Updated April 21, 2026
√aa ¹ (verb root) sit; situated | classification: singular (plural form: √ḵee ¹)
S-∅-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – open) sit | for (singular) S to be seated | classification: singular subject | only occurs in the imperfective • a noun phrase with (-t) postposition is used to indicate where one is sitting, but this noun phrase is not required by the verb, for example: « .áa » (they are sitting) or « át .áa » (they are sitting there) • the plural verb stem is used when indicating that one person is sitting with another, even though the subject is singular, for example: « du een ḵéen » (they are sitting with them) or « du een x̱aḵéen » (i am sitting with them)
N-t + tux̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – open) sit | for (singular) S to be seated on their butthole | classification: singular subject | this phrase is often humorous in Lingít, referring to “really sitting upright”
N-t + O-S-s-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – transitive – open) seat | for S to have O (live creature) seated at N | only occurs in the imperfective • could be used to indicate that one has a child or animal seated, but would generally not be used to refer to an adult
N-t + l-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – open) situated | for a building to be situated at N | only occurs in the imperfective
O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-S-∅-√aa ¹ ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) quiet; shush | for S to shush O (a baby)
√aa ² (verb root) inspect; examine; kiss ¹; consider; think over; come to
N + daa + ÿa-S-∅-√.aa ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) consider; think; come to | for S to consider, think over N; for S to come to senses (after drinking)
N + daa + ÿa-S-d+s-√.aa ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) examine; inspect; judge; assess | for S to examine, inspect, look into N; for S to judge, assess N
N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + ÿa-d+s-√.aa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) kiss ¹ | for S to kiss N
O-ka-d+∅-√éiyáḵw ˟ ² (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type] injured; impaired | for O be injured, be rendered impaired (of limb) (general term, covering dislocation, torn ligaments, etc.)
√aa ³ (verb root) ⑴ grow | classification: plant || ⑵ pour | pour forth | classification: water || ⑶ extend | extend or move forward
ka-∅-√.aa ³ (na act verb – impersonal – open) ⑴ grow | for a plant to grow | classification: plant || ⑵ flow; pour | for a stream of water to flow, pour forth | classification: water
yóo + aan + ka-∅-√.aa ³ (na event verb – impersonal – open) [check CP, type] quake; earthquake | for the earth to quake
ka-s-√.aa ³ (na act verb – impersonal – open) grow | for a plant to grow | classification: plant | In classical Lingít, this verb meant specifically for a plant with a long stalk to grow (the length of the plant indicated by the s- classifier), however this meaning has been lost for most current speakers, and now just means for a plant in general to grow.
O-ka-S-s-√.aa ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) ⑴ grow | for S to cause O (plant) to grow | classification: plant || ⑵ turn on | for S to turn on O (hose), cause O to flow
ḵei-∅-√.aa ³ (na event verb – impersonal – open) daylight; daybreak; dawn | for it to become daylight, dawn
O-ḵei-S-s-√.aa ³ (na event verb – transitive – open) celebrate; set apart | for S to celebrate O, set apart O (a particular day)
√aa ⁴ (verb root) migrate | for fish to migrate | classification: fish
{na preverb} + ÿa-∅-√.aa ⁴ (na motion verb – impersonal – open) run ⁴; migrate | for fish to run, migrate | classification: fish
{∅ motion preverb} + ÿa-∅-√.aa ⁴ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) | for fish to run
√aa ⁵ (verb root) detain; delay
O-ÿa-S-∅-√.aa ⁵ (na event verb – transitive – open) [check conjugation type and stem variation] delay; hinder | for S to delay, hinder, cause O to be late
O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-S-∅-√.aa ⁵ (na event verb – transitive – open) [check conjugation type and stem variation] delay; interrupt | for S to delay O in speech, interrupt
O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-d+∅-√.aa ⁵ (na event verb – transitive – open) [check conjugation type and stem variation] delay; slow | for O to delay to speak, hold back in speech, be slow to speak
N-ch + O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-s-√.aa ⁵ (na event verb – transitive – open) [check conjugation type and stem variation] delay | for N to cause O to be delayed in speaking
√aak ¹ (verb root) weave | weave bark or roots | classification: tree bark or roots
O-S-∅-√.aak ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) weave | for S to weave O (using tree roots or bark)
S-d+∅-√.aak ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) weave | for S to weave (using tree roots or bark)
√aak ² (verb root) fire ² | build fire | classification: fire
N-t⁓ + a-S-∅-√.aak ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) fire ² | for S to build a fire at N | classification: wood, fire
shóo-t⁓ + a-S-∅-√.aak ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) fire ² | for S to build a fire (using wood) | classification: wood, fire
√aak ³ (verb root) stagger | stagger; move uncontrolled
√aak ⁴ (verb root) make room; reserve | reserve room, space
√aaḵw ¹ (verb root) attempt; try
ka-S-∅-√aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check stem variation] try; attempt | for S to try, attempt
O-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check stem variation] test; try out | for S to try out, test O | note that in classical Lingít, this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which seems to be falling out of modern day speech, especially in the imperative form for this verb. this is indicated in the theme as (u)-. alternate forms given here show one form with the thematic (u)- and one without, both of which are acceptable in modern speech
O-x̱ʼa-ka-(u)-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive speak; direct ²; give | for S to give O an opportunity to speak; for S to give O directions as to what to say
√aaḵw ² (verb root) plan; order ¹; command; instruct
át + O-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (na event verb – transitive – closed) order ¹; command; instruct | for S to give orders to, command, instruct O
yan⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) decide; plan | for S to make a decision about O; for S to finish planning O
O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) plan | for S to plan O
át + O-ji-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (na act verb – transitive – closed) order ¹; instruct | for S to give O orders, instructions (esp. concerning work)
át + sh + ji-ka-S-d+∅-√.aaḵw ² (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) make ² | for S to make oneself do something
√aan ¹ (verb root) sit quietly; meditate; observe ¹
a-S-∅-√.aan ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive [check CP] sit quietly; meditate; observe ¹; navigate | for S to sit quietly (esp. while watching signs of the weather at sundown); for S to meditate (esp. while watching signs of the weather at sundown); for S to observe the weather while sitting quietly; for S to navigate using weather and stars | classification: weather • classification: weather or stars
√aan ² (verb root) kind ¹; gentle; pleasant; good looking
O-tu-l-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) kind ¹; gentle | for O to be kind; for O to be gentle
O-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) | classification: inanimate attractive; good-looking | for O to be attractive, good-looking
O-ÿa-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) attractive; good-looking; pleasant-faced | for O to be attractive, good-looking, pleasant-faced | classification: animate
√aan ³ (verb root) settlement
N-xʼ + S-d+s-√.aan ˟ ³ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check CP, type, stem variation] settlement | for S to make village at N; for S to settle at N
√aas (verb root) lonesome; longing | long to see; lonesome for
N + yáx̱ + O-taa-∅-√.aas (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] lonesome; longing | for O to be lonesome for, wish to see (with less feeling) N
√aat ¹ (verb root) walk; go | classification: plural subject (singular form: √goot ¹)
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
{na preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
gánde + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) go; bathroom ¹; pee; urinate; poop ¹; defecate | for (plural) S to go to the bathroom | a euphemism that literally means “go outside,” although the independent base « gáan » contracts to « gán »; learners should be careful to keep the vowel long if the intended meaning is “going outside”
{ga preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go
{g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (g̱a motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
(N-x̱) + yaa + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walking along | for (plural) S to be walking, going (by foot or as general term) along N (basically plural; see √goot ¹ for singular) | without the (N-x̱) this verb translates as “walk!” with a focus on the action and not the direction • this is an example of a progressive epiaspectual paradigm (Leer, 91), which basically means that all forms are based on the progressive aspect. the progressive epiaspect is characterized by: 1) having the «yaa» preverb in all forms, 2) having no perfective form, and 3) denotes semantically a continuous transition from one location or state to another
{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
woosh + kaanáx̱ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – closed) assemble; congregate; gather; meet | for (plural) S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings)
woosh + x̱oo-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) assemble; congregate; gather; meet | for (plural) S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings)
a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) appoint; choose | for S to appoint (plural) O, choose (plural) O for certain positions | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural
neil⁓ + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in (plural) O
ji-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) attack; assault | for (plural) S to attack, assault, fall upon | to indicate who is being attacked, use –éet (to –). for example: haa éet has jiwdi.át. ʼthey attacked usʼ. it is also acceptable to use this verb without specifying who was attacked
{na motion} + O-shu-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for S to lead (plural) O (especially by walking ahead) | classification: plural objects | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural
yaa + O-shu-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for S to lead (plural) O (especially by walking ahead) | classification: plural objects | objects in this verb are always plural, while subject may be singular or plural
N + jikaadáx̱ + ÿa-(u)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) get out of way | for (plural) S to get out of Nʼs way
a-ÿa-(u)-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) turn back; go back | for (plural) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term)
kéi + a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) | for (plural) S to escape, flee, run away (on foot)
√aat ² (verb root) carry | classification: baggage and personal items
{∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take plural O (esp. baggage) | a common use for this verb is N + jee-t⁓ + O-S-l-√.aat⁓ ² (∅ motion), such as « du jeet la.át! » (give them all to them!)
{na preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take plural O (esp. baggage)
√aat ³ (verb root) carry; lie ¹ | classification: small round or hooplike objects
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, round or hoop-like objects)
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (na motion verb – transitive carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, round or hoop-like objects)
aanáx̱ + ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) button up | for S to button up O
kei + ÿa-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) turn ¹ | for S to turn O (boat, car)
N-t + ka-l-√.át ˟ ³ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for small, round, or hoop-like objects to lie at N | classification: small, round, or hoop-like objects
N-t + O-ka-S-l-√.át ˟ ³ (* positional verb – transitive – invariable) lie ² | for S to have small, round or hoop-like objects lying at N
√aat ⁴ (verb root) lie ²; lie down | classification: plural human (singular form: √taa)
yan⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√.aat ⁴ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lie down | for (plural) S to lie down
yínde + sh + ka-l-√.aat ⁴ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) bend over; lean down | for (plural) S to bend over, lean down
héen-t⁓ + O-ÿa-S-l-√.aat ⁴ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) baptize | for S to baptize O (plural) | classification: singular • classification: plural
N-t + l-√.át ˟ ⁴ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for several things to lie at N; for several persons or animals to lie dead, unconscious, or incapacitated at N
sh + S-d+l-√.át ˟ ⁴ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – invariable) lie down | for (plural) S to be lying down
√aat ⁵ (verb root) communicate; think; talk | classification: plural subject (singular form: √taan ⁵)
N + daa + yoo + tu-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) think; consider; make up mind | for (plural) S to think over, consider, make up oneʼs mind about N
(yéi) + tu-S-l-√aat ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) decide; make up mind | for (plural) S to decide, make up them allʼs mind (that way)
(N + daatx̱) + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) reconsider; change mind | for (plural) S to change minds (about N); for (plural) S to think over and reconsider (N)
(N + daa) + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk; speech | for (plural) S to speak, talk, make a speech (about N)
N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk | for (plural) S to speak, talk to N | in classical Lingít, the verb stem √taan ⁵ referred to a singular subject and the verb stem √.aat ⁵ was used to indicate a plural subject. in modern Lingít however, this distinction is being lost. many speakers use the verb stem √taan ⁵ for both singular and plural subjects
yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stop talking | for (plural) S to stop talking
yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk; converse | for (plural) S to speak, talk, converse
N + géi⁓ + yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) accuse; speak against | for S to accuse, speak against N
N + toowú + yaadé + yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-√aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) discourage; stop | for (plural) S to discourage N (from doing something), try to stop N (from doing something) | classification: plural
√aat ⁶ (verb root) open ¹; close ¹ | classification: plural, hinged objects
át + O-shu-S-l-√.aat ⁶ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] open ¹ | for S to open O (plural books) | classification: plural books
wóoshdáx̱ + O-shu-S-l-√.aat ⁶ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] open ¹ | for S to open O (a book) | classification: plural books
woosh + yá-t⁓ + O-shu-S-l-√.aat ⁶ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] close ¹; shut | for S to close, shut O (plural books) | classification: plural books
héide + O-shu-S-l-√aat ⁶ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) open ¹ | for S to open O (plural hinged doors or lids) | classification: plural hinged doors or lids
√aat ⁷ (verb root) dusk
xee-∅-√.aat ⁷ (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) [check stem variation] dusk | for it to be dusk
√aatʼ (verb root) cold ¹
O-S-s-√.áatʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) cold ¹; cool; chill | for S to make O cold, cool | the form « as.átʼx̱ » gives both a basic imperfective meaning “they are chilling it” and a repetitive imperfective meaning “they chill it (regularly)”
s-√.áatʼ ˟ (∅ state verb – impersonal – invariable) cold ¹ | for an inanimate object to be cold
O-sa-∅-√.áatʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) cold ¹ | for O (person) to feel cold | classification: animate
ḵu-s-√.áatʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) cold ¹ | for the weather to be cold | classification: weather
O-ÿa-d+s-√.áatʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) cold ¹ | for Oʼs face to be cold
O-d+s-√.áatʼ (∅ – object intransitive – high) chilled; cold ¹ | for O (body part or inanimate object) to be chilled, cold | used to talk about a body part being cold, or an inanimate object that has been made cold
√aatlʼ (verb root) insufficient • variants: √aatsʼ, √aachʼ •
ÿa-ka-u-∅-√.áatlʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) insufficient | for something to be insufficient, not enough
chʼa + yei + ÿa-ka-u-∅-√.áatlʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) little; few | for something to be just a little, few
√aaw (verb root) strap ¹
O-ÿa-S-s-√.áaw (∅ event verb – transitive – open) strap ¹; tie | for S put a strap on O; for S to tie up O with a string
√aaxʼw ¹ (verb root) fracture; crack
O-d+∅-√.áaxʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] crack | for O to be cracked on the surface (esp. of china, rock)
O-∅-√.áaxʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation in HOR/POT] fracture; crack | for O (a bone) to fracture, crack
O-S-l-√.áaxʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation in HOR/POT] crack | for S to crack O
√aaxʼw ² (verb root) bitter; spicy
O-s-√.áaxʼw ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) bitter; spicy | for O to be bitter; for O to be spicy
√aax̱ ¹ (verb root) hear; listen; sound off
O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hear | for S to hear O | this verb could be used to talk about hearing the sound of someone, like them allʼs footsteps or other commotion, but hearing someoneʼs voice is « O-sa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ »
O-S-∅-√.áx̱ch ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) hear; sound off | for S to be able to hear O; for O to sound off (fourth person subject required) | for the forms that do not occur with this verb, see the ∅-conjugation event verb « aawa.áx̱ » (they heard it), which occurs in all modes except the imperfective • as shown in the examples, the fourth person « duwa.áx̱ch » can mean for something to make a sound and can replace a lot of specified English terms like moo, bleat, meow, croak, etc.
N-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen | for S to listen to N
N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen; obey; give heed | for S to listen to, obey, give heed to N
O-d+s-√aax̱ ¹ (na event verb – object intransitive – closed) echo; resound | for O to echo, resound
O-S-l-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) play ² | for S to play O (musical instrument) | the form « ali.áx̱ch » gives both a basic imperfective meaning “they are playing it” and a repetitive imperfective meaning “they play it (regularly)”
O-ka-S-l-√aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type, and how «yan» preverb affects meaning] hear | for S to barely hear, mishear O; for S to be confused in hearing O | adding «yan» to the preverb may result in “to be able to hear after trying”
N-g̱aa + ḵu-S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen for | for S to listen for N
N + x̱ʼéide + ḵu-S-d+s-√.aax̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) listen | for S to (take time to) listen to N | one fluent speaker suggests the finer meaning “take time to listen” for this verb, thus distinguishing it slightly from the related verb « du x̱ʼéit wusi.áx̱ » “they listened to, obeyed them”
O-sa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hear | for S to hear O (a voice, esp. singing)
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hear; understand; comprehend | for S to hear O with understanding; for S to understand, comprehend O
(N + tuwáa) + x̱ʼa-ka-u-l-√.áax̱chʼán ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) fascinating; compelling; listen | for something to be fascinating to listen to (to N); for someone to be a compelling storyteller (to N)
ḵut + O-ka-S-l-√aax̱ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] hear | for S to miss hearing O
√aax̱ ² (verb root) carry | classification: textile-like object
{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; give; take | for S to carry O (textile-like object)
{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; give; take | for S to carry O (textile-like object)
N-t + ∅-√.áx̱ ˟ ² (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a textile-like object to lie at N
kaax̱ + kei + O-S-d+∅-√.aax̱ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) take off | for S to take off O (shirt, dress, coat, etc.) | for taking off oneʼs hat, replace « kaax̱ » with « sháatx̱ » “off the head” throughout the paradigm, as in « sháatx̱ kei awdi.áx̱ » “they took off their hat” • note that this verb is not used for taking off pants, shoes, socks, etc. for these, use: « x̱ʼoosdáx̱ awdiyíḵ » “they took them all off (pants, socks, shoes)”
√aax̱w (verb root) tie; bind; bundle; wrap | tie up; tie together
yánde + O-S-∅-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie; secure | for S to tie up, secure O (esp. a boat to shore)
O-daa-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie; bundle; wrap | for S to tie O together in a bundle; for S to wrap O up
O-kʼi-ka-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie; wrap up | for S to tie O together by the stems; for S to wrap the stems of O
O-sʼaan-S-∅-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie | for S to tie hands of O (a captive)
O-x̱ʼa-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) tie | for S to tie up the mouth of O (esp. a sack)
√chán ˟ (verb root) stink; stench; smelly
O-l-√chán ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) stink; smelly; stench | for O to stink, have unpleasant odor, smell bad; for O to smell strongly
√chaa (verb root) strain; filter; drain off
O-ka-S-l-√chaa (∅ act verb – transitive – open) strain; filter; drain off | for S to strain, filter, drain off O
√chaak (verb root) pile; stack; fill
O-ka-S-∅-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pile; stack; pack | for S to pile, stack away neatly, pack O (food, clothing, firewood, etc.)
ka-S-d+∅-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pile; stack; pack | for S to pile, stack away neatly, pack
O-sha-ka-S-∅-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) stack; pack; fill | for S to fill, pack to the top neatly, stack up (food, clothing, etc.)
O-ka-S-l-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pile; stack | for S to pile, stack O | classification: stick-like objects
√chaalʼ (verb root) full; drowsy | drowsy from overindulging
√cheich ¹ (verb root) astride; spread; stand | stand spread-legged
a-ka-S-∅-√cheich ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) spread; astride | for S to be astride, stand, or walk (usually when carrying a very heavy object) with legs far apart
√cheich ² (verb root) dust ²; clean ² | clean the surface of
√cheix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √cheex̱ʼ • shade; shadow
√chígaa ˟ (verb root) fierce; formidable
√cheesh (verb root) exploit; accomplish; possible
O-S-l-√cheesh (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] exploit; get; accomplish | for S to exploit O; for S to get O easily; for S to accomplish O with no problem
√chook (verb root) soften; rub | soften by rubbing
O-S-∅-√chook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) rub | for S to soften O (skin, paper) by rubbing in fists
O-ka-S-∅-√chook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) rub | for S to soften O (card or stiff paper) by crumpling in fists
O-ka-d+∅-√chook (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] crumple | for O (card or stiff paper) to be softened by crumpling in fists
√chool (verb root) munch | roll around in mouth
√choon ¹ (verb root) wound ¹; injure
O-d+∅-√choon ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) wounded; injured; hurt ¹; bruised | for O to be wounded, injured, bruised; for O to be hurt (emotionally) | the most common use of this verb is in the perfective form—other forms are very rare • note that it can also refer to a mental state, as in « ḵúnáx̱ haa wdichún » “weʼre really hurting (emotionally)” (after the loss of a family member, e.g.)
O-S-l-√choon ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) injure; hurt ¹; wound ¹; bruise | for S to injure, hurt, wound, bruise O
√choon ² (verb root) twist; limber | twist (to make limber)
√choox (verb root) knead; massage; roll; pat
O-S-∅-√choox (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) massage | for S to massage, rub and knead body or body part of O with hand
O-ka-S-∅-√choox (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) knead; press; pat | for S to knead, press, pat O with palm of hand
√chooxʼ (verb root) rub; touch | rub lightly; touch lightly
√choox̱ (verb root) mooch; cadge; sponge ²; freeload
at + u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) mooch; freeload | for S to mooch, freeload; for S to obtain things often without payment
(N eex̱) + O-u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ (g̱a – transitive – invariable) mooch; bum; sponge ²; cadge | for S to mooch, bum, scrounge O (off of N); for S to obtain O (from N) often without payment | add « –eex̱ » in the preverb to indicate who is being mooched off of • NS and Leer both recorded examples of this verb without the irrealis • more research may be needed
√choox̱ʼ (verb root) roll | fat roll off
√chʼaachʼ (verb root) spotted
O-ka-d+∅-√chʼáachʼ (∅ – object intransitive – high) [transitivity unknown] spotted | for O to be spotted, have spots
ka-d+l-√chʼáchʼx̱ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) spotted | for a natural object (wood, rock, etc.) to be spotted | this verb only occurs in the imperfective
√chʼaakʼw (verb root) carve; carve design; incise
O-ka-S-∅-√chʼáakʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) carve | for S to carve O (usually smaller, detailed work) using a knife or scoop chisel
ka-S-d+∅-√chʼáakʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) carve | for S to carve (usually smaller, detailed work) using a knife or scoop chisel
√chʼaalʼ (verb root) pale; spotted
√chʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √chʼeex̱ʼ • point ¹; poke; push
√chʼeix̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) dirty
O-S-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) dirty; soil ² | for S to dirty, soil O (esp. clothing or person)
O-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) dirty | for O to be dirty
O-ka-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) dirty | for O to be dirty (on surface)
√chʼeix̱ʼw ² (verb root) tire of | tire (of eating it)
√chʼéitʼaa ˟ (verb root) • variants: √chʼéetʼaa ˟ • play ¹; basketball | play basketball
ash + + ka-u-S-d+l-√chʼéitʼaa ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive basketball | for S to play basketball
√chʼeen (verb root) tie | tie in a bow
√chʼeesh (verb root) splash
ka-d+∅-√chʼeesh (∅ act verb – impersonal – closed) splash | for a liquid to splash, be splashed
(N + daadé) + O-ka-S-l-√chʼeesh (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) splash | for S to splash O (on N) | add « N daadé » in the preverb for “splash on N”
√chʼeetʼ (verb root) dip
O-S-∅-√chʼéetʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] eat ¹; dip; lick | for S to eat O after dipping in oil, syrup, etc.; for S to lick O off after dipping
O-S-l-√chʼéetʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) eat ¹; dip | for S to eat O with fingers, especially by dipping fingers into the food
O-ka-S-∅-√chʼéetʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] eat ¹; lick | for S to eat up O with back of fingers, clean up plate or bowl with fingers and lick clean
√chʼeex̱ʼ • variants: √chʼeix̱ʼ • point ¹; poke; push
O-S-∅-√chʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) point ¹ | for S to point at, point out O
N-t⁓ + S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) point ¹ | for S to point in the direction of N
O-ÿa-S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) point ¹ | for S to point at O (a person)
√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (verb root) slow
O-l-√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) slow | for O to be slow
O-x̱ʼa-l-√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) slow | for O to be slow in eating or talking | this verb has been documented with and without the « ya- » thematic prefix (x̱ʼayawlichʼéeyáḵw / x̱ʼawlichʼéeyáḵw); both forms are acceptable and do not seem to change the meaning
√dáskw ˟ (verb root) quick-tempered
O-tu-ka-u-∅-√dáskw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) quick-tempered | for O to be quick-tempered
√dásʼ ˟ (verb root) hail
√dát ˟ (verb root) bruise
√dáy ˟ (verb root) cry out; exclaim; scold
x̱ʼa-ÿa-S-d+s-√dáy ˟ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check stem variation] exclaim; cry out | for S to exclaim, cry «hoo! hoo!»ʼ (in order to strengthen oneʼs resolve to endure pain or death) | also can be used to refer to someone making the sound of their clan crest animal when going out to die
√daa ¹ (verb root) flow; rise; flood | classification: water
∅-√daa ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) flow | for water or the tide to flow
O-∅-√daa ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type and verb type] flood | for O to flood (of creek, etc.)
daaḵ + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹ | for the tide to rise, come in
kei + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹; rise | for water level, tide to rise
shí + N¹ + N²-t⁓ + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) bleed; run ² | for N¹ʼs (often pronoun) N² (body part) to bleed | to say “Nʼs nose is running”, replace « shí » “blood” with « héen » “water”, as in « héen ax̱ lóot uwadáa » “my nose is running”
ka-∅-√daa ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) flow; run ² | for water, blood to flow; for a nose to run
N-náx̱ + ÿa-∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) flow; flood | for water, the tide to flow through N; for water, the tide to flood N
N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) flow; rise | for water to flow, rise to N
O-ka-S-s-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) [check verb type] fill | for S to fill O (usually from faucet)
(N-t) + ∅-√déin ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for O (a body of water) to lie (at N) | classification: water body
ka-∅-√déin ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ²; flow to | for liquid level to be at a certain point | classification: liquid
√daa ² (verb root) accustomed to; figure out
N + ee⁓ + ∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal – open) accustomed to; used to | for N to become accustomed to, get used to it
N + x̱ʼéix̱ + ∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal – open) accustomed to; used to | for N to become used to, accustomed to it (of manner of speech or flavor of food)
N-x̱ + O-tu-∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal – open) accustomed to; used to | for O to become used to, accustomed to N (esp. in attitudes)
N + daax̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√daa ² (na motion verb – subject intransitive – open) [check transitivity and verb type] figure out; investigate; evaluate | for S to figure N out, size up, investigate, and evaluate N
N + kát⁓ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√daa ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) watch ¹; keep eye on | for S to keep an eye on, watch N
N + káa + yan⁓ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√daa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) watch ¹; keep eye on | for S to keep an eye on, watch N
√daak (verb root) cook; steam ¹ | cook or steam food in a pit
O-S-l-√daak (na act verb – transitive – closed) cook | for S to cook O in a pit under fire (usually food wrapped in skunk cabbage)
kei + O-S-l-√daak (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] cook | for S to dig up O (cooked food from an under-fire pit)
√daakw (verb root) render
a-S-∅-√daakw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) render | for S to render something down (for oil) (esp. seal blubber)
√daaḵ ¹ (verb root) clear up
a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) clear up; stop | for rain to stop; for the sky to clear up
N + daa + a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) conscious; come to; sober | for N to regain consciousness; for N to come to oneʼs senses; for N to sober up
√daaḵ ² (verb root) move ² | move residence
{na preverb} + O-s-√daaḵ ² (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) move ²; migrate | for O to move household (permanently), migrate
kei + O-s-√daaḵ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) move ²; migrate | for O to move household (permanently), migrate
√daaḵ ³ (verb root) bankward
√daal (verb root) heavy
O-∅-√dál ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) heavy; important | for O (an inanimate object) to be heavy; for O to be important | classification: inanimate
O-l-√dál ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) heavy; important | for O (an animate object) to be heavy; for O to be important | classification: animate
N + yáx̱ + O-ka-S-l-√dáal (ga state verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] esteem | for S to consider O of equal esteem to N
N + yáanáx̱ + O-ka-S-l-√dáal (ga state verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] esteem | for S to consider O of greater esteem to N
√daalʼ (verb root) imprint ¹; mark ¹
O-ka-S-l-√dáalʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) type; print ¹ | for S to type O
√daan (verb root) pile | pile up
a-ÿa-ka-∅-√dáan (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) snow ² | for it to snow heavily
√daas (verb root) light ²
O-ka-∅-√dáas (ga event verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type and verb type] light | for O (esp. an anchor) be insufficiently heavy
√daasʼ (verb root) wear through; snare; cut ¹ | wear through (with wire)
O-S-l-√dáasʼ (g̱a – transitive – high) [check conjugation type] | for S to cut through O with wire | classification: wire
O-S-d+l-√dáasʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) snare | for S to snare O
√daat (verb root) bounce
√daax̱ ¹ (verb root) hew; adze
O-S-∅-√daax̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) hew; adze | for S to hew O out; for S to adze O out
O-S-∅-√daax̱ ¹ (na act verb – transitive – closed) hew; adze | for S to hew on O; for S to adze on O
√daax̱ ² (verb root) inertia
O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-∅-√dáax̱ ˟ ² (na motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and stem variation] ⑴ inertia; bounce | for O to keep going on own momentum; for O to move by skipping on water || ⑵ lose | for O to lose train of thought while speaking
O-x̱ʼa-ÿa-∅-√dáax̱ ˟ ² (ga motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and stem variation] inertia; bounce | for O to keep going on own momentum; for O to move by skipping on water
√daay (verb root) exclaim; scold
x̱ʼa-ÿa-S-d+s-√daay (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check stem variation] exclaim; cry | for S to exclaim, cry «hoo! hoo!»ʼ (in order to strengthen oneʼs resolve to endure pain or death)
√dáanaa ˟ (verb root) money
√deiḵ (verb root) challenge
O-S-∅-√deiḵ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) challenge | for S to challenge O
√deil (verb root) protect ¹
(N + káx̱) + yan⁓ + a-S-∅-√deil (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) watch ¹; lookout; protect ¹; guard ¹ | for S to keep watch, keep a lookout (over N)
N + káx̱ + a-S-∅-√deil (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) watch ¹; lookout; protect ¹; guard ¹ | for S to keep watch over, guard N
√deixʼ (verb root) ashamed; shame
O-ka-∅-√déixʼ ˟ (na state verb – object intransitive ashamed | for O to be ashamed; for O to be feel shame
O-ka-S-l-√déixʼ ˟ (na act verb – transitive shame; embarrass | for O to be shamed by S; for O to be put to shame by S; for O to be embarrassed by S
√dín ˟ (verb root) worry
O-tu-ka-∅-√dín ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) concerned; trouble | for O to be upset, troubled, lacking peace of mind
O-tu-ka-d+∅-√dín ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) concerned; trouble | for O to be upset, troubled, lacking peace of mind
O-tu-ka-s-√dín ˟ (∅ act verb – transitive – invariable) concerned; trouble | for O to be concerned, feel troubled
√deek ¹ (verb root) steer
√deek ² (verb root) dipnet
a-S-d+s-√deek ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) fish ²; dipnet | for S to fish with a dipnet
a-S-d+s-√deegáa ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fish ²; dipnet | for S to fish with a dipnet
√deekʼ (verb root) constipate
O-S-s-√déekʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) constipate; plug | for S to constipate, plug O
O-d+s-√déekʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) constipated; plugged | for O to be constipated, plugged
√dees (verb root) shine | for the moon to shine
a-d+l-√dées ˟ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – high) shine; moon | for the moon to shine
√deexʼ (verb root) plug ¹; cork; shut | plug up; cork; shut mouth or opening
O-S-∅-√déexʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) plug ¹ | for S to plug up O (a hole in a surface)
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√déexʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) cork; shut | for S to cork up (bottle), shut mouth of O
√dooch (verb root) rub
√doochʼ ¹ (verb root) twisting roll; pinch
√doochʼ ² (verb root) cut ¹ | cut preserving bone
O-ka-S-l-√dóochʼ ² (∅ – transitive – high) [check stem variation] cut ¹ | for S to cut O (fish) into chunks for boiling, cutting carefully between ribs and leaving skin attached
√dook ¹ (verb root) solid; whole
O-d+∅-√dóok ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type, and stem variation in hortative and habitual] close ¹; heal; whole | for O to become closed up, come together (of wound), heal rapidly and completely
O-ka-d+∅-√dóok ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type, and stem variation in hortative and habitual] close ¹; plug ¹ | for O to be closed up, plugged up permanently
O-tu-ka-d+∅-√dóok ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type, and stem variation in hortative and habitual] close ¹; plug ¹ | for O (a tube-like object) be closed up, plugged up | classification: tube-like object
O-ka-ka-S-s-√dóok ¹ (na state verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation in hortative and habitual, SN have imperfective as +i] close ¹; whole | for S to keep O (a round object) closed up, as one piece
N + een + sh + x̱ʼa-S-d+s-√dóok ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] keep silence | for S to keep silence (after giving a final pronouncement of one’s opinion or position), cease from further discussion with N
N + een + sh + x̱ʼa-ka-S-d+s-√dóok ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] keep silence | for S keep silence, keep mouth closed, seal oneʼs lips with N
√dook ² (verb root) dry; smoke ¹ | partially dry and smoke fish
√dooḵ (verb root) slush
√doolʼ (verb root) erection
√doosʼ ¹ (verb root) surge; lurch
{∅ preverb} + O-∅-√dóosʼ ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) move ¹; surge | for O to move (of water) usually suddenly and strangely (as with tidal wave) | classification: water
√doosʼ ² (verb root) soot
√dootʼ (verb root) hiccup
O-∅-√dóotʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) hiccup | for O to hiccup, have hiccups
√dootl ¹ (verb root) doubled-up; crumpled
N + séit⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√dootl ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) hug | for S to hug N
O-ka-d+∅-√dootl ¹ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – closed) crumple | for O to be crumpled up, folded over and over
O-ka-S-l-√dootl ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) ⑴ double-up; fold | for S to double up, fold (limbs) of O || ⑵ crumple | for S to crumple up O, fold O over and over
ka-S-d+∅-√dootl ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] doubled-up | for S to be doubled up, folded (of limbs)
√dootl ² coax to self; entice
(tóo-t⁓) + O-ka-S-l-√dootl (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) coax; entice; call; bring | for S to coax, entice, call, or bring O to oneself (esp. child or wild animal)
√dooxʼ (verb root) tie | tie knot
O-ka-S-∅-√dóoxʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) tie | for S to tie O in a knot
√dlaa (verb root) • variants: √tlaa ¹ • settle | for sediments to settle
√dlaakw (verb root) scratch | scratch with nails, claws
√dlaaḵ (verb root) gain; obtain; succeed; defeat
O-ÿa-S-∅-√dlaaḵ (na event verb – transitive – closed) get; obtain; acquire; succeed; accomplish; defeat; beat ² | for S to gain, get, obtain, acquire O; for S to succeed, accomplish O; for S to defeat, beat O | the prohibitive forms “donʼt win it!” require context in order to make sense • an example would be the statement, said jokingly « líl yoo yeedláḵgiḵ: yakḵwadláaḵ! » “donʼt win it: Iʼm going to win it!”
ÿa-S-d+∅-√dlaaḵ (na act verb – transitive – closed) get | for S to make lots of money
(N + ée-t⁓) + O-ÿa-S-l-√dlaaḵ (na event verb – transitive – closed) get | for S to present, give O as a permanent gift (to N)
√dlaan (verb root) deep; piled thickly
∅-√dlaan (g̱a state verb – impersonal – closed) deep; piled thickly | for water, snow, etc. to be deep, to be piled thickly | this verb is one of a very small set of dimensional verbs with extensional imperfective forms (Leer, 1991) • it is distinguished by an imperfective form which requires the g̱a-conjugation prefix
(N + ká⁓) + O-S-l-√dlaan (g̱a motion verb – transitive – closed) deep; piled thickly | for S to make O deep, thick, pile up O thickly
yan⁓ + ka-∅-√dlaan (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) deep; piled thickly; pile up | for grain-like objects, pine needles, snow to be deep, thick, pile up
(N + ká⁓) + O-ka-S-l-√dlaan (g̱a motion verb – transitive – closed) deep; piled thickly | for S to make O deep, thick, pile up O thickly (on the ground or a surface)
√dlaaxʼw (verb root) coil
√dlaax̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) strand; tide ¹ | stranded by the tide
√dlaax̱ʼw ² (verb root) clear | water to clear
√dlénx̱aa ˟ (verb root) tempt; try out; test
O-ka-u-S-∅-√dlénx̱aa ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) tempt; try out; test | for S to tempt, try out, test O
√dleigu • variants: √dleikw • ⑴ shake hands || ⑵ pat | pat affectionately
O-S-l-√dléigu ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) pat; pet | for S to pat O (esp. under chin or on back, to express affection); for S to pet O (esp. under chin or on back, to express affection)
N + jín + S-l-√dléigu ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) shake hands | for S to shake hands with N;
√dleikw (verb root) • variants: √dlaakw • startle
O-S-l-√dléikw (∅ event verb – transitive – high) startle; scare | for S to scare, startle O
√dleitl (verb root) hang; slack | hang slack
√dleixw (verb root) thumb; remove; peel | remove seafood to eat using thumb; peel skin using thumb
O-S-l-√dleixw (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) thumb; eat ¹ | for S to eat O (after taking out edible part with back of the thumb, esp. seafoods and dried fish) | classification: seafoods and dried fish
√dleey (verb root) meaty; muscular
O-l-√dleeyí ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) muscular; meaty | for O to be muscular, have lots of muscle, be meat
√dlooḵ gooey; sticky
O-sh-√dlooḵ (∅ – object intransitive – closed) sticky; gooey | for O to be sticky, gooey
N + waaḵ + ka-d+∅-√dlooḵ (? – object intransitive – high) pus | for Nʼs eyes to have pus, mucus
√dloox (verb root) • variants: dleexw • peel | to peel skin
√dzaas ¹ thong; lace
O-x̱ʼa-ka-S-l-√dzaas ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] lace | for S to lace, lace up O (shoes, clothing)
√dzaas ² (verb root) winded; tired
O-ka-∅-√dzaas ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] exhausted; winded; tired | for O to be exhausted, short of breath, tired out
O-ka-S-l-√dzaas ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] exhausted; winded; tired | for S to exhaust O, cause O to be winded
√dzaay (verb root) beard
√dzeen (verb root) snare | small snare
√dzeey (verb root) balk; resist
ḵux̱ + a-ka-S-d+∅-√dzéey (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check verb type] stop | for S to draw back, stop suddenly and retreat, stop short
√dzée ˟ (verb root) difficult; hard; frustrating | hard (abstract)
O-l-√dzée ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) difficult; frustrating; hard | for O to be very difficult, frustrating, almost impossible, hard (abstract)
√dzoo throw | throw as missile
O-S-∅-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw something as missile at O
O-sha-S-∅-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw something as missile at the head of O
N-ch + O-S-l-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw N as missile at O
N-ch + O-sha-S-l-√dzoo (∅ act verb – transitive – open) throw | for S to throw N as missile at the head of O
√dzooxʼ (verb root) clam; crush; juice | crush clams for juice
√ét (verb root) • variants: √ék • meaningless
tlél + O-ka-u-d+∅-√.ét ˟ (ga – object intransitive – invariable) • variants: O-ka-u-d+∅-√ék ˟ • [check conjugation type, verb type, stem variation] empty ² | for O to be empty, contain nothing | this verb might only be used in the negative imperfective
tlél + O-tu-u-d+∅-√.ét ˟ (ga – object intransitive – invariable) • variants: O-tu-u-d+∅-√ék ˟ • [check conjugation type, verb type, stem variation] empty ² | for O (a container with small opening) to be empty inside, contain nothing | this verb might only be used in the negative imperfective
√ei ¹ (verb root) answer; reply ¹
a-S-d+∅-√.ei ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) answer; reply ¹ | for S to answer, reply to a greeting or to oneʼs name
√ei ² (verb root) ask for; wish for
O-S-d+s-√.ei ² (g̱a event verb – transitive – open) ask for; wish for | for S to ask for more O (often as a payment, often by a medicine person); for S to wish for more O
√eik (verb root) • variants: √aak ⁵ • paralyze | paralyzed by shock
O-d+∅-√.éik (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) paralyze; incapable | for O to be paralyzed with fright, shock or surprise; for O to panic, be incapable of action | two different stem variations have been recorded with this verb—more research is necessary to determine why
√eikw (verb root) whistle
a-ka-u-S-∅-√.éikw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) whistle | for S to whistle
√eilʼ (verb root) salty
l-√.éilʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) salty | for something to be salty
√ein (verb root) starve
√eis (verb root) stagger
{na preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-l-√.eis ˟ (na motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) stagger | for O to stagger (esp. of young child or drunkard)
{ga preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-l-√.eis ˟ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) stagger | for O to stagger (esp. of young child or drunkard)
√eitsʼ (verb root) careful; delicate
O-ka-S-∅-√éitsʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] move ¹ | for S to move O carefully and slowly
x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-shu-ka-S-∅-√éitsʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] close | for S to close O (usually a door) quietly
x̱ʼéidáx̱ + O-ÿa-ka-u-S-∅-√éitsʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] open | for S to open O (usually a door) quietly
√eix̱ (verb root) • variants: √eex̱ • oil ²; grease ² | oily; greasy
√gaa ¹ (verb root) delay; hesitate; tide ¹; calm | slack tide
du-∅-√gaa ¹ ʰ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) tide ¹ | for the tide to be slack
N + toowú + du-∅-√gaa ¹ ʰ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) calm; peaceful | for N to be calm, at peace
N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – open) delay; wait ¹; pause; take oneʼs time; stay behind; detained | for O to delay, wait, pause, take oneʼs time, stay behind, or be detained at N | to say “wait for someone” use « ash eeg̱áa yax̱ kaawagaa » “they waited for them” • to say “wait there (deliberately)” use « áx̱ sh akwdligaa » “they are waiting there”
N-x̱ + O-tu-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – open) hesitate; undecided; wait ¹; hold back | for O to hesitate, be undecided (on account of some other person or circumstance)
√gaa ² (verb root) distribute; put away
yan⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√gaa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) put up; store up; accumulate | for S to put up, store up, accumulate O (esp. food for winter)
O-ka-S-d+s-√gaa ² (ga – transitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation] distribute | for S to distribute, hand out, pass out O (esp. definite amount being given out at party)
√gaa ³ (verb root) predict
O-shu-S-s-√gaa ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) predict | for S to predict O
√gaaḵ (verb root) visit
O-S-∅-√gaaḵ (g̱a event verb – transitive – closed) visit | for S to visit O (esp. a particular person)
√gaalʼ (verb root) cataract
O-waḵ-sh-√gáalʼ ˟ (ga – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] cataract | for O to have a cataract
√gaan ¹ (verb root) burn ¹; light ¹; shine
a-d+∅-√gaan ¹ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – closed) sun; shine | for the sun to shine
O-S-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) burn | for S to burn O (usually out of doors or over an area) | classification: outdoors
kei + O-S-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) burn up | for S to burn O up
ka-t⁓ + O-S-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) fry; cook | for S to fry, roast O (esp. food) | classification: food
ka-t⁓ + O-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] burn ¹ | for O (esp. food) to burn | classification: food
O-ka-∅-√gaan ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) burn ¹ | for O to burn, be burned
N-t⁓ + a-ka-∅-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) burn ¹; alight; on ² | for N (fire) to burn, catch alight; for N (light) to be on
ka-d+∅-√gáan ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) shine; light ¹ | for something to shine, produce light by burning
O-ka-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) burn | for S to burn O (esp. trash) | classification: trash
O-ka-S-s-√gaan ¹ (g̱a act verb – transitive – closed) cremate | for S to cremate O
O-ka-s-√gaan ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] burn ¹; sunburn | for O to burn (completely); for O to be sunburned
N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) light ¹; set fire; shine; turn on | for S to light, set fire to, cause N to shine; for S to turn N on (light)
√gaan ² (verb root) lean ¹
N-t⁓ + sha-ka-S-d+l-√gaan ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lean ¹ | for S to lean on, lean against N
yan⁓ + sha-ka-S-d+l-√gaan ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lean ¹ | for S to lean
√gaasʼ (verb root) housepost; fall; migrate; move ² | classification: large stick-like object
{∅ preverb} + O-∅-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) move ¹ | for O (a long object) to move endward with little to no resistance | classification: long object
O-∅-√gáasʼ (na state verb – object intransitive – high) move ¹ | for O (a long object) to move endward with little to no resistance | classification: long object
{∅ preverb} + O-l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) migrate; move ² | for O to migrate (with future plans unspecified); for O to move household (with future plans unspecified)
{na preverb} + O-l-√gáasʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) ⑴ migrate | for O to migrate (with future plans unspecified); for O to move household (with future plans unspecified) || ⑵ move ² | for O to move endwards, be moved along endwards
yáadáx̱ + O-l-√gáasʼ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – high) migrate; move ² | for O to migrate (with future plans unspecified); for O to move household (with future plans unspecified)
sh + S-d+l-√gáasʼ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – high); surface ² | for S (a sea creature) to surface (vertically)
N-t⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) leap on; pounce | for S to leap, pounce on N
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) move ² | for O to move vertically (esp. of long object) | classification: long object
{na preverb} + O-ka-l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) move ² | for O to move vertically (esp. of long object) | classification: long object
yan⁓ + O-ÿa-∅-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) fall; nod off; fall asleep | for O to fall on face; for O to nod off, fall asleep while sitting up
O-ÿa-l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) move ¹; pierce | for O to move through air (esp. in downward curve); for O (esp. an arrow) to pierce
O-ÿa-l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) move ¹ | for O to move through air (esp. in downward curve)
√gaaw (verb root) ⑴ loud; noisy || ⑵ fight; defend
O-l-√gaaw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) loud; noisy | for O to be loud, noisy, make noise
O-sa-l-√gaaw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) loud; noisy | for O to be loud-voiced, noisy in speech | the thematic prefix in this verb seems to be interchangeable « x̱ʼa- », as in O-x̱ʼa-l-√gaaw ˟
(n een) + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fight | for S to fight (with N)
N + káx̱ + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fight for; defend | for S to fight for, defend N
O-x̱ʼa-l-√gaaw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) ⑴ harp on | for O to harp on, repeat tediously || ⑵ loud; noisy | for O to be loud-voiced, noisy in speech | the thematic prefix in this verb seems to be interchangeable « x̱ʼa- », as in O-x̱ʼa-l-√gaaw ˟
√gaaxʼ ¹ (verb root) pray
(N + káa) + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pray | for S to pray (for N) | add « N yáaxʼ » in the preverb for “pray to N” or “pray with N”
sh + káa + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pray | for S to pray (for themself) | add « N jiyís » in the preverb for “pray for N”
√gaaxʼ ² (verb root) annoy; bother; tire of | tired of a sound; annoyed by a sound
O-S-s-√gáaxʼ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation in hor/pot] annoy; compel | for S to annoy, bother O by compelling them to talk
O-x̱ʼa-S-s-√gáaxʼ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation in hor/pot; check verb type] annoy; bother | for S to annoy, bother O by continual noise
√gaaxʼw (verb root) riddle
a-S-d+l-√gáaxʼw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) riddle | for S to make riddles
O-S-l-√gáaxʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) guess | for S to make O guess
√gaay (verb root) noise | make noise
√gei ¹ (verb root) big; many
∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) many; plenty | for a solid mass or abstracts to be plentiful, many | classification: general, compact object; abstract
O-l-√gei ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) big; tall | for O (esp. live creature or building) to be big, tall | classification: animate or building
ka-u-∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) big | for a singular, usually spherical object to be big | classification: round or spherical; singular
(yéi) + ka-u-∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big; many | for a thing to be (so) big; for things to be (so) many | classification: singular | N-g̱aa in the preverb results in “big enough for N” or “fits N”
(yéi) + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big | for (plural) things to be (so) big | classification: plural | N yáanáx̱ kudigéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kudigéi (it is smaller than N) • N-g̱aa in the preverb results in “big enough for N” or “fits N”
N + yáanáx̱ + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) bigger | for an object (inanimate) to be bigger than N | classification: plural | N yáanáx̱ kudigéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kudigéi (it is smaller than N) • for living things: N + yáanáx̱ + ka-u-l-√gei ¹ ʰ
N + ḵín + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) smaller | for an object (inanimate) to be smaller than N | classification: plural | N yáanáx̱ kudigéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kudigéi (it is smaller than N) • for living things: N + ḵín + ka-u-l-√gei ¹ ʰ
(yéi) + O-ka-ka-u-l-√gei ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type] big | for O (usually of narrow or stick-like object) to be so big, tall | classification: narrow or stick-like object | N yáanáx̱ kakwligéi (it is bigger than N); N ḵín kakwligéi (it is smaller than N)
ka-ka-u-d+∅-√géixʼ ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) big | for plural, usually spherical objects to be big | classification: round or spherical; plural
(yéi) + O-ÿa-ka-u-∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type] big; many | for O to be big in numbers, many (often of people) | classification: people
√gei ² (verb root) small
yéi + ka-u-∅-√géinkʼ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) small | for a singular inanimate object to be small | classification: inanimate
yéi + ka-u-s-√géinkʼ state verb small | for a singular animate object to be small | classification: animate
(yéi) + ka-u-d+s-√gei ² (ga state verb – impersonal – open) small | for grain-like objects to be small | classification: grain-like objects
√gei ³ (verb root) understand; comprehend
N + daa + yaa + ḵu-shu-s-√géi ³ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) understand; comprehend | for N to understand, comprehend
tlél + yaa + ḵu-S-d+sh-√géi ³ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) foolish; dimwitted; unwise; crazy | for S to be foolish, dimwitted, unwise, or crazy
yaa + ḵu-S-d+s-√géi ³ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) intelligent; smart; wise | for S to be intelligent, smart, wise
√gei ⁴ (verb root) stingy
yaa + O-S-sh-√gei ⁴ (∅ state verb – transitive – open) stingy | for S to be stingy with, not want to share, O
√geiḵ (verb root) unsuitable; harmful; restrain
ka-u-d+∅-√géiḵ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) unsuitable; improper; illegal | for something to be unsuitable, improper
ḵóo + O-d+∅-√géiḵ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] die | for O to die, pass away, cease to exist | this is an indirect way to say that someone has passed away, and is often more polite but may be rare today
√geil (verb root) braid | braid seal intestines
√geinkʼ (verb root) small
√geis (verb root) call | call for (esp. a dog)
O-ka-S-∅-√géis ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) [check stem variation] call; entice | for S to call O over (esp a dog or other animal) | usually by calling «géis! géis! géis!»
√geit (verb root) walk | walk softly; tiptoe
√geitl (verb root) frail | frail health; poor health
√geiy (verb root) pay | pay off
√geiyáḵw ˟ (verb root) claim; sue | claim as payment; sue for payment
√gídákw ˟ (verb root) show off
√geen (verb root) wrinkle
O-ka-sh-√géen (∅ event verb – transitive – high) wrinkle | for S to wrinkle O
O-ka-d+sh-√géen (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) wrinkled | for O to be wrinkled
√geesh (verb root) soak
√geet ¹ (verb root) fall; move ¹ | move quickly | classification: animate
O-d+s-√geet ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O (live creature) to fall | classification: animate
N-dé + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O (live creature) to fall into N | classification: animate
N-t⁓ + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O (live creature) to fall into, against N
daak + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O to fall (esp. off of something) | this verb is most commonly used to indicate falling off of something, such as in « aadáx̱ daak wudzigít » “he fell down off of it”
N + káa + daak + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) elect | for N to be elected (lit. for the choice to fall on N) | classification: singular (plural √soos)
N-náx̱ + yei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall; trip | for O (live creature) to fall down N | classification: animate | this verb means “to fall down N”; change the preverb to « N kaanáx̱ » in order to get “for O to trip and fall over N” as in « a kaanáx̱ yei wdzigít » “they tripped over it”
kei + O-S-s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) wake ¹; rouse | for S to wake O up, rouse O from sleep
kei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) wake ¹ | for O to wake up
ḵut + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – closed) lost | for O to lose oneself, be lost, unsure of oneʼs location
√geet ² (verb root) do; act | classification: animate
yéi + S-d+s-√geet ² (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] do; act | for S to do, act (often in relation to instruction or to public opinion) | as shown in the examples here, adding «N + x̱ʼayáx̱» in the preverb results in “do as N says”
at + géit + S-d+s-√geet ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) violate; break law; act against; wrongdoing | for S to violate, break (law or custom), to do something wrong
N + tugéit + S-d+s-√geet ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) offend; oppose; act against | for S to offend N; for S to act against the opinion of N
N + x̱ʼakaanáx̱ + S-d+s-√geet ² (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type and conjugation type] disobey | for S to disobey, act against the instructions of N
N + yaadé + S-d+s-√geet ² (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] wave ²; salute; honor | for S to wave to N; for S to salute N; for S to honor N (often by giving a banquet etc,,usually used for farewell, but occasionally for greeting) | as shown in the examples here, adding «N + x̱ʼayáx̱» in the preverb results in “do as N says”
N + eetéexʼ + ka-S-d+s-√geet (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) honor; ḵu.éexʼ | for S to honor N by hosting a ḵu.éexʼ for them
√geets (verb root) rash; hives
√gúkch ˟ (verb root) practice; training; learn how
√gúklʼ (verb root) skilled; learn how | become skilled
√gúnlʼ (verb root) burl; try | have a burl; try hard
√goo ¹ (verb root) happy; fun; joyful
N + toowú + s-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) happy; glad | for N to be happy, glad | this verb is conjugated for person by changing the possessive pronoun, as in « du toowú sigóo » “they are happy” and « ax̱ toowú sigóo » “i am happy”
N + tuwáa + S-s-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) want; like ¹; desire; pleasing | for N to want, like, desire S; for S to be pleasing to N
tlél + N + tuwáa + u-S-sh-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) dislike | for N to dislike, not want S
tlél + O-tu-u-sh-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) unhappy; lonesome | for O to be unhappy, lonesome
(N + tuwáa) + O-ḵʼa-s-√góo (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) fun; enjoyable | for O to be fun, enjoyable (to N)
tlél + O-x̱ʼa-u-sh-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) boring | for O to be boring, dull, dry and uninteresting (esp. of speeches at ḵu.éexʼ)
√goo ² (verb root) swim; travel | swim in a group or school (especially sea mammals); travel in fleet on water | classification: plural
{na preverb} + ÿa-S-∅-√goo ² swim; travel | for S to travel in a pod or fleet (of sea mammals or canoes)
√goo ³ (verb root) push; poke
N-t + x̱ʼus-sha-S-s-√goo ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) trip; stumble; stub | for S to trip over N; for S to stub toe on N; for S to stumble on N
yan + x̱ʼus-sha-S-s-√goo ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) trip; stumble; stub | for S to trip, stumble, stub toe
√gooch (verb root) carry | carry something to give to someone, esp. food
√gook ¹ (verb root) know how; learn how; master a skill
O-S-sh-√góok ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) know how | for S know how to do O; for S to be practiced, competent, have mastery in O
O-S-sh-√góok ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) know how; learn how | for S to know, learn how to do O
N + ée⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√góok ˟ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] instruct; train ³ | for S to instruct O to N (by demonstration); for S to show N how to do O, train, teach how (esp. in practical matters)
O-x̱ʼa-ka-sh-√góok ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) know how | for O to know how to speak publicly
√gook ² (verb root) peck
O-S-∅-√gook ² peck | for S to peck O
N + daa + a-S-∅-√gook ² peck | for S to peck around N
√gooḵ ¹ (verb root) run ¹ | classification: plural (singular form: √xeex ¹)
{∅ preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural
{na preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural
{ga preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (plural) O to run | classification: plural
√gooḵ ² (verb root) push | move by pushing
O-S-∅-√gooḵ ² (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) push | for S to move O by pushing with hands
sh + S-d+∅-√gooḵ ² (∅ motion verb – reflexive – closed) drive; force | for S to drive in (of rain), force itself in
O-S-s-√góoḵ ² (na motion verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] carry along; push | for S to carry O along (of running water, ocean, or flood water usually) | classification: running water, ocean, or flood water
yan⁓ + O-S-s-√góoḵ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation] carry along; push | for S to carry O to the shore (of running water, ocean, or flood water usually) | classification: running water, ocean, or flood water
O-ka-S-s-√gooḵ ² (∅ – transitive – closed) anchor; overboard; push | for S to drop/push O (usually an anchor) overboard
√gooḵ ³ (verb root) dry | to dry salmon eggs
√goolʼ (verb root) wink; eye; one eye | one eye
O-∅-√góolʼ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] eye; one eye | for O to have the full use of only one eye
O-waḵ-sh-√góolʼ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] eye; one eye | for O to have only one eye
a-ka-S-sh-√góolʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check verb type] eye; one eye | for S to use only one eye
√goon (verb root) chance | get a chance
√goosʼ (verb root) cloudy
ḵu-l-√góosʼ (ga state verb – impersonal – high) cloudy | for the sky to be cloudy
√goot ¹ (verb root) walk; go | classification: singular subject (plural form: √.aat ¹)
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
{na preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
gánde + S-∅-√goot (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) go; bathroom; pee; urinate; poop ¹; defecate | for (singular) S to go to the bathroom | a euphemism that literally means “go outside” although the independent base « gáan » contracts to « gán »; learners should be careful to keep the vowel long if the intended meaning is “going outside”
N + ítx̱ + yaa + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) follow ¹ | for (singular) S to follow N (on foot) | note that the preverb « yaa » does not occur in the perfective form
{ga preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go
(N-x̱) + yaa + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walking along | for (singular) S to be walking, going (by foot or as general term) (along N) (see √aat ¹ for singular) | without the (N-x̱) this verb translates as “walk!” with a focus on the action and not the direction • this is an example of a progressive epiaspectual paradigm (Leer, 91), which basically means that all forms are based on the progressive aspect. the progressive epiaspect is characterized by: 1) having the «yaa» preverb in all forms, 2) having no perfective form, and 3) denotes semantically a continuous transition from one location or state to another
{g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (g̱a motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; go | for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | « ḵux̱ wudigút » “they came back” also has a metaphorical meaning to “come back to life”
(aax̱) + S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (na – subject intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type and stem variation] get up | for (singular) S to get up suddenly (and leave)
O-S-s-√goot ¹ (na act verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation type] carry; pack | for S to carry, pack O on one shoulder or on back
neil⁓ + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in (singular) O
gáan-de⁓ + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in (singular) O
a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) appoint; choose | for S to appoint (singular) O, choose O for a certain position
ji-S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) attack; assault | for (singular) S to attack, assault, fall upon | to indicate who is being attacked, use «–éet», as in: «haa éet jiwdigút» (they attacked us); it is also acceptable to use this verb without specifying who was attacked
x̱áa + ji-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) attack; assault | for (plural) S to attack, assault, fall upon as a war party | to indicate who is being attacked, use «–éet», as in: «haa éet x̱áa jiwsigút» (they attacked us as a war party); it is also acceptable to use this verb without specifying who was attacked • note that the second example given here is a na-motion verb, and this verb functions as a motion verb that can change its conjugation type based on the type of motion
{na motion} + O-shu-S-∅-√goot ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for (singular) S to lead O (especially by walking ahead)
yaa + O-shu-S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for (singular) S to lead O (especially by walking ahead)
N + jee-t⁓ + O-shu-S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) lead ² | for S to betray, lead (singular) O into enemy hands (especially by walking ahead)
N + jikaadáx̱ + ÿa-S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) get out of way | for (singular) S to get out of Nʼs way
a tóonáx̱ + ÿa-S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) go through | for S to go though a great deal (temptation, trial, suffering, graduation of school, etc.)
a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) turn back; go back | for (singular) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term)
kéi + a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) escape | for (singular) S to escape, flee, run away (on foot)
tlél + ka-S-sh- (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check for positive form of verb] disabled | for S to be be disabled, unable to walk
√goot ² (verb root) lower
O-ji-ka-∅-√goot ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) lower | for O to be lowered, reach bottom (of line) | classification: rope-like object
O-ji-ka-S-l-√goot ² (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – closed) lower | for S to lower, let down O (a line) | classification: rope-like object
√gootl (verb root) • variants: √gooch • hill; mound
O-ka-d+sh-√gootl ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) • variants: O-ka-d+sh-√gooch ˟ • [check conjugation type and stem variation] high; hill | for O to have a high hill
√gooxʼ (verb root) dip
O-S-∅-√góoxʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) dip; ladle ¹ | for S to dip up, ladle O (esp. liquid) with dipper or can
√goox̱ (verb root) slave | to have a slave
√gwaal (verb root) beat ¹; knock; hit; ring ¹; stab
O-S-∅-√gwaal (ga act verb – transitive – closed) beat ¹; ring ¹; stab | for S to beat O (esp. drum); for S to ring O (bell); for S to stab O
sh + d+∅-√gwaal (∅ act verb – impersonal – closed) ring ¹ | for a telephone or bell to ring
O-ka-S-∅-√gwaal (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) ⑴ knock | for S to knock on O || ⑵ hit; punch | for S to hit O in (with fist); for S to punch O
O-ÿa-S-∅-√gwaal (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) hit; punch | for S to hit O in the face (with fist); for S to punch O
√gwaalʼ (verb root) curl
sha-ka-S-d+l-√gwáalʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) [check verb type] curl | for S to curl their own hair | there is likely a transitive version of this verb: O-sha-ka-S-l-√gwáalʼ
√gwaasʼ (verb root) fog
O-ka-d+∅-√gwáasʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) fog | for O to fog up, steam up, become opaque (of glass, etc.)
O-ka-S-l-√gwáasʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) fog | for S to fog up O, make O opaque
ḵu-d+∅-√gwáasʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) foggy | for the weather to be foggy | classification: weather
√gwaash (verb root) hop | hop on one leg
{na preverb} + ÿa-S-d+l-√gwáash (na motion verb – subject intransitive – high) hop | for S to hop
√gwaatʼ (verb root) upside down
√gwaatl (verb root) roll; curl up; fold; bend | curl up in a ball (of a person or animal)
{∅ preverb} + O-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) roll | for O to roll; for O to move by rolling
{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) roll | for S to roll O; for S to move O by rolling
{na preverb} + O-∅-√gwáatl (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) roll | for O to roll; for O to move by rolling
áa + yax̱ + O-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – impersonal – high) capsize; overturn | for a boat to capsize, overturn
N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – impersonal – high) roll | for a spherical object to roll to N | classification: round or spherical object
ka-S-d+∅-√gwáatl (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check verb type] bend ¹; fold | for S to fold, bend over; for S (a person) to be hunched, knees up against body
O-ka-S-l-√gwáatl (na motion verb – transitive – high) roll | for S to roll O (log, barrel, etc.) | the thematic prefix « ka- » appears to be optional in this verb, and does not affect meaning
O-ka-S-l-√gwaatl (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) bend ¹; fold | for S to bend O (leg or arm); for S to fold up O (paper, etc.) in a loose roll | « –tʼeeyshú » “their elbow” can be replaced with another foldable body part • a flexible object like « xʼúxʼ » “paper” can replace « –tʼeeyshú » to convey the meaning “fold up”
N-t + ka-ka-∅-√gwáatl (na motion verb – impersonal – high) rock ²; roll | for a canoe, boat to rock, roll around at N | this verb theme has two « ka- » prefixes, but the future verb form provided by the speaker consulter has only one « ka- » prefix (át kakg̱wagwáatl), possibly because two « ka- » prefixes are especially awkward to pronounce in the future form
N-t + O-ka-ka-S-l-√gwáatl (na motion verb – transitive – high) rock ²; roll | for S to rock, roll O (boat) at N | this verb theme has two « ka- » prefixes, but the future verb form provided by the speaker consulter has only one « ka- » prefix (át akagux̱lagwáatl), possibly because two « ka- » prefixes are especially awkward to pronounce in the future form
O-ḵʼa-d+∅-√gwáatl (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) astonish; flabbergast | for O to be astonished, flabbergasted, left open-mouthed
√g̱aa (verb root) shy
√g̱aaḵ ¹ bay ²; yelp
√g̱aaḵ ² gamble | gamble with gambling sticks that are tossed
√g̱aas (verb root) forbidden; taboo
l-√g̱aas ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) forbidden; taboo; inappropriate | for something to be forbidden, taboo, not allowed by custom | « lig̱aas » in Lingít is an action that will likely bring a harsh consequence, possibly to future generations
O-S-l-√g̱aas ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) abstain; refrain from | for S to abstain, refrain from, keep from doing O (usually for ceremonial or religious reasons, esp. of Lent)
√g̱aasʼ ¹ (verb root) scratch | scratch with long scratches
O-S-l-√g̱áasʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) scratch | for S to scratch O to relieve itching; for S to scratch O with long scratches
sh + S-d+l-√g̱áasʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) scratch | for S to scratch oneself to relieve itching
√g̱aasʼ ² (verb root) striped
ka-d+l-√g̱áasʼ ˟ ² (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) striped | for something to be striped | this verb only occurs in the imperfective
√g̱aat ¹ (verb root) split; fall apart; fall | fall scattered | classification: small objects
O-d+∅-√g̱áat ¹ (na act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type and stem variation] split; crack | for O to split /crack in two, fall apart (a log, rock, etc.)
wóoshdáx̱ + O-d+∅-√g̱áat ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] fall apart; split; crack | for O to fall apart, crack into two pieces; for O to split into two pieces
O-d+s-√g̱áat ¹ (g̱a act verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type and conjugation type] fall out; molt | for O (hair or feathers) to fall out, molt | classification: hair or feathers
wóoshdáx̱ + O-S-l-√g̱áat ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] split; crack | for S to crack O into two pieces; for S to split O into two pieces
O-ka-d+∅-√g̱áat ¹ (g̱a motion verb – transitive – high) fall | for S to fall (esp. of powdery substance or grain-like objects, falling a little at a time) | classification: powdery substance or grain-like objects
O-ka-d+∅-√g̱átch ¹ ˟ (na act verb – object intransitive – invariable) sprinkle; scatter | for O to fall scattered (esp. of powdery substance or grain-like objects, falling a little at a time)
O-ka-S-l-√g̱áat ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) sift | for S to sift O
O-ka-S-l-√g̱átch ¹ ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) sprinkle; scatter | for S to sprinkle, scatter O carefully
O-sa-d+∅-√g̱áat ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type and conjugation type] fall apart; come apart | for O (buildings) to fall down | classification: buildings
wóoshdáx̱ + O-x̱ʼa-d+∅-√g̱áat ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type and conjugation type] fall apart; come apart | for O to fall apart, come apart (of fitted tube-like objects) | classification: tube-like objects
√g̱aat ² (verb root) trap ¹
O-S-d+s-√g̱áat ² (∅ event verb – transitive – high) trap ¹; catch | for S to trap, catch O in trap (deadfall or other, but not fishtrap)
√g̱aat ³ (verb root) disoriented
N + daa + yaa + ḵu-∅-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) dizzy | for N to be dizzy
N + daa + yaa + ḵu-S-s-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) confuse | for S to confuse N
yaa + ḵu-S-l-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) forget | for S to forget O
N + daa + yaa + ḵu-S-l-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) dizzy | for S to make N dizzy
N-t + yaa + ḵu-S-d+l-√g̱áat ³ ˟ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – invariable) wander | for S to wander around at N; for S to wander around at N trying to find the way | this verb has an invariable stem, except the example documented by Story and Naish which may have been mistakenly written and is changed here
√g̱aax̱ (verb root) cry; wail
S-∅-√g̱aax̱ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – closed) cry; weep; mourn; lament | for (singular) S to cry, weep; for (singular) S to mourn, lament | classification: singular subject • classification: singular
O-S-d+s-√g̱áax̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) cry for; ask for; beg | for S to cry for, ask for O (with no possibility of returning favor); for S to beg for O (with no possibility of returning favor)
{∅ motion} + S-d+s-√g̱aax̱ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) cry | for S to go along crying; for S to keep crying | the example and forms shown here reflect the ∅-motion, but that can change with the directional preverb
ka-S-d+∅-√g̱aax̱ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – closed) cry out; scream | for S to cry loudly (of child, or person in great pain); for S to cry out or scream (in fear or pain)
O-ka-S-s-√g̱aax̱ (na event verb – transitive – closed) cry | for S to make O cry, cause O to cry
√g̱aax̱ʼ (verb root) thin; skinny
O-sh-√g̱áax̱ʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) thin; lean ²; skinny | for O to be thin, lean, skinny
√g̱ei (verb root) • variants: √g̱ee • shining; fancy
O-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) [check transitivity] bright; shine | for O to be very bright, shine brightly
O-ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) fancy; prominent; conspicuous; attracting attention | for O to be fancy, prominent (esp. in appearance), conspicuous, attracting attention
N + toowú + ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – impersonal – high) proud; pleased | for N to be proud of, highly pleased with N | in Lingít it is better to be proud of someone or something (add « N kaax̱ » to the preverb), otherwise it is seen as vain or boastful
sh + tu-ka-S-d+l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) proud; conceited; particular; picky; snooty | for S to be proud (esp. of oneself), conceited; for S to be particular, picky, snooty | this verb only occurs in the imperfective • can mean “to be conceited,” but can also be used to indicate that one is proud of something or someone by inserting « N kaax̱ » (proud of n) in the preverb; usually the N represents something or someone that the individual has a personal stake in (grandchild, friend, relative)
O-sha-ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) pretty; cute; beautiful | for O to be pretty, cute, beautiful | this verb typically refers to females, and « O-ya-ka-s-√.aan » (pleasant-faced) is more commonly used for males • can be used to talk about cute, and often baby animals, but not used for inanimate objects
O-x̱ʼa-ka-l-√g̱éi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] ⑴ boast; brag | for O to boast, brag || ⑵ | for O to be particular, fastidious about what they eat
√g̱eiḵ ¹ (verb root) swing
N-t + O-S-l-√g̱eiḵ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) swing | for S to swing O back and forth at N
N-t + O-l-√g̱eiḵ ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) swing; sway | for O to swing, sway back and forth at N
√g̱eiḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √g̱eeḵ • stingy
O-sh-√g̱eeḵ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) stingy; unwilling to give | for O to be stingy, unwilling to give or share much
√g̱ein (verb root) • variants: √g̱een • cast eyes; look ¹
N-t⁓ + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) look ¹ | for S to look at N
N-t + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) look ¹ | for S to look around, about N
√g̱eiwú (verb root) fish with net
a-S-d+s-√g̱eiwú ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fish ²; seine | for S to fish with net, seine
√g̱eiy (verb root) • variants: √g̱eey • dress up
sh + ka-S-d+sh-√g̱eiy ˟ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – invariable) dress up | for S to dress up, smarten up, make an effort to look different
√g̱eiyáḵw ˟ (verb root) remove | remove from shell
√g̱íx̱ʼ (verb root) creak; rub; squeak | squeak by rubbing
O-l-√g̱íx̱ʼ ˟ (na motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type] rub | for O to be rubbing against something (making a grating or squeaking noise)
O-S-l-√g̱íx̱ʼ ˟ (na motion verb – transitive – invariable) [check verb type] rub | for S to rub O (two surfaces) together
O-√g̱íx̱ʼjaa ˟ (na motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type] creak; squeak | for O to be creaky or squeaky
O-sh-√g̱íx̱ʼ ˟ (na motion verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type] creak; squeak | for O to creak, squeak by producing friction
√g̱ee (verb root) shining; fancy
√g̱eech ¹ (verb root) pierce; prick
N-t⁓ + ÿa-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) pierce; prick; bite ¹ | for a sharp object to pierce, enter, prick N; for an animal to bite N
N-dé + ÿa-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – closed) pierce; prick; bite ¹ | for a sharp object to pierce, enter, prick N; for an animal to bite N
N-t⁓ + ÿa-d+l-√g̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) pierce; prick | for (plural) sharp objects to pierce, enter, prick N | classification: plural object
√g̱eech ² ⑴ throw ⒜ | classification: stick-like object || ⒝ | classification: plural objects one at a time || ⑵ fell tree; knock over || ⑶ open ¹; close ¹ | classification: book
O-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw O (one at a time) | classification: one at a time
S-d+∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw things (one thing at a time) | classification: one at a time
O-ka-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) throw; donate | for S to throw O (round object, one at a time, or contents of a container); for S to donate O (money, usually of present action) | classification: one at a time
O-S-l-√g̱eech ² (na act verb – transitive – closed) fell tree | for S to fell O (a single tree) | classification: singular object
O-S-l-√g̱eech ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) fell tree; clear | for S to fell O (multiple trees or bushes, rocks); for S to clear O (bushes or trees) from an area | classification: plural objects
káx̱ + O-sha-S-l-√g̱eech ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] knock over | for S to knock over O (plural objects) | classification: plural objects (singular: O-sha-S-s-√g̱eexʼ)
kát + sha-ka-S-d+l-√g̱eech ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type] dive | for S (plural) to dive from the surface of the water | classification: plural (singular: sha-S-d+∅-√x̱eech ¹)
O-shu-S-∅-√g̱eech ² (na act verb – transitive – closed) throw; turn over | for S to throw (while holding onto one end); for S to turn over O (pages); for S to leaf through a book or magazine
át + O-shu-S-l-√g̱eech ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) open ¹ | for S to open O (a book) | classification: book
x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-shu-S-l-√g̱eech ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] close ¹ | for S to close, shut O (pages of book or the book itself) | classification: book
√g̱eekʼ (verb root) jerk; nod
a-S-∅-√g̱éekʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) jerk; move ¹; dance ¹ | for S to jerk (head), move (head or feet) fast when dancing to rhythm of drum
√g̱eel (verb root) dull
lu-d+∅-√g̱éel (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) blunt; dull | for a tip to be blunt, dull
O-lu-S-l-√g̱éel (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] blunt; dull | for S to blunt, dull the tip of O (esp. a cutting tool)
ÿa-d+∅-√g̱éel (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) blunt; dull | for an edge to be blunt, dull
O-ÿa-S-l-√g̱éel (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] blunt; dull | for S to blunt, dull the edge of O (esp. a cutting tool)
√g̱eelʼ (verb root) sharpen; grind; rub; polish
O-S-∅-√g̱éelʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) sharpen | for S to file or sharpen O (with a grindstone)
O-ka-S-sh-√g̱éelʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) polish | for S to polish O
O-ÿa-S-∅-√g̱éelʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) sharpen | for S to sharpen O (with a grindstone)
√g̱ees (verb root) cook | cook on stick
O-S-l-√g̱ees (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) cook | for S to cook O on a stick over open fire (either cook fast on outside and finish cooking later, or fat cooked as a snack and eaten as it cooks)
√g̱eet ¹ (verb root) squall; storm
a-∅-√g̱éet ¹ ˟ (na event verb – impersonal – invariable) precipitate; rain; hail; snow ² | for rain, hail, snow to fall (often hard, in dark rainstorm) | classification: weather
√g̱eet ² (verb root) dark
ka-d+sh-√g̱éet ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) dark | for a place to be dark
ḵu-ka-d+sh-√g̱éet ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) dark | for it to be dark outside
√g̱eexʼ (verb root) ⑴ throw | classification: singular inanimate object || ⑵ donate
ḵut + O-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (ga motion verb – transitive – high) lose | for S to lose O (often associated with destruction) | classification: singular inanimate object | this verb can be used figuratively to refer to losing oneʼs mind or health
ḵut + O-S-s-√g̱éexʼ (ga motion verb – transitive – high) lose | for S to lose O (a long object or bundle) | classification: singular inanimate object • classification: a long object or bundle
O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) donate; load; shoot; throw | for S to donate O (esp. money); for S to load O (gun), put bullet in; for S to shoot O (basketball); for S to throw O (ball) | classification: spherical or round object | to include the recipient of the donation in the sentence, use « du jeet » “to them” in the preverb as in « du jeet akaawag̱éexʼ » “they donated it to them” • if the recipient is an organization, you would use « a kagéi yís » “to it”, replacing the « a » with the name of the organization, as in « wé Salvation Army kagéi yís akaawag̱éexʼ » “they donated it to the Salvation Army” • to give the meaning “load (a gun)” use « a tóo », as in « a tóo akaawag̱éexʼ » (they loaded it)
kei + O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) throw | for S to throw O (esp. ball) up in the air; for S to load O (a gun), put a bullet in with fairly fast action | classification: spherical or round object
N + tóo + kei + O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) load | for S to load O (ammunition) into N (a gun) with fairly fast action | classification: spherical or round object
ka-S-d+∅-√g̱éexʼ (na event verb – subject intransitive – high) donate; contribute | for S to donate, contribute
N-t⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√g̱éexʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) donate; contribute; add to | for S to donate, contribute, add to N
ḵut + O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (ga motion verb – transitive – high) lose | for S to lose O (round, spherical object) | classification: spherical or round object
O-sa-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (g̱a event verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and verb type] collapse | for S to cause O to collapse (esp. large structure) in one action
N + káx̱ + O-sha-S-s-√g̱éexʼ (na – transitive – high) [check conjugation type] | for S to knock over O (pole, furniture, etc.) | classification: singular (plural: káx̱ + O-sha-S-∅-√g̱eech ²)
√g̱oo (verb root) wipe; mop
O-S-l-√g̱oo (g̱a act verb – transitive – open) wipe; mop | for S to wipe, mop, clean O by wiping
√g̱ook (verb root) clutch; squeeze
O-ka-S-∅-√g̱ook (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) clutch; hold | for S to clutch, hold tightly onto O
O-ka-S-l-√g̱ook (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) ⑴ squeeze | for S to squeze O (hand or trigger) || ⑵ clutch; hold | for S to crumple O by squeezing in hand
√g̱ootl (verb root) mash; squeeze
O-ka-S-∅-√g̱ootl (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) mash; squeeze | for S to mash O by squeezing in the hand; for S to squeeze O tightly
√g̱oots (verb root) squeeze; clasp | squeeze in hand; clasp in hand
O-S-l-√g̱oots (∅ – transitive – open) milk ²; squeeze | for S to milk O; for S to squeeze the liquid out of O
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√g̱oots (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry | for S to carry O gripped together in hand or pressed under arm | classification: pressed together in hand or under arm
O-ka-S-l-√g̱oots (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] clasp | for S to clasp O (in hand or under arm)
√g̱waatʼ ¹ (verb root) crawl | crawl on hands and knees
{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√g̱wáatʼ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) crawl | for S (esp. child) to crawl on hands and knees
{na preverb} + S-d+∅-√g̱wáatʼ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – high) crawl | for S (esp. child) to crawl on hands and knees
√g̱waatʼ ² (verb root) close ¹ | close up completely
sh + tóo + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-S-d+∅-√g̱wáatʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type, transitivity, and stem variation] close ¹ | for S to close up O completely
√haa ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | move many small parts
woosh + x̱oo-t⁓ + O-ji-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) mix | for S to mix O (various ingredients) together and stir them well
O-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (na act verb – transitive – open) plant ² | for S to plant O
a-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) garden ¹; dig | for S to garden, dig
kei + O-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) dig up | for S to dig O up
kei + O-ka-S-s-√haa ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) dig up | for S to dig up (esp. deep), excavate O
N-náx̱ + O-ka-S-s-√haa ¹ (na act verb – transitive – open) bury | for S to bury O at N
a-ka-∅-√haa ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – open) float | for plural things to float, move around on the surface of the water | classification: plural
O-ÿa-S-s-√haa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open, CV́V hort/pot) gather; pick up; take up | for S to gather up, pick up, take up O
{∅ preverb} + O-ÿa-d+∅-√haa ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type] move ¹ | for O to move in, come around (of large numbers, esp. birds)
√haa ² (verb root) many; numerous
N-t⁓ + O-ÿa-d+∅-√haa ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – open) move ²; come around; crowd ¹ | for O to move in, come around, crowd at N (of large numbers, esp. people, birds)
O-sha-ÿa-d+∅-√haa ʰ ² (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) many; plenty; lots | for O to be many, plenty, lots
O-sha-ÿa-l-√haa ʰ ² (na state verb – transitive – fading) many; add to | for S to have many, plenty, lots of O; for O to add to the amount of O
O-sha-ÿa-d+l-√haa ʰ ² (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) many; plenty | for O to be many (but not really abundant), be quite a few
√haa ³ (verb root) move ¹; invisible | move imperceptibly; move invisibly
gákx̱ + O-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – open) • variants: gági̱ + O-S-s-√haa ³ • | for O to be exposed, move into the open
{na motion} + O-∅-√haa ³ (na motion verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type and verb type] invisible; move ¹ | for O to move invisibly
N-dáx̱ + O-∅-√haa ³ (na motion verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type and verb type] disappear | O to disappear (esp. turn into vapor, cease to exist)
N-xʼ + O-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – open) fit | for O to fit, move in to exact position
N + ée-t⁓ + yaan + ∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) hungry | for N to be hungry | replace « yaan » with the examples listed below to change from “hungry” to the listed definition «du éet shakux uwaháa» “they are thirsty”
tlél + ga-u-∅-√háa ³ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) obvious; visible | for something to be obvious, clearly visible | this verb is unique in that it requires the conjugation prefix (ga-) in all modes and only occurs in the negative • the negative imperfective «tlél gooháa» “itʼs obvious” is the most common form, although the negative future has also been documented
N + ée-t⁓ + yaan + O-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) hungry | for S to make N hungry
N-dáx̱ + O-S-s-√haa ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) erase | for S to erase O off of N; for S to rub O off of N; for S to make off with O from N (without them knowing)
N-xʼ + O-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) fit | for S to fit, move O in to exact position
N + toowú + yáaxʼ + O-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation in hort/pot] comfort | for S to comfort N
N-xʼ + O-S-l-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type and stem variation in hort/pot] come upon; discover | for S to come upon (esp. suddenly) O; for S to discover O (not necessarily intentionally)
{∅ preverb} + O-ji-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type] arrive; deliver | for O (usually of a non-human item and esp. by mail) to arrive, be delivered
N + káa + O-ji-S-l-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation in hort/pot] come upon; catch; discover | for S to come upon, find O doing N; for S to catch O in the act of N; for S to discover O doing N
N-xʼ + O-ji-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) [check verb type, transitivity] blame; suspect | for S to force, compel O to do N by hand
N + jee-náx̱ + O-ka-∅-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) allow; right ³ | for N to be allowed, have authority to, have the right to O (usually an action)
N + jee-t⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type] give; get | for S to give O to N; for S to get O for N
N + káa + ka-∅-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – impersonal – open) [check verb type, transitivity] blame; suspect | for N to be be blamed, suspected
N + kagéi-xʼ + O-ka-∅-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – impersonal – open) [check verb type] encounter; meet | for something to meet with N, come upon N; for something to come before the eyes of N, be seen by N (esp. of game)
(N-x̱) + O-ka-d+∅-√haa ³ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – open) | for O (person or object) to disappear (esp. turn into vapor, cease to exist) (from N)
N-xʼ + O-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) [check verb type, transitivity] blame; suspect | for S to force, compel O to do N
N + géi⁓ + O-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ state verb – transitive – open) accuse; blame | for S to accuse, blame N for O (a wrongdoing)
N + káa + ka-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) [check verb type, transitivity] blame; suspect | for S to blame, suspect N
N + kagéi-xʼ + O-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type] give; get | for S to give O to N (esp. as a favor)
N + toowú + yáaxʼ + O-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation in hort/pot] comfort | for S to comfort N
N-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) time for; arrive | for the time to come for N
N-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ (ga motion verb – impersonal – open) time for; arrive | for the time to come for N
N + ée-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) turn ²; have a turn | for N to have a turn
N + daatx̱ + ḵu-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) polish; rub | for S to polish N; for S to rub N until shiny
N + káa + daak + sa-∅-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open, CV́V hort/pot) remember | for O to remember N
O-ka-S-l-√haa ³ (na event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type and conjugation type] | for O (person or object) to disappear (esp. turn into vapor, cease to exist) (from N)
N + káa + daak + sa-S-l-√haa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – open, CV́V hort/pot) remind | for S to remind O about N
sh + tóo + a-sha-S-d+l-√háa ˟ ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) injure | for S to injure oneself
N-xʼ + a-sha-S-d+l-√háa ˟ ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and stem variation] injure; hurt ¹ | for S to hurt again, cause pain to some part of body which is already wounded or painful and which one is trying to protect
√haa ⁴ (verb root) want; willing
(yéi) + O-sa-S-∅-√haa ⁴ (na state verb – transitive – open) want; decided; agree | for S to want O (a certain way); for S to be decided about O; for S to agree to O | this verb requires either an adverb of manner (such as «yéi» “that way” or «wáa sá» “how”), or a postpositional phrase (often with the suffix «-dé» as in «i jeedé»); two examples are « wáa sá asaawahaa? » “how do they want it?” and « i jeedé sax̱waahaa » “I want you to have it” • to link this to another verb, as in “I want them to eat” you would use the purposive form in the verb that is wanted, as in «at g̱ax̱aat sax̱aahéi» “I want them to eat”; howver, if one wants to do something themselves, they would use a purposive and
√haa ⁵ (verb root) fight
ḵu-S-l-√haa ⁵ (ga – subject intransitive – open) fight; wrestle | for S to fight hand to hand (with N); for S to wrestle, box (with N) | with the intent to do bodily harm
√haach (verb root) tingle; paralyzed
√haachʼ (verb root) shameful
O-ka-l-√háachʼ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) shameful | for O to be a shameful thing
sh + ka-S-d+l-√háachʼ (na state verb – subject intransitive – high) shame; embarrass | for S to shame, embarrass themself
√haakw ¹ (verb root) suspicious
√haakw ² (verb root) rally; encourage | rally round
√haan ¹ (verb root) stand; rise | classification: singular (singular form: √naaḵ ¹)
S-∅-√hán ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – invariable) stand | for (singular) S to be standing | classification: singular
yan⁓ + S-∅-√haan ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stand | for (singular) S to keep standing; for (singular) S to stand firm | classification: singular
S-d+∅-√haan ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – closed) stand; rise | for (singular) S to stand up, rise | classification: singular
(N + náḵ / N-dáx̱) + ḵux̱ + S-d+∅-√haan ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stop | for S to turn back (from N); for S to step back (from N); for S to stop (N, a regular habit) | classification: singular
O-S-s-√háan ¹ (na state verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type] hold up; stand | for S to hold up O, cause O to stand (esp. children)
(N + náḵ) + a-ÿa-S-d+∅-√haan ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) flee; run away; turn back | for (singular) S to flee, run, turn back (from N) | classification: singular
√haan ² (verb root) cut ¹; fringe | cut strips; cut fringe
O-ka-S-∅-√haan ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation type] | for S to cut O (esp. seal fat) into strips/fringes
O-ka-S-s-√haan ² (g̱a act verb – transitive – closed) | for S to cut O into a fringe; for S to make O into strips or fringes
√haasʼ (verb root) nauseated; vomit
O-∅-√háasʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) vomit | for O to vomit
√haash (verb root) drift ¹; float ¹
{∅ preverb} + O-l-√haash (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift
daak + O-l-√haash (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift out to sea
{na preverb} + O-l-√haash (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift
{ga preverb} + O-l-√haash (ga motion verb – object intransitive – closed) float ¹; drift ¹ | for O to float, drift
√haat ¹ (verb root) carry; lug | classification: heavy object | usually with arms straight and sharing load with another
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√haat ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for (plural) S to carry, take O (heavy object, usually with arms straight and sharing the load with another) | classification: heavy object, usually with arms straight and sharing the load with another
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√haat ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for (plural) S to carry, take O (heavy object, usually with arms straight and sharing the load with another) | classification: heavy object, usually with arms straight and sharing the load with another
√haat ² (verb root) cover ¹; enclose; herd
O-ka-S-s-√haat ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) cover; enclose | for S to cover O completely, out of sight; for S to enclose O
O-ka-S-s-√haat ² (na act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type , verb type, and stem variation] herd; drive | for S to drive, herd O (a group of animals)
O + daa-S-s-√haat ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) enclose; surround; skirt ² | for S to enclose, surround O completely; for S to skirt O (a house)
√haatlʼ (verb root) soil ²; mess
O-daa-d+∅-√háatlʼ (∅ – object intransitive – high) soil ²; mess | for O to be covered with excrement, rust, dirt
√hélʼk (verb root) clumsy
tlél + O-ka-u-∅-√hélʼk ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) weak; helpless | for O to be weak, helpless | this verb only appears in negative forms
tlél + O-x̱a-ka-u-∅-√hélʼk ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) weak; helpless | for O to be weak, helpless in speech or talking tendencies | this verb only appears in negative forms •
√heik ¹ (verb root) moan
√heik ² (verb root) • variants: √heek ² • hyperactive | move in hyperactive manner; jump hyperactively
√hein (verb root) own; claim
O-S-∅-√héin ˟ (na state verb – transitive – invariable) own; claim | for S to own, claim O (esp. clan property)
at + yee-t⁓ + O-S-d+∅- √héin ˟ (na state verb – transitive – invariable) hog; selfish | for S to hog O, claiming for oneself and to keep selfishly
woosh + teen + O-S-d+∅- √héin ˟ (na state verb – transitive – invariable) share; have in common | for S (plural) to share O; for S (plural) to have O in common | classification: plural subject
√heish (verb root) disgraceful
√héix̱waa (verb root) magic; charm; perform rites
O-S-∅-√héix̱waa ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) magic; charm; perform rites | for S to make magic, perform rites on O (nature or young people) to bring desirable results in nature or give youngsters power and confidence | could involve ceremonies to ensure plentiful fish runs; could also be things like tying pinecones to a babyʼs hands to make sure they are good with their hands later; or to restore good weather • could be performed by people with knowledge of the ceremony and not only an íx̱tʼ
O-S-d+s-√héix̱waa ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) magic; charm; perform rites | for S to make magic, perform rites on O (a person) | could involve ceremonies to ensure plentiful fish runs, and could also be things like tying pinecones to a babyʼs hands to make sure they all are good with them allʼs hands later, or to restore good weather • could be performed by people with knowledge of the ceremony and not only an íx̱tʼ
√hee ¹ (verb root) pay | pay a medicine person
√hee ² (verb root) nasty
√heech (verb root) • variants: √heich • watch ¹; accuse; jealous | watch covertly
O-(u)-S-∅-√heech (na act verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation type] jealous; accuse | for S to be jealous of attention given by O (their mate) to others; for S to accuse O (their mate) of infidelity (observed or suspected)
√heek (verb root) full; fill | classification: solids or abstracts
O-sha-∅-√heek (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) filled; full | for O to be filled, be full (general and abstract) | classification: solids or abstracts
yan + O-sha-∅-√heek (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) finished; complete; fulfill | for O to be be finished, completed, fulfilled
O-sha-S-l-√heek (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) fill | for S to fill O (with solids or abstracts) | classification: solids or abstracts
yan⁓ + O-sha-S-l-√heek (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) finish; complete | for S to finish, complete O
√heen ¹ (verb root) believe; trust
N + éekʼ + a-S-∅-√heen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) believe; trust; believe in | for S to believe, trust, believe in N
sh + tóokʼ + a-S-d+∅-√heen ¹ ˟ (na state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) trust; confident | for S to trust oneself, have confidence in oneself
N -kʼ + a-S-∅-√heen ¹ (∅ state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and conjugations] believe; trust; believe in | for S to believe, trust, believe in N
N + x̱ʼéi-kʼ + a-S-∅-√heen ˟ ¹ (na state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) believe; true | for S to believe the message of N; for S to believe the words of N to be true
√heen ² (verb root) swim | for a school of fish to swim underwater | classification: plural
√heen ³ (verb root) water down; mix | mix with water
√heesʼ (verb root) borrow; loan
O-S-∅-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive – high) borrow | for S to borrow O
N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√héesʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) lend | for S to lend O to N
O-S-l-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive – high) borrow; charter | for S to borrow O (often large object, such as stove, table); for S to charter O (a plane, boat or car) | classification: large object
O-ka-S-∅-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive – high) borrow | for S to borrow O (esp. round, spherical object) | classification: round or spherical object
O-ka-S-l-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive – high) borrow | for S to borrow O (stick-like object) | classification: stick-like object
√heets (verb root) singe | singe hair, fur, or feathers
O-S-l-√heets (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) ⑴ singe | for S to singe hair, fur, or feathers off of O || ⑵ cook | for S to cook O whole (in its skin, over campfire for a whole day)
√heexw (verb root) bewitch; witchcraft | practice witchcraft
O-S-∅-√heexw (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) bewitch; witchcraft | for O to bewitch S; for S to perform witchcraft on O | often using personal belongings to do so and to bring about illness or devastation
√hoo ¹ (verb root) wade; swim | to swim on surface of water | classification: singular | plural: √kwaan
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√hoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) wade; swim | for (singular) S to wade; for (singular) S to swim on surface of water (dog-paddling)
N-t + ji-S-d+∅-√hoo ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – open) wade; swim | for S to wade around at N (esp. aimlessly or in circles)
√hoo ² (verb root) suspect
√hoo ³ (verb root) exclaim | to say « hú! »
√hook (verb root) shout
kei + O-S-∅-√hook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) shout | for S to lift O (an emptied container of berries or fruit) and shout at ḵu.éexʼ | classification: ḵu.éexʼ
chush + tóodáx̱ + kei + S-∅-√hook (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check CP] shout; grief | for S to remove grief with ritual shouts at ḵu.éexʼ | classification: ḵu.éexʼ | this process often involves four men, two from each moiety, who pound a staff on the floor while making the release of grief chant
√hoon (verb root) sell
O-S-∅-√hoon (na act verb – transitive – closed) sell; betray | for S to sell O | the object for “selling” is a third person “it”, but changing the object often results in a shift in meaning to “selling out” (for S to betray O)
O-S-l-√hoon (na event verb – transitive – closed) sell; peddle; hawk ² | for S to go sell, peddle, hawk O | Story and Naish include a ∅-conjugation motion form of the verb « haa éet wududlihún » “people came to us selling things”
S-d+l-√hoon (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) spending; shopping | for S to go spending, go shopping
sh + S-d+l-√hoon (∅ event verb – reflexive – closed) hire; job hunt | for S to hire themself out, look for a job, for employment
√hoot (verb root) ⑴ carry | carry in apron || ⑵ plank | to put planks on
O-S-∅-√hoot (na motion verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation and verb type] carry | for S to carry O in apron
√hootlʼ (verb root) wrinkled
O-duk-ka-d+∅-√hóotlʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type and stem variation] graze; scrape | for O to graze off, scrape off (skin in injury)
√ín (verb root) observe; guard ¹
√ítʼch (verb root) sparkle; reflect light
ka-d+l-√ítʼch ˟ (∅ state verb – impersonal – invariable) sparkle; reflect light | for something to sparkle, reflect light
√íx̱tʼ (verb root) medicine person
√ee ¹ (verb root) cook
(yan⁓) + ∅-√.ee ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) cooked | for food to be cooked, done cooking
O-S-s-√.ee ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) cook | for S to cook O
at + S-s-√.ee ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) cook | for S to cook
√ee ² (verb root) slide ¹; flow
√een ¹ (verb root) carry | classification: container with contents
O-S-∅-√.een ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) | for S to pick O (esp. berries) into a container
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√.een ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (a container with contents) | classification: a container with contents
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√.een ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (a container with contents) | classification: a container with contents
√een ² | classification: plural kill ¹; slaughter
O-S-∅-√.een ² (na – transitive – closed) [check stem variation] (act verb) kill ¹; slaughter | for S to kill, slaughter O (plural) | classification: plural (singular: jaaḵ
√een ³ (verb root) sneak
√ees (verb root) whistle | whistle quietly
√eesh (verb root) thread ²; string ² | thread together; string together
O-ka-S-l-√.eesh (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) string ² | for S to thread O (esp. beads), string together
√eesháan (verb root) pitiful; poor ²
O-l-√eesháan ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [ check conjugation type] pitiful; poor ² | for O to be pitiable, poor, in an unfortunate state
O-ÿa-l-√eesháan ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [ check conjugation type] long-faced; sad; dismal | for O to be long-faced, look sad, dismal
√eet (verb root) change; transform | change proportion
a-S-d+∅-√éet (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check stem variation] change; transform | for S to change its proportion; for S to change itself into something else
√eetʼ ¹ (verb root) soak
O-ka-d+∅-√.éetʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) soak; waterlogged | for O to be soaked, waterlogged
√eexʼ (verb root) call out; yell; shout; invite
O-S-∅-√.éexʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) call out; shout; holler | for S to call out to, shout to, holler at O
O-S-∅-√.éexʼ (g̱a event verb – transitive – high) invite; ask | for S to invite O, ask O to a party
kei + S-∅-√.éexʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check verb type] growl; yell | for S to growl; for S to yell out
O-ka-S-l-√.éexʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) call out; shout; holler | for S to call out repeatedly to, keep on shouting at O
tʼaa-S-∅-√.éexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) call out; announce | for S to announce by calling out
√eex̱ (verb root) • variants: √eix̱ • oily; greasy | oily; greasy
√jaa (verb root) instruct; advise; counsel
O-shu-ka-∅-√jaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading, CV́V hort/pot) instruct; show ¹; advise; counsel | for S to instruct, show O (by word); for S to advise, give advice to, counsel O
√jaaḵ (verb root) kill ¹ | classification: singular
O-S-∅-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) kill ¹ | for S to kill O | classification: singular (plural: √een ²)
táach + O-S-∅-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) fall asleep | for (singular) O to fall asleep completely | classification: singular object | this verb metaphorically refers to a sleep killing someone, similar to “dead asleep” in English
táach + yax̱ + O-ÿa-S-l-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) fall asleep | for (plural) O to fall asleep (“for sleep to kill (plural) O”) | classification: plural object | this verb metaphorically refers to plural objects falling asleep • the verb stem is typically used with singular subjects, but in this case sleep is the singular third person subject
N-ch + O-S-l-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) kill ¹ | for S to kill O with N | classification: singular
√jaaḵw ¹ (verb root) beat up; assault
O-S-∅-√jáaḵw ¹ (na act verb – transitive – high) beat up; assault; attack | for S to beat up, assault, violently attack O
√jaaḵw ² (verb root) fit; suited for; perfect
yan⁓ + O-∅-√jaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] fit; proper | for O to be fitting, proper
wóosh-t⁓ + O-S-l-√jaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] fit | for S to fit O together
yan⁓ + O-S-l-√jaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] fit | for S to fit O in place (permanently)
N + yá-t⁓ + O-S-l-√jaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] fit; apply; trust; depend on | for S to settle on it (a fitting name) for N; for S to apply O to N (often a personal experience) to their situation; for S to depends on, trust N
N + x̱ʼéide + O-S-l-√jaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) fit; proper | for S to make the speech of O fitting, proper
yan⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√jaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – reflexive – closed) [check check verb type and stem variation in hort/pot] comfortable | for S to make themself comfortable, settle in a comfortable position
O-sha-S-∅-√jaaḵw ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] fill | for S to fill O to an appropriate level
O-x̱ʼa-ka-∅-√jaaḵw ² (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] fit; suitable | for O to fit the speech to the occasion, say or sing that which is suitable
sh + x̱ʼa-S-d+l-√jaaḵw ² (na – reflexive – closed) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] excuses | for S to excuse oneself, make excuses, try to justify self
√jeich ¹ (verb root) surprise; astonish; amaze
O-ÿa-S-l-√jeich ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) suprise; astonish; amaze | for S to suprise, astonish, amaze O
O-ÿa-∅-√jeich ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) surprise; astonish; amaze | for O to be surprised, astonished, amazed
√jeich ² (verb root) weigh down
√jeil ¹ (verb root) move ¹; reach ¹ | move hands over; reach for
{∅ motion} + S-∅-√jeil ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) crawl | for S to crawl, or proceed slowly, using hands to help them along (esp. of old person)
N + ká-t⁓ + S-∅-√jeil ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) move ¹; feel | for S to move their hands around on N, feel N over
N-náx̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√jeil ¹ (∅ motion) (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) reach ¹ | for S to reach a hand through, around N | note that combining this verb with « a yáanáx̱ », as in « a yáanáx̱ yaawajél » literally means “they reached past it” but is an expression used to indicate that the person missed something when speaking, forgot to say something, or omitted something
N + daa-t⁓ + sh + tu-ka-S-d+∅-√jeil ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] cherish; care for | for S to cherish, set their affection upon, care greatly for O
√jeil ² (verb root) carry; take | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; collect | for S to carry, take O (esp. to one place, making several trips, or all of one particular type of thing); for S to collect O | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (esp. to one place, making several trips, or all of one particular type of thing) | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing
héen-t⁓ + O-ÿa-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) baptize | for S to baptize O (plural) | classification: plural
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√jeil ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; gather | for S to carry, take O (esp. to one place, usually stick-like objects); for S to gather O (esp. people to one place) | classification: stick-like objects in loads; all of one type of stick-like object
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√jeil ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (esp. to one place, usually stick-like objects) | classification: stick-like objects in loads; all of one type of stick-like object
√jeitl (verb root) spread apart
√jín ˟ (verb root) hand ¹ | to have hands
√jee ¹ (verb root) think; wonder
(yéi) + O-u-S-∅-√jee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – transitive – fading) think | for S to think so of O | add N-x̱ in the preverb for “thinks O is an N” (nakwsʼaatíx̱ oowajée • they think they are a witch)
O-ka-S-∅-√jeek ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) wonder; curious; anxious | for S to wonder, be curious, anxious about O
√jee ² (verb root) awful; terrible; eerie; unattractive
O-ka-u-l-√jée ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) awful; terrible; eerie; unattractive | for O to be awful, terrible, eerie (in appearance), unattractive | in classical Lingít, this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which is slowly falling out of modern day speech
O-x̱ʼa-ka-u-l-√jée ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) awful; terrible | for O to be awful sounding (esp. weeping) | in classical Lingít, this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which is slowly falling out of modern day speech
O-ÿa-l-√jee ² (ga – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type and stem variation] distasteful | for O to be be distasteful (esp. when too rich and fatty)
√jee ³ (verb root) punish
O-ÿa-S-∅-√jee ˟ ³ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) punish | for S to punish O
√jeekʼ (verb root) carry | carry on shoulders
O-S-l-√jéekʼ (na motion verb – transitive – high) [check verb type and conjugation type] carry; piggyback | for S to carry O (person, deer, etc.) on shoulders or back with head up
√jeexw (verb root) • variants: √joox • spin; roll; run ³
√joon (verb root) dream
O-S-∅-√joon (na act verb – transitive – closed) dream | for S to dream of O
√joow (verb root) messy
√joox (verb root) • variants: √jeexw • spin; roll; run ³
ka-∅-√joox (ga event verb – impersonal – closed) roll; spin; start; run ³ | for a wheel to roll, spin; for an engine to start, run
g̱unéi + ka-∅-√joox (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) start | for an engine to start
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√joox (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) wheel ¹ | for S to wheel O
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√joox (na motion verb – transitive – closed) wheel ¹ | for S to wheel O
√joox̱ʼ (verb root) sling ²; cast ¹ | cast (fishing line); sling, fling
O-S-∅-√jóox̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) sling ²; fling | for S to hit O with a slung object
{∅ motion} + O-S-l-√jóox̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) fling | for S to fling O, throw O aside carelessly or roughly
{∅ motion} + O-sha-S-l-√jóox̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) fling | for S to fling O (by the head)
√kaa ¹ (verb root) lazy; slow
a-u-S-d+s-√kaa ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) lazy; slow | for S to be lazy, slow
a-u-S-d+s-√kaa ¹ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) lazy | for S to be be lazy to talk
√kaa ² (verb root) make signals; make faces; sign language
O-ka-S-d+∅-√kaa ˟ ² (na act verb – transitive – invariable) copy ¹ | for S to copy O
O-ÿa-S-d+∅-√kaa ˟ ² (na act verb – transitive – invariable) make faces | for S to make faces at O
O-x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√kaa ˟ ² (na act verb – transitive – invariable) copy ¹ | for S to copy the speech of O
√kaak (verb root) thick
s-√kaak ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) thick | for something to be thick (cloth, board, food, etc.)
(yéi) + ka-u-s-√kaak ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) thick | for a board, cloth, etc. to be (so) thick
√kaan (verb root) dance ¹ | dance in response
√kaasʼ (verb root) scummy; algae | covered in algae
√kaax̱ (verb root) juicy; rich ³
√kaay (verb root) measure
O-S-∅-√kaay ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) measure | for S to measure O, take measurements (test eyes, take temperature) of O | the -y ending of the stem seems to disappear in some modes or examples
yan + O-S-∅-√kaay ˟ (∅ act verb – transitive – invariable) measure | for S to measure, take measurements of O (a number of objects) | the -y ending of the stem seems to disappear in some modes or examples
√káaxʼ (verb root) spotted
O-ka-d+sh-√káxʼx̱ (∅ – object intransitive – high) • variants: O-ka-d+s-√gáxʼx̱ • spotted | for O to be spotted, have polka-dots
√kéxwk ˟ (verb root) fluffy; light ²
√kei ¹ (verb root) ⑴ track; trail ² || ⑵ unravel; undo; untangle
O-ka-S-s-√kei ¹ (g̱a act verb – transitive – open) track; trail ²; follow ¹; untangle; rip back; undo | for S to track, trail, follow tracks of O; for S to untangle O; for S to rip back, undo O (sewing, knitting)
O-ka-d+∅-√kei ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type and verb type] fail | for O to fail completely | the negative perfective of this verb «tlél ikawdaké» is a compliment in Lingít that is both genuine and humorous, meaning both “you did a good job” and “you didnʼt come apart and fail completely”
√kei ² (verb root) stuck; choke | stuck in throat
N + séi-t⁓ + ∅-√kei ² (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) choke | for N to choke on something
√keikʼw (verb root) blunder
√keil ¹ (verb root) soak
O-ka-S-l-√keil ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) soak | for S to soak O
√keil ² (verb root) calloused
O-∅-√keil ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] calloused | for O to become calloused
√keilʼ ¹ (verb root) tear down; take apart; untie
O-S-∅-√kéilʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) take apart; tear down | for S to take O apart, tear O down
O-ka-S-∅-√kéilʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) untie | for S to untie O
√keilʼ ² (verb root) run away; chase | classification: plural (singular form: √naaḵ ³)
{∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√kéilʼ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) chase | for S to chase (plural) O | this verb is often used to describe the practice used by net fishermen of running the boat along the net to chase fish into it
{na preverb} + O-S-l-√kéilʼ ² (na motion verb – transitive – high) chase | for S to chase (plural) O | this verb is often used to describe the practice used by net fishermen of running the boat along the net to chase fish into it
{∅ motion} + O-d+∅-√kéilʼ (∅ – object intransitive – high) flee; turn back; run away | for O (plural) to flee, run from, turn back from
√keilʼ ³ (verb root) ash
O-S-sh-√kéilʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) burn | for S to burn O to ashes, make into ashes (for snuff)
√keit (verb root) skate ² | ice skating
{na preverb} + S-d+s-√keit (na – subject intransitive – closed) skate ² | for S to ice skate
√keits ¹ (verb root) alert
O-ka-S-∅-√keits ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] alert; prepared | for S to be alert, prepared for O
O-ji-ka-S-∅-√keits ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] alert; prepared | for S to be alert, prepared for the actions of O
N-x̱ + a-ka-u-S-∅-√keits ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) | for S to be apprehensive, anxious about N; for S to be fearful of N
N + x̱-éi-x̱ + a-ka-u-S-∅-√keits ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) apprehensive; anxious; fearful | for S to be apprehensive, anxious about the words of N; for S to be fearful of the words of N
√keits ² (verb root) fluff
√keitsʼ (verb root) wobbly; weak
O-ka-d+∅-√kéitsʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) wobbly; weak | for O to be wobbly, weak
√keixʼw (verb root) crane ²
√keech ¹ (verb root) gasp
√keech ² (verb root) putrid
√keech ³ (verb root) housewarming
√keek (verb root) shake; shudder
√keen (verb root) bother; interrupt
O-S-sh-√keen (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) bother; annoy | for S to bother, annoy O
√kees (verb root) inform
√keesʼ (verb root) pass ¹; expire; extinguish
ka-∅-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: ya-ka-∅-√kéesʼ • end ¹; pass ¹ | for a month to end, pass
N + leitóox̱ + ka-∅-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high, CV́C hort/pot) tickle; throat | for N to have a tickle in the throat
N + leitóox̱ + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) tickle; throat | for S to make N have a tickle in the throat
N + satú + ka-∅-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high, CV́C hort/pot) hoarse voice; scratchy voice; voice | for Nʼs voice to be hoarse, scratchy; for N to lose their voice
N + satú + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) hoarse voice; scratchy voice; voice | for S to make N have a hoarse, scratchy voice; for S to make N lose their voice
O-ÿa-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) put out; extinguish; turn off | for S to put out, extinguish O (fire); for S to turn off O (light)
ÿa-ka-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) go out | for a fire, light to go out
√keet (verb root) snore
a-S-∅-√keet ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) snore | for S to snore
√keetʼ (verb root) pry
O-S-∅-√kéetʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) pry | for S to pry O off
yan + O-∅-√kéetʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] jammed | for O to be jammed in (often diagonally)
O-S-s-√keetʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) pry | for S to pry O off the ground
√keets (verb root) singe | singe fur
√keetsʼ (verb root) rock ²
O-S-l-√kéetsʼ (na – transitive – high) rock ² | for S to rock O
kei + O-shu-∅-√kéetsʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] ⑴ tip ² | for one end of O (object on fulcrum) to tip up || ⑵ change | for the life of O to change direction
√koo ¹ (verb root) know; learn facts
O-S-s-√koo ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – fading, CV́V hort/pot) know; acquainted; learn | for S to know, be acquainted with, make known O (esp. people, facts); for S to learn O (esp. facts) | add «N + ée⁓» to the preverb and the meaning is “for S to make O known to N”
√koo ² (verb root) hold; spit ¹ | hold water in mouth; spit water that was held in mouth
√koochʼ ¹ (verb root) curl
O-ka-l-√koochʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] curly | for O to be curly (in general)
O-sha-ka-S-l-√koochʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] curly | for S to curl the hair of O
O-sha-ka-d+l-√koochʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] curly | for O (a person) to have curly hair | classification: person
O-x̱a-ka-d+l-√koochʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] curly | for O (an animal) to have curly hair | classification: animal
√koochʼ ² (verb root) fart | short, high pitched fart
a-S-∅-√koochʼ ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) fart | for S to fart a short, high-pitched fart
√koodzí ˟ (verb root) amazing; wonderful
O-l-√koodzí ˟ (ga – object intransitive – invariable) amazing; wonderful | for O to be amazing, wonderful
√kooḵ ¹ (verb root) move ¹; bubble | move in boiling mass
O-du-∅-√kooḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) bubble; leak | for O to bubble out, leak quickly with bubbles
O-d+s-√kooḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] bubble; ferment | for O to bubble up (of cooking, water); for O to ferment (of liquid)
N + leitóox̱-xʼ + O-S-l-√kooḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type, transitivity, and stem variation] gargle | for S to gargle O | note that N and S will be conjugated as the same person, as shown is examples
√kooḵ ² (verb root) cough
a-S-d+s-√kooḵ ² (∅ state verb – subject intransitive – closed) cough | for S to cough
√koos (verb root) dream; alert | for a dog to dream; for a dog to become alert
√kootl (verb root) fluff up; puff out
√kootlʼ (verb root) fart | noiseless fart
a-S-∅-√kootlʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) fart | for S to fart a noiseless fart
√koox (verb root) drain out; bail out; thirsty
ka-l-√koox (na event verb – impersonal – closed) drain out; go dry | for a kettle, container, etc. to drain out, go dry
O-ka-S-s-√koox (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) bail out | for S to bail out O (water, by hand or pump)
O-sha-∅-√koox (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) thirsty; dry | for O to be thirsty; for O to be dry
√kwaach (verb root) carry; take; give | classification: in cupped hand(s)
{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√kwaach (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (in cupped hands) | classification: grain-like objects
{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√kwaach (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (in cupped hands) | classification: grain-like objects
aax̱ + O-S-∅-√kwaach (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) lift; pick up | for S to pick up O (in cupped hands) | classification: cupped in hand(s)
{na preverb} + O-S-l-√kwaach (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O grasped in hand (esp. bunch of long objects) | classification: plural long objects in hand
√kwaan (verb root) wade; swim | swim on surface of water | classification: plural | singular: √hoo ¹
√kwaat (verb root) soot; smudge; lampblack
a-ka-S-l-√kwáat ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check verb type, conjugation type, and stem variation] blacken | for S to blacken something with smoke, make it black by holding in heavy smoke
√kweiy (verb root) mark ¹ | mark; leave as marker
O-S-s-√kwéiy (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check stem variation] mark ¹ | for S to mark, label O (esp. to show ownership)
√kʼátsʼ ˟ (verb root) • variants: √kʼáchʼ • sharp; pointy
ÿa-l-√kʼátsʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) sharp | for an edge to be sharp
√kʼaa (verb root) small | too small
√kʼaakʼw (verb root) prowl
√kʼaan (verb root) hate; shoo away
O-S-sh-√kʼaan (ga state verb – transitive – closed) hate | for S to hate O | this is the only known stative ga-conjugation verb with a variable stem; all other stative ga-conjugation verbs have invariable stems
sh + déin + O-ka-S-d+sh-√kʼaan (∅ – transitive – closed) dislike | for S to dislike O
√kʼaasʼ (verb root) tooth | to have a tooth missing
√kʼaatlʼ (verb root) silent; quiet | become silent
sh + S-d+l-√kʼáatlʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) silent; quiet; stop talking; stop crying | for S to become silent, keep quiet; for S to stop talking or crying | the imperative form of this verb is more like the English “shut up!”; if you want to politely quiet someone, use the interjection « jáa! »
√kʼei (verb root) good; fine
O-∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) good; fine; pretty | for O to be good, fine, pretty
N + toowú + ∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – impersonal – high) glad; happy; fine | for N to be glad, happy, feel fine | « N₂-de + N₁ + toowú ∅-√kʼéi » for N₁ to appreciate, be pleased with, grateful for N₂
N + x̱ʼé⁓ + ∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – impersonal – high) like ¹; taste | for N to like the taste of something
ḵu-∅-√kʼei (ga state verb – impersonal – high) good | for the weather to be good | classification: weather | most speakers would likely prefer a different verb for bad weather in the imperfective: « tlél ḵushkʼé » (the weather is bad, terrible)
O-S-l-√kʼéi (ga event verb – transitive – high) improve; make peace; make up | for S to improve O; for S to make peace, make up with O (after quarrel)
tlél + O-sh-√kʼéi (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) bad; evil; terrible | for O to be bad, evil, no good | some fluent speakers consider this a taboo word to use in reference to another person, while others find it acceptable • for speakers who find it acceptable, here is an example: « tlél ushikʼéiyi ḵáa áwé » “that man is no good”
tlél + ḵu-sh-√kʼéi (ga state verb – impersonal – high) bad | for the weather to be bad | classification: weather
√kʼein (verb root) jump
{∅ preverb} + S-d+sh-√kʼéin (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) jump | for (singular) S to jump
{na preverb} + S-d+sh-√kʼéin (na motion verb – subject intransitive – high) jump | for (singular) S to jump | classification: singular subject
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√kʼéin (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) jump | for (plural) O to jump
{na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√kʼéin (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) jump | for (plural) O to jump
yindasháan + héent + S-d+sh-√kʼéin (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) dive | for (singular) S to dive headfirst into water
√kʼeit ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | move stored goods | classification: stored goods
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√kʼeit ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] move ¹ | for S to move O (lots of small objects, esp. possessions such as dishes) | classification: oneʼs possessions, esp. tools, dishes, etc.
daak + O-ka-S-∅-√kʼeit ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] look ¹; take out | for S to take O out and look at them (oneʼs possessions, esp. tools, dishes, etc.) | classification: oneʼs possessions, esp. tools, dishes, etc.
√kʼeit ² (verb root) walk; tiptoe | walk softly
√kʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √kʼeex̱ʼ • gaff; hook ¹
O-S-∅-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) • variants: O-S-∅-√kʼéex̱ʼ • hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O; for S to gaff O
N-ch + O-S-s-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) • variants: N-ch + O-S-s-√kʼéex̱ʼ • hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O with N; for S to gaff O with N
N-dáx̱ + O-S-l-√kʼéix̱ʼ (ga motion verb – transitive – high) • variants: N-dáx̱ + O-S-l-√kʼéex̱ʼ • hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O, retrieving off of N; for S to gaff O, retrieving off of N
ḵux̱⁓ + O-S-l-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) • variants: ḵux̱⁓ + O-S-l-√kʼéex̱ʼ • hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O back in; for S to gaff O back in
N-náx̱ + O-sh-√kʼéix̱ʼ (ga motion verb – object intransitive – high) • variants: N-náx̱ + O-sh-√kʼéex̱ʼ • delay; stuck; hung up; hooked | for O to get delayed, stuck, hung up, hooked at N
O-ka-S-s-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) crochet | for S to crochet O, make O by hooking
O-sha-S-∅-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) hook ¹; gaff | for S to hook O in the head; for S to gaff O in the head
√kʼeetʼ (verb root) move ¹; go | move parts in a mass
O-S-∅-√kʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] eat ¹ | for S to eat up, finish O (as one whole thing)
O-S-s-√kʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] eat ¹ | for S to eat up, finish O (as one whole thing)
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) leave; go; die | for O (group of people) to all leave or go; for O (group of people) to die off
{na preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ (na – object intransitive – high) leave; go; die | for O (group of people) to all leave or go; for O (group of people) to die off
ḵu-S-∅-√kʼéetʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) pick ¹ | for S to pick berries (esp. pick in quantity to take home)
√kʼeetlʼ (verb root) silly; childish | act silly, childish
√kʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √kʼeix̱ʼ • gaff; hook ¹
√kʼoot (verb root) bounce
O-ka-d+s-√kʼoot (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type and verb type] bounce | for O to bounce (esp. a ball) | classification: ball
√kʼoots (verb root) break | classification: rope-like objects
O-S-∅-√kʼoots (na act verb – impersonal – closed) break; snap | for S to break, snap O (a rope-like object) | classification: rope-like object
∅-√kʼoots (na event verb – impersonal – closed) break; snap | for a rope-like thing to break, snap | classification: rope-like object
O-S-l-√kʼoots (na event verb – transitive – closed) break | for S to break O (esp. small rope-like objects) | classification: small rope-like objects
l-√kʼoots (na event verb – transitive – closed) break | for something o break (esp. small rope-like objects) | classification: small rope-like objects
√kʼootsʼ (verb root) pluck | pluck off
√kʼoox (verb root) knock; tap | knock lightly
√kʼoox̱ʼ (verb root) pitchy; sticky
O-ka-d+sh-√kʼúx̱ʼ ˟ (ga event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and stem variation] gummy; sticky | for O to be be gummy, sticky (with resin, wet paint, etc.)
√kʼwaach (verb root) break | break apart
N-dáx̱ + O-S-∅-√kʼwaach (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check stem variation and verb type] | for S to break O off N (break one solid object from another)
O-S-l-√kʼwaach (na event verb – transitive – closed) [check classification] | for S to break O off
√kʼwaatʼ ¹ (verb root) fold
O-ka-S-l-√kʼwáatʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type and stem variation] fold | for S to fold up O (paper, etc.) with creases, neatly
O-ka-d+l-√kʼwáatʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type and stem variation] fold | for O to be folded up (paper, etc.) with creases, neatly
√kʼwáatʼ ² (verb root) lay egg; nest ²
a-d+l-√kʼwáatʼ ² (na event verb – impersonal – high, CV́C hort/pot) lay egg; nest ² | for birds to lay eggs, nest | transitive version: O-S-d+l-√kʼwáatʼ
√ḵaa ¹ (verb root) say; tell; instruct
(yéi/yóo) + O-daa-ÿa-S-∅-√ḵá ¹ ˟ (* act verb – transitive – invariable) tell | for S to tell O (a certain thing) | this verb only occurs in the imperfective • preverb will be «yóo» if the verb comes immediately after the quotation, and «yéi» if the verb is separated from the quotation
(áa) + O-ji-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) instruct; order ¹ | for S to instruct O (to do); for S to give O orders (to do) | in classical Lingít, this verb had a thematic prefix « u- » which is slowly falling out of modern day speech
O-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) send | for S to send O (esp. on a mission or errand, or to deliver a message) | in classical Lingít, this verb had a thematic prefix « u- » which is slowly falling out of modern day speech
(yéi/yóo) + ÿa-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) say; confess; acknowledge; declare | for S to say (a certain thing); for S to confess, acknowledge, declare (a certain thing) | the imperfective mode and prohibitive mode require the thematic prefix « x̱ʼa- » which refers to the mouth • preverb will be «yóo» if the verb comes immediately after the quotation, and «yéi» if the verb is separated from the quotation
(yéi/yóo) + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) tell; say; ask | for S to tell, say (that) to O; for S to ask O to do (that) | N + ee⁓ + O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ | “for S to promise O to N” • preverb will be «yóo» if the verb comes immediately after the quotation, and «yéi» if the verb is separated from the quotation
a + yáaxʼ + yéi/yóo + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) respond; say | for S to tell, say (that) in response to O | preverb will be yóo if the verb comes immediate after the quotation, and yéi if the verb is separated from the quotation
(N + éede) + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na act verb – transitive – open) charge ¹; set price; confess; acknowledge; declare | for S to charge (N) for O; for S to set the price of O; for S to confess, acknowledge, or declare O
tláakw + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) criticize | for S to criticize, run down, speak ill of O
sh + tugéit + O-ÿa-S-d+s-√ḵaa ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) insult; offend | for S to say something insulting or offensive to O
tʼaa-ÿa-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – open) announce | for S to announce (a certain thing) | the imperfective mode and prohibitive mode require the thematic prefix « x̱ʼa- » which refers to the mouth
(áa) + O-x̱ʼa-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive – open) instruct; order ¹ | for S to instruct O (to say or sing); for S to give O orders (to say or sing) | note that in classical Lingít, this verb had a thematic prefix « u- » which is slowly falling out of modern day speech
√ḵaa ² (verb root) sew; embroider; bead ¹; tattoo
O-S-∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – transitive – open) sew | for S to sew O
S-d+∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) sew | for S to sew
O-ka-S-∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – transitive – open) sew beads; embroider | for S to sew beads on, embroider O | use « N + káa » (on N) to indicate what the design was embroidered onto and « N + » alone to indicate what the design is, or « N₁ + N₂ + káa » for N₁ (design) embroiderd onto N₂ • for example « du luljíni káa akaawaḵáa » (they embroidered on their vest); « yéil akaawaḵáa » (they embroidered a raven); yéil du luljíni káa akaawaḵáa. (they embroidered a raven on their vest)
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√ḵaa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) sew | for S to sew O onto N
O-ka-S-s-√ḵaa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) tattoo | for S to tattoo O
√ḵaa ³ (verb root) gamble; cards; dice | gamble with cards, dice, in general, or with gambling sticks that are concealed
O-S-d+l-√ḵáa ˟ ³ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) gamble | for S to gamble O (by means of gambling sticks, dice, etc.) | as seen in one of the examples, the a-thematic prefix can be replaced with an object, although the a-thematic version is much more common
a-S-d+l-√ḵáa ˟ ³ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) gamble; cards | for S to gamble (by means of gambling sticks, dice, etc.); for S to play cards; for S to play bingo | as seen in one of the examples, the a-thematic prefix can be replaced with an object, although the a-thematic version is much more common
√ḵaach ¹ (verb root) swell up; rise
kei + O-ka-S-l-√ḵaach (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) raise | for S to raise O (bread)
ka-d+∅-√ḵaach (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) rise; swell up | for bread to rise, swell up
√ḵaach ² (verb root) limp ¹; disabled
O-l-√ḵáchk ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) limp ¹; disabled | for O to limp, be disabled, walk unevenly
{na preverb} + S-l-√ḵaach ² (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) limp ¹ | for S to limp
√ḵaaḵ (verb root) squat; sit; land ²
S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) squat; sit; land ² | for S to squat down, sit quickly; for S to land (of waterfowl, plane); for S to squat, sit low | classification: singular subject
{na preverb} + S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) walk; crawl; squat | for S (an octopus) to walk/crawl; for S to squat-walk; for S to move while seated or squatting
S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – closed) squat; sit; land ² | for S to squat, sit low; for S to squat down, sit quickly; for S to land (of waterfowl, plane) | classification: singular subject
√ḵaan (verb root) quarrel
N + een + S-d+∅-√ḵaan (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) quarrel | for S to quarrel with, exchange harsh words with N (usually of adults)
√ḵaasʼ (verb root) fracture; crack
∅-√ḵáasʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) [check verb type and transitivity, difference between ∅-√ḵáasʼ and O-d-+∅-√ḵáasʼ] | for something to fracture (with pieces still together, esp. of bone)
∅-√ḵáasʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type and transitivity, difference between ∅-√ḵáasʼ and O-d-+∅-√ḵáasʼ] | for O to be fractured (with pieces still together, esp. of bone)
O-S-l-√ḵáasʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) | for S to purposely crack, fracture O
O-ka-S-l-√ḵáasʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type, and why thematic is there] | for S to purposely crack, fracture the surface of O
√ḵaax̱ (verb root) exclaim; cough
O-S-l-√ḵaax̱ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] exclaim | for S to exclaim «ha! ha!» at O in ceremonial singing and dancing (esp. when emotionally worked up)
N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-S-l-√ḵaax̱ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] hand over | for S to hand over O (a song or story) for N to finish or to substitute
√ḵei ¹ (verb root) pay
O-ji-S-∅-√ḵéi ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) pay | for S to pay O (esp. a person, for work done); for S to pay for O
√ḵei ² (verb root) shy
O-ka-u-S-l-√ḵéi ² (ga state verb – transitive – high) shy | for S to be shy of O
at + ka-u-S-l-√ḵéi ² (ga state verb – impersonal – high) shy; bashful | for S to be shy, bashful
√ḵeitsʼ (verb root) tickle
O-ka-S-l-√ḵéitsʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) tickle; touch | for S to tickle O; for S to touch O lightly
√ḵee ¹ (verb root) sit; situated | classification: plural (singular form: √nook ¹)
S-∅-√ḵee ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – open) sit; situated | for (plural) S to be seated | a noun phrase with (-t) postposition can be used to indicate where one is sitting, but is not required
(yei) + S-∅-√ḵee ¹ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – open) sit | for (plural) S to sit, sit down (esp. in the act of sitting)
√ḵee ² (verb root) rise; rouse; get up | classification: plural subject (singular form: √nook ⁴)
sha-S-d+∅-√ḵee ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) get up; rise | for (plural) S to get up, rise
√ḵeen ¹ (verb root) fly ¹ | classification: singular subject (plural form: √yeech)
{na preverb} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) fly ¹ | for (singular) S (bird) to fly; for S (people) to fly in a plane | classification: singular (plural form: √yeech) | it is singular for a bird, but for people it can be singular or plural as long as they are in the same plane because the plane is flying as a singular thing
{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) fly ¹ | for (singular) S (bird) to fly; for S (people) to fly in a plane | classification: singular (plural form: √yeech) | it is singular for a bird, but for people it can be singular or plural as long as they are in the same plane because the plane is flying as a singular thing
{ga preverb} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) fly ¹ | for (singular) S (bird) to fly; for S (people) to fly in a plane | classification: singular (plural form: √yeech) | it is singular for a bird, but for people it can be singular or plural as long as they are in the same plane because the plane is flying as a singular thing
N + toowú + kínde + d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (na – impersonal – closed) overjoyed; happy; excited | for N to be overjoyed, excited
yax̱ + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) hover | for S to hover (of bird, helicopter), lift from ground and hang fluttering in the air
O-d+s-√ḵeen ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fly ¹ | for a cloud of insects to fly
√ḵeen ² (verb root) moon | new moon
d+s-√ḵeen ² (g̱a event verb – impersonal – closed) moon; pass ¹ | for the a moon phase or month to pass
ÿa-d+s-√ḵeen ² (g̱a event verb – impersonal – closed) moon | for the moon to be new
√ḵeesʼ (verb root) flood
O-∅-√ḵéesʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] flood | for O to flood, be flooded, inundated (esp. of limited area)
O-l-√ḵéesʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] flood | for O to flood, be flooded, inundated
√ḵeet ¹ (verb root) suspect; annoyed
O-S-∅-√ḵeet ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) suspect; distrust; suspicious; lack confidence | for S to suspect, distrust, be suspicious of, lack confidence in O
tóo + O-S-sh-√ḵeet ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) annoyed; tire of; fed up | for S to be annoyed with, tired of, fed up with O
tóo + O-x̱ʼa-S-sh-√ḵeet ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) annoyed; tire of; fed up | for S to be annoyed with, tired of, fed up with O talking
√ḵeet ² (verb root) dam
O-S-∅-√ḵeet ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and conjugation type] dam | for S to dam up O
O-S-s-√ḵeet ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) dam; barricade | for S to dam up O (completely); for S to barricade O (completely and permanently)
√ḵeetʼ (verb root) suppurate; infected; fester; pus
d+l-√ḵéetʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high, CV́C hort/pot) infected; fester; suppurate; pus | for a wound to be infected, have pus
√ḵéenas (verb root) exchange
N + káxʼ + O-S-∅-√ḵéenas ˟ (na event verb – transitive – invariable) [check verb type] | for S to ask O (usually in close in-law relationship) to exchange N | the amount of money given in exchange for the article asked for will be in relation to the feelings of the people involved, not in relation to the economic value of the article
√ḵoo (verb root) flood; vomit
O-l-√ḵoo ʰ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – fading) [check verb type] flood | for O to be flooded, completely covered with water
S-d+l-√ḵoo ʰ (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) vomit; throw up | for S to vomit, throw up
√ḵoosh ¹ (verb root) fall | fall in a heap
N-dé + O-d+∅-√ḵóosh ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – high) fall | for O to fall (of many things or a mass, falling all at once in a pile or heap) | classification: plural
daak + O-d+∅-√ḵóosh ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) fall | for O to fall down (of many things or a mass, falling all at once in a pile or heap) | classification: plural
√ḵoosh ² (verb root) sore | develop a sore
√ḵootlʼ (verb root) muddy
ka-sh-√ḵóotlʼ (∅ state verb – impersonal – high, CV́C hort/pot) muddy | for a road, etc. to be muddy
√ḵoox̱ ¹ (verb root) go; travel | travel by boat; travel by car
{∅ preverb} + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) boat ²; go; travel | for S to travel, go (by boat, car)
daak + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) boat ²; go; travel | for S to go out to sea (in a boat); for S to move into the open (in a boat, car) | note that there is no « yaa » preverb in the progressive imperfective form with this particular group of adverbs
g̱unéi + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) boat ²; go; travel | for S to begin traveling, going by boat or car
{na preverb} + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) boat ²; go; travel | for S to travel, go (in a boat, car)
ḵut + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lost | for S to get lost (going by motorized vehicle)
yaa + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) go; travel | for S to be going, traveling along (by boat, car) | this is an example of a progressive epiaspectual paradigm (Leer, 91), which basically means that all forms are based on the progressive aspect • the progressive epiaspect is characterized by: 1) having the «yaa» preverb in all forms, 2) having no perfective form, and 3) denotes semantically a continuous transition from one location or state to another
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) drive; boat ² | for S to drive O (boat, car)
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) drive; boat ² | for S to drive O (boat, car)
N + daax̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) circle around; drive around | for S to circle, drive around N in a motor vehicle
a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) turn back; return | for S to turn back, return by boat
{∅ preverb} + O-ÿa-S-s-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) transport; boat ² | for S to transport O by boat; for S to bring, take or fetch O by boat
kéi + a-ÿa-u-S-d+∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) escape | for S to escape by boat
√ḵoox̱ ² (verb root) contribute | to contribute food to share
√ḵwaatlʼ melt | for metal to melt | classification: metal
O-ka-du-∅-√ḵwáatlʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) melt | for O to be melted (of metal) by intense heat
O-ka-S-l-√ḵwáatlʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) melt | for S to melt O (metal) by intense heat
√ḵʼei (verb root) precious
N + yáa + O-l-√ḵʼéi ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) treasure; value; admire; respect | for N to treasure, value O; for N to admire, think highly of, respect O
√ḵʼeikʼw ¹ (verb root) cut ¹ | cut (flesh) with knife
O-S-∅-√ḵʼéikʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) cut ¹; wound ¹ | for S to cut the flesh of O (usually accidentally); for S to wound O with a sharp instrument
sh + S-d+∅-√ḵʼéikʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – reflexive – high) cut ¹; wound ¹ | for S to cut themself, usually accidentally; for S to wound themself with a sharp instrument
√ḵʼeikʼw ² (verb root) walk | walk with long steps
ka-S-d+∅-√ḵʼéikʼw ² (na motion verb – subject intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] pace; stride | for S to pace off, stride, take very long steps (often with purpose of measuring distance)
√ḵʼeitʼ (verb root) wobble; tip over
O-∅-√ḵʼéitʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) overbalance; topple | for O to overbalance, topple
sha-S-∅-√ḵʼéitʼ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – high) stagger; wobble; keel over
√ḵʼeitlʼ (verb root) cut ¹ | cut fish open for gutting
O-S-l-√ḵʼéitlʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type, stem variation] cut ¹; gut | for S to cut O (a fish) open | classification: fish
√ḵʼeekʼ (verb root) jammed; crammed
O-d+∅-√ḵʼéekʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) crowded; jammed | for O to be crowded, jammed together
O-S-s-√ḵʼéekʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] crowded; jammed | for O to be crowded, jammed together
√ḵʼeesh (verb root) bat ²; hit
O-S-∅-√ḵʼeesh (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] bat ²; hit | for S to bat, hit O (esp with baseball bat or hockey stick)
O-ka-S-∅-√ḵʼeesh (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] bat ²; hit | for S to bat, hit O around (esp with baseball bat or hockey stick)
kei + O-ka-S-l-√ḵʼeesh (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] bat ²; hit | for S to bat, hit O up into the air (esp with baseball bat or hockey stick)
√laa ¹ (verb root) ⑴ melt || ⑵ go out
l-√laa ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – open) melt; dissolve; thaw | for something to melt, dissolve, thaw
(N-x̱) + ∅-√laa ¹ (g̱a motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹; ebb; go out; recede; subside | for the tide to ebb, go out (from under N); for water to recede, subside, go down (of floodwater) | note that N-x̱ in the theme is not required by the verb, but should be used to give the meaning “for the tide to go out from under N” (« woolaa » – “the tide went out” • « áx̱ woolaa » “the tide went out from under it”)
yan⁓ + ∅-√laa ¹ (∅ motion) (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) tide ¹; go out | for the tide to go out, be low
ka-l-√laa ¹ (g̱a – impersonal – open) melt; dissolve | for snow to melt away; for salt to dissolve
x̱ʼa-l-√laa ¹ (∅ – impersonal – open) [check conjugation type] melt | for something to melt (but not to point of disappearance)
√laa ² (verb root) yell
√laaxw (verb root) starve
O-∅-√laaxw (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) starve | for O to be starving, starved
√laax̱ (verb root) dry; die | for a plant to die and dry up
O-d+∅-√laax̱ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) dry; die | for a plant or tree to be dead but still standing; for an old boat to be dried out and weathered
O-S-l-√laax̱ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) kill ¹ | for S to kill O (a plant or tree)
√lei (verb root) far; distant
O-∅-√lei (na state verb – object intransitive – open) far; distant | for O to be far, distant | the negative imperfective mode of this verb can be used for “almost” with a perfective verb, and “not long until” for a future verb, both of which need to be in sobordinate form, such as «tlél unalé yax̱wadlaag̱í» “I almost obtained it” and «tlél unalé aax̱ gax̱too.áadi» “it wonʼt be long until we leave” • note the unusual presence of the conjugation prefix in the imperfective mode
yax̱ + O-∅-√lei (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – open) high | for something to be high, far to the top from the bottom | note the unusual presence of the conjugation prefix in the imperfective mode
(yéi) + O-ka-u-∅-√lei (na state verb – object intransitive – open) far; distant | for something to be (so) far, distant (in time or space) | the perfective mode « yéi kaawalei » “it was that far” is commonly used in situations where one just fell short of making it to a destination • in other words, “I almost made it, it was just that far away”
(yéi) + yax̱ + O-ka-u-∅-√lei (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – open) high | for something to be (so) high, from to the top to the bottom
√leil (verb root) flab; limp ²; baggy
O-ka-S-l-√leil (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) deflate; sag | for S to deflate O, cause O to sag
√leix̱ʼw (verb root) red | become red or paint face red
√leek (verb root) dazzle
O-ka-S-l-√leek (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] dazzle | for S to dazzle O with light (shone in eyes)
O-ka-l-√leek (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] dazzle | for O to be dazzling, be so strong (of light) that one cannot look at it
√leekʼw (verb root) slurp | slurp out of a shell
√leelkʼw (verb root) grandparent | become a grandparent
√leelʼ (verb root) bunch | bunch up
áx̱ + O-shu-ÿa-ka-S-l-√léelʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] draw ²; close ¹ | for S to draw O across, closed (curtains)
aax̱ + O-shu-ÿa-ka-S-l-√léelʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] draw ²; open ¹ | for S to draw O back, open (curtains)
√leet ¹ (verb root) throw | classification: plural objects, so as to scatter
N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√leet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw O (usually with force so that object scatters) to N
kei + O-S-∅-√leet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) throw; throw away | for S to throw O up in the air; for S to throw O away (literally or figuratively)
kei + S-d+∅-√leet ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) give up; quit | for S to give up, quit
√leet ² (verb root) slide ¹; glide | slide (esp. an animal); glide on surface | classification: non-human
√loo (verb root) nose | to have a nose
√look sip; drink ¹ | drink in sips | classification: hot liquid
O-S-∅-√look (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) sip; drink ¹ | for S to drink O in sips, sip O (esp. hot liquids)
N + x̱ʼéi + O-S-l-√look (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) give; sip; drink ¹ | for S to give O to N to sip | use of the fourth person non-human «at» as an object will usually be interpreted as “to give alcohol”
√loon (verb root) close ¹ | close eyes
√looxʼ (verb root) • variants: √leexʼw • ⑴ pee; urinate || ⑵ drip ¹ | to drip fast
a-S-∅-√lóoxʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) pee; urinate | for S to urinate
sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lóoxʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) pee; urinate | for S to pee oneself
a-ka-S-l-√lóoxʼ (na act verb – subject intransitive – high) pee; urinate | for S to urinate
N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√lóoxʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) pee; urinate | for S to urinate at N
√loox̱ (verb root) drip | drip quickly (in a steady stream)
ka-du-∅-√lóox̱ ˟ (∅ event verb – impersonal – invariable) [check stem variation and conjugation type] drip ¹ | for something to drip quickly (in a steady stream)
√lʼaa (verb root) suck; nurse
O-S-∅-√lʼaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) suck; nurse | for S to suck on O, nurse on O
O-S-l-√lʼaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) suck | for S to suck on O
N + x̱ʼéi + a-S-l-√lʼaa ʰ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – fading) nurse | for S to nurse N
√lʼaaḵ (verb root) put down; herring | put down hemlock branches for herring eggs
√lʼaaḵw (verb root) stuck | stuck in mud
√lʼaatʼ (verb root) carry; tongs | carry with tongs
√lʼei (verb root) ⑴ sediment || ⑵ promiscuous
√lʼeiw (verb root) sand ¹
√lʼeix̱ (verb root) dance ¹
a-S-∅-√lʼeix̱ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) dance ¹ | for S to dance
√lʼeexw (verb root) close eyes • variants: √lʼoox •
√lʼeexʼ (verb root) break | classification: stick-like objects
O-S-∅-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) break | for S to break O (esp. of solid stick-like objects, wood, metals, etc.) | classification: stick-like objects
∅-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – impersonal – high) break | for a general, solid object to break | classification: stick-like objects
O-S-l-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) break | for S to break O (often by bending) (usually long objects) | classification: stick-like objects
l-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – impersonal – high) break | for a long object to break | classification: stick-like objects
O-ka-S-∅-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) break | for S to break O (esp. small stick-like object by bending) | classification: stick-like objects
O-ka-S-l-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) break | for S to break O (esp. stick-like object into short pieces) | classification: stick-like objects
O-sha-ÿa-S-l-√lʼéexʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) break | for S to break O (halibut hooks) | classification: halibut hooks
√lʼéelʼ (verb root) defecate; poop ¹
a-S-∅-√lʼéelʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) defecate; poop ¹ | for S to defecate
sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lʼéelʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) poop ¹; defecate | for S to poop oneself
√lʼook (verb root) blink
a-S-∅-√lʼook (∅ – subject intransitive – closed) [check stem variation] blink | for S to blink
√lʼoon (verb root) hunt
O-S-∅-√lʼóon ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) hunt | for S to hunt O (wild game)
a-S-∅-√lʼóon ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) hunt | for S to hunt
√lʼoox (verb root) close ¹ | close eyes • variants: √lʼéexw •
ka-S-d+∅-√lʼoox (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) • variants: ka-S-d+∅-√lʼeexw • close ¹ | for S to close eyes
(N waaḵ) + ka-d+∅-√lʼoox (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) • variants: (N waaḵ) + ka-d+∅-√lʼeexw • close ¹ | for Nʼs eyes to be closed | « –waaḵ » is not required by the verb; for example, it is possible to say simply « kawdilʼúx » (their eyes are closed) • to specify whose eyes are closed, use the appropriate possessive pronoun plus « –waaḵ », as in « ax̱ waaḵ kawdilʼúx » (my eyes are closed)
√lʼooxʼ (verb root) drink | drink up
O-ka-S-l-√lʼóoxʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] drink | for S to drink up O
√lʼoox̱ʼ (verb root) spray milt; spawn
O-d+∅-√lʼoox̱ʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) discolored | for O (water) to be discolored, making it a milky color
(a)-d+∅-√lʼóox̱ʼ (na event verb – impersonal – high) spawn | for something to spawn (esp. herring) | note that speakers recognize this verb both with and without the thematic prefix « a- » and both forms are acceptable
√nátlʼ (verb root) • variants: √nátsʼ • waterlogged
√naa ¹ (verb root) drink
O-S-d+∅-√naa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) drink ¹ | for S to drink O
at + S-d+∅-√naa ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) drink ¹ | for S to drink
N + x̱ʼéi + O-S-l-√naa ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) give; drink ¹ | for S to give O to N to drink | use of the fourth person non-human «at» as an object will usually be interpreted as “to give alcohol”
√naa ² (verb root) damp; moisturize | become damp
O-S-s-√naa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation] damp | for S to make damp, dampen O
O-s-√naa ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation] damp | for O to become damp
O-ka-∅-√naa ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation] damp | for O (fish) to be damp while drying
O-ka-S-l-√naa ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation] oil ²; anoint | for S to oil, put oil on, anoint, rub in oil or liniment on O
ḵu-s-√naa ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – open) [check verb type and stem variation] damp; humid | for the weather to be damp (warm and mild) | classification: weather
sha-S-d+l-√naa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation] oil ²; moisturize; annoint | for S to put oil on hair, moisturize their hair; for S to annoint their hair
ÿa-S-d+l-√naa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation] oil ²; moisturize | for S to put oil or cream on their face
√naa ³ (verb root) inherit; die; bury
O-S-∅-√naa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) inherit | for S to inherit O
O-∅-√naa ³ (na event verb – object intransitive – open) die | for O to die | most verb stems ending in « -aa » and « -oo » undergo apophony (the vowel becomes -ei) in the perfective habitual (na-, ga-, and g̱a- themes only), progressive imperfective, repetitive imperfective, and conditional modes; this theme is an exception and the vowel in the verb stem remains « -aa » throughout (for example « yaa nanáan » “they are dying” as opposed to the incorrect form *« yaa nanéin »
O-S-s-√naa ³ (na event verb – transitive – open) bury | for S to bury O with appropriate ceremony; for S to give O burial and disperse property
N + ee⁓ + O-S-l-√naa ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) inherit | for S cause N to inerhit O
sh + ḵʼa-S-d+l-√naa ³ (na event verb – reflexive – open) die; pretend | for S to pretend to die
√naa ⁴ (verb root) order ¹; send; command; give
O-ka-u-S-∅-√náa ˟ ⁴ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) [check stem variation] ⑴ order; send; command | for S to order (esp. to go), send, command O || ⑵ give | for S to give O (esp. in accordance with clan relationship)
O-ji-ka-u-S-∅-√náa ˟ ⁴ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) [check stem variation] order; send; command | for S to order (esp. to go), send, command O to work
√naa ⁵ (verb root) carry | classification: bundles of textiles
{∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√naa ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (bundles of textiles) | classification: bundles of textiles
{na preverb} + O-S-l-√naa ⁵ (na motion verb – transitive – open) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (bundles of textiles) | classification: bundles of textiles
√naak ¹ (verb root) shape; habit
N + káa + O-ka-∅-√naak ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) habit | for N to become a habit for O, be habitual to O
(N¹-xʼ) + (N² + ée) + ka-∅-√naak ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) [check transitivity] habit | for N¹ to become a habit for N²
√naak ² (verb root) numb; no feeling
O-d+l-√naak ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check stem variation] numb; no feeling | for O (a body part) to be numb, lose feeling, go to sleep
√naakw (verb root) medicate
O-S-d+∅-√náakw ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) medicate; dose | for S to treat O with medicine; for S to medicate O; for S to dose O
√naaḵ ¹ (verb root) stand; rise | classification: plural subject (singular form: √haan ¹)
S-∅-√náḵ ¹ ˟ (* positional verb – subject intransitive – invariable) stand | for (plural) S to be standing | classification: plural subject | this verb only occurs in the imperfective • note that a noun phrase with (-t) postposition is used to indicate where one is standing, but this noun phrase is not required by the verb (for example, one could say « has náḵ » “they all are standing”, or « át has náḵ » “they all are standing there”
yan⁓ + S-∅-√naaḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stand; stay standing | for (plural) S to stand, stay standing | classification: plural subject
S-d+∅-√naaḵ ¹ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – closed) stand up; rise | for (plural) S to stand up, rise | classification: plural subject
(N + náḵ) + a-ÿa-S-d+∅-√naaḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) flee; run ¹; turn back | for S to flee, run, turn back (from N) | classification: plural
√naaḵ ² (verb root) let go; release; hand ²; give up
O-S-∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) let go | for S to let go of O without expecting any return (at party)
O-ji-S-∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) let go; release; relinquish; leave; desert; hand ²; deliver | for S to let go, release, relinquish O; for S to leave, desert O; for S to hand over, deliver up O
N + jee + O-ji-S-∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) betray; deliver | for S to betray, deliver up O to N (often an enemy)
ji-S-d+∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) quit; stop | for S to quit, stop work
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√naaḵ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) quit; give up | for S to quit, give up O (esp. drinking) | note that quitting drinking is understood as the meaning of this verb, but can be specified in the following ways: « naaw ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ » “they gave up alcohol”,« ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ wé at daná » “they gave up drinking”, or « ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ wé sʼeiḵ » “they quit smoking”
√naaḵ ³ (verb root) chase | classification: singular (plural form: √keilʼ ²)
{∅ preverb} + O-ÿa-S-s-√naaḵ ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] chase | for S to chase (singular) O
{na preverb} + O-ÿa-S-s-√naaḵ ³ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] chase | for S to chase (singular) O
√naaḵw ¹ bait; fish ² | to bait hooks (esp. with octopus); to fish with octopus as bait
ÿa-S-d+∅-√náaḵw ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) bait | for S to bait hooks, put bait on fish hooks
S-d+∅-√naaḵw ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) fish ² | for S to fish with halibut hook
√naaḵw ² (verb root) rotten; punky | rotten, punky wood
√naal (verb root) ⑴ steam ¹ || ⑵ blow nose
S-d+∅-√naal (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) blow nose | for S to blow oneʼs nose
√naalx̱ (verb root) wealthy; rich ¹
O-l-√náalx̱ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) rich ¹; wealthy; profitable | for O to be rich, wealthy, profitable
√naash (verb root) shake; stagger | shake back and forth
√naatlʼ (verb root) ⑴ wrinkled | to become wrinkled through soaking || ⑵ clumsy
O-ji-d+∅-√nátlʼ ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type, conjugation type, and stem variation] clumsy | for O to be clumsy (of hands)
√naaw (verb root) leak
O-l-√naaw (ga state verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type and stem variation] leak | for O (of house, boat, pot, etc.) to leak
√naay (verb root) tell; command; ask | ask to go; command to go
a-ka-u-S-∅-√náay ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) [check verb type, transitivity, a-theme, and stem variation] command | for S to be in command
(N + een) + O-ka-u-S-l-√náay ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) [check stem variation] ⑴ ask | for S to ask O repeatedly (esp. for permission to go) (with N) || ⑵ order ¹; command | for S to order O repeatedly (esp. to go) (with N)
shí + shu-ka-u-S-∅-√náay ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) [check stem variation] lead ²; sing | for S to lead singing (by reading out words ahead of the singers)
√nei ¹ (verb root) • variants: √nee ¹ • carry | classification: plural and varying objects
N-dáx̱ + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – open) • variants: N-dáx̱ + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • carry; pick up; lift; take | for S to pick up, lift up, take (plural) O (objects) up off of N | classification: plural and varying objects
{∅ preverb} + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) • variants: {∅ preverb} + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • carry; give; take; hand ² | for S to give, take, hand (plural) O to N | classification: plural and varying objects
{na preverb} + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) • variants: {na preverb} + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • carry; give; take; hand ² | for S to give, take, hand (plural) O to N | classification: plural and varying objects
yan⁓ + yéi + O-ka-S-s-√nei ʰ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) • variants: yan⁓ + yéi + O-ka-S-s-√nee ¹ ʰ • put down; leave | for S to put down, leave O (plural round objects) | classification: plural round objects
√nei ² (verb root) • variants: √nee ² • do; work on; happen
(yéi) + O-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – object intransitive – fading) happen; occur | for (that) to happen, occur to O
(yéi) + at + ∅-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – impersonal – fading) • variants: (yéi) + at + ∅-√nee ² ʰ • happen | for something to happen | this verb tends to only appear in the perfective and future modes
ḵáakw-t + O-∅-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – fading) • variants: ḵáakw-t⁓ + O-∅-√nee ² ʰ • accident ¹; happen | for O to have an accident, get hurt; for something bad to happen to O
N + yáa + ḵut + O-∅-√nei ² (ga – object intransitive – fading) amaze; astonish; surprise | for O to amaze N
yan⁓ + O-∅-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – fading) • variants: yan⁓ + O-∅-√nee ² ʰ • permanent; finished; ready ¹; prepared | for O to be permanent, happen for good; for O to be finished, complete, ready; for O to be prepared, ready
(yéi) + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) do; fix; cause | for S to do (that) to O; for S to fix, cause (that) to happen to O | use « yéi adaanéi » for the imperfective “doing it”
ḵáakw-t + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) • variants: ḵáakw-t⁓ + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • accident ¹; mistake | for S to mistakenly, wrongly do O
héench + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) drown | for O to drown, be drowned
N + waḵshiyeexʼ + yéi + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: N + waḵshiyeexʼ + yéi + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • demonstrate; perform; show ¹ | for S to demonstrate, perform publicly, show N how to do O by action
wooch + yáx̱ + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: wooch + yáx̱ + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • straighten; smooth | for S to straighten out O, smooth O over (literal or abstract)
wooch + x̱oo-t⁓ + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: wooch + x̱oo-t ⁓ + O-S-s-√nee ² ʰ • mix; stir | for S to mix O together | classification: variety of things
yan⁓ + O-S-s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) finish; complete | for S to finish, complete O
chush + yáa + O-S-d+s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: chush + yáa + O-S-d+s-√nee ² ʰ • revenge | for S to get revenge, get even with O
N + waḵshiyeexʼ + yéi + sh + S-d+s-√nei ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) • variants: N + waḵshiyeexʼ + yéi + sh S-s-√nee ² ʰ • appear | for S to appear, show oneself to N
sh + tugéit + O-S-d+s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) • variants: sh + tugéit + O-S-s+d-√nee ² ʰ • insult; offend | for S to do something insulting or offensive to O
yan⁓ + sh + S-d+s-√nei ʰ ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – fading) • variants: yan⁓ + sh + S-d+s-√nee ² ʰ • dress up | for S to dress up
(yéi) + O-daa-S-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na act verb – transitive – fading) do; perform; work on | for S to do, perform O (a particular action); for S to work on O | use « yéi awsinei » for perfective “worked on it”
yéi + ji-S-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) work ¹; do | for S to work; for S to do
N + náa-de⁓ + yéi + ji-S-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) [check stem variation] dress ¹; clothe; give | for S to dress, clothe N; for S to give clothes to N
O-ÿa-u-S-∅-√nei ² (g̱a act verb – transitive – open) discipline; restrain; restrict; warn; prevent | for S to discipline, restrain, restrict, warn, or prevent O from doing something
O-shu-S-∅-√nei ʰ ² (na – transitive – fading) [check conjugation type and stem variation] guide; instruct; lead | for S to guide, instruct, and lead O along at the same time
√nei ³ (verb root) weave; knit; crochet; make | classification: yarns, fabrics
O-ka-S-s-√nei ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) weave; knit; crochet; make; mend | for S to make O (cloth of any kind) (by weaving, knitting, or crocheting); for S to make or mend O (net)
O-ka-S-s-√nei ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) weave; knit; crochet; make; mend | for S to make O (cloth of any kind) (by weaving, knitting, or crocheting); for S to make or mend O (net) | there appears to be both a na-conjugation and ∅-conjugation version of this verb, and it is not clear why but may have to do with completion of the woven item
ka-S-d+s-√nei ³ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) weave; knit; crochet; make | for S to knit, weave, or crochet
√nei ⁴ (verb root) respect
N + yáa + a-ÿa-u-S-∅-√néi ⁴ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – high) respect; regard | for S to respect, regard highly, think highly of N | while the prohibitive form of this verb is technically possible, its use is inappropriate because of the central role of respect in Lingít culture
√neiḵ (verb root) slush
√neilʼ (verb root) carry | carry bulky object(s) by holding close to the body
O-S-l-√néilʼ (na motion verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] carry | for S to carry O (a heavy object clasped against oneself, because it otherwise would be too bulky or heavy to handle)
√neit (verb root) tremble
O-ka-d+∅-√neit (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) tremble; quake; shiver | for O to tremble, quake, shiver (from palsy, fear, or cold)
O-sha-ka-d+s-√neit (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) nod; tremor | for O to nod head (usually with palsy); for O to have a head tremor
√neitl (verb root) • variants: √neetl (T) • fat ²; weight ¹ | gain weight
O-d+l-√neitl (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) fat ²; weight ¹ | for O to get fat; for O to gain weight
√neix̱ (verb root) save; heal; cure ¹
O-∅-√neix̱ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) save; heal; cure ¹; recover; satisfied | for O to be saved; for O to be healed, cured, recover; for O to be satisfied
O-S-s-√neix̱ ˟ (g̱a event verb – transitive – invariable) save; heal; cure ¹ | for S to save O; for S to heal, cure O
√neiy (verb root) baby; twiddle
√nee ¹ (verb root) • variants: √nei ¹ • carry | classification: plural and varying objects
√nee ² (verb root) • variants: √nei ² • do; work on; happen
√neek (verb root) tell; narrate; inform
(N + een) + S-d+l-√neek (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] gossip | for S to gossip, tattle, tell tales (with N)
woosh + x̱ʼayát + S-d+l-√neek (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type, check suffix on preverb in future mode] disagree; argue; dispute; contradict | for S to disagree, argue, dispute; for S to contradict themselves
(N + een) + O-ka-S-∅-√neek (na act verb – transitive – closed) tell; report; inform; testify | for S to tell about, report about, give facts about O (to N); for S to witness in order to tell about, testify about O (to N)
kei + O-ka-S-∅-√neek (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) tell on; tattle; inform on; betray | for S to tell on, inform on, betray O
(N + een) + ḵunáax̱ + daak + O-ka-S-∅-√neek (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) explain | for S to explain O (to N) | note that while one elder consulted for this project recognizes « ḵunáax̱ » as acceptable, he uses in its place « wanáax̱ » as in « wanáax̱ daak akaawaník » “they explained it”; both options are correct
(N + een) + ḵunáax̱ + daak + sh + ka-S-d+∅-√neek (∅ act verb – reflexive – closed) introduce | for S to introduce oneself, make self known (personʼs name, family, etc.) (to N) | note that while one elder consulted for this project recognizes « ḵunáax̱ » as acceptable, he uses in its place « wanáax̱ » as in « wanáax̱ daak akaawaník » (he explained it); both options are correct
(N + een) + O-ka-S-l-√neek ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) tell | for S to tell the story of O (to N)
(N + een) + sh + ka-S-d+l-√neek ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) tell; preach; narrate | for S to preach, narrate, tell a story (to N) | to include in the sentence what the story is about, use « N daat » (about n); to include who the story is being told to use « N een » (to n)
N + káx̱ + O-ka-S-l-√neek (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) defraud; talk out of | for S to defraud O, talk O out of N
(N + een) + O-x̱ʼa-ka-∅-√neek (na act verb – transitive – closed) translate | for S to translate O (to N) | to indicate who the listener is use « N een », for example « mary een ax̱ʼakaawaneek » (they told translated it to mary)
√neekw ¹ (verb root) sick; hurt ¹
O-∅-√néekw ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) sick; hurt ¹; pain | for O to be sick; for O to hurt, be in pain
O-S-s-√néekw ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) sicken | for S to make O sick
√neekw ² (verb root) • variants: √nook ² • feel; touch
√neekw ³ (verb root) • variants: √nook ³ • behave; do
√neekw ⁴ (verb root) bother; tease
áx̱ / N + éex̱ + a-S-∅-√néekw ⁴ ˟ (na event verb – subject intransitive – invariable) bother | for S to bother N (esp. by touching) | note that putting « du toowú » in the preverb gives the meaning “sadden, make sad” as in « du toowú asinéekw » (they are making them sad)
N + ée⁓ + O-ji-S-∅-√néekw ⁴ ˟ (na event verb – subject intransitive – invariable) bother | for O to bother N (esp. by their actions)
√neekʼ (verb root) tidy; picky
O-∅-√néekʼ (ga event verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] neat; tidy | for O to be neat, clean and tidy (esp. of personal appearance or housekeeping)
√neesʼ (verb root) sea urchin | to eat sea urchins raw
a-S-∅-√néesʼ ˟ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) eat ¹ | for S to eat O (raw sea urchins, usually on the beach) | classification: sea urchins
√neexʼ (verb root) smell ¹; sniff
O-S-s-√néexʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) smell ¹ | for S to smell O | there seems to be both a « +d » and « –d » version of this verb, but it is unclear whether there is a difference in meaning
O-S-d+s-√néexʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) smell ¹ | for S to smell for O
√néegwálʼ paint ²
O-S-∅-√néegwálʼ ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) paint ² | for S to paint O
√núkch ˟ (verb root) helpless
√núkts ˟ (verb root) sweet
O-l-√núkts ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) sweet | for O to be sweet
√nook ¹ (verb root) sit | classification: singular (plural form √ḵee ¹)
S-∅-√nook ¹ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – closed) sit | for (singular) S to sit, sit down (esp. in the act of sitting)
N-t + d+∅-√nook ¹ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – closed) situated | for a building to be situated at N | classification: building
O-S-s-√nook ¹ (g̱a event verb – transitive – closed) seat | for S to seat O
√nook ² (verb root) • variants: √neekw ² • feel; touch
tóo + O-S-∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – transitive – closed) feel | for S to feel O (physically or emotionally)
du-∅-√nook ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) blow; feel | for the wind to blow, be felt (esp. a breeze, light wind)
(yéi) + du-∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – subject intransitive – closed) taste | for something to taste (a certain way) | note that « kʼidéin » (“good, well, carefully”) given in the paradigm here, can be replaced with a number of adverbial phrases to change the meaning • here are a few examples: « wáa sá duwanook? » *”how does it taste?”), « at géide duwanook » (“it tastes strange”), and « tlél a yáx̱ dunook » (“it doesnʼt taste right”)
jée + O-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – transitive – closed) touch; feel | for S to touch, feel O (esp. with hands) | this verb is commonly used in reference to labor pains, for example: « jée gé idinook? » (“are you feeling it [contractions]?”)
tlél + jidaa + O-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – transitive – closed) misplace | for S to misplace, mislay O | this verb likely only appears in the negative imperfective
tóo + at + S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type and thematic] pleased; good | for S to be pleased, feel good
x̱ʼéi + O-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ state verb – transitive – closed) taste; sample | for S to taste, sample O
(yéi) + sh + tu-S-d+∅-√nook ² (na state verb – subject intransitive – closed) feel | for S to feel (that way) (esp. physical sensation)
N-dáx̱ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) hungry; crave | for S to be hungry for, crave N
N + x̱ʼéidáx̱ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) hungry; crave | for S to be hungry for, crave what N is eating
yan⁓ + O-ka-s-√nook ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) prove; verify; investigate; test | for S to prove, verify, find out, and be sure of O; for S to investigate, make trial of, test out O
N-dáx̱ + ji-S-d+∅-√nook ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type] desire; anxious | for S to desire, be anxious to acquire N
O-ka-u-S-l-√nook ² (na state verb – transitive – open) [check stem variation] doubt; unworthy | for S to doubt ability, lack confidence in O; for S to consider O unworthy
√nook ³ (verb root) • variants: √neekw ³ • behave; do
N-t + S-∅-√nook ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) act like | for S to act like N
ḵukahín-t⁓ + S-∅-√nook ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) • variants: √neekw • grumpy; petulant; irritated | for S to be grumpy, cranky, irritated | to indicate anger at another person, use « du yís» • for example, « du yís ḵukahínt x̱waanúk » “Iʼm grumpy with them” or « ax̱ yís xʼáant uwanúk » “they are angry at me”
xʼáan-t⁓ + S-∅-√nook ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) • variants: √neekw • angry; mad; mean ¹ | for S to be angry, mad, mean | to indicate anger at another person, use « du yís» • for example, « du yís ḵukahínt x̱waanúk » “Iʼm grumpy with them” or « ax̱ yís xʼáant uwanúk » “they are angry at me”
N-t⁓ + O-S-l-√nook ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) notify; inform | for S to notify, inform, bring news of O (esp. serious and important news) to N
tlél + tóog̱aa + O-ka-u-S-sh-√nook ³ (na state verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation type and stem variation] dislike; disapprove | for S to dislike, disapprove of O
(yéi) + ḵu-S-∅-√nook ³ (na state verb – subject intransitive – closed) behave; do; act | for S to behave, do, act (in a certain way)
√nook ⁴ (verb root) rise; rouse; get up | classification: singular subject (plural form: √ḵee ²)
sha-S-d+∅-√nook ⁴ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) get up; rise | for (singular) S to get up, rise
O-sha-ka-d+∅-√nook ⁴ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) swell up; increase; rise | for O to swell up, rise, increase in volume by swelling; for O to (fig.) multiply, increase in quantity
√nook ⁵ (verb root) carry; take | classification: live creature
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (live creature) | classification: live creature
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (live creature) | classification: live creature
kei + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) lift | for S to lift up O (live creature)
yan⁓ + O-S-s-√nook ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) put down; leave | for S to put down, leave O (live creature)
√nool sing; pretend | pretend to sing
O-S-∅-√nool sing; pretend | for S to pretend to sing; for S to only sing vocables in a song
√noots ¹ (verb root) grin; smile
at + ka-S-∅-√noots ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) grin; smile | for S to smile at something (often knowingly or sarcastically)
√noots ² (verb root) spoil
ka-d+l-√noots ² (∅ event) (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) spoil | for animal matter to spoil | there are two versions of this verb, with d+l or d+∅ classifier, and both are shown here
√nóotʼ (verb root) swallow ¹
O-ka-S-∅-√nóotʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) swallow ¹ | for S to swallow O (pill, etc.)
√sátk ˟ (verb root) fast ¹; quick
O-∅-√sátk ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) fast ¹ | for O to be fast (at doing things)
√saa ¹ (verb root) narrow
yéi + O-ka-u-∅-√saa ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) narrow | for O (usually a small object) to be narrow
yéi + O-ka-u-l-√saa ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) narrow; thin | for O (usually of rope-like objects) to be narrow, thin | classification: rope-like object
yéi + O-ka-ka-u-∅-√saa ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) narrow | for O (usually a hoop-like object) to be narrow | classification: hoop-like object
yéi + O-ka-ka-u-l-√saa ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – open) narrow; skinny | for O (esp. container) to be narrow; for O (person) to be skinny | classification: container
√saa ² (verb root) ⑴ breathe; live || ⑵ name ¹; call out
O-S-∅-√saa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) name ¹; nominate | for S to name O; for S to nominate O
O-S-∅-√sáay ˟ ² (na motion verb – transitive – invariable) [check verb type, conjugation type, and stem variation] name; call | for S to call O (a list of names, roll call); for to S name (plural) O one by one
yéi/yóo + O-S-∅-√sáakw (na state verb – transitive – high) call out; name ¹ | for S to call O by a certain name | the difference between « yéi aawasáa » (they named them/it that) and « yéi aawasáakw » (they called them/it that) is repetition; the former denotes a one-time event in which someone or something was given a name, while the latter depicts repeatedly calling someone or something by a name • preverb will be «yóo» if the verb comes immediate after the name «Keish yóo duwasáakw», and «yéi» if the verb is separated from the name «hú áwé yéi duwasáakw Keish»
sh + S-d+∅-√saa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) name ¹; introduce | for S to introduce themself; for S to say their own name
S-d+∅-√saa ² (na state verb – subject intransitive – open) breathe; live | for S to breathe; for S to be alive
N-ch + O-S-l-√saa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) name ¹ | for S to name O on account of a characteristic of N
O-l-√saayí ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check stem variation] famous; notable | for O to be famous, well-known, notable
O-S-l-√saayí ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] famous; notable; glorify | for S to consider O famous, renowned; for S to glorify O
S-d+l-√saa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) rest ¹ | for S to rest
O-ji-S-l-√saa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) rest ¹ | for S to give rest to O (especially from work with hands)
yéik + O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√sáakw (na state verb – transitive – high) call on | for S to call on O (spirits)
O-S-∅-√saay ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) name ¹ | for S to list names of O, name off O one by one
√saaḵ (verb root) exhausted; stiff
O-∅-√saaḵ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] exhausted; faint ¹ | for O to be exhausted, faint from lack of food
O-l-√saaḵ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] exhausted; stiff | for O to be exhausted, stiff, numb (often from sitting)
O-ka-∅-√saaḵ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] exhausted | for O to be exhausted, worn out, at the limit of endurance
O-ka-S-l-√saaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] exhausted | for S to exhaust O, cause O to be wiped out, all in
√saan (verb root) cure ¹
O-S-∅-√saan (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation] cure ¹; heal | for S (a medicine person) to cure O, remove sickness from O (often by going around a patient, gathering up the air and then blowing it away)
√saat (verb root) tight; taut
√saay (verb root) flush ¹; sweat; radiate
O-ka-du-∅-√sáay (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) hot; sweat; flush ¹ | for O (person or animal) to be hot, sweaty, flush
O-ka-du-∅-√sáay (ga event verb – object intransitive – high) embarrass; flush ¹ | for O (person) to be flushed from embarrassment
O-ka-S-l-√sáay (∅ event verb – transitive – high) heat | for S to heat O (esp. a room) until steamy hot
O-ka-l-√sáyjaa ˟ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] hot | for O to give off much heat, be real hot (of source of radiation)
√sei (verb root) close ²; near
O-∅-√sei (na state verb – object intransitive – open) near; close | for O to be near, close | note the unusual presence of the conjugation prefix in the imperfective mode
(yéi) + ka-u-∅-√sei (na state verb – impersonal – open) close ²; near | for something to be (so) close, near (in time or space)
(yéi) + O-ka-u-S-l-√sei (na motion verb – impersonal – open) approach; near | for S to approach, come nearer to O (of time or space)
√seig̱ákw (verb root) breathe | regain breath | from √saa-g̱ákw (breathe-restore)
ka-S-d+∅-√seig̱ákw ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type] breathe | for S to regain breath, get oneʼs wind back
√seiḵʼw (verb root) dye; color ¹; stain
O-ka-d+∅-√séiḵʼw (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) stain; dye; color ¹ | for O to be stained, dyed, colored
O-ka-S-l-√séiḵʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) stain; dye; color ¹ | for S to stain, dye, color the surface of O
sha-ka-S-d+l-√séiḵʼw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) dye; color ¹ | for S to dye, color their own hair
ÿa-ka-S-d+l-√séiḵʼw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) dye; color ¹; put on | for S to put on makeup | for putting on eye makeup, drop the thematic prefix and add «waaḵ » to the preverb «waaḵ kawdliséḵʼw», and for blush use « wásh » «wásh kawdliséḵʼw»
x̱ʼa-ka-S-d+l-√séiḵʼw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) color ¹; put on | for S to put on lipstick
√seil (verb root) tweet; twitter; trill
√seix̱ (verb root) rain | misty rain
√seek ¹ (verb root) delay; hold back
O-ÿa-∅-√seek ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) delay; hold back; weather in | for O to be delayed, prevented, held back from plans (often due to inclement weather)
O-ÿa-S-l-√seek ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) delay; hold back; hinder | for S to delay, hinder, prevent O (from travel or other plans)
√seek ² (verb root) belt | to wear a belt
S-d+l-√seek ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type] belt | for S to wear a belt
ka-S-d+l-√seek ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type] belt | for S to wear a belt
√seek ³ (verb root) bashful; shy
O-ka-u-S-l-√seek ³ (ga state verb – transitive – closed) [check stem variation] bashful; shy; uncomfortable | for S to be bashful, shy around O; for S to be uncomfortable around O
√seen (verb root) hide ¹; conceal
O-S-l-√seen (∅ – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) hide ¹; conceal | for S to hide, conceal, put O out of sight
a-S-d+l-√seen (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) hide ¹ | for S to hide themself, remain out of sight
√sees (verb root) tired
√seet (verb root) braid
O-ka-S-l-√seet (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) braid | for S to braid O (hair)
sha-ka-S-d+l-√seet (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) braid | for S to braid their own hair
√seetsʼ (verb root) wet | dripping wet
√soo (verb root) supernatural; aid; blessing | supernatural aid
N + eeg̱áa + ∅-√soo (na event verb – impersonal – open) [check verb type] supernatural; aid; blessing | for N to receive supernatural aid; for N to be blessed by spiritual aid
√soon (verb root) bubble | small bubbles
du-∅-√sún ˟ (∅ event verb – impersonal – invariable) [check transitivity, verb type, and stem variation] bubble | for something to bubble (with tiny bubbles, esp. from mud under water) | classification: small bubbles
O-d+l-√sún ˟ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check transitivity, verb type, and stem variation] bubble | for O (a creature) to let off tiny bubbles
O-x̱ʼa-d+l-√sún ˟ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check transitivity, verb type, and stem variation] bubble | for O (esp. salmon) to let off small bubbles
√soos ¹ (verb root) fall; drop ¹ | fall together; drop together | classification: plural
O-ka-∅-√sóos ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] move ¹ | for O to move along (of number of objects all together and not having their own power of motion) | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular)
O-ka-∅-√sóos ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation] fall; drop ¹ | for O to fall, drop (of a number of objects all together) | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular)
a + tóo + daak + O-ka-∅-√sóos ¹ (ga event verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] elect | for (plural) O (people) to be elected (lit. to fall into office) | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular)
ḵut + O-ka-∅-√sóos ¹ (ga event verb – object intransitive – high) lost | for (plural) O (objects, people) to be lost | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular)
O-ka-S-l-√sóos ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation] fall; drop ¹ | for S to let O fall, drop (of a number of objects all together) | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular)
O-ka-l-√sóos ¹ (g̱a – object intransitive – high) [check verb type and stem variation] fall out | for O to fall out (esp. of hair) | classification: hair
ḵut + O-ka-S-l-√sóos ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – high) lose | for S to lose (plural) O | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular)
a + tóo + daak + O-ka-S-l-√sóos ¹ (ga event verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] elect | for S to elect O (plural people) | classification: plural (√geet ¹ singular)
√soos ² put to sleep; lull | by whistling through softly
O-S-∅-√sóos ² (na act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type] lull | for S to lull O (a baby) to sleep by whistling softly
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√sóos ² (na act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type] lull | for S to lull O (a baby) to sleep by whistling softly through their teeth
√sʼaa (verb root) claim; save | claim as payment; save from destruction
O-S-∅-√sʼaa (∅ act verb – transitive – open) [check stem variation] claim | for S to claim O (property that was about to be destroyed)
√sʼaaḵ (verb root) boney
O-l-√sʼaaḵ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) ambitious; industrious | for O to be ambitious, industrious, hard-working | conjugation type and stem variation need to be checked
O-l-√sʼaag̱í (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] boney | for (singular) O to be boney | classification: singular
O-d+l-√sʼaaḵxʼ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] boney | for (plural) O to be boney | classification: plural
√sʼaasʼ (verb root) dance ¹ | dance lightly, sliding the feet
S-d+l-√sʼáasʼ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – high) [check verb type] dance ¹; watlz | for S to dance lightly, sliding the feet; for S to waltz
ḵu-S-∅-√sʼáasʼ (na – subject intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] dance ¹ | for S to dance by swaying the body (not moving the feet) (in dedication dance) | usually done fast
√sʼaatʼ (verb root) left ¹ | left-handed
O-∅-√sʼáatʼ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) left ¹ | for O to be left-handed | Story-Naish have the imperfective listed as short and high, and Leer has it as long and high; both are listed here in the example and imperfective
√sʼaaxw (verb root) stack; hat | put hat on
√sʼeiḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √sʼeeḵ ¹ • suck out | usually through straw or opening
O-S-∅-√sʼeeḵ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) suck out; drink ¹ | for S to drink O by sucking; for S to drink O through a straw
O-S-l-√sʼeeḵ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) suck out; draw out | for S to draw out O (esp.pus) by suction
√sʼeiḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √sʼeeḵ ² • smoke ¹; smoky
sh + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√sʼeiḵ ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) smoke ¹ | for S to smoke (cigarettes, etc.) | the reflexive « sh » pronoun appears to be optional in this verb
áx̱ + a-ka-S-l-√sʼeiḵ ² (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) tan; smoke ¹; cure ² | for S to tan, smoke, cure something by placing in smoke
√sʼeilʼ (verb root) tear; rip; peel
O-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) tear; rip | for S to tear O
O-S-l-√sʼéilʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) tear; pull | for S to tear up, pull up O (roots) | adding the preverb « yax̱ » (to completion) and the « ya- » thematic prefix will result in “tear to pieces,” such as « yax̱ ayawlisʼélʼ » (they tore it to pieces)
O-ka-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) tear; rip; peel | for S to tear, tear up, rip off O; for S to peel off O (bark from a tree)
ka-d+∅-√sʼéilʼ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – high) tear | for something to be torn up
O-ka-ka-l-√sʼéilʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] burst; tear | for O to burst open, be torn open by weight of contents
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) stretch; open | for S to stretch or hold O (opening) open | the noun «gwéil» “bag” is used in these examples; «ax̱ʼeiwasʼélʼ» by itself sounds like “stretching someoneʼs/somethingʼs mouth open with the fingers”
daak + x̱ʼa-ÿa-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) tear; drift ¹; ramble | for S to tear away from O (of a fish from a hook); for S to drift from O (the point) while giving a speech | the phrase « daak ax̱ʼayawlisʼélʼʼ » is also a metaphorical phrase that means “they got carried away from what they were supposed to say” and is used when someone drifts very far from their point or from the appropriate speech content during ceremony, or ends up rambling on
√sʼeeḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √sʼeiḵ ¹ • suck out | usually through straw or opening
√sʼeeḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √sʼeiḵ ² • smoke ¹; smoky
√sʼeen (verb root) grimace
√sʼees ¹ (verb root) blown | blown by wind; blown around
N-t + O-l-√sʼees ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) blown; sail ¹ | for O to be blown around at N (by wind); for O to sail in a boat around at N
N-t + ka-d+l-√sʼees ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – closed) blown | for an object to be blown around in the wind at N
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-d+l-√sʼées ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation] blown | for O to be blown (by wind)
ḵut + O-ka-l-√sʼées (ga motion verb – object intransitive – high) blown; lost | for O to be lost by blowing away
√sʼees ² tire of; offensive
√sʼeesʼ (verb root) ⑴ squirt || ⑵ advise | advise pointedly || ⑶ whistle | whistle quietly
N + gúk + yíkde + x̱ʼa-d+∅-√sʼéesʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) instruct; advise | for S to is give advice or instruction privately to N
√sʼeet (verb root) bind; wrap
O-ka-S-∅-√sʼeet (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) bind; wrap; bandage | for S to bind up, wrap around, bandage O
√sʼeex (verb root) aged; ferment; spoil; rot ¹ | aged food
l-√sʼeex (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) spoil; rot ¹ | for animal matter to age, spoil to stage where still firm, but smelly
√sʼeexw • variants: √sʼoox • sour
√sʼeexʼw (verb root) stick to; adhere; seal together
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√sʼéexʼw (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) stick to; adhere | for S to stick O (esp. paper) to N
√sʼéex̱ʼ • variants: √sʼéix̱ʼ • diarrhea
O-∅-√sʼéex̱ʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) diarrhea | for O to get, have diarrhea
O-S-l-√sʼéex̱ʼ (g̱a event verb – transitive – high) diarrhea | for S to cause O to have diarrhea
√sʼoo (verb root) writhe; twist; limber | twist to limber
√sʼook (verb root) • variants: √sʼeekw • fry; toast ¹ | fry until crisp
O-S-l-√sʼook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: O-S-l-√sʼeekw • crisp; fry | for S to make O crisp; for S to crispen O
O-ka-S-l-√sʼook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: O-ka-S-l-√sʼeekw • toast ¹; fry | for S to toast O (bread); for S to fry O (usually till crisp)
√sʼoon (verb root) kiss ¹ | to make a kissing noise
√sʼoosʼ (verb root) string ²; thread ² | string fish on stick to dry
√sʼootʼ (verb root) spit ¹
√sʼoow (verb root) chop
O-S-∅-√sʼóow (na act verb – transitive – high) chop | for S to chop O (esp. chopping down trees, chopping off branches) | can also be used metaphorically to mean to terminate something
O-S-l-√sʼóow (na act verb – transitive – high) chop | for S to chop O (esp. small trees, branches) | classification: small trees, branches | can also be used metaphorically to mean to terminate something
O-ka-S-∅-√sʼóow (na act verb – transitive – high) chop | for S to chop O (esp. in food preparation) | classification: food preparation
O-ka-S-l-√sʼóow (na act verb – transitive – high) chop | for S to chop O (esp. in food preparation) | classification: food preparation
N + daa-x̱ + O-sha-ÿa-S-l-√sʼóow (∅ act verb – transitive – high) chop | for S to chop O (esp. the branches) off of N (a tree)
√sʼoox (verb root) • variants: √sʼeexw • sour
O-ka-l-√sʼoox (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) sour | for O to be sour, taste acidic, lose freshness of taste
√sʼoox̱ʼ (verb root) mucus | dried mucus
√sʼóoshkw ˟ (verb root) pinch | to pinch large amount of flesh
√sháchk ˟ (verb root) swamp
√shaa ¹ (verb root) bark ²
a-S-∅-√shaa ¹ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – open) bark ² | for S (dog) to start barking
a-S-∅-√shaa ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) bark ² | for S (dog) to bark
O-ÿa-S-l-√shaa ¹ (na act verb – transitive – open) bark ² | for S (dog) to bark at O
O-ÿa-S-l-√shaa ¹ (g̱a act verb – transitive – open) bark ² | for S (dog) to begin barking at O
√shaa ² (verb root) marry
O-S-∅-√shaa ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open, CV́V hort/pot) marry | for S to marry O
wooch + S-d+∅-√shaa ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open, CV́V hort/pot) marry | for (plural) S to marry each other | either « wooch » or « woosh » can be used
O-du-∅-√shaa ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open, CV́V hort/pot) marry | for O to get married
√shaak decorate | decorate with grass
O-ÿa-S-∅-√sháak ˟ (∅ act verb – transitive – invariable) [check verb type and stem variation] decorate; embroider | for S to decorate O (a basket) with grass | commonly known as false embroidery
√shaaḵ ¹ (verb root) exhausted; winded
O-ka-∅-√shaaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) exhausted; winded | for O to be winded, short of breath, panting
O-ka-∅-√shaaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) exhausted; winded | for S to exhaust, tire out O (game by pursuit, esp. fur seal on open sea)
√shaaḵ ² (verb root) deny
(N + een) + O-S-∅-√shaaḵ ˟ ² (na – transitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] | for S to deny, disclaim connection with O (a person or thing) (to N)
√shaan (verb root) old; age
O-d+∅-√shaan (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) old; age | for O to become old, age
O-S-l-√shaan (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) old; age | for S to make O old
O-d+l-√shaan (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) old; age | for O to show signs of old age, turn white (of hair)
√shaash ˟ (verb root) worn out
∅-√sháash ˟ (g̱a event verb – impersonal – invariable) worn out | for something to wear out due to continuous friction
√shaat (verb root) grab; hold; catch
O-S-∅-√sháat (ga event verb – transitive – high) catch; grab; hold; arrest; trap ¹ | for S to catch O; for S to grab, take hold of, snatch O; for S to arrest O; for S to trap O
O-S-l-√sháat (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) hold; capture | for S to hold, retain O in oneʼs grasp; for S to capture, hold O captive
O-ka-S-∅-√sháat (ga event verb – transitive – high) catch; grab; hold | for S to catch O (a round object); for S to grab, take hold of, snatch O (a round object); for S to arrest O (a round object); for S to trap O (a round object) | classification: round object
ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+∅-√sháat (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) change mind | for S to change oneʼs mind | use « N-dáx̱ » or « N daatx̱ » to say changed oneʼs mind about N
N-de⁓ + a-ÿa-∅-√sháat (∅ motion verb – impersonal – high) wind; gust | for the wind, weather to move in gusts to N
O-ka-S-l-√sháat (ga event verb – transitive – high) catch; grab; hold | for S to catch O (a stick-like object); for S to grab, take hold of, snatch O (a stick-like object); for S to arrest O (a stick-like object); for S to trap O (a stick-like object) | classification: stick-like object
√sheidí (verb root) horn ¹ | to have horns
O-l-√sheidí ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] horn ¹ | for O to be horned, have horns
√sheix̱ʼ (verb root) praise; glorify; commend • variants: √shéex̱ʼ •
O-ka-S-∅-√shéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) praise; glorify; commend | for S to praise, glorify O; for S to approve, commend O; for S to comment (favorably) on O
√shísʼḵ (verb root) raw
√shee ¹ (verb root) search for; hope
át + a-S-d+∅-√shee ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) hope; desire | for S to hope, desire, and expect something
N-g̱áa + ḵu-S-∅-√shee ʰ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) search for; look for | for S to search for, look for N
N-káx̱ + ḵu-S-∅-√shee ʰ ¹ (na event verb – subject intransitive – fading) find; come upon | for S to find, come upon N (often after actively searching)
√shee ² (verb root) touch
N-t⁓ + S-∅-√shee ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) touch; take | for S to touch, take, pick up
N + séináx̱ + ÿa-u-S-∅-√shee ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) embrace; hug | for S to put arm(s) around N
√shee ³ (verb root) help
O-u-S-∅-√shee ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) [check for irrealis, verb type, and conjugation type] help | for S to ask O for help
N + ée-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√shee ³ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open) help; assist | for S (person, medicine, etc.) to help, give help to, assist N
√shee ⁴ (verb root) sing; compose
O-S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (ga act verb – transitive – fading) sing | for S to sing O
at + S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (ga act verb – subject intransitive – fading) sing | for S to sing
kei + + O-ka-S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) (event verb) sing | for S to start singing O (esp. a ceremonial song)
kei + + at + ka-S-∅-√shee ʰ ⁴ (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) (event verb) sing | for S to start singing (esp. ceremonial songs); for S to break into song (especially ceremonial songs)
at + ka-S-l-√shee ⁴ (na event verb – subject intransitive – open) compose; song | for S to compose a song | some fluent elders say that in addition to the meaning “compose,” this verb can be used to mean “sing”
at + shu-ka-S-l-√shee ⁴ (na event verb – subject intransitive – open) compose; song | for S to compose a song (esp. about opposite clan) | some fluent elders say that in addition to the meaning “compose,” this verb can be used to mean “sing”
√sheech (verb root) feminine
√sheekʼw • variants: √shookʼ • cramp; shocked by electricity
√sheesʼ (verb root) strip; squeeze | squeeze empty
O-S-l-√shéesʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) squeeze; clean ² | for S to clean O out by squeezing (esp. guts, done as soon as animal has been killed)
√sheesh ¹ (verb root) sip; slurp
√sheesh ² (verb root) outdo | outdo in eating
√sheesht (verb root) squeeze | squeeze empty
√sheetʼ (verb root) crowd ¹; packed; jammed
√sheex̱ʼ • variants: √sheix̱ʼ • praise; glorify; commend • variants: √shéex̱ʼ •
√sheey ¹ (verb root) right ¹ | right-handed
√sheey ² (verb root) knotty
O-l-√sheey ˟ ² (ga – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] knotty; branch | for singular O to be knotty (of lumber), have many branches (of tree) | classification: singular
O-d+l-√sheey ˟ ² (ga – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] knotty; branch | for plural O to be knotty (of lumber), have many branches (of tree) | classification: plural
√shoo ¹ (verb root) extend
N-t + √shoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) extend | for a narrow item (esp. a road or trail) to extend to N
N-de + ∅-√shoo ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – open) extend | for a narrow item (esp. a road or trail) to extend towards N
anax̱ + ∅-√shoo ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – open) stick up; stand | for a singular object to stick up, stand there | classification: singular (plural √.aa ³)
N-x̱ + ∅-√shoo ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – open) hang | for a singular object to hang down from N | classification: singular (plural √xwaasʼ)
N-x̱ + kei + l-√shoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) extend | for a complex object (esp. road) to extend up to N | classification: complex object
N-x̱ + l-√shoo ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – open) hang | for a slender item, esp. rope to hang down from N | classification: slender item, esp. rope
N-x̱ + ka-∅-√shoo ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – open) hang | for a small item, esp. a padlock to hang down from N | classification: small object, esp. a padlock
N-x̱ + ÿa-u-∅-√shoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – open) extend | for a slender item (esp. road) to extend around, along N | classification: slender item
√shoo ² (verb root) suffer
O-ka-∅-√shoo ʰ ² (na event verb – object intransitive – fading) intoxicate; drunk ² | for O to be intoxicated
eeshandéin + yoo + O-ka-∅-√shoo ʰ ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – fading) suffer | for O to suffer
O-ka-S-l-√shoo ʰ ² (na event verb – transitive – fading) intoxicate | for S to intoxicate O
eeshandéin + yoo + O-ka-S-l-√shoo ʰ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) torment; persecute; suffer | for S to torment, persecute or mistreat O; for S to cause O to suffer
sh + ka-d+l-√shoo ʰ ² (na event verb – subject intransitive – fading) crazy | for S to go crazy
√shooch (verb root) soak; bathe
O-S-∅-√shooch (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) bathe | for S to bathe O
S-d+∅-√shooch (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) bathe; soak | for S to soak in cold waters for strength; for S to bathe, take a bath
O-S-l-√shooch (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) bathe | for S to bathe O (esp. oneʼs own feet)
√shookʼ • variants: √sheekʼw • cramp; shock
O-ka-d+l-√shóokʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) cramp; shock; electrocute | for O to have cramps; for O to get shocked (by electricity)
√shooḵ (verb root) laugh; smile
O-S-∅-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) laugh | for S to laugh at O
at + S-∅-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) laugh | for S to laugh
at + S-∅-√shooḵ (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) laugh; smile | for S to laugh; for S to smile (often with laughter)
O-ka-S-√shooḵ (∅ – transitive – closed) laugh; deride; make fun of; mock | for S to laugh at, deride, mock, make fun of O
O-ÿa-S-∅-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) smile | for S to smile at O
N + ée⁓ + O-S-l-√shooḵ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) laugh; cheer up; joke | for S to make N laugh with O (speech, words, or actions); for S to cheer up, joke with N with O (speech, words, or actions)
{∅ preverb} + ÿa-S-d+l-√shooḵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) laugh | for S to go along laughing, keep laughing
√shoosʼ (verb root) string ² | string on a stick
√tált ˟ (verb root) discourage
O-S-∅-√tált ˟ (∅ – transitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and verb type] discourage; dissuade; deter | for S to discourage, dissuade, deter O
√tánu (verb root) gripe
√taa ¹ (verb root) sleep ¹; rest ¹; put to sleep; put to bed | classification: singular (plural form: √x̱éixʼw)
S-∅-√taa ʰ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) sleep ¹ | for (singular) S to sleep (alone)
O-S-s-√taa ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – fading) bed ³; put to bed | for S to put (singular) O to bed
√taa ² (verb root) ⑴ lie down || ⑵ carry | classification: dead creature or sleeping baby
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√taa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (dead or sleeping creature) | classification: dead creature or sleeping baby
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√taa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (dead or sleeping creature) | classification: dead creature or sleeping baby
(N-t) + sh + S-d+s-√táan ˟ ² (* positional verb – subject intransitive – high) lie down | for (singular) S to be lying down (at N) | classification: singluar (plural: sh + S-d+l-√.át ˟ ⁴)
yan⁓ + sh + S-d+s-√taa ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) lie down | for (singular) S to lie down | classification: singular (plural: yan⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√.aat ⁴)
√taa ³ (verb root) fat ²; prime | fat (of animal); prime (of animal) | classification: animal
√taa ⁴ (verb root) steam ¹; boil ¹ | especially meat or berries
O-S-s-√taa ʰ ⁴ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) steam ¹; boil ¹ | for S to boil, steam O (food, esp. meat)
O-ka-S-s-√taa ʰ ⁴ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) steam ¹; boil ¹ | for S to boil, steam O (esp. berries)
√taakw (verb root) winter
√taaḵ ¹ (verb root) spear ¹; poke; prod
O-S-∅-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) spear ¹; poke; prod; jab | for S to spear, prod, poke, jab O
O-ka-S-l-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) poke; prod | for S to poke, prod O (a round object, often to pop it) | classification: round object
O-ÿa-S-∅-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) poke | for S to poke O in the face
daak + O-ÿa-S-l-√taaḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pole ²; push | for S to pole, push O (canoe, boat) out away from the shore with a pole
√taaḵ ² (verb root) care; serve
N + daa + O-ÿa-s-√taaḵ ² (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) care for; look after; serve; minister ¹; note | for O to care for, take care of N; for O to look after N; for O to serve N; for O to minister to N; for O to take note of N
√taan ¹ (verb root) carry; take | to S to carry, take O (empty container or hollow object) | classification: empty container or hollow object
{∅ motion) + O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O | classification: hollow object, empty container
{na motion} + O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (empty container or hollow object) | classification: empty container or hollow object
O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (empty container or hollow object) | classification: empty container or hollow object
N + jee-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√taan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) give; hand ² | for S to give, hand O (empty container or hollow object) to N | classification: empty container or hollow object
{na motion} + O-S-s-√taan ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take | for S to carry, take O (empty container or hollow object) | classification: empty container or hollow object
N-de + O-ÿa-∅-√taan ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) head towards | for O (a boat) to head towards N
N-t + ∅-√tán ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for an empty container or hollow object to lie (at N) | classification: empty container or hollow object
N-t + s-√tán ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a long, complex object to lie (at N) | classification: long, complex object
N-t + ka-∅-√tán ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a long, simple object to lie (at N) | classification: long, simple object
N-t + ka-s-√tán ˟ ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a quite small, stick-like object to lie (at N) | classification: quite small, stick-like object
√taan ² (verb root) cover ¹; open ¹ | open a cover
at + S-∅-√taan ² (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – closed) cover ¹ | for S to cover (esp. pot, etc.), put on lid
O-ka-S-s-√taan ² (na event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] drive | for S to drive, hustle O (group of animals) fast
héide + O-shu-S-∅-√taan ² (na motion verb – transitive – closed) open ¹ | for S to open O (a hinged door or lid) | classification: hinged door or lid
x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-shu-S-∅-√taan ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) close ¹ | for S to close O (a hinged door or lid) | classification: hinged door or lid
yan⁓ + O-shu-∅-√taan ² (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) end ¹ | for O (esp. a story) to end
aax̱ + O-shu-ÿa-S-∅-√taan ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) open ¹ | for S to open O by removing a door or lid
√taan ³ (verb root) carry; take | classification: stick-like object
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (usually long, complex object) | classification: long, complex object
kei + O-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) bring; unearth; lift; pick up | for S to bring out, unearth O (usually long, complex object, esp. from a box or other container or place which O is kept); for S to pick up, lift up O | classification: long, complex object
yan⁓ + O-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) put down; leave | for S to put down, lay down, leave, place O (usually long, complex object) | classification: long, complex object
O-ji-S-∅-√taan ³ (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) take; lead ² | for S to take O by the hand; for S to lead O by the hand
a + tóot + O-ji-S-∅-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) take; adopt | for S to take O into a clan; for S to adopt O into a clan
kei + ji-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) raise ¹ | for S to raise a hand
yan⁓ + ji-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) lower | for S to lower a hand
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (usually long, complex object) | classification: long, complex object
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√taan ³ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (usually long, complex object) | classification: long, complex object
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-s-√taan ³ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, stick-like object) | classification: small stick-like object
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-s-√taan ³ (na motion verb – transitive – closed) carry; take; give | for S to carry O (small, stick-like object) | classification: small stick-like object
yéi + shu-∅-√taan ³ (∅ act verb – impersonal – closed) [check conjugation type, verb type, transitivity, and stem variation] mean ²; denote | for something to denote, mean (that)
N-t + shu-ka-∅-√tán ³ (∅ positional verb – impersonal – invariable) extend; end ¹ | for something to extend to, end at N
N-x̱ + + O-gu-ÿa-S-∅-√taanán ˟ ³ (na event verb – transitive – invariable) restore; set | for S to set O (dislocated body part, esp. joint) back in to place; for S to restore O (dislocated body part, esp. joint) back in to place
√taan ⁴ (verb root) wash over; rough | rough (of water)
ji-s-√taan ⁴ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) rough; waves | for the ocean to be rough
yan + ji-s-√taan ⁴ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) hit; reach ¹; waves | for waves to hit, reach the beach
N + kanax̱ + ji-ÿa-s-√taan ⁴ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) waves; wash over | for waves to wash over N
√taan ⁵ (verb root) communicate; think; talk | classification: singular (plural form √aat ⁵)
N + jee⁓ + gush-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) text | for (singular) S to text N (on a phone or computer)
N + daa + yoo + tu-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) think; consider; make up mind | for (singular) S to think over, consider, make up oneʼs mind about N
N + káa + yan + tu-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) trust; rely; faith | for (singular) S to put trust in, rely on, have faith in N | classification: singular
(yéi) + tu-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) decide; make up mind | for (singular) S to decide, make up oneʼs mind (that way)
géide + kei + tu-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type] decide; against; wrong | for S to decide against it; for S to decide it is wrong
(N + daatx̱) + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) change mind; reconsider | for (singular) S to change mind (about N); for (singular) S to think over and reconsider (N)
N + daax̱ + tu-ÿa-S-d+∅-√taanán ⁵ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) change mind; reconsider | for (singular) S to reconsider N, think over and change oneʼs mind about N | note that in modes which require a verbal suffix, the final syllable «-án» on the two-syllable stem «-taanán» drops off and is replaced by the verbal suffix
(N-dáx̱) + ḵux̱ + O-tu-S-s-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) change; repent | for S to make O decide not to do it (from N); for S to make O repent (of it)
(N-dáx̱) + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+s-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) repent | for S to change minds (from N); for S to cause repentance (of it)
yoo + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk | for (singular) S to speak, talk | the plural verb stem is used when indicating that one person is speaking with another, even though the subject is singular, as in « du een yoo x̱ʼawli.át » “they spoke with them” or « du een yoo x̱ʼax̱li.átk » “I am speaking with them”
N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk | for (singular) S to speak, talk to N | classification: singular
a + yáaxʼ + N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) respond | for (singular) S to respond to N | classification: singular
N + toowú + yaadé + yoo + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) discourage; stop | for (singular) S to discourage N (from doing something), try to stop N (from doing something) | classification: singular
x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) speak; talk; speech | for (singular) S to speak, talk, make a speech
N + jeedé + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) call; phone | for (singular) S to call N on telephone
N + jee-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) call; phone | for S to call N on telephone
yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√taan ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) stop; talk | for (singular) S to stop talking
tlél + x̱ʼa-S-sh- (ga – subject intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type and verb type] mute ¹ | for S to be mute, unable to talk
√taan ⁶ (verb root) precipitate; fall | classification: precipitation
{precipitation} + daak + s-√taan ⁶ (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) precipitate; fall; rain; snow ²; hail | for {precipitation} to fall | some speakers have said that «séew» and «dleit» are the only two options for this verb, but others have allowed other precipitation nouns
a-∅-√taan ⁶ (ga – impersonal – open) [check conjugation type and verb type] clear up; lift | for the weather to clear (esp. rain or mist); for the clouds to lift
√taan ⁷ (verb root) bend ¹; bent
O-ka-S-∅-√taan ⁷ (na event verb – transitive – closed) bend ¹ | for S to bend O (usually long, simple object)
yóo + ka-∅-√tán ˟ ⁷ (∅ positional verb – impersonal – invariable) bent | for something to be bent
yínde + sh + ka-S-d+∅-√taan ⁷ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) bend over; lean down | for (singular) S to bend over, lean down
O-ka-S-s-√taan ⁷ (na event verb – transitive – closed) bend ¹ | for S to bend O (their own knee)
√taan ⁸ (verb root) habit; like doing | in habit of
O-ka-u-S-sh-√tán ⁸ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) habit; like doing | for S to be in habit of doing O; for S to do O frequently because s enjoys doing it | this verb can be used to refer to hobbies, or to describe habits with a negative connotation
√taan ⁹ (verb root) jump | classification: fish
kei + S-∅-√táan ⁹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) jump | for S (a singular fish) to jump | classification: singular
S-∅-√táan ⁹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – high) jump | for S (a singular fish) to jump | classification: singular
O-ka-du-∅-√táan ⁹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – high) jump | for S (plural fish) to jump | classification: singular
√taan ¹⁰ (verb root) hunt | hunt octopus
√taats (verb root) pick ¹; shake | pick berries by shaking or hitting branches
√taaw (verb root) steal; sneak
O-S-∅-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) steal | for S to steal O
O-S-s-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) steal | for S to steal O (large or complex object) | classification: large or complex object
O-ka-S-∅-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) steal | for S to steal O (round, spherical object) | classification: round, spherical object
O-ka-S-s-√táaw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) steal | for S to steal O (stick-like object or plural round objects) | classification: stick-like object or plural round objects
√taaxʼ (verb root) bite ¹; chew
O-S-∅-√táaxʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) bite ¹ | for S to chew on O (usually food or snuff) | classification: insect | add the preverb « N-dáx̱ » for “to bite O off of N”
O-S-s-√táaxʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) bite ¹ | for S (an insect) to bite O | classification: insect | add the preverb « N-dáx̱ » for “to bite O off of N”
sh + S-d+l-√taaxʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) bite ¹ | for S to bite self (because of fleas) | classification: insect
O-ka-S-∅-√táaxʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] bite ¹; grip | for S to bite on, grip onto O with teeth; for S (pliers) to grip onto O
√taax̱ (verb root) dew
√taax̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) sink ¹; drown
∅-√táax̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) sink ¹; drown | for something to sink; for someone to drown
O-S-s-√táax̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) sink ¹; drown | for S to sink O; for S to cause O to sink; for S to drown O
√taax̱ʼw ² (verb root) signal with smoke
√tei (verb root) rocky
√teiḵʼ (verb root) twist | classification: rope-like object
√teis (verb root) mimic
√teisʼ (verb root) flab; limp ² | flabby
√teitlʼ (verb root) fat ² | classification: animal
√teix̱ (verb root) smelly; odor
√teix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √teex̱ʼ • ⑴ wring; twist; screw ¹ || ⑵ crooked; twisted; windy ²
O-ka-S-s-√téix̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) bend | for S to bend O (by twisting), making it crooked, out of shape
O-ka-d+s-√téix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) crooked; wicked | for O to be crooked, wicked
O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ (na event verb – transitive – high) wind ² | for S to wind O
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) screw ¹ | for S to screw O into N
N-dáx̱ + O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) screw ¹ | for S to unscrew O from N | the na-motion can also be used to talk about screwing something inwards, but necessarily to completion (partway in) • N-dáx̱ daak O-ka-S-l-√téix̱ʼ • for S to remove screw(s) from N
x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√téex̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) lock | for S to lock O
√tíx ˟ (verb root) flea | to have fleas
O-d+s-√tíx ˟ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and conjugation type] flea | for O to have fleas
√tee ¹ (verb root) be
(yéi) + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) be | for O to be (that way)
g̱áa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) pleasant; proper; fitting | for O be pleasant, proper, fitting
kʼidéin + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) good; well ¹; improve | for O to be good, well, improved
latseen + ḵaa + jee + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) authority; right ³ | for O be allowed, have authority to, have the right to
N-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) be; stay; remain; dwell; live at | for O to be or stay at N; for O to dwell, live at N; for O to remain at N
N + ee⁓ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) affect | for O to affect N
N + eetée-náx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) need; lacking; require | for O to need N; for O to lack N; for O to require N
N + ka-yáanáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) overpowered | for N to be overpowered by O
tliyéi + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) wait ¹; still ²; quiet; stop | for O to be still, quiet; for O to stop (car, clock, e.g.); for O to wait
N + tóo-g̱aa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) acceptable; satisfactory; like ¹ | for N to be acceptable to O; for N to be satisfactory to O; for N to be well-liked by O
N + tóon + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) care; concerned about; affected by | for N to care about O; for N to be concerned about O; for N to be affected by O | this verb has several interpretations, such as « kʼidéin du daa tuwatee, » which can mean any of the following: “they think well of them”; “they are really thinking about them”; “they really care about them”
N + toowú + tliyéi + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) calm; meditate | for N to be calm; for N to meditate
N + tóo-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) remember; bear in mind | for N to remember O; for N to bear O in mind
N + waḵshiyee-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) appear before | for O to appear before N; for O to be apparent to N
N + x̱án-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) near; stay by; remain by; live by | for O to be near N; for O to stay by N; for O to remain by N; for O to live by N
N + x̱ʼéi-g̱aa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) obey; obedient | for O to obey N; for O to be obedient to N
N + yáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) like ²; similar | for O to be like N | this is a powerful verb in Lingít oratory, used to create simile
xʼóolʼ + yáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) chaos; frenzied; hectic | for O to be chaotic, frenzied, hectic
sh + tóo-g̱aa + O-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) grateful; thankful; satisfied | for O to be grateful, thankful; for O to be satisfied | use «N-dáx̱» to indicate being grateful to N, and «N + yís » to indicate thankfulness for something, such as: « ax̱ tʼaakxʼí yís sh tóog̱aa x̱at ditee » “I am grateful / thankful for / to my family”
sh + tóon + O-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) insulted; offended | for O to be insulted, offended, take offense
N-x̱ + O-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) be; become | for O to be N (a member of a group); for O to become N
N + een-x̱ + O-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) be with | for O to be with N
g̱ax̱-S-s-√tee ¹ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive – open) cry; weep; mourn; howl | for (plural) S to cry, weep, mourn; for (plural) S to howl (esp. of wolves) | classification: plural
tlél + g̱áa + O-u-sh-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) fail; unsuitable | for to O fail (esp. to conform to expectations and standards of the culture); for O to fail partially; for O to be incorrect, unsuitable
tlél + sh + tóo-g̱aa + O-d+sh-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) disinterested; unconcerned | for O to be disinterested, unconcerned
O-ka-S-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – fading) introduce; originate | for S to introduce, usher in, institute, originate O
(yéi) + ḵu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) be; weather | for the weather to be (that way) | classification: weather | to specify how the weather is, replace «yéi» with a weather term + « yáx̱ », as in « séew yáx̱ ḵuwatee » “it looks like rain”
N + tóo-x̱ + ḵu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – impersonal – fading) frightened; scared | for N to be be frightened, thoroughly scared
O-ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – fading) born; exist; live | for O to be in existence; for O to be born; for O to live | there are two similar versions of this verb, one to exist that uses an object pronoun, and one to actively live that uses a subject pronoun
ḵu-S-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – object intransitive – fading) born; exist; live; subsist | for S to exist; for S to be born; for S to live; for S to subsist | there are two similar versions of this verb, one to exist that uses an object pronoun, and one to actively live that uses a subject pronoun
N + daat + át + ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – fading) busy; occupied | for N to be busy with things; for N to be occupied with things
O-shu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) expect | for O to be expected
O-shu-S-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – transitive – fading) expect; anticipate | for S to anticipate, foresee O; for S to expect, consider O likely to happen or arrive
O-shu-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – fading) postpone | for S to postpone O
kei + O-shu-ka-S-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) introduce; originate | for S to introduce, usher in, institute, originate O
(yéi) + O-tu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) feel; want | for O to want to do, feel like doing (that); for O to feel a certain way
N + daa + O-tu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) care; think about; concerned about | for O to care about N; for N to be concerned about O; for N to be affected by O | this verb has several interpretations, such as « kʼidéin du daa tuwatee », which can mean any of the following: “they think well of them”; “they are really thinking about them”; “they really care about them”
a-ÿa-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal – fading) stormy; rough; windy ¹ | for the weather to be very windy; for the weather to be stormy, rough
√tee ² (verb root) carry; take; give; lie ² | classification: general, compact object; abstract
{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (general, compact object; abstract) | classification: general, compact object; abstract
{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (na motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (general, compact object; abstract) | classification: general, compact object; abstract
N + x̱ʼéi + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (na motion verb – transitive – fading) give; feed | for S to give O (food, esp. for immediate eating) to N to eat; for S to feed O | classification: general, compact object; abstract
kei + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) bring; unearth; pift; pick up | for S to bring out, unearth O (general, often compact object) (esp. from a box or other container or place which O is kept); for S to pick up, lift up O | classification: general, compact object; abstract
kée + yatx̱ + O-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) exalt; lift; raise ¹ | for S to exalt, lift up, raise O
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (complex object with internal parts) | classification: complex object with internal parts
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√tee ʰ ² (na motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (complex object with internal parts) | classification: complex object with internal parts
{∅ preverb} + O-ji-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (rope-like object carried by one of the ends) | classification: rope-like object carried by one of the ends
{∅ preverb} + O-ji-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (coiled rope-like object) | classification: coiled rope-like object
{∅ preverb} + O-ji-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) mix | for S to mix O together (paints, etc)
{∅ preverb} + O-ji-ka-S-s-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (uncoiled rope-like object) | classification: uncoiled rope-like object
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (round object) | classification: round object
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (na motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (round object)
N + tóo + kei + O-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) load | for S to load O (ammunition) into N (a gun) with slower action | classification: spherical or round object
{∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-s-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (small, stick-like object or string-like object) | classification: small, stick-like object or string-like object
{na preverb} + O-ka-S-s-√tee ʰ ² (na motion verb – transitive – fading) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take O (small, stick-like object or string-like object) | classification: small, stick-like object or string-like object
yoo + O-ka-S-s-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) ordain; appoint | for S to ordain, appoint O for sacred duty
daak + O-sha-S-s-√tee ² (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) anchor | for S to anchor O temporarily
héen-t⁓ + O-ÿa-S-∅-√tee ʰ ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – fading) baptize | for S to baptize O (singular) | classification: singular
N + jee-t⁓ + O-shu-S-∅-√tee ² (∅ event verb – transitive – open) [check verb type] blame | for S to blame N for O (a specific event)
N-t + ∅-√téen ˟ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a general, often of compact object to lie (at N) | classification: general, often of compact object
N-t + s-√téen ˟ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a solid, often complex object to lie (at N) | classification: solid, often complex object
N-t + ka-∅-√téen ˟ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a round object to lie (at N) | classification: round object
N-t + ka-s-√téen ˟ (* positional verb – impersonal – invariable) lie ² | for a small stick-like object, or string-like object to lie (at N) | classification: small stick-like object, or string-like object
√tee ³ (verb root) hang
(N-x̱) + O-sha-ÿa-S-∅-√tee ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) [check verb type] hang | for S to hang up O (esp. to dry) (at N)
(N-de) + O-sha-ÿa-S-s-√tee ³ (na act verb – transitive – open) [check to see if motion verb] hang | for S to hang up O (a string-like object) (at N) | classification: sting-like object
√tee ⁴ (verb root) wear; put on
√tee ⁵ (verb root) imitate; mimic; quote
O-u-S-∅-√tee ⁵ (na act verb – transitive – open) [check irrealis presence and stem variation] imitate; mimic | for S to imitate, mimic the actions of O
O-x̱ʼa-u-S-∅-√tee ⁵ (na act verb – transitive – open) [check irrealis presence and stem variation] imitate; mimic; quote | for S to imitate, mimic the speech of O; for S to quote O
tlél + cháa + x̱ʼa-u-S-∅-√tee ⁵ (na act verb – transitive – open) [check verb type, transitivity, and stem variation] mean ; uncouth | for S to be mean, bad-tempered, uncouth, ill-tempered in speech | this verb might only appear in the negative imperfective
√teel ¹ (verb root) scar
√teel ² (verb root) shoe
√teen ¹ (verb root) travel; go
{na preverb} + ḵu-S-∅-√teen ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) travel; go | for S to travel, go on a trip
{∅ preverb} + ḵu-S-∅-√teen ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) travel; go | for S to travel, go on a trip
√teen ² (verb root) see; perceive
O-S-∅-√teen ² (ga state verb – transitive – closed) see; perceive | for S to be able to see, perceive O (often abstract)
O-S-s-√teen ² (g̱a event verb – transitive – closed) see; behold | for S to see, behold O (usually specific)
O-S-l-√teen ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) look ¹; gaze; watch ¹; care for; look after | for S to look at, gaze at, watch O; for S to watch, take care of, mind, look after O
O-ka-S-l-√tín ˟ ² (∅ act verb – transitive – invariable) observe ¹; watch ¹; browse | for S to observe, watch O; for S to look at, browse O (esp. a catalog or book with pictures)
ḵu-S-∅-√teen ² (ga state verb – subject intransitive – closed) sight; see | for S to have sight (see people); for S to be able to see | this verb is often used with the adverb « kʼidéin, » as in « tlél kʼidéin ḵoox̱ateen » “I donʼt see well” • the translation can either be “to have sight (in general)” or “to be able to see people,” except in the repetitive imperfective which translates as “to recognize people”
tlél + ḵu-S-sh-√téen ˟ ² (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) blind | for S to be blind
O-ÿa-S-∅-√teen ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) recognize | for S to recognize O
√teen ³ (verb root) go away mad
√tees ¹ (verb root) shuffle; step | take small rapid steps
√tees ² (verb root) make fun of
√teesʼ (verb root) stare; look for; inspect
N-g̱aa + ḵu-S-∅-√téesʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) watch ¹; search for; look for | for S to watch for N; for S to search for N (by looking around)
N + daadé + ḵu-S-∅-√téesʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) inspect; assess | for S to inspect the performance or circumstance of N; for S to assess N
(N + tuwáa) + ka-u-l-√téesʼshán ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) watch ¹; sight; fascinating | for something to be fascinating to watch, to be a wonderful sight (to N)
√teesh (verb root) lonesome; bored
O-l-√teesh (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) lonesome | for O to be lonesome
√teet ¹ (verb root) wave ¹
√teet ² (verb root) caulk
O-S-s-√teet ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) caulk | for S to caulk O
√teetʼ (verb root) tense; tendon; vein
√teew (verb root) • variants: √toow • read; count; study; teach
√teexʼ (verb root) rope; twist | make rope; twist into rope
√teex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √teix̱ʼ • ⑴ wring; twist; screw ¹ || ⑵ crooked; twisted; windy ²
√teey ¹ (verb root) soak | classification: fish or seafood
√teey ² (verb root) patch
√teey ³ (verb root) carve; chisel
O-ka-S-∅-√teey ³ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) carve; chisel | for S to carve O (large objects using a chisel or adze); for S to chisel O
√teey ⁴ (verb root) jealous | jealous (of romantic partner)
O-ÿa-S-s-√teey ⁴ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type, conjugation type, and stem variation] jealous | for S to be jealous of O (romantic partner) and be suspiciously watchful | Story-Naish document a long-high stem and Leer a short-high stem
√too (verb root) clever
O-s-√too (ga state verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type] clever; ingenious | for O to be clever, ingenious
O-x̱ʼa-s-√too (ga state verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type] witty; glib | for O to be witty, glib
√tooch (verb root) fresh; raw | classification: food
O-S-l-√tooch (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check stem variation in hort/pot] cook; sear; broil | for S to cook, sear O (esp fresh-killed fish quickly or partially)
S-d+l-√tooch (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation in hort/pot] fresh | for O (fish) to be fresh-killed, still twitching | also, for the head to be broken off as soon as a fish is taken from water and then cooked quickly
√toochʼ (verb root) rub; dab; roll | roll (into yarn)
O-S-∅-√tóochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) rub | for S to rub O (on hand)
O-S-l-√tóochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] pull out | for S to pull out O (wool for spinning)
(N-t⁓) + O-S-l-√tóochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] dab | for S to dab paint (onto N) with a quick movement of the finger
O-ka-S-l-√tóochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) roll | for S to roll O up (for making yarn for woolen weaving)
√took ¹ (verb root) explode
(kei) + d+sh-√tóok ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) explode | for something to explode, blow up
O-d+sh-√took ¹ (na act verb – object intransitive – high) explode; pop | for O to explode, pop
O-ka-S-sh-√tóok ¹ (na act verb – transitive – high) [check to see if there are both na and ∅ conjugation forms of this verb] explode; burst | for S to explode, burst, blow up O
√took ² (verb root) rancid; potent; rotten | too strong (overly fermented)
O-l-√took ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive – closed) potent; rancid | for O to be potent (esp. of old coffee), rancid, too strong to taste good
tlél + O-u-l-√took ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive – closed) clean ¹; pure; holy | for O to be clean; for O to be pure, holy
√tool ¹ (verb root) drill; spin
O-S-∅-√tool ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) drill; bore | for S to drill, bore hole in O
∅-√tool ¹ (∅ act verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) spin | for something (top, etc.) to spin
O-S-l-√tool ¹ (na event verb – transitive – closed) spin | for S to make O spin
O-ka-S-l-√tool ¹ (na event verb – transitive – closed) spin | for S to make O spin | classification: rope-like object
O-ka-S-l-√tool ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) roll | for S to roll up O (anything flat and flexible)
√tool ² (verb root) murmur
√toow (verb root) • variants: √teew • read; count; study; teach
O-S-∅-√tóow (na act verb – transitive – high) read | for S to read O
S-d+∅-√tóow (na act verb – subject intransitive – high) read; count | for S to read, count
N-t⁓ + S-d+s-√tóow (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) count | for S to count to N
N-xʼ + O-S-l-√tóow (∅ act verb – transitive – high) teach | for S to teach O to N | the use of a suffix on the empty base «du ée» / «du éexʼ» seems to be optional and based on speaker preference
N-xʼ + at + S-l-√tóow (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) teach | for S to teach N | the use of a suffix on the empty base (du ée / du éexʼ) seems to be optional and based on speaker preference
sh + tóo + O-S-d+l-√tóow (∅ act verb – transitive – high) study; practice; rehearse | for S to study, learn O; for S to practice, rehearse O
sh + tóo + at + S-d+l-√tóow (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) study | for S to study, teach oneself
√toox ¹ (verb root) • variants: √teexw ¹ • stamp
√toox ² (verb root) • variants: √teexw ² • hop | especially a flea or bedbug
yaa + S-d+∅-√toox ² (ga – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] dance ¹ | for S to dance with rapid little steps
√toox̱ (verb root) spit ¹; spew out
N-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+s-√toox̱ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) spit ¹ | for S to spit at N
yóo⁓ + O-S-l-√toox̱ (∅ act verb – transitive spit ¹ | for S to spit out O (esp medicine)
√toox̱ʼ ¹ (verb root) growl | stomach growl
ka-s-√tóox̱ʼ ˟ ¹ (∅ act verb – impersonal – invariable) growl; gurgle | for the stomach to growl, gurgle | this verb only occurs in the imperfective
√toox̱ʼ ² (verb root) spit ¹ | classification: octopus
√tʼaa ¹ (verb root) warm; hot
∅-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) warm; hot | for something to be warm; for something to be hot
O-S-s-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – fading) warm | for S to warm O (water, etc.)
N + toowú + O-S-l-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – fading, CV́V hort/pot) comfort | for S to comfort N | literally, warmed the inner feelings of
ḵu-∅-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ state verb – impersonal – fading) warm | for the weather to be warm, hot | classification: weather | this may be the only ∅- conjugation state verb
ÿa-∅-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) hot; heated | for something to be hot; for something to be heated
O-ÿa-S-s-√tʼaa ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – fading) heat | for S to heat O
√tʼaa ² (verb root) ripe
O-ka-∅-√tʼaa ² (na – object intransitive – open) ripe | for O to be ripe (of berries, fruit) | it is common for speakers to insert « yan » before the verb, as in « yan kaawatʼaa » “it is ripe” and « tlél yan kawutʼá » “it isnʼt ripe”
O-ka-S-s-√tʼaa ² (na – transitive – open) ripe | for S to ripen O (of berries, fruit)
√tʼaa ³ (verb root) warp ¹; bend ¹ | bend or warp by steam
√tʼaa ⁴ (verb root) board; skirting
√tʼaach (verb root) slap | slap with open hand
O-S-∅-√tʼaach (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) slap; tag | for S to slap O; for S to tag O (as in game of tag) | add the thematic « ya- » for slapping in the face, and « x̱ʼa- » for slapping in the mouth
(N +) jintáak + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) clap | for S to clap their hands
jintaak + S-d+∅-√tʼácht ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) clap | for S to clap hands
{na preverb} + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) swim | for S to swim (of human, using strokes which slap the water) | classification: singular subject • classification: human
{∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) swim | for S to swim (of human, using strokes which slap the water) | classification: human
{na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√tʼaach (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) swim | for (plural) O (humans) to swim (using strokes which slap the water) | classification: plural subjects • classification: human
daak + O-ka-S-l-√tʼaach (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check classifier and transitivity] applaud; clap | for S to applaud until O comes back on stage; for S to clap
√tʼaak (verb root) dent; press
O-ka-d+∅-√tʼaak (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) batter; dent | for O to be dented, bent in; for O to be battered, really dented
O-ka-S-l-√tʼaak (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) batter; dent | for S to dent, bend in O
√tʼaakw (verb root) slap; hit | slap tail; hit solidly
a-d+sh-√tʼaakw (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) dive; slap; hit; dance ¹ | for something to dive into the water; for something to slap its tail down hard as going down in water (esp. of killerwhale and beaver); for someone to hit someone and floor them; for someone to scatter down feathers from a dance hat in final part of dance (by rapid movements of the head)
√tʼaaḵ (verb root) rock ²
(N + yáxʼ) + O-S-d+s-√tʼaaḵ (∅ – transitive – closed) [check that O is the item bet, check verb type] (act verb) bet | for S to bet O (to N)
N-t + O-S-d+s-√tʼaaḵ (∅ – transitive – closed) [check verb type] (act verb) extra; give | for S to give a little extra O to N
O-ÿa-S-l-√tʼaaḵ (na event verb – transitive – closed) move ¹ | for S to move O (a heavy object a little at a time, first one end and then the other)
√tʼaalʼ (verb root) mash; roll; flatten | roll flat; mash flat
O-ka-S-∅-√tʼáalʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) ⑴ flat | for S to roll O flat || ⑵ mash | for S to mash O by pressing flat
O-ka-d+∅-√tʼáalʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) flat | for O to be rolled flat
√tʼaan (verb root) expect; impatient
O-sa-S-s-√tʼaan (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) expect; look forward to | for S to expect O; for S to look forward to seeing
N + ée-t⁓ + sa-S-d+l-√tʼaan (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] lonesome; impatient | for S to be lonesome for O, impatient to see O again
√tʼaasʼ (verb root) look ¹ | look sharply, with anger
N + yaax̱ + kei + a-ka-S-d+l-√tʼáasʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) snap; askance; glance; look ¹ | for S to snap eyes at, look askance at, or glance at N (indicating anger, dislike, or suspicion)
√tʼaatʼ (verb root) press; pat
√tʼaatl (verb root) splash; flap
√tʼaaxʼ (verb root) ⑴ flick | flick with thumb and forefingers || ⑵ cut ¹ | cut into pieces
O-ka-S-∅-√tʼáaxʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type] cut ¹ | for S to cut O into small pieces (by pulling the knife towards self with thumb holding cut object) | usually root vegetables and similar crisp objects
O-S-∅-√tʼáaxʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) flip | for S to flip O (marble, etc.) by hitting with the thumb
√tʼaax̱ (verb root) open ¹; agape | open mouth
x̱ʼa-S-∅-√tʼaax̱ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) open ¹; agape | for S to open oneʼs mouth wide, keep oneʼs mouth open
O-x̱ʼa-S-l-√tʼaax̱ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) open ¹; hold | for S to open Oʼs mouth, hold Oʼs mouth open
√tʼaax̱ʼ ¹ (verb root) pop; crackle
O-ka-ka-d+sh-√tʼaax̱ʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] burst; pop | for O to burst open with a popping sound
O-ka-d+sh-√tʼaax̱ʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] crackle; pop | for O to crackle (of fire), make popping sounds
√tʼaax̱ʼ ² (verb root) heat; glow; radiate | radiate heat
N-t⁓ + s-√tʼáax̱ʼ ² (∅ motion verb – impersonal – high) hot; radiate; heat | for a fire, etc. to be hot, radiate, throw out heat at N
√tʼei ¹ (verb root) • variants: √tʼee • find
O-S-∅-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – invariable) find | for S to find O (to chance upon)
O-S-s-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – invariable) find | for S to find O (usually complex or large object or rope-like object) | classification: complex or large object or rope-like object
O-ka-S-∅-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – invariable) find | for S to find O (usually round, spherical object) | classification: round or spherical object
O-ka-S-s-√tʼei ˟ ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – invariable) find | for S to find O (usually stick-like object or plural round objects) | classification: stick-like object or plural round objects
√tʼei ² (verb root) behind
√tʼeix̱ (verb root) fish ² | fish with hook
O-S-d+s-√tʼeix̱ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fish ² | for S to fish for O with hooks, catch O on a hook
a-S-d+s-√tʼeix̱ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fish ²; troll | for S to fish with hooks, catch on a hook
kei + O-S-s-√tʼeix̱ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation, see if there is a transitive version] fish ²; catch | for S to fish with a hook; for S to catch on a hook
√tʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √tʼeex̱ʼ • pound ¹; smash; hammer ²
O-ka-S-∅-√tʼéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) smash; pound ¹; hammer ²; break | for S to smash O up by pounding; for S to mash O by pounding with something heavy; for S to pound, hammer on O; for S to break O
√tʼee (verb root) • variants: √tʼei ¹ • find
√tʼeek ¹ (verb root) steer; rudder
{na preverb} + S-d+∅-√tʼeek ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) paddle; rudder; steer | for S to paddle canoe alone (switching the paddle to either side of the canoe); for S to steer canoe with rudder
√tʼeek ² (verb root) stiff
√tʼeesh (verb root) stretch | stretch skin
√tʼeet (verb root) beachcomb; scavenge
ḵu-S-d+l-√tʼéet (na act verb – subject intransitive – high) [check stem variation] look for; beachcomb; scavenge | for S to look for, roam around keeping oneʼs eyes open for things to pick up; for S to scavenge, beachcomb
√tʼeexʼ ¹ (verb root) freeze; hard; difficult
∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) hard; difficult | for something to be hard (abstract), difficult | classification: abstract
N + toowú + ∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) obstinate; stubborn | for N to be obstinate, sticking to oneʼs opinion or purpose, not yielding to reason
d+l-√tʼéexʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) hard; solidify; freeze | for something to harden, solidify; for something to freeze
s-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) [check conjugation type, stem variation, and classification] hard | for something to be hard, tough
ka-∅-√tʼéexʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) [check verb type and stem variation] hard; cake ¹ | for something to harden, cake up
ka-∅-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) hard; cake ¹ | for something to harden, cake up
ka-s-√tʼéexʼ ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) hard | for something to be hard (esp. of round object) | classification: round object | this verb applies to things that have been compressed such as «kaháakw kasʼeex» “fermented fish eggs”, seaweed, or round objects such as apples
O-ka-S-l-√tʼéexʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) [check verb type and stem variation] hard; cake ¹ | for S to harden O (esp. in a container) | classification: in a container
N + káx̱ + x̱ʼa-S-∅-√tʼeexʼ ¹ (∅ state verb – subject intransitive – high) [check transitivity, verb type, and conjugation type] defend | for S to talk hard in defending N (which is often themselves)
√tʼeexʼ ² (verb root) thick; viscous
√tʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √tʼéix̱ʼ • pound; smash; hammer
√tʼeey (verb root) elbow
O-S-l-√tʼeey (na act verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation type and verb type] nudge; elbow | for S to nudge O with their elbow
√tʼooch (verb root) sting; smarts
l-√tʼooch (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) sting; burn ¹ | for medicine to sting, burn
N + toowú + O-S-l-√tʼooch (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) disappoint | for S to disappoint N (lit. for S to sting Nʼs mind)
N + toowú + l-√tʼooch (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) disappoint | for N to be disappointed (lit. for Nʼs mind to be stinging)
√tʼoochʼ (verb root) char; black | to char or blacken
O-S-l-√tʼóochʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation] char; burn; black | for S to char, reduce O to charcoal; for S to burn, make O black by heat
O-ka-S-l-√tʼúchʼ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) burn; char | for S to char, burn slightly, burn surface of O
√tʼook (verb root) shoot; select; choose | shoot bow and arrow; select gambling sticks
O-S-∅-√tʼóok (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) shoot; select; choose | for S to shoot O (with bow and arrow); for S to choose O (in gambling with sticks)
√tʼookʼ (verb root) nettle
√tʼoosʼ (verb root) toast ¹; roast; cook | cook, roast, or toast by open flame
O-S-∅-√tʼóosʼ (∅ – transitive – high) toast ¹ | for S to toast (esp. by open flames) O
O-S-l-√tʼóosʼ (∅ – transitive – high) roast; cook | for S to roast O (meat, esp. by coals or open flames) | classification: meat
√tlaa ¹ (verb root) • variants: √dlaa • settle | settle (of sediment)
√tlaa ² (verb root) big; stout | wide in girth
∅-√tlaa ʰ ² (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big; stout | for something to be wide in girth
(yéi) + ka-u-d+∅-√tlaa ʰ ² (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big; stout | for something to be (so) wide in girth
l-√tlaa ʰ ² (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big; stout | be big around, thick (usually of stick-like and rope-like objects) | classification: stick-like and rope-like objects
ka-∅-√tlaa ʰ ² (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big; stout | for something (usually of small objects such as screws) to be big around, in girth | classification: small objects such as screws
ka-ka-∅-√tlaa ʰ ² (na state verb – impersonal – fading) big; stout | for something (usually a needle) to be big around, in girth | classification: needle
√tlaak (verb root) quiet | to quiet
√tlaakw (verb root) ⑴ whisper; investigate || ⑵ tell | tell legend
O-S-∅-√tlaakw (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) tell; recount; narrate | for S to tell, recount, narrate O (legend, myth, fairy tale, etc.)
O-ka-S-∅-√tlaakw (na event verb – transitive – closed) investigate; inquire; research | for S to investigate, make inquiry into, research O
ḵu-S-∅-√tlaakw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) whisper | for S to whisper
√tlaax̱ (verb root) moldy
d+∅-√tlaax̱ (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) moldy | for something to be moldy
√tleiḵw (verb root) ⑴ berries; pick ¹ | pick berries || ⑵ gluttonous | be gluttonous
O-sha-S-∅-√tleiḵw (na act verb – transitive – closed) grab; carry | for S to grab up O, grab and carry O one at a time
O-sha-S-l-√tleiḵw (na act verb – transitive – closed) [check why classifier would change] grab; carry | for S to grab up O, grab and carry O one at a time
O-∅-√tléḵwk ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type, and stem variation] greedy; hoggish; gluttonous | for O to be greedy, eat food fast and hoggishly
√tleilkʼú ˟ (verb root) string figures | make string figures
√tleitʼ ¹ (verb root) lick
O-S-∅-√tléitʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) lick; lap up | for S to lick, lap up O
√tleitʼ ² (verb root) slide ¹ | slide down a pole
√tleiw (verb root) noisy; racket | make a racket
√tleixʼw (verb root) carry; overload; clutch | carry too much; be overloaded; clutch in order to carry too much
{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√tléixʼw (na motion verb – transitive – high) carry | for S to carry O (many objects clutched to oneself and more than one can really manage)
O-ÿa-S-∅-√tléixʼw (na event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] overload | for S to be overloaded with O, have too much O to carry
ÿa-S-d+∅-√tléixʼw (na event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type] overload | for S to be overloaded, have too much to carry
√tleix̱w (verb root) plunge; scare | plunge to scare fish into net
O-S-∅-√tleix̱w (na act verb – transitive – closed) move ¹; plunge | for S to cause O (fish) to move in another direction (esp. salmon, when seining)
√tlúxja (verb root) put foot in mouth
kei + x̱ʼa-S-√tlúxja put foot in mouth | for S to put their foot in their mouth (figuratively) | this verb form was gleaned from a recording of Robert Zuboff telling the Raven and His Uncle story; other speakers consulted were not familiar with the word, and no other modes have been documented
√tlooxʼ (verb root) crawl; drag | crawl on hands and toes with body close to ground; drag self with hands and body on the ground
{na preverb} + S-∅-√tlóoxʼ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – high) creep | for S to creep, crawl on hands and toes with body close to ground (usually when stalking game)
√tlʼáakʼ (verb root) wet
O-d+∅-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) wet | for O to be wet (may be thoroughly wet, but not by actual immersion)
O-ka-d+∅-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) wet | for O to be wet on the surface (may be thoroughly wet, but not by actual immersion)
O-S-l-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) wet | for S to wet, make wet by pouring on or immersion
O-ka-S-l-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) wet | for S to wet, make wet by sprinkling
ḵu-ka-l-√tlʼáakʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) wet | for the outdoors to be wet
√tlʼeikw ¹ (verb root) dodge; duck ²
O-S-∅-√tlʼéikw ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation] dodge; duck ²; avoid | for S to dodge, duck O; for S to avoid O
a-S-d+∅-√tlʼéikw ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation] dodge; duck | for S to dodge, duck, draw back instinctively
O-ji-S-∅-√tlʼéikw ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation] dodge; duck ² | for S to dodge, duck the fists of O
√tlʼeikw ² (verb root) eat ¹; raw | eat beach seafoods raw
O-S-∅-√tlʼeikw ² (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] eat ¹ | for S to eat O (raw seafood, usually on the beach) | classification: raw seafood
√tlʼeil (verb root) • variants: √tlʼeiláḵw • milt; remove; gut | remove milt/eggs and guts from fish | classification: fish
√tlʼein (verb root) shabby
√tlʼeitʼ (verb root) climb; cling to
N + daax̱ + kei + S-d+l-√tlʼéitʼ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) climb | for S to climb up along N (tree, rope, etc.) by holding on tightly (often to branches or projecting rocks/plants)
N + yáx̱ + S-d+l-√tlʼéitʼ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – high) climb | for S to climb up along the face of N (mountain, cliff, fence, etc.)
(N-t⁓) + O-ka-S-l-√tlʼéitʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) hold | for S to hold O tightly, hold with pressure (to N)
√tlʼéiláḵw (verb root) • variants: √tlʼeil • milt; remove; gut | remove milt/eggs and guts from fish | classification: fish
√tlʼeekʼát ˟ (verb root) stiffen; thread ² | thread sticks through to stiffen
√tlʼeeḵ (verb root) pincer
√tlʼeen (verb root) tie; gather | tie in bunch; gather cloth
O-ka-S-∅-√tlʼeen (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) gather; ruffle; bunch | for S to gather, ruffle, bunch up O (cloth) | classification: cloth
√tlʼeet (verb root) abandon; leave; throw away; dispose of; divorce
O-S-l-√tlʼeet (na event verb – transitive – closed) abandon; desert; leave; throw away; dispose of; get rid of; divorce; fire ³ | for S to abandon, desert, leave O; for S to throw away, dispose of, get rid of O; for S to divorce O; for S to fire O (from a job)
N + jee-t⁓ + O-S-l-√tlʼeet (∅ – transitive – closed) turn over to | for S to turn O over to N
√tlʼeetʼ (verb root) fill; full; overflow | classification: liquid
O-sha-∅-√tlʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) filled; full | for O to be full, be overflowing (with liquid) | classification: liquid
O-sha-S-l-√tlʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) fill; overflow | for S to fill O to overflowing (with liquid) | classification: liquid
√tlʼeex trash
O-d+∅-√tlʼeex (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) dirty; trash | for O to be dirty, trashy
O-S-l-√tlʼeex (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check stem variation in hortative and potential] dirty; mess | for S to dirty (either with rubbish or something plastered on), mess up O
O-ka-l-√tlʼeex (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) dirty | for O (a container) to be dirty on the inside
√tlʼúnkw ˟ (verb root) mutter; grumble
O-x̱ʼa-∅-√tlʼúnkw ˟ (na act verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and verb type] murmur; grumble; mutter; disagreeable | for O to murmur, grumble, mutter, be disagreeable
√tlʼooḵ ¹ (verb root) rot ¹; decay
√tlʼooḵ ² (verb root) drip ¹ | drip slowly
O-ka-du-∅-√tlʼooḵ ² (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) [check stem variation] drip | for O to drip slowly (one drop at a time)
O-ka-S-l-√tlʼooḵ ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) drop ³ | for S to drop O (medicine), put O in drop(s)
√tlʼoon (verb root) close ¹ | eyes closed
√tsaa (verb root) belch; burp | belch | from the noun tsaa (seal)
a-S-d+l-√tsaa ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) burp; belch | for S to burp, belch
√tsaakw (verb root) last ¹ | last a long time
O-∅-√tsáakw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) last ¹; durable | for O to last a long time, be durable (esp. of clothing, machinery, etc.)
O-S-l-√tsáakw ˟ (g̱a state verb – transitive – invariable) save; keep; store ¹ | for S to keep, save, store up O (usually food for winter or for special occasion) | this verb was documented as «ga-conj» by Story and Naish, as shown in the example here, but other speakers confirmed it as «g̱a-conj»
O-x̱ʼa-∅-√tsáakw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) last ¹; durable | for O to last a long time (of firewood) | classification: firewood
√tsaaḵ (verb root) poke; stick out; extend; prick; launch | classification: singular (plural form: √tsoow)
daak + O-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pole ²; push | for S to pole, push O (canoe, boat) out away from the beach with a pole
N-t⁓ + O-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) connect; stick in; plug in | for S to connect, stick in, plug in O (esp. electric cord) to N | classification: singular (plural: √tsoow)
kei + ji-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive | classification: singular raise ¹ | for (singular) S to raise the hand (in voting, etc.) | classification: singular (plural form: kei + ji-S-l-√tsoow ˟)
(N + g̱áa) + daak + ji-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) reach ¹ | for S to reach a hand out (for N)
náakw + N + tóo-de + S-d+l-√tsaaḵ (na event verb – subject intransitive inject; medicine | for N to get a shot (of medicine through a needle)
daak + O-sha-ka-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) launch | for S to launch out, push (canoe / boat) out to sea by pushing against the sea floor with poles
O-shu-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) plug in | for S to plug in O (electrical cord)
N + kʼéenáx̱ + O-ÿa-u-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) thread ² | for S to thread N (needle) | Story and Naish documented this verb with a «ka-» comparitive prefix «O-ya-ka-u-S-l-√tsaaḵ», but other speakers use it without the comparitive prefix; both options are acceptable
x̱ʼéi-x̱ + O-ÿa-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) thread ²; lock | for S to bolt N (a door)
{∅ preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-S-∅-√tsaaḵ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) follow; pursue | for S to follow O (a person, with intent to catch up with them); for S to pursue O
√tsaatl (verb root) stuck to; plastered
√tsaay (verb root) want; ask
O-u-S-∅-√tsáay ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) [check stem variation and irrealis] ask; want; accompany | for S to ask O to accompany them, invite to go along (on a walk, hunting trip, etc.)
O-ka-u-S-l-√tsáay ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) [check stem variation and irrealis] ask; want; accompany | for S to repeatedly ask O to accompany them, invite to go along (on a walk, hunting trip, etc.)
√tseits (verb root) injury; hurt ¹
O-ka-S-∅-√tseits (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) injure; hurt ¹ | for S to injure, hurt O
at + ka-S-∅-√tseits (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) injured; hurt ¹ | for S to get injured; for S to have hurt feelings
√tseix̱ (verb root) • variants: √tseex̱ • kick; trample; pedal
O-S-∅-√tseix̱ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) kick; stamp | for S to kick O; for S to stamp O, put foot down on O violently
{na preverb} + sh + ka-S-d+l-√tseix̱ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) pedal; bicycle | for S to bicycle; for S to pedal
O-shu-ka-S-l-√tseix̱ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) kick | for S to kick O (esp. a door) in
√tseek broil; barbecue ¹
O-S-l-√tseek (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) barbecue ¹; broil | for S to broil O slowly; for S to cook O directly over live coals; for S to barbecue O
√tseen ¹ (verb root) strong; value
O-l-√tseen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) strong; powerful | for O to be strong, powerful
N + toowú + O-l-√tseen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) determined; powerful; brave; encourage | for N to be be determined, strong-minded; for N to be brave, encouraged | most speakers would interpret this as “brave,” but in some contexts it could mean to be determined or fixated on an idea
tlél + O-l-√tseen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) weak; anemic; mild | for O to be weak; for O to be anemic; for O to be mild (of weather) | the stem changes to «√cheen» in the imperfective and progressive modes
O-x̱ʼa-S-l-√tseen ˟ ¹ (ga act verb – transitive – invariable) cherish; value | for S to cherish, value O
x̱ʼa-l-√tseen ˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) precious; expensive; high-priced | for something to be precious, of great value; for something to be expensive, high-priced
√tseen ² (verb root) alive
O-∅-√tseen ² (∅ – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation prefix and stem variation] alive | for O to be alive, living, still capable of movement
√tsees (verb root) float ¹; bob
√tseex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √tseix̱ʼ • strangle
√tsoow (verb root) poke; stick out; extend; prick; launch | classification: plural (singular form: √tsaaḵ)
g̱agaan + N-t⁓ + x̱ʼus + ∅-√tsóow ˟ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – invariable) sun; shine | for the rays of the sun to shine on N
S-l-√tsóow ˟ (ga event verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check verb type] move ² | for S to move household (with likelihood of return) | the examples given here use «yáadáx̱» (away from here) but it is not necessary; it is included here to help convey meaning
N-t⁓ + O-S-l-√tsóow ˟ (∅ motion verb – transitive – invariable) connect | for S to connect up, connect together O (esp. electric cords) to N | classification: plural
kei + ji-S-l-√tsoow ˟ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – invariable) raise ¹ | for (plural) S to raise their hand (in voting, etc.) | classification: plural
wóosh-t⁓ + sʼei-S-l-√tsóow (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check verb type and conjugation type] frown; knit; furrow | for S to frown (with effort or concentration), pucker oneʼs brow; for S to knit or furrow their brow
yan⁓ + tóoxʼ + S-∅-√tsóow ˟ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – invariable) [check verb type] kneel | for S to kneel
√tsoox̱ (verb root) dam; obstruct
O-S-∅-√tsoox̱ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] dam; obstruct | for S to close up, obstruct (not permanently or completely) O
√tsoox̱ʼ (verb root) destring; come off | come off string
√tsʼaa (verb root) fragrant; sweet-smelling
O-l-√tsʼáa ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) fragrant; sweet-smelling | for O to be fragrant, sweet-smelling
√tsʼaal (verb root) drip ¹
√tsʼaan (verb root) shallow
√tsʼein (verb root) • variants: √tsʼaan • stop | cause to stop
yan⁓ + S-d+∅-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) stop | for S to stop (doing something); for S to stop running (of machine) | the negative form of this verb seems to have a different meaning, so it is listed as a separate verb here
yan⁓ + O-S-l-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) leave alone; stop | for S to leave O alone; for S to stop bothering O
yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) stop talking; quiet down | for S to quiet down, stop talking
yan⁓ + O-x̱ʼa-ka-S-l-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) quiet; stop talking | for S to quiet O; for S to cause O to stop talking
tlél + yax̱⁓ + S-d+∅-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – high) mischievous; active | for S to be mischievous, be crazy, play practical jokes; for S to never stop, be always on the go, constantly active | the negative form of this verb seems to have a different meaning, so it is listed as a separate verb here
√tsʼeitʼ (verb root) cut ¹; skin ² | cut fat or skin from a seal | classification: seal
O-S-∅-√tsʼéitʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) skin ²; cut ¹; operate | for S to skin, flay O; for S to operate on, cut carefully (using small strokes)
√tsʼeix̱ (verb root) indulge; taste | have a taste for
O-l-√tsʼeix̱ (ga state verb – object intransitive – open) [check conjugation type and stem type] indulge; crave | for O to indulge oneself (esp. in eating certain foods), be extreme (in eating or sleeping)
√tsʼixwaa (verb root) • variants: √tsʼixaa • sneeze
a-S-d+l-√tsʼíxaa ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) sneeze | for S to sneeze
√tsʼígwaa ˟ (verb root) sensitive; delicate
O-ka-l-√tsʼígwaa ˟ (ga – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and conjugation type] delicate; touchy; sensitive | for O to be delicate, need diplomacy, be a touchy subject requiring tack, that if not dealt with diplomatically could cause trouble | esp. matters of state, old wars, relationships between aunt and nephew
√tsʼeek (verb root) fuss; whine; tantrum
O-S-l-√tsʼeek (∅ – transitive – closed) fuss; whine; tantrum | for S to fuss about, whine for, throw a tantrum for O
√tsʼeekʼw (verb root) • variants: √tsʼeekʼ • pinch | pinch with fingernails
O-S-∅-√tsʼíkʼt ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) pinch | for S to pinch O | this verb can be used to say “pick nose” by adding «du lú» or «du lutú» to the preverb, as in «du lutú atsʼíkʼt» “they are picking their nose”
O-ka-S-∅-√tsʼéekʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) pick ¹ | for S to pick at O | this verb can be used to say “pick nose” by adding «du lú» or «du lutú» to the preverb
O-S-l-√tsʼéekʼ (ga act verb – transitive – high) pinch | for S to pinch O with fingernails
√tsʼeetʼ (verb root) fill; full | classification: liquid
O-∅-√tsʼéetʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) [check verb type] float ¹ | for O to float low in water because it is heavily loaded (of boat or container)
O-sha-∅-√tsʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) filled; full | for O to be full (with liquid) | classification: liquid
O-sha-S-l-√tsʼéetʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) fill | for S to fill O (with liquid) | classification: liquid
√tsʼoon (verb root) squint
ka-S-d+∅-tsʼoon (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type, conjugation type, and stem variation] close ¹; squint; peep | for S to close oneʼs eyes, but peep from under eyelids
√tsʼoot (verb root) pucker; close ¹ | press closed
O-ka-S-∅-√tsʼoot (∅ act verb – transitive – open) close ¹ | for S to close O up tightly; for S to put O close together
x̱ʼa-ka-S-d+∅-√tsʼoot (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) close ¹; refuse | for S to close oneʼs mouth, seal the lips, say nothing; for S to refuse to eat (of child)
√tsʼootsʼ (verb root) nibble; tug | fish to nibble or tug line
ji-S-∅-√tsʼóotsʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) [check transitivity] | for S (a fish, especially a flatfish) to jerk on the line | more research is needed on this verb; Story-Naish has it documented as “jerked my line” but use a relational first person pronoun before the verb; it might also mean “to feel a fish jerk on the line”
√tsʼoox̱ (verb root) budge; move ¹ | move slightly
S-∅-√tsʼoox̱ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check transitivity] move ¹; motionless; still ¹ | for S to move slightly (unexpectedly) | the negative imperfective of this verb translates to “they are motionless, kept utterly still”
O-S-l-√tsʼoox̱ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) budge; move ¹ | for S to cause O to budge, move slightly
√oo ¹ wear; dress ¹; put in place; use
O-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – fading) own; possess; have | for S to own, possess, have O
atkʼátskʼu / yát(kʼ) + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – invariable) birth; pregnant | for S to have O (baby); be pregnant with O (baby) | « atkʼátskʼu, » « yát, » or « yátkʼ » are interchangeable and do not affect meaning • using « atyátxʼi » “children” changes the meaning to having children in general
yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive – fading) wear; use; dress ¹ | for S to wear, put on, dress in O; for S to use O
chʼa + aadé + yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – invariable) forgive; excuse | for S to forgive, excuse O | this phrase is not a substitution for “excuse me” in English, which can signal many different things, but functions similarly to the English phrase “forgive me!”
N + daatoowú + O-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – fading) care for; affection for | for S care for, have strong affection for O (esp. in close tribal relationship)
N-xʼ + yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na event verb – object intransitive – invariable) put; leave | for S to put (plural) O at N; for S to leave (plural) O at N | classification: plural objects • classification: several objects and often a variety of things
N + toowú + xʼóolʼ + yáx̱ + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na state verb – transitive – invariable) frustrate | for S to frustrate N
N + ée-t⁓ + O-S-l-√.oo ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – fading) [check verb type and stem variation] gove | for S to give O to N (at pay-off party, an amount over and above expected payment) | this was done, knowing that in the future at a ḵu.éexʼ hosted by the guests, it would be returned in a similar amount or more
xʼáan + a-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) angry; mean ¹ | for S to be angry, mean
N + tóo-x̱ + sh + ḵu-S-d+l-√oo ¹ (g̱a event verb – reflexive – open) [check verb type] fit; transform | for S to fit self into N; for S to transform self into N
N + daa + yéi + sha-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) decorate; dress | for S to decorate N (often with clan emblems); for S to dress N (and make them/it fancy)
N + náa + yéi + sha-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – fading) dress ¹ | for S to dress N
náa(xʼ) + yéi + sha-S-d+∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) dress ¹ | for S to get dressed | pronunciation of the « -xʼ » postposition is optional, with both «náa» and «náaxʼ» being acceptable
(N-xʼ) + yéi + O-ÿa-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ¹ (na event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type, stem variation, and verb type] put away | for S to put away O (at N, which is a place other than the ground, such as a cave)
√oo ² buy
O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ² (na event verb – transitive – invariable) buy | for S to buy O
O-S-s-√.oo ˟ ² (na event verb – transitive – invariable) buy | for S to buy O (usually a complex or large object) | classification: complex or large object
O-ka-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ² (na event verb – transitive – invariable) buy | for S to buy O (usually round, spherical object) | classification: round, spherical object
(N) + ḵu-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ² (na state verb – impersonal – fading) live at; own | for S to live, live at, dwell permanently (at N); for S to own property (at N) | use the suffix «-xʼ» to indicate living at a place, such as « Sheetʼkáxʼ ḵuya.óo » “they live in sitka”
N-ch + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ ² (na event verb – transitive – invariable) give | for S to give N to O to take away
O-ka-S-s-√.oo ˟ ² (na event verb – transitive – invariable) buy | for S to buy O (usually stick-like object) | classification: usually stick-like object
√ook ¹ (verb root) boil ¹
O-S-l-√.ook ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) boil ¹ | for S to boil O (esp. water)
d+l-√.óok ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) boil ¹ | for something to boil
√ook ² (verb root) fill; overflow | classification: liquid
{na preverb} + ka-S-∅-√.ook ² (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) advance; overflow; spout | for S (mass, liquid) to advance by sliding, overflow, spout forth
yóo-t⁓ + O-ka-∅-√.ook ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) overflow; tumble | for O to overflow, tumble forth (of contents of closet, etc.), tumble down (of rocks, etc. in pile)
N-t + O-ka-S-s-√ook ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] fill | for S to fill O to N (a specified point)
√ookʼ (verb root) play ¹; amuse self | play quietly
ḵu-S-d+s-√.ookʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) play ¹; amuse self | for S to play quietly; for S to entertain, amuse oneself
x̱ʼa-S-d+s-√.ookʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) play ¹ | for S to play with food
√oon (verb root) shoot | shoot with a firearm
O-S-∅-√.óon (∅ event verb – transitive – high) shoot | for S to shoot O (with a firearm)
O-S-∅-√.únt ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) shoot | for S to shoot at O (with a firearm)
O-S-l-√.óon (na act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type] fire ⁴; blast; set off | for S to fire O (guns, cannons); for S to blast, setting off O (explosives)
O-ÿa-S-s-√únx̱aa ˟ (∅ event verb – transitive – invariable) miss ² | for S to miss O when shooting a firearm | the verb for missing while shooting or throwing follows a similar pattern and likely only appears in a perfective or subordinative modes
√oos ¹ (verb root) pout; sulk
tu-S-d+∅-√.oos ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) pout; sulk; refuse | for S to pout, sulk, refuse to speak; for a machine to refuse to run
√oos ² (verb root) hyperactive; wild; crazy; noisy
O-l-√.oos ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) crazy; lively; noisy; restless | for O to be crazy, lively, noisy, never still
O-ji-l-√.oos ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) meddle | for O to meddle, handle too much (esp. of small children touching otherʼs property)
O-x̱ʼa-l-√.oos ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) talkative; talk; gossip; noisy | for O to be talkative, talk nonsense, be gossipy, or noisy
√oosʼ (verb root) wash ¹
O-S-∅-√.óosʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) wash ¹ | for S to wash O
O-ka-S-∅-√.óosʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) wash ¹ | for S to wash O (usually surface of pot, table, etc.)
daa + S-d+∅-√.óosʼ (na act verb – subject intransitive – high) wash ¹; bathe | for S to take a bath
sha-S-d+∅-√.óosʼ (na act verb – subject intransitive – high) wash ¹ | for S to wash hair
O-S-l-√.óosʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) wash ¹ | for S to wash O (often meat or feet)
kwás + íxde + O-S-l-√.óosʼ (na act verb – transitive – high) flush ²; toilet | for S to flush O (a toilet)
√oosh (verb root) sulk
sh + ḵʼa-S-d+l-√.oosh (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) sulk; refuse; puckered | for S to sulk, refuse to talk and have mouth puckered with bad feeling
√ootʼ (verb root) grasp; sucker
O-S-∅-√óotʼ (∅ – transitive – high) grasp; sucker | for S to grasp O with suckers
√ootl (verb root) boil ¹ | boil fish
O-S-sh-√.óotl (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) boil ¹ | for S to boil O (fish)
√oow (verb root) buy | buy many things
O-S-∅-√.óow (na event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type, conjugation type, and stem variation] buy | for S to buy lots of O
wóosh-de⁓ + O-ÿa-S-∅-√.óow (∅ event verb – transitive – high) [check verb type, conjugation type, and stem variation] buy | for S to buy lots of O (esp. when being sold off cheap)
√oox (verb root) blow
O-S-∅-√.óox ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) blow | for S to blow on O
O-S-l-√.óox (ga act verb – transitive – high) blow | for S to blow on O
O-ka-S-∅-√.oox (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) blow; inflate | for S to blow up, inflate O
O-ÿa-ka-S-l-√.óox (ga event verb – transitive – high) blow | for S to blow O (light, candle, match, etc.) out | this verb appears to have a « ga » conjugation class version and a « ∅ » conjugation class version
√waal (verb root) • variants: √wool • hole ²; outlet | have a hole; have an outlet
O-∅-√waal (ga event verb – impersonal – closed) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem varaition] hole ² | for O to be holey, have a hole
O-ka-d+∅-√waal (ga event verb – impersonal – closed) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem varaition] hole ² | for O to be holey, have a number of holes
O-ka-S-l-√waal (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] hole ² | for S to make holes in O
N-náx̱ + O-ḵu-ÿa-S-∅-√waal (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] hole ²; bore | for S to bore holes through O
√waalʼ (verb root) break | classification: general objects, abstract objects
O-S-∅-√wáalʼ (na act verb – object intransitive – high) break | for S to break pieces off O (usually food) by hand | add «N-dáx̱» to the preverb for “break off”
O-∅-√wáalʼ (na event verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type and verb type] break | for O to break, give way suddenly | add «N-dáx̱» to the preverb for “break off”
O-S-l-√wáalʼ (na act verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type and classification (large fragile items?)] break | for S to break O (usually fairly fragile objects) | add «N-dáx̱» to the preverb for “break off”
O-ka-S-∅-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) break | for S to break O (usually fairly fragile objects) | classification: fairly fragile objects
ka-∅-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) break | for something to break (usually fairly fragile objects) | classification: fairly fragile objects
N + toowú + ka-∅-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) disappoint | for N to be disappointed (lit. for Nʼs mind to be broken)
O-ka-S-l-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) break | for S to break O (esp. fairly fragile object) to pieces | classification: fairly fragile objects
N + toowú + O-ka-S-l-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) break; hurt ¹ | for S to break Nʼs heart, hurt Nʼs feelings
O-ka-ka-S-l-√wáalʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) break | for S to break O (esp. eggs) to pieces | classification: small round fragile objects
O-sha-ÿa-l-√wáalʼ (na event verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type and verb type] burst | for O to burst forth (of water, from above)
√waan (verb root) maggot
√waas (verb root) roast
√waasʼ (verb root) • variants: √woosʼ • ask
(N² + éex̱) + N¹-x̱⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+l-√wáasʼ (na act verb – subject intransitive – high) ask; inquire | for S to go around N¹ asking (esp. throughout the village) (of N²)
yaa + O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√wáasʼ (ga act verb – transitive – high) ask; question | for S to keep on asking O; for S to keep on questioning O
√waash (verb root) yawn
√waat ¹ (verb root) grow; raise ² | classification: living creature
(kei) + O-∅-√wáat ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) grow | for O to grow up (size and maturity) (esp. of human and animal) | « kei » is optional in this verb, but most speakers prefer for it to be used in all forms
O-S-s-√wáat ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) raise ²; grow | for S to raise O (child, animal); for S to grow O (plant)
sh + S-d+l-√wáat ¹ (na act verb – transitive – high) big | for S to make themselves big
yan⁓ + ÿa-∅-√wáat ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) moon; full | for the moon to be full | adding an object to this verb «yan⁓ + O-ya-∅-√wáat ¹» changes the meaning to “reached the peak of oneʼs age”
√waat ² (verb root) stretch; measure | stretch limbs; measure with outstretched limbs
O-S-∅-√waat ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) measure | for S to measure off O in lengths of a fathom (or arm span)
√weisʼ (verb root) louse; lice
O-d+∅-√wéisʼ (ga state verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] louse; lice | for O to be lousy, infested with lice
√weit (verb root) menstruate
√wéinaa (verb root) powder ¹
√woo ¹ (verb root) order ²; send; picnic
N-g̱áa + a-S-∅-√woo ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open, CV́V hort/pot) send; order ² | for S to send for, order N (usually from a catalog)
N² + jeet + N¹-ch + a-S-s-√woo ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – open, CV́V hort/pot) send | for S to send N¹ to N² through mail or electronically
O-S-d+∅-√woo ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – open, CV́V hort/pot) lunch; picnic; take | for S to take O (food) along (for lunch or a picnic)
√woo ² (verb root) fair | fair skinned; fair complexioned
O-d+l-√wóo ˟ ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) fair | for O to be fair-skinned, fair-complexioned
ÿa-ka-S-d+l-√wóo ˟ ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) powder ¹ | for S to powder oneʼs face | the stem of this verb can be either √wóo or √wéinaa
√woo ³ (verb root) float ¹
√woo ⁴ (verb root) dare
√woochʼ ¹ murky
O-ka-d+∅-√woochʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) discolored; dirty; cloudy; murky | for O (liquid, esp. water) to be discolored, dirty, cloudy, murky
O-ka-S-l-√woochʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) discolored; dirty; cloudy; murky | for S to make O (liquid, esp. water) discolored, dirty, cloudy, murky
√woochʼ ² (verb root) stubborn
O-tu-l-√woochʼ ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) stubborn; unyielding | for O to be stubborn; for O to harden themself, refuse to give in
√wooḵ ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | for fabric to move
{na preverb} + O-∅-√wooḵ ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) move ¹ | for O to move, move around (of textiles, large wide soft object) | classification: textiles, large wide soft object
O-∅-√wooḵ ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall; drop ¹ | for O to fall, drop (of textiles, large wide soft object) | classification: textiles, large wide soft object
{na preverb} + O-s-√wooḵ ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) move ¹ | for O to move, move around (of a swamp) | classification: swamp
√wooḵ ² (verb root) lack confidence
sh + x̱ʼa-ÿa-S-∅-√wooḵ ² (g̱a event verb – impersonal – closed) [check verb type, conjugation type, and stem variation] lack confidence; hesitate | for S to hesitate to speak, to “have cold feet” about speaking
√wool (verb root) • variants: √waal • hole ²; outlet | have a hole; have an outlet
∅-√wóol ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) hole ²; outlet | for something to have a hole, outlet
√woolʼ (verb root) peel
√woosʼ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √wáasʼ • ask; inquire
O-S-∅-√wóosʼ ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) ask; question | for S to ask, question O (usually addressed to people in general); for S to ask for O
O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√wóosʼ ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) ask; question | for S to ask, question O (usually a specific person)
√woosʼ ² (verb root) • variants: √woochʼ • murky
O-ka-d+∅-√woosʼ ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) discolored | for O to be discolored
O-ka-S-l-√woosʼ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – high) discolored; dirty | for S to make O (liquid, esp. water) discolored, dirty
√woosʼ ³ (verb root) tough; hard
O-∅-√wóosʼ ³ (ga – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type] hard | for O to be hard (esp. of close-grained wood), be tough
√wootl (verb root) hurry; trouble
sh + yáa + S-d+∅-√wootl (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) hurry | for S to be in a hurry
sh + yáa + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√wootl (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) hurry; eat ¹ | for S to hurry with eating, eat fast
√wootlʼ (verb root) persistent; strong-willed
a-d+∅-√wóotlʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) stuck; immobile | for something to be stuck in place, immobile
O-l-√wóotlʼ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) strong-willed; persistent | for O to be mentally strong, persistent
√woox̱ (verb root) tide ¹ | neap tide
√woox̱ʼ (verb root) wide; broad
√xaa (verb root) pour; dump ¹
N-dé + O-ka-S-∅-√xaa (na motion verb – transitive – open) pour; dump ¹; empty ¹ | for S to pour O into N, pour O out at N; for S to dump, empty O in one mass (by turning over container) at N
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-s-√xaa (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) pour; dump ¹; empty ¹ | for S to pour, dump, empty O at N
yax̱ + O-ka-S-s-√xaa (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) dump ¹; empty ¹ | for S to dump, empty O in one mass (by turning over a container)
N-dé + ÿa-S-s-√xaa (na motion verb – transitive – open) pour | for S to pour O on N; for S to pour O in N
√xaach (verb root) give up; put off
(N-xʼ) + a-S-l-√xaach (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) despair; give up; put off; defer; delay | for S to despair, give up hope (on N); for S to put off, defer, delay doing, or give up (doing N)
N + éexʼ + a-∅-√xaach (na event verb – impersonal – closed) despair | for hope to be given up on N
√xaak ¹ (verb root) desiccated; skeletal
ḵu-ka-∅-√xaak ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] dry; crisp | for the weather to be dry and crisp (of weather) | classification: weather | often associated with chilly weather
√xaak ² (verb root) fragrant
√xaakw (verb root) grind; whip up
O-ka-S-l-√xaakw (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) grind; whip up; beat ¹ | for S to grind up O; for S to beat, whip O up (esp. soapberries)
√xaasʼ (verb root) scrape; shave; sand ²
O-S-∅-√xáasʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) scrape | for S to scrape O
N + x̱ʼus + daa + O-S-∅-√xáasʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) shave | for S to shave Nʼs legs | N + {body part} + O-S-∅-√xáasʼ | for S to shave Nʼs {body part}
ÿa-S-d+∅-√xáasʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – high) shave | for S to shave (face)
√xaash (verb root) cut ¹; saw
O-S-∅-√xaash (na act verb – transitive – closed) cut ¹; saw ¹; operate | for S to cut O with knife; for S to saw O; for S to operate on O
aax̱ + O-S-∅-√xaash (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) cut ¹; saw ¹ | for S to cut, saw O off (esp. cutting something off or cutting wood) | often uses « aax̱ » in the preverb for “cutting off”
N + daa + O-S-∅-√xaash (na act verb – transitive – closed) circumcise | for S to circumcise O
S-d+∅-√xaash (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) cut ¹ | for S to cut
O-S-l-√xaash (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) cut ¹ | for S to cut O (esp. rope-like object) with a saw | classification: rope-like object
O-S-l-√xaash (na act verb – transitive – closed) cut ¹ | for S to cut O (esp. rope-like object) with a knife | classification: rope-like object
O-ka-S-∅-√xaash (g̱a act verb – transitive – closed) cut ¹; carve; slice | for S to cut O in several pieces; for S to carve O (on surface); for S to slice O (e.g., bread)
O-ka-S-l-√xaash (g̱a act verb – transitive – closed) cut ¹; butcher | for S to butcher O (cut into usually fairly small pieces)
O-ka-ka-S-l-√xaash (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) cut ¹; gut | for S to cut O open for cleaning (along the abdoment to gut)
O-sha-S-l-√xaash (na act verb – transitive – closed) cut ¹ | for S to cut the hair of O
√xaat ¹ (verb root) pull tight; fasten; extend; stick out
ka-∅-√xaat ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) • variants: ka-d+∅-√xaat ¹ • tight | for a lid, rope, etc. to be tight | two forms are given for each mode here, one with the ∅ classifier «kaawaxát» and one with the d+∅ classifier «kawdixát» because different speakers are giving one form or the other; this could be a case of regional variation, but more research is necessary to establish this
N-de + O-ka-∅-√xaat ¹ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] extend | for O to extend in area to N
O-ka-S-s-√xaat ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) tighten; pull; tug | for S to tighten O (which is fastened to something at the other end); for S to tug, pull (on something fastened at the other end) | this verb can be used in a metaphorical sense, as in « du jeeyís akawsixát » “they are pulling for them”, which could be used in reference to someone running for office, or a competitor in a race of any kind
(N-dé) + O-ka-S-s-√xaat ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) connect; attach; tie | for S to connect, attach, tie O (to N) | replace « aadé » with « yánde » to give the meaning “tie it up”, as in « yánde akawsixát » “they tied it up”, and « yánde ksaxát! » “tie it up!”
N-(dé) + ka-s-√xaat ¹ (∅ state verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) connect; attach; tie | for something to be connected, attached, tied (to) N
√xaat ² shape; resemble; like ² | resemble (in shape); look like (in shape)
N + yáx̱ + ka-∅-√xaat ² (∅ state verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) resemble; like ² | for something to resemble N (esp. in shape) | this verb can also refer to oneʼs behavior, as in « tlél ayáx̱ kooxát wéitʼaa » “that one doesnʼt act right”
√xaatʼ ¹ (verb root) drag; pull | classification: heavy or limp object such as dead animal
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√xáatʼ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – high) drag; pull; haul; transport | for S to drag, pull O (esp. heavy or limp object such as dead animal); for S to haul, transport O (by non-motor power)
{∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√xáatʼ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) drag; pull; haul; transport | for S to drag, pull O (esp. heavy or limp object such as dead animal); for S to haul, transport O (by non-motor power)
√xaatʼ ² (verb root) suspended | suspended without visible support | classification: celestial bodies
√xaatsʼ (verb root) sky; clear | clear sky
a-ka-∅-√xáatsʼ (na event verb – impersonal – high) sky; clear | for the sky to be clear, cloudless
√xeikʼw (verb root) sip; inhale; slurp
O-S-s-√xéikʼw ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) slurp; sip; drink ¹; snort | for S to slurp, drink O by sipping noisily (esp. drawing in air to cool the drink); for S to snort O
√xeilʼ (verb root) drooling
√xein (verb root) scabby; sored; spotted; old
√xeis (verb root) trap ¹; catch | catch with container
√xeit (verb root) winded | wind knocked out
O-d+∅-√xeit (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) winded | for O to have the wind knocked out of them
O-S-s-√xeit (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) winded | for S to knock the wind out of O
√xeech (verb root) exert; concentrate | exert strength; concentrate on
O-S-∅-√xeech (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) exert; concentrate | for S to exert oneʼs full strength on, strive for O; for S to concentrate on, put effort into O
√xeelʼ ¹ (verb root) trouble; tangle; mess
O-ka-S-∅-√xéelʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) bother; trouble; anxiety | for S to bother, trouble, cause trouble or anxiety for O
O-ka-d+∅-√xéelʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) worried; trouble; messed up | for O to be troubled, worried, messed up
√xeelʼ ² (verb root) erase
aax̱ + O-ka-S-∅-√xéelʼ ² (∅ act verb – transitive – high) erase | for S to erase, rub off O (esp. writing)
√xeen (verb root) frown; scowl
N + yát + a-S-s-√xeen (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type] frown; scowl | for S to frown, scowl at N
√xeesʼ ¹ (verb root) move ¹ | move in an arc
√xeesʼ ² (verb root) tangled
ka-d+l-√xéesʼ ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) tangled | for a rope-like object to be tangled
√xeet (verb root) ⑴ furrow; plow || ⑵ write; draw ¹ || ⑶ move ¹ | classification: stick-like object
O-ka-d+∅-√xeet (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) move ¹; go | for O (hands of a clock) to move; for O (a clock) to go
O-ka-S-sh-√xeet (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) write; draw ¹; paint ²; print ¹; photograph ¹; document | for S to write, draw, or paint a picture of O; for S to print O by hand; for S to photograph, take pictures, x-rays of O
ka-S-d+sh-√xeet (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) write; draw ¹; paint ²; print ¹; photograph ¹; document | for S to write, draw, or paint; for S to print by hand; for S to photograph, take pictures, x-rays
(N + jee-t⁓) + a+ yáaxʼ + ka-S-d+sh-√xeet (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) write; respond | for S to respond in writing (to N)
N + een + woosh + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√xéet ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) argue; quarrel | for S to argue, quarrel with N
O-S-l-√xeet (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] furrow | for S to furrow, make furrows or trenches in O
√xeetʼ (verb root) brush ³; scrape; sweep
O-S-∅-√xéetʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) sweep | for S to sweep O (esp. floor)
S-d+∅-√xéetʼ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive – high) sweep | for S to sweep | « tlél udaxítʼk » (they donʼt sweep) is an expression commonly used to insinuate that the person is slovenly, lazy
O-ka-S-s-√xéetʼ (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation prefix] brush | for S to brush O (esp. clothes)
√xeetl ¹ (verb root) fish ²; rake | fish with rake
O-S-∅-√xeetl ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check stem variation] fish ²; rake | fish with rake
√xeetl ² (verb root) drift ¹; drag; move ¹ | drag anchor; move off course or uncontrollably
O-sha-∅-√xeetl ² (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) move ¹ | for O to move with uncontrollable motion, be out of control
√xeetl ³ (verb root) hem
O-x̱ʼa-S-l-√xeetl ³ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] hem | for S to hem, put an edging on O, bind O round the edge
√xeex ¹ (verb root) fall; drop ¹; hit | classification: singular
∅-√xeex ¹ (g̱a motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall | for an object (usually small, compact) to fall
N-t⁓ + ∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall; drop ¹; hit; rumor | for something to fall or drop on N; for a bullet to hit N; for a rumor, news to spread, go around at N
N-t + ∅-√xeex ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall | for something to fall around at N (esp. inside a container)
daak + ∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) sun; moon; fall; drop ¹ | for the sun, moon to come out; for something (esp. a small, compact object) to fall, drop | this verb can also be used in expressions such as «déix̱ yagiyee káxʼ áwé daak uxeexch» “it always falls on a tuesday”
N + leitóox̱-t⁓ + ∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) choke; stuck | for something to be stuck in Nʼs throat; for N to choke on something
N + tóot + ∅-√xeex ¹ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) worry | for something to worry N; for N to have something constantly on the mind | « du tóot wooxeex» literally translates to “it moved around inside them”
yan + O-∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) bump ² | for O to be bumped
s-√xeex ¹ (g̱a motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall; drop ¹ | for a large or complex object to fall, drop | classification: large or complex object
daak + s-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall; drop ¹ | for a large or complex object to fall down | classification: large or complex object
N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) hit; fall; drop ¹ | for something (usually a round, spherical object such as a bullet, ball) to hit, fall against, drop into N
daak + ka-∅-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall | for something (usually a round, spherical object such as a bullet, ball) to fall | classification: round, spherical object
N-náx̱ + ka-∅-√xeex ¹ (g̱a motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall; drop ¹ | for something (usually a round object) to fall, drop through N
daak + ka-s-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall | for something (esp. small, stick-like object) to fall down | classification: small, stick-like object
O-sa-∅-√xeex ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] collapse | for O to collapse, fall down (esp. of a large structure) | classification: large structure
N + eedáx̱ + x̱ʼasakw-∅-√xeex ¹ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) [check conjugation type and verb type] die | for N to die, cease to breathe | this is a sensitive way to refer to death in a soft and indirect way
O-ÿa-s-√xeex ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) drop | for O (esp. a spark) to drop, fall
√xeex ² (verb root) run ¹ | classification: singular subject (plural form: √gooḵ ²)
{∅ preverb} + S-d+sh-√xeex ² (∅ – subject intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (singular) S to run | note that the +d –i classifier «sh-» combined with the verb stem «√xeex» becomes «-sheex», except in Yakutat where it usually is «-shxeex»
{na preverb} + S-d+sh-√xeex ² (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (singular) S to run | note that the +d –i classifier «sh-» combined with the verb stem «√xeex» becomes «-sheex», except in Yakutat where it usually is «-shxeex»
g̱unéi + S-d+sh-√xeex ² (∅ – subject intransitive – closed) run ¹ | for (singular) S to begin running
ḵut + S-d+sh-√xeex ² (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) run away | for (singular) S to run away
shu-∅-√xeex ² (na event verb – impersonal – closed) end ¹; pass ¹; use up | for something to end, come to an end, pass; for something to be used up (of supplies, etc.)
N + jeet⁓ + shu-∅-√xeex ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) run out | for N to run out of something
ḵútx̱ + O-shu-∅-√xeex ² (na event verb – impersonal – closed) die; kill | for O (plural) to be killed off, all die off | classification: plural
ḵútx̱ + O-shu-S-l-√xeex ² (na event verb – transitive – closed) kill; wipe out; deplete | for S to kill off all of O; for S to wipe out O; for S to deplete all of O
O-shu-S-l-√xeex ² (na event verb – transitive – closed) run out; use up; finish; empty ¹ | for S to run out of, finish off O; for S to use up O; for S to empty O
N-t + O-shu-S-l-√xeex ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) run out; use up; finish; empty ¹ | for S to run out of, finish off O at N; for S to use up O at N; for S to empty O at N
√xeex ³ (verb root) rise; set ¹; move ¹; blow | classification: celestial body, wind
∅-√xeex ³ (na motion verb – impersonal – closed) blow | for the wind to blow | itʼs possible to simply say « wooxeex » (“it blew”), the sentence sounds more natural when « kʼeeljáa » (“wind”) is included
N-t⁓ + ∅-√xeex ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) blow | for a strong wind to blow at N
kei + ∅-√xeex ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) rise | for the sun, moon to rise | this verb can also be used in expressions that donʼt pertain to the sun or moon, as «neek kei uwaxíx ʼnews» “gossip went around”
yínde + ∅-√xeex ³ (na motion verb – impersonal – closed) set ¹ | for the sun, moon to set | another way to say “the sun went down” is «yan tʼéide wooxeex» or «a tʼéide wooxeex»
{na preverb} + ÿa-∅-√xeex ³ (na motion verb – impersonal – closed) pass ¹; move ¹ | for a celestial body to pass, move through air or sky
{∅ preverb} + ÿa-∅-√xeex ³ (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) pass ¹; move ¹ | for a celestial body to pass, move through air or sky
O-ÿa-s-√xeex ³ (na act verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] move ¹ | for O (a light, star, etc.) to move
√xeex ⁴ (verb root) occur; happen
ÿa-∅-√xeex ⁴ (na event verb – impersonal – closed) take place; occur; happen | for something to take place, occur, happen
O-ÿa-S-s-√xeex ⁴ (na event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] social event; celebrate | for S to hold a social event for O; for S to celebrate O
sh + kalyéi + O-ÿa-S-∅-√xeex ⁴ (na event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] intercourse; sex; affair | for S to fool around sexually with O; for S to have an affair with O
O-shu-ka-s-√xeex ⁴ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] originate; start; begin | for O to originate, start, begin, proceed from
√xoo ¹ (verb root) steam ¹
√xoo ² (verb root) weigh down; rock pile
√xook (verb root) dry
∅-√xook (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) dry | for something to be dry, dried
O-S-s-√xook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) dry | for S to dry O (by any method)
ka-∅-√xook (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) dry | for something to be dry (of inside of container or of loose objects) | classification: in container or loose objects
O-ka-S-s-√xook (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) dry | for S to dry O (inside a container) | classification: inside a container
wóoshdáx̱ + ka-d+l-√xook (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) dry; apart | for something previously glued together to come undone, dry-apart
ḵu-∅-√xook (ga state verb – impersonal – closed) dry | for the weather to be dry | classification: weather
√xool (verb root) sex; intercourse
O-S-∅-√xool (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) sex; intercourse | for S to have sex with O
√xoon ¹ (verb root) thin; lose | get thin; lose weight
O-l-√xoon ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) lose; thin | for O to lose weight, become thin
sh + S-d+l-√xoon ¹ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive – closed) thin; lose | for S to cause oneself to lose weight, slim down
√xoon ² (verb root) reveal; show ¹ | reveal faces; move faces | classification: plural singular form: √.aa ²) |
ÿa-S-d+∅-√xoon ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) show ¹; reveal; dance ¹ | for S to show face (as entering in ceremonial dance)
N + tóot⁓ + ÿa-d+∅-√xoon ² (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) possessed | for S to be possessed, have evil spirits
√xoon ³ (verb root) prepare; travel | prepare for travel
at + S-∅-√xoon ³ (ga – subject intransitive – fading) prepare; travel | for S to prepare for travel | this verb usually appears with the object pronoun « at» “something”, but a noun can appear in place to prepare for something specific
√xoosh (verb root) singe; smolder
√xoots ¹ (verb root) char
O-ÿa-S-l-√xoots (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation type and stem variation]
√xoots ² (verb root) dominate; overpower
N + een + sh + ka-S-d+l-√xoots ² (∅ – subject intransitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) dominate; trounce; overpower | for S to try to dominate, trounce, attempt to overpower N (like a brown bear)
√xwaach (verb root) soft; flexible
tlél + O-u-∅-√xwáchk (∅ state verb – object intransitive – invariable) paralyze | for O to be paralyzed (by sickness ro disease), unable to move | this verb likely only appears in the negative imperfective
O-S-l-√xwaach (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) soften; scrape | for S to soften, make O flexible; for S to scrape O (hide) to soften it
√xwaan (verb root) frost
ḵu-ka-d+l-√xwáan (∅ state verb – impersonal – closed) [check CP, stem variation (invariable?), type] frost | for the ground or weather to be frosty
√xwaasʼ ¹ (verb root) hang | hang in clusters
N-x̱⁓ + O-d+∅-√xwáasʼ ¹ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation] hang | for (plural) O to hang from N in clusters | classification: plural
N-x̱⁓ + O-S-l-√xwáasʼ ¹ (∅ state verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation and difference between O-S-l-√xwásʼ and O-ka-S-l-√xwásʼ] hang | for S to hang, attach O in clusters to N
N-x̱⁓ + O-d+l-√xwáasʼ ¹ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation] hang | for O (of strings, etc.) to hang from N | classification: string-like objects
N-x̱⁓ + O-ka-d+∅-√xwáasʼ ¹ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation] hang | for (berries) O to hang from N in clusters | classification: berries
N-x̱⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√xwáasʼ ¹ (∅ state verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation] hang | for S to hang, attach O in clusters to N
√xwaats (verb root) paint ²; black | paint face (esp. with black paint)
ÿa-S-d+l-√xwaats (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check stem variation and verb type] paint ²; charcoal | for S to paint their face with charcoal (for hunting, fighting, or ceremony)
√xwei (verb root) tease; taunt
O-S-∅-√xwéi ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) tease; joke; bad-mouth | for S to tease, joke about O (esp. particular tribal relations, such as paternal uncle); for S to bad-mouth O
√xwein ¹ (verb root) ladle ¹; spoon ²; shovel ¹
O-S-∅-√xwein ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) ladle ¹; spoon ²; shovel ¹ | for S to shovel O; for S to spoon, dish out O
√xwein ² (verb root) puckered | face puckered and ready to cry
kei + a-ka-S-sh-√xwein ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check a-theme, transitivity, stem variation, verb type] puckered; cry | for S to pucker face, ready to cry
kei + a-S-sh-√xwein ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check a-theme, transitivity, stem variation, verb type] puckered; cry | for S to pucker face, ready to cry
√xwein ³ (verb root) blossom; flower ¹
O-ḵʼa-ka-d+l-√xwein ˟ ³ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – invariable) flower ¹; blossom | for O to flower, blossom
√xweitl ¹ (verb root) tired; weary
O-d+∅-√xweitl ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) tired; weary | for O to be tired, weary
O-S-l-√xweitl ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) tired | for S to tire O, make O tired (either physically or emotionally)
√xweitl ² (verb root) itch; tickle
ka-S-l-√xweitl ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) itch; tickle | for S to itch, tickle
√xweix̱ (verb root) silent | silent; quiet
√xweix̱ʼ (verb root) emaciated
√xʼaa (verb root) twist; limber | twist to limber
√xʼaak ¹ (verb root) swim | swim underwater (esp. fish and sea mammals)
{∅ preverb} + S-√xʼaak ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) swim | for singular S (esp. large fish and sea mammals) to swim under water | classification: singular
{na preverb} + ∅-√xʼaak ¹ (na motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) swim | for singular S (esp. large fish and sea mammals) to swim under water | classification: singular
{na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√xʼaak ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) swim | for (plural) O (esp. large fish and sea mammals) to swim under water | classification: plural
√xʼaak ² (verb root) rough; course
√xʼaaḵw ¹ (verb root) forget; come to an end
N + ká-t⁓ + O-sa-∅-√xʼaaḵw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) forget | for O to forget N
N + ká-t⁓ + O-sa-S-l-√xʼaaḵw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) forget | for S to cause O to forget N
yax̱ + O-ÿa-s-√xʼaaḵw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) die | for O to die off, come to an end (usually all at one time)
√xʼaaḵw ² (verb root) comfortable | situate comfortably
yan⁓ + sh + ka-S-d+l-√xʼaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) comfortable | for S to make themselves comfortable, settle in a comfortable position
sh + ka-S-d+sh-√xʼaaḵw ² (na event verb – subject intransitive – closed) comfortable | for S to be comfortable, sit or lie comfortably
yan⁓ + sh + ka-S-d+sh-√xʼaaḵw ² (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) comfortable | for S to be comfortable, sit or lie comfortably
√xʼaan ¹ (verb root) smoke ¹ | smoke food, especially fish
O-S-∅-√xʼaan ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) dry; smoke ¹ | for S to dry O (fish) over fire, smoke lightly | classification: fish
at + S-∅-√xʼaan ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) dry; smoke ¹ | for S to dry (fish) over fire, smoke lightly | classification: fish
√xʼaan ² (verb root) anger; angry
O-∅-√xʼaan ² (∅ state verb – object intransitive – closed) angry | for O to be angry, in a bad mood (all the time)
O-ka-S-l-√xʼáan ² (∅ state verb – transitive – closed) angry | for S to be angry, be mad at O (usually demonstrated by refusal to speak)
√xʼaas (verb root) ⑴ fall; cascade | classification: liquid || ⑵ drip ¹ | drip at a fast rate
l-√xʼáas ˟ (∅ event verb – impersonal – invariable) [check verb type and conjugation type] fall; waterfall; cascade | for water to fall, cascade
ka-du-∅-√xʼáas ˟ (∅ event verb – impersonal – invariable) drip ¹ | for something to drip (fairly fast)
ka-l-√xʼáas ˟ (∅ event verb – impersonal – invariable) drip ¹; leak | for something to drip, leak (at fairly fast rate)
√xʼaasʼ (verb root) slice; scrape
O-ka-S-l-√xʼáasʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) bite ¹ | for S (a shark) to bite O | classification: shark
√xʼaash (verb root) bewitch
O-S-l-√xʼaash (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check stem variation] bewitch | for S to bewitch O
√xʼaat (verb root) file; sharpen
O-S-∅-√xʼáat (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) sharpen; file | for S to file O smooth or sharpen O with a file
O-ÿa-S-∅-√xʼáat (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) sharpen | for S to sharpen O (an edge) with a file
√xʼeil (verb root) break; crumble | break into pieces; crumble
O-ka-S-∅-√xʼéil (g̱a event verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation] | for S to break O into pieces; for S to crumble O into pieces
ka-d+∅-√xʼéil (g̱a event verb – impersonal – high) [check stem variation] | for something to break into pieces; for something to crumble into pieces
O-ka-S-l-√xʼéil (g̱a event verb – transitive – high) [check stem variation, classification] | for S to break O into pieces; for S to crumble O into pieces
√xʼeit (verb root) • variants: √xʼeet • hunting
√xʼeen (verb root) grimace
√xʼees (verb root) swell up; boil ² | for skin to swell; have a boil (on skin)
d+∅-√xʼees (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) swell up; boil ² | for something to swell, be swollen locally; for something to have a boil on it (of skin)
√xʼeesʼ (verb root) tangled
√xʼeesh (verb root) skin ² | to remove the skin
O-S-l-√xʼeesh (na act verb – transitive – closed) skin ²; flay | for S to skin, flay O
√xʼeet (verb root) uproot
√xʼeexʼ (verb root) nip
√xʼoo ¹ (verb root) peg; nail ³
O-ka-S-∅-√xʼoo ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) nail ³ | for S to nail, nail up O
(át⁓) + O-ka-S-s-√xʼoo ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) nail ³ | for S to hammer in O (nails) | without the «át» preverb, one could say «akawsixʼóo» “they drove nails in it”
O-ji-ka-S-s-√xʼoo ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) crucify | for S to crucify O
√xʼoo ² (verb root) blanket | wear a blanket
√xʼook (verb root) steam
√xʼoolʼ ¹ (verb root) tide ¹; whirlpool | rip tide
{na preverb} + O-sh-√xʼóolʼ ¹ (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) carry along | for O to be carried along (by a strong, boiling tide)
{∅ preverb} + O-sh-√xʼóolʼ ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) carry along | for O to be carried along (by a strong, boiling tide)
√xʼoolʼ ² (verb root) pluck
√xʼootʼ ¹ (verb root) glide; soar
yaa + S-∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (ga motion verb – subject intransitive – closed) glide | for S to glide, soar, move steadily (esp. in air or on water) in one direction
N + een + ∅-√ḵoox̱ ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal – closed) sink ¹ | for a boat to slowly sink
√xʼootʼ ² (verb root) scratch | scratch with point
√xʼootʼ ³ (verb root) pull | link and pull middle fingers
O-S-d+sh-√x̱ʼútʼt ˟ (∅ – transitive – invariable) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] link; pull | for S to link middle fingers with O and pull (as a contest of strength)
√xʼwán ˟ (verb root) boot
√xʼwásḵ ˟ (verb root) numb; no feeling
l-√xʼwásʼḵ ˟ (na event verb – impersonal – invariable) numb; no feeling | for something to be numb, have no feeling
√x̱án (verb root) love; accompany
O-S-s-√x̱án ˟ (ga state verb – transitive – invariable) love | for S to love O
N-xʼ + sh + S-d+l-√x̱án ˟ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) accompany; like ¹; follow ¹ | for S to accompany N; for S to take (a liking) to N; for S to follow N around
√x̱aa ¹ (verb root) eat ¹
O-S-∅-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) eat ¹ | for S to eat O
at + S-∅-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open) eat ¹ | for S to eat
O-S-s-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) eat ¹ | for S to eat O (small amounts or a variety of things)
yax̱ + O-ÿa-S-s-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) eat ¹ | for S to eat up, finish, consume O (eating lots of pieces)
O-ka-S-d+sh-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) eat ¹ | for S to eat O (berries off the bush)
sh + ḵʼa-S-d+l-√x̱aa ¹ (∅ act verb – reflexive – open) pretend; eat ¹ | for S to pretend to eat
√x̱aa ² paddle ¹; row
a-S-∅-√x̱aa ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – open, CV́V hort/pot) paddle ¹; row | for S to paddle, row
{∅ preverb} + O-ÿa-S-∅-√x̱aa ² (∅ motion verb – transitive – open) transport; bring; take; fetch | for S to transport O by boat or car; for S to bring, take or fetch O by boat or car
{na preverb} + O-ÿa-S-∅-√x̱aa ² (na motion verb – transitive – open) transport; bring; take; fetch | for S to transport O by boat or car; for S to bring, take or fetch O by boat or car
O-ÿa-S-∅-√x̱áaxʼw ˟ ² (na act verb – transitive – invariable) • variants: O-ya-S-∅-√x̱éixʼw ² ˟ • transport; haul | for S to regularly transport, haul O by boat or car
√x̱aa ³ (verb root) war; attack | attack in fleet; attack in pod
√x̱aach (verb root) tow | tow (usually by boat)
O-S-∅-√x̱aach (na motion verb – transitive – closed) tow | for S to tow O (usually by boat)
shu-ka-S-d+l-√x̱aach (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type and stem variation] fish ²; troll | for S to fish with hook(s) drawn along through water, troll
√x̱aak ¹ (verb root) sting | sting (of nettles)
√x̱aak ² (verb root) shrink; shrivel
d+∅-√x̱aak ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed) shrink | for something to shrink, be shrunken (esp. cloth)
√x̱aakw (verb root) claw; cling
O-S-d+sh-√x̱aakw (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] cling | for S (an octopus) to cling to O
√x̱aal (verb root) fascinating
√x̱aan (verb root) barb
O-S-l-√x̱aan (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) barb | for S to make barbs or prongs on O (an arrowhead, fishhook, etc.)
√x̱aanásʼ (verb root) raft; rack | make a raft; make a rack
√x̱aasʼ ¹ (verb root) scrape
√x̱aasʼ ² (verb root) mend | mend a crack
O-S-∅-√x̱áasʼ ² (∅ act verb – transitive – high) mend | for O to mend O (canoe crack by sewing with roots and tightening with wedge) | classification: canoe
√x̱aasʼ ³ (verb root) boil ¹; reduce | strengthen by boiling
√x̱aash (verb root) ready ¹ | ready to gather (of roots)
√x̱aat (verb root) fish; fin
O-ka-d+s-√x̱aat (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] flip | for O to flip tail (of small fish, feeding on surface of water)
√x̱aatʼ (verb root) whip; spring ³; bend ¹ | bend under pressure
√x̱aaw (verb root) hairy
O-d+s-√x̱áaw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) hairy | for O to be hairy (usually of animal, contrasting it with fur-bearing animal)
O-daa-d+s-√x̱áaw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) hairy | for O to have a hairy body
O-sha-d+s-√x̱áaw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) hairy | for O to have a hairy head, thick head of hair
O-ÿa-d+s-√x̱áaw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) hairy | for O to have a hairy face
√x̱aaxʼ (verb root) split | split into layers
O-ka-d+∅-√x̱áaxʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] flake; come apart | for O to flake, come apart in flakes (of fish flesh)
√x̱aax̱ʼ (verb root) dew
√x̱ei (verb root) • variants: √x̱ee • ⑴ pass ¹ | for a day to pass; pass through night || ⑵ camp ¹; overnight; stay
O-∅-√x̱ei ʰ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – fading) camp ¹; overnight; stay | for O to stay overnight, spend the night, camp out overnight
O-x̱ʼa-∅-√x̱ei (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) fast ²; refrain from | for O to fast, refrain from eating (for 24 hours at a time)
ÿa-∅-√x̱ei (∅ event verb – impersonal – open) • variants: ya-∅-√x̱ee • pass ¹; elapse | for 24 hours to pass, elapse
O-ÿa-d+l-√x̱éi (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) [check stem variation] overnight; alight | for O (a fire) to remain alight or glowing overnight
√x̱eiḵ (verb root) wakeful; awake • variants: √x̱eek •
O-d+∅-√x̱eiḵ (∅ state verb – object intransitive – fading) wakeful | for O to be wakeful; for O to not get enough sleep
O-S-s-√x̱eiḵ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) awake | for S to keep O awake
√x̱eil ¹ (verb root) • variants: √x̱eel • foam
√x̱eil ² (verb root) • variants: √x̱eel • coil
O-S-l-√x̱eil ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type, imperfective (if it exists), and stem variation] uncoil | for S to uncoil O (rope, wire, etc.)
O-ka-S-l-√x̱eil ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type, imperfective (if it exists), and stem variation] coil | for S to coil O (rope, wire, etc.)
O-ji-ka-S-l-√x̱eil ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type, imperfective (if it exists), and stem variation] coil | for S to coil O (rope, wire, etc.)
√x̱eilʼ (verb root) paralyze
√x̱ein (verb root) • variants: x̱een • move ¹ | move through space
√x̱eisʼ (verb root) wish ¹
a-S-d+l-√x̱éisʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) wish ¹ | for S to wish strongly, make a strong wish (often bringing supernatural results)
√x̱eitl (verb root) • variants: √x̱eetl ² • bless; lucky
O-l-√x̱éitl ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) bless; lucky | for O to be blessed, be lucky
tlél + O-sh-√x̱éitl ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) unlucky | for O to be unlucky
O-ka-S-l-√x̱eitl (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] bless; lucky | for S to bless O, make O lucky
√x̱eitlʼ (verb root) • variants: √x̱eetlʼ • afraid; fearful
N-xʼ + a-ka-u-S-d+l-√x̱éitlʼ ˟ (ga state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) afraid; fearful | for S to be afraid of, fear N
O-ka-u-l-√x̱éitlʼshán ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) scary; dangerous | for O to be scary, dangerous
√x̱eixʼw (verb root) sleep ¹; rest ¹; put to sleep; put to bed | classification: plural (singular form: √taa ¹)
S-∅-√x̱éixʼw (na act verb – subject intransitive – closed) sleep ¹ | for (plural) S to sleep, sleep in company with others, go to bed | classification: plural
O-S-s-√x̱éixʼw (na event verb – transitive – closed) bed ³; put to bed | for S to put (plural) O to bed | classification: plural objects
√x̱ee (verb root) • variants: √x̱ei • ⑴ pass ¹ | for a day to pass; pass through night || ⑵ camp ¹; overnight; stay
√x̱eech ¹ (verb root) ⑴ throw ⒜ | classification: singular animate object || ⒝ | classification: object in a container
N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√x̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw O (esp. an animate object) to N | to give the meaning “throw out”, use « yóo-t⁓ » “over there”, as in «yóot akaawax̱ích» “they threw it (liquid) out”
N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√x̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) throw | for S to throw O (esp. liquid) to N | classification: liquid (from a container) | to give the meaning ʼthrow outʼ, use « yóo-t⁓ » ʼover thereʼ, for example: yóot akaawax̱ích – ʼthey threw it (liquid) out.ʼ
yax̱ + O-ka-S-∅-√x̱eech ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) spill; upset | for S to spill, upset O from a container
kát + sha-S-d+∅-√x̱eech ¹ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) [check verb type] dive | for S (singular) to dive from the surface of the water | classification: singular | plural: «sha-ka-S-d+l-√g̱eech ²»
N-t⁓ + O-shu-S-∅-√x̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) slam | for S to slam O (door, lid) at N
ḵut + O-S-∅-√x̱eech ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – closed) lose | for S to lose O (often a container) | classification: container
√x̱eech ² (verb root) club ¹; beat ¹ | beat with stick-like object
O-sha-S-∅-√x̱eech ² (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) club ¹; hit | for S to club, hit O on the head
O-sha-S-∅-√x̱ísht ² ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) club ¹; hit | for S to club, hit O (esp. fish) on the head | classification: fish
√x̱eek (verb root) shoulder; flap | flap arms or shoulders
√x̱eel (verb root) • variants: √x̱eil ¹ • foam
O-sh-√x̱eel (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] foam | for O to foam, foam up, be foamy
O-x̱ʼa-l-√x̱eesh (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) • variants: O-x̱ʼa-l-√x̱eel • [check verb type] foam | for O (water) to foam, break into foam (esp. of whitecaps)
√x̱eelʼ (verb root) slimy
ka-sh-√x̱éelʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal slimy; slippery | for something to be slimy, slippery
√x̱een (verb root) • variants: √x̱ein • ⑴ move ¹ | move through space || ⑵ fall | fall rapidly | classification: stick-like object or container
O-d+sh-√x̱een (g̱a motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall; drop ¹ | for O to fall, drop (of hard, solid object) | classification: hard, solid object
N-t⁓ + d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) fall; drop | for a stick-like object or container to fall | classification: stick-like object or container
áa + yax̱ + O-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) capsize; overturn | for something to capsize, overturn (as a result of being unstable)
aax̱ + kéi + O-gu-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check stem variation and verb type] dislocate | for O to have a dislocated joint
a + yíx̱ + O-gu-ÿa-d+sh-√x̱eenán ˟ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and conjugation type] restore; get back | for O (a joint) to get back, be restored into correct position by itself
yax̱ + ka-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) spill; upset | for something to spill, be upset from a container
daak + O-sha-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O (a stick-like object) to fall down | classification: stick-like object
N-de + O-sha-d+sh-√x̱een (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fall | for O (a stick-like object) to fall on N | classification: stick-like object
N-x̱ʼéidáx̱ + shu-ÿa-u-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) open | for N (season, show, etc.) to be open | Story and Naish document this verb theme as «x̱ʼéi-dax̱ + shu-ji-x̱een», but other speakers include the additional thematic prefixes «ya-» and «u-»; Story and Naish documented an event verb, while this one is a motion verb
yan⁓ + shu-d+sh-√x̱een (∅ motion verb – impersonal – closed) end ¹; close ¹; finish | for a season, show, etc. to come to an end, close, finish | the negative form of this verb can be used to mean “eternal” or “never-ending”
√x̱eesh (verb root) rash
√x̱eet ¹ (verb root) • variants: √x̱eit • breed; mate ¹; spawn; multiply | classification: animals
O-d+∅-√x̱eet ¹ (ga event verb – object intransitive – closed) multiply; increase; breed | for O (animals or a mass of people) to multiply, increase in numbers; for O (animals) to produce young, breed
át + S-d+∅-√x̱eet ¹ (na event verb – object intransitive – closed) jump | for S (fish) to jump around on land
O-S-s-√x̱eet ¹ (ga event verb – transitive – closed) • variants: O-S-s-√x̱eit • breed; multiply | for S to breed O
d+s-√x̱eet ¹ (ga event verb – impersonal – closed) multiply; increase; breed | for something to multiply, increase in numbers; for animals to produce young, breed | based on the samples in Story and Naish and notes of Leer, there appears to be both «na» and «ga» conjugations of this verb; more research is needed
√x̱eet ² (verb root) drizzle; rain
a-ka-s-√x̱eet ² (∅ event verb – impersonal – closed, CV́C hort/pot) drizzle; rain | for it to drizzle rain
√x̱eetl ¹ (verb root) newborn
√x̱eetl ² (verb root) blessed; lucky
√x̱eetl ³ (verb root) hem; trim
√x̱eetlʼ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √x̱éitlʼ • afraid; fearful
√x̱oo (verb root) neap; tide ¹ | small tide
√x̱oonáḵw ˟ (verb root) drown
O-d+∅-√x̱oonáḵw ˟ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type and conjugation type] drown | for O to drown
√x̱ootʼ ¹ (verb root) drag; pull
{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√x̱óotʼ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – high) drag; pull | for S to drag, pull O (esp. person); for S to pull O in quick movements
{∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-√x̱óotʼ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – high) drag; pull | for S to drag, pull O (esp. person); for S to pull O in quick movements
{na preverb} + O-S-s-√x̱óotʼ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive – high) drag; pull; haul; transport | for S to drag, pull O; for S to haul, transport O (by motor power)
{ga preverb} + O-S-l-√x̱óotʼ ¹ (ga motion verb – transitive – high) drag | for S to drag O (esp. its own tail)
{na preverb} + O-sha-S-s-√x̱óotʼ ¹ ˟ (na act verb – transitive – invariable) lead ² | for S to lead O (esp. into bad habits)
a-sha-S-d+l-√x̱óotʼ ¹ ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) fish ² | for S to fish with rod, sportfish, cast
√x̱ootʼ ² (verb root) adze; chip; chop
O-S-∅-√x̱óotʼ ² (∅ act verb – transitive – high) adze; chip; chop | for S to chip O out (with adze); for S to chop O (wood)
O-ka-S-l-√x̱óotʼ ² (g̱a act verb – transitive – high) chop; split | for S to chop up O; for S to split O (wood)
√x̱oow (verb root) peel; bark ¹ | peeling bark; pulling slabs of bark
√x̱oox̱ (verb root) summon; call; ask for
O-S-∅-√x̱oox̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) call; summon | for S to call, summon O
N + éex̱ + O-∅-√x̱oox̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) ask for | for S to ask for O (from N)
(N + éedáx̱) + O-ka-S-l-√x̱óox̱ ˟ (na event verb – transitive – invariable) ask for | for S to ask for O (from N)
N + tlʼeiḵ-ch + O-S-s-√x̱oox̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive – invariable) beckon; summon | for S to beckon O with a finger gesture
(N + daat) + shu-ka-S-d+l-√x̱oox̱ (∅ act verb – object intransitive – closed) compose | for S to compose a traditional love song (about N)
shu-ka-S-d+l-√x̱oox̱ (na act verb – object intransitive – closed) sing | for S to sing a traditional love song, which calls forth a responding song
√x̱waal (verb root) tremble; shake
O-S-l-√x̱waal (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) shake; tremble | for S to make O shake, tremble
√x̱ʼátʼ ˟ (verb root) unripe
ka-d+l-√x̱ʼátʼ ˟ (* state verb – impersonal – invariable) unripe | for berries to be unripe, green, and hard | this verb only occurs in the imperfective
√x̱ʼaakw (verb root) color ¹ | for a fish to change color in the freshwater
O-d+s-√x̱ʼaakw (∅ event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] color ¹ | for O (a fish, esp sockeye or coho salmon) to change color in the freshwater
√x̱ʼaal (verb root) crunch | crunch on while eating
O-ka-S-∅-x̱ʼaal (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) [check conjugation type and stem variation] | for S to crunch, chew noisily on O
√x̱ʼaalʼ ¹ (verb root) ⑴ wither || ⑵ cook | cook by blanching
O-ka-S-sh-√x̱ʼáalʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) cook | for S to cook O (herring eggs) by dipping in boiling water and oil
O-ka-sh-√x̱ʼáalʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) wither | for O to wither
√x̱ʼaalʼ ² (verb root) oil ²
sha-ka-S-d+sh-√x̱ʼáalʼ ² (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] oil ² | for S to put sweet oil on their hair
√x̱ʼaan (verb root) smolder; fire ²
O-l-√x̱ʼaan (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – closed) [check verb type] glow; smolder | for O to glow (of embers), smolder, contain a live spark
√x̱ʼeix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √x̱ʼeex̱ʼ • burn ¹; scald | classification: skin or flesh
√x̱ʼeiy (verb root) encourage
N + yáx̱ + a-ÿa-S-l-√x̱ʼéiy (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – high) [check stem in hortative/potential and verb type] encourage | for S to encourage O, exhort O to continue, urge O on
√x̱ʼeelʼ (verb root) slippery; slip ¹
O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) slip ¹; slide ¹ | for O to slip, slide around at N
{na preverb} + O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) slip ¹; slide ¹ | for O to slip, slide
{∅ preverb} + O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive – high) slip ¹; slide ¹ | for O to slip, slide
O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) slip ¹; slide ¹ | for O to slip, slide
yáanáx̱ + yei + O-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (∅ – object intransitive – high) slip ¹; fall | for O to slip and fall down
ka-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (∅ state verb – impersonal – high) slippery | for something to be slippery (oil, ice, wet rocks, etc.)
O-ka-S-sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (∅ state verb – transitive – high) [check verb type and conjugation type] iron ²; press | for S to iron, press O (clothes)
O-x̱ʼus-ka-d+sh-√x̱ʼéelʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – high) slip ¹ | for O to slip while stepping
√x̱ʼeexʼ (verb root) squeeze; stuck | squeeze through narrow space; stuck in narrow space
N-x̱ + O-ka-l-√x̱ʼéexʼ (na motion verb – object intransitive – high) squeeze; stuck | for O to get stuck, be squeezed at N | this verb would be used to indicate that someone is stuck in a tight space, but not in the non-literal sense used in phrases such as “stuck at home” or “stuck there (due to weather)”
√x̱ʼeexʼw (verb root) wedge; separate | separate with wedge
O-S-∅-√x̱ʼéexʼw (∅ act verb – transitive – high) [check conjugation type and stem variation] eat ¹ | for S to eat O (raw gumboots, usually on the beach) | classification: gumboots
√x̱ʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √x̱ʼeix̱ʼ • burn ¹; scald | classification: skin or flesh
O-d+∅-√x̱ʼéex̱ʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) burn ¹ | for O to be burned (of flesh, skin), become shriveled and brittle through burning
O-S-l-√x̱ʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive – high) burn ¹; scald | for S to burn O (flesh, skin); for S to scald O
O-ka-l-√x̱ʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) [check transitivity] burn ¹; scald | for O to get burnt (person); for O to be warped, be affected by heat
√x̱ʼéetʼ (verb root) gnaw; chew
O-S-∅-√x̱ʼéetʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) gnaw; chew | for S to gnaw, chew on O
√x̱ʼwaasʼ ¹ (verb root) remove; lose; bald | remove hair; lose hair; become bald
O-S-l-√x̱ʼwáasʼ ¹ (na event verb – transitive – high) remove | for S to remove hair from O (hide)
l-√x̱ʼwáasʼ ¹ (na event verb – impersonal – high) lose; bald | for something to lose its hair, become bald
O-sha-l-√x̱ʼwáasʼ ¹ (na event verb – object intransitive – high) bald | for O (human) to become bald
√x̱ʼwaasʼ ² (verb root) obtain; easy | easy to obtain
√yáshḵ (verb root) scarce
√yát (verb root) child
ash + ka-u-S-d+l-√yát ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive – invariable) play ¹ | for S to play (esp. active games)
O-ka-d+∅-√yát ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) pregnant | for O to be pregnant
√yaa ¹ (verb root) move ¹; disappear | move uncertainly
yan⁓ + O-ka-d+∅-√yaa ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation] happen | for events to happen to O
N + yáx̱ + yan⁓ + O-ka-d+∅-√yaa ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type and stem variation] fulfill; come to be | for N to be fulfilled, come true, be carried into effect, come to pass
O-ka-u-d+∅-√yaa ¹ (na – object intransitive – open) move ¹ | for O to move (often almost imperceptibly); for O to move along (of event)
at + ka-u-d+∅-√yaa ¹ (∅ act verb – impersonal – open) happen | for something to happen
O-tu-ka-d+sh-√yaa ¹ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive – open) [check verb type] reluctant; unwilling; hesitate | for O to hesitate to do a task; for O to be reluctant; for O to back out of a task; for O to be unwilling
√yaa ² (verb root) pack; carry | carry on back; pack on back
O-S-∅-√yaa ² (ga event verb – transitive – open) pack; carry | for S to carry O on back; for S to pack O on back | in the progressive aspect, there is dialect variation between «yaa anayáan» and «yaa anayéin» and in the perfective habitual there is dialect variation between «agayáach» and «agayéich»
at + S-∅-√yaa ² (ga event verb – subject intransitive – open) pack; carry | for S to pack things on back; for S to carry things on back | in the progressive aspect, there is dialect variation between «yaa anayáan» and «yaa anayéin» and in the perfective habitual there is dialect variation between «agayáach» and «agayéich»
√yaa ³ (verb root) lower
O-ka-S-l-√yaa ³ (g̱a motion verb – transitive – open) lower; let down | for S to lower, let down O
{na motion} + O-ka-S-l-√yaa ³ (na motion verb – transitive – open) lower; let down | for S to lower, let down O
O-sha-S-s-√yaa ³ (na event verb – transitive – open) anchor | for S to anchor O (a boat)
sha-S-d+s-√yaa ³ (na event verb – subject intransitive – open) anchor | for S to anchor, lower anchor
√yaa ⁴ (verb root) spread out
N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√yaa ⁴ (g̱a motion verb – transitive – open) spread out; unfold; lay out | for S to spread out, unfold, lay out (singular) O along N | classification: singular
N-x̱ + O-ka-S-s-√yaa ⁴ (g̱a motion verb – transitive – open) spread out; unfold; lay out | for S to spread out, unfold, lay out (plural) O along N | classification: plural
sha-ka-S-d+s-√yaa ⁴ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive – open) comb; brush ³ | for S to comb or brush their hair
√yaa ⁵ (verb root) resemble; like ² | look like
O-u-S-∅-√yaa ⁵ (g̱a state verb – transitive – open) resemble; look like | for S to resemble, look like O; for S to be almost identical to O | in the negative, this verb can take on the meaning “improper”, as in: «tlél oowaa» which could mean “it doesnʼt look like it” or “itʼs improper”
N + yáx̱ + O-ka-u-d+∅-√yaa ⁵ (∅ act verb – transitive – open) [check conjugation type and verb type] like ² | for O to be like N (of clan relationships)
N + yáx̱ + O-ka-u-S-d+s-√yaa ⁵ (∅ event verb – transitive – open) [check conjugation type and verb type] like ² | for S to make O like N (of clan relationships)
√yaachʼ (verb root) short | too short
(yéi) + ka-u-∅-√ÿáachʼ (na state verb – impersonal – high) long; short | for something to be too short, lacking, insufficient in amount or length | the stem has a tendency to change to √wáachʼ in the imperfective
√yaakw (verb root) deny
N-x̱ + a-ka-u-S-l-√yáakw ˟ (na state verb – subject intransitive – invariable) deny | for S to deny, contradict, declare N untrue
√yaaḵw ¹ (verb root) compare
yéi + O-S-l-√yaaḵw ¹ (na event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type and stem variation] liken; represent | for S to represent as O; for S to portray, liken to O
√yaaḵw ² (verb root) bequeath
√yaasʼ (verb root) step; smooth
O-ka-d+∅-√yáasʼ (g̱a – object intransitive – high) smooth; spread out | for O to be smooth; for O to be spread out
O-ka-S-l-√yáasʼ (g̱a – transitive – high) smooth; spread out | for S to smooth out, spread out O | with «yax̱» in the preverb, it becomes ∅-conjugation, as in «yax̱ kalayásʼ!» “spread it out smoothly!”
ka-S-d+l-√yáasʼ (∅ – subject intransitive – high) step | for S to step, place oneʼs foot
ka-S-d+l-√yáasʼ (g̱a – subject intransitive – high) stretch | for S to stetch out their legs
√yaash (verb root) platform; porch
√yaat (verb root) pleat
√yaatʼ (verb root) long
∅-√yáatʼ (na state verb – impersonal – high) long | for an object to be long (usually stick-like objects)
(yéi) + ka-u-∅-√yáatʼ (na state verb – impersonal – high) long | for an object (usually stick-like) to be (so) long | classification: stick-like object | the stem has a tendency to change to «√wáatʼ» in the imperfective
yee-∅-√yáatʼ (na state verb – impersonal – high) long | for something to be long (of time) | classification: time
l-√yátʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) long | for something to be long (of time or physical object) | speakers accept this verb with either a short, high stem «-√yátʼ» or a long, high stem «√-yáatʼ»
ka-l-√yátʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) long | for something to be long (usually of flexible objects including ropes) | classification: flexible objects including ropes | speakers accept this verb with either a short, high stem -yátʼ or a long, high stem -yáatʼ
yéi + ka-u-l-√yáatʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) long | for something to be (so) long
(yéi) + ka-u-sh-√yáatʼ ˟ (na state verb – impersonal – invariable) oval; oblong | for something to be oval, egg-shaped (or oblong of box)
√yaatlʼ (verb root) short
yéi + ka-u-l-√yáatlʼ (na state verb – impersonal – high) short | for a rope-like object to be short | classification: rope-like object
√yaax̱áḵw (verb root) plan
√yaayi (verb root) lively; hyperactive
O-ka-s-√yaayí ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] crazy; lively | for O to be crazy, too lively, over-excited, hyperactive
O-x̱ʼa-ka-s-√yaayí ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check conjugation type and stem variation] crazy; talkative | for O to be be crazy in speech, talk foolishly, be too talkative
√yék ˟ ¹ (verb root) roomy
l-√yék˟ ¹ (ga state verb – impersonal – invariable) roomy; contain | for something to be roomy; for something to hold more, contain more; for something to hold a lot | this verb only occurs in the imperfective • to specify the amount that something holds, state the amount followed by «–yáx̱» as in «tléixʼ gúxʼaa yáx̱ liyék» “it holds one cup”
√yék ˟ ² (verb root) fast ¹; excessive | too fast
O-ÿa-S-sh-√yék ˟ ² (∅ event verb – transitive – invariable) fast ¹; excessive | for S to beat O (a drum) too fast
(N teen) + O-d+∅-√yék ˟ ² (∅ event verb – object intransitive – invariable) [check verb type] busy | for O to busy oneself (with N)
√yei (verb root) strange; promiscuous
√yeik ¹ (verb root) stalk
√yeik ² (verb root) spirit | to have a spirit
√yeik ³ (verb root) sway; swing
{na preverb} + O-ÿa-ka-l-√yeik ³ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) stagger | for O to stagger
√yeiḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √yeeḵ ¹ • pull; draw ²
√yeiḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √yeeḵ ² • mark ¹; draw ¹ | mark with a line; draw with a line
√yeil (verb root) raven ²; pretend; lie ¹; cheat; deceive
O-S-l-√yeil (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) pretend; deceive | for S to pretend to do O; for S to do O without knowing what theyʼre doing
ḵut + O-S-l-√yeil (ga event verb – transitive – closed) cheat; deceive; fool | for S to cheat, deceive, fool O
sh + ḵʼa-S-d+l-√yeil (∅ event verb – subject intransitive – closed) lie ¹; deceive | for S to lie, deceive | to specify who one is lying to, use «N + een» “to N” in the preverb, as in «ax̱ een sh ḵʼawdliyél» “they lied to me”
O-ḵʼa-d+l-√yeil (ga state verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type] lie ¹; liar | for O to lie, be a liar
√yeilʼ (verb root) calm; peaceful
ka-du-∅-√yéilʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) calm; peaceful | for something (esp. bodies of water) to be calm, peaceful
ḵu-ka-du-∅-√yéilʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) calm; peaceful | for the weather to be calm, peaceful, without storm | classification: weather
√yein (verb root) wave ²; shake
O-sha-ka-S-l-√yéin (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) wag; twirl; spin | for S to wag O (tail); for S to twirl, spin O around above oneʼs head | two speakers from Hoonah pronounce this verb stem «-√yáan» / «-√yán», as in «ashakawliyán»
N + yaadé + O-sha-ka-S-l-√yéin (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) wave ² | for S to wave (their hand or an object) at N | two speakers from Hoonah pronounce this verb stem «-√yáan» / «-√yán», as in «ashakawliyán»
N + yaadé + sh + tlʼeḵsha-ka-S-d+l-√yéin (∅ event verb – transitive – high, CV́C hort/pot) wag; finger | for S to wag their finger at N (in disapprovement) | two speakers from Hoonah pronounce this verb stem «-√yáan» / «-√yán», as in «ashakawliyán»
√yeisʼ (verb root) bruised; discolored
O-ka-d+∅-√yéisʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive – high) bruised; discolored; colored | for O to be colored, discolored, bruised
O-ka-S-l-√yéisʼ (∅ act verb – transitive – high) dye; color | for S to dye O, change color of O (esp. clothing)
N + x̱ʼéi-x̱⁓ + ka-d+l-√yéisʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal – high) [check transitivity] black | for N to blacken, turn black (of firewood) | classification: firewood
√yeix̱ ¹ (verb root) make; use; whittle
O-S-l-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) build; make; construct | for S to build O; for S to make, construct O
N-x̱ + O-S-l-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) use; make | for S to use O for N; for S to make O into N | loan words are quite frequently used with this verb, as in the examples below
hóochʼx̱ + O-S-l-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) destroy; disregard | for S to destroy O; for S to make O into nothing
N + aayí-x̱ + O-S-l-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) adopt | for S to adopt N as oneʼs own; for S to make N oneʼs own
yát-x̱ + O-S-l-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) adopt | for S to adopt O to be their child
N + een-x̱ + sh + S-d+l-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) accompany | for S to accompany N; for S to be with N all the time
O-ka-S-∅-√yeix̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed, CV́C hort/pot) whittle; kindling | for S to whittle O; for S to make O (kindling)
√yeix̱ ² (verb root) gone; lack; remaining
O-u-∅-√yeix̱ ² (na act verb – object intransitive – closed) lack; gone; remaining | for O to be lacking; for O to be gone; for O (time) to be remaining | the concept in this verb is that an amount is lacking, but that amount could be lacking from either what is present or what is missing
√yeech (verb root) fly ¹ | classification: plural subject (singular form: √ḵeen ¹)
{na preverb} + O-ka-l-√yeech (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) fly ¹ | for (plural) O (birds or planes) to fly
√yeeḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √yeiḵ ¹ • pull; draw ²
x̱ʼoos-dáx̱ + O-d+∅-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) take off | for S to take off O (shoes, socks, pants)
x̱ʼoos-dé + O-S-d+∅-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) put on; pull on | for S to put on, pull on O (shoes, socks, pants)
N-t⁓ + O-S-s-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pull; haul; hoist; hang | for S to pull, haul, hoist O to N (esp. on line); for S to hang O (a human) by the neck
kei + O-S-s-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pull; haul; hoist | for S to pull, haul O (esp. of line) up; for S to hoist O up
O-ka-S-s-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) pull; fish ¹; jig | for S to pull O (usually a fishing line) up; for S to fish for O (by jigging)
ka-S-d+s-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) fish ¹; jig | for S to fish (by jigging)
ḵu-ka-S-d+s-√yeeḵ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive – closed) fish ²; jig | for S to fish with a line, jig for fish | this verb seems to appear with or without the thematic prefix «ḵu-»
O-ÿa-S-s-√yeeḵ ¹ motion verb [check conjugation type and verb type] lead ² | for S to lead, pull along O (an animal) on a string
√yeeḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √yéiḵ ² • mark ¹; draw ¹ | mark with a line; draw with a line
N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√yeeḵ ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) mark ¹; draw ¹; line | for S to mark, draw O (a line) on N
N-t⁓ + O-S-s-√yeeḵ ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) mark ¹; draw ¹; line | for S to mark, draw O (a line) around N with a stick-like object | classification: stick-like object
N + daa⁓ + O-ÿa-S-∅-√yeeḵ ² (∅ act verb – transitive – closed) mark ¹; draw ¹; line | for S to mark, draw O (a line) around N
√yeeḵ ³ (verb root) bite ¹; carry | carry in mouth
O-S-∅-√yeeḵ ³ (ga event verb – transitive – closed) bite ¹ | for S to bite O
{na preverb} + O-S-∅-√yeeḵ ³ (na event verb – transitive – closed) carry | for S to carry O (in mouth)
√yeeḵ ⁴ (verb root) swampy; sink ¹; pulled under; weigh down; stop flowing; backed up; fill gradually
O-sha-S-∅-√yeeḵ ⁴ (∅ event verb – transitive – closed) [check verb type] fill | for S to fill O (esp. gradually, with fish, berries, etc.)
√yeeḵ ⁵ (verb root) spark
O-ÿa-ka-l-√yeeḵ ⁵ (na motion verb – object intransitive – closed) [check conjugation type and verb type] | for sparks to fly
√yeesh (verb root) pull | classification: fairly light object
kínde + kei + O-S-∅-√yeesh (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pull; open ¹ | for S to pull O up; for S to open O (window) by pulling up
N-dáx̱ + kei + O-S-∅-√yeesh (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pull | for S to pull O (a fairly light object) up out of N
N + káx̱ + O-S-∅-√yeesh (g̱a motion verb – transitive – closed) pull; cover ¹ | for S to pull O (fairly light object) over N; for S to cover N with O | some speakers add the thematic prefix «ÿa-» “vertical surface” to this verb, and this does not appear to alter the meaning
N-x̱ + O-S-∅-√yeesh (g̱a motion verb – transitive – closed) pull; close ¹ | for S to pull O down along N; for S to close O (window) by pulling down along N | for closing a window, the preverb will have «x̱ʼéix̱»
x̱ʼéidáx̱ + kei + O-S-∅-√yeesh (∅ motion verb – transitive – closed) pull; open ¹ | for S to open O (window, sliding door, etc.) by pulling up
héide + O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√yeesh (na motion verb – transitive – closed) pull; open ¹ | for S to open O (window, sliding door, etc.) by pulling inward
√yeet ¹ (verb root) greasy; oily
√yeet ² (verb root) stretch
sh + ka-S-d+∅-√yéet ² (∅ event verb – reflexive – high) [check conjugation type, verb type, and stem variation] stretch | for S to stretch themselves (esp, a limb)
√yeey (verb root) tie; twine
O-S-∅-√yéey ˟ (∅ act verb – transitive – invariable) gather together; tie | for S to gather together, tie together loosely, put together O (esp. logs)
√yoo (verb root) address | address as (using a kinship term)
(yéi) + N + yát⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+l-√yoo (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive – open) address; adopt | for S to address, call N by certain relationship term and thus adopt that relationship | «yéi» can be replaced with a name or kinship term, as in «léelkʼw du yáx̱ x̱ʼax̱alyoo» “I call her grandmother”
√yook (verb root) shake
O-sha-ka-S-∅-√yook (∅ – transitive – closed) shake | for S to shake O
O-tu-ka-d+∅-√yook (∅ state verb – object intransitive – closed) nervous; worried; shook up; excited | for O to be nervous, worried, shook up; for O to be excited
O-tu-ka-S-s-√yook (∅ state verb – transitive – closed) nervous; worried; shook up | for S to cause O to be nervous, worried, shook up
√yoox̱ʼ ¹ (verb root) soak
√yoox̱ʼ ² (verb root) remove | remove bones with teeth