼéexʼ | it wonʼt get hard

ka-∅-√tʼéexʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) [check verb type and stem variation] hard; cake ¹ | for something to harden, cake up | éilʼ kaawatʼíxʼ → the salt has hardened/caked into one mass (SN) • sʼé a takáxʼ kaawatʼíxʼ → the clay has hardened at the bottom (of the bucket) (SN)

• perfective (+): kaawatʼíxʼ | it hardened

• perfective (–): tlél kawutʼéexʼ | it didnʼt harden

• future (+): kakg̱watʼéexʼ | it will harden

• future (–): tlél kakg̱watʼéexʼ | it wonʼt harden

ka-∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) hard; cake ¹ | for something to harden, cake up | (KE)

• imperfective (+): kayatʼéexʼ | itʼs hard

• imperfective (–): tlél kootʼéexʼ | itʼs not hard

• perfective (+): kaawatʼéexʼ | it hardened

• perfective (–): tlél kawutʼéexʼ | it didnʼt harden

• future (+): kei kakg̱watʼéexʼ | it will harden

• future (–): tlél kei kakg̱watʼéexʼ | it wonʼt harden

ka-s-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) hard | for something to be hard (esp. of round object) | classification: round object | this verb applies to things that have been compressed such as kaháakw (stink eggs), or seaweed, or round objects such as apples | xʼáaxʼ kasitʼéexʼ → the crab apples are hard (still green) (SN) • (KE)

• imperfective (+): kasitʼéexʼ | itʼs hard

• imperfective (–): tlél koostʼéexʼ | itʼs not hard

• progressive: kei kanastʼéexʼ | itʼs hardening

• perfective (+): kawsitʼéexʼ | it got hard

• perfective (–): tlél kawustʼéexʼ | it didnʼt get hard

• future (+): kei kagux̱satʼéexʼ | it will get hard

• future (–): tlél kei kagux̱satʼéexʼ | it wonʼt get hard

O-ka-S-l-√tʼéexʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) [check verb type and stem variation] hard; cake ¹ | for S to harden O (esp. in a container) | classification: in a container | gúxʼaa káxʼ kalatʼíxʼ! → harden it in a can! (SN) • toow kadultʼíxʼsʼ → people harden tallow (SN)

• imperative: kalatʼíxʼ! | let it harden!

• perfective (+): akawlitʼíxʼ | they let it harden

• perfective (–): tlél akawultʼéexʼ | they didnʼt let it harden

• future (+): akagux̱latʼéexʼ | they will let it harden

• future (–): tlél kagux̱latʼéexʼ | they wonʼt let it harden

N + káx̱ + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√tʼeexʼ ¹ (∅ state verb – subject intransitive – high) [check transitivity, verb type, and conjugation type] defend | for S to talk hard in defending N (which is often themselves) | ḵúnáx̱ áwé chush káx̱ x̱ʼaditʼéexʼ → they are really talking hard to defend themself (SN)

• imperative: a káx̱ x̱ʼatʼíxʼ | talk hard to defend it!

• imperfective (+): a káx x̱ʼayatʼéexʼ | they are talking hard to defend it

• perfective (+): a káx̱ x̱ʼeiwatʼíxʼ | they talked hard to defend it

• perfective (–): tlél a káx̱ x̱ʼawutʼéexʼ | they didnʼt talk hard to defend it

• future (+): a káx̱ x̱ʼakg̱watʼéexʼ | they will talk hard to defend it

• future (–): tlél a káx̱ x̱ʼakg̱watʼéexʼ | they wonʼt talk hard to defend it

√tʼeexʼ ² (verb root) thick; viscious

√tʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √tʼéix̱ʼ • pound; smash; hammer

√tʼeey (verb root) elbow

√tʼooch (verb root) sting; smarts

l-√tʼooch (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) sting; burn ¹ | for medicine to sting, burn | ax̱ jín wulitʼúch → my hand is stinging (SN) • yan sh ida.ín! yáa náakw litʼoojí → be ready for it! the medicine stings • (KE)

• progressive: yaa naltʼúch | itʼs starting to sting

• perfective (+): wulitʼúch | it stung; it stings

• perfective (–): tlél wultʼooch | it didnʼt sting; it doesnʼt sting

• future (+): gux̱latʼóoch | itʼs going to sting

• future (–): tlél gux̱latʼooch | itʼs not going to sting

N + toowú + O-S-l-√tʼooch (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) disappoint | for S to disappoint N (lit. for S to sting Nʼs mind) | (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl du toowú eeltʼúchx̱iḵ! | donʼt disappoint them!

• progressive: du toowú yaa analtʼúch | they are starting to disappoint them

• perfective (+): du toowú awlitʼúch | they disappointed them

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú awultʼooch | they didnʼt disappoint them

• future (+): du toowú agux̱latʼóoch | they will disappoint them

• future (–): tlél du toowú agux̱latʼooch | they wonʼt disappoint them

N + toowú + l-√tʼooch (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) disappoint | for N to be disappointed (lit. for Nʼs mind to be stinging) | ax̱ toowú wulitʼúch → iʼm disappointed (lit. my mind is stinging) (SN) • (KE)

• repetitive prohibitive: líl i toowú ultʼúchx̱iḵ! | donʼt be disappointed!

• progressive: du toowú yaa naltʼúch | they are starting to get disappointed

• perfective (+): du toowú wulitʼúch | they are disappointed

• perfective (–): tlél du toowú wultʼooch | they arenʼt disappointed

• future (+): du toowú gux̱latʼóoch | they will be disappointed

• future (–): tlél du toowú gux̱latʼooch | they wonʼt be disappointed

√tʼoochʼ (verb root) char; black | to char or blacken

O-S-l-√tʼóochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation] char; burn; black | for S to char, reduce O to charcoal; for S to burn, make O black by heat | sakwnéin x̱walitʼúchʼ → iʼve burned the toast/reduced it to charcoal (SN)

• imperfective (+): altʼóochʼ | they are charring it, making it black from heat

• perfective (+): awlitʼúchʼ | they didnʼt char it, making it black from heat

• future (+): agux̱latʼóochʼ | they will char it, making it black from heat

• future (–): tlél agux̱latʼóochʼ | they wonʼt char it, making it black from heat

O-ka-S-l-√tʼúchʼ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) burn; char | for S to char, burn slightly, burn on surface of O | chʼas yei klatʼúchʼch yá gán shutú → it just chars along the edge of the wood (of wood suitable for canoe-making) (SN)

• imperative: kax̱latʼúchʼ! | char the surface!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl yei keelatʼúchʼjiḵ! | donʼt char the surface of it!

• imperfective (+): aklatʼúchʼ | they are charring the surface of it

• perfective (+): akawlitʼúchʼ | they charred the surface of it

• perfective (–): tlél akawultʼúchʼ | they didnʼt char the surface of it

• future (+): yei akagux̱latʼúchʼ | they will char the surface of it

• future (–): tlél yei akagux̱latʼúchʼ | they wonʼt char the surface of it

√tʼook (verb root) shoot; select; choose | shoot bow and arrow; select gambling sticks

O-S-∅-√tʼóok (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) shoot; select; choose | for S to shoot O (with bow and arrow); for S to choose O (in gambling with sticks) | g̱útl has aawatʼúk → they all shot blunt arrows (for practice) (SN) • núkt aan x̱waatʼúkt → i shot a grouse with it (SN) • ḵaa jee dutʼúkt → people choose/point suddenly at a personʼs hand (SN) • eeyatʼúk → you chose (SN) • (KE)

• imperative: tʼúk! | shoot it!

• repetitive prohibitive: líl eetʼúkx̱uḵ! | donʼt shoot it!

• perfective (+): aawatʼúk | they shot it

• perfective (–): tlél awutʼóok | they didnʼt shoot it

• future (+): akg̱watʼóok | they will shoot it

• future (–): tlél akg̱watʼóok | they wonʼt shoot it

√tʼookʼ (verb root) nettle

√tʼoosʼ (verb root) toast ¹; roast; cook | cook, roast, or toast by open flame

O-S-∅-√tʼóosʼ (∅ – transitive – high) toast ¹ | for S to toast (esp. by open flames) O | sakwnéin aawatʼúsʼ → they toasted bread (SN)

• imperative: tʼúsʼ! | toast it!

• imperfective (+): atʼóosʼ | they are toasting it

• perfective (+): aawatʼúsʼ | they toasted it

• perfective (–): tlél awutʼóosʼ | they didnʼt toast it

• future (+): akg̱watʼóosʼ | they will toast it

• future (–): tlél akg̱watʼóosʼ | they wonʼt toast it

O-S-l-√tʼóosʼ (∅ – transitive – high) roast; cook | for S to roast  O (meat, esp. by coals or open flames) | classification: meat | dleey latʼúsʼ! → roast the meat! (SN)

• imperative: latʼúsʼ! | roast it!

• imperfective (+): altʼóosʼ | they are roasting it

• perfective (+): awlitʼúsʼ | they roasted it

• perfective (–): tlél awultʼóosʼ | they didnʼt roast it

• future (+): agux̱latʼóosʼ | they will toast it

• future (–): tlél agux̱latʼóosʼ | they wonʼt toast it

√tlaa ¹ (verb root) • variants: √dlaa • settle | settle (of sediment)

√tlaa ² (verb root) big; stout | big around in girth

∅-√tlaa ʰ ² (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big; stout | for something to be big around, in girth | yú aas tlein yatlei → that big tree is large around (at the base) (SN)

• progressive: yaa natléin | itʼs getting to be big around

• perfective (+): yatlei | itʼs big around

• perfective (–): tlél wutlaa | itʼs not big around

• future (+): gug̱atláa | it will get big around

• future (–): tlél gug̱atlaa | it wonʼt get big around

(yéi) + ka-u-d+∅-√tlaa ʰ ² (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big; stout | for something to be (so) big around, in girth | yei kwditláa → it was that big (with gesture) (of cactus) (SN) • (KE)

• progressive: yéi yaa kundatléin | itʼs getting to be that big around

• perfective (+): yéi kwditláa | itʼs that big around

• perfective (–): tlél yéi kwdatlaa | itʼs not that big around

• future (+): yéi kagux̱datláa | it will get that big around

• future (–): tlél yéi kagux̱datlaa | it wonʼt get that big around

l-√tlaa ʰ ² (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big; stout | be big around, thick (usually of stick-like and rope-like objects) | classification: stick-like and rope-like objects | litleiyi tíxʼ áwé → thatʼs a thick rope (SN) • wásʼ litlei → the bush is large around (has thick limbs) (SN)

• progressive: yaa naltléin | itʼs getting to be big around

• perfective (+): litlei | itʼs big around

• perfective (–): tlél wultlaa | itʼs not big around

• future (+): gux̱latláa | it will get big around

• future (–): tlél gux̱latlaa | it wonʼt get big around

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